To Computer Science & Programming CSC 101 Lab Manual

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg
Introduction to Computer
Science & Programming
CSC 101
Lab Manual
NAME: _______________________________
ID: __________________________________________
SECTION: _____________________________________
DEGREE: _____________________________________
IQRA UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD CAMPUS
Introduction to Computer Science and Programming
(List of Labs)
Lab #1________________________________________________________________________
Introduction to Windows 8
Lab #2________________________________________________________________________
Create a Table of Contents
Lab #3________________________________________________________________________
Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint
Lab #4________________________________________________________________________
Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007
Lab #5_______________________________________________________________________
Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-A
Lab #6_______________________________________________________________________
Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-B
Lab #7________________________________________________________________________
Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++
Lab #8________________________________________________________________________
Variables, Arithmetic Operators
Lab #9________________________________________________________________________
Decision Control Statements
Lab #10_______________________________________________________________________
for loop, while loop
Lab #11_______________________________________________________________________
Do-While loop
Lab #12_______________________________________________________________________
Continue, Switch, Break
Lab #13_______________________________________________________________________
Functions
Lab #14_______________________________________________________________________
Functions (Call By Reference and By Value)
Lab #15_______________________________________________________________________
Arrays
Lab #16_______________________________________________________________________
Lab Project
LAB NO. 1:
Introduction to windows 8
Introduction:
An introduction of the whole course and a brief description of windows 8 and its features.
Objectives of this Lab:
 Overview of course
 What is OS?
 Understanding of Windows 8
Operating system
 Program used to control computer, link between user and internal working of computer and
programs.
 Windows , Mac ,Linux.
Windows History:
 1975–1981: Microsoft boots up
 1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0
 1987–1990: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more speed
 1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the graphics
 1995–1998: Windows 95—the PC comes of age (and don't forget the Internet)
 1998–2000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me—Windows evolves for work and play
Lab 01: Create a Bibliography
 2001–2005: Windows XP—Stable, usable, and fast
 2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security
 2009: Windows 7 introduces Windows Touch
 2012: Windows 8 features apps and tiles
 2013: Windows 8.1 expands the Windows 8 vision
Windows 8:
Windows 8: Tiles Preview:

Application vs System s/w:
 System software gets installed when the operating system is installed on the computer while
application software is installed according to the requirements of the user.
 System software includes programs such as compilers, debuggers, drivers, assemblers while
application software includes media players, word processors, and spreadsheet programs.
 Generally, users do not interact with system software as it works in the background whereas
users interact with application software while doing different activities.
 A computer may not require more than one type of system software while there may be a
number of application software programs installed on the computer at the same time.
 System software can run independently of the application software while application software
cannot run without the presence of the system software.

Computer languages:
 We generally write a computer program using a high-level language. A high-level language is one
which is understandable by us humans. It contains words and phrases from the English (or
other) language. But a computer does not understand high-level language. It only understands
program written in 0's and 1's in binary, called the machine code. A program written in high-
level language is called a source code. We need to convert the source code into machine code
and this is accomplished my compilers and interpreters. Hence, a compiler or an interpreter is a
program that converts program written in high-level language into machine code understood by
the computer.
Difference between an interpreter and a compiler:
Interpreter Compiler

Scans the entire program and

Translates program one statement at a
translates it as a whole into machine
time.
code.
It takes large amount of time to

It takes less amount of time to analyze
analyze the source code but the
the source code but the overall
overall execution time is
execution time is slower.
comparatively faster.
No intermediate object code is Generates intermediate object code

generated, hence are memory which further requires linking, hence
efficient. requires more memory.
It generates the error message only

Continues translating the program
after scanning the whole program.
until the first error is met, in which
Hence debugging is comparatively
case it stops. Hence debugging is easy.
hard.
Programming language like Python, Programming language like C, C++

Ruby use interpreters. use compilers.

LAB No. 2
Create a Table of Contents
Introduction:
You create a table of contents by applying heading styles — for example, Heading 1, Heading
2, and Heading 3 — to the text that you want to include in the table of contents. Microsoft
Word searches for those headings and then inserts the table of contents into your document.
When you create a table of contents this way, you can automatically update it if you make
changes in your document.
Microsoft Word 2010 provides a gallery of automatic table of contents styles. Mark the table of
contents entries, and then click the table of contents style that you want from the gallery of
options.
You can also create a custom table of contents with the options you choose and any custom
styles that you've applied by using the Table of Contents dialog box.
This article explains how to add a table of contents. It does not cover tables of authorities or
tables of figures.
Objectives of this lab:
 Mark entries for a table of contents
 Create a table of contents from the gallery
 Create a custom table of contents
 Update the table of contents
 Delete a table of contents
Mark entries for a table of contents:
The easiest way to create a table of contents is to use the built-in heading styles. You can also
create a table of contents that is based on the custom styles that you have applied. Or you can
assign the table of contents levels to individual text entries.
Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

MARK ENTRIES BY USING BUILT-IN HEADING STYLES
1. Select the text that you want to appear in the table of contents.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click the style that you want.
For example, if you selected text that you want to style as a main heading, click the style
called Heading 1 in the Quick Style gallery.
 If you don't see the style that you want, click the arrow to expand the Quick Style gallery.
 If the style that you want does not appear in the Quick Style gallery, press CTRL+SHIFT+S to
open the Apply Styles task pane. Under Style Name, click the style that you want.
Create a table of contents from the gallery:

After you mark the entries for your table of contents, you are ready to build it.
1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents, usually at the beginning of a document.
2. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents, and then click
the table of contents style that you want.
NOTE If you want to specify more options — for example, how many heading levels to
show — click Insert Table of Contents to open the Table of Contentsdialog box. To find out
more about the different options, see Format the table of contents.
Create a custom table of contents:
1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents, and then
click Insert Table of Contents.
2. In the Table of Contents dialog box, do any of the following:

