*Lecture 9
SOCIO –CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
UNDER THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
PRE-HISPANIC
 Religious belief:
o Bathalang Maykapal
o Deities
o Environmental spirits
o Immortality of the soul
o Life after death
o Soul-spirits
Good and bad
Gods and Godesses
 Haliya
o Known in the Ancient
Bikolano
Mythology as the masked
goddess of the moon.
 Bathala
o The Supreme God for the
Tagalogs
 Maca
o a place of “eternal peace
and happiness”
(counterpart for
Christianity’s Heaven)
 Kasanaan/Kasamaan, “village of
grief and affliction”
(counterpart for Christianity’s Hell)
o It is a place of punishment
ruled by Sitan
However, it is most likely
derived from the Islamic
ruler of the underworld
named Saitan(or Shaitan).
 Anito/ Diwata
o offered prayers and food;
for safe navigation or a good
catch , etc.
 Bulul(Bulol)
o The famous Ifugao rice god
worshipped in the form of
small wooden statues
resembling their ancestors.
Burial
 a well-provisioned dead person
would be received with alacrity in
the other world
 hired professional mourners to
chant; to accentuate the depth of
mourning
For a dead chief:
more formal ceremony where super
abundant display of lamentations
Pasiyam, the ninth night after the death of
a person was celebrated
PRE-HISPANIC
 They kept alive the memory of their
dead relatives by carving idols of
stone, gold, or ivory which they
called likha or larawan
“Cult of the Dead”
 This “special” relationship was
rooted in the belief that the spirit of
the dead would be offended if food
and wine were not shared with him.
Divination & Magic Charms
 They interpreted signs in Nature as
good and bad omens depending
upon their circumstances.
Pangatauhan
 who were allegedly endowed with
extraordinary powers to tell the
fortune of anybody.
 They also believed in black magic
and sorcerers who could victimize
anybody at the drop of a putong
Magic Charms
 Anting-anting or agimat insured a
man against weapons of every kind
 Gayuma made a man lovable to all
the ladies
 Odom, a charm similar to the
Tagalog tagabulag, made the
Bicolano invisible
 Wiga(Visayan) and sagabe(Tagalog)
could make the possessor of this
charm walk in a storm or swim in a
river without getting wet.
Ornaments
 Women, as well as men, heavily
adorned themselves with such
trappings as armlets called
kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, gold
rings, earrings, and even leglets.
Also made gold tooth fillings to
adorn their teeth
 Tattoo of various designs as a form
of ornament to enhance beauty of
the man and woman.
o It also exhibits a man’s war
record.
Courtship
Pamumulungan or pamamalae
 The man must serve the girl’s
parents for months and even years.
 a man must give a dowry, called
bigay-kaya, consisting of land, gold,
or dependents.
 Panghimuyat, as payment for the
mother’s nocturnal efforts in rearing
the girl to womanhood
 Bigay-suso, was to be given to the
girl’s wet-nurse who fed the bride
during her infancy with milk from
her own breast.
Marriage Practices
 it was possible for a noble to marry
a dependent or a woman of the
chieftain class, and a dependent to
marry a woman outside of his rank.
Asawa
 a man’s legitimate wife.
 While the other women were
euphemistically called “friends”
 Only the children of the wife were
regarded legitimate and legal heirs
Social & Political Organization
 Barangay–a community of parents,
children, relatives, and slaves
Existed independently from each
other without a consolidating
supra-barangay
usually situated near a body of
water like riverbanks and coasts
Social & Political Organization
 Datu“Chiefly Class”
o viewed as barangay administrators
 Maharlika“Nobility Class”
o Primary obligation: render special
services to the datuby assisting him
in all of his endeavours like rowing
his boat, building houses, raiding
enemy barangays, etc.
 Timaguas“Commoner Class”
o Normal obligation: Agricultural labor
worked off in groups when
summoned for planting or
harvesting
 Alipins“Slave Class”
 “service debtor” or the “dependent
class” is the most appropriate term
One reason why one becomes an alipin:
INSOLVENCY
Two Types of Alipin
 Aliping Sagigilid
 Aliping Namamahay
Economic Practices
 Based on cooperative labor,
wherein “families cleared fields,
planted, harvested, built houses and
hunted with the aid of neighbors
and kinsmen…” which is called
bayanihan
Concepts of Property
 The idea of personal private property was
recognized in the more advanced
communities.
 such property could be forfeited for
crimes, inherited by one’s children, or
used as dowry.
Concepts of Property
 Public property
o are the less arable lands and those
along the mountain slopes; could be
tilled freely by anybody with enough
energy and initiative.
 The rich and cultivated lands were
considered the private preserve of the
nobles and the datus
 The chiefs merely administered lands in
the name of the barangay and the means
of production were decentralized and
familial
DURING SPANISH REGIME
‘Christianization’
 Mass baptism
o baptizing large numbers of natives at
one time. Many natives associated
baptism with their own indigenous
‘healing rituals’
o With the conversion of the Filipinos,
fiestas honoring the saints were
introduced.
 Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood),
came with baptism, and marriages and
further strengthened existing extended
kinship relations.
 Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos
o Given to Filipino families bases for
census and statistics but the
surnames also guaranteed exact tax
collection
o The book contained compiled names
of saints, indigenous,and Chinese
patronymics, flora and fauna,
geographical names,and the arts like
Rizal, del Pilaror Luna. (indigenous
surnames such as Mabini, Malantic,
Dandan, and Panganibanwere
retained)
o It also contained derogatory names
like “Utut”, “Unggoy”and even
“Casillas”
o Filipinos were given Christian names
usually derived from the feast day of
the saint when he was born or
baptized

