PROJECT PHASE –I REPORT ON

“Stock Detection Using LDR”

SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY,

IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
7th SEMESTER
(ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION)

NAME OF STUDENT: SUPRIYA JANGEWAD Exam No.: B150893002

NAME OF STUDENT: KARISHMA HAKIM Exam No.: B150893012
NAME OF STUDENT: PRIYANKA MAINDARKAR Exam No.: B150893004

Under the Guidance of

PROF. T.G.Thite

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

TRINITY ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
(Accredited By NAAC ‘A’ Grade)
PUNE - 411 048
2018-2019

Page I
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Project Phase –I report entitled
“Stock Detection Using LDR”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor of the Engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering and
submitted to the Electronics & Communication Engineering department of KJEI’s Trinity
Academy of Engineering College, Pune is an authentic record of my own work carried out
during a period from June 2018 to October 2018( 7th semester) under the supervision of Prof.
T.G. Thite, E&TC Department.

The matter presented in this project Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree elsewhere. This is to certify that the above statements are correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Mrs. T. G. Thite Mrs. T.G.Thite

PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT COORDINATOR

Ms .D.D. Kulkarni Dr. Nilesh J.Uke

HOD (E&TC) PRINCIPAL, TAE

Page II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To put an effort like this requires the determination and help of many people around us and we
would not be doing justice to their efforts by not mentioning each helping hand in person.We are
highly thankful to Mrs. T.G. Thite for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project .We express our heartful gratitude to Mrs.
T.G.Thite Project Coordinator (E&TC Dept), Prof. D.D.Kulkarni (Head of E&TC Engineering
Department), Dr.Nilesh J.Uke Principal of Institute and other staff members of the Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering Department for their kind co-operation. We would like to
give sincere thanks to the Library Department for their kind co-operation throughout our work.
And people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.We would like to express
gratitude towards our parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in
working on this project.

Date:
Place: TAE, Pune.

Page 2
 LIST OF TABLES

NAME PAGE NO.

Chapter:1 Introduction 4
Chapter:2 Literature survey 5
Chapter:3 Methodology 8
3.2 Block Diagram 8
3.2 Block Description 8
3.2.1 LDR Panel 9
3.2.2 Power Supply 11
3.2.3 Resistor circuitry 12
3.2.4 TensilicaXtensa LX106 core processor 13
3.2.5 NODE JS server 16
3.2.6 Firebase 17
Chapter:4 Hardware Description 18
4.1 TensilicaXtensa LX106 core processor 18
4.2 Power Supply 21
4.2.1 Introduction 21
4.2.2 Power Supply Circuit 21
4.2.3 Voltage Regulator 22
Chapter:5 Software Description 25
5.1 Arduino IDE 25
5.2 LX106 Burner using Arduino as Boat loader 25
5.3 Proteus 30
Chapter:6 Result 31
Chapter:7 Conclusion 33

Page 3
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Stock detection using LDR use devices connected to the Internet of things (IoT) to
automate and monitor in-home systems. It stands for Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting
Technology. The technology was originally developed by IBM and was referred to as Predictive
failure analysis. The first contemporary SMART technology products became available to
consumers between 1998 and the early 2000s. SMART technology allows users to control and
monitor their connected home devices from SMART home apps, smartphones, or other
networked devices. Users can remotely control connected home systems whether they are home
or away. This allows for more efficient energy and electric use as well as ensuring your home is
secure. SMART home technology is now being used to create SMART cities. A Smart
city functions similar to a SMART home, where systems are monitored to more efficiently run
the cities and save money.
SMART home technology systems were exploited in order to carry out the directed denial-
of-service attack (DDoS) in October 2016. These devices, which are connected by the Internet of
Things, have inherent risks of security breaches. Hackers targeted unsecured devices that
includes SMART home technology, and infected them with malicious code to form a botnet and
carry out the attack. A study estimates that at least 15 percent of home routers are unsecured with
weak or default passwords. There are over 13 billion interconnected digital and electronic
devices across the world; the October 2016 DDoS attack showed that a small percentage of
vulnerable devices can have a devastating impact.