 To change how many heading levels are displayed in the table of contents, enter the number that
you want in the box next to Show levels, under General.
 To change the overall look of your table of contents, click a different format in the Formats list.
You can see what your choice looks like in the Print Preview and Web Preview areas.
 To change the type of line that appears between the entry text and the page number, click an
option in the Tab leader list.
 To change the way heading levels are displayed in the table of contents, click Modify. In
the Style dialog box, click the level that you want to change, and then click Modify. In
the Modify Style dialog box, you can change the font, the size, and the amount of indentation.
3. To use custom styles in the table of contents, click Options, and then do the following:
1. Under Available styles, find the style that you applied to the headings in your document.
2. Under TOC level, next to the style name, type a number from 1 to 9 to indicate the level
that you want the heading style to represent.
NOTE If you want to use only custom styles, delete the TOC level numbers for the built-in
styles, such as Heading 1.
3. Repeat step 1 and step 2 for each heading style that you want to include in the table of
contents.
4. Click OK.
4. Choose a table of contents to fit the document type:
 Printed document If you are creating a document that readers will read on a printed page,
create a table of contents in which each entry lists both the heading and the page number
where the heading appears. Readers can turn to the page that they want.
 Online document For a document that readers will read online in Word, you can format
the entries in the table of contents as hyperlinks, so that readers can go to a heading by
clicking its entry in the table of contents.
Update the table of contents:

If you added or removed headings or other table of contents entries in your document, you can
quickly update the table of contents.
1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Update Table.
2. Click Update page numbers only or Update entire table.

Delete a table of contents:
1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents.
2. Click Remove Table of Contents.

LAB NO. 3
Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint
Introduction:
Microsoft PowerPoint, part of Microsoft Office, creates and plays presentations. A presentation
is something a speaker makes to an audience, typically using a computer and LCD projector to
display material in a lecture hall or auditorium. PowerPoint works a lot like Microsoft Word, and
the assumption here is that you are familiar with Word.A PowerPoint presentation is made up of
"slides" that are individual frames or screens of information. To create a presentation, create the
slides. A PowerPoint file (*.ppt) is a collection of slides, typically for one and only one
presentation, although files can be linked together to make up compound presentations.
Objectives of This Lab:
 Creating and inserting new slides.

 Editing existing slides.
 Reordering existing slides.
Starting PowerPoint 2007
Double click quickly on the PowerPoint 2007 icon on the Windows desktop
(see image on right), or click the Start button in the lower left corner of the
screen, and then click All Programs, next move your cursor over Microsoft
Office, then click Microsoft PowerPoint 2007.
In this tutorial, whenever we indicate that you need to click a mouse button, it will mean to
click the left mouse button – unless we indicate that you should click the right mouse button.
So, always move the cursor over the “place” we indicate and “click left” unless we tell you
otherwise.
If you have been using PowerPoint 97, 2000, XP/2002 or 2007 this will be a wonderful
journey. You will find many exciting new features and enhancements. Almost everything
is “graphical.” When PowerPoint opens, the appearance of the screen will be very
Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

different. Once you get used to the new 2007 features, we think you’ll find it much easier to
use as you create and edit your PowerPoint slides.
In the image below you’ll immediately see that the Menu Bar has been replaced by Tabs and
Ribbons. The Tabs and Ribbons are then divided into Groups. We’ll be working with these
new features in detail as we move through the tutorial.
Tabs Ribbons Groups
Notice, in the image on the last page, that the screen is “sort of” divided into three sections.
Across the top are the Microsoft Office Button, the Quick Access Toolbar and the Tabs,
Ribbons and Groups (indicated on the last page).
Microsoft Office Button

Microsoft Office Button Quick Access Toolbar
If you refer to the Introduction to Microsoft 2007

Tutorial you’ll find a detailed explanation of how
to use these new features.
On the left side of the PowerPoint screen you’ll see an

area that indicates Outline and Slides at the top. When
you first open PowerPoint 2007 you’ll notice that the
Slides Tab is “white.” This means that you’ll be able to
see a small version of each slide as we create it.

To the lower right-center of the screen, you’ll see a PowerPoint Design Template. We’ll be
using these templates to create our slide show. We’ll come back to this in more detail later in the
tutorial.
Beginning the presentation
Slide 1
In PowerPoint 2007 a Slide Layout named Title Slide always appears first. PowerPoint
“thinks” that you want to start your presentation with a title. So, logically, the Title Slide
appears in the main section of the screen.
After you understand PowerPoint a bit more, you can choose any of the layouts you desire. We’ll
show you how to do this as we proceed through the tutorial.
You will notice, in the lower left corner of the screen, Slide 1 of 1 is
indicated.
You will also see that your screen looks like the image below.

Now we’ll have some fun and create a PowerPoint 2007 presentation on how to make a
Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwich.
Place your cursor in the “Click to add title” box and Click the left mouse button. Your text
box, after you click, will look similar to the one below.
To insert the text in this formatted text box, we simply enter (type-in) the title: How to Make
a Great PBJ – go ahead and type this text in the box.

Now, Click in the second box “Click to add sub-title” and type:
A Gourmet Recipe (tap the Enter key)
From (tap the Enter key)
Your Name (type in your name like

Janie Schwark or Greg Butler)
New Slide Button
Now it’s time to create the next slide in your

presentation. To do this, we’ll need to find the
New Slide button.
At the top left of the screen, in the Home Tab

you will see a New Slide “button” which looks
like the image on the right.
When you move your cursor arrow over the button you will see a Microsoft Help Text box
appear that says New Slide.
Now this is a bit tricky….. Look carefully at the lower right

corner of the New Slide button and you will see a down
arrow.
Click-on the down arrow to create your next slide.

