Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
February 7, 2019
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 1 / 31
Overview
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 2 / 31
Introduction
What ?
Convert AC-DC
Why?
Electronic circuits use DC while the generation system is AC
When?
Half wave rectifiers are seldom used because of low efficiency. However,
studying this provide basis for understanding more complicated circuits.
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 3 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive load
Vo Vm
Io = = (2)
R πR
Using the EE-211 knowledge, the power is computed as
V2rms
P = I2rms R = (3)
R
To find P, the instantaneous voltage Vo and Io are converted into rms as
follows √ ∫
π
1 Vm
Vrms = [Vm sin(ωt)]2 d(ωt) = (4)
2π o 2
Vm
Irms = (5)
2R
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 5 / 31
CHWR | Resistive load
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 6 / 31
Controlled HWR | Resistive load
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 7 / 31
Controlled HWR | Resistive load
V2rms
Power absorbed by the resistor is R . The rms voltage across the resistive
load is √
∫ 2π
1
Vrms = v2o (ωt)d(ωt) (7)
2π 0
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 8 / 31
Example 3-1 UCHWR-R
For the half-wave rectifier, the source (b) The rms voltage across the
is a sinusoid of 120 Vrms at 60 Hz. resistor is
The load resistor is 5Ω. Determine
(a)the average load current, (b) the Vrms = 0.707 × Vm = 84.9V (10)
average power absorbed by the load
and (c) the power factor of the Power absorbed by the resistor is
circuit.
V2rms 84.92
Solution: P= = = 1440W (11)
R 4
(a)
√ The peak voltage across R is
2 × 120=169.7V. Average voltage (c) The power factor is
is Vπm . The average current is
P P 1440
√ pf =
= =
Vo Vm 2120 S V I
s,rms s,rms (120)(17)
Io = = = = 10.8A (12)
R πR 5π
(9) pf=0.707
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 9 / 31
Example 3-10 CHWR-R
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 10 / 31
Example 3-10 CHWR-R
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 11 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
di(t)
Vm sin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L (19)
dt
This is a first order circuit and therefore, the solution consist of forced and
natural response of current.
di(t)
Ri(t) + L
=0 (22)
dt
This differential equation is solved using .
−t
in (t) = Ae τ (23)
Vm −t
i( t) = if (t) + in (t) = sin(ωt − θ) + Ae τ (24)
Z
Since, iL (0− ) = 0, therefore,
Vm
i ( 0+ ) = sin(0 − θ) + Ae0 = 0 (25)
Z
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 14 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive Inductive load
−Vm Vm
sin(−θ) =
A= sinθ (26)
Z Z
This can be used in (24) to get a particular solution as.
Vm Vm −t
i(t) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e τ (27)
Z Z
or [ ]
Vm −t
i(t) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e τ (28)
Z
It is convenient to write functions in terms of ωt. So above equation can
be rewritten as
[ ]
Vm −ωt
i(ωt) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ (29)
Z
The important aspect is that diode conducts longer than π rad i.e., during
a portion of negative half cycle.
However, the circuit follows KVL. It is because the inductor voltage is
negative for decreasing current (VL = Ldi/dt).
The current becomes zero when diode turns off. The value of ωt that
results in zero current is called extinction angle β. So (29) becomes
[ ]
Vm −β
i(β) = sin(β − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ =0 (30)
Z
This reduces to −β
sin(β − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ = 0 (31)
[ ]
Vm −ωt/ωτ
i(ωt) = Z sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β
(32)
0 β ≤ ωt ≤ 2π
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 16 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive Inductive load
The average power absorbed by the load is I2rms R because average power
absorbed by inductor is zero. Negative portion in output voltage reduces
the average voltage available.
The rms value of the current is determined from the current function of
(32) √ √
∫ 2π ∫ β
1 2
1
Irms = i (ωt)d(ωt) = i2 (ωt)d(ωt) (33)
2π 0 2π 0
Average current is
∫ β
1
Io = i(ωt)d(ωt) (34)
2π 0
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 17 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 18 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
KVL is satisfied for the conduction duration. When the conduction stops,
all the input voltage is blocked by diode and can be seen here.