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1.1. Home Automation
Although smart devices have been available in the past, their use has been restricted because
they lack intercommunication. One suggested solution is to connect all smart devices using
hard wiring ; however, the resulting portability problem then creates a demand for a wireless
network capable of accommodating the devices. Organizations have therefore developed 294
Al-Sumaiti et al.: Smart Home Activities: A Literature Review 295 management, additional
services, and gateways for smart devices . Smart home network technology has been
deployed in different systems, such as powerline and radio frequency systems .These
developments enable the deployment of a network in smart devices but only with a high
associated cost that has itself become a new challenge.
1.2. Energy Management

The primary factors in smart home energy management include efficient home appliance
design, improved customer awareness, participation in DSM programs, and the use of an
EMS. With respect to appliance design, in , the authors observed that the average energy
efficiency of appliances is below best practice levels because of delays in replacing older,
less-efficient electronics with new efficient electronics and because customers fail to
remember energy consumption when purchasing an appliance. In , stricter standards are
suggested to improve efficiency, but customers still play the major role in energy
conservation. As discussed in Section 3, their awareness of energy use and corresponding
electricity prices can enhance their decisions about appropriate appliances and increase their
control of electricity consumption. For example, customers should be aware that the average
Canadian home has 25 electronic devices that use standby power, which contributes to 10%
of household consumption. Another study estimated the types of unneeded energy use in
U.S. homes and showed that 41% of residential consumption is not needed . Based on ,
consumption can be reduced by 15% if customers are aware of their usage. One cause of the
lack of such awareness is the use of analog meters not based on real-time measurements,
which prevents immediate feedback on utility bills. Smart meters are thus essential, and they

Page 5
are now employed in most Canadian houses for measuring hourly consumption; however,
customers may not be aware of how much energy a watt represents. Clarifying this concept
for the customer requires that the cost be provided in equivalent dollars, but even with the
$/KWh value posted on the electricity provider’s website, not all customers regularly track
their actual consumption. One solution could be to send their hourly consumption directly to
their cell phones, but a better solution was presented in : a stationary monitoring device
connected to and displaying information about all equipment along with the current
electricity price. The authors do not believe that even this suggestion will result in an
energy-efficient smart home in light of the dual requirements for complicated technology
and user-interface transparency. For example, as considered in , energy efficiency is related
to issues beyond consumption through smart devices, such as space heating, which is
dependent on the area of the rooms and the home, and wastes energy because of increased
heat in areas close to the thermostat; its location on the lower floor of a house requires
higher settings to heat the remainder of the house and lower ones to cool it. Most of the
energy delivered is thus not needed by the resident. Another factor that could contribute to
the beliefs expressed in is lack of customer awareness of what constitutes a smart home and
how to communicate with it, which entails prior study of smart home design and the optimal
placement of all devices. These steps can be included in a long-term plan, but addressing the
current situation includes determining how to convert existing houses and how to define a
smart appliance. Many studies have examined these issues. The study in described a smart
home intelligent oven that would be defined by most manufactures as cooking faster;
however, a different characterization was offered and a smart oven was defined as a device
that cooks healthier food based on a selected recipe provided earlier by a family member. It
can also communicate with other appliances, such as a cell phone, fire alarm, and smart
fridge, from which it can determine the availability of ingredients. The definition of a smart
home as set by Intertek was presented in from work on the DTI Smart Home Project: a
“dwelling incorporating a communications network that connects key electrical appliances
and services, and allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored, or accessed” (p.569).
Customers’ knowledge of and experience with energy management is a major factor in
electricity conservation. Case studies should be used as a means of determining the optimal

Page 6
system for energy and cost management because lack of technical information about
monitoring and control systems affects progress toward conservation. Customers must be
involved in DSM programs. In , DSM was defined as the implementation of policies
andmeasures so that energy consumption is controlled, regulated, and reduced. Standards are
to be clearly defined to enhance customers’ decisions toward the purchase of home
appliances. In 2001, household’s utility payments averaged $1400 . As a result, energy
conservation is targeted and should provide an economic benefit. Customer investment in
monitoring and controlling equipment cannot be an effective solution without a financial
return. To counteract the prohibitive cost of smart home equipment, the regulatory market
should limit the current prices of smart home devices .