‘Christianization’
 Neo-Christian Filipinos soon buried their
loved ones in public cemeteries.
Reduccion, an administrative subdivision
where the church, convent and government
offices were to be located

Acceleration of Stratification:
The buildings around the town plaza of
each población reflected the hierarchy of
status in colonial society with the church-
convent and the municipio or seat of civil
authority dominating the square.

Resultant Social System:

Land grabbing, many former communal
lands were transformed into private
property
By 1800, rural society was characterized by
a three-tiered hierarchy:
Spanish priest
Principalia
Masses
In Manila and its suburbs: (The five social
groups in this order also represented the
stratification in terms of economic power.)
Spaniards
Chinese mestizos
Native principales
Chinese
The people
 RELIGION AND PRACTICES

PRE-HISPANIC DURING SPANISH REGIME

 ANIMISM/ PAGANISM RELIGION AND PRACTICES
 BATHALANG MAYKAPAL  CHRISTIANITY/ ROMAN CATHOLIC
 BABAYLAN  GOD
 ANITO, DIWATA, ENVIRONMENTAL  PRIEST
SPIRITS  SAINTS
 MACCA & KASANAAN  HEAVEN AND HELL
 RITUAL RITES  RELIGIOUS FEASTS
 FREE BURIAL  PUBLIC CEMETERY
 DATU  CABEZA DE BARANGAY
 SCATTERED  CONSOLIDATED
 POLYGAMY  MONOGAMY

Spanish Colonialism names: based on the names of saints

GENDER ROLES
PRE-HISPANIC
Women in the pre-Hispanic period had a series of rights that enabled them to establish some
equality with men in issues such as:
SEXUAL PRACTICES
 DIVORCE
 PROPERTY
 POLITICS
 RELIGION

SEXUAL PRACTICES
 no strict rules about
premarital sex relations
both for men and women

 MARRIAGE
 both women and men could ask for
divorce
 PROPERTY
 Women could own money after
getting married, run business, trade
or lend money.
 daughters and sons had equal rights
over inheritance unless there were
specific instructions from the
parents.
 POLITICS AND RELIGION
 women could exercise the role of
barangay and priestess or babaylan

 Babaylan comes from babaelang

which means “only women”
DURING SPANISH REGIME  FIRST EDUCATION PRIORITIZED FOR
 the role that the Spanish Roman MEN
Catholicsm introduced pushed the
women to be under men’s  WOMEN INDEPENDENCE OF MEN
authority.  EDUCATION FOR MEN AND WOMEN
Patriarchal society
 The church and the government EDUCATIONALSYSTEM
believed that women should only PRE-HISPANIC
stay at home.  Education tailored towards needs of
 The ideal woman for the Spaniards is the people
someone who is overly religious,  Integration of individual into tribes
submissive, and obedient.  Aimed for Survival, Conformity and
Enculturation
ASWANG PHENOMENA o Practical
 Aswang started out as an invention o Oral
of Spanish friars wanting to discredit o Hands-on
Filipino babaylans
SYSTEM
“Aswang as a superstitious belief is  Decentralized
unconsciously passed on in the form of  Informal
regionalism, and a way to control society,”  Community Based
said Fr. Baez.  No Curriculum

Spanish laws explicitly subordinated EARLY TEACHERS

women to the men. -parents or tribal tutors

 women were deprived of the rights  Vocational training and less

to paraphernal property and
prohibited from engaging in
business without the husband’s
consent.
 Other laws prevented women from
holding public office
 Women were no longer allowed to
hold high positions and participate
in political activities.
Beaterios
Beaterios(nunneries) and colegioswere set
up to indoctrinate the daughters of the elite
in the new religion. They became the main
native purveyors of feudal-patriarchal
values.
GENDER ROLE TRANSFORMATION UNDER
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
PRE-HISPANIC
 EQUAL RIGHTS OF MEN AND
WOMEN
 WOMAN PRIESTESS/ BABAYLAN
DURING SPANISH REGIME
GENDER INEQUALITY, PATRIARCHAL
SOCIETY
 WOMEN AT HOME/ HOUSEHOLD
CHORES
 WOMEN UNDER MEN AUTHORITY
academics (3 Rs)
 Skills taught would vary on
industries and locations
 Social duties
 Spiritual World
Pre-hispanic barangay school
Bothoan
• Found in Panay
• It was under the charge of the
teacher usually an old man.
• subjects taught to the children in
this barangay school were reading,
writing, arithmetic, use of weapons
and lubus(acquiring kinaadmanor
amulets)
LITERATE NATIVES: Writing System and Oral
Tradition
• High literacy rate
• Writing System
o Baybayin,
o Buhid, Hanunóo, and Tagbanwa
Literature through oral tradition