If you accidentally click the button, and a new slide appears, don’t worry, we’ll show you how
to change to the slide format you desire later in the
tutorial.
When you click the arrow an image similar to the one

on the right will appear. We’ll use the Title and
Content slide for our second slide. Click this choice.

LAB NO. 4
Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007
 To Cover Some Basics of The Excel 2007
 Introduction Of Excel Formulas
 IF Statement
Starts excel:
1. Open the task pane: Menubar > View > Taskpane
2. Click Task pane drop‐down arrow; view task pane windows
Workbook: A collection of related worksheets contained within a single file.
3. Open the file: first‐gradebook.xls
4. Save the file as first‐gradebookSolution.xls.
The Active Cell, Formula Bar & Worksheet Tabs:
1. Click in cell B3, the cell containing Ackerman’s grade on the first test. Cell
B3 is now the active cell (surrounded by a heavy border). You can see the cell
name the three in the name box and the formula is displayed in the formula
box.
2. Click in cell B4 (or press the down arrow) to make it the active cell; check
the name box and the formula box to see the contents of B4.
3. Click cell E3, Ackerman’s semester average. Active cell displays the computed
grade, but formula bar displays the formula.
4. Click the Anthro264 tab to view a different worksheet within the same
workbook
5. Click the Anthro 341 have to view this worksheet; Click the Anthro 128 tab
return to the original worksheet.
Widen Columns to see all data

1. Putting your cursor in the column headings, select all the active columns in the
worksheet.
Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

2. While the columns are still selected, move your cursor to any line between
the two columns. Your cursor will become a double headed arrow.
Double‐click on the line and the columns will all automatically adjust to the
correct width.
Sort gradebook alphabetically by last name:

1. Select the range A1: A25
2. Go to the ribbon > Home tab >Editing > Sort and filter > Sort A to Z.
3. Excel will ask you if you want to expand the selection. Click yes.
4. Ackerman and Benneman will still be first and second, but the rest of the grades
will be sorted by last name of the student.
Color Worksheet Tabs:

1. Click worksheet tab (of sheet to be colored).
2. Menubar > Format > Sheet > Tab Color to display a color palette.
3. Select desired color and click OK.
4. You can also right‐click the worksheet tab to display a context‐sensitive menu,
including color choices.
Total by selecting and adding cells:

1. Click in cell F3 (Ackerman’s test total).
2. We could enter each grade as a number, but this will not allow us to
automatically calculate any changes in the grade sheet.
3. What we want to do is enter each grade as a reference to the cell that contains
that grade.
4. All formula must begin with an =, so type an =
5. Now click on B3, press the + and click on C3, add another +, Click on D3, add
another + and finally click on E3
6. Hit enter and Ackerman’s grade will show a total of 331.
Total using autoSum:
1. Click in cell F4 (Ackerman’s test total)
2. Go to the ribbon >Home >Editing > Click AutoSum
3. The formula will appear: =SUM(B4:E4)

4. Check your formula. If you get a different cell range, you can click and drag
over the desired cells.
5. Press the enter key.
6. Benneman’s grade will show a total of 331.
Completing the Calculations Using the AutoFill option:
1. Click in cell F4. You will notice a small black square in the lower right corner
of the selected square.
2. If you put your cursor over it, your cursor becomes a crosshair. While your
cursor is a crosshair, click and drag from cell F4 down to cell F25.
3. All of the student’s test totals should fill in automatically.
4. Click in cell F13. You will see the formula: =SUM(B13:E13)
5. Click in cell F20. You will see the formula: =SUM(B20:E20)
6. These formulas are all based on our original formula in cell F4. As we dragged
the formula down, the cell references also moved down.
Calculate the test average using autoSum with the Average function:
1. Click in cell G3 (test average), then click
the down arrow next to the autoSum
button.
2. Select Average. Excel will automatically select the cell range B3:F3
3. We do not want cell E3 selected. E3 is the test total. Click and drag to adjust
the cell range to B3:E3
4. Press the Enter key. You will get a test average of 82.75.
Completing the Calculations Using the AutoFill option:
1. Click in cell G4. You will notice a small black square in the lower right corner
of the selected square. If you put your cursor over it, your cursor becomes a
crosshair. While your cursor is a crosshair, click and drag from cell G4 down to
cell G25.
2. All of the student’s test averages will fill in automatically.
3. Notice that they appear as a number with decimal places. To remove the
decimal places, click the Decrease Decimals button (in the Numbers section
on the Home tab of the ribbon) twice.
Repeat the same Average autoSum calculations on row 27, Class Average:
1. Click in cell B27. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select the
Average function
2. The formula should read: =Average(B3:B26)
3. Adjust your range as necessary.

4. Then click and drag using AutoFill to complete the Class Average calculations
(drag across through cell F27).
5. Decrease the decimal places.
Resize columns:
1. Your data may not be visible in B27. Instead it you may see a series of # . .
This means the column is too narrow, and you need to resize it.
2. In fact, we should probably resize all of the columns so that their headers are all
visible.
3. Click in the headers row to select the all of the columns A – H.
4. Move your mouse pointer onto the column's edge; the pointer becomes a double
headed arrow.
5. Double click and the column will automatically resize to the correct width.
Experiment (What If?):

1. Click in cell C4 (Benneman’s grade on test 2) Enter a corrected value of 86;
2. Observe effects of this change: Benneman’s average has now changed and
the class average has changed as well.
Calculate the highest grade using autoSum’s Max function:

1. Click in the cell B28. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select
the Max function
2. Be sure to a just your cell range to include only cells B3:B25
3. Do not include the Test Average (cell B27)
4. Press enter to complete the calculation.

