RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete Report of Biotechnology Experiment with the title “EM4” which

made by:
name : Fatmah Kamaruddin
ID : 1614440002
class : Biology Of Education ICP 2016
group : I (One)
After checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, this report
was accepted.

Makassar, March 2019

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Suharyanti Amir , S.Pd Ahmad Fathurrahman Hala

1514141001

Known by,
Responsibility Lecture

Prof. Dr. Ir. Hj. Yusminah Hala, M.S.

NIP: 19811212 198601 2 002
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Composting is one of the efforts to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter

such as garbage and rice straw. In this process it involves various microbes such

as bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Currently there are many marketable

activators such as stardec, EM4, but the use of these activators will require

separate costs. Therefore, other activators need to be developed that can be used in

composting. One of the things that can be utilized is Indigenous microbial

activator which can be isolated from municipal waste and leachate water around

the Disposal Site.

The environmentally friendly Eff ective Microorganisms (EM) technology

claims an enormous amount of benefi ts (claimed by the companies). The use of

EM as an addictive to manure or as a spray directly in the fields may increase the

microfauna diversity of the soil and many benefits are derived from that increase.

It seems that suffi cient information is available about this new technology. The

principle of activity of the EM is by increasing the bio diversity of the micro flora

increasing the yield of the crop. Photosynthetic bacteria are the back bone of the

EM, working synergistically with other microorganisms to provide the nutritional

requirement to the plant and also reduce the disease problem.There are primarily 5

types of bacteria used to prepare EM solution. Photosynthetic bacteria

(Phototrophic bacteria): are independent self supporting microorganisms. These

bacteria synthesize amino acids, nucleic acids, bioactive substances and sugars,

substances from secretions of roots, organic matter (carbon) by using sunlight and

the heat of soil as sources of energy. They can use the energy from infrared band

of solar radiation from 700 nm to 1200 nm to produce the organic matter, while

plants can not. So the effi ciency of the plants is increased. Fertilizers are a very

important part of agricultural cultivation, especially since the implementation of

the intensification program. The use of chemical fertilizers has led Indonesia to be

self-sufficient in rice in 1984.

However, there is often scarcity of fertilizer in the field and the negative

effects caused by its use, the government has launched an organic farming

program with Go Organic 2010 moto. organic fertilizer. Therefore efforts to

produce organic fertilizers from materials that are cheap and easy to obtain.

Materials that can be used for organic fertilizers are household waste, rice straw.

Both are easily obtained in sharing places.

So far, the handling of waste has been done simply, which is to be burned

or piled up. If garbage is burned, it will cause environmental pollution. However,

the garbage that continues to accumulate is also not necessarily able to be used

directly as fertilizer because the level of decomposition and nutrients contained in

it are not yet known. Composting is an effort to accelerate the decomposition of

organic matter Such as garbage and rice straw. In this process it involves various

microbes such as bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Nowadays a lot

marketable activators such as stardec, EM4, but the use of these activators will

require separate costs.

B. Purpose
To know how to make the EM4 as a natural fertilizer that clean the

environment and free of chemicals.

C. Benefit
After do the experiment we can know how to make the EM4 as a

natural fertilizer that clean the environment and free of chemicals.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Now to speed up the process of making both solid and liquid fertilizers it

is often used as a starter which is usually referred to as EM4 (Effective

mircoorgenism). many ways to make discoveries that are very valuable for

agriculture. because currently it is proven that Japanese fertilizers have a negative

impact on the environment, especially the hunt for the soil itself and for the health

of humans who consume food (Hala and Ali 2019).

EM or Effective Microorganisms is a microbial inoculant containing many

kinds of naturally occurring beneficial microbes. Maple EM-1(Expired and Non-

Expired) is activated using ricewater and jaggery separately. Fruit and vegetable

wastes were collected and inoculated with Activated Non expired Jaggery EM,

Activated Non expired Rice water EM, Activated Expired Jaggery EM and

Activated Expired Rice water EM respectively. The physical (Odour, Appearance

and Colour) chemical (pH, Salinity, Conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD and

Temperature) and biological (Population of Coliforms including E.coli,

Lactobacillus population, Yeast population and Actinomyces population)

parameters of leachate from each sample are examined at an interval of 7 days.

