Name: An, JiEun/ Jiggy Taccad/ ZeXuan Zhang/ Timothy Pow

Date Performed: March 18, 2019 Section: A53 Date Submitted: March 19. 2019

Activity CREATING AN ORGANISM THROUGH THE CENTRAL

DOGMA

I. Introduction
Protein synthesis is the process wherein polypeptides, consisting of amino acids, are formed. This
process involves nucleic acids which serve as templates or patterns. A ​gene​, or a segment of DNA that codes for a
specific polypeptide or protein, is transcribed to form mRNA. Before leaving the nucleus, mRNA is spliced to remove the
intervening, non-coding sequences (introns). Afterward, the codons on the mRNA are translated into their respective
amino acids through the action of ribosomes and tRNA. The resulting amino acids form peptide bonds with each other to
form a polypeptide which forms the protein.
In this activity, you will learn more about the process of protein synthesis and the importance of proteins
by simulating the process. Given a hypothetical gene, you can derive the transcribed mRNA and translate the mRNA
codons into the amino acid sequence that will form the protein and, consequently, the corresponding trait.

II.
Objectives
After the activity, you should be able
to
• ​Identify the sequence of amino acids through a given DNA sequence
• ​Explain the role of DNA and RNA in the production of proteins
• ​Discuss the relationship/importance of DNA, RNA and proteins to/in the formation of traits of an
organism

III. Materials and Equipment

A copy of the genetic code, pencil, crayons or any coloring material, and ​your imagination

IV. Procedure

1. Complete the necessary information for the hypothetical Genes A to F by providing

(a) ​the base sequences of the lagging strand complementary to the given leading strand sequence ​(b) ​the base
sequences for the transcribed mRNA and sequence the corresponding tRNA; ​(c) t​ he amino acid sequence for
each gene by translating the codons on the transcribed mRNA; and ​(d) t​ he hypothetical trait corresponding to the
amino acid sequence coded for by the hypothetical gene, using the
information from the provided List of Hypothetical Traits.

2. Fill-up Table 1 by providing the necessary information.

3. Draw the resulting hypothetical or imaginary organism that would exhibit all of the hypothetical traits derived from the
hypothetical Genes A to F. Use your imagination in drawing and coloring your imaginary organism.

List of Hypothetical Traits ​Amino Acid Sequence Traits ​Cys-Tyr-Met-Cys-Asn Straight

hair Cys-Tyr-Met-Leu-Asn Curly hair Cys-Asn-Gly-Thr-Phe Red hair Cys-Asp-Gly-Thr-His
Green hair Thr-Pro-Arg-Ser-Phe-Phe Tall Thr-Pro-Arg-Tyr-Phe-Tyr Short Ala-Glu-Tyr Big eyes
Ala-Glu-Leu Small eyes Ile-Leu-Ile-Cys-Trp Long tail Ile-Leu-Cys-Trp-Thr Short tail
Asn-Cys-Met-Leu-Cys Brown skin Asn-Cys-Met-Ile-Val Yellow skin Ser-Arg-Trp-Cys Male
Ser-Pro-Leu-Cys Female
V.
Data

GENE A​DNA (leading strand): 5’ AGTCGTTGGTGT 3’

DNA (lagging strand): TCAGCAACCACA
mRNA: UCAGCAACCACA
tRNA:UCAGCAACCACA
Amino acid sequence: Ser-Arg-Trp-Cys
Trait: Male

GENE B​DNA (leading strand): 5’ AACTGCATGATTGTA 3’

DNA (lagging strand): TTGACGTACTAACAT
mRNA: AACUGCAUGAUUGUN
tRNA: UUGACGUACUAACAU
Amino acid sequence: Asn-Cys-met-IIe-Val
Trait: Yellow Skin

GENE C​DNA (leading strand): 5’ GCAGAATAT 3’

DNA (lagging strand):CGTCTTATA
mRNA:GCAGAAUAU
tRNA: CGUCUUAUA
Amino acid sequence: Ala-Glu-Tyr
Trait: Big eyes

GENE D​DNA (leading strand): 5’ TGCGATGGAACACAC 3’

DNA (lagging strand): ACGCTACCTTGTGTG
mRNA: UIGCGAUGGAACACAC
tRNA: ACGCUACCUUGUGUG
Amino acid sequence: Cys-Asp-Gly-Thr-His
Trait: Green hair
GENE E​DNA (leading strand): 5’ TGTTACATGCTAAAT 3’
DNA (lagging strand): ACAATGTACGATTTA
mRNA: UGUUACAUGCUAAAU
tRNA: ACAAUGUACGAUUA
Amino acid sequence: Cys-Tyr-Met-Leu-Asn
Trait: Curly hair

​
GENE FDNA (leading strand): 5’ ATTTTAATATGTTGG 3’
DNA (lagging strand): TAAAATTATACAACC
mRNA: AUUUUAAUAUGUUGG
tRNA: UAAAAUUAUACAACC
Amino acid sequence: lle-Lec-lle-Cys-Trp
Trait: Long Tail
VI.
Results

​ raits Exhibited by Imaginary Organism Hypothetical Gene

Table 1: T
Hypothetical Trait

Gene A- Male
Gene B- Yellow Skin
Gene C- Big Eyes
Gene D- Green Hair
Gene E- Curly Hair
Gene F- Long Tail
 ​ he
Illustration: T
Imaginary Organism
VII. Questions for
Discussion

1. What role does DNA play in the synthesis of proteins? What role(s) does RNA play?

- DNA is the one that discovers the traits of an individual

- RNA has three types mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
- mRNAis the one that carries the genetic information
- tRNA is the one that decrypts the code
- rRNA connects with a set of proteins in order to form
ribosomes

2. How is the process of protein synthesis related in the formation of traits of an organism? You may use your imaginary
organism as an example. — Answer: The process of protein synthesis is related in the formation of traits of an organism
through the folding of the proteins and because of the unique characteristics that the chemical of amino acids produce.
Variation in a gene can affect the traits of a organisms in different ways. Variation in proteins involve could change the
physical characteristics of an organism like eye color, height, gender etc.

3. Given a particular trait from the list above, can you determine the DNA sequence of the gene for that trait? How?
-Yes. It is possible to determine the DNA sequence of the gene for the trait. Gene is a code of a specific protein
thus, it determines a trait. There are certain sequence showcasing the particular trait.
VIII.
Generalization

Briefly discuss the relationship between/among DNA, RNA, and proteins and how important they are in the formation of
traits in organism.

The types and sequence of nucleotides in DNA determine the types and sequence of nucleotides in RNA. This in turn
determines the types and order of amino acids included in proteins. Specific three-letter groups of RNA nucleotides code
for specific amino acids. The combination TTT, for example, codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. Regulatory regions
of the gene also contribute to protein synthesis by determining when the gene will be switched on or off.

an organism.

In active genes, genetic information determines which proteins are synthesized and when synthesis is turned on or off.
These proteins fold into complicated three-dimensional structures, somewhat like molecular origami.

Variations in a gene can affect traits in several ways. Variations in proteins involved in growth and development, for
example, can give rise to differences in physical features like height. Pigments of skin and hair color are produced by
enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Variations in both the structure and quantity of the proteins produced
give rise to different amounts of skin and hair pigment and therefore different colors of hair and skin.