Harmonic Treatment in Industrial Power System

A Pragmatic Approach
Towards Power Quality:

Harmonic Analysis Guide
Prof Dr. Silviu Darie
Gabriel Columb
Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright® 2011 EDSA Micro Corporation 1
Abstract
Based on a large number of projects completed by the authors one provides a practical guide
on Harmonics Analysis and harmonics mitigations.
In an energy deregulated market, electrical energy is a commodity which is sold, and traded.
Today the power industry is faced with new technical and network operation aspects such as:
Wholesale electricity market, deregulation and competition, globalizations and complex
services provided by power utilities (e.g. electric energy, water, heating and communications).
Today, electricity contracts require high reliability and power quality in energy supply. Due to
the proliferation of power electronic equipment, the increased sensitivity of industrial plants to
supply disturbances and increased competition, the issue of power quality (PQ) has become
particularly important for power utilities.
A case study is presented developing the Harmonics Analysis Guide and Harmonics Filter
design.

Background
Electric power quality broadly refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal waveform of the power
distribution bus voltage at rated magnitude and frequency.
This paper-guide focuses only on harmonics based quality issues which are those caused by the
distortion of wave shape from the sinusoidal form.
The electric customer wants an undistorted waveform, while quite often it is his equipment which
causes the distortion.
Power waveform distortion can be due to the use of non-linear loads, electronic based switching
equipment, fluorescent and other gas discharging lighting, pulse modulated applications,
components which employ magnetic circuits, arc furnaces, etc.
Alternatively, power quality problems can be generated by inappropriate power network operation,
cycling load connection (large motors), new large load connection to a weak power supply network,
etc.
Good quality power can be generated and maintained by adhering to appropriate standards while
planning the system and by operating the system based on appropriate standards, regulations and
code of practice. However quality problems can be generated within the customer’s power system in
which case it is his responsibility to avoid or overcome the situation.

Figure 1
Causes of power quality problems/ irregulations
A full appreciation of the problem of poor quality requires an understanding of the
following issues:
• Sources of waveform distortion;
• Measurement of waveform distortion;
• Effects of waveform distortion;
• Solutions to problems caused by waveform distortion
Linear Loads
The term Linear Load applies to
devices that display constant steady-
state impedance during the cycle of the
applied sinusoidal voltage waveform.
Examples of Linear Loads are:
Heaters; Incandescent Lights; etc.
Figure 2
Linear Load, V-I Characteristics
Non-Linear Loads
Non-Linear loads are devices that do not
exhibit constant impedance during the entire
cycle of applied sinusoidal voltage
waveform. This causes the current waveform
to be distorted with respect to a sine wave.
Non-linearity must not be confused with
frequency dependence. The impedance of
an inductor, for example, changes with
frequency but it remains linear at each Figure 3
frequency. Non Linear Load, V-I Characteristics
Harmonics:
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are whole
multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate, IEC
1000-2-I, 1990, Part 2, Section 1, 5.1. , IEEE 519.
Harmonic Distortion, as it applies to Power System Analysis, is the measure by

which a periodic waveform deviates from a pure 60 or 50 Hz Sine Wave. The term
is applicable to voltage and current alike, however the two must not be confused.
Harmonic Distortion takes place when certain loads drawn on-sinusoidal current
waveforms while fed with a sinusoidal voltage

Power quality issues can be divided
into synchronous and asynchronous
phenomena.
Asynchronous refers to aperiodic

phenomena and mainly comprises
the following:
• Noise;
• Asynchronous notches;
• Asynchronous impulses;
• Asynchronous sinusoidal
waveforms;
• Flicker;
• Inrush current
Figure 4 Synchronous refers to synchronism

Current waveform and harmonics spectrum with the alternating current/voltage
(PWM converter, DF = 27 %) waveform and therefore implies a
periodic steady state condition.
Consequently, synchronous
phenomena are of a periodic nature.
Figure 5
Symmetrical Waveform and Current Spectrum
Figure 6
Harmonics – RMS Value

Harmonic Sequencing
One considers the harmonic sequencing as listed below:
Harmonic Sequencing Effects:

US Power Quality Standards

HARMONICS INVESTIGATION
One proposes the following generic approach on harmonics investigation:
Figure 7
1 SITE MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING
In starting a harmonics based power quality investigation, the study power network has to be well
understood and site visits would need to be organized. However, by inspecting the site, all power system
data, network structure, loading, network layout, type of cabling and earthing, machine parameters and
operating regimes will be collected. Close co-operation with the client will help understand the network
performance.
Site visits are the best time to compare, update and correlate the project data with the real data collected
from the field.