There was a generation of alcohol and vinegar like smell in the due process other

than non offensive smell. Chemical parameters such as pH, TDS (Total Dissolved

Solids) and BOD shows a declining trend. An increase in Salinity, conductivity

and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was also observed. While analysing the biological

parameters a steady decrease in Non EM organisms are seen. Lactobacillus,

Actinomyces and yeast populations almost doubled within 14 days compared to

control .It can be concluded that jaggery is the best activator of Maple EM-
compost a method of waste disposal at a low cost.The reduction and recycling of

solid wastes has become a main problem. in the present day life of each and every

one. Improper waste management facilities and treatments leads to acute

environmental problems, serious health issues, visual discomfort, putrefying

odour etc and these waste piles becomes a breeding site for vectors.

(Mathews and Gowrilekshmi 2016).

Solid wastes also result in Air pollution, Water pollution and Soil

pollution. The current composting techniques were initially employed as a

contingency plan to alleviate the problems associated with waste reduction at the

sources and land filling. It is, therefore, necessary to establish and develop an

efficient collection and composting system for the fruit and vegetable wastes that

allows solution of problems coped with collection (offensive smell and sanitation)

and production of quality composts. EM prevents putrefaction, decrease pH,

suppress Fusarium propagation, inhibits soil-borne pathogens, fix and utilize CO2

and H2S generated, promotes active cell and root division etc. EM enhance anti-

oxidation capability in soil, widely used in organic farming which increases yield

and quality of crops without large investment of money and labour. Recycling of

municipal liquid waste using EM Technology for domestic use is found effective.

EM treatments0.1% were given to 5 samples, one municipal liquid waste, 4

different local industries for four days. The treated samples were analysed for

odour, turbidity, pH, EC, BOD, COD heavy metals concentrations, TDS & TSS.

These parameters were reduced with EM treatment. It is reported that EM has the

potential to deoxidize the heavy metals and convert it into organo-metallic

compounds, which are not harmful for human animal health. EM is available in a

dormant state and requires activation before application. Activation involves

either the use of Jaggery or rice water. Here, both Jaggery and rice water is being

used to activate expired and non-expired EM in order to take a comparison among

them. EM is regarded as mixed liquid culture of microorganisms that “work

together with the beneficial in the area to which it is added, creating a synergy

among microorganisms and larger forms of life”. Main species of EM

microorganisms : Lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus plantarum, L. Casei,

Streptococcus lactis, Photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodopseudo-monas palustrus,

Rhodobacters paeroides, Yeasts - Saccharomyces cervisiae, Candida utilis,

Actinomyces - Streptomyces albur, S. griseus, Fermenting fungi – Aspergillus

oryzae, Mucor hiemalis (Mathews and Gowrilekshmi 2016).

The rationale behind effective microorganisms (EM) is based on the

inoculation of soil with mixed cultures of beneficial microorganisms to create an

environment more favourable for the growth and health of plants. The purpose of

this investigation was to assess the influence of effective microorganisms on the

growth and nitrate content of cucumber and squash transplants. There were two

treatments, with effective microorganisms (EM). Without effective

microorganisms – control. In both experiments, cucumber, pumpkin and squash

transplants grown with EM were significantly shorter and had thicker stems than

those grown without EM. Nitrate content of transplants was lower in transplants

grown with EM than in those grown without. Conclusion: EM improves the

growth and reduces the nitrate content of cucumber, pumpkin and squash
transplants. EM interact with the soil-plant ecosystem to suppress plant pathogens

and agents of disease, to solubilise minerals, to conserve energy, to maintain the

microbial-ecological balance of the soil, to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and

to fix biological nitrogen. Previous data from a randomized experiment showed

statistically significant differences to indicate that EM increased seed germination

and vigour in tomato. Several authors have shown that the use of EM increases

the yield of tomatoes . It is well known that the quality of cucumber, pumpkin

and squash transplants influences their final yields. The purpose of this

investigation was to assess the influence of effective microorganisms on the

growth and quality of cucumber, pumpkin and squash transplants

(Olle and Inggrid 2015).

In use as pukan, the dirt must be experience decomposition in a long time,

and can be accelerated with EM4 inoculation (effective microorganism). EM4

inoculation has been proven increase crop productivity. report that rice husk

enriched with EM 4 inoculation can increase growth and the development of

elephant grass. That EM 4 has a positive role in azolla fermentation and can

replace the role of urea in king grass cultivation as much as 25%. Based on the

description, then research is conducted which aims to determine the equality of

production elephant grass. Between elephant grass which is cultivated by

fertilizing using inorganic fertilizers and elephant grass cultivated with fertilizers

using fertilizer organic. Both types of fertilizers are combined with inoculation

EM4 effective microorganisms (Wibowo et al 2017).