Page 7
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Block Diagram

3.2 Block Description

The main blocks of this project are:

1. LDR panel
2. Power supply
3. Resistor Circuitry
4. Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core processor
5. NODE JS server
6. Firebase

Page 8
3.2.1 LDR panel

A photo resistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a light-

controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.

Page 9
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo resistor can
have a resistance as high as several megahms (MΩ), while in the light, a photo resistor can have
a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump
into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo resistor
can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photo resistors may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices
the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough
energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also
called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the
electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms
replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.
This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

Page 10
3.2.2 Power supply

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes
referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of
equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter
include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Other
functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe
levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent
electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction,
and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in
the source power (uninterruptible power supply).

All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of
electric current from a source, and one or more power output connections that deliver current to
the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such as an electrical outlet,
energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternators, solar power
converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit
connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads
without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well,
for functions such as external monitoring and control.

Page 11
3.2.3 Resistor Circuitry

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

Page 12
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

3.2.4 TensilicaXtensa LX106 core processor

Tensilica was a company based in Silicon Valley in the semiconductor intellectual property core
business. It is now a part of Cadence Design Systems. Its dataplane processors (DPUs) combine
the strengths of CPUs and DSPs and custom logic with 10 to 100 times the performance, making
them suited for data-intensive processing tasks.

Tensilica is known for its customizable microprocessor core, the Xtensa configurable
processor. Other products include: HiFi audio/voice DSPs with a software library of over 225
codecs from Cadence and over 100 software partners; Vision DSPs that handle complex
algorithms in imaging, video, computer vision, and neural networks; and ConnX family of
baseband DSPs ranging from the dual-MAC ConnX D2 to the 64-MAC ConnX BBE64EP.

Tensilica was founded in 1997 by Chris Rowen (one of the founders of MIPS Technologies) and
was initially staffed by former employees of several other Silicon Valley processor and
electronic design automation companies. It employed Earl Killian, who contributed to the MIPS
architecture, as chief software architect for several years. On March 11, 2013, Cadence Design
Systems announced its intent to buy Tensilica for approximately $380 million in cash. Cadence
completed the acquisition in April 2013, with a cash outlay at closing of approximately $326
million.

LX 106 core

In this project work the micro-controller plays a major role. Micro-controllers were
originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of
their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for
individual control loops. The controller is the brain of any system. In our system we will be

Page 13
using microcontroller for controlling all functioning in our system. There are huge varieties of
controllers available like 8051, ARM, Arduino, Atmel, PIC etc. From the list we choose
Xtensaprocessor for our work because it has in-build analog to digital converter which is used to
interface temperature sensorsto system An Xtensa processor can be customized into anything
from a small, low-power cache-less microcontroller to a high-performance 16-
way SIMD processor, 3-issue VLIWDSP core, or a 1 TMAC/sec neural network processor. All
Cadence standard DSPs are based on the Xtensa architecture.

IP processor vendors such as Tensilica typically offer their licensees the choice between many of
the IP core's implementation details: cache size, processor bus width, data and instruction RAMs,
memory management and interrupt control. However, Cadence's Xtensa architecture offers a key
differentiating feature, a user-customizable instruction set.

Xtensa instruction set

The Xtensa instruction set is designed to meet the diverse requirements of dataplane processing.
This 32-bit architecture features a compact 16- and 24-bit instruction set with modeless
switching for maximum power efficiency and performance. The base instruction set has
80 RISC instructions and includes a 32-bit ALU, up to 64 general-purpose 32-bit registers, and
six special-purpose registers.

