CHAPTER 3

EXISTING WORK

3.1 SIMULATION TOOL

The Advanced Design System (ADS) simulator has been used for simulation and
optimization.Advanced Design System (ADS) is an electronic design automation software system
produced by Agilent EEsof EDA, a division of Agilent Technologies. It provides an integrated
design environment to designers of RF electronic products such as mobile phones, pagers, wireless
networks, satellite communications, radar systems, and high-speed data links.Agilent ADS
supports every step of the design process schematic capture, layout, design rule checking,
frequency domain and time domain circuit simulation, and electromagnetic field simulation
allowing the engineer to fully characterize and optimize an RF design without changing tools.

Fig 3.1 Advanced Design System (ADS) – Simulation Tool

Keysight ADS supports every step of the design process schematic capture, layout, design rule
checking, frequency-domain and time-domain circuit simulation, and electromagnetic
field simulation allowing the engineer to fully characterize and optimize an RF design without
changing tools.
Keysight EDA has donated copies of the ADS software to the electrical
engineering departments at many universities and a large percentage of new graduates are
experienced in its use. As a result, the system has found wide acceptance in industry.
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 ADS provide a vast array of simulation modes and models. For design of high speed digital
circuits, the most useful simulation tools will be DC and transient analysis. Whether to use ADS or
HSPICE is a matter of individual preference. Since ADS is oriented toward microwave
applications, you will find that it contains a much larger library of transmission line and passive
component models that include non-idealities of these components. When dealing with high speed
interconnections, this might provide the incentive to learn to use ADS even if you are already an
experienced HSPICE user. On the other hand, ADS has yet to handle transistor model libraries in a
convenient manner. It is much simpler to switch between process corners in HSPICE using the
library commands.

3.1.1 LAYOUT WINDOW

Layout window is used to design the antenna in a practical manner. The following documents
are performed in the layout window:
 Selecting components
 Placing and deselecting components
 Changing views
 Hiding parameters component
 Coping and rotating components
 Using named connections

Fig 3.2 Layout Window of ADS

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 Fig 3.3 Various Tools Available in ADS

3.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF ADS

 MMIC Designers
To enable MMIC designers to reduce costs and get to market fast, and first, ADS delivers
the industry leading circuit and electromagnetic simulators along with a complete
manufacturing flow.
 Signal Integrity Engineers
Signal integrity engineers who are hurdling the multi-gigabit/s barrier look to ADS for the
correct treatment of high-speed effects like distortion, mismatch, and crosstalk.
 RFIC Designers
If your designs are based on the Cadence design flow, you can access Keysight’s powerful
frequency-domain simulation technologies directly from within the Cadence environment
using Keysight’s Golden Gate RFIC Simulation Software.
 RF & Microwave Board Designers
Ever increasing substrate layer counts, smaller form factors, complex packaging
technologies, and closer design proximity continue to make RF/MW board designs ever
more challenging.
 RF System-in-Package & RF Module Designers
ADS provides integrated circuit, system and 3D EM simulators for the design and
verification of complex SiP and SoP designs such as RF front end and power amplifier
modules.
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3.2 MICROSTRIP
This paper conveys a microstrip quad-mode bandpass filter designed for ISM band application.
The fabrication and tested results of the above predicted design is given as follows. There are some
variations in the simulated and fabricated results, because all practical devices could not result in
accurate output as that of the simulated.

The common structure of two symmetric microstrip line-feeding arrangements has been
implemented to design wideband bandpass filter using shorted slot-line resonators. The advantages
of this feed line produces frequency selective coupling which is utilized to suppress unwanted
harmonics. Other advantages are low passband group delay variation, easy to fabrication, low
insertion loss (IL) and compact size.

3.2.1 DESIGN

Fig 3.4 Simulated Microstrip design in ADS

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3.2.2 EXISTING RESULTS
S-parameters of the two symmetric plane filter. There are four S-magnitude parameters in the
filter design. They are S11, S22, S12 and S21.

