NORTH LUZON’S INDIGENOUS GROUPS

Final report for the Cordillera-North Luzon IP Mapping Project

Cordillera Peoples Alliance
December 2005

INTRODUCTION

In the past century especially since the mid-20th century, much ethnographic information have
been gathered on the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera region and the adjacent Ilocos and
Cagayan Valley regions of Northern Luzon. Such information included the identification of IP’s
with their respective ascribed names as distinct peoples or ethnolinguistic groups. Naming them
was important, if only to organize demographic, geographic and linguistic data for census
reports and ethnolinguistic mapping.

One problem is that IP group names have a notorious trait of fluidity and overlapping. For
example, in popular literature, census instruments and even recent ethnographic studies,
“Tinguian” is used as a definite identifier for IP communities living in Abra province. But the
reality on the ground is that the “Tinguians” are actually a more complex patchwork of IP groups
who carry distinctive names, territorial boundaries, oral histories, and often different languages
or major dialect differences, which change over time.

The result is that most census reports and ethnographic maps until now remain hobbled by
significant inaccuracies, over-generalizations, and outdated facts. There have been efforts
among social-science research and IP advocacy groups to correct the inaccuracies and make
ethnographic updates, but these have not been significantly used by statistical agencies and
mainstream maps up to now.

The result is that the said inaccuracies impair policy research and planning especially at the
regional and local levels, which should always be sensitive to changing ethnographic-
demographic factors. The inaccuracies seep down to the general public through error-prone
textbooks, maps, and media reports, reinforcing wrong notions and worsening controversies
even among the IP groups themselves.

ON ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUP IDENTITIES AND NAMES

Prior to Spanish and later American colonial rule, the entire population of Northern Luzon (and
most of the Philippine population for that matter, except a sprinkling of Chinese and Japanese
residents in trading posts) must be considered as indigenous peoples. The earliest Spanish
chroniclers reported on native peoples as already exhibiting a patchwork of local cultures and
ethno-linguistic identities but still evolving along very common paths of development as a whole.

It was the uneven imposition and differential experience of Spanish colonial and feudal rule that
drew stark lines between those peoples who were assimilated, and those who for various
reasons were not. It is mainly those who belong to this latter category that are now considered
as indigenous peoples. This mapping project is focused on the IP’s found in Northern Luzon.

As the Spanish and later American colonizers explored and established their presence
throughout the Northern Luzon highlands and established garrisons in strategic settlements,
they adopted the highly localized names of these settlements, or convenient terms used by
outsiders, to cover wider spans of town-sized and province-sized territories. Meanwhile, local
communities continued to use their traditional identities and placenames.

Immediately, therefore, we encounter a confusing tangle of IP identities and the names of actual
communities and places associated with them. Volumes of ethnographic and historical studies
as well as popular articles have been written to explore and explain these identities and names.
Below, we present only a highly simplified summary of the most common and encompassing
identities and names:

Igorot

Igolot or Igorot (“people of the mountains”) is derived from a Northern Philippine cognate of the
Tagalog golod (mountain ridge). Early Spanish records used ‘Ygolotes,’ ‘Ygorotes,’ and later
‘Igorrotes,’ which carried over into the American-period Igorrote. Historically, the Spanish
colonialists who reached the Pangasinan lowlands and southern Ilocos coastal strip adopted the
term to refer to the peoples living in the southern section of the Cordillera ranges – namely,
what are now Benguet and western Mountain Province. The IP’s of these areas ultimately
accepted the term to refer to themselves.

By tradition, IP’s in other parts of the Cordillera like the Tinguian, Kalinga and Ifugao did not
usually call themselves by this same term. But in more recent times, there has been a trend of
loose acceptance of the term Igorot to refer to all Cordillera peoples. The Cordillera Peoples
Alliance has been a consistent popularizer of the term Kaigorotan (“the entire Igorot people”) as
the equivalent of Cordillera peoples.

Tinguian

Tinguian is derived from tinggi (Malay ‘mountain’). Early Spanish colonizers used the term more
generically to refer to all mountain peoples. Later, the term became a more specific name for
the various upland peoples found in Abra province and its Ilocos peripheries. Like Igorot,
Tinguian does not denote a homogenous language and culture. Tinguian peoples share many
historical continuities with Kalinga, Kankanay and Bontoc cultures and languages.

Kalinga

Kalinga (pronounced with soft ng as in English singer) means ‘enemy’ in some Northern
Philippine languages. As the Spanish colonizers reached the Cagayan River valley, they must
have adopted the term used by lowland Cagayan peoples in referring to inland and upriver
peoples to their west, south and east. Ultimately, it evolved into the more specific name (now
pronounced with hard ng, as in English finger) for the peoples found along the middle Chico
River and its tributaries.

Again, like Igorot and Tinguian, Kalinga does not denote a homogeneous language and culture
because it covers a wide range of linguistic and cultural variation. The Banao and Mabaka
peoples straddling both sides of the northern Cordillera divide, for example, can be equally
classified as Kalinga and as Tinguian.

Kankanaey, Iyaplay, Bontoc

The ethnic name Kankanay is probably derived from kana (‘say, tell’ in most southern Cordillera
languages), as local peoples tried to differentiate themselves from their immediate neighbors
through the most obvious language differences. Perhaps assisted by American colonial scholars
who found sufficient commonalities in their local languages and cultures, the practice ultimately
evolved into a term encompassing the various communities along the headwaters of the Abra,
Agno, and Amburayan Rivers, and western tributaries of the upper Chico River.

“Northern Kankanaey” is a linguist-invented term to differentiate subtle differences between the

communities along the western tributaries of the upper Chico River (covering the towns of
Sagada, Besao, Tadian, Bauko and Sabangan) and the main Kankanaey area towards Benguet
to the south. Also in recent times, people in these five towns have adopted the self-ascriptive
term Iyaplay (‘upriver people’), which distinguishes them from their Bontoc neighbors
downstream to the north and east.

Bontoc originally referred to the densely settled region along the middle Chico river. In time, and
again with the help of American scholars and administrators, the term expanded to include the
surrounding areas and their peoples—what became Bontoc sub-province and later Mountain
Province. Thus, nowadays, we must carefully use modifiers to qualify which of the several
“Bontocs” we are referring to: Bontoc ili as the traditional grouping of 17 ator (native wards or
village centers); Bontoc municipality, which covers many other farflung villages; the Bontoc
language-culture area which roughly corresponds to the towns of Bontoc, Barlig and Natonin;
and former Bontoc sub-province which is now Mountain Province.

Ifugao

The word ipugaw means ‘man, person’ in most Central Cordilleran languages. According to
W.H. Scott, ipugaw means ‘the people of Pugaw, the earth world,’ and ifugao is a lowland
mispronunciation of the term. Ultimately, the term evolved into a self-ascription for the people
who mainly inhabit the rivers draining the southeastern slopes of the Cordillera Central into the
Magat River—which is roughly the scope of modern-day Ifugao province.

Gaddang

According to Cordillera scholar Patricia Afable: “Gaddang comes from gadang (“coming up from
the river”) in Northern Cordilleran languages. It first appeared as a distinct group label in early
17th century records of the eastern lowlands; today it applies to highland as well as lowland
interior populations along the middle Cagayan River and west of it along the Mallig and Siffu
Rivers.”

Bago

The core meaning of the term Bago refers to those peoples on the western foothills of the
Cordillera who are the historical product of several centuries of in-place admixture (inter-
marriage and other modes of local coexistence) between highland (Isnag, Tinguian, Kankanaey,
Ibaloy) and lowland (Ilocano, Pangasinan) peoples. This customary process was already
existent in pre-Spanish times, and was accelarated by the Spanish policy of reduccion and
pacification, local trading and road-building.
More specifically, Bago has evolved into one accepted generic term of communities along the
middle and lower reaches of the Amburayan and Naguilian Rivers and middle sections of the
Abra River (portions of of the old Lepanto, Tiagan and Amburayan political-military
commandancies) in referring to themselves.

The term could also refer to more recently-relocated communities from lowland to upland or vice
versa all throughout the western and southwestern foothills of the Cordillera—the result of
migrations triggered by war and colonial occupation especially from the 19th century onwards.

Thus, Bago does not refer to a specific tribe, language, or ancestral territory, but to local
hybridized IP populations in the said areas.

IP GROUPS IN THE CORDILLERA

The Cordillera region, as currently defined by the national government’s administrative system,
is composed of six provinces, namely, Abra, Apayao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Ifugao, and
Benguet. Baguio City is a chartered, highly-urbanized city geographically located within Benguet
but historically a separate administrative entity created early during the US colonial period. If we
exclude the densely populated areas of multi-ethnic southern Benguet and mostly-Ilocano
lowland Abra, the region’s composition would be predominantly IP.

ABRA

Among Abra’s 27 municipalities, 10 municipalities are solidly or predominantly composed of IP

communities, with a total population of 39,336. These are the municipalities of Tineg, Lacub,
Malibcong, Daguioman, Licuan-Baay, Sallapadan, Bucloc, Boliney, Tubo, and Luba.

