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Calcareous sandstone - EUR Code 6

Design of masonry structures
 1 General for the design of unreinforced
Masonry sand-lime bricks according to Euro Code 6

2 Safety Concept in accordance with DIN EN 1990 / NA: 2011-07

3 impacts and forces

4 material properties

5 design according to the simplified calculation

procedures in accordance with DIN EN 1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

6 design according to the exact calculation

proceed according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

7 Detection of the shear force resistance to

DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

8 Detection of basement walls by

DIN EN 1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

Calcareous sandstone - EUR Code 6

Ed. Bundesverband eV sand-lime brick industry, Entenfangweg
15, 30419 Hannover, telephone 05 11/02 79 54-0
www.kalksandstein.de

www.facebook.com/kalksandstein

Status: March 2017

BV-9069-15 / 08

Edited by:
Univ. Dr.-Ing. Carl-Alexander Graubner Michael
Schmitt M.Sc.
Institute of Concrete Structures, Technical University of Darmstadt

All information is correct to the best of our knowledge,

but without guarantee.

Reproduction in whole or in part without written

permission

Total production and

© by Verlag Bau + Technik GmbH, Dusseldorf
1
General information on the design of unreinforced masonry sand-lime bricks made by Euro Code 6

1.1 Scope of the leaflet
● This leaflet only applies to unreinforced masonry from calcareous sandstones
with a masonry compressive strength f k 1.8 N / mm Second
● The regulations refer to DIN EN 1996-1-1: 2010-12 in
conjunction with
DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01 + A1: 2014-03 + A2: 2015-01 and
● The introduction of the partial safety concept, a variety of combinations of
actions may be taken into account, especially in the more accurate calculation
method. Therefore, the National Annex to the euro code indicates simplified
combinations of actions that are generally sufficient for the calculation. In
addition, the actual number of relevant combinations by the results of a
research project at the Technical University of Darmstadt could be severely
limited (see section 6.3.5).

DIN EN 1996-3: 2010-12 in conjunction with

DIN EN 1996-3 / NA: 2012-01 + A1: 2014-03 + A2: 2015: 01

● For masonry of the evidence in the ultimate limit state, which usually ensures
a sufficient usability is sufficient as a rule.

● The evidence can be made for a simplified and more accurate calculation
method.

1.2 innovations in Euro Code 6

● After Euro Code 6, the verification is carried out on the basis of a

semi-probabilistic safety concept (see Section 2).

● Unlike the national standards predecessor a rigid-plastic material behavior is

used as a basis for the detection of cross-sectional plane.

● The Euro code contains rules for the design of masonry made of large-sized
stones with excess binding measures l oil
up to 0.2 times the block height h u.

● Also in the method, a simplified calculation can Teilau fl torage the ceiling on
the wall and thus a load eccentricity to be considered (see Section 5).

● The average size determination in horizontal claimed wall panels need not
necessarily after the Kragarmmodell, but can also according to a model made
taking into account of the favorable effect of a restraint of the walls in the floor
slabs (see Section 6.5.3).

● In compliance with the conditions of the simplified calculation method of a

shear force in plates and slice direction is not required (see section 5.1 and
section 6.1). Therefore, the simplified calculation method does not contain any
provisions on the shear force. Rather, - if a mathematical proof of the building
reinforcement is required in exceptional cases - made to the detailed
calculation method according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA (see section 7).

● The Euro code includes new detection equations for the detection of the
masonry compressive strength at single loads, and in part pressing surface.

● The Euro Code also regulates the design of reinforced masonry. In Germany,
however, only a very limited application of the relevant provisions is possible.
2 Safety concept according to DIN EN 1990 / NA: 2011-07

2.1 detection format Design values ​of the masonry shear strength f vd:
In the ultimate limit state the design value of actions must e d less than or equal to
the rated value of the bearing resistance R d his:
f vd = f vk (Eq. 2.6)
M

ed Rd (Eq. 2.1)
The characteristic value of the shear strength f vk is dependent on the type of loading
- plate or disc loading - and can be determined according to section 4.2.
2.2 Design values ​of actions and combinations of actions

(In determining the design values ​of actions E d)

is between two design situations can be distinguished:
Table 1.2: Partial factors on the action page for the detection in the ultimate limit state
according to DIN EN 1990 / NA
● permanent and temporary design situation (simplified with 0, i = 1.0 to Euro
code 6): adverse effect beneficial Extrajudicial
effect nary Rated

e d = e { Σ G · G k, j Σ Q · Q k, i} (Eq. 2.2)
j1 i1 situation

Continuous exposure (G)

● accidental design situation: eg dead loads, additional load earth 1.35 G, inf = 1.00
G, sup = GA = 1.00
pressure

e d = e { Σ GA, j · G k, j Ad 1.1 · Q k, 1 Σ 2, i · Q k, i} ( Eq. 2.3) Variable load (Q)

j1 i1
eg wind, snow, payloads Q, = sup 1.50 Q inf = 0.00 QA = 1.00

Where: G K =
Characteristic value of the constant action Q K =
Characteristic value of the variable action Q K, 1 =
Table 2.2: combination factors according to DIN EN 1990 / NA effects

Characteristic value of the variable A leading action d = combination factors

Design value of the accidental action E d = exposure 0 1 2

Loads for buildings (EN 1991-1-1 categories

see DIN)
Design value of the action of
- Residential, residence and offices 0.7 0.5 0.3
Partial factor on the action side (continuous exposure) according
G= - Meeting rooms, showrooms 0.7 0.7 0.6
to table 2/1 - storerooms 1.0 0.9 0.8
Q=
Partial factor on the action side (variable actions) according
Snow and ice loads, see EN
panel 2/1
1991-1-3
0 1, 2 Combination coefficients according panel 2/2 - Places to NN +1000 m 0.5 0.2 0.0
- Places above sea +1000 m 0.7 0.5 0.2
"Combined with": the applied loads to be unfavorably combined;
Wind loads, see EN 1991-1-4 0.6 0.2 0.0
low acting variable loads
Temperature (not fire), see EN
0.6 0.5 0.0
neglecting eg 1991-1-5

More simplified combination rules are permitted (see section 5.4).