DURING SPANISH REGIME
Western or European System of Education
• Formal Education
• was religion-oriented.
• for the elite, especially in the early
years of Spanish colonization.
• Missionaries and priests
Early Period
• “La LetraCon Sangre Entra” Spare
the Rod Spoil the Child
• •Charles V’s decree of July 17, 1550
• •all indios under Spanish dominions
were to be taught the conqueror’s
language.
• •Colegiode Niñoswas founded in
1596
• –Closed after 5 years
Boy’s Colleges and Secondary School’s
Earliest Colleges built exclusively for the
sons of Spaniards in Philippines by the
Society of Jesus, Jesuits
 Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio
Philippines (1589 , 1621, 1768)
 Colegiode San Ildefonso (1599)
 University of San Carlos College of
San Jose 1601
Boy’s Colleges and Secondary School’s
•College of the Immaculate Conception
1817 (Ateneo de Manila University 1601)
•Escuela Normal de Maestros de Manila
(1865-1901)
DOMINICAN INSTITUTIONS
•Colegiode NuestraSenyoradel
SantissimoRosario (University of Sto. Tomas
(UST)
Seminario de NinosHuerfanosde San Pedro
y San Pablo (1620)
Girls’ School
Earliest School for girls
•Colegiode Santa Isabel 1632
•Colegiode Santa Potenciana1591.
Other Schools and Colleges for girls were
Santa Catalina, Santa Rosa, La Concordia,
etc. Several religious congregations also
established schools for Spanish orphaned
girls
Beaterios -Exclusive schools for young
upper-class girls called beatas who led a
secluded life (nunnery).
Beaterio de la Companade Jesus (Religious of the
Virgin Mary) and San Sebastian de Calumpang
(Sta. Rita College)
Education Decree of 1863
 The first educational system
 a free public education systemin the
Philippines that was run by the
government.
 establishment of at least one primary
school for boys and one for girls in each
town.
 available to every Filipino, regardless of
race or social class.
 The missionaries and friars were in charge
in teaching
 Subjects taught: 3R’s, Christian Doctrine,
morality, and sacred history, general
geography and Spanish history, agriculture,
rules of cortesy, vocal music and Spanish
language
 Students forbidden to speak own dialect
 free for poor people whose income is duly
certified by the Gobernadorcilloor parish
priest
 Parents fined 2 reales for not sending
children to school
 Education free for poor pupils
Despite the Decree the basic education in the
Philippines remained inadequate for the rest of
the Spanish period
EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION UNDER THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
PRE-HISPANIC
 NEEDS, SURVIVAL & CULTURE
 PARENTS AND TRIBAL LEADERS
 BAYBAYIN AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF
WRITING
 EQUAL EDUCATION
DURING SPANISH REGIME
 RELIGION
 PRIESTS & MISSIONARIES
 ROMAN ALPHABET
 EXCLUSIVE FOR SPANISH AND
PREVILEDGED FILIPINOS
*Lecture 10
Nativistic Revolts
Historian Teodoro A. Agoncillo categorized
the Nativistic revolts as:
(1) personal,
(2) resistance to oppressive Spanish-
introduced economic and religious
institutions, and
(3) land problems or peasant unrest
Early Display
Since the arrival of the Spanish, many
Filipinos have revolted.
Among the first are Lapu-Lapu of Mactan
(1521), and Dagami of Cebu (1567).
Personal
Organized by former datus and maharlikas,
as well as babaylans and katalonans,
who had lost their prestige and power with
the coming of the Spaniards.
They also yearn to revert to their own
culture and regain the freedom formerly
enjoyed by the native Filipinos before the
arrival of the Spanish
Personal
❖Lakandula , Soliman, Augustin
Legazpi, Martin Pangan, Pitong Gatang,
Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Kapulong, Francisco
Dagohoy (started an 85-year revolt)
Against Religion
 The desire to go back to pre-colonial
animism.
 Some native priests and priestesses,
continued the pag-anito, secretly
evading the friars who declare them
to be idolatry and unlawful.
❖Miguel Lanab, Alababan, Tamblot of
Bohol, Bankaw of Limasawa, Leyte, Tapar, a
Christianized babaylan from Iloilo who
established a syncretic religion
Against Spanish Institution
 Polo y servicio, taxation, indulto de
comercio (right to participate in the
galleon trade) and monopolies are
some causes of unrest throughout
the whole Spanish colonial period.
❖Magalat of Tuguegarao, Luis Magtañgaga,
Juan de La Cruz Palaris, Diego Silang,
Gabriela Silang
Peasant Unrest
 Land problem due to the
encomienda system
 In Cavite, it was aggravated due to
forced labor and exaction of tribute
in the form of firewood (used in the
Imus church construction)
 The tulisanes (bandits) were really
troubled peasants whose survival
was dependent on the lands
disposessed by the uldogs
(hacienda lay-administrator).
Peasant unrest
❖Luis de los Santos, Juan Silvestre, Casimiro
Camerino (El Tulisan)
Moro Resistance
 “Moro Wars”
 Islam was already widespread in
the Philippines before the
introduction of Christianity by the
Spaniards.
 Spaniards failed to fully subjugate
the Moros in the 1750s
 Moro raids a reprevalent;
these caused economic stagnation
in Spanish-colonized areas. Razing
was widespread. Thousands of
Christians were captured and
subjected to slavery during these
raids.
The problems
 A pattern of failure is prominent on
the early revolts.
 The Philippines is an archipelago;
 the Filipinos live apart from each
other for centuries, which result to…
 Language barriers due to a great
number of different ethnolinguistic
groups.
 There was no lingua franca.
 Friars refuse to teach a central
