B.

Pharmacy ordinance and syllabus (2017-18 Onwards)

3. Unit operation of chemical engineering – Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.

4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices – C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al.,
Latest edition.
5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.
6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.
7. Physical pharmaceutics- C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

02BPH304P - PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING LAB

4 Hours/week
1. Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass.
2. Steam distillation – To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.
3. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient by heat exchanger. IV. Construction
of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).
4. Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.
5. Determination of humidity of air – i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures –use of Dew
point method.
6. Description of Construction working and application of Pharmaceutical Machinery
such as rotary tablet machine, fluidized bed coater, fluid energy mill, de humidifier.
7. Size analysis by sieving – To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations –
Construction of various size frequency curves including arithmetic and logarithmic
probability plots.
8. Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill and determining
Kicks, Rittinger’s, Bond’s coefficients, power requirement and critical speed of Ball
Mill.
9. Demonstration of colloid mill, planetary mixer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer and
such other major equipment.
10. Factors affecting Rate of Filtration and Evaporation (Surface area, Concentration and
Thickness/ viscosity
11. To study the effect of time on the Rate of Crystallization.
12. To calculate the uniformity Index for given sample by using Double Cone Blender.

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FOURTH SEMESTER

02BPH401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compounds
and organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
1. Understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
2. Explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical
reactions
3. Know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds
Course Content:
Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications

UNIT I 10 Hours
Stereo isomerism
Optical isomerism –
Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds Elements of
symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules
DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of
nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial
and absolute

UNITII 10 Hours
Geometrical isomerism
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)
Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers. Conformational

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isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.

Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical
activity.
Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

UNIT III 10 Hours

Heterocyclic compounds:
(a) Nomenclature and classification
(b) Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
(c) Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene

UNIT IV 8 Hours
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives Pyrazole,
Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.
Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine Synthesis and
medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives

UNIT V 07 Hours
Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction,
Wolff Kishner reduction.
Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement. Claisen-Schmidt condensation

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of organic chemistry – Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

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02BPH402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity
relationships of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of
drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each
class.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. Understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. Understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of drugs
3. Know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. Write the chemical synthesis of some drugs
Course Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of
action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective
class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)

UNIT I 10 Hours
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
History and development of medicinal chemistry Physicochemical properties in relation to
biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

UNITII 10 Hours
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.

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Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.

Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine,
Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol,
Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
(a) Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
(b) Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin,
Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol, Atenolol,
Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.

UNITIII 10 Hours
Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible):
Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine
hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione,
Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate,
Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride,
Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide,
Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine
hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide,
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Ethopropazine hydrochloride.

UNIT IV 08 Hours
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam,
Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital,
Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines - Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine
hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate,
Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins:
Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin Oxazolidine diones:
Trimethadione, Paramethadione Succinimides:
Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide* Urea and
monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam

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Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate

UNIT V 07 Hours
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane,
Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental
sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine,
Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene
hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone
hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate,
Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*,
Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.

02BPH402P. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I LAB

4 Hours/Week
1. Preparation of drugs/ intermediates
(a) 1,3-pyrazole
(b) 1,3-oxazole
(c) Benzimidazole
(d) Benztriazole
(e) 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline
(f) Benzocaine
(g) Phenytoin
(h) Phenothiazine

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(i) Barbiturate
2. Assay of drugs
(a) Chlorpromazine
(b) Phenobarbitone
(c) Atropine
(d) Ibuprofen
(e) Aspirin
(f) Furosemide
3. Determination of Partition coefficient for any two drugs

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams.
5. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.

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02BPH403T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory)

45Hours
Scope: The course deals with the various physica and physicochemical properties, and
principles involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical components of the
subject help the student to get a better insight into various areas of formulation research
and development, and stability studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the
dosage forms
2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing nad
determination of expiry date of formulations
3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation
4. development and evaluation of dosage forms.
Course Content:
UNIT I 07 Hours
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics,
size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of
their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes,
coacervation, peptization& protective action.
UNIT II 10 Hours
Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature,
non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in
formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain,
Elastic Modulus
UNIT III 10 Hours
Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in
suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and
theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions,
preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation
by HLB method.
UNIT IV 10Hours
Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight
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distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different methods,
counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining
surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing
arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
UNIT V 10 Hours
Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic
rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing
the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength,
dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems.
Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation.
Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Photolytic degradation and its prevention
02BPH403P. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II LAB3 Hrs/week
1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method
2. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method
3. Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
4. Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer
6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single
suspending agent
8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies
Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)
1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3,
Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume
1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

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02BPH404T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)45 Hrs

Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living
organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the
information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical
effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.
Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
2. Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/ macromolecular
levels.
3. Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various
diseases.
4. Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
5. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences
Course Content:
UNIT I 08 hours
1. General Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug
administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare receptors,
addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
UNIT II 12 Hours
General Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and
classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal
transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor,
transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and
receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index,
combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
Adverse drug reactions.

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Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)

Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical
evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and
Pharmacovigilance.
UNIT III 10 Hours
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
(a) Organization and function of ANS.
(b) Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of
neurotransmitters.
(c) Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
(d) Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
(e) Local anesthetic agents.
(f) Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
UNIT IV 08 Hours
3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
(a) Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of
various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin,
dopamine.
(b) General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
(c) Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
(d) Anti-epileptics
(e) Alcohols and disulfiram
UNITV 07 Hours
3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-
manics and hallucinogens.
(a) Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
(b) CNS stimulants and nootropics.
(c) Opioid analgesics and antagonists
(d) Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

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02BPH404P.PHARMACOLOGY-I LAB4Hrs/Week
1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
2. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
3. Study of common laboratory animals.
4. Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
5. Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation,
anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
6. Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
7. Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone
sleeping time in mice.
8. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus
9. Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
10. Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
11. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
12. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
13. Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.
14. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
15. Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated
experiments by softwares and videos
Recommended Books (Latest Editions)
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,.Churchil
Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-
Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K.,
Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews-Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,

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02BPH405T. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification
of crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and
their medicinal properties.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
1. To know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
2. To know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
3. Know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. To carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs
Course Content:
UNIT I 10 Hours
Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and
mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero
taxonomical classification of drugs
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical,
chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method,
leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera
lucida.
UNIT II 10 Hours
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin:
Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants.
Plant hormones and their applications.

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Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants

Conservation of medicinal plants
UNIT III 07 Hours
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements,
growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccines
UNIT IV 10 Hours
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely,
Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
UNIT V 08 Hours
Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing
following drugs
Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation,
evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as
Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain,
serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).
Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax
Marine Drugs:
Novel medicinal agents from marine sources

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02BPH405 P. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I LAB

4 Hours/Week
1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i)Tragaccanth (ii) Acacia (iii)Agar (iv)
Gelatin (v) starch (vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil
2. Determination of stomatal number and index
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio.
4. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece
micrometer
5. Determination of Fiber length and width
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method
7. Determination of Ash value
8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs
10. Determination of swelling index and foaming

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co.,
London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution,
New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition,
Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New
Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar

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