Table 3.2: Partial factors M for material properties according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA

2.3 Design values ​of bearing resistance

General: M

Design situation permanent

material

}
f vk and temporary out of the
Rd= R · ; fk (Eq. 2.4) ordinary 1)
M M}

Unreinforced masonry stones Category

where: f k = Characteristic value of the masonry compressive strength f vk = Characteristic I and mortar for aptitude test and mortar
1.5 1.3
value of shear strength recipe

= Creep factor (in the usual case = 0.85) 1) For the fire design according to EN 1996-1-2: = 1.0

M= Partial factor on the resistor side according Ta

fel 2/3

Design values ​of the masonry compressive strength f d:

fd= · fk (Eq. 2.5)

M

The characteristic value of the compression strength f k can be taken from the tables
1.4 to 3.4.
3 Effects and internal forces

3.1 Permanent actions Plate 3/1: Characteristic values ​of the wall surface weight of KS-walls from normal and
thin-bed mortar 1)
The determination of the dead and live loads in accordance with DIN EN 1991-1-1 /
NA. 3/1 panel includes wall own weights depending on the raw density of the Steinrohdichteklas
Weight Characteristic values ​of the wall surface weight g k
blocks as well as the wall thickness. se (RDK) 1) [kN / m 3] ( without cleaning) in kN / m 2

Wall thickness t [cm]

7 10 11.5 15 17.5 20 24 30 36.5

3.2 Characteristic values ​usually be translated traffic loads 1.4 16 - 1.60 1.84 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.84 4.80 5.84

1.6 16 - 1.60 1.84 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.84 4.80 5.84

1.8 18 1.26 1.80 2.07 2.70 3.15 3.60 4.32 5.40 6.57
● Living rooms with sufficient transverse distribution (Category
A2) q k = 1.5 kN / m 2 2.0 20 1.40 2.00 2.30 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.80 6.00 7.30

2.2 22 - - 2.53 3.30 3.85 4.40 5.28 6.60 8.03

● Residential premises without adequate transverse 1) When using bricks of RDK 1.4 in thin-bed mortar, the computational wall fl äche reduced weight by 1.0 kN / m 3 ·

distribution (A3), office space (B1) q k = 2.0 kN / m 2 T [m] The regional delivery programs must be observed.

● Stairs and landings within the categories

A and B1 (T1) q k = 3.0 kN / m² Table 2.3: Factor for the static system

storage clamping
● Balconies (Z) q k = 4.0 kN / m 2 1.0 uniaxially stretched plate articulated

biaxially stretched lx
● Partition surcharge at a 1.4 = 1.0 all sides hinged
plate ly
wall 3 kN / m q k = 0.8 kN / m 2
weight (incl. Putz) 5 kN / m q k = 1.2 kN / m 2
biaxially stretched lx
1.3 = 1.5 all sides hinged
plate ly
With payloads> 5 kN / m 2 is this supplement unnecessary. In a Wall weight> 5 kN /
m wall length the weight of the load-bearing and non-load bearing partition walls
biaxially stretched lx
should be considered as a line load. It can be here as well as a simple partition 1.6 = 1.0 cantilevered
plate ly
charge for these heavy partitions start [1].

lx
1.45 biaxially stretched plate = 1.5 cantilevered
ly

q=2·n·f·h·g (Eq. 3.1) Intermediate values ​can be interpolated.

l

With:
system Wall position W1 wall position W2 W3 wall position
n = A fl ussfaktor for number and position of the walls, see
picture 3/1
f = factor for the static system, see Table 3/2 h = height of the wall [m]
n = 1.0 n = 1,3 n = 2.25
g = weight including wall plaster [kN / m 2]
Wall position W1 wall position W2 W3 wall position
l = Span [m] 4.00 ml 6.00 m
B
uniaxially
[1] Roeser; Gusia: Opinion ceiling surcharges for non-load-bearing walls of stretched
limestone, Aachen 2005 n = 1.0 n = 1,4 n = 2.35

Wall position W1 wall position W2 W3 wall position

3.3 Au fl agerkräfte from ceiling
stretched
C
biaxially
● For continuous, uniaxial strained ceiling throughput effect is taken into account stretched,
when calculating the load (see Figure 3.2). articulated
n = 1.0 n = 1,3 n = 2.45

Wall position W1 W2 wall position A uniaxially

● In parallel to the clamping direction ceiling walls loads are taken into account D
biaxially
from a parallel ceiling strip of appropriate width. tensioned
end panel
n = 1.0 n = 1,2

● Two-axes stressed ceiling load determination for the walls with the help of in fl Picture 3/1: fl ussfaktor for the number and position of the walls factor f [-]
uence surfaces may take place.

1 2 l1 3 4 5 l4
l2 l3

Location in the system taking into account the pass effect

1 and 5 outer wall No
2 and 4, the first inner wall Yes

3 inner wall Yes, if l 2 < 0.7 * l 3

Picture 2.3: Determination of Deckenau fl agerkräfte in uniaxial strained ceiling Au fl ager

4 Material Specifications

4.1 Characteristic value of the masonry compressive strength Plate 4/4: adhesive shear strength f VK0 of masonry without de fl ast to DIN EN 1996-1-1 /
Defaults usual stone-mortar combinations for sand-lime masonry. NA

f (VK0 N / mm 2)

Normal mortar having a Thin-bed mortar

Plate 4/1: Characteristic compressive strength f k [ N / mm 2] Einstein masonry sand-pit and hollow strength (bearing joint thickness
blocks with normal masonry mortar f m ( N / mm 2) 1 mm to 3 mm)

KS L / LR KS mortar group
NM II NM IIa NM III NM IIIa
Stone strength class NM II NM IIa NM III NM IIIa
2.5 5.0 10.0 20.0
10 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.6

12 3.9 5.0 5.6 6.3 0.08 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.22

16 4.6 5.9 6.6 7.4

b) Steinzugversagen
Plate 4/2: Characteristic compressive strength f k [ N / mm 2] Einstein masonry of solid sand-lime
In mortared and unvermörtelten joints:
bricks and sand-stone blocks with normal masonry mortar

KS / KS -R mortar group f VLt2 = 0.45 · f bt, Cal · 1 + dd (Eq. 4.4)

f bt, Cal
Stone strength class NM II NM IIa NM III NM IIIa

12 5.4 6.0 6.7 7.5

f bt, cal = Characteristic Steinzugfestigkeit (Table 4/5)
16 6.4 7.1 8.0 8.9

20 7.2 8.1 9.1 10.1

Plate 4/5: Characteristic Steinzugfestigkeit f bt, Cal depending on the type of stone and the
28 8.8 9.9 11.0 12.4
strength class according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA

Compressive strength class of the

Plate 4/3: Characteristic compressive strength f k [ N / mm²] Einstein masonry of sand-lime bricks 10 12 16 20 28
masonry units and plan elements
and sand-plan layout elements with thin-bed mortar
Converted average minimum compressive strength f st [ N
/ mm 2] 12.5 15 20 25 35

Thin-bed mortar DM plan elements flat blocks

Hollow blocks 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.70
Stone strength class KS XL KS XL-E KS KS KS KS LP
P RP LR P Vertically perforated bricks
Calculated and stones openings with
10 - - - 5.0 0.33 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.91
Steinzugfestigkeit f bt, handle or grip pockets
12 9.4 7.0 7.0 5.6 Cal

16 11.2 8.8 8.8 6.6 Solid bricks without

20 12.9 10.5 10.5 - Grif fi Öcher or handle 0.40 0.48 0.64 0.80 1.12
bags
28 16.0 - 13.8 -

KS XL: KS-plan element without longitudinal groove, without holes

KS XL-E: KS-plan element without longitudinal groove with holes
KS P: KS Plan stone with a hole portion 15% The smaller of the two values ​f VLt1 and f VLt2 is in the design (see section 7) as the
KS LP: KS Plan stone with a hole content> 15% characteristic shear strength f vk to use.

4.2 Characteristic value of the shear strength of masonry

In the initial approach shear strength f VK0 is at pulley thrust in addition, the edge
The characteristic shear strength f vk is obtained as the smallest value for f vlt from the
extension limit (see section 7.4).
following relationship:

4.2.2 plate thrust

f vk = min {f VLt1; f VLt2} (Eq. 4.1)
In mortared joints:

4.2.1 pulley thrust

f VLt1 = f VK0 + 0.6 * dd (Eq. 4.5)
a) friction failure
In mortared joints:
In unvermörtelten joints:

f VLt1 = f VK0 + 0.4 * dd f VK0 according to Table 4/4 (Eq. 4.2)

f VLt1 = 2 · f VK0 + 0.6 * dd (Eq. 4.6)
3
In unvermörtelten joints:
In consideration of the disk pushing a Steinzugversagens (f VLt2) not mandatory.
f VLt1 = 0.5 · f VK0 + 0.4 * dd f VK0 according to Table 4/4 (Eq. 4.3)

dd = Design value of the corresponding compressive stress at the

Location of the maximum shear stress. For rectangular sections = N Ed / A

A = cross-sectional area over Suppressed = t · l c, lin

N Ed = 1.0 x N Gk; As a rule, the minimum exposure is customized
bend
5
Rated according to the simplified calculation method according to DIN EN
1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

5.1 Requirements for the use of the simplified proof according to DIN EN 1996-3 /
NA: 2012-01
The simplified calculation methods DIN EN 1996-3 / NA applies for unreinforced
masonry walls in conventional building construction. Here, the following conditions
are considered:
● At a mathematical proof of the reinforcement of the structure may be
dispensed with if the slabs are formed as rigid disks or be statically detected,
sufficiently rigid ring beam and if an apparently sufficient number of sufficiently
long shear walls is present in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the
building, which are performed without major weaknesses and no Versprünge
down to the foundations. In masonry element with a scheduled Überbindemaß
l ol < 0.4 * h u ( H u = Stone height) is asten at high Au fl to consider the possibly
lower shear resistance at a lack of a mathematical proof of the reinforcement
of the building. The decision as to the need for a computational
Aussteifungsnachweises - is then to perform according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 /
NA - lies with the planning engineer.
● An offset of the wall axis as a result of a change in the wall thickness does
not apply than larger eccentricity, when the cross section of the thicker
supporting wall circumscribing the cross section of the thinner bearing wall.
Because of the mentioned conditions, the application of the simplified procedure is
allowed only under certain conditions. The conditions of use for the simplified
procedure are:
● The application limits for board 1.5 are met.
● Building height h above ground m 20 m; a building height of the means of ridge
and eaves must apply for pitched roofs.
● Span l f 6.0 m if the bending moments from the
Ceiling angle of rotation not be limited by structural measures on the top of the
wall, such as centering; at biaxially stretched ceiling is for the length l f to set the
shorter of the two spans.

● For the maximum wall slenderness applies: 27

● A proof of the shear force resistance is not required. Only when a
Aussteifungsnachweis must be performed exceptionally, the disc thrust must
be demonstrated by the more accurate calculation method.
● Certain stresses, including bending moments from Deckeneinspannungen,
unintentional eccentricities when buckling, wind on load-bearing walls need
not be supported separately, but are covered by the safety distance, which is
the calculation methods, or by design rules and boundaries.
● The Überbindemaß l oil DIN EN 1996-2 must be at least
0.4 * h u and be at least 45 mm. In masonry element is a Überbindemaß l oil
0.2 * h u allowed. This
but must be at least 125 mm.
● The Deckenau fl agertiefe a must be at least half the wall thickness (t / 2),
however, be more than 100 mm. With a wall thickness t = 365 mm is the
Mindestdeckenau fl agertiefe be reduced to 0.45 · t.

● For the detection of basement walls the requirements referred to in section. 8

● It is assumed that half-storey height of the wall only bending moments from
the Deckeneinspannung or
-fl torage and occur for wind loads. Grasping notwithstanding thereof to ● Free-standing walls are proof according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA.
bearing walls larger horizontal loads, so the detection by the more accurate
calculation procedure of DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA (see Section 6) to lead.

Table 5.1: Application limits for the simplified calculation method according to DIN EN 1996-3 / NA

requirements

fl iegende ceiling span

component
wall thickness Light wall height
t h payload 1)
[mm] [m] lf qk
[M] [KN / m 2]

115
1 2.75
Load-bearing interior walls
<240 6.00 5

2 240 -

115 2)
3
<150 2)
3
Bearing exterior walls 150
4 2.75
and <175 6.00
bivalve party walls 175
5
<240 5

6 240 12 * t
1) Including supplement for non-load bearing inner walls
2) As exterior wall only with single-storey garages and similar buildings that are not intended for continuous human occupancy.