HiFi Audio and Voice DSP IP

Simplified block diagrams of HiFi Audio Engine and Xtensa LX.

 HiFi Mini Audio DSP — A smallest,low power DSP core for voice triggering and voice
recognition
 HiFi 2 Audio DSP — DSP core for low power MP3 audio processing

Page 14
 HiFi EP Audio DSP — A superset of HiFi 2 with optimizations for DTS Master Audio,
voice pre- and post-processing, and cache management
 HiFi 3 Audio DSP — 32-bit DSP for audio enhancement algorithms, wideband voice
codecs, and multi-channel audio
 HiFi 3z Audio DSP — For lower-powered audio, wideband voice codecs, and neural-
network-based speech recognition.
 HiFi 4 DSP - Higher performance DSP for applications such as multi-channel object-
based audio standards.

Vision DSPs

 Vision P5 DSP, which offers 4–100x the performance relative to traditional mobile
CPU+GPU systems at a fraction of the power/energy.
 Vision P6 DSP, with 4X the peak performance of the Vision P5 DSP for demanding
image and computer vision applications.
 Vision C5 DSP, with 1 TMAC/sec computational capacity to run all neural network
computational tasks without the need for additional hardwired accelerators.

Adoption

AMD True Audio, found e.g. in the PlayStation 4, in "Kaveri" desktop APUs and in a very few
of AMD's graphics cards, is based on the Cadence TensilicaHiFi EP Audio DSP.

Microsoft HoloLens uses special custom-designed TSMC-fabricated 28nm coprocessor that has
24 Tensilica DSP cores. It has around 65 million logic gates, 8 MB of SRAM, and an additional
layer of 1 GB of low-power DDR3 RAM.

Espressif ESP8266 Wi-Fi IoTSoC integrates the Tensilica Diamond Standard 106Micro 32-bit
controller processor core, which Espressif calls L106.

Spreadtrum licensed the HiFi DSP for smartphones

VIA Technologies uses a HiFi DSP in anSoC for set top box, tablets, and mobile devices.

Page 15
Realtek standardized on the HiFi Audio DSP for mobile and PC products.

Over 80 top-tier semiconductor companies and system OEM customers use HiFi audio DSPs in
their chip designs.

3.2.5 NODE JS server

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript run-time environment that executes

JavaScript code outside of a browser. Typically, JavaScript is used primarily for client-side
scripting, in which scripts written in JavaScript are embedded in a webpage's HTML and run
client-side by a JavaScript engine in the user's web browser. Node.js lets developers use
JavaScript to write Command Line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-
side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser.
Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web application
development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server
side and client side scripts.

Though .js is the conventional filename extension for JavaScript code, the name "Node.js" does
not refer to a particular file in this context and is merely the name of the product. Node.js has an
event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize
throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for
real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games).

The Node.js distributed development project, governed by the Node.js Foundation, is facilitated
by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects program.

Corporate users of Node.js software include GoDaddy, Groupon, IBM, LinkedIn,Microsoft,

Netflix, PayPal, Rakuten, SAP, Voxer, Walmart, and Yahoo!.

Page 16
3.2.6 Firebase

Firebase evolved from Envolve, a prior startup founded by James Tamplin and Andrew Lee in
2011. Envolve provided developers an API that enables the integration of online chat
functionality into their websites. After releasing the chat service, Tamplin and Lee found that it
was being used to pass application data that weren't chat messages. Developers were using
Involve to sync application data such as game state in real time across their users. Tamplin and
Lee decided to separate the chat system and the real-time architecture that powered it. They
founded Firebase as a separate company in April 2012.Firebase Inc. raised seed funding in May
2012. The company further raised Series A funding in June 2013. In October 2014, Firebase was
acquired by Google. In October 2015, Google acquired Divshot to merge it with the Firebase
team. Since the acquisition, Firebase has grown inside Google and expanded their services to
become a unified platform for mobile developers. Firebase now integrates with various other
Google services to offer broader products and scale for developers. In January 2017, Google
acquired Fabric and Crashlytics from Twitter to join those services to the Firebase team. Firebase
launched Cloud Fire store, a Document Database, in October 2017.

