Bio fuels

An Alternate Fuel
▪ Introduction of Biofuels
▪ Biofuel feedstock
▪ Classification of Biofuels
▪ Manufacturing Process of Biofuels
▪ Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel
▪ Scope In Pakistan
▪ References
• Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic
products and wastes.
• The common commercially used biofuels are
bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane.
 Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and
sugar beet
 Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids,
animal fats
 Biomethane can be produced from waste organic
material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic
wastes.
 History

• In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who

made biodiesel from vegetable oil.

• In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up

to 105 billion liters worldwide.

• In 2011, European countries were the largest

that made biodiesel almost about 53%. The
international Energy Agency set a goal to
reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and
will be switched on to biofuels till 2050.
Soybean Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet

Switchgrass Jatropha Camelina Algae

Cassava Palm oil Certain fungi

Animal fat Agricultural wastes

 Classification of Biofuels

➢ Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or

vegetable oil

➢ known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from

different types of biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic
material like wood, straw and waste plastic

➢ Extract from algae mostly marine algae

 Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels

• Lower emissions Green gas

• Renewable
• Biodegradable
• Safer
 Bioethanol

Biobutanol Biodiesel

Biogas
 Bioethanol
▪ Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of
carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar
cane, sugar beet, corn etc
▪ It is colorless and clear liquid
▪ One of the widely used alternative automotive
fuel in the world
 Ad-Disadvantages of Bioethanol

Advantages Disadvantages
Ethanol is a renewable resource Large amounts leading to problems
such as soil erosion, deforestation.

Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than Typical current engines would require
petroleum modification

The use of ethanol reduce carbon Expensive

dioxide emissions
 Biodiesel
• Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from re-
new able biological sources such as vegetable oils
and animal fats.

• Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight

chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21)

• The Biodiesel can be prepared by Transesterification.

 Application of Biodiesel

• Railway usage
• Aircraft use
• As a heating oil
• Cleaning oil spills
• Biodiesel in generators
• Vehicles
 Advantages-Disadvantages of Biodiesel

Can be used pure biodiesel B100. Biodiesel is significantly more

Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay
compared to standard diesel
Biodiesel has no sulfur content, and so Pure biodiesel has significant
it doesn't contribute to acid rain
formation
Biodiesel has good lubricating
properties better than standard diesel
expensive compared to standard
diesel
Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide
which can lead to the formation of
smog.
problems with low temperatures
Food Shortage can be occurred
 Biobutanol
• The term biobutanol refers to butanol made from
renewable resources such as grain or cornstalks by
fermentation process

• Bacteria; known as, solventogenic Clostridia is used

• Butanol is more similar to gasoline than to ethanol.

 Biobutanol Applications
• Gasoline (as an additive) and brake fluid (formulation
component)
• Solvent –for paints, coatings, varnishes
• Plasticizers –to improve how a plastic material processes
• Coatings –as a solvent for a variety of applications,
• Chemical intermediate or raw material –for other chemicals
and plastics,
• Textiles –as a swelling agent from coated fabric
• Cosmetics –makeup, nail care products, shaving products.
• Butanol can be used in car
 Biogas
• A mixture of CH4 , CO2 and other gases
Gas %
Methane 50–75
Carbon dioxide 25–50

Nitrogen 0–10
Hydrogen 0–1
Hydrogen sulfide 0–3

Oxygen 0–2
 Biogas
• Biogas is a fuel used as domestic purpose
• Obtained from cow manure, fruit and
vegetable waste

• Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic waste

by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion
 Biogas

Two Types of Anaerobic Digestion

• Mesophilic process 25-38°C for 14-30 days
• Thermophilic process 50-60°C for 12-14 days
• Produced from Anaerobic digestion in Anaerobic
Digesters (AD)
 Advantages Biogas

• Reduce air and water pollution

• more environmentally friendly fertilizers
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• concerns about waste management in the
agriculture and food industry
• Energy security
 Application of Biogas
• Cooking

• Lighting

• Fuel for engine

 Advantages of Biofuels

• Renewable
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security
• Easy to Source
• Lower level of Pollution
 Disadvantages of Biofuel

• High Cost of Production

• Industrial Pollution
• Future Rise in Price
• Shortage of Food
• Use of Fertilizer
 Biodiesel Trends in Pakistan
• -The technology of trans-esterification has already
been developed and tested locally at Sir Syed
University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi.
• - The capacity of locally developed unit for the
production of Biodiesel is 100 liters per batch in two
hours.
• - On full scale it can produce up to 400 liters of
Biodiesel per day using which a 200 KW generator
can run for 8 hours on B100 (100% Biodiesel).
• Reduce wastes
• Cleaner air
• New agricultural markets
• Improve balance of payments
• global warming reduction
• Benefit developing nations