In addition, at least eight municipalities have some barangays or villages that are predominantly
IP, or have an extensive admixture of IP and non-IP households, with IP cultural influences and
traditions still considerable. These include Manabo, Bucay, Danglas, Lagangilang, San Juan, La
Paz, Tayum, and Penarrubia. More research is required to establish the extent of IP presence in
other towns of Abra, which historically have been populated by what are now covered by the
generic term “Tinguian” or Itneg.

Table 1. Abra IP groups, by municipality and barangay

Municipality IP grouping Barangays Total pop.

(NSO 2000)
Tineg Adasen Poblacion (Agsimao), Alaoa, Anayan, Apao, 4,995
Belaat, Caganayan, Cogon, Lanec, Lapat-
Balantay, Naglibacan
Lacub Adasen Some Lan-ag sitios (Kalaw, Ambalag) 2,782
Binongan Poblacion
Mabaka Buneg (including Wagged, Sap-al, Talipugo),
Bacag, Pacoc (including Talampac), Lan-ag,
Guinguinabang (including Libsong)
Malibcong Mabaka Bayabas, Dulao, Mataragan (including 3,806
Matalibong, Putol, Luksad), Pacgued
Bangilo- Buanao, Lat-ey (including Alligang,
 Gubang Cubcuba), Umnap (including Adugao)
Banao Binasaran (including Manapnap), Duldulao,
Gacab, Malibcong poblacion, Taripan
Daguioman Banao Ableg, Cabaruyan, Pikek, Tui (poblacion) 1,748
Licuan-Baay Binongan Bonglo (partly), Cawayan, Domenglay, 3,812
Lenneng, Mapisla, Poblacion
Adasen Bulbulala
Sallapadan Masadiit Bazar, Bilabila, Gangal, Maguyepyep 5,497
(including Bantay), Naguilian, Saccaang,
Sallapadan barrio, Poblacion (Subusob,
including Lam-awan, Abas), and Ud-udiao
(including Mabungtot, Nagas-asan)
Bucloc Masadiit Ducligan, Labaan, Lingey, Lamao (poblacion) 2,109
Boliney Masadiit Dao- Amti, Bao-yan, Dao-angan, Dumagas, 3,340
angan Kilong-Olao, Boliney poblacion
Balatoc Danac East, Danac West
Tubo Maeng Alangtin (including Beew), Amtuagan 5,044
(including Licuan), Dilong (including
Pananuman), Kili (including Apatan, Ataki),
Poblacion (Mayabo), Supo, Tiempo (including
Dacuag), Tubtuba, Wayangan, Tabacda
(including Tabatab).
Baclingayan- Baclingayan (including Taleb)
Belwang*
Luba Maeng Ampalioc, Barit, Gayaman, Lulluno, Luzong, 6,203
Nagbukel-Tuquipa, Poblacion, Sabnangan
Manabo Muyadan** Catagdegan Viejo and Nuevo, Lusong, 9,643
mixed with Ayyeng (Poblacion), San Jose Norte and Sur,
Ilocano San Juan Norte and Sur, San Ramon East
and West, and Sto. Tomas
Bucay Masadiit Dugong, Quimloong, Salideng, Tacdangan 14,881
mixed with
Ilocano
Danglas Adasen mixed Cabaruan, Danglas proper, Nagaparan, parts 4,144
among the of Abaquid
Ilocano
majority
Lagangilang Adasen Bacooc, Paganao 12,073
Binongan Bila, Palpalitpit, Taping
mixed with
Ilocano
San Juan Adasen mixed Abualan 8.821
among the
Ilocano
majority
La Paz Some Adasen Bulbulala, Mudeng 12,922
families
Tayum Illaud mixed Bagalay (including Pitaw), Pias 12,539
with Ilocano
Penarrubia Illaud mixed Dumayco, Lusuac, Namarabar, Patiao, 5,515
with Ilocano Malamsit (including Pau), Poblacion, Riang,
Sta. Rosa, Tattawa
Total population of municipalities with clear and distinct IP communities 119,874
Other municipalities with no clear and distinct IP communities, although there 89,617
are migrant IP households and individuals: Bangued, Dolores, Lagayan,
Langiden, Pidigan, Pilar, San Isidro, San Quintin, and Villaviciosa
Total for Abra 209,491
* Baclingayan, while found in Tubo municipality and often considered part of the wider Maeng
group, is politically part of the binodngan Belwang tribe (see Mt. Province).
** Politically, Muyadan is considered a sub-tribe of the larger Maeng tribe.

Of the various Abra IP groups, eight are confirmed to be bodong-practicing tribes. These are:
Mabaka, Bangilo-Gubang, Banao (Malibcong), Sallapadan, Bucloc, Dao-angan (Boliney),
Balatoc (Boliney), and Maeng. (For a description of bodong-practicing tribes, read further below
under Kalinga.)

APAYAO

Isnag (aka Isneg or Apayao) peoples were formerly the majority IP group in what is now Apayao
province. But because of the massive in-migration of Ilocano settlers during the American period
and especially after World War II, the Isnag are now in the minority. Estimated population:
30,000. A minimum of 26,791 is based on the mostly Isnag municipalities of Calanasan and
Kabugao, although the actual figure is certainly higher.

The Isnag may be divided into three branches based on speech dialect and preferred
environment: the Imandaya, the Imallod, and the Iyapayao. The Imandaya prefer the
mountainous and forested interior (“Imandaya” means “people upstream”), while the Imallod
prefer living along the big rivers or on the narrow coastal plains. The Iyapayao are those who,
because of historical circumstances, are now found on the Ilocos side of the Cordillera divide.
They are found as solid communities in the towns of Dumalneg and Adams in Ilocos Norte.

Table 2. Apayao IP groups, by municipality

Town IP groups Total pop.

(NSO 2000)
Calanasan Dominantly Isnag (Imandaya) 12,806
(Bayag)
Kabugao Dominantly Isnag (Imandaya) 13,985
Pudtol Mix of Isnag (Imallod) and Ilocano 11,039
Conner Some Isnag communities; mixed IP settlers from Kalinga, Mt. 20,429
Province, and Benguet; Ilocano majority
Flora Some Isnag communities (Imallod) and Agta groups mixed among 14,860
the Ilocano majority
Luna Some Isnag communities (Imallod) and Agta groups mixed among 14,154
the Ilocano majority
Sta. Marcela Some Isnag communities (Imallod) and Agta groups mixed among 9,856
the Ilocano majority
Total for Apayao 97,129

KALINGA

Kalinga province is populated by an assemblage of closely-related indigenous peoples, now

conveniently grouped into a single large ethno-linguistic group called “Kalinga.” However, it is
more accurate to group communities into tribe-like formations that have retained distinct
indigenous socio-political institutions covering a well-defined (although sometimes disputed)
tribal territory. Since such institutions commonly revolve around the institution of inter-tribal
peacepacts called bodong, such groups are commonly referred to as binodngan or bodong-
practicing tribes. A big tribal group such as Banao may cover several barangays and straddle
several municipalities in two provinces, while a small tribal group may encompass only one
compact village, such as Dananao and Mabongtot. Most of the IP groups listed below (from
Table 3 to Table 10) may be categorized as binodngan tribes.

Table 3. Kalinga IP groups, by municipality

Town IP or tribal groups Total pop.

(NSO 2000)
Balbalan Banao, Salegseg, Mabaka, Buaya, Poswoy, Dao-angan, Balbalan- 11,934
Gubang, Maling
Lubuagan Lubuagan, Uma, Tanglag, Mabongtot 9,875
Pasil Ableg, Balatoc, Balenciagao, Cagaluan, Colayo, Dangtalan, 9,360
Guinaang, Magsilay
Pinukpuk Limos, Matucad, Ballayangon, Apatan 26,130
Rizal (Liwan) mixed IP settlers from mostly from Kalinga and Mt. Province, with 13,652
an Ilocano majority
Tabuk Biga, Dallac, Colminga, Gaddang, Guilayon, Malbong, Naneng, 78,633
Tobog, Laya, Suyang, Calaccad; mixed IP settlers from mostly
from Kalinga and Mt. Province; with an Ilocano majority
Tanudan Dacalan, Lubo, Mangali, Pangol, Seet-Mabaka, Taloctoc 10,275
Tinglayan Bangad, Basao, Butbut, Dananao, Mallango, Tinglayan, Tulgao, 14,164
Sumadel
Total for Kalinga 174,023