5. Drag across using the AutoFill function through cell F28.
Calculate the lowest grade using autoSum’s Min function:

1. Click in the cell B29. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select
the Min function
2. Be sure to a just your cell range to include only cells B3:B25
3. Do not include the Test Average (cell B27) or Highest Grade (cell B28)
4. Press enter to complete the calculation.

5. Drag across using the AutoFill function through cell F29.

Calculate Pass/Fail:
Excel can automatically calculate grades or other binary decision‐making based on
input. This requires the use of the If function. To use a function, first click in the cell
or you want the function to be. Then,
Click the Insert Function button next to the formula box.
This will open the function dialog box.
1. Click in cell H3.
2. Click the Insert Function button

3. This will open the Insert Function Dialog Box.

4. Select the If function and click OK.
5. The formula that we want to enter is =IF(G3>=68,"Pass","Fail") What this says is if the number in cell
G3 is greater than or equal to 68, then pass; otherwise fail.
6. In the Function Arguments dialog box, click on

the grid next to Logical_test.
7. In the next dialog box, click in cell G3, which
will enter the cell reference into the Function
Argument
8. In the Function Arguments box, type the rest of the
formula: G3>=68
9. Press Enter key

10. Value_if_true is Pass
11. Value_if_false is Fail
12. Click OK. You should get the result that Ackerman passed
13. Use the AutoFill function to drag the formula down through cell G25. Only two people Failed the
course.
Ways to access help in Excel 2007:
1. Click Key F1. This will open the “help window” (which strongly resembles the help task pane).
Lab: 04: Microsoft Excel Basics
2. Click the blue ? in the upper right corner.

This will also open the “help window”
Lab: 04: Microsoft Excel Basics

LAB NO. 5
Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-A
Introduction:
A Pivot Table is way to present information in a report format. The idea is that you can click
drop down lists and change the data that is being displayed. For example, choose just one student
from a drop down list and view only his or her scores. Pivot tables are a lot easier to grasp when
you see them in action. Here's the one we're going to create in this section:
Look at Row 4. This shows that the student is Elisa. If we click Elisa's drop down arrow, we'll
see this:
Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

Now we have another student to select (we'll only use two students, for this tutorial). We could
untick Lisa, and tick Mary instead. Then her scores would display.
The Subject and Month cells also have drop down lists. So we could view only January's scores,
and just for Art and English, for example.
So this is a Pivot Table - a report that we can manipulate by selecting items from drop down lists.
Let's make a start.
The first thing you need for a Pivot Table is some data to go in it.
The Pivot Table Data in an Excel 2007 Spreadsheet (New window)
Highlight the data that will be going in to your Pivot Table. On the Excel 2007 menu bar,
click Insert. From the Insert menu, locate the Tables Panel:
On the Tables panel click Pivot Tables. The Create Pivot Tables dialogue box appears:
In the dialogue box above, the data that we highlighted is in the Table/Range textbox. You can
select different cells by clicking the icon to the right of the Table/Range textbox. You can also
specify an external data source, such as a text file, for the data in your Pivot Table.
We've selected a New Worksheet as the place where the Pivot Table will be placed. Click OK.

When you click OK, Excel 2007 presents you with a rather complex layout. The area on the right
should look something like this one below:
It helps to have a look again at what we're trying to create. Here's the completed Pivot Table
again:

Now take a look at the Pivot Table Field List image again, the one above the completed pivot
table. It has tick boxes for Month, Subject, Student, and Score. These are column headings from
the original spreadsheet data. We've put the Month in cell A7 on our Pivot Table, Subject is in
cell B6, Student is in cell B4, and Score is the Average scores in cells B8 to G10. You'll see how
it works, though.
The idea is that you tick a box in the Pivot Table Field List, and then drag it to the four areas
below. Excel 2007 will take care of the rest.
So, tick all four boxes in the field list:
Excel will create a basic (and messy) Pivot Table for you. But we're going to put our 4 fields into
the 4 areas below. Here's the 4 areas we can drag to:

For the Report Filter, we want the name of a Student. For the Column Labels, we want the
Subject, and for the Row Labels, we'll just have the Month. The Values will be the Average
scores.
If you look at the Field areas after you have ticked all four boxes, however, you may see
something like this:

Month, Subject and Student have all been grouped under Row Labels. You can drag and drop
these, though.
So click on Student in the Row Labels box. Hold down your left mouse button, and then drag it
in to the Report Filter box. If you don't fancy dragging and dropping, simply click the Student
item with your left button. From the menu that appears, select Move to Report Filter:
Your Field areas will then look like this:
Move Subject from Row Labels to the Column Labels area:

Your Field areas will then look like this:
The Pivot Table on your spreadsheet will look a lot different, too. It should be looking like this:

Our Pivot Table is coming along, but the scores are all wrong, and it needs tidying up a bit. We'll
continue this tutorial in the next part.

LAB NO. 6
Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-B
The reason why the scores from our Pivot Table are so strange is because Excel 2007 is using the
wrong formula. It's using a Sum total when we want it to use an Average.
Here's the Pivot Table so far:
The numbers have all been added up. But we want averages, instead. To change the formula,
click on Sum of Score under the Values field area:
You'll see the following menu:
Lab: 06: Pivot Table in Excel 2007 (Part B)

Select, Field Settings to see the following dialogue box:
Change the Formula from Sum to Average, and then click OK. Your Average formula won't be
formatted to any decimal places. So highlight you data. On the Home menu in Excel 2007, locate
the Number panel. Format your Averages so that it has no decimal places. Your Pivot Table will
then look like this:

Almost there!
Look at cells A3, B3 and A4 above. These all have the not very descriptive names of Average of
Score, Column Labels, and Row Labels. You can click inside of these cells and type your own
headings, in exactly the same way as you would to enter text in a normal cell.
In the new version of the Pivot Table below, we have renamed these cells. We've also centred the
data.
Only one thing left to do - spruce up the table by adding a bit of colour.
Click anywhere on your Pivot Table to highlight it. Now look at the menu bar at the top of Excel
2007. You'll notice a Design menu. Click on this to see the various design options.
The Pivot Table Style Options panel is interesting.
Select Banded Rows and see what happens. Now click Banded Columns.
Next to this panel, there are lots of Pivot Table Styles to chose from. Select one that catches your
eye. Here's our finished Pivot Table again, only with a different Style:

And here's the original:
There's a lot more you can do with Pivot Tables, but we hope that this introduction has whetted
your appetite!

