SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Oleh: Josefira Jedine Santoso/ B12180017

Have you noticed that some rooms in your home get hotter during the day than others?
To find out why, look at which direction the windows in the room face. South and west facing
windows get more direct sunlight, therefore those rooms tend to get warmer. The term for this
is solar heat gain, or SHG. While SHG is desirable in the winter to warm up chilly rooms, it’s
an unwelcome side effect in the strong summer heat.
Let’s talk the science behind solar heat gain first. SHG heats your home through the
radiation produced by the sun. Objects that are hit by direct sunlight, such as window glass,
absorb this solar radiation. The amount of radiation that is absorbed or passes through a window
is called solar heat gain coefficient, or SHGC. This coefficient is expressed as a number
between 0 and 1, with a lower number indicating less solar heat is transmitted, and a higher
number meaning it’s more effective at heating a room via solar heat gain during the winter.
Now that you know what solar heat gain is, you can more effectively control how it
affects your home. If a room in your home gets too hot during the summer, SHG is often the
culprit. To minimize the amount of solar heat entering the window, select the correct window
treatments for those windows. Blinds and shades allow you to cover the windows during the
hottest part of the day. Adjustable shades can be opened slightly so light can enter between the
slats but still block direct sunlight. Cellular shades improve the energy efficiency of your
windows since the heat gets trapped in the honeycomb pockets within the shade.
And the window itself can make a difference. Not all windows are created equal. Certain
types of glass and coatings make the window more efficient at blocking heat gain from the sun.
Single pane windows are the least energy efficient since they allow sunlight to pass directly
through them. Double pane glass acts as a barrier by trapping heat between the two panes. Low-
e stands for low emissivity, and low-e coatings on window glass reflect solar radiation that hits
the glass while still allowing visible light to enter the room.

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

SHGC indicates the percentage of solar radiation (across the entire spectrum) incident
upon a glazing assembly (window or skylight) that ends up inside a building as thermal energy
(heat). In other words, SHGC represents the ability of glazing assembly (including both the
glass and frame) to resist heat gain from solar radiation.
SHGC is a ratio and is therefore dimensionless. It can theoretically range from 0 to 1, but
products will typically range between 0.2 and 0.9. SHGC considers both the heat from solar
radiation transmitting through the glass as well as the thermal energy absorbed and transferred
inward from the glass and the frame.

SHGC in Application
A high SHGC indicates poor resistance. That means most of the solar radiation arriving
to the window or skylight is getting inside and turning into heat. That's great for passive solar
heating.
A low SHGC indicates good resistance. Only a small percentage of the Sun’s rays makes
it through the window or skylight. That’s helpful when cooling is the dominant need.
Shading Coefficient (SC)
Before the development of SHGC, the industry used SC to quantify the same concept.
Similar to its successor, SC is a dimensionless ratio that can theoretically range from 0 to 1.
However, SC differs from SHGC in some important ways. SC is based only upon the glass
portion of the glazing assembly—it does not consider the frame.
Moreover, SC is the ratio of radiant heat gain through a given type of glass relative to
1/8-inches-thick single clear glass. In essence, SC is an index of the effective solar rejection
performance of a given glass type, however, the entire fenestration (i.e., combination of the
exterior shading component, glass, and interior solar controls such as drapes or blinds) is taken
into consideration.

SC in Application
As my mechanical engineer reminded me, SC is still useful in practice. In particular, it
can be used for comparing glass types. SC is also useful for expressing the effects of external
or internal solar controls (e.g, glass with outdoor adjustable louvers may achieve a SC as low
as 0.15).
SHGC and SC are Not Synonymous
SHGC and SC are similar, but differ in significant ways. Interestingly, procedures for
merging SC and SHGC values have not been entirely formalized. Design and construction
professionals should always be mindful of which specific metric is being referenced in any
analysis.