Details for Balbalan

Table 4. Balbalan (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities

1. Banao* Balbalasang, Pantikian, Saltan, Ibong, Balbalasang, Talalang, Gaang, Sesec-
Talalang an, Pantikian, Bulalayao
2. Salegseg Salegseg, Balantoy, Gawaan Babbakong, Pipi, Uta, Codcodwe, Ubel, Gawaan
proper, Dalyagan, Liglig, Dusok, Alingag, Posa,
Dalayap, Tawang, Kadamayan, Nawoy, Bulo, Balantoy,
Kilayon, Ligayan
3. Mabaka* Mabaca Upper Tanap, Lower Tanap, Canao, Tapa, Baclang,
Como, Masait, Bayowong, Salacbat, Danugdog, Balala,
Calcatan, Dapoog, Pasnaan, Cawayan, Gagangban,
Badongan, Madalit
4. Buaya Buaya, Tawang Bonnong, Madudnaaw, Bagwang, Tawang, Tanap,
Tuod, Manat, Mapnawag, Umbali, Madalaag, Butod,
Banglag, Mapitpita, Kamiling, Magadgad, Lapok,
Butubot, Kilosan, Kabbilan
5. Poswoy Poswoy, Ab-abaan Cabiel, Pasingan, Lisbong, Lalladag, Lubluba, Tukod,
Sassalong, Pulay, Lunas, Capas, Opon, Cacalawan,
Seclang, Angod, Mamaga, Babayngan, Butol, Dugong,
Sumigkol, Ambatalay
6. Dao-angan Dao-angan Guinaang, Canayan, Comyaas, Bin-ac, Cawcawat
7. Balbalan or Balbalan proper Balbalan proper, Komon, Dau
Gubang
8. Maling Maling (Kabugao) Maling centro, Bagwang
* the Banao tribal group also covers some adjacent Abra communities

Details for Lubuagan

Table 5. Lubuagan (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities

1. Lubuagan Dangoy, Mabilong, Dangoy, Mabilong, Manangol, Dognac Canao,
Poblacion, Antonio Canao Poblacion
2. Uma Lower Uma, Upper Uma, Bangtitan, Magmag-an, Duyaas, Ag-agama, Latawan,
Western Uma Mallongan, Payaw-Dugong, Kela, Kolong
3. Tanglag Tanglag Liglig, Gaang, Bannong, Sukiap, New Tanglag
4. Mabongtot Mabongtot Mabongtot

Details for Pasil

Table 6. Pasil (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities

1. Ableg Ableg, Dalupa Ableg, Dalupa
2. Balatoc Balatoc Balatoc centro, Batong Buhay
3. Balenciagao Balinciagao Norte, Balinciagao Norte, Balinciagao Sur
Balinciagao Sur
4. Cagaluan Cagaluan Potao, Bokyao, Tinalo, Koop, Dangla
5. Colayo Colayo Ipit, Marsawa, Arak, Colayo centro
6. Dangtalan Dangtalan Dangtalan centro, Puapo
7. Guinaang Galdang, Guinaang, Galdang (Casaloan), Guinaang proper, Malucsad,
Malucsad, Pugong, Pugong, Amdalao, Bagtayan
Bagtayan
8. Magsilay Magsilay Bulon, Magsilay centro

Details for Pinukpuk

Table 7. Pinukpuk (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities

1. Limos Allaguia, Baay, Bayao, Allaguia, Baay, Bayao, Dugpa, Asibanglan, Malagnat,
Dugpa, Asibanglan, Pakawit, Pinukpuk junction, Taga (pob.), centro, Tanap,
Malagnat, Pakawit, Pinukpuk Dallak, Bongwang, Liyok, Pusol, Tappo, Baklas, Sidog,
junction, Taga (pob.) Lugwak
2. Matucad Aciga, Ammacian, Wagod Aciga, Wagod, Bonnong, Magtanga, Pisot, Agaman,
Ammacian
3. Ballayangon Ballayangon Toctoc, Agimitan, Ambag, Gollasang, Pugo, Topap
4. Apatan Apatan Tappo, Allangigan, Botol

Earlier surveys reported non-binodngan but still tribal groupings in Pinukpuk: Sukbot (or
Socbot), Pinocpoc proper, and Camalog.

Currently, the following Pinukpuk barangays are reported as having heavily mixed IP and non-IP
(mostly Ilocano-speaking) peoples: Camalog, Katabbogan, Cawagayan, Magaogao, Mapaco,
Socbot, and Taggay.

Details for Tabuk

Table 8. Tabuk (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities
1. Biga Amlao, Balawag Balawag, Addang, Paligatto, Mabato, Amlao, Suyang,
Dulodol, Cogawe, Dukalao
2. Dallac Asin, Balatoc, Lucog
3. Colminga Gobgob, Cabaritan Gobgob, Tangbay, Cabaritan
4. Gaddang Cudal Banneng, Alinanag, Bacan, Cudal
5. Guilayon Guilayon, Magnao, Magnao, Guilayon, Nambucayan, Pagugong, some
Nambucayan residents of Dugpa, Nansibacan
6. Malbong Dupag Tomiangan, Gaogao, Patacan, Mosimos
7. Naneng Dupag, Naneng Naneng proper, Gawidan, Pacao, Banat, Balani,
Pinagan, Bantay, Sadog, Dupag proper, Patoc,
Sabangan, Bullaguian, Potao, Patiking
8. Tobog or Laya west, Laya east Laya west, Laya east
Laya
9. Suyang Suyang
10. Calaccad

Tabuk, the capital town of Kalinga, exhibits the classic patchwork pattern of many layers of
migrations on top of a previously homogenous community indigenous to the area. Villages of
upper Tabuk remain tightly organized into bodong-practicing tribes, as listed above. On the flat
and rolling terrain of lower Tabuk, however, most settlements are a mix of migrant
neighborhoods.

Some lowland barangays, such as Nambaran, Bado Dangwa, Lacnog, have been
predominantly settled by tribes from upper Kalinga. There are even a few barangays that
practically replicate their village of origin, and become remote tribal satellites, such as New
Tanglag (mostly migrants from Tanglag), Bulo (mostly migrants from Sumadel), and Makin-awa
(mostly migrants from Tinglayan and Butbut).

Other barangays exhibit a still more complex mix of migrants from Kalinga, Mt. Province, and
other Cordillera and Cagayan Valley provinces. Examples of these include Magsaysay, Malalao,
Masablang, Bulanao and Calanan.

Details for Tanudan

Table 9. Tanudan (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities

Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities

1. Dacalan Dacalan Dacalan centro, Maagob
2. Lubo Lower Lubo, Upper Lubo Lower Lubo, Upper Lubo
3. Mangali Anggacan, Anggacan Sur, Anggacan, Anggacan Sur, Lower Mangali, Mangali
Lower Mangali, Mangali centro, Poblacion
centro, Poblacion
4. Pangol Pangol, Mabaca Baccong, Liyang, Kabugao, Gombowoy, Bulninan
5. Dupligan, Lay-asan Dupligan, Darolog, Pagogo, Bawak, Lay-asan,
Seet/Mabaka Magtoma, Ammaboy
6. Taloctoc Upper Taloctoc, Lower Upper Taloctoc, Lower Taloctoc
Taloctoc

Details for Tinglayan

Table 10. Tinglayan (Kalinga) IP groups, by tribe, barangay, and actual communities
Tribal group Barangays covered Actual communities
1. Bangad Bangad centro, lower Bangad centro, lower Bangad, upper Bangad
Bangad, upper Bangad
2. Basao Basao Upper Basao, lower Basao
3. Butbut Butbut, Bugnay, Buscalan, Butbut proper, Bugnay, Buscalan, Loccong, Ngibat,
Loccong, Ngibat Mar-o, Sablutan
4. Dananao Dananao Dananao
5. Mallango Mallango Mallango centro, Char-ig
6. Tinglayan Ambato-Legleg, Luplupa, Ambato, Legleg, Luplupa, Poblacion, old Tinglayan,
Poblacion, old Tinglayan Bunog, Changlis
7. Tulgao Tulgao east, Tulgao west Tulgao east, Tulgao west, Balay, Buaya, Ngangato,
Umbali, Galomlom, Sawati, Aammak, Potao, Gatudtud,
Malisod
8. Sumadel Sumadel 1, Sumadel 2, Sumadel 1, Sumadel 2, Belong, Manubal
Belong-Manubal

MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

Nine out of the 10 municipalities of Mountain Province are almost solidly IP. The people belong
to the Kankanay-Bontoc and related ethnolinguistic groups, although there are pockets of
Ga’dang (more related to Ibanag) at the eastern side. The lone exception, Paracelis at the
eastern end adjacent to lowland Isabela, has a significant mixture of IP and non-IP (mostly
Ilokano) communities.

Like in the case of Kalinga, the large ethno-linguistic groups in Mountain Province can be further
disaggregated into an intricate patchwork of smaller village-based IP communities that have
retained indigenous socio-political institutions covering definite home territories. Many such
home territories are no longer as well-defined as in the case of Kalinga, and there is a high and
accelerating rate of inter-marriage among and outside the tribe, which further blur the formerly
sharp tribal distinctions. Despite this trend, many tribal communities (mostly in Sadanga,
Bontoc, Sagada and Barlig) are still known to be bodong-practicing or engage in bodong-like
practices.