Page 17
 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 TensilicaXtensa LX106 core processor

In this project work the micro-controller plays a major role. Micro-controllers were
originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of
their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for
individual control loops.

The controller is the brain of any system. In our system we will be using microcontroller for
controlling all functioning in our system. There are huge varieties of controllers available like
8051, ARM, Arduino, Atmel, PIC etc. From the list we choose Xtensa processor for our work
because it has in-build analog to digital converter which is used to interface temperature sensors
to system An Xtensa processor can be customized into anything from a small, low-power cache-
less microcontroller to a high-performance 16-way SIMD processor, 3-issue VLIWDSP core, or
a 1 TMAC/sec neural network processor. All Cadence standard DSPs are based on the Xtensa
architecture.

IP processor vendors such as Tensilica typically offer their licensees the choice between many of
the IP core's implementation details: cache size, processor bus width, data and instruction RAMs,
memory management and interrupt control. However, Cadence's Xtensa architecture offers a key
differentiating feature, a user-customizable instruction set.

Using the supplied customization tools, customers can extend the Xtensa base instruction set by
adding new user-defined instructions. Extensions can include SIMD instructions, new register
files, and additional data transfer interfaces for multiprocessor communication. After the final
processor configuration is made and submitted, the Tensilica processor generator service builds
the configured Xtensa IP core, processor design kit, and software development kit. This process
is highly automated so designers can quickly experiment with different instruction additions,
testing the performance improvements and power trade-offs of the various alternatives.

Page 18
The processor kit contains items necessary to integrate the configured IP into the customer's chip
design environment: the core's hardware description (in synthesizeable RTL or physical post-
layout form), timing & I/O constraints, requirements for technology-specific
RAMs/caches/FIFOs. The software kit is built on the Eclipse-based integrated development
environment, and uses a GNU Compiler Collection-derived tool-chain: C/C++ compiler,
assembler, linker, debugger. An instruction set simulator enables customers to begin application
development before actual hardware is available.

Xtensa instruction set

The Xtensa instruction set is designed to meet the diverse requirements of dataplane processing.
This 32-bit architecture features a compact 16- and 24-bit instruction set with modeless
switching for maximum power efficiency and performance. The base instruction set has
80 RISC instructions and includes a 32-bit ALU, up to 64 general-purpose 32-bit registers, and
six special-purpose registers.

HiFi Audio and Voice DSP IP

Simplified block diagrams of HiFi Audio Engine and Xtensa LX.

 HiFi Mini Audio DSP — A smallest low power DSP core for voice triggering and voice
recognition
 HiFi 2 Audio DSP — DSP core for low power MP3 audio processing
 HiFi EP Audio DSP — A superset of HiFi 2 with optimizations for DTS Master Audio,
voice pre- and post-processing, and cache management
 HiFi 3 Audio DSP — 32-bit DSP for audio enhancement algorithms, wideband voice
codecs, and multi-channel audio
 HiFi 3z Audio DSP — For lower-powered audio, wideband voice codecs, and neural-
network-based speech recognition.
Page 19
 HiFi 4 DSP - Higher performance DSP for applications such as multi-channel object-
based audio standards.

Vision DSPs

 Vision P5 DSP, which offers 4–100x the performance relative to traditional mobile
CPU+GPU systems at a fraction of the power/energy.
 Vision P6 DSP, with 4X the peak performance of the Vision P5 DSP for demanding
image and computer vision applications.
 Vision C5 DSP, with 1 TMAC/sec computational capacity to run all neural network
computational tasks without the need for additional hardwired accelerators.