SUN CONTROL AND SHADING DEVICES

The use of sun control and shading devices is an important aspect of many energy-
efficient building design strategies. In particular, buildings that employ passive solar
heating or daylighting often depend on well-designed sun control and shading devices.
During cooling seasons, external window shading is an excellent way to prevent
unwanted solar heat gain from entering a conditioned space. Shading can be provided by natural
landscaping or by building elements such as awnings, overhangs, and trellises. Some shading
devices can also function as reflectors, called light shelves, which bounce natural light for
daylighting deep into building interiors.
The design of effective shading devices will depend on the solar orientation of a
particular building facade. For example, simple fixed overhangs are very effective at shading
south-facing windows in the summer when sun angles are high. However, the same horizontal
device is ineffective at blocking low afternoon sun from entering west-facing windows during
peak heat gain periods in the summer.
Exterior shading devices are particularly effective in conjunction with clear glass
facades. However, high-performance glazings are now available that have very low shading
coefficients (SC). When specified, these new glass products reduce the need for exterior
shading devices.
Thus, solar control and shading can be provided by a wide range of building components
including:
 Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows;
 Exterior elements such as overhangs or vertical fins;
 Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves;
 Low shading coefficient (SC) glass; and,
 Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvers.
Aluminum architectural sun shade, horizontal sun control device, vertical fins

Fixed exterior shading devices such as overhangs are generally most practical for small
commercial buildings. The optimal length of an overhang depends on the size of the window
and the relative importance of heating and cooling in the building.
In the summer, peak sun angles occur at the solstice on June 21, but peak temperature
and humidity are more likely to occur in August. Remember that an overhang sized to fully
shade a south-facing window in August will also shade the window in April when some solar
heat may be desirable.

Courtesy of SBIC and the Beyond Green™ Guidelines for High-Performance Homes

To properly design shading devices it is necessary to understand the position of the sun
in the sky during the cooling season. The position of the sun is expressed in terms of altitude
and azimuth angles.
  The altitude angle is the angle of the sun above the horizon, achieving its maximum on
a given day at solar noon.
 The azimuth angle, also known as the bearing angle, is the angle of the sun's projection
onto the ground plane relative to south.
 An easily accessed source of information on sun angles and solar path diagrams
is Architectural Graphic Standards, 11th Edition, available from John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Publishers.

Shading devices can have a dramatic impact on building appearance. This impact can
be for the better or for the worse. The earlier in the design process that shading devices are
considered they more likely they are to be attractive and well-integrated in the overall
architecture of a project.
In ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (on which the Federal equivalent 10 C.F.R. § 435 is
based), the degree of window shading is a major consideration. Both the projection factor (PF)
for exterior shading and the shading coefficient (SC) of glass must be evaluated when using the
Alternate Component Packages envelope design approach.
DESIGNING SHADING SYSTEMS
Given the wide variety of buildings and the range of climates in which they can be found, it is
difficult to make sweeping generalizations about the design of shading devices. However, the
following design recommendations generally hold true:
 Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar radiation.
Indirect (diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other measures, such as low-e
glazing.
 To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass since it is harder
to shade than south glass. Consider the use of landscaping to shade east and west
exposures.
 Do not worry about shading north-facing glass in the continental United States latitudes
since it receives very little direct solar gain. In the tropics, disregard this rule-of-thumb
since the north side of a building will receive more direct solar gain. Also, in the tropics
consider shading the roof even if there are no skylights since the roof is a major source
of transmitted solar gain into the building.
 Remember that shading effects daylighting; consider both simultaneously. For example,
a light shelf bounces natural light deeply into a room through high windows while
shading lower windows.
 Do not expect interior shading devices such as Venetian blinds or vertical louvers to
reduce cooling loads since the solar gain has already been admitted into the work space.
However, these interior devices do offer glare control and can contribute to visual acuity
and visual comfort in the work place.
 Study sun angles. An understanding of sun angles is critical to various aspects of design
including determining basic building orientation, selecting shading devices, and
placing Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels or solar collectors.
 Carefully consider the durability of shading devices. Over time, operable shading
devices can require a considerable amount of maintenance and repair.
 When relying on landscape elements for shading, be sure to consider the cost of
landscape maintenance and upkeep on life-cycle cost.
 Shading strategies that work well at one latitude, may be completely inappropriate for
other sites at different latitudes. Be careful when applying shading ideas from one
project to another.
Sumber:
https://www.thompsoncreek.com/blog/solar-heat-gain-what-it-and-how-does-it-affect-your-
home/
https://www.wconline.com/blogs/14-walls-ceilings-blog/post/89661-comparing-solar-heat-
gain-coefficients-shgc-and-shading-coefficients-sc
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices

ANALISIS

KESIMPULAN