Table 11. Mountain Province IP groups, by municipality, tribe, barangay, and actual
communities

Municipality Tribal grouping Barangays, barangay groupings and/or Total pop.

actual communities (NSO 2000)
Barlig Kadaklan Chupac, Fiangtin, Kaleo, Latang, Lunas, 6,351
Ogoog
Lias Lias Kanluran, Lias Silangan
Loosely-defined local Lingoy, Macalana, Gawana (Pob.)
village groups
although part of Fiallig
ethnolinguistic group
Bauko Loosely-defined local Abatan, Bagnen, Balintaugan, Banao, Bila, 27,729
village groups Bua, Guinsadan, Lagawa, Leseb, Mabaay,
although part of Mayag, Monamon, Data, Otucan, Tapapan
Kankanay
ethnolinguistic group
Besao Agawa Agawa, Ambagiw, Gueday, Lacmaan 9,875
Kin-iway (Pob.) Kin-iway is not a separate tribal group but an
American-founded mission settlement,
 although through the decades it has become
a local melting pot of various Besao IP
groups
Kinali Catengan, Laylaya, Tamboan
Ballas-iyan
Payew Payeo, Banguitan
Besao Besao East (Besao proper), Besao West,
Suquib
Padangan Padangan
Bontoc: All Tocucan 22,308
villages are
covered by
the generic
name i-
Fontok,
although
there are
traditional
local
subdivisions
Mainit
Guinaang
Dallic
Maligcong
Bontoc ili
Alab-Balili
Gonogon
Samoki
Can-eo
Talubin
Bayyo
Natonin Balangao Balangao proper, Butac 9,065
Maducayan Maducayan
Sakki Tonglayan
Loosely-defined local Alunogan, Banawal, Poblacion, Saliok, Santa
village groups Isabel, and Pudo
although may be part
of wider Balangao
ethnolinguistic group
Paracelis Bacarri Anonat, Bananao, Bantay, Butigue, Bunot, 18,985
Buringal, Palitod, Poblacion
Mix of various
Cordillera IP groups,
Ga’dang, and Ilokano
Sabangan Loosely-defined local Bao-angan, Bun-ayan, Busa, Camatagan, 8,728
village groups, part of Capinitan, Data, Gayang, Lagan, Losad,
wider Kankanay Namatec, Napua, Pingad, Poblacion,
ethnolinguistic group Supang, Tambingan
Sadanga Sadanga Poblacion, Sacasacan, Demang 8,596
Betwagan Betwagan, Anabel
Belwang Belwang
Bikigan Bikigan
Saclit Saclit
Sagada Pidlisan Fidelisan, Pide, Bangaan, Aguid 10,575
Tetep-an Tetep-an Norte, Sur, Antadao
Sagada Dagdag, Demang, Patay (Pob.)
 Bogang Bogang, Ambasing
Angkileng Angkileng
Takkong Takkong, Nakagang
Tadian Demang Balaoa, Banaao, Cadad-anan, Cagubatan, 18,227
Dacudac, Lenga, Pandayan

Loosely-defined local Bantey, Batayan, Bunga, Cagubatan, Kayan,

village groups, part of Mabalite, Masla-Lubon, Poblacion, Sumadel,
wider Kankanay Tui
ethnolinguistic group
Total for Mtn. Province 140,439

IFUGAO

Ten out of the 11 municipalities of Ifugao are predominantly IP. The Ifugao peoples belong to a
continuum of closely-related ethno-linguistic historical communities, which are commonly
grouped into three: the Tuwali, the Ayangan, and the Kalanguya or Kallahan.

The Tuwali are concentrated in the towns of Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Lagawe and
Kiangan. The Ayangan are concentrated in Mayaoyao, Kiangan and Lista (Potia). The
Kalanguya are traditionally centered in Tinoc and a small part of Kiangan, although they now
tend to disperse towards the other areas. A distinct mix of Tuwali-Ayangan-Kalanguya in
Asipulo is sometimes separately called Hanglulo, Keley-i, or Iyatuka.

Today there are no known bodong-practicing tribes in Ifugao, although remnants of indigenous
socio-political institutions continue to offer some tribal identity to local communities.

Table 12. Ifugao IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Town IP groups Total pop.

(NSO 2000)
Banaue Mostly Tuwali 20,563
Hungduan Mostly Tuwali 9,380
Kiangan Part-Tuwali, part-Ayangan, and a small portion Kalanguya 14,099
Lagawe Mostly Tuwali 15,269
Lamut Mixed IP settlers (mostly Tuwali and Ayangan) are a slight majority; the 18,731
rest are mostly Ilocano
Mayoyao Mostly Ayangan 14,191
Lista (Potia) Dominant Ilocano, but with significant Ayangan presence 21,167
Aguinaldo Mostly Ayangan 16,377
Hingyon Mostly Tuwali 9,769
Tinoc Mostly Kalanguya 9,783
Asipulo Mixed Tuwali-Kiangan-Kalanguya, often reported separately as Hanglulo, 12,294
Keley-i or Iyatuka.
Total for 161,623
Ifugao

BENGUET, BAGUIO CITY

Cordillera IP groups, principally the Kankanaey and Ibaloy but also migrant IP’s from other
provinces like Kalinga and Ifugao, are either the majority or a significant minority in all 13
municipalities of Benguet as well as in Baguio City.

The Ibaloy’s traditional areas include the towns of Kabayan, Bokod, Atok, Tublay, Sablan, Tuba,
Itogon, La Trinidad, and Baguio City. At present, they remain the clear majority in Kabayan,
Bokod, Atok, and Tublay, and retain a significant presence in the other towns.

The Kankanaey’s traditional areas include the towns of Mankayan, Buguias, Bakun, and
Kibungan. Kapangan remains about 2/3 Kankanaey and 1/3 Ibaloy. At present, they remain the
majority in all said towns, except in certain areas like around the Lepanto Mines, where a
melting-pot situation has developed communities of mixed IP and non-IP status.

As in Ifugao, there are no known bodong-practicing tribes in Benguet, although remnants of

indigenous socio-political institutions continue to offer some tribal identity to local Kankanaey
communities. One recent development, for example, is the extension of bodong-related
practices to Kalinga, Sadanga (Mt. Province) and other IP migrant communities in and around
Baguio City.

Table 13. Benguet IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Municipality IP groups Total pop.

(NSO 2000)
Atok Mostly Ibaloy, with some Kankanaey 16,657
Bakun Mostly Kankanaey 12,213
Bokod Mostly Ibaloy; Karaw concentrated in two barangays 11,705
Buguias Mostly Kankanaey, with some Mandek-ey 33,177
Itogon Ibaloy and Kankanaey, with significant Ilocano-Pangasinan 46,705
population in the mining areas
Kabayan Mostly Ibaloy, some Kalanguya 12,344
Kapangan Roughly 2/3 Kankanaey, 1/3 Ibaloy, with a reported hybrid culture 18,137
between the two, called Mataguan
Kibungan Mostly Kankanaey 15,036
La Trinidad Ibaloy and Kankanaey, other IP migrants, with an Ilocano majority 67,963
Mankayan Mostly Kankanaey, with significant other IP (Kalinga, Ifugao, 34,502
Ibaloy) and non-IP groups (Ilocano) in the mining areas
Sablan Mostly Ibaloy, with Ilocano and Bago hybrid groups 9,652
Tuba Ibaloy, Kankanaey, and Bago hybrid groups, with significant 38,366
Ilocano-Pangasinan population
Tublay Mostly Ibaloy 13,672
BAGUIO CITY Ibaloy and Kankanaey, other IP migrants, with an Ilocano- 252,386
Pangasinan majority
Total for 13 towns 330,129
Total for Baguio- 582,515
Benguet

IP GROUPS IN THE ILOCOS REGION

The Ilocos region is composed of four provinces, namely, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,
and Pangasinan. The region’s composition is predominantly Ilokano – one of the country’s
largest ethno-linguistic groups, and among the first to be fully assimilated into the Spanish
colonial-feudal setup. Since the narrow Ilocos coastal strip abruptly gives way to the Cordillera
ranges, however, with many rivers and passes providing mutual access, there have always
been close ties and near-imperceptible blending between the coastal Ilocano and upland
Cordillera groups. The exception to this pattern is in the vast plains and western hills of
Pangasinan (see further below).

Ilocos Norte

The NCIP/ONCC counted a total IP population of 11,906 in 11 towns out of the total provincial
population of 514,241, in 22 towns and one city. This amounts to a 2.32% IP population. The
towns of Adams, Dumalneg, Carasi, and Nueva Era remain predominantly IP. There are also
pockets of nearly solid IP barangays in Bangui, Marcos, Solsona, and Vintar.