As tray bivalve outer walls and partition walls bivalve house up to two storeys plus Loft; stiffening transverse walls at a distance 4.50 m or margin of an opening 2.0 m
5
Rated according to the simplified calculation method according to DIN EN
1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

5.2 Advanced Application limits
In a research project commissioned by the Federal Association of sand-lime brick
industry, the application limits the simplified calculation method according to DIN
EN 1996-3 / NA were investigated. By means of a systematically conducted
parameter study it was shown that is for sand-lime brick walls under practical
conditions and input parameters, a design according to the simplified calculation
method even with wall heights of up to 3.60 m over the results after the accurate
calculation method on the safe side. The maximum clearance wall heights, for a
simplified detection is sufficient, are shown in Table 5/2.
In addition to the application limits and constraints of Euro Code 6 the maximum
deformation of the reinforced concrete ceiling limit state (SLS) according to DIN EN
1992-1-1 / NA has been considered. Here, floor structures were g k 1.50 kN / m²
included. In determining the wind load, the building areas B, C, D and E were
covered. Area A is located on the wall corners in the range of holding transverse
walls and is therefore not relevant dimensioning of.

Table 5.2: Advanced limits for sand-lime bricks in the simplified calculation method

wall thickness Light wall height

Stone strength class
component t h
of mortar
[mm] [m]

12 Normal
Load-bearing interior walls mortar 115 3.60
Thin-bed mortar

12 Normal
175 3.00 1)
mortar

Bearing exterior walls 12 thin-bed

150 2.90 1)
and mortar
bivalve party walls
KS XL, KS XL-E, KS P
20 thin-bed 150 3.60
mortar
1) In the wind zones 1, 2 and 3 (inland) also to h 3.60 m

Boundary conditions:
Reinforced concrete floor C20 / 25 full slab thickness fl overhung, 16 cm
5
Rated according to the simplified calculation method according to DIN EN
1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

5.3 detection format Table 3.5: reduction factor 2 for determining the buckling length h ef for 2-sided walls held
The carrying capacity of masonry walls is demonstrated by compliance with the
maximum bearable normal force according to DIN EN 1996-3 / NA: agertiefe condition for
wall thickness reduction factor the reduction Mindestau
t 2
fl
N Ed N Rd (Eq. 5.1) [cm] [-] a
[cm]

5.4 design value of the normal force t 17.5 0.75 a=t

In residential and office buildings in the design value of the normal force may
17.5 <t <24 0.90 a=t
generally easier with the following combinations of actions are determined:
24 t 25 0.90 a 17.5

t> 25 1.00 -
N Ed = 1.35 · N Gk + 1.50 · N qk (Eq. 5.2)

In buildings with reinforced concrete floors and characteristic payloads including Table 4.5: Buckling length h ef in multi-sided walls held

partition surcharge of up to q k 3.0 kN / m 2 may be further stated simplistically:

Walls on 3 sides held:

1
H ef = · 2 · H 0.3 * h
N Ed = 1.4 × (N Gk + N Q k) (Eq. 5.3) 2 · H2
1 + 3·
3·b'
For a more accurate determination of N Ed see Section 2 below.

b' 15 * t
5.5 buckling length and slenderness b 'distance of the free edge of the middle of the stiffening
When fl ächig superimposed solid plate ceilings or ribbed slabs according to DIN Wall (independent of the position of a vertical slot or a recess to accept in their place a
EN 1992-1 / NA with load-distributing bars, the clamping of the wall in the ceiling free edge, when the residual wall thickness is smaller than half the wall thickness or
must be taken into account by a reduction of the effective length for 2-sided held less than 115 mm)
walls:
3 Adaptation factor according to Table 5/5

Walls on 4 sides:
H ef = 2 · H (Eq. 5.4)

with: h ef = Calculated buckling length h = For 4 · H 1:

b
clear height between floors
1
H ef = · 2 ·H
2= Reduction factor according to Table 5/3
2 · H2
1 + 4·
b
To determine the effective length of more side walls held see Table 5.4.

For 4 · H> 1 b

is with beamed ceilings 2 = 1.0 to be used.

H ef = 4 · B 2
From the buckling length, the slenderness of the wall intended to:

= h ef (Eq. 5.5) b 30 * t
t
b spacing of the stiffening walls (irrespective of the position
a vertical slot or a recess to accept in their place a free edge, when the residual wall
thickness is smaller than half the wall thickness or less than 115 mm)

4 Adaptation factor according to Table 5/5

For normal-sized brick and masonry element with a scheduled Überbindemaß l oil/ H u 0.4,
the adjustment factors may 3 and 4 equal to 1.0 are reported.

Table 5.5: Adjustment Factors 3 and 4 to estimate the effective length of walls of masonry element
with a Überbindemaß
0.2 l oil/ H u < 0.4

element geometry
0.5 0.625 1.0 2.0
Hu/ lu

3-side bearing
1.0 0.90 0.83 0.75
3

4-sided bearing
1.0 0.75 0.67 0.60
4
5
Rated according to the simplified calculation method according to DIN EN
1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

5.6 Determination of bearing resistance If the load reduction due ceiling twisting through design measures such as
The design value of the vertical bearing resistance N Rd may be obtained from: centering middle, avoided under the Deckenau fl ager, so regardless of the ceiling
span 1 = 0.9. In only partially fl iegender ceiling plate applies

N Rd = · fd · A (Eq. 5.6) 1= 0.9 x a / t.

