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SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT

ON

(GILLCO PARKHILLS)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award


of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

SUBMITTED BY
AMRITPAL SINGH
1504436

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MAY-NOV,2018

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GILLCO PARKHILLS PROJECT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As the professional courses not only require the theoretical knowledge but practical
knowledge too, that is why university started conducting training programs for the
students, so that they can get ample view of practical problems. I find it a matter of
Honour in showing the feeling of indebtedness and thankfulness to the MR. ATUL
KHURANA, Principal, CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR for
providing this opportunity to carry out the six months industrial training.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from MR. ABHISHEK SONI
Training & Placement cell, has been of great help in carrying out the project work and
is acknowledged with reverential thanks.
It is my privilege to express my profound ineptness, my deep sense of gratitude to
GILLCO PARKHILLS,SECTOR-126,SAS NAGAR,MOHALI showing trust in me and
assigning me such an important and interesting project and also for sparing time from his
schedule to discuss and clarify issues related to this project.
I sincerely thank to my project guide Er. RAJINDER SINGH for guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project work.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to ER IPANDEEP SINGH (H.O.D) of
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
College for providing me an Opportunity to do my project work on “GILLCO
PARKHILLS”
I am also very thankful to my friends and family members who supported me,
encouraged me all the time to go through this whole project.

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STUDENT DECLARATION

This is to certify that I AMRITPAL SNGH student of B.Tech (Civil)–7thSemester Roll


No. 1504436 has undergone industrial training in " GILLCO PRKHILLS , MOHALI"
as required of three months project semester for the award of degree of B.Tech Civil
Engineering, CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SHAHPUR JALANDHAR and
prepared the report entitled “GILLCO PROJECTS” which is an authentic record of my
work carried out at sector 126,Mohali.

If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this project I may be held
responsible. I have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other
university. This is purely original and authentic work.

AMRITPAL SINGH
1504436

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INDEX

Content Page No.

1.0 General Introduction 04


2.0 Information about Company 05
3.0 Student Profile 06
4.0 Information about Project 07
5.0 Location of Project 08
6.0 Steps of construction work 09
7.0 Methodology of Work 11
8.0 Waterproofing 13
9.0 Foundation 14
a) Column 15
b) Laying of Stair and Lift 21
10.0 Formwork (shuttering) 26
11.0 Information about Equipment 29
12.0 Bar Bending Schedule 38
13.0 Tiles Work 39
14.0 Safety Measure and Campaign 47
15.0 Site drawing and rings 52
16.0 Conclusion 53

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1.0 General Introduction

The practical training conducted by the engineering and non-engineering students at the
respective industrial units related to their subjects is termed as "Industrial Training". For
example a civil engineering student requires practical exposure at the building
construction sites, road construction projects etc. The industry-institute interaction is a
need of the hour. No institute or technical board could ever boast of a perfect syllabi
scheme without the inclusion of industrial training format. The industrial training is a part
of continuous learning process. So this field exposure that uplifts the knowledge and
experience of students needs to be properly documented in the form of report, which can
be termed as “Industrial report". A properly prepared industrial training report can
facilitate the presentation of the field experience is an orderly, precise and interesting
manner, which can off course well serve as a guide to the new entrant engineers. The
purpose of industrial training as:-

1) To provide field exposure to the students.

2) To have better understanding of engineering practices.

3) To make them adapt to industrial conditions.

4) To provide opportunities to the students to handle tasks independently.

5) To help students to understand about the duties of an engineer and other supervisory
staff in an organization.

6) To make them aware with the common industrial problems.

7) To impart intensive training to the students to enable them to learn and use working of
latest field equipments machine.

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2.0Informationabout Company

Gillco Park Hills Mohali


Gillco Park Hills is Stilt + 19 storey high rise apartments , comprising of modern and
super stylish architecture which appears to grow easily from its site and is shaped to
harmonize with its surroundings. Uniquely and beautifully designed, the exteriors fall
nothing short of a marvel. The buildings are easily accessible and structurally sound. The
clean and simple lines form a well built building perfectly in sync with its environment
and surroundings. Like they say, There is nothing like staying at home for real comfort.
Gillco Parkhills is the home where you would want to keep coming back to for joy, peace
and comfort.

Location Advantages

1. 1 km Frontage for High Visibility


2. Highways Connectivity
3. 700 residential units
4. 24 hours security and surveillance
5. 15 minutes to International Airport
6. 3.5 kms to Chandigarh
7. 19 floors
8. 6 thousand sq.ft. club house
9. 85 percent open spaces
10. 0 km from North Country Mall
11. 4 stylish home layouts to choose
12. 7 from minutes from MAX Hospital

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Z

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2.0 Areas Specifications of floor

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3.0 Student Profile
1. Name of the student: AMRITPAL SINGH

2. Father's Name: BALWANT SINGH

3. College: CT Institute Of Technology

4. Class: B-Tech in Civil Engineering


5. University Roll No. 1504436

6. Date of Birth: 07/11/1996

7. Session/Year: 2015-2019

8. Address of Communication: BABA SAWAN SINGH NAGAR,DAULO


NANGAL,BEAS , PUNJAB,INDIA
9. Contact no: 9878095755

10. E-mail Id: amrit38379@gmail.com

11. Name of organization GILLCO PARKHILLS

12. Period of Training: 1stAUGUST,2018 to 30th OCTOBER ,2018

13. Location of the Project: SECTOR 126,S.A.S NAGAR, MOHALI

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4.0 Information About Project:
GILLCO PARKHILLS homes are more fluid , open livable , and
less restrained .We understand the necessity of a specious space
uilt with quality and love which not only is aesthetically appealing
but also warm and welcoming .Every element is pleasing to the eye
and nothing is complex or complicated to visualise .The bedrooms
kitchens ,bathrooms and the living room are delightful and yes we
can safely say that GILLCO PARKHILLS we have created Living
spaces that go beyond the ordinary.
1.Semi Furnished Ultra Luxury AC Apartments
2. Wooden tiles in Master Bedroom
3.CableTV/TELEPHONE/BROADBAND point in Living and
Bedrooms
4.2lifts -1Passenger AND 1 service
5.24Hrs Security with Intercom System
6.Advance in fire system for safety

5.0 Location Of Project


SECTOR – 126, SAS NAGAR, MOHALI,PUNJAB

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.