Adoption

AMD TrueAudio, found e.g. in the PlayStation 4, in "Kaveri" desktop APUs and in a very few of
AMD's graphics cards, is based on the Cadence Tensilica HiFi EP Audio DSP.

Microsoft HoloLens uses special custom-designed TSMC-fabricated 28nm coprocessor that has
24 Tensilica DSP cores. It has around 65 million logic gates, 8 MB of SRAM, and an additional
layer of 1 GB of low-power DDR3 RAM.

Espressif ESP8266 Wi-Fi IoTSoC integrates the Tensilica Diamond Standard 106Micro 32-bit
controller processor core, which Espressif calls L106.

Spreadtrum licensed the HiFi DSP for smartphones

VIA Technologies uses a HiFi DSP in anSoC for set top box, tablets, and mobile devices.

Realtek standardized on the HiFi Audio DSP for mobile and PC products.

Over 80 top-tier semiconductor companies and system OEM customers use HiFi audio DSPs in
their chip designs.

Page 20
4.2 POWER SUPPLY

4.2.1 Introduction

All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn
how to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.

Fig.4.2.1: Block Diagram of a fixed regulated power supply

4.2.2 Power Supply Circuit:

Fig.4.2.2: Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply

Page 21
4.2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant
regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types.

1) Linear Voltage Regulator: Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate
the excessive voltage resistively as heat.

2) Switching Regulators: They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF
very rapidly. Since their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving
higher efficiency as compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex &
generate high noise due to their switching action. For low level of output power switching
regulators tend to be costly but for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear
regulators.

The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where
the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

Fig.4.2.3.1: LM78XX regulated IC

After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum
input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop across
the regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If
the input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any
other reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage.

Page 22
1) IC 7805:

7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an

input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1
amp although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805
also has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies,
including National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors.

Table.4.2.3.1: Specifications of IC 7805

SPECIFICATIONS IC 7805

Vout 5V

Vein - Vout Difference 5V - 20V

Operation Ambient Temp 0 - 125°C

Output Imax 1A

The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply required for that
system. The steps involved in the designing of the power supply are as follows,

1) Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.

2) Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.

Page 23
 Fig.4.2.3.2: Schematic of Power Supply

The bridge rectifier and capacitor I/P filter produce an unregulated DC voltage which is
applied at the I/P of 7805. As the minimum dropout voltage is 2v for IC 7805, the voltage
applied at the input terminal should be at least 7volts.

C1 (1000 µf / 65v) is the filter capacitor and C2 and C3 (100n f) is to be connected across
the regulator to improve the transient response of the regulator.

Assuming the drop out voltage to be 2 volts, the minimum DV voltage across the
capacitor C1 should be equal to 7volts (at least).

Page 24
 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino board.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The
Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into
an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avr dude to convert the executable code into
a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in
the board's firmware.

5.2 LX106 Burner using Arduino as Bootloader:

LX106 series microcontrollers have built in SPI interface to program the microcontroller.
This provides very easy interface to program controllers and can also be programmed via atmega
series micro-controller programmers using USB-ASP and other ways. In this guide we provide
the easy steps to program LX106 microcontrollers using Arduino.

Step 1: Configure Arduino UNO as Programmer

First step is to configure arduino uno as programmer by downloading a firmware on the

arduino board using ardunio IDE. You can download the arduino firmware program

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 Fig.5.2.1: Download the Firmware into Arduino Board

Step 2: Connect Basic Circuit Diagram for LX106

Next, connect basic circuit diagram for microcontroller as shown in figure. You can also
connect LEDs to any port, in order to test the circuit after programming. Figure shows the
connection diagram for LX106 microcontroller.

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 Fig5.2.2: Basic connection Diagram to controller

Step 3: Connect Arduino with LX106 Microcontroller

Now, next step is to connect arduino pins to microcontroller as follows:

1. Connect Pin 2 of arduino to RST pin or pin 9 of LX106microcontroller.
2. Connect Pin 3 of arduino to pin no. 8 of LX106microcontroller.
3. Connect Pin 4 of arduino to pin no. 7 of LX106microcontroller.
4. Connect Pin 5 of arduino to pin no. 6 of LX106microcontroller.

