Thermodynamics Question

- lattice dissociation: -3888

- entropy change: +181
- dG: -1063 (to 3 SF); increasing the temperature caused dG to decrease because dS
is positive so "-TdS" is negative

- 0.0217
- BaCl2 in excess; 10cm3 of Na2SO4 required
- The least soluble Hydroxide is Mg(OH)2

ALUMINIUM QUESTION:
a) AlCl3 + 6 H2O --> [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 Cl-
b) with sodium carbonate a white precipitate forms and there is effervescence:
2[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 CO32- --> 2 Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
c) initially a white precipitate would form:
[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3 OH- --> Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 H2O
the white precipitate would re-dissolve when the OH- is in excess:
EITHER Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + OH- --> [Al(OH)4]- + H2O OR Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3 OH-
--> [Al(OH)6]3- + 3 H2O (both accepatble)

Catalysis:
Platinum
-Reactants adzorb, reaction takes place, desorb.
-Lowers Ea held by intermolecular forces so higher probability of successful
collisions with correct orientation (don't think that bits relevant I was just
rambling) The mechanism of how it lowers Ea is a bit fringey on the spec, weakens
bonds in reactant so less energy required for reaction.
Contact Process
-V2O5 + SO2 => SO3 + V2O4
-V2O4 + 1/2O2 => V2O5

6 MARK QUESTION:
- NaBr and NaI are both giant ionic lattices with strong electrostatic attractions
between positive and negative ions which require a lot of energy to be overcome.
However, the I- ion has a larger radius than Br- and therefore a smaller charge
density. Therefore the ionic bonding in NaI is weaker than in NaBr, requiring less
energy to be overcome.
- Na is a metal with metallic bonding between Na+ ions and a sea of delocalised
electrons. However this is not as strong as the ionic bonding in NaBr/NaI because
metallic Na does not exist in a giant lattice.

Ionisation Energy
Comparison of second IE of K and Ca
-K has highest second IE
-Electron removed from 3p rather than 4s
-So less shielding, greater attraction to nucleus, requires more energy to
overcome.
Highest first IE in s-block:
-Beryllium as it has joint least shielding with Lithium
-But an extra proton so stronger attraction to the nucleus, requires more energy to
overcome

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS QUESTION:

a) Ions in the salt bridge are free to move, carrying a charge and completing the
electrical circuit.
b) V = 0.34 - EMF
c) Because the concentration of Cu2+ ions in the LHS cell is lower than 1 mol/dm3
which is what's required for the standard electrode potential.
d) The concentration of Cu2+ ions would increase over time
e) EITHER the concentrations of Cu2+ become equal OR all the metallic copper on the
LHS runs out (both acceptable)

KP QUESTION:
- partial pressures were 7.5, 22.5, 120.
- Expression for Kp = ( p.N2 * p3.H2 ) / ( p2.NH3 )
- units for Kp = kPa-2 (2.99x10^-3)
- since the reaction is exothermic, increasing the temperature moves the position
of the equilibrium to the left, reducing the partial pressure of NH3 and thereby
decreasing Kp.

Isomerism and VSEPR Shapes:

- isomerism is cis-trans (or e/z); the other isomer had the two Cl ligands opposite
each other

- bond angle was 104.5 degrees. The central N had 6 of its own electrons (5, +1 due
to the overall negative charge).
Two electrons used in bonding to H atoms so two lone pairs. Shape is tetrahedral
but lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs, reducing the bond angle from 109.5 by
about 5 degrees (2.5 per lone pair).

Last question
x = 1
Don't even ask how I did the last question, it just worked.