6.0 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK


These are the steps which are mainly followed for the begging of construction.

1) Types of building:-First select the type of building whatever we want to construct,


depending on the need like villas, flats, apartments, penthouses, malls, industrial
buildings or group housing.
2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be selected according to the
space required and whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the
population and bearing in mind the geographical and industrial point of view for
further development.
3) Survey: - By survey we measure all the dimensions and plot the real position or place
wherever we want to construct our structure. This includes many aspects like
financial survey, economical survey, topographical survey etc. As show in figures.

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4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type of the soil, bearing capacity
of the soil, nature of the bed, the topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps
the structural designer to design the footing for our project

5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the heart to the project, which
is the master document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and do
accordingly; these drawings have all the plans and construction details about the
particular project.
6) Structure Design: - Structural Designer is that person who gives life to an
Architectural Drawing; it infuses the correct data and interpret the correct meaning
which an Engineer knows. He suggests the type of foundation, columns, beams and
slabs etc. which are needed for the construction and also provides the amount of steel
and its size.
7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the proposed project starts. The
construction is done at the site in which different section is divided like Civil, Electric
and Mechanical work.

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7.0 Methodology of Work

a) Site Clearance: -The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass
and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.

b) Layout for Excavation: - Two arbitrarystation points of known coordinates with


reference to INA Metro Station Benchmarkwere marked with the help of a TOTAL
STATION, thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing near every block to be
constructed. So coordinates of Total Station can be found out from those two fixed points
using resection method whenever required and layout for excavation is done accordingly.

c) Excavation: -Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically.


Adequate precautions were taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the
adjoining structures. Excavation was carried out providing adequate side slopes.Depth of
excavation was 6.0 meter from Ground Level. The backfilling was done in layers not
exceeding 20 cm in thickness and then it was compacted. There are some points which
should be kept in mind at the time of excavation:-

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1. In areas where the trench is close to the buildings, depending on the type of
foundation of the building, shoring shall be done by planking, strutting or trench
sheets.
2. In other areas it will be stepped open excavation with battered slopes.
3. Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose material; rock projections and the
surface will be levelled and moistened uniformly before commencing compaction.
4. Levelled bottom surface shall be compacted using smooth wheel rollers as per
specifications.

d) Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete):- After the process of compaction and
levelling, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 100mm thick
PCC of grade M10 with 100mm projectionswas made in such a manner that it was not
mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1:4:8 that
is, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of fine aggregates and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by
weight were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete
placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing.
When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, end is sloped at an angle of 30° and the
lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.

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8.0 Waterproofing

Water-proof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or


resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Waterproof often refer to
penetration of water in its liquid state and possibly under pressure, whereas damp
proof refers to resistance to humidity or dampness.
In building construction, waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building
envelope, which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials, siding,
foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces need to be water-
resistant and sometimes waterproof.

APP Membranes
APP WaterproofingMembranes are mostly used to prevent leakage in various areas.

Features :
 Total impermeability for total waterproofing.
 Excellent resistance to aging and weathering.
 Outstanding bond ability and seam integrity.
 Flexibility at low temperature.
 Stability at high temperature.
 Very high resistance to impact & puncture.
 Application friendly. (Labour cost saving)
 High tensile strength and tear resistance.
 Isotropic properties.

Finishes:
Torch Tar APP membrane is available in three basic finishes.
 Black smooth finish with PE (Polyethylene) surfaces for covered applications.
 Granule surfacing for exposed application.
 Fine sanded upper surface for coated systems.

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Applications:
Torch Tar is installed by torch welding method, fully bonded to substrate.
Packing:
Standard Width: 1 Meter
Standard Length: 10 Meter for 3mm & 4mm and 20 Meter for 2mm
e) 50mm Thick Screed: -

9.0Foundation: -

Two types of foundation were provided at site. Raft foundation was provided in tower
area whereas isolated footings were provided in non-tower areas.
Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area,
normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is used when large
load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide individual footings due to space
constraints i.e. their pressure bulbs would overlap each other. They are often needed on
soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger
area.
Specifications
 Area of Raft:- 1122.65m2
 Depth of Raft:- 1200mm
 Grade of Concrete:- M30(1:1:1.5)
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500
 Bottom Reinforcement:-32.mm ɸ @ 200mm c/c (both ways)
 Top Reinforcement:- 16mm ɸ @ 200mmc/c (both ways)
 Extra top Reinforcement:-
o A, B and K 16mm ɸ @ 200mmc/c
o H 12mm ɸ @ 200mmc/c
o R 20mm ɸ @ 200mmc/c
 Clear Cover:- 55mm
 Lap Length:- 48.5ɸ
 Steel Quantity:- 115Tonnes (with Chair 16mm ɸ @ 1m c/c)
 Concrete Quantity:-625m3