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 19 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
KVL is satisfied for the conduction duration. When the conduction stops,
all the input voltage is blocked by diode and can be seen here.
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 20 / 31
UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 21 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 22 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
The analysis is similar like a diode based system.
Current is sum of forced and natural response.
Vm
sin(ωt − θ) + Ae−ωt/ωτ
i(ωt) = if (ωt) + in (ωt) = (35)
Z
This is a general solution. To make it particular, initial condition is applied
i.e., i(α)=0
Vm
i(α) = 0 = sin(ωt − θ) + Ae−α/ωτ (36)
Z
[ ]
Vm
A= − sin(α − θ) = eα/ωτ (37)
Z
After substituting this and simplifying
[ ]
Vm
Z sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)e for α ≤ ωt ≤ β
(α−ωt)/ωτ
i(ωt) = (38)
0 otherwise
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 23 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
The extinction angle β is defined as the angle at which the current
remains to zero. When ωt = β,
[ ]
Vm
i(β) = 0 = sin(β − θ) − sin(α − θ)e (α−β)/ωτ )
(39)
Z
This angle β − α is called the conduction angle γ.
The average (dc) output voltage is
∫ β
1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (cosα − cosβ) (40)
2π α 2π
Current waveshape is different and therefore, the average current is
∫ β
1
Io = i(ωt)d(ωt) (41)
2π α
Power absorbed by the load is I2rms R, and
√
∫ β
1
Irms = i2 (ωt)d(ωt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42)
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 24 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
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Figure: Simulation
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) setup in PSIM
Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 25 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
KVL is satisfied for the conduction duration. When the conduction stops,
all the input voltage is blocked by SCR and can be seen in the bottom
most graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 27 / 31
Example 3-2 UCHWR-RL
For the half-wave rectifier of R=100Ω, L=0.1H, ω=377 rad/s, and
Vm =100 V. Determine (a) current expression (b) the average current, (c)
the rms current, (d) the power absorbed by the RL load, and (e) the power
factor.
Solution:
For this circuit following parameters are calculated
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 28 / 31
Example 3-2 UCHWR-RL
Average current is determined from (34)
∫ 3.5
1
Io = [0.936sin(ωt−0.361)+0.331e−ωt/0.377 ]d(ωt) = 0.308A (47)
2π 0
The rms current is calculated from (33)
√
∫ 3.5
1
Irms = [0.936sin(ωt − 0.361) + 0.331e−ωt/0.377 ]2 d(ωt) = 0.474A
2π 0
(48)
The power absorbed by the resistor is
P = I2rms R = (0.474)2 (100) = 22.4W (49)
Note that average power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
Power factor is given by
P 22.4
pf = P/S = = √ = 0.67 (50)
Vs,rms Is,rms (100/ 2)0.474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 29 / 31
Example 3-11 CHWR-RL
For the half-wave controlled rectifier of R=20Ω, L=0.04H, and Vrmw =120
V at 60Hz. Determine (a) current expression (b) the average current, (c)
the power absorbed by the RL load, and (d) the power factor.
Solution:
For this circuit following parameters are calculated
Z = [R2 + (ωL)2 ]0.5 = 25.0Ω (51)
−1 ◦
θ = tan (ωL/R) = 20.7 = 0.646rad (52)
ωt = (ωL/R) = 0.754rad (53)
π
α = (45◦ ) × = 0.785rad (54)
180
Using (38) the current expression can be obtained
i(ωt) = 6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 (55)
The above equation is valid from α to β. β is found numerically by setting
above equation to zero and solving for β. Conduction angle is
β − α=3.01rad=172◦ .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 30 / 31
Example 3-11 CHWR-RL
Average current is determined from (41)
∫ 3.79
1
Io = [6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 ]d(ωt) = 2.19A (56)
2π 0.785
To find power, the rms current is calculated
√
∫ 3.79
1
Irms = [6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 ]2 d(ωt) = 3.26A
2π 0.785
(57)
The power absorbed by the resistor is
P = I2rms R = (3.26)2 (20) = 213W (58)
Note that average power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
Power factor is given by
P 213
pf = P/S = = = 0.54 (59)
Vs,rms Is,rms (120)(3.26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 31 / 31