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 Fig5.2.3: Arduino Board Connections with LX106 Microcontroller

Step 4: Program LX106 controller using Programming Software

Now, download the software for programming LX106microcontroller from here. Make sure
your arduino board is connected to the computer. Same can be verified by the COM PORT
shown in the space above connect button. Steps for writing the program into LX106memory is
given as follows:
1. First click on Connect button.
2. If connection is done then click on Identify button. If connections are proper then there
will be a message at bottom “LX106 Detected”.

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 3. Now, select .hex file to be programmed into microcontroller by pressing Open Hex
button.
4. Now, click Upload Hex button to download the program code into microcontroller
memory.
(Note: if connections are proper and software is not detecting the microcontroller then while
holding pressed reset push button, press Identify button again. If this time “LX106Detected”
message is displayed then keep reset button pressed until complete programming is done.)
Figure 4 shows the picture of the software to be used to program microcontroller.

Fig.5.2.4: TSOP Connection Diagram

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5.3 Proteus:

Proteus is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted into
hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this is done by the
Proteus. Proteus is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller in it other than the one
which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it
accepts the hex file from the pic compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which
is to be programmed. As the Proteus programmer requires power supply to be operated, this
power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed and connected to the
microcontroller in proteus. The program which is to be dumped in to the microcontroller is
edited in proteus and is compiled and executed to check any errors and hence after the successful
compilation of the program the program is dumped in to the microcontroller using a dumper.

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULT

The project “Stock detection using LDR” was designed such that the main aim is to
design and construct a system. Upto till date we designed the power supply on proteus and LDR
panel designe on PCB.

The work of our project has also been extended to manufacturing of the required PCB designing
and planning of the overall working of the project.

Fig: LDR Panel

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Application:

1. Industrial automated equipment carries.

2. Automated guided vehicles(AGV).

3. Second wave robotics reconnaissance operation.

4. Tour guides in museums and other similar application.

5. Restaurant services.

Future Scope:

1. Software control of the line type (dark or light) to make automatic detection.

2. Obstacle detecting sensors to avoid physical obstacle and continue on the line.

3. Weight carry move to 24 hours any manufacturing company.

4. Distance sensing and position logging and transmission.

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

In the project implemented as above the system is dependent on the stock availability of the
objects that has been placed on to their specified places ,if the availability is not properly defined
then the system gives results as defined by the user hence to minimize human errors is the
responsibility of the user , either the user has to be perfect in his approach of placing the objects
or the user shall avail a restricted physical space for places of the objects.

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 Chapter 8

REFERENCE

1. Deric Derich,’S.I. Derived Units, National Institute of Standards and

Technology,Vol.13,Issue 5, pp. 288-293, 2015.

2. Rosa Gyron,’NIST Guide to SI Units’, pp. 302-311,2003.

3. Schlyter and Paul, ‘Radiometry and Photometry in Astronomy, Achieved from the original on
2013-12-07.

4. D Photreloius. ,Electro Optics Handbook’, photonis.com, page 63,Retrieved 2012-04-02.

5. Pears and Alen,’Appliance technology and scope for emission reduction, chapter 7’,
Strategic Study of Household and Greenhouse issues, Sustainable Solutions Pty Ltd
(Department of Industry and Science, Commonwealth of Australia), p. 61, Archived from the
original (pdf) on 2 March 2011, Retrieved 2008-06-26..

6. StefhenGoshpholl,’Low Light Performance Calculator,Vol.3, Issue 3, pp. 159-166,2011.

7. Ronald Davce,’How to use a lux meter (Australian recommendation)" (PDF), Sustainability

Victoria (sustainability.vic.gov.au), July 2011, Archived from the original (pdf), 07-07- 2011.

8. Rabison,’Lux Meter’, http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Luxmeter, 2015.

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