Table 14. Ilocos Norte IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Municipality IP grouping Barangays IP pop Total pop

(NCIP est) (NSO
2000)
Adams Isnag-Apayao All communities 1,158 1,480
Bangui Isnag-Apayao Bacsil (purok Rayray), Baruyen, Malasin, 689 14,327
Payac (purok Masamuyao)
Carasi Isnag All barangays: Angset, Barbaqueso, Virbira 859 1,154
Dingras Unqualified San Marcelino (purok Nalasin) 130 33,310
Itneg
Dumalneg Isnag-Apayao All barangays: Dumalneg poblacion, 1,076 1,486
Danggayan, Namnama, P. Cristalina, Purok
Regta, Purok Timpuyog, Saniata
Banna Unqualified Binacag, Caestebanan, Hilario 41 16,704
(Espiritu) Itneg
Marcos Unqualified Cacafean, Daquioag, Escoda, Fortuna, Lydia 271 15,154
Itneg (pob)
Nueva Era Unqualified Acnam, Barangobong, Barikir, Bugayong, 5,262 6,095
Itneg-Tinguian Cabittauran, Garnaden, Naguilian (incl. Pag-
and Bago pag-ong), Poblacion, Sto. Nino, Uguis
Pagudpud Isnag- Caunayan, Pancian (purok San Agustin), 314 19,315
Apayao, Subec
Bago,
Kankanaey
settlers
Solsona Isnag Maananteng, Manalpac, Sta. Ana 783 21,338
Vintar Isnag Cabangaran, Canaam (purok Gubang), Isic 1,251 29,031
isic (purok Dasar)
Total for Ilocos Norte 11,834 514,241
Note: The NCIP/ONCC published surveys did not contain any ethnic description to distinguish among
some terms that it used, namely, Itneg, Tinguian, or Itneg-Tinguian, and Bago. “Itneg” and “Tinguian”, in
many respects, refer to the same general assemblage of peoples inhabiting the western spurs of the
Cordillera range in and around Abra province. The two terms can be interpreted very loosely to
encompass more distinct local peoples. To emphasize this point, we use here the term “unqualified Itneg”
or “unqualified Tinguian.” A short description of the Bago peoples can be found in an earlier section of this
report.

Ilocos Sur

The NCIP/ONCC counted a total IP population of 93,059 in 24 towns and one city, out of the
total provincial population of 594,206 in 32 towns and two cities. This amounts to a 15.66% IP
population – a significantly high proportion for this heavily-populated province. The towns,
mostly upland, that remain predominantly IP and contiguous with the adjacent Cordillera towns,
are Alilem, Banayoyo, Cervantes, Galimuyod, G. del Pilar, Lidlidda, Nagbukel, Quirino, Salcedo,
San Emilio, Sigay, Sugpon, and Suyo. Although mostly lowland, the towns of Sta. Cruz, Sta.
Lucia, Burgos, and Candon City itself still contain significant IP communities.

Table 15. Ilocos Sur IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Municipality IP grouping Barangays IP pop. Total pop

(NCIP est) (NSO
2000)
Alilem Bago, mixed Alilem Daya (pob), Amilongan, Anaao, 5,483 6,353
with Apang, Apaya, Batbato, Daddaay, Dalawa,
Kankanaey Kita
Banayoyo Unqualified Bisangol, Casilagan, Elefante, Guardia, 3,978 6,728
Itneg mixed Lintic, Lopez, Montero, Naguimba, Pila,
with Bago Poblacion, Banbanaal
Burgos Unqualified Ambugat, Balugang, Bangbangar, Bessang, 2,911 11,175
Itneg mixed Cabcaburao, Cadacad, Callitong, Dayanki,
with Bago, Dirdirig, Lesseb, Lubing, Lucaban, Luna,
with Manaboc, Mapanit, Macaoayan, Mambug,
Kankanaey in Nagpanawan, Paduros, Patac, Poblacion
some areas (Norte and Sur), Sabangan Pinggan, Subadi
(Norte and Sur), Taliao
Cabugao undefined Nagsincaoan 115 31,459
Candon City Bago mixed Allangigan, Amguid, Ayudante, Bagani 3,536 50,564
with barangays, Balingaoan, Bugnay, Calaoaan,
Itneg/Tinguian, Calongbuyan, Caterman, Cubcubboot,
with some Darapidap, Langlangca, Oaig-Daya,
Kankanaey, Palacapac, Paras, Parioc, Patpata,
Kalinga, Ibaloy Paypayad, Salvador, San Agustin, San
and Ifugao Antonio (Pob.), San Jose (Pob.), San
settlers Nicolas, San Pedro, Santo Tomas, Talogtog,
Tamurong, Villarica
Cervantes Kankanaey Aluling, Comillas, Concepcion (Pob.), 13,384 14,195
Dinwede, Libang, Malaya, Pilipil, Remedios,
Rosario (Pob.), San Juan, San Luis
Galimuyod Mixed Abaya, Bidbiday, Bitong, Borobor, 6,580 8,879
Itneg/Tinguian Calimugtong, Calongbuyan, Calumbaya,
and Bago Daldagan, Kilang, Legaspi, Mabayag,
Matanubong, Mckinley, Nagsingcaoan, Oaig-
Daya, Pagangpang, Patac, Poblacion, Rubio,
Sabangan-Bato, Sacaang, San Vicente,
Sapang
G. del Pilar Mixed Bago Alfonso (Tangaoan), Bussot, Concepcion, 3,986 4,134
(Concepcion) and Dapdappig, Matue-Butarag, Poblacion (Norte
Kankanaey and Sur)
Lidlidda Unqualified Banucal, Bequi-Walin, Bugui, Calungbuyan, 3,729 4,022
Tinguian Carcarabasa, Labut, Poblacion, San Vicente,
Suysuyan, Tay-ac
Magsingal Unqualified Cadanglaan 148 25,580
Itneg/Tinguian
Nagbukel Bago mixed Balaweg, Bandril, Bantugo, Cadacad, 3,539 4,671
with Tinguian Casilagan, Casocos, Lapting, Mapisi,
Mission, Poblacion (East and West), Taleb
Narvacan Kankanaey Sarmingan 531 38,435
Quirino Mixed Banoen, Cayus, Lamag, Legleg (Pob.), 7,828 7,130
(Angkaki) Tinguian, Malideg, Namitpit, Patiacan, Suagayan,
Kankanay Tubtuba
(Aplay), Bago
Salcedo Bago, mixed Atabay, Balidbid, Baluarte, Baybayading, 7,000 10,409
(Baugen) with some Boguibog, Bulala-Leguey, Calangcuasan,
Kankanay, Culiong, Dinaratan, Kaliwakiw, Kinmarin,
Itneg Lucbuban, Madarang, Maligcong, Pias,
Poblacion (Norte, Sur), San Gaspar, San
Tiburcio, Sorioan, Ubbog
San Emilio Mixed Bago Cabaroan (Pob.), Kalumsing, Lancuas, 6,000 6,717
and Matibuey, Paltoc, San Miliano, Sibsibbu,
Itneg/Tinguian Tiagan
San Juan Unqualified Asilang 200 23,146
Itneg
Santa Bago with Banaoang, Basug, Bucalag, Cabangaran, 247 13,918
some Tinguian Labut (Norte, Sur), Magsaysay District (Pob.)
Sta. Cruz Bago with Amarao, Babayoan, Banay, Capariaan, 3,618 34,433
some Casilagan, Coscosnong, Daligan, Lalong,
Kanakanay, Padaoil, Pidpid, San Antonio, San Jose, San
Itneg Pedro, Sevilla, Villa Garcia
Sta. Lucia Bago with Alincaoeg, Angkileng , Arangin, Ayusan 3,568 22,363
some (Pob.), Banbanaba, Bani, Bao-as,
Tinguian/Itneg Barangobong (Pob.), Buliclic, Burgos (Pob.),
Cabaritan, Catayagan, Conconig,
Damacuag, Lubong, Nagrebcan, Nagtablaan,
Nangalisan, Palali, Paoc, Paratong, Pila,
Quinabalayangan, Ronda, Sabuanan, San
Juan, San Pedro, Sapang, Vical
Santiago Mixed Bago Al-aludig, Ambucao, Baybayabas, Caburao, 479 15.876
and Tinguian Dan-ar, Gabao, Imus, Lang-ayan, Mambug,
Nalasin, Olo-olo Norte, Poblacion (Norte,
Sur), Salincub, San Roque
Sto. Unqualified Laoingen 325 24,520
Domingo Itneg
Sigay Bago with Abaccan, Mabileg, Matallucod, Poblacion 2,332 2,375
some (Madayaw), San Elias, San Ramon, Santo
Kankanay, Rosario
Isneg
Sugpon Kankanay with Balbalayang (Pob.), Banga, Caoayan, 3,389 3,513
some Bago, Danac, Licungan (Cullang), Pangotan
Ibaloy
Suyo Mixed Bago, Baringcucurong, Cabugao, Man-atong, 9,551 9,685
Kankanay, Patoc-ao, Poblacion (Kimpusa), Suyo
Tinguian Proper, Urzadan, Uso
Tagudin Bago Ag-aguman, Ambalayat, Cabulanglangan 602 34,427
Total for Ilocos Sur 93,059 398,847

La Union

The NCIP/ONCC counted a total IP population of 74,383 in all of the province’s 19 towns and
one city, out of the total provincial population of 657,945. This amounts to an 11.3% IP
population – also a significantly high proportion for the heavily-populated province like in the
case of Ilocos Sur. The towns, mostly upland, that remain predominantly IP and contiguous with
the adjacent Cordillera towns, are Bagulin, Burgos, Pugo, San Gabriel, Santol and Sudipen. All
other towns, including San Fernando City itself, contain either still-distinct IP communities
original to the area, or barangays with significant mixed-IP migrant populations.

