Microvilli – in folding area to increase the absorption of
Gas Exchange of Plants nutrients in small intestine Spongy Mesophyll – gas exchange surface; diffusion of Bile Salts – emulsify fats and turn it into tiny droplets gases Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate – neutralizes acid from Stomata – opening for entrance chime to pH 7 Guard Cells – regulate the entrance of air Bile – for emulsifying fats; gallbladder stores bile produced by liver. Kangkong and Water lily – more stomata on the top of the leaves Pancreas secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecule secretes the hormone insulin for control Gas Exchange in Unicellular Organism of glucose metabolism Large Intestine – a small amount of fluid, sodium and Cell Membrane – gas exchange surface, thin, high vitamin K are absorbed through its wall. Many bacteria surface and permeable to gases live and thrive within this where they help process In Worms: undigested material into final excretory product, feces. Surface of the skin – gas exchange surface, thin, Rectum – short extension of colon and final segment of elongated, with high surface area and moisten digestive track; where the compacted undigested food In Insects: from the colon is pushed via peristaltic contractions. The Tracheoles – gas exchange surface, thin, and numerous distention of the rectum triggers expulsion of feces. with fluid Anus – feces are expelled SPIRACLES – TRACHEA – AIRSACS – TRACHEOLES In Fish: TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF PLANT Gill Plates – gas exchange surface; numerous folding 1. XYLEM – transport water from roots to leaves; dies as cell huge surface are remove dissolve oxygen from water mature (remain cell wall); transport materials passively Gills – gas exchange organs (doesn’t require ATP) ; create pressure inside the plant Pathways of Air in Human a. Vessels – huge holes yet kokonti; form when a column PHARYNX – LARYNX – TRACHEA – BRONCHI – BRONCHIOLES of parenchyma cells lose their end walls; with lignin for – ALVEOLI ( tiny air sac; gas exchanging surface) mechanical strength; with pits to allow water to pass Lungs – gas exchange organ sideways; can transport water vertically or horizontally Features of Gas Exchange because of pits. Large Surface Area, Thin, Moist Surface, Able to maintain b. Tracheids – small holes yet marami; elongated cells concentration gradient. with tapering ends; do not have open ends; water passes DIGESTIVE SYSTEM through the pits Functions of Digestive System 2. PHLOEM – transport food from leave to different parts of 1. Digestion – breakdown of food plants; transport materials actively (requires ATP) ; living 2. Ingestion – eating/ feeding tissue; composed of “Sieve tubes” and Companion Cell 3. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid a. Sieve Tubes – parenchyma cells when mature, it across tube wall and into body fluids become sieve element; allow the mass flow of materials 4. Egestion – eliminating of undigested materials (translocation); nucleus, ribosome, and golgi bodies 5. Peristalsis – propelling of food degenerates as cell mature to wider (maluwag); with Mouth – ingestion, mechanical digestion (chewing of mitochondrion; with sieve plate where two sieve elements food), chemical digestion (starch to maltose thru salivary meet food particle pass; with large pores on the end walls amylase. where materials pass through translocation. Esophagus – peristalsis (wave like movement of food) b. Companion Cells – linked to sieve elements by Stomach – temporary storage, cardiac sphincter and plasmodesmata; with typical plant structures; helps the pyloric sphincter. Gastric juice secreted by mucosa. sieve elements to survive Components of Gastric Juice Dicot form anuual rings 1. Hydrochloric Acid – gives stomach pH of 2.0 to activate In non-vascular plants (mosses, horn wort, liver wort) it stomach enzyme; inactivate salivary amylase; kill bacteria doesn’t have xylem and phloem; transport thru osmosis from food and diffusion 2. Pepsin – breaks down protein into polypeptide In vascular plants it uses/ have xylem and phloem to 3. Rennin – converts soluble thing into insoluble for longer transport materials. digestion TRANSPORT IN ANIMAL 4. Mucus – protect the stomach wall from pepsin and HCL Small Intestine – chemical digestion (duodenum); bile produce by liver, pancreatic juice by pancreas, intestinal juice by Brunner’s gland CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Pulmonary Valve – prevents back flow of blood Constant supply of oxygen and nutrient from Pulmonary Artery to Right Ventricle Get rid of waste product Mitral Valve – prevents back flow of blood from “Simple animals” like sea anemones and worms can do Left Ventricle to Left Atrium this by diffusion (high to low) Aortic Valve – prevents back flow of blood from “Large animals” need a transport system Aorta to Left Ventricle 1. Open Blood System – blood does not flow through 3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS blood vessels; blood is pumped by heart