Where: f d = Design value of the compressive strength of the masonry b) load reduction (at risk of buckling see Figure 5/2):
2

to Section 2.2 0.85 · a - 0.0011 (Eq. 5.10)

2=
t · h ef
For wall cross-sections less than 0.1 m 2, is the design pressure resistance t
of the masonry f d the factor
reduce 0.8.
A = gross cross-sectional area of ​a wall section
= Load factor according to Section 5.6.1 or 5.6.2 1.0
1, ZD = 0.9
0.9
1, ZD = 1.6 · l f / 6
5.6.1 load factor according to DIN EN 1996-3 / NA, Annex A (simplified 0.8
0.7
calculation)
0.6
In DIN EN 1996-3 / NA in Appendix A is a highly simplified calculation methods for 0.5
1
unreinforced masonry walls in buildings is regulated with a maximum of three 0.4
storeys. For the load factor 0.3
(Where c A called) is valid for masonry with Druckfes- 0.2
0.1
ACTIVITIES f k 1.8 N / mm 2 at fully resting ceiling ( please refer
0.0
Picture 5/2): 0 1 2 3 4 4.2 5 6
Span l f
= 0.50 For 18
= 0.33 for 18 < 21 1.5: Load factor 1 for false ceilings (ZD) and roofing
and in the attic with low Au fl ast (DD) in response to the ceiling span

In addition to the conditions in paragraph 5.1 the following additional conditions of

use apply when using the simplified procedure described in Annex A:
Load factor for buckling influence
at vollaufliegender ceiling
1.0
● The walls are perpendicular to the plane of the wall in a horizontal direction held, 0.9 DIN EN 1996-3 / NA
4.2.2.3 DIN EN 1996-3 /
either by the ceiling and the roof or appropriate structures, for example ness 0.8 NA Appendix A
ring of stiffening beam with sti ff. 0.7
0.6
2 0.5
0.4
● The smallest building dimensions in plan is at least 1/3 of the building height. 0.3
0.2
0.1
● The clear storey height h is not larger than 3.0 m. 0.0
024 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
= h ef / t
5.6.2 load factor according to DIN EN 1996-3 / NA 4.2.2.3
The critical design of the wall is the smaller of the values 1 and Second
Picture 5/2: Load factor 2 (Depending on the thinness h ef / t)
at vollau fl iegender ceiling Figure

= Min ( 1, 2)
(Eq. 5.7)

agers a) load reduction by twisting ceiling at Endau fl 5.7 Detection of Mindestau fl ast
Evidence is observed usually at outside walls of sand-lime brick masonry in the

For ceiling between floors (load reduction through load eccentricity at Endau fl wind zones 1 and 2 inland, almost everywhere in Germany at the usual wall

agers on outer and inner walls) (see Figure 5/1): thickness even in the worst case. If this still be done in special cases, appropriate
design aids are given in the secondary literature, with which the walls can be
successfully detected.

1= 1.6 - l f 0.9 · a (Eq. 5.8)

6 t

l f = Span the ceiling, two-axes stressed ceiling

is l f the shorter of the two spans
a / t = ratio of Deckenau fl agertiefe the thickness of the wall; at
KS-masonry with fully fl iegender ceiling is a / t = 1.0 For ceiling on the top
floor, especially in roofing, applies due to low Au fl asten:

1= 0.333 (Eq. 5.9)

6
Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

6.1 General
The carrying capacity of masonry walls must be ensured in accordance with DIN 1)
2a
EN 19961-1 / NA by the evidence of the wall-ceiling-node buckling and sufficient
shear resistance. Optionally, the evidence supporting the basement wall and 4a
combined stress (double bending) are to be led. 3a

1a

Requirement for verification by the more accurate calculation method is to M1

determine the applied load eccentricities.

6.2 detection format

The load capacity is comparison of the design values ​of acting (N Ed) and ingestible
(N Rd) Normal force detected. It should be noted that the recordable normal force
largely depends on the existing eccentricity e:
M2

2B

N Ed N Rd ( f d; e) (Eq. 6.1)
4b
3b
6.3 Determination of the influences and forces
6.3.1 moments on the wall-ceiling node
1b 2)

a) The method according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01, Annex C (see Figure 6/1):
Note: The bending moment M 1 is the frame a and the bending moment M 2 b determined
on the frame.
n 1.2 · e 1.2 · 1.2 Note: biaxially stretched ceiling (span with ratios up to 1: 2) may be used as the span
to determine the load eccentricity 2/3 of the shorter side.
H 1.2
M 1.2 = · q 3 · l 23
n1 · e1 ·1 4 × (n 3 - 1) - q44 ×· l(n
24 4 - 1)

+ n2 · e2 ·2 + n3 · e3 ·3 + n4 · e4 ·4 Picture 6/1: Simplified frame model

H1 H2 l3 l4
(Eq. 6.2)
Annotation:
n = sti ff gkeitsfaktoren of the bars (walls or ceilings) In the calculation of the eccentricity according to the preceding paragraph crack
Rod clamped at both ends: n=4 formation at the side opposite the load side of the wall as a result of the resulting
in all other cases: n=3 ceiling twisting can occur. This is - if this is necessary for the serviceability -
E = modulus of elasticity of the rods counter by design measures.
= Moment of inertia of the bars in uncracked cross
cut h 1 = Clear height of the rod 1 h 2 = Clear height of the bar 2 l 3 = Clear
span of the rod 3 l 4 = Clear span of the rod 4 q 3 = Uniformly distributed design
load of the rod 3

0.333 t

according to DIN EN 1990 for adverse action q 4 = Uniformly distributed

N Ed
design load of the rod 4
according to DIN EN 1990 for adverse action
fd
The nodal moments from Equation 6.2 may be reduced to take account of only
partial clamping of the factor according to equation 6.3.

tc

e3 ·3 e4 ·4
n3 · + nn44 ·
l3 l4
= 1 to 0.25 · k m with K m = 2.0 (Eq. 6.3)
e1 ·1 e2 ·2 t
n1 · + nn22 ·
H1 H2 t c = About pressed length 0.333 t

If the calculated eccentricity of the resultant load in ceiling and above be-sensitive Figure 6/2: Eccentricity of the rated load during recording by the voltage block

projectiles due to the node moments at the head or foot of the wall is greater than
1/3 of the wall thickness t, the resultant load may also be simplified over a
arranged at the edge of the cross section voltage block with the ordinate f d be
removed, the width must be less than 1/3 of the wall thickness (see Figure 6/2).
 Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
6 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

b) 5% rule eu
This rule is formally no longer included in DIN EN 1996-1-1. However, it can
N0
be on the safe side for ceilings with q k 5.0 kN / m 2 be applied.