language to indios.
 There was no national feeling
during the pre-colonial times
Secularization Movements
 Regular Priests
o Belonged to religious orders
o Main task is to spread Christianity
 Secular Priests
o Trained to govern local parishes
o Under the bishops
The Events
 As early as 1583, Philip II proclaimed
that parish administration pertained
to the seculars
 In 1753, Ferdinand VI proclaimed
that there were enough supply of
competent secular clergy to replace
regulars.
 However, this was not implemented;
Ferdinand VI preferred to put
regular clergy under diocesan
visitation and royal patronage.
Visitation Issue
 Bishops insisted on visiting the
parishes that were governed by
regular priests. However, the friars
refused these visits. They argued
that they are not under the
jurisdiction of the bishops. They
threatened to resign.
1872 Cavite Mutiny
In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Sancho de
Santa Justa y Rufina decided to uphold the
diocese authority over the parishes.
 Secular priests were assigned to take
over; but they are not enough.
 The Archbishop hastened the
ordination of Filipino seculars.
Royal Decree
 On the 9th day of November1774,
a royal decree was issued to transfer
parochial administration
from regular friars (Spanish) to the
secular priests (Filipinos).
 The friars are influential, and they
argued that Filipinos were poorly
educated and not qualified to run
the parishes.
 At the height of the injustice, many
secular-run parishes were
relinquished to the Recollects. The
arrival of the Jesuits (who were
exiled once), meant that more
secular parishes were taken away
from Filipinos
 On 1870, only 181 out of 792
parishes had Filipino priests.
 The friars refused to leave
Filipinization
 The Filipino secular clergy, led by Fr.
Jose Burgos, appealed to the
Spanish throne and Rome for the
recovery of the parishes that the
Spanish government in the
Philippines took away from them.
 The friars ought to be confined to
missionary work and should turn
over all parishes to the Filipino
secular clergy in accordance to the
canon law.
 The petitions were just and lawful;
the friars were bound to lose the
case.
 In an effort to thwart this, the friars
claimed that the Filipino secular
clergy were really agitators who aim
to seize the parishes in order to
organize an insurrection against the
Spanish regime in the Philippines.
 The friars further claimed that they
themselves are the sole support of
the Spanish throne that could
prevent the said insurrection.
Without them, the whole regime
would be tumbling down.
 Morning of January 20, 1872:
It was the payday of the Cavite
arsenal workers.
Much to their dismay, there was an
unreasonable deduction in their
already small wages.
 This was caused by the new
imposition of tribute ordered by the
new Governor General Rafael de
Izquierdo.
 Workers on the artillery corps and
government shops had also lost
their exemption privileges from
tributes and polo y servicios
personales.
 They had been enjoying these since
the mid-eighteenth-century.
 Tobacco planters faced unpaid
wages and unjust payment for
harvests in Cavite during 1870-
1871.This added to the unrest.
 The mutiny was also a result of
racial discrimination between the
Filipino and Spanish armed forces.
The Spanish soldiers received higher
ranks, pay, and even enjoyed better
food rations under Izquierdo’s new
policy.
 One contemporary Spanish writer
believed that the revolt have
stemmed from the worker’s strike
(huelga), which is the first ever
recorded in the Philippines
  200 Filipino soldiers, together with
some workers of the arsenal
of the artillery corps led by Sgt.
Fernando La Madrid, seized Fort San
Felipe in the night of January 1872.
 The mutineers killed 11 Spanish
officers and took over the Fort.
 La Madrid was “blinded and badly
burned” when a sack of gunpowder
exploded, killing him
instantaneously while trapped inside
the fort.
 The fort commander was also killed,
and his wife wounded.
 After two days, the mutiny was
subdued.
 While it failed to attract large
following at that time, it became a
pivotal moment in the history of
Philippine Revolution.
Significance
 Although the revolt was local, the
Spanish took this as a sign of a
bigger uprising that would
potentially overthrow the Spanish
power in the Philippines.
 The friars and Izquierdo used the
Cavite mutiny as proof that there is,
indeed, a need to quell the Filipinos.
The Spanish, especially the friars, placed the
blame on three Filipino secular priests:
 Fr. Mariano Gomez
 Fr. Jose Burgos
 Fr. Jacinto Zamora
GomBurZa
 The friars stipulated that these
secular priests are using their local
parishes as means to
disseminateradical anti-Spanish
ideas. Hence, the revolt.
 The GomBurZa were subjected to a
trial shrouded with secrecy. The
sentence was hastily carried out.
The Events
 On February 17, 1872, less than a
month after the Cavite mutiny, the
GomBurZa were publicly executed
in Bagumbayan by means of garrote.
“... it may be possible to stimulate another
revolt like that of Cavite and then, because
of it, cut off the heads of many educated
persons, but from the blood spilled, fresher
and more shoots will sprout. Before the
catastrophe of 1872, there were less
thoughtful people, less anti-friars; they
sacrificed innocent victims; but now you
have the young, the women, and the young
ladies declaring themselves in favor of the
same cause. Repeat the sacrifice and the
executioners will be sealing their own fate.”
-JOSE RIZAL,1989