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a) Column: -A column is an important component of RCC structure. It is a vertical
member which is used to transfer the load of super structure such as super structure,
floor, balconies, slab etc as ashown in figure. The steel bars used in construction of the
columns are of diameter 12,16,18, 20,25, 32mm, Lapping shall be done with the couplers
for bars of diameter 16mm and above for lesser dia. of bars a lap length of 36 times the
dia. of bar shall be provided and laps shall be staggered. The ties used are of diameter 8
& 10mm bars. The method of construction of column is follow:-

5. Placing vertical steel of columns: -As according to structural drawing (column


schedule) vertical bars were placed through top reinforcement of raft on the position
marked earlier (6.5) above the bottom reinforcement of raft.
6. Layout of columns: -After casting of raft again the layout of column was done in
order to check the actual position of vertical bars of columns. The layout was also
helpful to place the shuttering on actual position, so that the column should be in
proper position according to drawing (Column layout drawing).
7. Bar binding and column starter: -Shear reinforcement was tied as according to
structural drawing (column schedule) up to the height determined from framing plan.

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At bottom column starters were made so that shuttering can be fixed on desired

accurate position.

8. Cover blocks: - Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the
shuttering plates and thereby providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements
as per the design drawings. Cover blocks used shall be of same grade of concrete or
made up of PVC. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced
during the concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using
thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during
making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of
cement sand mortar (1:3). Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical

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9. Formwork: -The shuttering either wooden or steel is cleaned and oiled properly and
then it is fixed around column and its plumb is checked out. At bottomstarters keep
shuttering in position and at top and middle, cover blocks are fixed so that proper
cover could be provided to reinforcement and its verticality can be ensured
10.

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11. Propping: -The shuttering plates are kept in position using standards. Standards are
provided with a base plate at the bottom and screw jack at the top.
12. Concrete Pouring and Compaction: -Concrete is poured in columns with the help
of pump and pipe. The different pieces of pipe are joined with the help of couplers. At
the end of pipe a flexible hose is provided so as to facilitate the concrete poring
process

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13. Check for Verticality: -After the concrete is placed, the verticality of shuttering is
checked again while concrete is still in fresh state and then required corrections if any
are made.
14. Removal of Formwork: -The very next day, shuttering of columns is removed.
15. Chipping and Finishing: -As the surface should be smooth and plain. So surface
roughness or peculiarities if any are removed and patches are repaired with the help
of cement mortar.

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16. Curing: -After the finishing work, the date of column casted is marked on it and its
surface is covered with the help or hazen clothes. The surface of concrete is kept wet
for next seven days by sprinkling water countinously.

Fig:-14Shuttering and Layout of Column

Specification

 Size of Columns :-
Name Sizes No.
C1 & C1A 300 X 750 4
C2 300 X 715 4
C2A 300 X 785 8
C3,C3A,C4,C4A ,C5 300 X 600 35

 Lap Length:- 40 ɸ
 Steel Quantity:- 6040.496quintal
 Concrete Quantity:-31.81m3
 Grade of Concrete:- M40
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
 Clear Cover:- 45,55mm

i) Laying of Beam and Slab: - A structural member which supports lateral load and
resist bending is known as beam. Slabs are plane structural member whose thickness is
quite small as compared to its other dimension. Slab support mainly transverse loads and
transfer them to end supports by bending action in one or more directions.The steps
which are followed for the construction of column are written as below:-
I. Fixing Beam bottom and slab formwork: -Beam bottoms are fixed along with
the vertical reinforcement of columns using a specially made arrangement called
“BEAM SUPPORTER”. Then sides of beams are fixed and then main slab’s
shuttering is laid according to architectural drawing (framing plan). The gaps are
filled and uniform horizontal platform is made to support the slab.Generally beam
bottom and slab’s shuttering is made of plywood and rests on vertical steel pipe
arrangement called “probes”.Note: All the sunken portions and sections according

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to co-ordinate framing plan should be taken into consideration while fixing the
beam bottoms and slab’s shuttering.
II. Laying reinforcement of beams and slab: -First of all reinforcement of primary
beams is laid and then secondary beams on a certain height above the shuttering
according to structural drawing (beam detail). After all beams are tied and are
placed on their respective position slab reinforcement is laid according to
structural drawing (slab reinforcement detail) and bar bending schedule. Cover
blocks are placed in between shuttering and slabs reinforcement.Note: All the
section should read carefully and dowel required for any section or staircase
should be placed before casting.

III. Leveling of slab: -To check exact level of slab (both bottom and top) a certain
level is marked above the finished floor level on columns bars as convenient. A
thread is tied throughout that mark on the column bars at the marked level and
level of slab (bottom and top) is measured by measuring the perpendicular length
graduated bar.from thread level to the top level of slab by the help of measuring
tape

Specification of Beam
 Size of Pedestal:-
Sr Name Sizes
No.
1 FB1 400 X 700
2 FB2, FB3, FB5, FB6, FB10, FB11, FB13, 300 X 700
FB14, FB16, FB18, FB22
3 FB7, FB8, FB9, FB12, FB15, FB17, 500X800
FB17A, FB19, FB20, FB23, FB21, FB24
 Lap Length:- 40 ɸ
 Steel Quantity:-5743 quintal
 Concrete Quantity:-35952x(10)5mm3
 Grade of Concrete:- M30 (1:1:1)
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
 Clear Cover:- 40mm
Specification of Slab
 Thickness of Slab:- 150mm