● External wall:
Moment at the base of the wall M u = N
wall head: e D = 0.05 · l 1 (Eq. 6.4)
· eu
e u = 0.025 · l 1 · A Z / N 0
0
base of the wall: (Eq. 6.5)
Wall head: e o = 0.025 · l 1 · A Z / ( N 0+ A z) (Eq. 6.6)

● Interior wall:
Az
wall head: e D = 0.05 * (l 1- l 2) (Eq. 6.7)
Moment at the wall head: M = 0 ( N
ez
Restraining the ceiling: M z
base of the wall: e u = 0.025 * (l 1- l 2) · A Z / N 0 (Eq. 6.8) '
0+ A z) · e 0 = Az · ez
Wall head: e o = 0.025 * (l 1- l 2) · A Z / ( N 0+ A z) (Eq. 6.9)

When biaxially stretched ceiling span with ratios of 1: 2 can be assumed as a N0+ Az= Nu
range for determining the load eccentricity 2/3 of the shorter span. In a supporting
e0
width ratio less than 1: 2 should be assumed to be uniaxial strained blanket over
the shorter span.
Az Design value of Deckenau fl agerkraft (eccentricity e Z)
N0 the normal force of the wall above the node (eccentricity design value e U)

NU Rated value of the normal force of the wall below the node (eccentricity e O):
NU= N0+ AZ
If the wall-ceiling node in the roof deck, the index 0 and is
valid N 0 = 0th

Picture 4.6: Identification of internal forces of the wall-ceiling node

t t
e D = 0.05 l 1 e D = 0.05 (l 1 - l 2)
3 3

AD eD
AD AD

N0 N0
1
AZ eZ
2
AZ AZ

e D = 0.05 l 1

e Z = 0.05 (l 1 - l 2)

t t t
l1 l2

Picture 6/3: Simplified Calculation of the node moments after the 5% rule
6
Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

6.3.2 action due to wind Table 1.6: Simplified speed pressures for buildings up to 25 m height according to DIN EN
The design of masonry walls according to the precise method of calculation, the 1991-1-4

following characteristic values ​are to be reported:

wind zone Speed ​pressure q k in kN / m 2
h at a height of the building
within the limits of
wk = c pe, 10 · q k (Eq. 6.10)
wk = Characteristic wind load q k h 10 m 10 m <h 18 m <h
= Characteristic velocity pressure to panel 18 m 25 m

6/1 c pe, 10 = Aerodynamic coefficient according to DIN EN 1991-1-4

1 inland 0.50 0.65 0.75

(Load feeder surface 10 m²) 2 inland 0.65 0.80 0.90

Coast and Islands

0.85 1.00 1.10
the Baltic Sea
Aerodynamic coefficient according to DIN EN 1991-1-4 (load feeder
surface ≥ 10 m²) 3 inland 0.80 0.95 1.10

H dead/ b c pe, 10, pressure c pe, 10, suction Coast and Islands
1.05 1.20 1.30
the Baltic Sea

≥5 + 0.8 - 0.5
4 inland 0.95 1.15 1.30

1 + 0.8 - 0.5
Coast of the Baltic and North Sea and
1.25 1.40 1.55
the Baltic Sea islands
≤ 0.25 + 0.7 - 0.3

Islands of the North Sea 1.40 - -

Intermediate values ​may be interpolated.

For the overlay with the resultant effects of vertical bending moments, the 4

moments resulting from transverse loads may be rearranged within certain limits 3

(Figure 6.5).
2

2 1
M Ed, w M Ed, w
wd 3 2

- -

+ + 1 + 1 + 1
H M Ed, w M Ed, w M Ed, w
M Ed, w 3 2 2

- - -
M Ed, w
2
8
M Ed, w = w d
h

a) cut and load b) the limiting case c) limiting case of d) means between free e) An articulated mounting on the top of
of the free Volleinspannung storage and the wall and Volleinspannung (at the
storage Volleinspannung base of the wall, for example the attic)

Picture 6/5: Possible average size rearrangements in wind stress

6
Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

6.3.3 effects in the detection of the reinforcement due to deflections
As a result of deflection of the vertical, a dummy load is to be set as a function of
the applied normal force characteristic and the building height:
N Ek
H= (Eq. 6.11)
100 · h dead · H dead
H = Characteristic dummy load N Ek
= Sum of all characteristic vertical loads (g k + q k)
of the building in the amount of computational clamping plane h dead
= Total height of the structure in meters from computational clamping
plane
b = Wall dimension parallel to the wind M Ed, G
= Total moment of the building due to the hori-
tallasten for a direction (rated values)
V Ed, G = Total horizontal load (shear force) of the building in
a direction (rated values)
M Ed, i, V Ed, i = Bending moment, shear force any wall i (loading
measurement values)
N Ed = Design value of the normal force E i I i
= Modulus or moment of area 2nd degree of the ith
wall
Σ e i · I ii = 1 n = Sum of all Biegestei fi abundances for a direction
relied walls in the state l according to the theory of elasticity in the
examined direction
n = Number of storeys from the notional input
span plane

6.3.4 Determination of internal forces of bracing walls
may be with respect to the vertical deflection Bauwerksaussteifung and the
specifications made for the simplified calculation procedures apply (see section
5.1) unchanged, so that dispensed in more accurate calculation method of proof by
calculation of reinforcement in compliance with those conditions.
6.3.5 Design values ​of actions
The combinations of actions are to be in accordance with Section 5.4. In addition to
the above, in the case of larger bending moments caused by wind, wheels, the
load case N + min train. to consider M. The following applies:

min N Ed = 1.0 x N Gk (Eq. 6.15)

Is a mathematical proof of the stability of the overall structure is required, this
detection may be performed usually separately for the two main directions
perpendicular to the outer walls. The division of the horizontal loads (V Ed, G)
and (out of them resulting bending moments M Ed, G) may in case of symmetrical
arrangement of the Aussteifungswände and balanced load application
corresponding to the respective Biegestei ff ness of the individual walls (EI) related
to the Gesamtbiegestei ff ness ( Σ EI) take place. The i to be applied to a
wall-sectional size of play then result:
ei · Ii
M ed, i = · M Ed, G (Eq. 6.12)
Σ e i · I in
i=1
Since the applied normal forces in the masonry can act both low and unfavorable
in the design, resulting in a closer look with the to be applied in combination rules
according to DIN EN 1990 / NA for each to be examined detection site (top of the
wall, footer, -Mitte) has a plurality of theoretical combinations of actions ,
In a research project at the Technical University of Darmstadt, however, it was
shown that, on closer analysis, only a small number of possible combinations of
actions will dimensioning of relevant. Essentially, these are the following
combinations:
● maximum normal force stress (max N + M train.)