Table 16. La Union IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Municipality IP grouping Barangays IP pop. Total pop

(NCIP est) (NSO
2000)
Aringay Mixed Bago Pangao-aoan (East, West), Basca, Dulao, 1,188 41,422
and Ibaloy, Gallano, Macabato, Manga, Poblacion,
with other IP Samara, San Antonio, San Benito Norte, San
groups Juan (East, West), San Simon (East, West),
Santa Cecilia, Santa Rita West, San Eugenio
Agoo Mixed IP Ambitacay, Balawarte, San Antonio, San 399 51,923
migrants Isidro, San Jose Sur, San Juan, San Julian
(Norte, Central, West, East), San Marcos,
San Miguel, San Nicolas (East, West), San
Pedro, San Vicente (Norte, Sur), Santa Ana,
Santa Barbara (Pob.), Santa Maria, Santa
Rita Norte
Bacnotan Bago, mixed Arosip, Bacqui, Baroro, Bitalag, Cabaroan, 1,088 35,419
with Calautit, Guinabang, Sapilang
Kankanay
Bagulin Kankanay Alibangsay, Baay, Cambaly, Cardiz, Dagup, 10,078 11,857
Libbo, Suyo (Pob.), Tagudtud, Tio-angan,
Wallayan
Balaoan Bago, mixed Bungol, Butubut Este, Cabuaan Oeste (Pob.), 480 33,786
with Nalasin, Dr. Camilo Osias Pob.
Kankanay
Bangar Bago Bangaoilan, Cadapli, General Prim West, 74 31,491
Reyna Regente
Bauang Mixed IP Acao, Baccuit (Norte, Sur), Bagbag, Ballay, 1,918 63,373
migrants Bawanta, Bucayab, Cabalayangan,
Cabisilan, Calumbaya, Carmay, Casilagan,
Central (pob East, West), Dili, Disso-or,
Guerrero, Nagrebcan, Pagdalagan Sur,
Palintucang, Parian (Este, Weste), Paringao,
Payocpoc (Norte Este/Oeste, Sur), Pudoc,
Pottot, Pugo, Quinavite, San Agustin (Lower,
Upper), Santa Monica, Santiago, Taberna,
Urayong, Balogsi Limansangan
Burgos Mixed Ibaloy, Agpay, Bilis, Caoayan, Dalacdac, Delles, 3,143 6,748
Kankanay Imelda, Libtong, Linuan, Poblacion (New,
with other IP Old), Tumapoc (Lower, Upper)
migrants
Caba Bago with Gana, Juan Cartas, Las-ud, Poblacion 322 19,565
other IP (Norte, Sur), San Carlos, San Jose, Santiago
migrants (Norte, Sur), Wenceslao
Luna Bago mixed Alcala (Pob.), Barrientos, Buselbusel, 349 32,259
with Ibaloy, Cantoria No. 2, Carisquis, Darigayos,
Kankanay and Magallanes (Pob.), Nalvo (Norte, Sur), Rimos
other IP (1-5), Salcedo (Pob.), Santo Domingo (Norte,
migrants Sur), Sucoc Norte
Naguilian Mixed Bago, Aguioas, Al-alinao (Norte, Sur), Ambaracao 2,989 43,501
Ibaloy, (Norte, Sur), Angin, Balecbec, Bancagan,
Kankanay Baraoas (Norte, Sur), Bariquir, Bato,
 with other IP Bimmotobot, Cabaritan (Norte, Sur),
migrants Casilagan, Dal-lipaoen, Daramuangan,
Guesset, Gusing Sur, Imelda, Lioac (Norte,
Sur), Magungunay, Mamat-ing Sur,
Nagsidorisan, Natividad (Pob.), Ortiz (Pob.),
Ribsuan, San Antonio, San Isidro, Sili,
Suguidan Sur, Tuddingan
Pugo Mixed Bago, Ambalite, Ambangonan, Cares, Cuenca, 6,204 13,442
Ibaloy with Duplas, Palina, Poblacion (East, West), San
some IP Luis, Saytan, Tavora (East, Proper),
migrants
Rosario Mixed Bago, Alipang, Ambangonan, Amlang, Bacani, 6,074 43,497
Ibaloy, Bangar, Benteng-Sapilang, Cadumanian,
Kankanay Camp 1, Carunuan (East, West),
with other IP Cataguingtingan, Concepcion, Damortis,
migrants Gumot-Nagcolaran, Inabaan (Norte, Sur),
Nangcamotian, Parasapas, Poblacion (East,
West), Puzon, San Jose, Marcos, Subusub,
Tabtabungao, Tanglag, Tay-ac, Udiao, Vila
City of San Bago, mixed Apaleng, Bacsil, Bangbangolan, Bangcusay, 6,015 102,082
Fernando with other IP Poblacion (Brgy 2,3,4), Baraoas, Bato, Biday,
migrant Birunget, Bungro, Cabaroan (Negro),
groups Cabarsican, Cadaclan, Calabugao, Canaoay,
Carlatan, Catbangen, Dallangayan Oeste,
Dalumpinas (Este, Oeste), Ilocanos (Norte,
Sur), Langcuas, Madayegdeg, Mameltac,
Masicong, Nagyubuyuban, Namtutan, Narra
(Este, Oeste), Pacpaco, Pagdaraoan,
Pagudpud, Pao (Norte, Sur), Parian, Pias,
Poro, Puspus, Sacyud, San Agustin, San
Francisco, San Vicente, Santiago Norte,
Saoay, Sevilla, Siboan-Otong, Tanqui
San Gabriel Kankanay, Amontoc, Apayao, Balbalayang, Bayabas, 13,021 14,909
mixed with Bucao, Bumbuneg, Lacong, Lipay (Este,
Bago Norte, Proper, Sur), Lon-oy, Poblacion,
Polipol, Daking
San Juan Mixed Bago, Allangigan, Aludaid, Bacsayan, Balballosa, 2,544 30,393
Kankanay Bambanay, Bugbugcao, Cabaroan,
with other IP Cabugnayan, Cacapian, Caculangan,
migrant Calincamasan, Casilagan, Catdongan,
groups Dangdangla, Dasay, Dinanum, Duplas,
Guinguinabang, Ili (pob Norte, Sur), Legleg,
Lubing, Nadsaag, Nagsabaran, Naguirangan,
Naguituban, Nagyubuyuban, Oaquing,
Pacpacac, Pagdildilan, Panicsican, Quidem,
San Felipe, Santa Rosa, Santo Rosario,
Saracat, Sinapangan, Taboc, Talogtog,
Urbiztondo
Santo Tomas Bago with Ambitacay, Bail, Balaoc, Balsaan, Baybay, 426 31,204
other IP Cabaruan, Casantaan, Cupang, Lomboy,
migrant Namboongan, Namonitan, Narvacan, Patac,
groups Pongpong, Raois, Tococ, Ubagan
Santol Mixed Bago, Corrooy, Lettac (Norte, Sur), Mangaan, 5,286 11,202
Kankanay Paagan, Poblacion, Puguil, Ramot, Sapdaan,
Sasaba, Tubaday
Sudipen Bago Bigbiga, Castro, Duplas, Ipet, Ilocano, 11,940 15,099
 Maliclico, Old Central, Namaltugan,
Poblacion, Porporiket, San Francisco (Norte,
Sur), San Jose, Sengngat, Turod, Up-uplas,
Bulalaan
Tubao Bago mixed Amallapay, Anduyan, Caoigue, Francia (Sur, 845 24,773
with Ibaloy, West), Garcia, Gonzales, Halog (East, West),
Kankanay, Leones (East, West), Linapew, Magsaysay,
Ifugao Pideg, Poblacion, Rizal, Santa Teresa, Lloren
Total for La Union 70,972 657,945

Pangasinan

Pangasinan has a large population that is predominantly Ilocano and Pangasinense in ethnic
composition. The few IP communities that are truly rooted in Pangasinan who have survived
into the 20th century are the Ibaloy, Iwak, Kalanguya and the so-called Bago, on the borders with
Benguet and Nueva Vizcaya, and Aeta groups in the mountainous western towns. Native
speakers of Sambal Bolinao, more ethno-linguistically related with Zambales upland peoples,
are now fully assimilated into the Filipino majority. The presence of other Cordillera IP groups in
the province are the result of modern in-migration.