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 Grade of Concrete:- M40(1:3:5)
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
 Clear Cover:- 50mm
 Lap Length:- 40 ɸ
 Steel Quantity:- 3252.91 quintal (with Chair 12mm ɸ 351 no.)
 Concrete Quantity:- 83 m3

b) Laying of Stair and Lift: -A series of steps or flight of steps that go from one level to
another is called stair. The form work can be made up with plywood or framing lumber.
The first step is to cut the side forms according to the drawing. Add wooden member as
bracing against the outward movement and depending on the width of stair additional
bracing should be provided at centre. Make sure that the forms are plumb and level
before proceeding further. After that concrete is prepared from R.M.C. and poured into
Frame work. Concrete should be poured from the bottom step. Once you pour it, it should
be spread evenly. Use a spade or a rod to remove trapped air bubbles. A screed board is a
piece of lumber somewhat longer than width is used for the finishing purpose. Last step is
curing, it can be done be gunny bags or by pounding method.
Lift is a vertical access that moves up and down inside a building and carries
peoples from one floor to another floor. The lift frame is made of R.C.C. and construction
method is same as other member. There is one precaution must be considered that it
should be vertical straight and leveled. The formwork should be strong enough to take the
dead load and live load during construction. It should be watertight and easily removed
after placing of concrete.

Specification of Stair & Lift


 Dia. Of Stair Slab Bar:- 12mm@120c/c
 Dia. of Lift Bar:- 10mm@150c/c both side
 Dia. of Stirrups’ bar:- 8mm@150C/C(COL.)
 Grade of Concrete:- M25 (1:1:2)
 Grade of Steel:- Fe500D
 Clear Cover:- 50mm
 Lap Length:- 40 ɸ
 Steel Quantity of lift :- 489 Kg
 Steel Quantity of Stair :- 275 Kg including Landing

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LIFT PIT

Specification of lift

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Size of lift pit=5X7m
Steel used=60 tones
Quantity of concrete=40m3
Grade of concrete=M30

Scaffolding
Scaffolding, also called staging, is a temporary structure used to support people
and material in the construction or repair of buildingsand other structures.Scaffolding has
been used since ancient times. There are many kinds of prefabricated, modular system
of metalpipes or tubes, although it can be custom.

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Materials
The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers and boards.

The key elements of a scaffold are standards, ledgers and transoms. The
standards, also called uprights, are the vertical tubes that transfer the entire mass of the
structure to the ground where they rest on a square base plate to spread the load. The base
plate has a shank in its centre to hold the tube and is sometimes pinned to a sole board.
Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards. Transoms rest upon
the ledgers at right angles. Main transoms are placed next to the standards, they hold the
standards in place and provide support for boards; intermediate transoms are those placed
between the main transoms to provide extra support for boards as well as the tubes at
right angles.

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The spacings of the basic elements in the scaffold are fairly standard. For a
general purpose scaffold the maximum bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier work the bay size
is reduced to 2 or even 1.8 m while for inspection a bay width of up to 2.7 m is allowed.
The scaffolding width is determined by the width of the boards, the minimum
width allowedis 600 mm but a more typical four-board scaffold would be 870 mm wide
from standard to standard. The lift height, the spacing between ledgers, is 2 m, although
the base lift can be up to 2.7 m. The diagram above also shows a kicker lift, which is just
150 mm or so above the ground.

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Transom spacing is determined by the thickness of the boards supported, 38 mm
boards require a transom spacing of no more than 1.2 m while a 50 mm board can stand a
transom spacing of 2.6 m and 63 mm boards can have a maximum span of 3.25 m. The
minimum overhang for all boards is 50 mm and the maximum overhang is no more than
4x the thickness of the board.
Putlog scaffold
A putlog scaffold may also be called a bricklayer's scaffold. As such, the scaffold
consists only of a single row of standards with a single ledger. The putlogs are transoms -
attached to the ledger at one end but integrated into the bricks at the other.
IS : 4014 ( Part II ) - 1967
Support And Stability Of Scaffolds
7.1 The displacement of the foot of any standard or upright shall, unlessprevented in
some other sufficient way, be prevented either;
a) by sinking the standard or upright a sufficient distance intoground; or
b) by placing the standard or upright on an adequate base plate ontop of timber sole plate
in some chases in a manner to preventslipping or sinking.
7.2 No part of a building shall be used as support for part of a scaffoldunless it is of
sound material and sufficiently stable and of sufficientstrength to afford safe support.
Overhanging eaves, gutters shall not beused as such supports unless they have been
specially designed as walkwaysand are of adequate strength.
Types of Scaffolding
2.2.1Independent Scaffold - The scaffolding supported on two rows ofuprights,
independent of the structure under construction.
2.2.2Individual Component Type Scaffold - Independent or putfog scaffoldconsisting of
an assembly of individual tubes and fittings.

2.2.3Putlog Scaffold - The scaffolding supported by single row of uprights in


combination with load bearing parts of the structure. It may be either ‘individual
component type’ or ‘unit frame type’.
2.2.4 Unit Frame Type Scaffold - Independent or putlog scaffold consistingof an
assembly of prefabricated frames suitably connected or fittedand used in combination
with or without individual tubes.
IS: 2750 - 1964
Individual Components
2.3.1 BasePlate - A plate for distributing the load from a standard orraker.
2.3.3 Brace -A tube incorporated diagonally in a scaffolding forstability.
2.3.4 Bridle - A horizontal tube slung between putlogs for the purposeof supporting
intermediate putlogs where due to window openings and thelike, it is impossible to
support a putlog in the wall.
2.3.6 Coupler-A fitting by which a grip is applied to the external surfaces oftwo tubes and
which thereby holds them together.

2.3.10 Joint Pin -An internal fitting for jointing two tubes end-to-end.
2.3.13 Putlog - A tube or other member spanning from a ledger to thewall of a building
and which may have a specially formed end (whichmay be detachable ) for the purpose
of fixing into the brickwork.