● maximum torque stress (max M + train. N)

ei · Ii
V ed, i = · V Ed, G (Eq. 6.13) ● minimal normal force (N min Gk + train. M)
Σ e i · I in
i=1
The last combination is usually dimensioning of only relevant when the wind slices.
But even at very low Au fl asten and widely varying ceiling spans this combination
For structures with a sufficient number of bracing walls up to 15% of the horizontal
can be decisive in demonstrating the vertical load capacity.
load portion of a wall may be rearranged without specific proof to other walls. For
unbalanced attack plan view and unbalanced load, the horizontal loads are to refer
to the shear center of the overall system. The case existing eccentricities must be
considered in the determination of average size.
The foregoing is only relevant for the accurate calculation method. In the simplified
calculation method, the influences caused by moment load losses are
approximately detected via the reduction factor, so that always the maximum
normal force loading the design can be used as the basis (see section 5).

With great flexibility of the stiffening elements in the form of changes must be made
II. Order in the calculation of internal forces of theory beyond. This may be waived
if the following conditions (lability number) are met:

N Ed 0.2 + 0.1 x n for n <4

H tot = EGG (Eq. 6.14)
≤ 0.6 4 for n
6
Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

6.4 Buckling length 6.5.1 load factors at the wall head / wall foot
For the determination of the effective length portion applies 5.5. Notwithstanding the
reduction factor may 2 also be determined as a function of the eccentricity according to
1-2 · e i (Eq. 6.17)
Table 6/2. Intermediate values ​may be interpolated. o, u =
t

Where e i the load eccentricity e at the head or foot of the wall

Table 2.6: Assumed reduction factor for determining the
Buckling length h ef for 2-sided walls held
M id
ei= + e hey ≥ 0.05 * t (Eq. 6.18)
eccentricity reduction factor N id
e 2

[cm] [-]
M id = Design value of the bending moment resulting from
et / 6 0.75
the eccentricity of the Deckenau fl agerkraft at the head or foot of the wall
et / 3 1.0 N id = Rated value of wirken- at the head or foot of the wall
e = scheduled eccentricity of the rated value of the longitudinal force on Normal
Top of the wall (without considering an unintentional eccentricity). the vertical force e he = Eccentricity at the head or foot of the wall due to the
horizontal

However, a reduction of the effective length is permitted only if required de fl Loads (eg wind), if any
agertiefen a given:
6.5.2 load factor at half the height between floors

t <12.5 cm a 10.0 cm
e mk H ef e mk
t 12.5 cm a 3.2 * t ) - 0.024 · ≤ 1-2 · (Eq. 19.6)
m= 1.14 x (1 - 2 * t t t

6.5 Determination of the vertical bearing resistance

The design value of the vertical bearing resistance N Rd may be obtained from: The eccentricity e mk the load at half the height of the wall is made up as follows:

N Rd = o, u, m · f d · A (Eq. 6.16) e mk = e m + e k ≥ 0.05 * t (Eq. 6.20)

Where: f d M md
em= + e Hm + e init (Eq. 21.6)
= Rated value of the compressive strength of the masonry according to Section N md
2.2
Note: If the wall cross-section area less than 0.1 m 2
e hm = Eccentricity at half the wall height due to horizontal loads
is the design value of the masonry compressive strength must f d (By a
(Eg wind) M md = Design value of the bending moment acting in
factor of 0.7 + 3 A [m 2]) be reduced.

half floor height N md = Design value of the normal force in half

o, u, m = Load factor according to Section 6.5.1 to 6.5.4 Section A
= Gross cross-sectional area of ​a wall section
Storey height e init

= h ef
450 undesired eccentricity with the sign, with the
the absolute value of e i is increased
e m = Eccentricity due to the loads
N Ed

The Kriechein fl uence has to be considered only if the existing wall slenderness
greater than the limit slimming c is
which for sand-lime brick c = 12 is. The final creep for sand-lime brick is: W ∞ = 1.5.

H ef
e k = 0.002 · W · t * em (Eq. 6.22)
t

Picture 6/6: stress distribution in cross section, assuming a rigid plastic material behavior
6
Rated by the precise calculation method in accordance with DIN EN
1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

6.5.3 load factor in wind slices 6.5.4 load factor when combined stress
Load factor in the wall longitudinal direction at predominantly flexurally stressed In a combined stress from bending about the major axis y and bending about the
cross-sections according to the Kragarmmodell: minor axis, for the detection of the double bend is to lead at the relevant point. To
simplify the reduction factors may be multiplicative combined.

= 1 -2 · s w (Eq. 6.23)
l

=y· z
(Eq. 6.25)
e w = M ewd (Eq. 6.24)
N Ed
It should be noted that the load factors y and z Always determine the appropriate
combinations of actions.
ew = Eccentricity of the normal force acting in the longitudinal direction of the
wall M ewd = Design value of the acting length of the wall
Bending moments about the major axis y may be neglected if they are for the
ultimate limit of the equation (Eq. 6.23) is of secondary importance. Details
moment N Ed = Design value of the normal force (in the
contains the KS-static manual - analysis, design, examples.

Rule 1.0 x N Gk; see Section 6.3.5) l

= Length of the wall disk

In DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA Appendix K a fuller model is listed, in which the positive

effects of the gripping action of the walls in the fl ying ceiling and due to the
restoring forces into account fi nd. Notes to this model, the KS-static manual -
analysis, design to take examples.
7 Evidence of shear resistance according to DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA: 2012-01

7.1 detection format 7.2.3 joint failure by tilting the individual stones (for masonry element with
For proof of the shear resistance must be that the design value of the shear force V Ed exceptional stone format h u / l u > 1.0 and unvermörtelten joints)
less than or equal to the rated value of the lateral force bearing resistance V RDLt is:

23 1 lu lu
V RDLt = · · + min N Ed (Eq. 7.6)
V Ed V RDLt (Eq. 7.1) M hu H·

V RDLt results from the minimum value of the following relationships. N Ed = the acting normal force design value (in
usually 1.0 x N Gk; s. Section 6.5.3)
lu = Length of the element, the verification should be performed

7.2 determination of the horizontal bearing resistance in the slice direction in half of the wall height.