Harmonic measurements are made on power systems for several reasons, such as:
• To determine the spectrum of harmonics current and voltage;
• To confirm the findings of a simulation;
• To confirm the network reaction to protective devices, such as: capacitor
failure, filter failure, overcurrent or overvoltage, resonance, over flash;
• To determine the harmonic spectrum of currents generated by a
particular load. In this situation one recommends to measure the
spectrum current and voltage over a range of load conditions;
• To verify previous harmonic studies and filter design;
• To perform measurement for feather harmonic mitigation devices.
Site measurement and data processing

Based on the author’s experience one recommends the flow chart listed below:

12
Copyright® 2011 EDSA Micro Corporation
Figure 8
HARMONICS STUDIES
For the harmonics study, the author proposes the following flow chart, Figure 9:

Copyright® 2011 EDSA Micro Corporation
Figure 9 13
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE TOOLS
The network database is required to perform the network simulation and network response
under different harmonic source excitations. The following inputs are needed:
• Network topology;
• Network constants including feeder longitudinal and shunt impedance, power transformer
name plate data, reactor name plate data, motor starting data and operating regime,
generator data and running regime;
• Loads and generation;
• Load profile and structure;
• Type of harmonic source: source description (in time or frequency domain, source
placement in the study network, rated power, rated power factor and harmonics signature
(harmonics order and harmonic current magnitude):

Copyright® 2011 EDSA Micro Corporation Figure 10 14
Note:
The database should be organized in a
manner consistent with the requirements
of the software to be employed for the
network investigation.
In general, harmonics analysis software
packages use information about the
structure and configuration of the network
in order to determine how network
impedance varies with frequency that is to
determine the network impedance at each
harmonic.
Computer programs are used to calculate
levels of harmonic distortion, harmonic
current flows and the effects of different
filter designs.
Harmonic Signature (example)

PROFESSIONAL POWER SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
SKM (Power*Tools for Windows)

www.skm.com
SKM Systems Analysis is a
California-based corporation that
develop Power*Tools for Windows
(PTW), an integrated suite of power
systems analysis tools aimed at
industrial systems. The original
software, called DAPPER, was first
released in 1972, though the initial
version of PTW wasn't released until
1995.

ETAP
www.etap.com
Founded in 1986 and headquartered in Irvine, California, ETAP is a company specializing in
electrical power system modeling, design, analysis, optimization, and predictive real-time
solutions. To date, more than 50,000 licenses of the Company’s ETAP and ETAP Real-Time
products have been used in generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power
system projects around the world.
Power Analytics (former EDSA)

www.poweranalytics.com
Power Analytics – former EDSA Micro Corporation, is a California based company that
develop the Paladin suite of software products (formerly called EDSA). Paladin DesignBase is
an integrated power systems modeling and analysis tool.
EasyPower
www.easypower.com
EasyPower LLC, founded in 1995 and based in Oregon, are the developers of EasyPower®,
an integrated power systems analysis software, with an array of products such as
EasyPower®, EasySolv™, SafetyTracker™ and Oneline Designer™. The flagship product,
EasyPower, includes the following modules: arc flash analysis, power flow, short circuit, OPF,
protective device coordination, dynamic stability, transient motor starting, and harmonic
analysis.

COMPUTER AIDED POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS ANALYSIS
SCOPE OF STUDY
The Harmonic Study is to identify the effects of nonlinear loads and their associated harmonic
contributions on the voltages and currents for the given electrical system. The Harmonic Study
is to provide recommendations for input filtering to limit the TDD and THD (V) at the defined
PCC.
The Harmonics analysis may be completed by either any professional software program, and
should be consistent with the requirements of the current standards (IEEE 519-2014 Standard,
IEEE Brown Book, IEC 509, etc.).
METHODOLOGY
Data for the system model is provided by the electrical installing contractor and the design
team, the joint venture personnel and the Design office of company that is involved in the
study. Also, one needs to get the data obtained from the vendor’s submittals on the equipment
that is being installed in the Project. The Harmonics Analysis is prepared to determine the
following:
Bus voltage waveform, spectrum and bus voltage total distortion. The THD at all the panels in
the power system model;
Branch current waveform, branch current spectrum and branch current total distortion, the
current THD and TDD;

Compute the total Harmonic voltage and current indices; these give the bus voltage
fundamental magnitude V1 and the bus actual voltage Vrms considering harmonic
contribution; branch current fundamental I1 and branch actual current Irms
considering the harmonic contribution;
Compute the harmonic voltage and current;
Calculate the system Total Harmonic Distortion, THD; and
Design filters if needed.
The study should include:
• A detailed computer model of the electrical power system using the

professional software program; The model should allow any system
studies, “what if” scenarios, system performance analyses, power
quality investigation, etc.;
• Input Data and Assumed Data reports; and
• Harmonic Analysis.