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg
LAB No. 7
Programming, Debugging, Microsoft
Visual C++
Introduction:
The aim of this lab is to create a new project in Microsoft Visual C++ and debug the very first
program in this environment.
 To learn about Microsoft Visual C++
 Making a project
 Adding source files to the Project created.
 Writing First program in Visual C++
 Debugging
How to create a small program in Visual C++ 6.0:
Step 1:
First of all click on Start Menu  All Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0  Visual C++
6.0
This would launch the following window
Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

Step 2:
Go to File Menu and click the following window click New ..
This would launch the following window. Remember this step is very important you have to be
careful. Visual C++ 6.0 is a very powerful software so you need to be clear on what you want to
do. Click on the Windows Console Application and then click on the project name write
“20090145_Lab3”. Change the roll number according to your own rollnumber. Then click OK.

Step 3:
After clicking the OK in the step 2, you will see the following window. Let the empty project
option selected and click on Finish. After that you will see another window click OK
Click on finish and the following window will appear.

Step 4:
Now go to File Menu again and click “New…” you will see the following window. Select the
option C/ C++ header file and write the name of the file as 2009145Lab3.c {Change the
registration number according to your registration number}
Remember that your compiler will behave according to the extension of the file so make sure to
name the file as .c file not any other name.
Click on the OK button and you will be given a white open space to write the program.

Step 5:
Write the following program in the window.
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
Cout<<"My first program of C is so easy \n";
return 0;

Step 6:
Now go to Build Menu and click “Compile” ,and after that again go to Build and click on
“Execute”. You will see “My first program of C is so easy” on a new black screen.
Debugging:
Debugging is the name given to the process of removing bugs (errors) from computer programs.
What a Debugger Can Do?
 Step through the program one statement at a time, either "over" or "into" functions.
 Run the program up to a certain point (either to the cursor or to a "breakpoint") and then
stop.
 Show the values (or contents) of variables at each point during the execution of the
program.
In this lab we will use step over only to execute your code line by line.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
Cout<<"First statement executed using step\n";
Cout<<"Second statement executed using step\n";

Cout<<"Third statement executed using step\n";
return 0;
First compile the above program and then Execute it, all the three statements will be printed on
the screen. Now again compile the file and execute one statement at a time by clicking on Debug
→Step Over (or F10). You will see that on the output screen (black screen) the statements will
appear one by one.

LAB No. 8
Variables, Arithmetic Operators
 How to create a new project
 How to make a new source file in the project
 How to use comments in a program
 How create variables of different data types
 How to use arithmetic operators in a program
We are going to start from the previous lab to refresh your mind.
Step 1:
First of all click on Start Menu  All Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0  Visual C++ 6.0
This would launch the following window
Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

Step 2:
Go to File Menu and click the following window click New ..
This would launch the following window. Remember this step is very important you have to be
careful. Visual C++ 6.0 is a very powerful software so you need to be clear on what you want to
do. Click on the Windows Console Application and then click on the project name write
“20090145_Lab2”. Change the roll number according to your own rollnumber. Then click OK.

Step 3:
After clicking the OK in the step 2. You will see the following window. Let the empty project
option selected and click on Finish. After that you will see another window click OK


Step 4:
Now go to File Menu again and click “New…” you will see the following window. Select the
option C/ C++ header file and write the name of the file as 2009145Lab3.c {Change the
registration number according to your registration number}
Remember that your compiler will behave according to the extension of the file so make sure to
name the file as .c file not any other name.
Click on the OK button and you will be given a white open space to write the program.

Step 5:
Write the following program in the window.

#include <isotream.h>
int main()
Cout<<"My first program of C is so easy \n";
return 0;

Write following line of code and see the effect of comments.

int main()
//declaring integer and character vairables
int a; char ch;
/*Initializing the
variables
*/
a=10; ch=’b’;
cout<<“The value of ch is: \n”<<ch;
cout<<“The value of a is: \n”<<a;
return 0;
In this example you saw various ways of declaring variables of various data types and how to
write comments in C programs. Also, notice the use of “\n” at the end of the cout statements. It
simply adds a carriage return which ends the current line.
Write the following program in the editor and see the effect of the program and compare your
result with the following output.
int main()
{
int a = 72;
char b = 'A';
cout<<"a equals \n"<<a;
cout<<"a equals \n"<<a;
cout<<"b equals \n"<<b;
cout<<"b equals \n"<<b;
return 0;
}

Output:
a equals 72
a equals H
b equals 65
b equals A
The reason why this works is because a character constant is just an integer from 0 to 255.
Introduction of “cin” statement in your program:

int main()
int a,b;
cout<<“Enter value of a: “;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter value of b: “;
cin>>b;
cout<<“The value of a is: \n”<<a;
cout“The value of b is: \n”<<b;
cout<<“Enter new value for both separated by a space: \n”<<;
cin>>a;
cout<<” “;
cin>>b;
cout<<”New values are:\n”;
cout<<a<<” “<<b;
return 0;

Introduction of Arithmetic operators in your program:
After writing this program you will see that how one can add two numbers and following the
same way we can use subtraction, multiplication and division operators.
int main()
int a,b;
int sum;
cout<<“Enter value of a: \n“;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter value of b: \n“;
cin>>b;
sum=a+b;
cout<<“sum is: \t”;
cout<<sum<<”\n”;
return 0;


