CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

9 SOLIDS
Deflection of Beams

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Sample Problem 9.8
Loading
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve
From the Load Di...
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Sample Problem 9.1
Sample Problem 9.3
Method of Superposition
Sample Problem 9.7
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate ...

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Relationship between bending moment and
curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x)

 EI

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px

 EI

• Curvature varies linearly with x

1
• At the free end A, ρ  0, ρA  
A

1 EI
• At the support B,  0,  B 
B PL

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram
• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)

 EI
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
parameters,
d2y
1 dx2 d2y
 
   dy  2 3 2 dx2
1    
  dx  

• Substituting and integrating,

1 d2y
EI  EI  M x
 dx 2

x
dy
 M  x dx  C1
dx 
EI   EI
0
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
0 0

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
0 0

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
y A  0, yB  0

– Overhanging beam
y A  0, yB  0
– Cantilever beam
y A  0,  A  0

• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.1

SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.

W 14  68 I  723 in 4 E  29  106 psi • Integrate differential equation twice

P  50 kips L  15 ft a  4 ft
For portion AB of the overhanging beam,
(a) derive the equation for the elastic curve,
(b) determine the maximum deflection,
(c) evaluate ymax.
and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.
• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
• Evaluate corresponding maximum
deflection.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.

- Reactions:
Pa  a
RA   RB  P1   
L  L

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a
M  P x 0  x  L 
L

- The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y a
EI 2
  P x
dx L

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.1
• Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
dy 1 a
EI   P x 2  C1
dx 2 L
1 a
EI y   P x3  C1x  C2
6 L

2 at x  0, y  0 : C2  0
d y a
EI 2
  P x 1 a 1
dx L at x  L, y  0 : 0   P L3  C1L C1  PaL
6 L 6
Substituting,
dy PaL   x 
2
dy 1 a 2 1
EI   P x  PaL  1  3  
dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI   L  
1 a 1
EI y   P x3  PaLx
PaL2  x  x 
3
6 L 6
y    
6 EI  L  L  
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.1
• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
PaL   xm  
2
dy L
0 1  3   xm   0.577 L
dx 6 EI   L   3

• Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x 
3
y     deflection.
6 EI  L  L  
ymax 
PaL2
6 EI

0.577  0.577 3 
PaL2
ymax  0.0642
6 EI

50 kips48 in 180 in 2

ymax  0.0642
 
6 29  106 psi 723 in 4 
ymax  0.238 in

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Method of Superposition

Principle of Superposition:
• Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.7

For the beam and loading shown,

determine the slope and deflection at
point B.

SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.7
Loading I

wL3 wL4
 B I    yB I  
6 EI 8EI

Loading II
wL3 wL4
C II   yC II 
48 EI 128 EI

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
wL3
 B II  C II 
48 EI

wL4 wL3  L  7 wL4

 yB II    
128 EI 48 EI  2  384 EI

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.7

Combine the two solutions,

wL3 wL3 7 wL3

 B   B I   B II    B 
6 EI 48 EI 48 EI

wL4 7 wL4 41wL4

yB   yB I   yB II    yB 
8EI 384 EI 384 EI

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate Beams
• Method of superposition may be
applied to determine the reactions at
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams.
• Designate one of the reactions as
redundant and eliminate or modify
the support.
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• Determine the beam deformation
without the redundant support.
• Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
the other loads, must produce
deformations compatible with the
original supports.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.8

For the uniform beam and loading shown,

determine the reaction at each support and
the slope at end A.

SOLUTION:
• Release the “redundant” support at B, and find deformation.
• Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.8
• Distributed Loading:
w  2  
4 3
2  3 2 
 yB w    L   2 L L   L  L 
24 EI  3  3   3 

wL4
 0.01132
EI
• Redundant Reaction Loading:
2 2
RB  2   L  RB L3
 yB R   L     0.01646
3EIL  3   3  EI

• For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0

wL4 RB L3
0   y B w   y B R  0.01132  0.01646
EI EI
RB  0.688 wL 
• From statics,
RA  0.271wL  RC  0.0413 wL 

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 9.8

Slope at end A,
wL3 wL3
 A w    0.04167
24 EI EI

0.0688 wL  L   2  L  
2
wL3
 A R     L      0.03398
6 EIL  3    3   EI

wL3 wL3 wL3

 A   A w   A R  0.04167  0.03398  A  0.00769
EI EI EI

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