Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The Researchers:
Ana Chua
Chapter 1
Introduction
managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials
produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect
of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, a
Landmark Environmental Legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in response
to the looming garbage problem in the country. RA 9003 declares the policy of the stage
program that ensures the protection of public health and environment and the proper
segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through
the formation and adoption of the best environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates
alleviating poverty.
global warming, flash floods, and etc. One of the causes of this problem is the behavior
of people towards waste management. Some people are reckless in throwing their
garbage and are unaware of the possible effects of their actions on the environment as
produce harmful gases and emanate a foul smell that mix with the air. This can cause
nausea and breathing problems especially to those who come into contact with it.
The most important reason for waste management is the protection of the
environment and the health of the population. It can also help conserve our planet's
and a right for future generations and conserving it, as well as our natural resources, for
their benefit is our responsibility today. Wrong disposal of wastes can cause diseases like
malaria and dengue. It can also block the water canals in some areas and cause flood.
Certain viruses can also be a reason for diarrhea, amoebas, cholera, leptospirosis and
In regard to this, the present study entitled "The Effectiveness of the Waste
Management System of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" will investigate how the
constituents of Pag-asa manages their wastes, because as of the latest and official census
count, Barangay Rawis has a total of 9, 644 residents by the year 2015 (NSO 2007). It is
considered as the most populated of all urban barangays. Wastes are extremely high in
a. Waste Segregation
b. Waste Collection
c. Recycling Process
d. Disposal
3. What suggestion and recommendation can be given to further improve the waste
Objectives
City.
2. Cite the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa, as shown
b. Waste Collection
c. Recycling Process
d. Disposal
Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" will use the constituents of Pag-asa as the respondents.
The objectives of this research will be to determine the waste management system
implemented in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City, identify the level of effectiveness of the
and to cite suggestions and recommendations to further improve the waste management
system of Pag-asa. This study is a quantitative research and will use descriptive design
and structured questionnaires as the research tool. The researchers will conduct the
This study will not focus on other waste management systems implemented
except for that of the present one. Furthermore, this study will not focus on defining
concepts related to waste and waste management; e.g. waste: past and present, waste
classification, urbanization, and waste being problematic, technological advances. This
study will not expound on the topic of psychological behavior. Similarly, this study will not
Officials of Barangay Rawis. The result of this study can serve as a reference or guide
in creating programs, rules and policies concerned with waste management to further
Residents. The result of this study will help the residents of the barangay to have a
deeper understanding of the programs, rules and policies that their barangay officials are
making. This study will also help them be aware of how their wastes should be managed
Other Barangays. The result of this study would be a great reference and an example
to other barangays on how waste management affects our health and community.
Barangay officials could come up or use some of the suggestions and recommendations
Students. The result of this study will help students know how their community
manages their wastes. In addition, it will give them an idea of the proper disposing and
in conducting their study and will serve as an additional literature for their future
investigations.
Notes
future.com/waste-management-and-waste-disposal-methods.php
Chapter 2
This chapter presents the related literature, related studies, synthesis of the
art, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the gap to be bridged by the study and the
definition of terms.
Related Literature
According to World Health Organization (2011) the term ‘solid waste’ is used
to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste
material resulting from disasters, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste,
ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste
such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble
resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and allen
trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such
as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt
with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note.
Saley, J. B. (2012), "Baguio Sun Star Baguio" stated that the Municipal
other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and
along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as
source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be
brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-
buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material
waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the
David Johnson (2012), the Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three
tiered approach for managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce
the amount material headed for final disposal. They are in order of importance: the best
way to manage solid waste is don't create waste in the first place. Buy only what you
need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like
paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you
use often. Reuse, the better way to manage solid waste is to reuse items and use them
over and over until they are completely worn out. Recycle is taking something old and
making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family
home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or
condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different locations.
that waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its
generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our waste and
recycling practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and
recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.
governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both onshore and offshore, and
in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer and treatment require
licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind of training
that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly.
situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to
occur. For that reason emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour of
every day, and every day of every year. Waste management disposal and treatment can
Related Studies
investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with sources,
quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of
Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to solid waste management in
Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people
and authentic record of municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made
about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This
study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based
The present study has the same bearing since it will also interact with
people and use questionnaires to obtain data. However unlike the discussed study above,
the present study will not include detailed investigations regarding the methods of
evidences. It will only determine the effectiveness of the waste management of the
Environmental Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of
all the ordinary garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is
almost equally divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and
food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff that
could be composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus
wood, old furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons accounts
for another 30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures
are available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted,
as was 54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost
heap.
(2007), the present study will only focus on the effectiveness of waste management
system in the chosen barangay. Classification and measurement of the quantity of wastes
Cristy Melloso from the University of Pasay City (BPG) published a study
that conducted a waste management research in Barangay 159, Zone 17 of Pasay City. It
was noted by the Solid Waste Management Organization of Pasay as the cleanest
barangay in the city. The researchers used survey questionnaires as the research tool
which included different questions regarding proper waste management within the
barangay jurisdiction. The collected data were tabulated and interpreted by the
researchers promptly. Results revealed that 60% of the people found the waste
The present study has the same bearing since it aims to determine the
researchers will also use questionnaires as the research tool. However, the area and
respondents vary.
open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as well
solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are
food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles,
into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform
composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by the
done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the
garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-
designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes
a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household respondents said that
it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some
of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for household
waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in the dumped
garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is generally not
enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that garbage collection and disposal
is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003,
also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully
setting. It will also use questionnaires to obtain data. However, the study will only acquire
data from the household members, but garbage collectors and scavengers will not be
included.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored with the Waste Management Theory, a unified body
of knowledge about waste and waste management. It is founded on the expectation that
waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the
management practice, represents a more in-depth account of the domain and contains
conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the functions
definitions of waste and waste management. The conclusion derived from their analysis
was that the simple manipulation of an object’s property is capable of turning waste into
non-wastes. They suggested that waste management is control of waste related activities,
which aims to conserve resources and protect human health and the environment.
This theory states the notion that; waste management is to prevent waste
causing harm to human health and the environment. It has the primary aim of resource
conservation. The study suggests that people should avoid waste creation by creating
useful objects primarily. Furthermore, the study suggests that the goal of waste
the goals of waste management which is to conserve resources and protect human health
Prevent waste
Resource
from causing
The Theory of harm conservation and
Conservation of
Waste resources Protection of
Avoidance of
Management waste creation
human health and
Turn waste into
the environment
non-waste
Conceptual Framework
the eye of the beholder’. Waste was recognized as a human-related value concept. This
indicate that waste cannot have an objective definition. It follows that, rather than trying
to define the material, referred to as waste, we shall analyze the activity that resulted in
waste creation.
or fail to use. In E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004)’s analyses, they stated
that this definition embraces the idea of human activity, by pointing out the failure of
Pongrácz, E. stated, ‘Waste is an unwanted, but not avoided output, whence its creation
was not avoided either because it was not possible, or because one failed to avoid it.’
understanding of wasting was resulted by the analysis of the reasons of activities that
lead to waste creation. The fundamental concomitant of this analysis is that, if we know
some potential benefit to mankind. That ‘something new’ includes artistic work, processes
and products. (Hubka, V. & Eder 1988). The main goal of waste management is purely
this. To be able to create something new and protect human health and the environment
by doing so.
their usage between countries or regions. One of the most widely-used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy – the waste hierarchy refers to the “3 Rs” reduce, reuse and recycle,
which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of
waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste
minimization strategies and aims to extract the maximum practical benefits from products
According to Johnson (2012), the best way to manage waste is to not create
waste in the first place. Healey, J. (2010), also stated that, policies now seek to minimize
minimization, in particular the reduction of waste at source (Philips, P.S. et al. 2002). The
Sixth Environment Action Programme defines waste minimization as the priority objective
City entitled “Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City”, a detailed
investigation was made regarding the methods of practices in waste management. The
concept of this study was to know the effectiveness of the waste management system
and disposal that affects the environment, community, and human health.