into large 1. ARTERIES 2. VEINS 3. CAPILLARIES spaces in the body cavity where exchange of materials CARDIAC CYCLE takes place between the blood and the tissues; then Describes the sequence of events in one blood returns o the heart; examples are insects and heartbeat. snails. a. Systole – Contraction b. Diastole – relaxations 2. Closed Blood System – blood flows through blood vessels Three main stages of Cardiac Cycle a. Single Circulation – blood passes through heart once; 1. Atrial Systole – the heart is full of blood; atria heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills; contract; ventricles are relaxed; blood passes oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues; deoxygenated down the ventricle. blood returns to heart; examples are fishes. 2. Ventricular Systole – atria relax ventricles b. Double Circulation – blood passes through heart twice contract; blood is pump. Pulmonary Circulation – heart pumps When Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are open in deoxygenated blood to lungs; oxygenated blood Atrial Systole, then it is close in Ventricular returns to heart. Systole. Systemic Circulation – heart pumps oxygenated When Pulmonary and Aortic Valves are close in Atrial blood to body tissues; deoxygenated returns to Systole, then it is open in Ventricular Systole. heart 3. Diastole – the heart is full of blood; atria and ventricles HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM relax; blood enters the atria; Mitral and Tricuspid Valves Closed blood system; double circulation are open; Pulmonary and Aortic Valves are close. To deliver food, nutrients and oxygen EXCRETION/ ELIMENATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS OF Collect metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, excess LIVING ORGANISMS water and salts, and nitrogenous waste PLANTS Combination of water, salts, and nitrogenous waste form Oxygen gas “Urine” Excess water through transpiration To protect from foreign bodies ANIMALS Heart – pumps blood Solid feces (digestive) Blood Vessels – carries blood Carbon dioxide Blood – delivers and collects materials and protects Nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid, ammonium cells) Excess water REMOVAL OF WATER AND OTHER WASTE PRODUCTS PLANTS Oxygen gas is expelled through gas exchange in the spongy mesophyll (found in leaves) Excess water through transpiration (loss of water through evaporation from leaves) ANIMALS Through excretion Fishes – release nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia through 4 Chambers: gills. Ammonia toxic but extremely 1. Right Atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from vena soluble in water cava Birds and Insects – release 2. Left Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from lungs nitrogenous waste in the form of 3. Right Ventricle – pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs uric acid (white paste). Uric acid 4. Left Ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to Aorta insoluble in water but non toxic Valves – to prevent back flow of blood and very little water is needed to Tricuspid Valve – prevents back flow of blood from Right excrete Ventricle to Right Atrium Mammals – release nitrogenous waste in the form of urea. Urea made in liver (2 ammonia + Carbon dioxide), main nitrogenous waste carries from the liver to the kidneys URINARY SYSTEM Renal Artery – carries oxygenated blood to kidney. It is important to carry the blood to kidney to filter out the waste product from the blood. Renal Vein – carries deoxygenated blood away to the kidney. Kidneys – to filter out the waste product from the blood Ureter – carries urine from kidney to bladder Bladder – temporary storage of urine Urethra – passageway of the urine during urination Importance of kidneys Filter metabolic waste from blood Reabsorb important materials into blood Regulate pH in the blood PARTS OF THE KIDNEY Cortex – filtration and re-absorption area Medulla – solute concentration regulation area Pelvis – passageway of urine from kidney to ureters Nephron – cells that can filter, reabsorb, and regulate pH PARTS OF NEPHRON Bowman’s Capsule – absorbs materials filtrate from glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule – reabsorbs important material from filtrate (glucose, amino acid, and water) Loop of Henle – make the medulla high in solute concentration Distal Convoluted Tubule – regulates the pit of the blood Collecting Duct – carries urine to pelvis Afferent Arteriole – carries blood to glomerulus Glomerulus – removes materials from the blood (20% of water and solutes) Efferent Arteriole – carries filtered blood away from glomerulus to capillary network in the medulla. Distal Convoluted Tubule – together with collecting duct, regulate concentration of solute in medulla controlled by antidiuretic hormone by hypothalamus Collecting duct become permeable to water when the blood is lack of water When blood is rich in water, the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule are become less permeable to water.