“Without 1872, there would have been no
Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor would
the brave and generous Filipino colonies in
Europe have existed. Without 1872, Rizal
would now have been a Jesuit and instead
of writing Noli Me Tangere, would have
written the contrary. At the sight of those
injustices and cruelties, though still a child,
my imagination awoke, and I swore to
dedicate myself to avenge one day so many
victims.With this idea I have gone on
studying, and this can be read in all my
works and writings. God will grant me one
day to fulfill my promise.” -JOSE RIZAL’S
LETTER TO MARIANO PONCE, 18 APRIL
1889
The Freemasonry
 The execution of the GomBurZa
brought forth the awakening of
many Filipinos. Indios, especially the
Illustrados, started to actively
expose themselves with liberal
ideas that were against the Spanish
regime at that time.
The Establishment
 There was a need for organization.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena thought to
bring together all Filipino Masons
into one lodge, patterned through
the existing Masonic Lodges in
Europe.
 During 1892 to 1893, there was a
significant growth of Filipino
Masonry. Most notably, women
were involved.
 Rosario Villaruel was initiated a
member of the lodge Walana on July
18,1983.
o She became the first woman
to become a Mason.
o Trinidad Rizal, Romualda
Lanuza, Josefa Rizal, Marina
Dizon, Sixta Fajardo,
Valeriana Legazpi, and
Purificacion Leyva
  This prominence came with a great
price: Spanish friars became more
alarmed.
 Masons were arrested, tortured,
andexiled.
 Because of this, the Freemasons
became a symbol of freedom
anddemocracy.
 La Solidaridad
 the official organization of the Filipino
propagandists in Spain
proclaimed:
“Masonry will exist so long as there is
tyranny, for Masonry is but an organized
protest of the oppressed. And tyranny will
prevail in the Philippines as long as the
government remains in the hands of the
friars at the service of their interests. For
that reason, tyranny in the Philippines is
synonymous with oligarchy of the friars, and
to fight against tyranny is to fight the
friars.”
 Masonry was already planted deep
in the Philippines on the onset of the
revolution.
 It became an avenue to share
radical ideas which continued to
spread the knowledge of Spain’s
abuses to the indios.
 Though indirectly responsible for the
said revolution, it served as a system
that would eventually lead to the
organization of the Katipunan.
 Andres Bonifacio himself was a
Mason.
*Lesson 11
Propaganda Movement & La Liga Filipina
The Nature of the Reform Movement
 The unjust execution of the three
Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora was a
turning point of the Filipino history,
for it ushered a new era—the
reform movement.
●The dissatisfaction of the Filipino men of
wealth and intellect was centered around
the abuses of both civil and clerical Spanish
authorities
●The middle class (composed of Spanish
and Chinese mestizos) denounced the
abuse and exploitation by the Spanish
colonizers.
Hence, they asked Spain to make the
Philippines a province of Spain: not
independence, but for Filipinos to become
Spanish citizens and enjoy the
accompanying rights and privileges. Also
called as ‘assimilation’.
Philippines as Spanish Province
 As Spanish citizens, the Filipinos
would be represented in the Spanish
Cortés, wherein the representatives
could propose and participate in the
approval of laws beneficial to the
country.
 They would be immune from the
abuses of the Spaniards and would
be liberated from the unjust and
unreasonable taxes.
 In the process of such assimilation,
the transformation of the
Philippines from a mere colony to a
full-fledged province would be
achieved through a peaceful
manner.
 Hence, the middle class, made up of
the rich and intellectuals, were
‘reformers’ and not ‘revolutionists’,
for they believe in the power of
words, and not of the sword, to
achieve their purpose, to convince
the authorities in Spain to introduce
such a beneficent reform.
 Approximately half of the reformists’
number belonged to the propertied
class, while the other half belongs to
the intellectual class.
 An armed conflict would hurt the
material properties and possessions
of the propertied class.
 Based on history and through logic,
no uprising could have and would
have succeeded without the
necessary arms with which to fight
the enemy. The middle class, and
even more so the lower class of
Indio’s simply do not have any
capacity.
La Solidaridad
●Graciano Lopez Jaena and other reformers
founded the Filipino Circle in Madrid in
1882 and published its mouthpiece to bring
to the attention of the peninsular Spaniards
the so-called Philippines problem, but the
Master of Colonies discouraged the Circle
hence they dispersed.
●When Marcelo H. del Pilar arrived in Spain,
the plan was greenlit it was agreed that the
expatriated would finance the first numbers
of the periodical, which was called La
Solidaridad, or also referred to as Sol.
●The paper was fort nightly dedicated to
the exposition against the malicious and
slanderous attacks of the hired writers of
the friars, and the publication of studies
about the Philippines and the Filipinos.
●Graciano Lopez Jaena started out as the
first editor.
Aims of La Solidaridad
 Our aspirations are modest, very
modest.
 Our program, aside from being
simple, is clear: to combat reaction,
to stop all retrogressive steps, to
extol and adopt liberal ideas, to
defend progress; in a word, to be a