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2.3.16 Raker - An inclined tube having a bearing on the ground or anadjacent structure.

10.0 FORMWORK (SHUTTERING)

Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this


mould, fresh concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of
formwork takes time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure
or even more. Designs of these temporary structures are made to economize expenditure.
The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can
be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called
stationary forms.

A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:


 It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
 It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
 Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be
suitable for reuse.
 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have
plane surface.
 It should be as light as possible.

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Steel Formwork
This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by
small steel angles. The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps
or bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular
shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular or curved structures.
Comparison of Steel forms with timber formwork:
 Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and
their reuses are more in number.
 Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
 The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such
surfaces need no further treatment.
 Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.
 Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

Construction of formwork:
This normally involves the following operations:
 Propping and centring
 Shuttering
 Provision of camber
 Cleaning and surface treatment

Order and method of removing formwork:


The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:
 Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
 Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
 Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end. Table: Period of removal of formwork

S. No. Description of structural member Period of time


1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days
2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4 Removal of props to slabs
(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5 Removal of props to beams and arches
(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days
(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days

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Economy in Formwork
The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:
 The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size
of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
 Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
 Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of
the material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the
quality of the formwork.
 Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fibre
glass used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where
large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber
formwork proves useful. Fibre glass made of pre-cast concrete and aluminium are
used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or members involving curved
surfaces.

Normal sizes of members for timber formwork:


Sheeting for slabs, beam, 25 mm to 40mm thick
column side and beam bottom
Joints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150 mm
Posts 75 x 100mm to 100 x 100
mm
What Is the Difference Between Shuttering and Formwork?
Shuttering and formwork are both terms used to describe the process of creating a mould
in which concrete can be poured and contained as it hardens. Shuttering usually refers to
the process of using plywood to form the mould, while formwork is something of a
broader term that is used to denote the forming process using a wide variety of materials.
Shuttering and formwork both accomplish the same essential task, but the materials used
to accomplish this task can vary. Sometimes there is no differentiation made between the
two terms, and in some cases, shuttering may be considered one specific type of
formwork.

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11.0 Information about Equipment:

1) Mixer Plant: Mixer plant provides the facility to mix the various ingredients of
concrete in required proportions at the in order to fulfill the quantities of concrete and
without more lead distance. A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that
combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water,
aggregate, fly ash and cement and the centre of the concrete batching plant is the mixer.
These employ computer aided control to assist in fast, accurate measurement of input
constituents or ingredients, as well as ties toghter the various parts and accessories for
coordinated and safe operation.

2) Transit Mixer:It is used to transport the concrete from the place of production to the
site. Nominal capacity of Transit mixer is 6M3 and Total Geometric volume is 9M3. It is a
equipment which is used for transpoting the concrete from batching plant directly to the
place where it is to be poured. It has a wide range of application specially for mass
concreting works like high rise building construction and Dam and airports etc.The angle
of drum is 15° and drum speed varies from 0-14 rpm. It optimized the position of spiral
ensures maximum discharge of concrete. Weight of mixer is varies from 2500 kgs-
3760kgs. At our site there are 8 no of transit mixer which are used in different pocket.

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3) Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as immersion or poker vibrator
have a power unit and long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached.
Wherever compaction is tobe done, the vibrating head is inserted in the
concrete.Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and
excess water are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork.
Improper consolidation of concrete can cause product defects, compromise the concrete
strength, and produce surface blemishes such as bug holes and honeycombing. An
internal concrete vibrator is a steel cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat,
with a hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head is immersed in the
wet concrete.

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Fig.:-33 Needle Vibrators

4) Bar Straighter Machine: This machine is used for cutting the bar as per requirement
in large quantities. The machine can do the operation of cutting upto 12mm dia. and for
bar having dia. greater than 12mm than Bar Cutter is used.

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5) Bar Bending Machine:6) Bar Cutting Machine

7)Concrete Trailer Pumps


A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There
are two types of concrete pumps.

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Trailer-mounted boom concrete pump: It is attached to a truck. It uses a remote-
controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom
pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of
pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing
boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to truck-mounted concrete pumps.

Truck-mounted concrete pump: It is either mounted on a truck and known as a truck-


mounted concrete pump or placed on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line
pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete
placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are
linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps
normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller
volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single
family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.

Schwing Trailer concrete Pump SP1800


SP1800 provides solutions for high delivery with low concrete pressure or low
delivery with high concrete pressure ensuring high efficiency in both cases. It is an output
governed hydraulic pump that ensures the prime mover is never overloaded. The
automatic governor splits available engine output into oil flow and oil pressure and
allows the pump to run always at the optimum level.
At the same time, the manual de-stroker can be used to vary output independent
of the automatic governor for fine tuning. The open circuit and the 'Hi-Flow' integrated
spool block apply minimum stress on the components and wear parts. The constant
filtering and circulation this set-up offers reduces heat generation and so allows for
prolonged operation.

Schwing Trailer Pump SP1800 - Technical Data


Parameter Unit SP1800
Engine Capacity kW 110
Pumping Cylinder mm 200x1600

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Max Output cu-m/hr 73
Max Strokes/min 24
Concrete pressure bar 108

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Checking for Wear: Pumping performance as well as safe operation of the pumping
system may be affected by worn couplings or gaskets, which may let air into the line or
allow grout to escape.Couplings typically wear on the surface that comes into contact
with the pipe. The most accurate way to inspect for worn pipeline is with a gauge
specifically designed to measure the thickness of steel pipe. In addition, the pipe ends
must be inspected for wear, cleanliness and to make sure they are compatible with other
pipe and couplings to be used on the job.