LAB NO. 9
Decision Control Statements
 Comparison/Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 If Statement
 If - else statement
 Else - if Statement
Starting from a very simple form of if statement
Example: Write a program in which it takes a number from keyboard as an input and if the
number is greater than 100 it prints “The number is greater than hundred”.
Code:
int main()
int number ;
cout<<“Enter an integer\n”;
cin>>number;
if ( number >100 )
cout<<“The number is greater than 100\n”;
return 0;
Try below example and see the effect of if-else statement

#include <stdio.h>
Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

int main()
int a,b ;
cout<<“Enter first number\n”;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter second number\n”;
cin>>b;
if ( a >=b )
// this condition can also be written as if(a>b || a==b)
Cout<<a<<”\t”<<b<<”\t”<<a-b;
else
cout<<b<<”t”<<a<<”\t”<<b-a;
return 0;
Now trying example of Nested if statement

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
int number ;
cout<<“Enter an integer\n”;
cin>>number;
if ( number <100 )
Cout<<“Yes the number is less than 100”<<endl;
if ( number <50)

Cout<<“ and number is also less than 50”<<endl;
else
Cout<<“ but the number is not less than 50”<<endl;
else
cout<<“No the number is not less than 100”<<endl;
Try this example for if-else-if statement
Write a program which takes marks as input and shows the out put as follows:
Marks Output
Greater than or equal to 75 Passed: Grade A

Greater than or equal to 60 Passed: Grade B
Greater than or equal to 45 Passed: Grade C
Less than 45 Failed
int main()
int marks;
cout<<“Enter an marks\n”;
cin<<marks<<endl;
if (marks >= 75)
cout<<"Passed: Grade A\n";

else if (marks >= 60)
cout<<"Passed: Grade B\n";
else if (marks >= 45)
cout<<"Passed: Grade C\n"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Failed"<<endl;

return 0;
}
Try the below problem and show the result.

Write a program which takes marks as input and then shows output as follows:
Marks Output
87 – 100 Grade A
80 - 87 Grade B+
72 – 80 Grade B
67 – 72 Grade C+
60 - 67 Grade C
below 60 Failed
Take Home:
1. Write a program, which takes age as input from user and prints appropriate message
depending upon the following conditions:
 If age less then 6 then prints, “What a nice child!”

 If age is between 6 and 9 then prints, “That’s a good age!”
 If age is between 9 and less than 20 then prints, “Ah! In the prime of life”
 If age between 20 and less than 30 then prints, “Watch out, the younger ones
are gaining on you.”
 More than 30 then it prints, “Well, have fun, and don’t look back.”
2. Write a program which takes 3 numbers as input e.g. a = 30, b = 54 and c = 6 and print
output as follows:
Sample output:
Min number entered is 6
Max number entered is 54
(These are the values of variables which are taken from keyboard).
3. Write a C program that take a number N as input and display on the screen whether N is odd
or even. (Hint: if N is divided by 2 and its remainder is 0 then it is even, use % as remainder
operator)
Sample output:
Enter a number: 8
8 is even
OR

Enter a number: 9
9 is Odd

LAB NO. 10
for loop, while loop
 To understand the basics of for loop
 Concept of while loop

Starting from a very simple and basic example:
Example 1: The following code will print hello ten times
int main()
int count;
for (count =1; count <=10; count=count+1)
cout<<"Hello\n";
return 0;
Try the example below and shows the output.
Example 2: Calculate simple table of 2 using a for loop
int main()
int count;
for (count =1; count <=10; count=count+1)
Lab 10: for loop, while loop

{
Count=2*count;
cout<<count<<endl;
return 0;
Following examples shows some variations of the for loop
int main()
for(int i=0, j=10 ; i<10 ; i++, j-- )
Cout<<"\n”<<i<<j;
return 0;
Expression 1 could be written before the body of for loop.
Example 3:
int i = 0;
for( ; i < 10; i++)
cout<<“\n”<< i;

Expression 3 could be written in the body of the for loop.
Example 4:
int i = 0;
for( ; i < 10; ){
cout<<“\n”<<i;
i++;
We can also omit expression 2 so this will be an infinite loop.
Example 6:
int i = 0;
for( ; ; ){
cout<<“\n”<< i;
i++;
This code will run indefinite times starting from 0.

We can use logical operators in expression 2.
Example 7:
int main(){
int i=0,j=10;
for(;i<10 && j >4;){
cout<<"\n"<<i<<j;
i++;

j--;
return 0;
The while loop:

Try example below and shows the output:
Example 1: Print Numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop
int main()
int counter = 1;
while (counter <= 10) // condition
cout<<“Counter now reads \n”<<counter;
counter++; // Same as counter=counter + 1 (increment)
return 0;
Our 2nd example is based on a while-loop that keeps on running until a certain condition is
reached (a certain value is entered by the user).
Example 2: Printing the numbers you entered using a while loop

int main()
int flag; //flag is just an integer variable
cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit) \n”;
cin>>flag;
cout<<“Entering the while loop now...\n”;
while(flag != -1) {
cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit)\n ”;
cin>>flag;
cout<<“You entered \n”<<flag;
Cout<<“Out of loop now \n”;
return 0;
Take Home
1. Write a program to generate a list of first 100 odd numbers using while, do while and for
loops.