The NCIP/ONCC estimates a total IP population of 18,225 (in 24 towns and 1 city) out of the
total provincial population of 2,434,086 (45 towns and 3 cities). This amounts to 0.46% IP
population.

Table 17. Pangasinan IP groups, by municipality, barangay, and actual communities

Municipality IP grouping Barangays IP pop Total pop

with IP pop (NCIP est) (NSO 2000)
Aguilar Mixed IP migrants 6 567 33,213
Alaminos Mixed IP migrants, Sambal 18 313 73,448
Anda Mixed IP migrants, Sambal 14 342 32,833
Asingan Mixed IP migrants 10 228 51,225
Basista Ibanag 1 21 26,616
Binalonan Bago, Ibaloy with mixed IP migrants 16 429 48,967
Binmaley Mixed IP migrants 3 36 72,625
Bugallon Mixed Kankanay Ibaloy 8 756 57,445
Dagupan Mixed IP migrants, Sambal 3 74 130,328
City
Dasul Kankanay 1 15 25,381
Infanta Mixed Kankanay Ibaloy 5 792 20,632
Labrador Kankanay migrants 7 648 19,115
Laoac Mixed IP migrants 12 250 26,723
Lingayen Ibanag 2 45 88,891
Mabini Mixed Kankanay Ibaloy 6 474 21,035
Mangaldan Mixed IP migrants, Sambal 19 296 82,142
Mangatarem Mixed IP migrants, Sambal 14 376 60,943
Pozorrubio Mixed IP migrants 25 1,245 58,252
San Fabian Mixed IP migrants 1 168 66,274
San Manuel Mixed IP migrants 4 518 41,206
San Nicolas Mixed Ibaloy, Iwak, Kalanguya 3 2,340 31,418
Sison Bago, Ibaloy with mixed IP migrants 25 7,551 40,955
Sual Kankanay 9 494 25,832
Umingan Kankanay-Bontoc 1 247 58,603
Population of municipalities with clear and distinct IP communities 18,225 1,194,102
Other municipalities with no count of IP households and individuals: Agno, Alcala, 1,239,984
Balungao, Bani, Bautista, Bayambang, Bolinao, Burgos, Calasiao, Malasiqui, Manaoag,
Mapandan, Natividad, Rosales, San Carlos City, San Jacinto, San Quintin, Sta. Barbara,
Sta. Maria, Sto. Tomas, Tayug, Urbiztondo, Urdaneta City, Villasis
Total for Pangasinan 2,434,086

IP GROUPS IN THE CAGAYAN VALLEY

The Cagayan Valley region is composed of five provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya,
Quirino, and the island-group province of Batanes.

Throughout the region, the dominant ethnolinguistic group is the Ilocano. In earlier periods,
smaller but still substantial ethno-linguistic lowland-riverine-hill groups such as the Ibanag,
Itawis-Malaweg, Yogad, Gaddang and Isinay could have retained enough ancestral lifeways to
be considered as IP’s. But in the past 30 years or more, they have become fully integrated into
the Filipino majority and have lost much of their indigenous identities, except the still prominent
use of their own languages and a few persistent traditions and oral literature. (The Kalinga of
Isabela is a special issue, to be discussed further below.)

There are two types of IP’s in the region: first, peoples who are truly indigenous to the region by
inhabiting its localities since time immemorial; and second, IP groups from other regions,
especially from the adjacent Cordillera region, who have settled in the localities as migrant
communities replicating the lifeways of their homeland.

In the first category are the Agta or local Aeta (variously called Aggay, Arta, Alta, or Atta), the
Isnag or Isneg, the Bugkalot or Ilongot, and the Kalanguya or Kallahan. In the second category
are Kalinga, Ifugao, Bontoc-Kankanay, Ibaloy, Tinguian, Bago and other IP groups from the
Cordillera.

There is no hard-and-fast line between the two categories, however, since much of the colonial
administrative divisions during Spanish and American times have been drawn arbitrarily across
the land with little regard for real ethnographic distinctions on the ground. For example, Ifugao
and Ibaloy communities have inhabited, since time immemorial, what in modern times have
become part of Nueva Vizcaya. This is on top of the cumulative inter-mixing of ethnic groups
due to the Spanish colonial policy of pacification and reduction, which entailed massive and
forcible relocation if not dispersal of indigenous communities.

Cagayan Valley NGO’s estimate a total IP population of about 80,325, or 2.8 percent of the total
regional population of 2,853,000. Our research has been unable to acquire more detailed town-
by-town (if not barangay-by-barangay) and group-by-group counts.

Agta

Most Agta, easily distinguishable by their Australoid features (dark-brown skin, curly hair), have
retained their nomadic or semi-settled lifeways that revolve around hunting, gathering, and
limited slash-and-burn farming. They are distributed widely throughout the still-thickly forested
uplands of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino provinces (not to mention pockets of
Agta groups in Apayao and Aurora provinces). An NGO survey initially estimates their total
number at about 830 households or around 4,000 people, spread out in 21 towns of the region.
Table 18. Agta distribution, by province, municipality, and actual communities

THE AGTA IN CAGAYAN PROVINCE

Municipality Actual communities No. of households (est.)
Gattaran Capiddigan, Capissayan Norte 50-plus HH (est. pop. 190)
and Sur, Barocaoit, Tanglagan,
Mabuno, Pena Este, Naddungan,
Bulos Pt.
Alcala 2 purok (unidentified) 8 HH
Baggao Bitag Grande, Bagunot, Alba, 50-plus HH (est. pop. 210)
Sta. Margarita (Dapir,
Mansarong), Cammunayan,
Bayan, Valley Cove
Lallo 1 purok 10 HH
Gonzaga 1 purok 10 HH
Penablanca 1 purok 10 HH
Lasam Sicalao, Peru, Cabatacan 20-plus HH (est. pop. 65)
Allacapan Dagupan, Labben, Kapanikian, 50-plus HH (est. pop. 150)
Mapurao, Capagaron,
Capacutan, Cataratan
Pamplona Tanna Bassit, Calayukay, 20 HH (est. pop. 65)
Allasitan
Sanchez Mira 2 purok, including Kittag 20 HH (for Kittag only, est. pop.
15)
Abulug Garagara (Est. pop. 20)
Claveria Luzon (Est. pop. 20)
Rizal 3 purok in Zinundungan Valley; 30-plus HH (est.pop. 100)
includes Illuru Sur, San Juan,
Masi, Bural
Sto. Nino Balanni, Abarungan Uneg, (Est. pop. 99)
Callasitan, Centro Sur
Total: 14 towns 49 puroks or sitios 240-plus households (partial
est. pop. 1,024)

THE AGTA IN ISABELA PROVINCE

Municipality Actual communities No. of households (est.)
San Pablo Along the San Pablo River 10
Cabagan Not identified 10
Tumauini Not identified 10
Ilagan Along the Abuan and Bintacan 60
rivers
San Mariano Diwagao (Dicamay, Ilagin-Tappa, 398
Dilamban-Buyasan, Digod-
Casala, Camarassitan-San
Jose); Disulan (Nagsungayan,
Dimalaclacan); Ditapayan-
Dibuluan)
Palanan, Dinapigue, Divilacan, Not identified 30
and Maconacon
Total: 8 towns 518 households

THE AGTA IN QUIRINO PROVINCE

Municipality Actual communities No. of households (est.)
Nagtipunan Not identified 20
Maddela Not identified 50
Total: 2 towns 70 households

Note that many Agta communities in Isabela and Quirino are not identified. This is partly
because of their semi-nomadic lifeways, and partly because of research limitations.

Bugkalot

The Bugkalot (aka Ilongot) are found in the mountainous areas of Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya, the
Nueva Vizcaya-Isabela boundary, northeast Nueva Ecija, and north of Baler, Aurora province.
Although the 1990 NSO census counted them at 50,786 individuals, many of them have
dispersed throughout the area, and non-government researches have estimated their core
communities today to have a population of less than 5,000.

Table 19. Bugkalot distribution, by province, municipality, and actual communities

NUEVA VIZCAYA PROVINCE

Municipality Actual communities No. of
individuals (est.)
Kasibu Alloy, Bilet, Bimowagan, Bua, Capisaan, Kakidugen, 493
Kamamasi, Muta, Pa-o, Papaya, Poblacion, Siguem, Watwat,
Paquet
A. Castaneda Cawayan, Galintuya, Lipuga, Pelaway 991
Dupax del Norte Binnuangan, Macabenga, Uyao, New Gumiad 440
Dupax del Sur Birok, Kinabuan, Abaca, Talbek 380
Kayapa Baan, Pinkian 2
Bambang Mabuslo 2
Total for Nueva Vizcaya 2,308

QUIRINO PROVINCE
Municipality Actual communities No. of
individuals (est.)
Nagtipunan San Dionisio II or Scala, Landing, San Pugo, Wasid, Matmad 1,500
Total for Quirino 1,500

The Kalinga-Isabela (a special case)

A small ethnolinguistic group, the Kalinga-Isabela (not to be mistaken with the better-known
Kalinga of Cordillera region) may continue to be considered as an indigenous people although it
is rapidly being assimilated into the Filipino majority population. The Kalinga-Isabela is found in
16 barangays of San Mariano, Isabela, with an estimated population of 554 families or 2,770
individuals. They continue to be distinguished by their native language and physical features
(dark skin and curly hair). Their language is seen as closely related to Yogad, although not
enough linguistic and ethnographic studies have been done among them.