HARMONIC SOURCES
Harmonic Sources should be generated in the professional software and generate a program
library for all of the VFDs supplied and nonlinear electrical loads. Rated power, power factor and
harmonic signature are needed. The VFDs harmonic signature models and nonlinear loads are
populated in the Harmonic study model itself.
One presents some of the popular VFD Harmonic Sources (which are modelled in DesignBase)
and are listed below:

HARMONICS ANALYSIS
Harmonics Analyses is conducted for the distribution system to assess the followings:
• Frequency Scan (Impedance versus Frequency Analysis) – System impedance
at various buses should be plotted against frequency. It is important analysis
when it comes to predicting the system resonances in the distribution system.
Peaks in the impedance plot indicates parallel resonance conditions while valleys
are an indication of series resonance;
• Voltage Distortion Analysis – voltage harmonic distortions should be calculated at
all of the buses in the distribution system and the results were then compared
with IEEE-519 harmonic limits;
• Current Distortion Analysis – current harmonic distortions were calculated for all
of the distribution system and the results were then compared with IEEE-519
harmonic limits.
Below one lists the steps while using professional power system software:
• Build a single-line electrical model of the power system in the DesignBase
software program including non-linear loads such as VFDs, capacitors banks and
HV cables and other components;
• Establish the as a point of common coupling (PCC) with the incoming power
sources for the distribution system;
• Select the buses within the distribution system that are to be analyzed for
harmonics analysis;
• Calculate the minimum and maximum short circuit fault levels and their
corresponding X/R ratios for the distribution system;
Perform the harmonic analysis for the generated operating scenarios;
Analyze the individual and total voltage and current distortion levels at all buses in
the distribution system and as well as at the PCC;
Analyze the harmonic frequency spectrum for the distribution system, which is a plot
of each individual harmonic value with respect to the fundamental value versus
frequency.

TUNED SINGLE ARM PASSIVE FILTER
Filtering is a method to reduce harmonics in an industrial plant when the harmonic distortion
has been gradually increased or as a total solution in a new plant. There are two basic filters:
• Passive filters;
• Active filters.
Figure13
The main particulars of a tuned single arm passive filter are:
• Detuned single tuning frequency;
• Above tuned frequency the harmonics are absorbed;
• Below tuned frequency the harmonics may be amplified;
• Harmonic reduction is limited by possible over compensation at the supply
frequency and the network itself.
Note:
A passive tuned filter introduces new resonances that can cause additional
harmonic problems. There are new electronics technologies products that
can control harmonic distortion with active control: these are the active
filters.
TUNED SINGLE ARM PASSIVE FILTER DESIGN

One may consider the followings rules of thumb in designing the harmonic filter:
• Start mitigating the harmonics with the lowest harmonic order;
• Connect the filter near to the harmonic sources;
• Tune the filter to (3 to 5) % below the harmonic order to be mitigated;
• The filter reactive component C (Q) will compensate the power factor close to the
desire panel power factor (client request);
• Increasing the filter Q to produce higher harmonics mitigation: in this particular
situation is dangerous due to the excessive increase of power factor at the panel
where filter is installed. During a plant operations with low system loading, this
issue will generate problems with the system reactive stability;
• Detuned single tuning frequency;
• Above tuned frequency the harmonics are absorbed;
• Below tuned frequency the harmonics may be amplified;
• Harmonic reduction is limited by possible over compensation at the supply

CASE STUDY – GENERIC POWER SYSTEM
CASE-1 – POWER SYSTEM

WITH VFD FEEDING A 3000
HP INDUCTION MOTOR
One considers the following
network – generic network
Figure 14:

The following summarizes the necessary steps, normally required for a harmonic study
in the industrial environment:
1. Prepare system one-line diagram;