propagandist, above all, of
democratic ideas in order to make
these supreme in all nations here
and across these as.
 The aims is to collect, to gather
libertarian ideas which are
manifested daily in the field of
politics, science, art, literature,
commerce, agriculture and industry.
 Discuss all problems relating to the
general interest of the nation and
seek solutions to those problems in
high-level and democratic manner.
 With regard to the Philippines, since
she needs the most help, not being
represented in the Cortes, we shall
pay particular attention of which is
our patriotic duty.
 That nation of eight million souls
should not, must not be the
exclusive preserve of theocracy and
traditionalism.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
●From Iloilo
●Was able to observe the sad state of his
country
●Took to writing early in his life
●Wrote a tale called Fray Botod, a work
that deals with the ignorance, abuses and
immorality of a certain friar called Botod.
The friars felt ridiculed.
●He went to Spain and enrolled for
medicine
●Gave speeches and orations about the
conditions of the Philippines or a defense of
the Filipinos against Spanish abusers.
●In the 391st anniversary of the founding of
America, Lopez Jaena in the presence of the
diplomatic and prominent men in politics
and arts, delivered an impassioned speech
where he called the Philippines the heart in
which all the arteries, all the veins of the
industrial and commercial wealth converge.
He also pointed out that the Filipinos did
not want a semi-feudal state and oppressive
friars.
●The Filipinos wanted representation in the
Cortes so that their aspirations could be
considered and recognized by the
Government of Spain. There was a wild
applause, and the Venezuelan Ministerto
Spain, Dr.Calacano, sprang to his feet and
hugged Lopez Jaena in the name of Latin
America.
●He was the editor of La Solidaridad, a
newspaper that was published by the
Filipino reformists, and wrote multiple
articles.
●He was almost always be dressed in rags
and the Filipino colony in Spain felt
ashamed of him and his eccentricities—
eating sardines with his fingers etc.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
●His sense of justice led him early in life to
campaign against the abuses of the friars.
●He founded Diariong Tagalog where he
wrote about patriotism.
●He wrote pamphlet after pamphlet
ridiculing friar sovereignty and exposing
injustices committed to the Filipinos. He
also defended Rizal on his works Noli Mi
Tangere
●His radical activities soon became a reason
for an order of his arrest, but he escaped to
Spain. He took over the editorship of La
Solidaridad, restlessly writing, editing, and
contacting progressive Spaniards who
would fight side by side with the reformists.
●Under Pilar, La Solidaridad expanded to
include
●The removal of friars and secularization of
the parishes
●Active participation in the affairs of the
government
●Freedom of speech, of press and of
assembly
●A wider social and political freedom
●Assimilation
●Representation of the Spanish Cortes
 Spain had internal problems and could not
listen to such cries.
 La Solidaridad ran out of funds, he even
had to roam around in Barcelona to pick
used cigarettes to warm himself. He died
of starvation.
Jose Rizal
 Most cultured of the reformists
 Wrote Noli M iTangere and El
Filibusterismo
 Wrote multiple articles for La
Solidaridad, and formed La Liga
Filipina, a society aimed to support
reformists and representatives
present in Spain
La Propaganda
 A civic society composed mostly, if
not exclusively, of the middle class,
established to contribute money to
cover the expenses of the Filipino
reformers in Spain who were
waging a campaign to obtain
assimilation from the Mother
Country.
 The funds collected were forwarded
to the Hispano-Filipino Association,
but these were malversed, and the
society passed out of existence.
Rizal stepped in a proposed a formation of a
new civic society and prepared a
constitution for this society while in Hong
Kong.
La Liga Filipina
In July 1892, at a house in Tondo, Jose Rizal
founded and inaugurated La Liga Filipina.
Aims of La Liga Filipina
●To unite the whole archipelago into one
compact, vigorous and homogenous body
●Mutual protection in every want and
necessity
●Defense against all violence and injustice
●Encouragement of instruction, agriculture
and commerce
●Study and application of reforms
These aims were to be carried out through
the creation of a governing body composed
of the Supreme Council, the Provincial
Council and the Popular Council.
Each member were to pay a monthly due
of ten centavos, and was free to choose a
symbolic name for himself.
The funds of the society were to be used in
the following manner:
●The member or his son who, while not
having means shall show application and
great capacity, shall be sustained.
●The poor shall be supported in his right
against any powerful person.
●The member who shall have suffered any
loss shall be aided.
●Capital shall be loaned to the member
who shall need it for an industry or
agriculture.
●The introduction of machines and
industries, new or necessary in the country
shall be favored.
●Shops, stores and establishments shall be
opened, where the members may be
accommodated more economically than
elsewhere.
●Even if the society had innocent
intentions, the Spanish authorities
considered it dangerous, and Rizal was
secretly arrested and deported to Dapitan.
●Some members continued to support it—