Securing the System: Improper tie-down is one of the most common causes of accidents
when pumping concrete. Support brackets, designed to hold pipeline in either a horizontal
or vertical position, should be spaced every 10 to 15 feet in order to take weight off of the
coupling joint, and to transfer the pumping torque to a building column or beam.

Cleaning the System: If done improperly, cleaning the system after the daily pumping
job can be very hazardous. Water should be used for cleaning whenever possible and
practical, since it is the best and safest cleaning method available.

If cleaning with compressed air, remember that the pressure builds up, and may remain in
the line even after the supply is shut off, so a bleed-off valve should always be installed
on the system when using compressed air.

Remember that this pressure can be of sufficient force to propel a clean-out ball through
the open end with enough force to penetrate a concrete block wall. Therefore, whether
using water or air pressure, install an end cap and a catcher to prevent injury to workers
or damage to property.

Safety "Don'ts" for Pump Operators: Carelessness in the field can cause accidents, no
matter how many safety measures are built in to the equipment and procedures. Keep
these safety "don’ts" in mind:

DON'T

 Open a coupling that is under pressure


 Face an open discharge end of the pipeline
 Pick up a clogged hose that is under pressure

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 Climb on a hydraulic system to clean a clogged line

BLOCKAGES
Causes of Blockages: There are basically three main causes of pump line blockages: a
deficiency in the mix design; problems with the pipeline itself; and the human factor, or
operator error.

The Wrong Mix

 Concrete can bleed due to poorly graded sand that allows water to bleed through
the small channels formed due to voids in the sand, or if the concrete is too wet.
 Insufficient mixing can cause segregation in the mix. For successful pumping,
aggregate must have a full coating of cement grout to lubricate the mix as it is
being pumped.
 A delay in placing the concrete due to traffic or job site problems, as well as hot
weather conditions, may cause the concrete to begin to set prematurely. This
creates a mix that may be too stiff to pump, because it won’t fill the pumping
cylinders, causing excessive pumping pressures.

Problems with the Pipeline

 The entire pumping system must be evaluated for the job it is to perform.
Considerations include a properly sized system including pump capacity and
motor horsepower to move the concrete through the full length of the pipeline.
 Pipes that have been improperly cleaned may cause blockages where old concrete
has set, and may cause bleeding and segregation. Defective couplings, gaskets, or
weld collars also can result in the loss of grout.
 Another thing to look for are bends that are too short, too sharp, or too numerous,
all of which increase concrete pumping pressure. Variations of pipeline diameter,
may cause blockages or rock jams because the concrete can’t flow as quickly
through the smaller diameter pipeline.

Operator Error

The most common error from inexperienced operators is setting up the pumping
system improperly. Operators must know to set up each job so that pipe or hose only
needs to be removed, not added on. This is because if the placing crew has to add hose
once the pour is in progress, the dry conditions inside the added hose is likely to cause a
blockage.

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Locating a Blockage:

 The first suspect spot for blockage is the reducer, which connects the concrete
pump to the pipeline system. A quick build-up in pressure prior to the jam
indicates the blockage is most likely in the pump area. Slow pressure build-up is
indicative of a jam further down the line, nearer the delivery end.
 The operator needs to examine the system, especially at the elbows or discharge
hose. This can be done by tapping the hammer along the pipeline. Where concrete
is jammed, the hammer will produce a dull thud, as opposed to a more ringing
sound where the line is clear.
 All pipe joints should also be inspected for grout leakage, as well, as this can be
indicative of grout loss and subsequent blockage.
 By carefully walking over or stepping on the discharge hose to depress it, a
blockage may be located where the soft hose becomes firm, indicating jammed
aggregate.

Clearing the Blockage:

 By alternately reversing the pump and resuming pumping for a few cycles, the
pump operator may be able to break loose a minor rock jam. This should not be
tried more than a couple of times, however, as it can jam the pipeline even tighter.
If the reversal method doesn't work, the operator must locate the blockage, then
break back the line and clear it out.
 Always make sure the line is no longer under pressure prior to clearing a
blockage. Stand to one side of the line and remove the coupling nearest the jam.
Let all the free-flowing concrete run out of the open end of the line by lifting the
line, then bend the hose or tap on the pipeline in the area of the jam and shake out
loose particles.

Important safety tip: When trying to clear a line blockage, NEVER use compressed air.
If a greatly increased pump pressure won’t move the blockage, compressed air won’t be
able to either. While using compressed air utilizing proper safety precautions is OK for
cleaning out unblocked sections of pipe, using it on blockages can cause all kinds of
problems, including the need to relieve the built-up air pressure, residual air pockets, and
additional blockages due to segregation.

8) BackhoeLoader: These are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick,


bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an
undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel

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ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam
shovels and often called power shovels.
Fig.:-37 Backhoe Loader Fig.:-38 Loader
9) Hydra (Cranes): -These are used in taking off heavy objects and also to transport
them from one to other place at the site. A crane is a lifting machine that principally
works with the use of pulleys and cables. For the construction industry, cranes are
valuable assets because they make working with heavy machinery and construction
materials easy.The invention of cranes made things easy for mankind because without
them, loading, unloading, and lifting had to be done by human hands, would consume
more time, and the entire system was not efficient at all.

Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries


 Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the machine has
been installed with a guard.
 Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some
dangerous places which have not been provided with fencing.
 Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or other lifting
equipment.
 Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the condition of its
electric cables.
 Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to come into
contact with water.
 Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.
 Use and handle chemicals with care.