Input
Waste management system
Segregation
Collection
Recycling Process
Disposal
Process
Data gathering
Survey
Questionnaire
Output
• Feedback from the residents
• Enhance waste management
implementation
findings of various studies. It also included how the researchers obtained data from the
respondents. The related studies commonly aimed to determine the effectiveness of the
and disposal. However, some studies classified, categorized and measured the quantity
of wastes disposed and consumed by the respondents while others did not.
The findings gave the present study an overview of the methods and
processes in conducting this research. It enabled the researchers to understand the broad
synthesis of research.
In the study conducted by Melloso, C., from the University of Pasay, it was
revealed that 60% of the people found the waste management program satisfactory. The
present study has the same bearing since it aims to determine the effectiveness of the
use questionnaires as the main gathering tool. However, the area and the respondents
vary. While, the Solid Waste Management Organization noted Pasay as the cleanest. The
study still failed to address important concepts related to the complete understanding of
waste management.
Bernardo (2008), documented and conducted a study about the waste
results revealed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila. This study used interview as their main
gathering instrument and used the residents of the said barangay as the respondents, as
well as the garbage collectors and scavengers. The present study has the same bearing
since it will also determine the effectiveness of the waste management system in the
chosen research setting. However, the present study will use structured questionnaires
Notes
BOOK
http://-www.mb.com.ph/
University of Geosciences.
ONLINE SOURCES
https://-www.researchgate.net/-publication/-229015605_Evolving_th-e_Theory_
of_Waste_Ma-nagement-Implication-s_to_waste_minimizat-ion [accessed Aug 21,
2017]
from http://-www.seminolecountyfl.-gov/envsrvs/-solidwaste/3rs.aspx
http://-www.google.com.
ph/-search?q=diseases+tha-t+human+can+get+due+-to+mismanagement+
of+-wastes&btnG=Hanapin&
hl=tl&source=hp&rlz=-1R2ADFA_enPH392&aq=f-&aqi&aql&oq
http://-www.composterconnecti-on.com/site/-garbage-gripes.html
Chapter 3
researchers used in gathering and collecting the needed data and information for the
study. The chapter includes the research design, respondents of the study, research
instrument, data gathering procedures, sampling method, statistical treatment and flow
chart.
Research Design
situations and events as they occur. The major purpose of descriptive research, is to
events (Thyer, 2001). In accordance to the definition of descriptive research, the study
The respondents of this study are the residents of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi
City. 50 respondents will be randomly and purposively chosen, using random sampling.
The respondents should be a resident of Rawis for at least 10 years to be qualified for
this study.
Instrument of the Study
In order to obtain the necessary data, the researchers utilized the Likert
questionnaire checklist which was divided into four parts; the first part was the level of
effectiveness of waste management, the second part was the effectiveness of waste
collection, the third part was the effectiveness of waste disposal and the fourth part was
the recycling process. These were rated by the respondents according to their empirical
observation. The indicators of the checklist were: 4-very high, 3-high, 2-moderate and 1-
low. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the theory of waste
management.
In conducting the study, the researchers used the Likert Scale questionnaire
The researchers will ask for the approval of the research adviser and the principal
of Pag-asa National High School for the study to be conducted. Also, the researchers
identified Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City as the locale of the study where the study would
be conducted. The researchers will request a permit from the Barangay Council of Rawis,
Legazpi City. The survey will then be conducted to get the data needed for the study. As
soon as data are gathered, the researchers will tabulate them and statistucal treatment
In this study, the researchers will use the Slovin’s formula to determine the
Slovin’s Formula:
n= N/1+Ne2
Where:
n = number of respondents
X= ∑n
N
Where:
X= mean
n= number of responses
N= number of respondents
Flow Chart