the aims remained the same, but it was
agreed that all should contribute towards
the support of La Solidaridad.
●Later, the members grew tired of paying
their dues, alleging that the Spanish
government was not listening to La
Solidaridad that they were financing.
●There was a conflict that arose amongst its
members:
●The middle-class members of the
society believed that something
could still be done by La Solidaridad
in its campaign for reforms.
●The poor members led by Andres
Bonifacio thought that there was no
hope for reforms anymore
Hence, the La Liga Filipina society died.
The intensive campaign of La Solidaridad
for reforms did not yield any tangible
results in the form of changes in the
administration of the Philippines.
●While it brought to the attention of the
peninsular Spaniards the so-called
Philippine problem, Spain itself was
preoccupied with its own internal problems,
and could not allocate any time or
resources for the colonial problem in the
Philippines.
●The friars were also too powerful even in
Spain to beside tracked by Spanish
authorities. They also have a counter active
influential and powerful newspaper, La
Politica de Espana en Filipinas.
●Societies established in the Philippines
with the purpose to campaign for reforms
did not have sufficient means to carry out
their aims.
●There was difficulty in collecting funds for
La Solidaridad.
●Some of the members realized the
uselessness of a peaceful propaganda,
considering that even after six years of
publication, La Solidaridad failed in
convincing Spain to grant the needed
reforms.
●The propagandists were divided against
themselves by petty jealousies. The result
was the weakening of the ties that bound
them together.
●The news of Rizal’s deportation shocked
and surprised the people, for Rizal to them
was the symbol of freedom.
Andres Bonifacio
●Unlike the members of the middle class,
Andres Bonifacio, a man of scanty
education but with high intelligence and his
plebian associates did not dream of mere
reforms.
●They were interested in liberating the
country from the tyranny of the Spaniards
and in their minds, the only way to
accomplish their goal was to prepare the
people for an armed conflict.
●On the night of July 7, 1892, Andres
Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few
others met secretly at a house on Azcarrega
(now Claro M. Recto Avenue) in Tondo.
●The men gathered around a lamp,
performed the ancient blood compact and
signed the membership papers with their
own blood.
●It was agreed to win more members to the
society by means of triangle method, in
which an original member would take in
two new members who did not know each
other, but knew the original member that
took them in.
●Also agreed upon during the meeting was
the payment of an entrance fee of one real
fuerte(25 centavos) and a monthly due of a
medio real (12centavos).
Katipunan Objectives
●Political
 Consisted in working for these
parathion of the Philippines from
Spain
●Moral
 Revolved around the teaching of
good manners, hygiene good morals
and attacking obscurantism,
religious fanaticism and weakness of
character.
●Civic
 Revolved around the principle of
self-help and the defense of the
poor and the oppressed. All
members were urged to come to the
aid of the sick comrades and their
families, and in case of death, the
society itself was to pay for the
funeral expenses.
●Realizing the importance of a primer to
indoctrinate the members of the society in
its ideals, Jacinto prepared one, of which he
called Kartilya.
Kartilya by Jacinto
1.The Kartilla consisted of thirteen
“teachings” which the members of the
society were expected to follow. The Kartilla
reads:
2.Life which is not consecrated to a lofty
and sacred cause is like a tree without a
shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
3.Agooddeedthatspringsfrom a desire for
personal profit and not from a desire to do
good is not kindness.
4.True greatness consists in being
charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and in
adjusting every movement, deed and word
to true Reason.
5.All men are equal, be the color of their
skin black or white. One may be superior to
another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty,
but cannot be superior in being.
6.He who is noble prefers honor to personal
gains; he who is mean prefers personal
profit to honor.
7.To a man with sense of shame, his word is
inviolate.
8.Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be
recovered, but time lost will never come
again.
9.Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor.
10.An intelligent man is he who is cautious
in speech and knows how to keep the
secrets that must be guarded.
11.In the thorny path of life, man is the
guide of his wife and children; if he who
guides moves toward evil, they who are
guided likewise move toward evil.
12.Think not of a woman as a thing merely
to while away time with, but as a helper and
partner in the hardships of life. Respect her
in her weakness and remember the mother
who brought you into this world and who
cared for you in your childhood.
13. What you don’t want done to your wife,
daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife,
daughter, and sister of another. The nobility
of a man does not consist in being a king,
nor in the highness of the nose and the
whiteness of the skin nor in being a priest
representing God, nor in the exalted
position on this earth, but pure and truly
noble is he who, though born in the woods,
is possessed of an upright character, who is