2. Write a function which takes as input a number, total multiplicands and user option to get even
or odd multiplicands and print table of that number.
Example:
Input: Number=3, Total Multiples 15, Multiples types: Even
Output:
3 * 2 = 6
3 * 4 = 12
3 * 6 = 18
3 * 8 = 24
……………………….
……………………….
3 * 14 = 42
3. Write a program to find the sum of digits of the number entered by the user also print it in
reverse order.For example, user enters 1234, the sum should be 10 and the program should print
4321. (HINT: use modulus operator)
4. Write a program to ask the user his/her CGPA and print his/her grade accordingly. If grade is
C or better give good remarks otherwise leave an advice. (User is a FAST graduate)
5. Write a program which has the following output screen. (use loops to control output of the
program)

6. Write a program to provide following functionality of a calculator using switch case

statement.
 Addition of two integers
 Subtraction of two integers
 Multiplication of two integers
 Division of two integers
 Addition of two Floating Point Numbers
 Subtraction of two Floating Point Numbers
 Multiplication of two Floating Point Numbers
 Division of two Floating Point Numbers
 Sine
 Cosine
 Tangent
 Square root
 Square
 Cube
User should be able to select his desired operation from the Menu given to him. The
program should only terminate when user selects exit operation from the MENU.
For sine, cosine, Tangent and Square root you can use functions available in math.h
library.
7. Write a program that takes as input any number of seconds (as int) and then converts
it in hours, minutes and seconds. For example, if you enter 7802 the program should
print:
2 hrs 10 mins 2 secs

(Hint: Use integer division and modulus operators)
8. The power series representation of sin(x) and cos(x) is
This is an easy way to evaluate sin(x) or cos(x), by increasing the number of terms the accuracy
of the result is increased.
Requirements
You are required to implement a program which takes as input:
• The value of x (can be either in radians or degrees, if it is in degrees it should be converted

to radians first)
• The value to calculate sin(x) / cos(x) / or both
• The number of terms to evaluate
In the end the program should produce the following output:
• The value calculated by your program
• The “actual” value using the library functions sin and cos found in the header file <math.h>
(use the Deitel book as reference to see how this can be accomplished)
• The error in your value as compared to the actual value (calculated value – original value)
The formula for conversion from degrees to radians is given below:
X= (Angle in Degress) * π
180
Note that π (pi) is a constant value and should be taken as:
3.1415926535897932384626433832795

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg
LAB NO. 11
Do-While loop
 To understand the usage of Do-While loop

Starting from the very basic program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main( )
int x = 0; // Create a local variable 'x'
do
x=x+1; // Increment the variable 'x' by 1
} while (x < 3);
return 0;
A more advanced example
Following loop reads marks until a valid mark is entered:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
Lab: 11: Do-While loop

int main( )
do
cout << "Please enter a mark: ";
cin >> mark;
if (mark < 0 || mark > 100)
cout << "Invalid mark. Try again. " << endl << endl;
}while (mark < 0 || mark > 100);
Return 0;
The following C++ code shows a count-controlled Do-while statement:
sum = 0;
counter = 0;
do
cout << "Please enter a mark: ";
cin >> mark;
sum = sum + mark;
counter++;
} while (counter < 10);
cout << "The average of the marks entered is " << sum/counter << endl;
Above code is incomplete, write complete code in the editor and show the output.
Lab: 11: Do-While loop

LAB NO. 12
Continue, Switch and Break Statements
 Switch statement
 Break Statement
 Continue statement
Switch Statement:
Just look at the following example and examine the output:
int main() {
int a;
cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n";
cin>>a;
switch (a) {
case 1:
cout<<"You chose number 1\n";
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
cout<<"You chose number 4\n”;
Lab 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

default:
cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n";
return 0;
The Break Statement:
Try the following example and think on the output
int main() {
int a;
cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n";
cin>>a;
switch (a) {
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
case 4:
Lab: 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

break;
default:
cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n"; }
return 0; }
Continue Statement:
This does the opposite of break. Try the example below and compare it with the one above.
int index=0;
for(index=1;index<=10;index++)
{
if(index==4||index==5)
continue;
cout<<index;
}
cout<<"\nLoop terminated” ;
Lab: 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

LAB No. 13
Functions
 To understand the Concept of functions

Let’s do an example which calls a function which prints ten asterisks (*) in line. (**********)
void asteriks(); // prototype declaration
void main(){
asteriks(); // Function calling
void asteriks(){ // Function definition
int i=0;
for(;i<10;i++)
cout<<"*";
Lets go one step ahead, function asterisks (int a) with a single argument.
void asteriks(int n); // prototype declaration
void main(){
asteriks(7); // Function calling
void asteriks(int num){ // Function definition
Lab 13: Functions

int i=0;
for(;i<num;i++)
cout<<"*";
Now an example of a function with two parameters

Here is an example of a function which calculates the sum of two numbers passed as arguments
to the function and returns the sum to the calling function.
int add(int no1,int no2 ){
int sum = no1+no2;
return sum;
Let’s do another example of making a program using functions which will tell us whether the
input number is even or odd.
int is_even(int n); // (Prototype declaration)
void main()
int number, test;
cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd";
cin>>number;
test = is_even(number); // (Function calling)
if(test==0)
cout<<"\nThe number is odd";
else
cout<<"\nThe number is even";
Lab 13: Functions

int is_even(int n){ //Function definition
int remainder;
remainder= n%2;
if(remainder==1)
return 0;
else
return 1;
One more way to write the same example is

int remainder;
remainder= n%2;
if(remainder==1)
return 0;
else
return 1;
void main()
int number, test;
cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n";
cin>>number;
Lab 13: Functions

test = is_even(number); //(Function calling)
if(test==0)
else
Another way to write the same program

int is_even(int n); // (Prototype declaration)
void main()
int number;
cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n";
cin>>number;
if(is_even(number)) //Function call within if condition
else
int remainder;
remainder= n%2;
if(remainder==1)
Lab 13: Functions

return 0;
else
return 1;
Compile and run this program.
float avg(float no1, float no2, float no3); //(Prototype declaration)
void main()
float n1,n2,n3,result;
cout<<"Enter three number to find avg");
cin>>n1>>n2>>n3;
result=avg(n1,n2,n3); // (Function calling)
cout<<"\nThe average is \n”<<result;
float avg(float a, float b, float c){
cout<<"\nEntering the function\n";
float average= (a+b+c)/3;
return average;
Lab 13: Functions