7.2.1 friction failure / Steinzugversagen: 7.3 determination of the horizontal supporting plate resistance in the direction

lc
V RDLt = f vd · t cal · (Eq. 7.7)
V RDLt = 1 (Eq. 7.2)
c · l cal · T · f vd
t cal = Calculated wall thickness. It applies to the joint at the wall foot t cal = t, and t cal

V RDLt = Minimum design value of the shear force resistance l cal = 1.25 * t c, lin. The smaller of the two values ​is decisive. In all other cases, t cal

= Calculated wall length. For the detection of shear walls under wind load = t, and t c, lin.

applies: l cal = · 1.125 l or l cal = 1.333 x l c, lin. The smaller value is decisive. In all
other cases l cal = l and l cal = l c, lin. t c, lin = About Suppressed thickness of the wall disk in linear elastic
voltage distribution

3
3 ew t c.lin = · 1-2 · · t ≤ tet (Eq. 7.8)
l c, lin = · 1-2 · ·l≤l via squeezing length of the wall panel in 2
2 l
linear-elastic stress distribution
t = Wall thickness e
(Eq. 7.3)
= M Ed / N Ed = Eccentricity of the applied normal force (N min As a rule, and
ew = Eccentricity of the normal force acting in the longitudinal direction to wall train. Max M) l
section 6.5.3 c = Length of the wall; at the same time existing pulley thrust L = l c, lin
= Factor for taking into account the distribution of shear stress c = 1.0 for h
/ l ≤ 1.0 c = Shear stress distribution factor here c = 1.5
h = total height of the wall
c = 1.5 for h / l ≥ 2.0 l = length of the wall 7.4 Detection of the edge extension at disc loading
Unless the detection of the failure according friction portion
Intermediate values ​may be interpolated. 7.2.1 the calculation value of the adhesive shear strength is taken into
consideration in at a wind slices with a Eccentricity e> l w / 6 additionally prove that
7.2.2 thrust pressure failure (for masonry element with reduced Überbindemaß l oil/ the computational border is sufficient elongation from the disc loading to the
H u < 0.4 under high Au fl asten): following condition (detection of usability).

1 fk The length of the shear wall with l, which expressed with length l c, lin described. The
V RDLt = · lc · T · - max N Ed · l oil (Eq. 7.4)
c Hu theoretical margin compression is with ε D and the calculated margin expansion with ε
M
R and calculated as follows:

l c = 1-2 · · l ≤ le w via squeezing length of the wall disk

l ll c, lin
(Eq. 7.5) εR=
D
· - 1 10 4 (Eq. 7.9)
1000 · f k

Where: 2·N
D
= (Eq. 7.10)
l c, lin · t k
f vd = Design shear strength after
l c, lin according to equation 7.3
Section 2.2 l
= Length of the wall disk t
= Thickness of the cross section e w
= M Ed / N Ed
N Ed = the acting normal force design value (in D

usually 1.35 · N Gk + 1.50 · N Q k; s. Section 6.3.5)

M= Partial factor for the material h u R 10- 4
= Height of the element l oil
D=D/ e
= Überbindemaß
a l c, lin
The proof must be provided at the base of the wall.
l

l = Length of wall disk l c, lin = About Suppressed R= Edge strain rechn.

length wall disk D= Edge compression rechn.

Picture 7/1: Edge strain analysis in accordance with DIN EN 1996-1-1 / NA

8th Detection of basement walls in accordance with DIN EN 1996-3 / NA: 2012-01

8.1 Application conditions For the size of the factor X The following conditions apply:
DIN EN 1996-3 / NA the design of exterior basement walls with earth pressure
may be made under a simplified procedure if the following conditions are met: X = 20 for b c 2 hours

= 60-20 b c / H for h <b c < 2 hours

= 40 for b c H
● Wall thickness t 24 cm
As items masonry with a reduced Überbindemaß of 0.2 · h u
● Clear height of the basement wall h 2.60 m l ol < 0.4 * h u is generally X = to put the 20th

● The basement ceiling acts as a pulley and can hold the results from the earth
pressure forces.

● In fl ussbereich the earth pressure on the basement wall, the characteristic

value is q k the traffic load on the ground surface no more than 5 kN / m 2 and
(A)
there is no single load> 15 kN at a distance of less than 1.5 m to the wall
bc
available. (B) > 0.2 h

<90 ° h e N Ed
H
● The Anschütthöhe h e shall not exceed 1.15 hr.
1.2 He bc
● The terrain surface does not increase.

● It must act no hydrostatic pressure on the wall.

● At the base of the wall is either no sliding face, eg following a moisture barrier
(A) No single load 15 kN closer than 1.5 m on the wall, measured
layer, present, or it should be taken constructive measures to accommodate
in the horizontal direction
the lateral force. Barrier layers of sanded bitumen roofing membranes R 500
(B) Characteristic traffic load on the ground surface 5 kN / m 2
according to DIN EN 13969 in conjunction with DIN V 20000-202 or mineral
sealing in accordance with DIN 18195-2 have a sufficient coefficient of friction
and are not considered as surfaces sliding fl. Picture 8.1: Detection of basement walls in accordance with DIN EN 1996-3 / NA

● For the backfilling and compaction of the working area the requirements of DIN
EN 1996-2 / NA, to comply with Annex E (3).
8.2 evidence
For the detection of resistance under bending stress is assumed that a vertical arc
model. As a result - if one assumes the approach of the active earth pressure with
an earth pressure coefficient of 1/3 as sufficient - a minimum value for the normal
force acting per meter length of wall:
It should be noted that the evidence in accordance with early filling of the working
space must be provided if necessary during construction, in which the full de fl ast
not affect dead load of the upper floors.
Furthermore, the load capacity at half height of the embankment at maximum
normal force and a stress load eccentricity of e = is / detect t 3:

t * fd
N Ed, max
3 (Eq. 8.2)
e · H · h e2
N Ed, min (Eq. 8.1)
β·t N Ed, max = Rated value of the maximum vertical load
the wall halfway up the embankment
Where: t
= Wall thickness h e The proof of the shear force resistance (plate thrust) applies to these documents
= Height of the embankment h also be furnished. A separate shear force is not required for compliance with the
= Height of the basement wall conditions of use in accordance with section 8.1.

e
= Unit weight of the backfill f d
= Rated value of the compression strength according to (Eq. 2.5) b c
= Distance between stiffening cross-walls or other stiffening elements N Ed, The simplified calculation method was one of earth pressure 03/01 basis. DIN EN
min = Rated value of the smallest of the vertical load 1996-1-1 / NA proof basement walls can be performed with any earth pressure.

Wall at half the height of the embankment

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