true to his words; who has dignity and
honor; who does not oppress and does not
help those who oppress; who knows how to
look after and love the land of his birth.
●Bonifacio, in his Katungkulang Gagawin ng
mgaZ.LlB. (The Duties of the Sons of the
People) laid down the rules to be followed
strictly by the members of the society.
The rules constitute the Decalogue:
 Love God with all your heart.
 Bear always in mind that the love of
God is also the love of country, and
this, too, is love of one's fellow men.
 Engrave in your heart that the true
measure of honor and happiness is
to die for the freedom of your
country.
 All your good wishes will be
crowned with success if you have
serenity, constancy,
 Reason and faith in all your acts and
endeavor.
 Guard the mandates and aims of the
K.K.K. as you guard your honor.
 It is the duty of all to deliver, at the
risk of their own lives and wealth,
anyone who runs great risks in the
performance of his duty.
 Our responsibility to ourselves and
the performance of our duties will
be the example set for our
fellowmen to follow.
 Insofar as it is within your power,
share your means with the poor and
the unfortunate.
 Diligence in the work that gives
sustenance to you is the true basis
of love—love for yourself, for your
wife and children, for your brothers
and countrymen.
 Punish any scoundrel and traitor and
praise all good work. Believe,
likewise, that the aims of the K.K.K.
are God-given, for the will of the
people is also the will of God.
The KKK society had three governing
bodies:
●Kataastaasang Sangunian or the Supreme
Council
o was the highest governing body of
the society and was composed of a
president, a fiscal, a secretary, a
treasurer, and a comptroller or an
interventor.
●Sangguniang Bayan or the Provincial
Council
o Sangguniang Bayan and
Sangguniang Balangay represented,
respectively, the province and the
municipality or town. Each of these
had a council similar to that of the
Supreme Council. The latter,
together with the presidents of the
two other councils, constituted the
Katipunan Assembly.
Judicial matters affecting the members of
the society were referred to a sort of court
known as the Sangunniang Hukuman or
Judicial Council.
o Sat as a court of justice to pass
judgement on any member who
violated the rules of the society or to
meditate between any quarrelling
brethren or factions.
o In the duration of its existence, the
Judicial Council had not passed the
death sentence on any member.
●Sangguniang Balangay or the Popular
Council
o Sangguniang Bayan and
Sangguniang Balangay represented,
respectively, the province and the
municipality or town. Each of these
had a council similar to that of the
Supreme Council. The latter,
together with the presidents of the
two other councils, constituted the
Katipunan Assembly.
Andres Bonifacio
 Orphaned at a very young age,
Bonifacio was forced to shoulder the
burden of his family.
 Blessed with good hands in
craftsmanship and visual arts, he
made canes and paper fans, which
he and his young siblings sold, and
he made posters for business firms.
 Not finishing his normal education,
Bonifacio enriched his natural
intelligence with self-education.
 He read books about the French
Revolution, biographies of the
Presidents of the United States,
books about contemporary
Philippine penal and civil codes, and
novels such as Victor Hugo's Les
Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le
Juiferrant and JoséRizal's Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo.
 Aside from Tagalog and Spanish, he
could speak and understand English,
which he learned while working at
J.M. Fleming and Co. Humble and
self-effacing, Bonifacio knew his
limitations and recognized the worth
of others. When he found out that
Jacinto’s Kartilla was better than his
Decalogue, he did not hesitate to set
his own aside and adopt Jacinto’s
Kartilla as the official teachings of
the KKK.
 Though he was the founder of the
Katipunan, he did not insist on
becoming its president. It was only
when he discovered that the first two
presidents were not as serious of their
duty as expected of them did, he take
the responsibility for the society.
 He was not dictatorial, in fact, he
was humble and tolerant, but when
the society’s existence was at stake,
he did not hesitate to take drastic
action against anybody whom he
though would defeat the purposes
for which the Katipunan was
founded.
 Bonifacio may have been ignorant
from the point of view of the middle
class, but he succeeded where the
middle class failed.
o The middle class held onto
their mistaken belief that
Spain would hear their cries
of reforms.
 Bonifacio, then, was the legitimate
Father of Revolution, for without
him, it is extremely doubtful
whether the Philippine revolution
could have become a reality at a
time where everybody seemed to be
in a despair without doing anything
about it.
Jacinto
 Called the Brains of the Katipunan
Honest and highly intelligent, he
won the admiration of Bonifacio and
subsequently became his trusted
friend and adviser.
 Jacinto later became the
commander-in-
chief of the revolutionary forces in
Laguna.
 He was the author of articles which
influenced the masses to join the
Katipunan and to make sacrifices for
their welfare of the native land.
 He was the editor of the society’s
newspaper Kalayaan which voiced
the aspirations of the people.
 Aside from the Kartilla, Jacinto also
authored Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag,
Sa Mga Kababayan. And many
more.