The 2-port S-parameter having the following generic descriptions:

 S11 is the input port voltage reflection coefficient
 S22 is the output port voltage reflection coefficient
 S12 is the reverse voltage gain
 S21 is the forward voltage gain

In telecommunications, return loss is the loss of power in the signal returned/reflected by a

discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber. This discontinuity can be a mismatch with the
terminating load or with a device inserted in the line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels
(dB). S11is nothing but return loss then S11 value is equal to -25.504 is shown in Fig 3.5 and it has
passband frequency from 2.635 GHz to 3.180 GHz is the simulated result in (ADS) tool.
Bandwidth of the existing work 545 MHz and gain = 3.83 is shown below in the Fig 3.3. It is also
defined as the ratio of reflected power to the incident power.

𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔= 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

Fig 3.5 Simulated S11 parameter

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 Insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a
transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB). S21 is nothing but
insertion loss then S21 value is equal to -5.142 is shown in Fig 3.5 and it has passband frequency
from 2.635 GHz to 3.180 GHz is the simulated result in (ADS) tool. Bandwidth of the existing
work 545 MHz and gain = 3.83 is shown below in the Fig 3.3. In existing work, the return loss and
insertion loss is not matched so the selectivity is poor is shown in Fig 3.8. It is also defined as the
ratio of transmitted power to the incident power.

𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔= 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

Fig 3.6 Simulated S21parameter

All the S-parameters are given in Fig 3.5. It is easily to compare all the S-parameters to declare
the values of return loss, insertion loss, bandwidth, and gain and passband frequency. Finally, an
existing simulated result values are mentioned in Table 3.1

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 m1
freq= 2.765GHz
dB(bpfnewdesign_mom_a..S(1,1))=-25.504
Min
S11 S22
0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10
Mag. [dB]

Mag. [dB]
-15 -15

-20 -20
m1
-25 -25

-30 -30
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Frequency Frequency

S12 S21
0 0 m2

-10 -10

Mag. [dB]
Mag. [dB]

-20 -20

-30 -30

-40 -40
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Frequency Frequency
m2
freq= 3.091GHz
dB(bpfnewdesign_mom_a..S(2,1))=-5.142
Peak

Fig 3.5 S-Parameters (S11- Return loss, S21- Insertion loss)

3.3 DGS
This paper conveys a two symmetric plane bandpass filter with a microstrip configuration. This
design uses a new etched DGS shape. An etched defect disturbs the shield current distribution in
the ground plane. This distribution can change characteristics of a transmission line such as line
capacitance and inductance. S-parameters of the DGS section were calculated by using aAdvance
Design System (ADS) simulator. The designed two symmetric plane bandpass filter was designed
using Rogers (RO4350B) substrate with (ℇr =3.48).Thickness of the substrate is 0.762 mm.The
basic specification was 2.635- 3.180 GHz passband with Return loss -25.504 dB and Insertion loss
-5.142 dB

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 3.3.1 DESIGN
The S-parameter of the DGS section was calculated by ADS.

Fig3.7 QMDGSR and its equivalent circuit model

Where CM is the mutual capacitance between the two metal halves, whose value mainly
depends on width of the two metal halves (L1) and the distance between them (W1). CC models
the capacitance between the side metallic plates and the surrounding ground, and its value is
determined by the circumference of the metallic plates and the distance to the ground. LS and LP
are inductances connecting the side metallic plate to the central inductive path and to the ground,
respectively, whose values are mainly determined by the width and length of the relative metallic
strips (S1 and L4, S2 and L5).The odd-/even-mode theory is applied to analyze the operating
principle of the eight resonances with their equivalent circuit models. The eight resonances can be
effectively tuned by adjusting the corresponding dimensions.

Odd-/Even-mode theory:
 Odd mode – Impedance of signal transmission line when the two lines in a pair are driven
differently which signals are same amplitude and opposite polarity.
 Even mode – Impedance of signal transmission line when the two lines in a pair are driven
common mode which signals are same amplitude and same polarity.

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 Fig 3.8 Fabricated Prototype DGS Design

3.3.2 EXISTING RESULTS

Fig 3.8 Comparison between simulated S11 and S22 results

The fabricated filter has a center frequency of2.45 GHz and a wide stopband up to 7.8 GHz with
a rejection below −30 dB which extends to at least 30 GHz below -16 dB. This paper conveys that
by implying an additional DGS section, the stopband performance of the existing DGS filter can be
significantly improved.
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 Table 3.1 Simulated Results

S –Parameter
DESCRIPTION

S11 S21

Magnitude -25.504 dB -5.142 dB

Frequency range 2.635 GHz – 3.180 GHz

Bandwidth 545 MHz

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