 Control of microorganisms is essential in the home, industry, and medical

fields to prevent and treat diseases and to inhibit the spoilage of foods and other

industrial products. Common methods of control involve chemical and physical

agents that adversely affect microbial structures and functions, thereby producing

a microbicidal or microbistatic effect. A microbicidal effect is one that kills the

microbes immediately; a microbistatic effect inhibits the reproductive capacities

of the cells and maintains the microbial population at a constant size

(Sherman and Cappucino 2014).

External mycelium effectively increase the phosphorus depletion zone

around each root, and the phosphorus absorbed by the fungal mycelium is

translocated to the site of nutrient exchange (such as arbuscules or the Hartig net)

and is released to the host. Fertilizer high in phosphorus and nitrogen reduces

mycorrhizal infectivity and sporulation in host plants. (Ownley and Robert 2017).

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT

A. Place and Date

 Day / Date : Monday / March 11th 2019

Time : 09.10 – 10.50 WITA

Place : Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Departement,

Mathematic and Science Faculty Makassar State

University

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a. Bucket and cover

b. Knife / cutter

c. Measuring glass of 1000 ml

d. Stir

2. Materials

a. The garbage vegetables

b. Fruits (papaya, mango, banana, etc)

c. Bran (to taste)

d. Brown sugar of 100 grams

e. Rice Water 1 L

C. Work Procedure

Mixed the garbage Stirred the mixture in the first

vegetables, fruits and bran. process, let stand for a week
Then, put into the bucket and until decompose so it become
covered it. EM1.
EM2 liquid mixed with the
EM1 liquid mixed with the
bran, brown sugar and rice
garbage vegetables and
water. And let stand for a
fruits. Then, let stand for a
week so it become EM3.
week and it become EM2.

Let stand for a week without

treatment. And the liquid
already become EM4 and
ready to use.

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
 A. Result
Material Pitcure
EM 1

B. Discussion
In this practice, EM4 is made as fertilizer. EM improved the quality of

plant transplants, because they stayed compact and stem diameter was greater. It

is known that good tomato transplant quality results in higher yields. This

statement is supported by a study on tomatoes . The lowest yield of tomatoes was

noticed with the transplants of poorer quality. The manufactures of EM are

sometimes mentioning also that by using EM the number of leaves of tomato can

increase. The data from literature are confirming that EM may have negative

influence on the number of fruits . They pointed out that the reason could be

followed: nitrogen immobilization by EM, which could have resulted in reduced

nitrogen availability to the plants. Based on observation the EM4 that we made is

not known whether it failed or succeeded because the product we made was lost.

this can be caused by product storage may not be safe so that it can be taken by

anyone but the other groups failed in EM 1 because the unevenness of the crushed

material as well as the entry of air into the bucket which can cause contamination

until the fungus can grow beside that aeration factors will accelerate composing if

composing occurs/aerobically. Aeration is determined by the porosity and water

content of the material, and Porosity, this cavity will be filled with water and very

air necessary for microbial growth.

According to Nur (2016) what is meant by Organic fertilizers are mostly

fertilizers or composed entirely of organic matter comes from the remaining plants

or animals that have been undergoing engineering in the form of solid or liquid

which is used to supply organic material improve physical, chemical and

biological properties land. Composting or making fertilizer organic is a method

for convert organic materials into material that is simpler by using microbial

activity. The manufacturing process can performed on aerobic and anaerobic

conditions. Aerobic composting is the decomposition of materials organic in the

presence of oxygen (air), products the main metabolis of aerobic biology is

carbodioxide, water and heat. Composting anaerobic is the decomposition of

organic matter without use free oxygen; the final product Anaerobic metabolism is

methane, carbon dioxide and certain compounds such as acids organic. Basically

making organic fertilizer solid or liquid is decomposition with utilizing microbial

activity, therefore decomposition speed and quality of compost depending on the

circumstances and type of microbes active during the composting process.

Condition the optimum for microbial activity needs to be considered during the

composting process, for example aeration, growing media and food sources for

microbes. A microbial inoculant containing many kinds of naturally occurring

beneficial microbes called ‘Effective Microorganisms’ has been used widely in

nature and organic farmin. The concept of Effective Microorganisms was

developed by Japanese horticulturist its reported in the 1970s that a combination

of approximately 80 different microorganisms is capable of positively influencing

decomposing organic matter such that it reverts into a life promoting process. The

Studies have shown that EM may have a number of applications, including

agriculture, livestock, gardening landscaping, omposting, bioremediation,

cleaning septic tanks, algal control and household uses. Trash is a part which is

inseparable from life human. Trash can also be a limiting factor because content

of heavy metals, organic compounds toxic and pathogenic, composting can reduce

the influence of toxic organic compounds and pathogens to the environment One

of the handling of organic waste effective is processing it as fertilize organic.