2. Gather equipment data and rating;
3. Obtain from the utility company the relevant data and requirements at the point of
common coupling. These must include:
Minimum and maximum fault levels or preferably system impedances as a function
of frequency for different system conditions;
Permissible limits on harmonics including distortion factors and IT factor. The
criteria and limits vary considerably from country to country. Typical values for
different voltage levels are given in IEEE 519 standard;
4. Carry out harmonic analysis for the base system configuration by calculating the
system impedances at the harmonic source bus bars as well as all shunt capacitors
locations;
5. Compute harmonic voltage distortion factors and IT value at the point of common
coupling;
6. Examine the results and, eventually, go back to step 1 or step 4, depending on
whether the network data or only the parameters of the analysis need to be modified;
7. Compare the composite (fundamental plus harmonic) loading requirements of shunt
capacitor banks with the maximum rating permitted by the standards;
8. Relocate the capacitors or change the bank ratings if they are found to exceed their
ratings. Apply a detuning reactor if a resonance condition is found. Go back to step 4;
9. Add filters if the harmonic distortion factors and IT values at the point of common
coupling exceed the limit imposed by the utility.
HARMONIC STUDY RESULTS
For the given distribution system, the project Scope of Work is:
Compute Frequency Scan, from 60 Hz to 3000 Hz;
Compute Bus voltage waveform, bus voltage spectrum and bus total harmonic
distortion (THD);
• Compute Branch current waveform, branch current waveform spectrum and
branch current total harmonic distortion (THD);
• Compute Total harmonic voltage and current indices;
• System Bus THD Violations and system current TDD Violations;
• Design the harmonic filters.
The summary findings for all the system buses are given below:
FREQUENCY SCAN

Frequency scan (Figure 12.1 and 12.2.) demonstrates that there is no resonance in
the system while the shunt capacitors banks are OFF.
Figure 12.3 shows the resonance at 573.331 Hz (9.55 harmonic order) while at bus
PNL-1 the shunt capacitors are ON.

Harmonic Source Current Waveform:

BUS VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS AND SPECTRUM
NO SHUNT CAPACITORS, NO HARMONICS FILTERS

COMPARATIVE HARMONIC RESULTS ANALYSIS
The bus THD(%) were computed at all the power system buses for each Scenario.
The results for the bus THD(%) for the system are below the 5% limit specified in
the IEEE-519. The bus THD(%) results are given below keyed to each Scenario:
• Scenario 1: Normal:
capacitor banks are OFF;
harmonic filter OFF;
• Scenario 2: Capacitor
banks are ON; harmonic
filter OFF;
• Scenario 3: Capacitor
banks are OFF; harmonic
filter ON.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS–HARMONIC STUDY
Based on the results of the Harmonic study analysis one concludes the followings:
1.The harmonics analysis studies were conducted for the distribution system for
three (3) Scenarios of operations as described below:
• Scenario 1: Normal: capacitor banks are OFF; harmonic filter OFF;
• Scenario 2: Capacitor banks are ON; harmonic filter OFF;
• Scenario 3: Capacitor banks are OFF; harmonic filter ON.
For each Scenario, one has computed the followings:

• Frequency Scan, from 60 Hz to 3000 Hz;
• Bus voltage waveform, bus voltage spectrum and bus total harmonic
distortion (THD);
• Branch current waveform, branch current waveform spectrum and
branch current total harmonic distortion (THD);
• Total harmonic voltage and current indices;
• Harmonic voltage and harmonic current;
• System Bus THD Violations and system current TDD Violations.

HARMONIC FILTER DESIGN
Based on the Harmonics Analysis, a “Single Tuned Filter” has to be designed to
mitigate the higher harmonics. The filter is added to PNL-1:
The Filter design input data, initial and final Bus Voltage Waveform, Spectrum, THD
and frequency response are shown in the screen captures below:

PROPOSED FILTER DESIGN – FILTER 1

Comments on Harmonic Filters Design:
One may consider the followings rules of thumb in designing the harmonic filter:
Start mitigating the harmonics with the lowest harmonic order;
Connect the filter near to the harmonic sources;
Tune the filter to (3 to 5) % below the harmonic order to be mitigated;
The filter reactive component C (Q) will compensate the power factor close to the
desire panel power factor (client request);
Increasing the filter Q to produce higher harmonics mitigation: in this particular
situation is dangerous due to the excessive increase of power factor at the panel
where filter is installed. During a plant operations with low system loading, this issue
will generate problems with the system reactive stability;
Detuned single tuning frequency;
Above tuned frequency the harmonics are absorbed;
Below tuned frequency the harmonics may be amplified;
Harmonic reduction is limited by possible over compensation at the supply

