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The stress state in many practical geotechnical problems is analogous to simple shear strain. However, the devices available
to test soil samples in simple shear strain impose nonuniform stress and strain fields. Consequently, the interpretation of results
from simple shear tests is often questioned. In this article, results of tests on loose and dense Leighton Buzzard sand from two
specially instrumented simple shear devices-Cambridge University's device and a Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
For personal use only.
type-are used to interpret the failure mode and the failure stress state. The data were obtained from the centre of the samples,
a region removed from stress concentrations. Failure was observed to be initiated on vertical planes and occurred very soon
after shear displacement was applied. However, neither these vertical planes nor the horizontal planes were the planes of
maximum stress obliquity mobilized during the tests.
Key words: deformation, failure, loads, sand, shear tests, simple shear, stresses.
L'Ctat des contraintes dans plusieurs problkmes pratiques de gtotechnique est analogue i la diformation en cisaillement
simple. Cependant les appareils disponibles pour tester les Cchantillons de sol en dCformation de cisaillement simple imposent
des champs de contraintes et de diformations non uniformes; en consCquence, les rCsultats d'essais de cisaillement simple sont
souvent remis en question. Dans cet article, des rCsultats d'essais sur le sable Leighton Buzzard dans des Ctats liche et dense
rCalists sur deux appareils de cisaillement simple spCcialement instrumentks, soit ceux de 1'UniversitC de Cambridge et du
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, sont utilisCs pour interprkter le mode de rupture et 1'Ctat de contraintes de rupture. Les
donnCes sont obtenues au centre des Cchantillons, rCgion CloignCe des concentrations de contraintes. I1 a CtC observC que la
rupture s'initiait sur des plans verticaux et se produisait trks tr6t aprks que le dCplacement en cisaillement soit appliquC.
Cependant, aucun de ces plans verticaux ou horizontaux Ctaient les plans d'obliquit6 maximum mobilisCe durant les essais.
Mots clis : dCformation, rupture, charges, sable, essais de cisaillement, cisaillement simple, contraintes.
[Traduit par la revue]
sample core
/
02
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I
planes but also those on the vertical planes. This information,
with the exception of Borin's tests (1973) on normally consoli-
rubber membrane dated kaolin, is available for sands tested in the Cambridge
University device. However, de Josselin de Jong's hypothesis
was not used in interpreting the failure condition for sands. In
this note results of tests on a sand in two elaborately instru-
mented simple shear devices will be used to investigate de
FIG. 1. Schematic of simple shear devices: (a) Cambridge Univer- Josselin de Jong's hypothesis as well as the other failure
sity device; (b) Norwegian Geotechnical Institute type. modes.
instrumented simple shear devices, to evaluate the failure Apparatus and tests
The Cambridge University's simple shear device (referred to
For personal use only.
t (01 4 (b)
horizontal plane
For personal use only.
CML
(a
FIG.4. Variation of shear stress ratio with shear strain in the RSSA FIG. 5. Variation of shear stress ratio with shear strain in the CSSA
for (a) loose sand; (b) dense sand. for (a) loose sand; (b)dense sand.
all constant load tests-applied vertical stress 98.1 kPa-on RSSA were computed by the method proposed by Wood et al.
dry sand (drained condition). (1979). But for the CSSA, the average values on the top and
bottom boundaries of the sample core were used for loose sand
Stress- strain behavior and only the values on the top boundary were used for dense
The following notation scheme is used to avoid confusion in sand. This latter preference is deliberate and will be discussed
distinguishing between the tests in the two devices: R, Cam- later.
bridge device; C, circular (NGI type) device; M, monotonic The shear stress ratios on the vertical planes in the tests in
load; D, dense; L, loose. Figures 4 and 5 show the variation of the RSSA quickly rose to a maximum value of about 0.71
shear stress ratios T,,/Q, and T ~ ~ / on
o , the sample core of the (4 = 35.0") at a shear strain of 1 and 2.5 % for dense and loose
two devices with shear strain y. The stresses for the tests in the sand respectively and then subsequently decrease. The shear
398 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 25. 1988
r,upture zone
rupture zone
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(a ) Ideal s~mpleshear
expansion contraction
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inclined at 7r/4 - 412 28". However, neither the horizontal
nor the vertical planes are the planes of maximum stress obliq-
uity that the material manages to mobilize during the tests
(Figs. 7 and 8).
Wroth (1984) in his elegant interpretation of the behavior of
normally consolidated clays in simple shear devices assumed
(because of the lack of data) that after maximum shear stress
ratio is achieved on the vertical planes, the lateral stresses a, do
not change, so that the planes of maximum stress obliquity
For personal use only.
principal axis of stress from the shear stress ratio on the hori-
zontal planes.
United Kingdom.
BUDHU,M. 1984. Nonuniformities imposed by simple shear appar-
atus. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 21: 125- 137.
1985. Lateral stresses observed in two simple shear appar-
atus. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 111: 698 -71 1.
BUDHU,M., and BRITTO,A. M. 1987. Numerical analysis of soils in
simple shear devices. Soils and Foundations, 27(2): 33-46.
COLE,E. R. L. 1967. The behavior of soils in the simple shear appar-
atus. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United
Kingdom.
DE JOSSELIN DE JONG,G. 1971. Discussion Session 2. Stress-strain
behavior of soils. In Proceedings, Roscoe Memorial Symposium.
Edited by R. H. G. Parry, G. T. Foulis, and Co., Henley-on-
Thames, United Kingdom, pp. 258 -261.
F~~ 10, ~ ~ of ~
f of rotation
f principal
~ ares on the stress ratio for LADD,C. C., and E ~ ~ RL Si 9, 7 2 Consolidated-undrained direct-
different effective angles of friction. simple shear tests on saturated clays. MIT Research Report
For personal use only.