Using too much chemical fertilizer or pesticides for plants can affect the

fertility of the soil that is now prone. Although fertilizer is one of the important

things for agriculture so the plant can receive adequate nutrition, but many

farmers use chemical fertilizers such as SP36 or NPK fertilizer, compared to

organic fertilizer. Because they hope to get a lot of the nutrients needed from

chemical fertilizers. But using chemical fertilizers can actually reduce soil fertility

and damage it. Although organic fertilizers contain fewer nutrients, this fertilizer

is safer to use and can maintain soil fertility. Liquid organic fertilizer has a natural

content that is in accordance with the soil so that fertilizer nutrients are easily

absorbed by the soil and carry important elements for soil fertility. It is also easily

absorbed by plants because the elements inside have been decomposed. This

fertilizer contains various minerals and important substances needed by soil and

plants, as well as plant growth hormones. Liquid organic fertilizer can also

stimulate plant growth and increase cation exchange capacity on the soil
effectively. Cation exchange capacity is the ability of the soil to increase the

interaction between ions in the soil so that the soil can provide various elements

needed by plants.

Can increase fruit production and extend fruiting period Can overcome

nutrient deficiency because this fertilizer can provide nutrients quickly Liquid

fertilizer is also able to provide nutrients in accordance with the needs of plants on

the soil, so there is also an excess of fertilizer, eating plants can regulate the

absorption of fertilizer composition by itself.

Almost all activities humans produce garbage, both solid waste and leachate or

easy garbage decomposed or garbage which is difficult to decompose. Waste

Management that waste is the rest of daily human activities and / or natural

processes shaped solid. If garbage is not managed properly will have a bad impact

for health and the environment. A pile of garbage will become a comfortable place

for animals, bullies, cockroaches, mice and others. Impact of waste to health is is

a vector living place potentially attacking disease. Based on the observation the

EM4 that made its posibly failed this happened because maybe the nutrients in

vegetable waste were not available enough or just a little so the decomposer

bacteria would break down vegetable and fruit waste for EM4 raw material to die.

Bacteria are the most abundant group of microorganisms. So its nature will affect

the decomposition of compost materials, because indigenous bacteria added to

composting will also play a role by utilizing carbon as a food source.

When the amount of carbon is still abundant at the beginning of

incubation, the bacterial population is also still high, but if the carbon in the
compost material has been utilized by bacteria, the food source for the bacteria

will run out and the bacterial population will decrease.

CHAPTER V
CLOSSING

A. Conclussion
We can conclude that there is some step how to make a EM4 as

chemical-free organic fertilizer, the way of making it quite simple where the

raw material of EM4 is a vegetable waste and bran stored in a long time. The

process of making compost with using EM4 can be more effective compared

to conventional methods. There is some factors that can cause failure in the

making EM4, like particle size that broad water surface will increase of

contact microbes with material so that the composition process can run faster,
 Temperature, heat oroduced from the process of microbial metabolism

temperature increase can occur quickly and Ph, optimum pH for composting

between 56,6-7,5 compost that is ripe usually has a pH neutral.

B. Suggestion
In the next practicumt the product can keep in the safe area so there is

no fail in the experiment

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hala, Yusminah and Alimuddin Ali. 2019. Penuntun Pengantar Bioteknologi,

Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar:Makassar

Mathews Smitha and R.Gowrilekshmi. 2016. International Journal of current

Microbiology and Applied Sciences. Vol- 5(7). Departement of
Zoology Kerala, India.

Nur, Thoyib. Noor, Ahmad. Elma, Muthia. 2016. Pembuatan Pupuk Organik cair
dari sampah organic rumah tangga dengan penambahan biovaktor
EM4. Volume 5. No 2. Konversi

Ownley Bonnie and H, Robert N Trigiano. 2017. Plant Pathology concept and
laboratory exercises. Third edition. Boca raton london, Newyork.

Olle, Margit and Ingrid, Williams. 2015. Journal of advanced agricultural

technologies. Vol- 2(1). Estonian University of life Sciences, Estonia.
Sherman, Natalie and Cappuccino, James G. 2014. Microbiology a Laboratory
Manual. United State of Amerika, Amerika.

Wibowo, Teguh. Lukiwati DR. Sumarsono. 2017. Nilai produksi rumput gajah
dengan pemupukan organic dan anorganik serta inokulasi
mikroorganisme efektif (EM4). Jurnal ilmu-ilmu Pertanian