Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Content:
• Corrosion
– Significance of the Problem
– Fundamental of Corrosion
– Chloride Induced Corrosion
– Carbonation Induced Corrosion
– Carbonation Induced Corrosion
– Carbonation Rate
• Preventative Method
– Durability Performance
– Physical Assessment
– Chemical Assessment
– Corrosion Assessment
CORROSION OF
REINFORCEMENT
HOW SIGNIFICANCE?
• Mechanism of Corrosion
– Chloride penetration
– Carbonation
• Corrosion initiation
– The time that the passive film is destroyed
CORROSION IN CONCRETE
• Some examples of rebar corrosion
CORROSION IN CONCRETE
CORROSION SCIENCE
• Dissolves steel releases free electrons
• Fe Fe++ + 2e-
• With dissolved oxygen, hydroxyl ions
formed
• O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4(OH)-
• Further oxidized
• Fe++ + 2(OH)- Fe(OH)2
• 2Fe(OH)2 + O2
• Corrosion product rust
CORROSION SCIENCE
• Schematic illustration of corrosion process
H2O
4OH-
Fe2O2H2O 2H2O O2
2Fe(OH)2 current
Anode
cathode
2Fe2+ 4e-
CHLORIDE INDUCED
CORROSION
• Main source of chloride
– Marine environment
– De-icing salts
CHLORIDE INDUCED
CORROSION
• De-icing salts
• USA, 0.5 M tonnes in 50s to 12 M.t. in 80s
• UK, 0.1 M.tonnes in 50s to 2 M.t. in 80s
• Calcium chloride in admixture
• Contamination of constituent materials
• Transport mechanism
• Diffusion, via pores under concentration gradient
• Absorption, via capillary flow due to MC gradient
• Others, e.g. electrostatic fields, cracks, etc.
• Rate of Cl transport is affected by the
nature of Cl present
• States of Cl in concrete
• Chemically bound, part of hydrated compounds
• Physically absorbed, on hydrate walls
• Free chlorides, present in pore fluids
FACTORS AFFECTING CI
INGRESS
• Environmental factors
– Temperature
– External chloride concentration
Chloride profile
Temperature
Concrete
transmission
Concrete
PFA
O2 + H2O O2 + H2O
2e-
60
OPC concrete PFA concrete
50
40
30
20
10
20 30 40 60 20 30 40 60
Design strength, N/mm2
CARBONATION INDUCED
CORROSION
• Process of carbon by diffusion
– Ingress of carbon dioxide by diffusion
• 0.03% CO2 by volume in atmosphere
– Reaction with concrete pore fluids carbonic acids
• H2O + CO2 HCO3 + H-
• HCO3 CO3 + H
– Carbonic acid reacts with alkaline constituents of
concrete neutralization
• Ca(OH)2 + 2H + CO3 CaCO3 + 2H2O
(high alkaline pH = 12.5 – 13)
FACTORS INITIATING
CORROSION
• pH drops to around 8.0
• Breakdown of passivation
• Corrosion occurs with moisture
• 75 – 80% RH required
• Electrochemical process
• Same as before
• Effect of pH on stability of steel
1.5
1.0 PASSIVATION
Electrode potential (Eh), v
Fe3O2
0.5 Steel in
concrete
typically
0 CORROSION
Fe2+
-0.5
Fe3O4
-1.0 IMMUNITY
CORROSION
Fe
-1.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH
CORROSION RATE
• Factors affecting corrosion rate
• Relative humidity
• Temperature
• Cement content
• Degree of hydration
• Binder type
• Effect of environmental humidity on
corrosion
10-1
10-2
10-3
70 80 90 100
Relative Humidity, %
• Effect of environmental humidity on
corrosion
10-1
Corrosion intensity, A/cm2
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
40 60 80 100 P
Relative humidity, %
• Effect of temperature on corrosion
Amount of rust after 150 days exposure, g/m2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
55% 75% 85% 95%
Relative humidity
• Effect of alkalinity on corrosion
0.8
Rate of corrosion g/m2 Per day
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0 8 10 12
pH
PREVENTIVE METHODS
• Galvanized and coated reinforcement
– Galvanized by zinc, chromium, aluminium,
etc.
– Coated by epoxy, similar polymers
– Costly
• Cathiodic treatment
– Proved to be efficient but costly as well
• Quality of concrete
– Constituent (more alkaline), solid compacted
Galvanized
Cathodic protection