CSC 101 Intro To CS & Progg
LAB 14
Functions (Call By Reference and By
Value)
 Passing value to a function by reference
 Passing value to a function by value
Call by Value:
Example 1:
void func( int );
int main( ) {
int i = 8;
func( i );
cout<<“ the value of i is ”<< i;
return 0;
void func( int i) {
i = i + 10;
Example 2:
void interchange(int,int);
int
Lab 14: Functions (Call by Reference and by Value)

main()
{
int
x=50,
y=70;
interchange(x,y);
cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;
return 0;
void interchange(int,int)
{
int z1;
z1=x1;
x1=y1;
y1=z1;
cout<<“x1 is = “<<x1<<”y1 is “<<y1;
}
Call by Reference:
Example 3:
void interchange(int&,int&);
int main()
int x=50, y=70;
cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;
interchange(x,y);
cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;

return 0;
void interchange(int &x1,int &y1)
int z1;
z1=x1;
x1=y1;
y1=z1;
//cout<<" *x= ”<< *x1<<” *y= "<<*y1;
Here the function is called by reference. In other words address is passed by using symbol “&”
and the value is accessed by using symbol “*”.
The main difference between them can be seen by analyzing the output of program1 and
program2.

LAB NO. 15
Arrays
 Declaration of Array
 Initialization of Array
 Accessing elements of Array
 Printing arrays
 Copying arrays
 Scanning array elements using cin
 Dealing with characters using arrays

Let's start by looking at the following code where a single variable is used to store a person's age.
Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
int age;
age=23;
cout<<endl<< age;
return 0;
1) Declaration of Array
Lab 15: Arrays

Here's is the code snippet to create an array and one way to initialize an array:
int main()
int age[4]; //declaration of Array
age[0]=23;//initialization of Array elements
age[1]=34;
age[2]=65;
age[3]=74;
return 0;
2) Initialization of Array
It is like a variable, an array can be initialized. To initialize an array, we provide initializing
values which are enclosed within curly braces in the declaration and placed following an
equals sign after the array name. Here is an example of initializing an integer array.
int age[4]={23,34,65,74};
3) Printing arrays
int main()
int age[4];
age[0]=23;
age[1]=34;
age[2]=65;
age[3]=74;
Lab 15: Arrays

cout<< age<<endl;
return 0;
How about printing out each of the values separately? Try this:
int main()
int age[4];
age[0]=23;
age[1]=34;
age[2]=65;
age[3]=74;
cout<<age[0]<<endl;
cout<<age[1]<<endl;
cout<<age[2]<<endl;
cout<<age[3]<<endl;
return 0;
Lines (10) through line (13) produce the output we are expecting.
Thus there is no single statement in the language that says "print an entire array to the screen".
Each element in the array must be printed to the screen individually.
4) Copying arrays
Suppose that after filling our 4 element array with values, we need to copy that array to another
array of 4 int ? Try this:
Lab 15: Arrays

int main()
int age[4];
int same_age[4];
int i=0;
age[0]=23;
age[1]=34;
age[2]=65;
age[3]=74;
for (;i<4;i++)
same_age[i]=age[i];
for (i=0;i<4;i++)
cout<<same_age[i]<<endl;
return 0;
5) Scanning array elements using cin

int a[5];
cin>>a[0]; // this will scan the value for the very first location of the array.
cout<<a[0]<<endl;
You can also scan the entire elements of the array using a loop.
6) Dealing with characters using arrays

You can also store characters and other type data (float etc.) in the arrays. Just declare it as
we’ve done in the case with int. There is no difference in dealing with characters except
you’ve to enclose the value in a single quote.
Lab 15: Arrays

Char ar[3];
ar[0]=’a’ ; ar[1]=’b’ …..
Lab 15: Arrays

To Computer Science & Programming CSC 101 Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

To Computer Science & Programming CSC 101 Lab Manual

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Objectives of this Lab:

 Windows , Mac ,Linux.

 1975–1981: Microsoft boots up

 1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0

 1987–1990: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more speed

 1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the graphics

 2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security

 2009: Windows 7 introduces Windows Touch

 2012: Windows 8 features apps and tiles

 2013: Windows 8.1 expands the Windows 8 vision

Windows 8: Tiles Preview:

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

Application vs System s/w:

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

Difference between an interpreter and a compiler:

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

Scans the entire program and

It takes large amount of time to

No intermediate object code is Generates intermediate object code

It generates the error message only

Programming language like Python, Programming language like C, C++

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

Objectives of this lab:

 Mark entries for a table of contents

 Create a table of contents from the gallery

 Create a custom table of contents

 Update the table of contents

 Delete a table of contents

Mark entries for a table of contents:

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

Create a table of contents from the gallery:

Create a custom table of contents:

2. In the Table of Contents dialog box, do any of the following:

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

Update the table of contents:

2. Click Update page numbers only or Update entire table.

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

2. Click Remove Table of Contents.

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

Objectives of This Lab:

 Creating and inserting new slides.

Starting PowerPoint 2007

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

Tabs Ribbons Groups

Microsoft Office Button

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

Microsoft Office Button Quick Access Toolbar

If you refer to the Introduction to Microsoft 2007

On the left side of the PowerPoint screen you’ll see an

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

Beginning the presentation

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

A Gourmet Recipe (tap the Enter key)

From (tap the Enter key)

Your Name (type in your name like

New Slide Button

Now it’s time to create the next slide in your

At the top left of the screen, in the Home Tab

Now this is a bit tricky….. Look carefully at the lower right

Click-on the down arrow to create your next slide.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application