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12.0 Bar Bending Schedule

Bar bending schedules plays a very important role in making the details of the
reinforcement and it includes the following parameters:

 Type of bar and its diameter


 Shape and size of each bar size of reinforcement (e.g. straight bat, bent up bar,
anchor bar, etc.
 Number of bar for each size of reinforcement
 Detailed calculation
 Total weight required for a particular member
 Special remark.
The weight of steel is taken as 7850 kg/m3.
Splicing is always used for the bar having dia. less than 36mm
Weight of bar in kg can be worked out by the formula = Dia2 /162.2
Nominal Size Weight
(mm) (kg)
8 0.22
10 0.39
12 0.62
16 0.89
25 1.58
32 2.47

Bar bending schedule has been prepared for the various components in building which
are:-
a) Raft foundation d) Columns
b) Pedestal e) Beam and slabs
c) Plinth beam f) Mumty

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13.0 TILES WORK

What is tile:- A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as


ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors,
walls, showers.

Tools Requires :-
• Tape measure
• Framing square
• Marking pencil / china marker
• Chalk line
• Grid (graph) paper
• Rubber gloves
• Knee pads
• Buckets
• Drill and mixing
• Spray bottle paddle
• Tile trowel

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• Abrasive stone
Grout float

Material Requires :
• -Tile spacers
• Thin-set mortar
• Grout
• Painter’s tape
• Grout haze / film remover
• Grout sealer
Tile spacers :- Tile spacers are necessary whenever you are
installing tile. Properly using the spacers will create a professional
result.

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Different Spacers :-
Tile spacers come in a variety of sizes. Everyone likes a different
width when it comes to grout lines. Narrow grout lines are becoming
popular because less grout means less cleaning and maintenance.
Consider a narrow tile spacer if possible.
Removing Tile Spacers :-
Leave the tile spacers in place while the adhesive is setting. Use
needle nose pliers to remove them effectively and easily.

Tile Choice:-
Choosing your tiles can be very tricky, but it is also a very important
factor when you are looking to transform a room. At Tile Choice we
stock a huge range of wall and floor tiles made from porcelain,
ceramic or natural stone for you to choose from. Tile Choice caters
for all your needs, we have kitchen tiles and bathroom tiles and
ranges suitable for tight budgets. We source tiles from all over the
world so we are giving you the choice you want at reasonable price.
Tiles can provide a stylish, sleek finish as well as a low-maintenance
surface which is easy to keep clean – perfect in a busy kitchen. We
have a fantastic range of kitchen tiles in stock in a variety of styles
and finishes, so whether you have a cool and contemporary kitchen
or something more traditional, we can supply the wall or floor tiles
that you need to transform your kitchen area into a stylish and
functional living area.

Ceramic tile is a versatile and durable finishing material. Tiles can


be installed as a floor or wall covering nearly anywhere, but they are
especially useful in rooms, bathrooms and kitchens. Tiled walls can
resist moisture and handle scrubbing much more readily than drywall
or other materials, and so they are the ideal choice for humid
bathrooms and kitchens where they will be exposed to cooking
splatters.
POINT BEFORE LAYING THE TILES :-
Step 1 :-
Make sure your floor is ready to go. Once you've removed the
current floor dressings and floor items, you'll want to check the base
layer that you will be building on to make sure that it is structurally
sound. This is important, since a rotting or weak floor can cause your
tiling job to warp, crack, or even breaks.

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(Fig. a)( Fig. b)

Step 2 :-
Use a level and tape to measure for your tile locations. Now using a
level and measuring tape measure and mark for the middle lines in
the area you will be tiling tap measure and mark. You want to find
both the vertical and horizontal middle, since you will use these to
keep your tiles straight and divide the area into sections for tiling.

Step 3 :-
Divide the area into small portion

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Step 4 :-
Dry fit and then cut tiles to size using a diamond wet saw ;
dry fit your tiles to be sure that they will look the way you want them
to look .once you’re comfortable with how it looks ,measure how
much space you need for each row with the spaces and cut tiles to
size using a diamond tipped wet saw.
*So, for example let’s say your wall to tiles is five feet long .you’re
putting up subway tile and the tiles are 6inch,with spaces of ¼
between each of them You’ll need 9.6tiles for each row to cover that
space meaning nine full tiles sand one cut to 3.6inch

Step 5 :-
Mix the mortar .You should also allow it to ‘’slake ‘’ after you
first mix it up this means you allow it torest for 10-15 mintues and
them stir up again now it is ready to use

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Step 6 :-
Spread the mortar. Workinf in a roughly 2*3 area , use a tiling trowel
to apply the mortar. Hold the notched trowelat a shallowangle
against the floor so that the notches on one of its long sides dig
grooves into the mortar.

Step 7 :-
Place your tiles on the floor .with the mortar ready to go ,you can
start placing your tiles.just twist them into place ,sticking to the
small area that you prepared for yourself .place your spacer between
each tiles as you go these are usually cross shaped and placed at the
corners.

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Step 8 :-
Choose and mix your grout, you’ll need to choose what grout is
appropriate for your project , depending on how large the gaps are
between your tiles. mix only what you can spread in about 20
minutes.
• Without sand grout is used for gaps smaller than 3 mm .
• Sanded grout is used for gaps larger than 3mm.

(Fig. a) (Fig. b)
Step 9 :-
Spread the grout using a grout float. Clean the grout. After allowing
the grout to cure for 20mintues wipe the tiles with a clean, damp
sponge to remove any excess grout from tiled surface.

Step 10 :-
Allow it to cure. Now allow the grout to cure for three hours or
whatever amount of time is recommended on your product
directions.