Conclusion
Based on a large number of projects completed by the authors one provides a
practical guide on Harmonics Analysis and Harmonics Mitigations.
In an energy deregulated market, electrical energy is a commodity which is sold,

and traded. Today the power industry is faced with new technical and network
operation aspects such as: Wholesale electricity market, deregulation and
competition, globalizations and complex services provided by power utilities (e.g.
electric energy, water, heating and communications).
Today, electricity contracts require high reliability and power quality in energy
supply. Due to the proliferation of power electronic equipment, the increased
sensitivity of industrial plants to supply disturbances and increased competition, the
issue of power quality (PQ) has become particularly important for power utilities.
A case study is presented developing the Harmonics Analysis Guide and Harmonics
Filter design

References
[1] IEEE Standard 519 - 2014, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems
[2] IEEE Standard 141-1999, IEEE Recommended Practices for Electric Power Distribution for
Industrial Plants, (IEEE Red Book);
[3] IEEE Standard 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practices for Power System Analysis, (Brown
Book);
[4] Dranetz Technologies, Inc. (1991). The Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis;
[5] Variable Speed Drive, Altivar 71 Drive. Catalog 05 March, Telemecanique.
[6] PWM Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). Typical Harmonic Specification. MIRUS International Inc.
Canada.
[7] Variable Speed Drive, Altivar 61 Drive. Variable speed drives for asynchronous motors. Altivar 61:
Reduction of current harmonics. Telemecanique – Barr –Thorp Electric Co.
[8] Variable Speed Drives for asynchronous motors. Altivar 71: reduction of current harmonics.
Telemecanique. Global Catalog. Presentation page 68
[9] Reducing of Harmonic Distortion. ASIAN Electricity, September 2003.
[10] Harmonic Mitigation for AC Variable Frequency Pump Drives. World Pumps, December 2002.
[11] EPRI Electric Power Research Institute. Proceedings: Second International Conference on
Power Quality. End-Use Applications and Perspectives. PQA’92. Volume 1&2, Albany, California,
1992
[12] DesignBase Manuals, Power Analytics Corporation
[13] George J. Wakileh Power Systems Harmonics. Fundamentals, Analysis and Filter Design.
Springer, 2001, 506 pp.;
[14] Jos Arrillaga, Neville R. Watson Power Systems Harmonics. Second Edition, John Willey &
Sons, Ltd, 2003, 399 pp

References – Cont.
[15] Darie, S. - Voltage Based Power Quality Investigation. DesignPower Report 94052, 1997, New
Zealand;
[16] Darie, S. - Audit And Review Of Existing Industrial Systems Of More Than 24 Factories In
Romania, 1970-1990;
[17] Darie, S.– Safeguarding Your Plants Against Harmonic Disturbances, Power Conference, UAE,
Dubai, 1992;
[18] Darie, S. and others – Power Quality Analysis for 10 industrial plants in USA, Confidential;
[19] Darie, S. – Power Quality Concepts, Power Analytics, San Diego, 2008;
[20] Darie, S., - Power Systems Essentials, EDSA Micro Corporation, San Diego, 2001;
[21] Roger C. Dugan, s.a. – Electrical Power System Quality, Second Edition, 2004;
[22] Darie, S., Jill, P., - Harmonics Analysis and Harmonics Filter Design. Industrial Plant,
Washington DC, USA, Confidential, 2014;
[23] Darie, S., Jill, P., - Harmonics Analysis and Harmonics Filter Design. Industrial Plant,
Washington DC, USA, Confidential, 2016

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Harmonic Treatment in Industrial Power System

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A Pragmatic Approach

Towards Power Quality:

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Harmonic Distortion, as it applies to Power System Analysis, is the measure by

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Asynchronous refers to aperiodic

Figure 4 Synchronous refers to synchronism

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

One considers the harmonic sequencing as listed below:

Harmonic Sequencing Effects:

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Site measurement and data processing

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Harmonic Signature (example)

SKM (Power*Tools for Windows)

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Power Analytics (former EDSA)

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

The study should include:

• A detailed computer model of the electrical power system using the

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

TUNED SINGLE ARM PASSIVE FILTER DESIGN

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CASE-1 – POWER SYSTEM

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1. Prepare system one-line diagram;

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For each Scenario, one has computed the followings:

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In an energy deregulated market, electrical energy is a commodity which is sold,

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

Copyright C&M Collaborative Technologies WLL 2019

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