Batanes IP’s

The Batan islands (Batan, Sabtang, Itbayat, and minor islands and islets) comprise Batanes, the
country’s northernmost and smallest province. The Babuyan islands (Babuyan, Camiguin,
Calayan, Fuga, Dalupiri, and minor islands and islets), which are nearer to mainland Luzon, are
administratively part of Cagayan province.
The local peoples indigenous to the Batan islands speak Ivatan and Itbayat and have retained
much of their indigenous cultures because of their inaccessibility to mainland Luzon. In recent
decades, Ilocano has increasingly become dominant in the Babuyan islands.

Migrant Cordillera IP’s

Migrants from Kalinga province are found in Cagayan province: in Sto. Nino town (Lagom brgy),
Rizal (some in Zinundungan Valley), Piat, and Enrile. They are also found in the Mallig region of
Isabela (the towns of Quezon, Mallig and Roxas), together with other migrants from Mt.
Province and Ifugao.

Big family groups belonging to the Kalanguya or Kallahan-speaking peoples are found in
Kayapa and Sta. Fe, Nueva Vizcaya – either as original communities or as migrant IP’s from the
more interior Cordillera towns of Tinoc (in Ifugao) and Ambaguio (in Nueva Vizcaya).

Ifugao migrants are found throughout the region, as shown in the table below.

Table 20. Cordillera IP’s in CV region, by province, municipality, and actual communities
(initial estimates show mostly Ifugao migrants)

Province Municipality Actual communities Population

(est.)
Cagayan Baggao Bayan, Imurung, San Antonio
Gonzaga
Tuguegarao Mostly students (Kalinga)
Isabela San Pablo Simanu Norte
Jones Villa Bello (sitio Germitan), Dicamay 2 (sitio Dibulod),
Dicamay 1 (sitio Tribal), Sto. Domingo (sitio
Dimalungog)
San Mariano 3 purok 80 families
Echague Benguet, Madamdammian, Diasan
Cordon Dominant in San Pablo, Taliktik, Wigan, Anonang;
present in almost all other barrios
Ilagan 1 barangay 30 families
Nueva Diadi
Vizcaya
Villaverde Most barangays
Bagabag
Solano
Bayombong Mostly students (Ifugao)

Cordillera IP’s especially from Mountain Province, Ifugao, and Ilocos-Bago areas have also
migrated and resettled in significant numbers in Aurora province (especially in the Baler area)
and in Nueva Ecija (especially in the Carranglan-Lupao area).

THE MAPPING PROJECT

The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), jointly with the Northern Media and Information Network
(NMIN) and with additional assistance from RDC-Kaduami, conducted the Northern Luzon IP
mapping project with the aim of helping rectify the situation described in the report’s
Introduction. For a period of 12 months (January to December 2005), the project team gathered,
validated and consolidated current basic demographic information about the indigenous peoples
of the Cordillera and adjacent regions of Northern Luzon, and organized key elements of the
said information in tabular and cartographic format.

We used current demographic data at the municipal and barangay levels, mainly from
government sources such as NSO and NCIP. We cross-referenced the said data with existing
ethnographic and linguistic identifications and related data, including recent data collated by
CPA organizers and other NGO field workers in areas with problematic ethnolinguistic
boundaries. We then constructed and populated a database to consolidate the miscellaneous
data according to key categories. Finally, we made combined use of manual cartography and
simple computer-aided mapping to construct a map representation of the said database.

The resulting tables and maps are intended to be of immediate use by people’s organizations,
NGO’s, academic and research institutions, and planning agencies.

Conceptual and practical issues

Althought the most evident output of the NLIP mapping project are the resulting tables and
maps, it also brought into sharper focus some theoretical and practical issues on how a complex
set of ethnographic data can be boiled down to tables and maps without glossing over the many
fuzzy areas inherent in ethnographic studies. In particular, we need to continue addressing the
following issues:

a) How to integrate the often divergent lists of IP groups in Northern Luzon, on the basis of
group self-ascription and acknowledgment by others (especially by neighboring groups,
by the state), which are subjective but key factors, and equally important objective
factors such as differences in language, history, and local ecology. Often, this is not a
question of mutually-exclusive groups with sharp delineations, but of identifying and
representing hierarchies and gradations.

b) How to measure and represent the demographic distribution of the said IP groupings
across geographical divisions (i.e., provincial down to barangay level) in statistical and
cartographic form, in ways that emphasize macro distinctions but also reflect micro
differences wherever significant.

The mapping project was hobbled by spotty demographic data, non-standard placenames, and
conflicting geographic references, for many municipalities. On the other hand, tremendous
amounts of geo-referenced placenames at the barangay or barrio and sitio levels have not yet
been placed into the master map file, although they are already in the master database file.
Completion of the mapping process at the barangay and lower levels requires either a very
tedious manual inputting, or a more sophisticated but efficient use of GIS software, either of
which the project’s limitations did not allow us.

We hope that, by presenting these issues, the methods we devised to solve them, and the
resulting tables and maps themselves, will contribute to the wider effort to reflect all Philippine
ethnolonguistic groups more accurately in future statistical and mapping projects, which should
be of great help to government and non-government planners, and the social sciences research
community as a whole.

Principal sources
 1. National Statistics Office (NSO), statistical reports for Census Year 2000
2. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), various unpublished surveys dated
2000 based on 1990 and 1996-67 surveys, with primary data provided by Region I Tribal
Council Organization
3. Pantatavalan (Data and Discourse on the Cordillera), Issues No. 1 (1997) and No. 2
(1998)
4. Papers and Proceedings of the Third Cordillera Land Congress, 2001
5. Various unpublished researches of the Cordillera Peoples Alliance Research
Commission
6. Primary data from focused group discussions in Ilocos Sur, Mt. Province, and Isabela,
Northern Media and Information Network, 2005.
7. RDC-Kaduami, research data on the Bago and Aggay peoples, 2005
8. National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) topographic maps for
various Northern Luzon provinces, at 1:250,000 scale and some at 1:50,000 scale.
9. ArcView vector data files for Northern Luzon municipal boundaries
10. Falling Rain Genomics http://www.fallingrain.com – main source of geo-referenced
placenames and online-generated contour maps.

Other references

On Northern Luzon and Cordillera history, ethnography and languages

William Henry Scott’s works, mainly Barangay (Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and
Society), 1994; Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, 1984;
History on the Cordillera, 1975; and The Discovery of the Igorots, 1974.
Ethnologue website of the Summer Institute of Linguistics http://www.ethnologue.com
Languages of the World http://www.languageserver.uni-graz.at
(Unpublished) List of Philippine Languages, by Language Data House Phils., Inc.
Consuelo J. Paz, “Mga Unang Pag-aaral tungkol sa mga Maynor na Wika,” in Studies on
Philippine Minor Languages, Paz and Corro, eds., UP Dept. of Linguistics, 1984.
(Unpublished) Cordillera Peoples’ History
Patricia Afable, Eduardo Masferre’s subjects: A century of self-representation in the Philippines,
1998
Various websites of local government units (provincial and municipal level) in Northern Luzon

Maps and other cartographic references

(Map) Philippine Culture and Ecosystems, Environmental Science for Social Change, 1998.
(Map) Edmundo Abigan Jr., The Philippine Road Guide, 1996.
Terry Jordan and Lester Rowntree, The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural
Geography, 4th ed. 1986.
Arthur H. Robinson and Randall D. Sale, Elements of Cartography, 3rd ed., 1969.

Map files, database files, and document files included with this report
(with recent revisions added)

1. nlipmap_final_01.psd – map file in Photoshop format

2. nlipmap_master copy 01.ai – map file in Illustrator format
3. nlipmap_master copy_labelled.bmp – file in generic BMP (bitmap) format of underlying
topographic contour map
4. nlipmap_final_01.pdf – map file in Acrobat PDF format
 5. Northern Luzon IP Map.mdb – MS Access database of main data tables used in
mapping project
6. NCIP-NSO comparative estimates.xls – MS Excel table
7. northphil_languages.rtf – supplementary document classifying and describing Northern
Philippine languages
8. nlip_tribes.rtf – this final narrative report

The NL-IP mapping team

Pio Verzola Jr. – team leader

Ma. Elena Regpala – researcher
Tito Sanqui – cartographer
Additional database work by NMIN volunteers
Additional cartographic work by Pio Verzola Jr.