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(Fig.a) (fig.b)

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14.0 Safety Measure and Campaign

In Civil engineering construction project, accidents cannot be avoided. A mishap can


happen any time and unexpectedly during construction. About 80 percent of accidents are
mainly caused due to unsafe practices and shear negligence of the workers. Safety
measures arenecessary to motivate and encourage the workers to work at the given site or
industry without any fear, tension or worry in mind about his security of life. Good safety
measures are essential to increase the output of work by generating safety free
environmental sense of contentment among the workers.

Safety measure can be efficiently handled by properly educating and training workers
about the safe rules and their importance. It is the foremost duty of construction
management to appoint separate safety engineer to undertake safety measure and to
prevent the occurrence of accidents. The causes of accidents should be properly
investigated and suitable measures should be adopted to control these accidents. Thus,
safety measures help in;

 Reduced workers’ compensation claims.


 Reduced expenses related to injuries and illnesses.
 Reduced absenteeism and lower employee complaints.
 Loss of life and increased productivity.
 Improved employee morale and satisfaction.
 Reduction of hidden cost and reduced insurance cost.

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Fig:-39 Safety Measures

SafetyEquipments:

1. Helmets:

Personal Safety

 Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety vast and safety
footwear at construction site.
 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.
 Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe act.

Public Safety

 Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often unaware of or do
not understand the work carried out on construction sites and the hazards
involved.
 Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.
 Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.

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Safety Campaign:-An organized movement launched by an enterprise or construction
firm to advocate the safety rules and regulations among its workers to reduce the number
of accidents is termed as safety campaign. The following points should be kept in mind
for launching safety campaign.

1. The safety campaign must be placed under the charge of a very competent,
experienced and able manager, who may be termed as safety Director.
2. The worker should be frequently addressed in a small group in their language or
easy accessible language to explain about safety rules.
3. Do’s and Don’ts during construction work should be displayed in bold letter along
with diagram on chart paper
4. Advertisement films, Documentaries and CD should be shown to the workers on
off days, explaining about the need for safety measures.
5. Safety Slogans and safety Quotations should be made an integral part of safety
campaign to educate the illiterate and poor workers.
6. Training in first-aid should be provided to workers and supervisors for treating
minor cuts and injuries.
7. Safety journals should be brought about by the concerned management and
distributed free of cost to the workers.

21.0 Inspection and Quality Control

Inspection is the process of carrying out vigilant checks during the construction of project
against any serious defect or lack of progress. Inspection of work is carried from
beginning of work upto the completion of project at various stages or levels by competent
authority. Quality control is the comparison of materials, construction techniques and
finishing products etc. with the laid down standards. The quality control and inspection
should ensure that the quality of work is in accordance with the prescribed specifications.
Stages of construction:
a) Layout stage: It is the first stage of work to be inspected when the layout of
building is carried out. The layout should be properly checked for right angles and
dimensions must be measured as per plan.

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b) Earthwork completion stage: At this stage, quality inspectors check the
adequate depth and width of excavation trench to ensure the desired depth of
foundation.
c) Foundation laying stage: At this stage, the quality engineer mainly inspects the
material reached at the site, such as quality of cement, sand, bricks and aggregate
to be used in foundations. The materials must be of the same quality as has been
inspected at the supplier’s premises. In general, a contractor always tries to use
over burnt orjhama bricks for the foundation work which should be objected.
d) D.P.C. laying stage: It is the one of the critical stage, which must be inspected by
the quality engineer. It is the completion of foundation stage, when damp proofing
course is laid at the top of foundation layer to protect the building from moisture.
At this stage, once again layout of building should be exactly checked as per the
building plan to ensure proper internal dimensions of rooms and its components.
e) Formwork erecting stage: Erecting formwork is one of the major stage of the
construction work, which must be given due attention by the quality inspectors.
The shape, strength and finishing surfaces of concrete in beams, column and slabs
mainly depend upon type of form work. For large project, only steel form work
should be used. For concrete construction forms or shuttering in the forms of
wooden planks or steel plates are used for keeping the green concrete in position
till it hardens. This helps in giving the desired shapes to different components of
the structure.
Removal of formwork
 For columns = 24 to 48 hours
 For slab up to 4.5 m span = 7 days
 For slab more than 4.5m span = 14 days
 For beams up to 6m span = 14 days
 For beams above 6m span = 21 days

The good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:-


1. The material of the formwork should be practically water proof so that it can’t
absorb water from concrete.

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2. It should be strong enough to withstand the pressure or the load of the fresh
concrete and live load of the worker coming on it.
3. The formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing
the least injury to the surface of nearly constructed concrete members.
4. The inside surface of formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance
to the resulting newly constructed concrete members.

f) Reinforcement laying stage: The strength of the structural members like beams,
columns and slabs depends upon the reinforcement provided. So, when the
reinforcement stage is laid over the formwork erected, it is right time for quality
engineers to inspect the work for identification of any defect with respect to
adequate reinforcement detail.

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Site Drawing

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Rings

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FLAT LAYOUT

1. 2BHK LAYOUT

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22.0 CONCLUSION

The entire period of industrial training has a good practical exposure of


construction work. At the end of six months industrial training, I feel myself better
equipped to face the field problems of Civil Engineering branch related with the
construction of the buildings which are a lot more different from the hypothetical
based theory which is taught to the students in the college. This has given me the
much needed field exposure to shape up my thinking in a better way as a
professional making me a lot more capable to face the challenges in the field. It has
provided explicit knowledge of carrying out of the various elements of the
construction work. Working with experienced Engineers has enhanced my technical
skills greatly for which I am grateful to them. There professional approach towards
work is worth appreciable. These six months were very worthwhile and apart from
all, it has helped me getting acclimatized to the construction work.

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