Theory and Principles of Planning PART II

Urban and Regional Planning and

Urban Design
6th Architectural Licensure Review College of Architecture University of Mindanao
 History of the City
and Region –Ancient
History of the City and Region –
Middle Ages
History of the City and Region –
Modern
Theories of Urban and Regional
Planning – Land Use Patterns
 Theories of Urban and Regional Planning –
Socio-economic Patterns

Income Distribution and

Population Growth.

Population, Urbanization and

Migration
 Comprehensive Planning
The Master plan or general plan, the comprehensive plan
represents the most significant concept of the 20th Century. The
underlying idea is that a long-term plan (20-30 years) for the overall
physical development of an entire area or city can be used to
organize and direct the social, economic, political and physical
forces within an urban or regional area in a rational and productive
manner. This plan is an official public document involving not only a
set of goals but also a policy to attain those goals
HEALTH
o Requiring sufficient road within new subdivisions
to ensure ambulances and fire equipment has
adequate access for emergency.
o Planning for a street geometry that permits
children to walk from home to school without
crossing major thoroughfares.
o In high crime areas, laying out patterns of
buildings and spaces that provide fewer sites where
muggings and robberies can be committed
unobserved.
 Comprehensive Planning
Public Safety.
1. Requiring sufficient road within new
subdivisions to ensure ambulances and fire
equipment has adequate access for
emergency.
2. Planning for a street geometry that permits
children to walk from home to school without
crossing major thoroughfares.
3. In high crime areas, laying out patterns of
buildings and spaces that provide fewer sites
where muggings and robberies can be
committed unobserved.
Circulation.
Providing the community with adequate circulation may
mean:
1. A system of street, parking facilities that make
possible an orderly, efficient, and rapid flow of
vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
2. Providing for adequate public transportation.
 Comprehensive
Planning
Provision of Services and Facilities.
•Determining the location of facilities as
parks, recreation areas, schools, social
services, hospitals, etc.
•Plan for a pattern of land use that
facilitates the provision of public
services (police and fire protection,
water and sewers).
Fiscal Health. There is a relationship
between the pattern of development and
the fiscal situation of the community:
•Any development will impose some cost
on the community and generate
revenues for the municipality.
•Fiscal zoning – the use of its land-use
controls to keep out types of housing or
economic activity that are likely to cost
the community more for additional
services than they yield in additional
revenue.
Economic Goals. Economic growth or
maintenance of existing level of
economic activity as to develop a pattern
of land use that provides for commercial
and industrial sites, provides good
access to such sites, and facilitates
supplying utilities to such sites.
Environmental Protection. It might
involve:
•Restrictions on building in wetlands,
steep slopes or other ecological valuable
or fragile lands.
•Preservation of open spaces, ordinance
to control discharges into water bodies,
prohibitions or limitations on commercial
or industrials activities that would
degrade air quality, etc.
Redistributive goals. Distribution
downward both wealth and influence in
the political process.
 Comprehensive Planning –
The Land Use Plan
The functional elements and
supportive studies:
a. Capital improvements
b. Future land use plan
c. Traffic Circulation
d. Sanitary sewer, solid waste,
drainage and potable water
e. Conservation
f. Recreation and open space
g. Housing
h. Coastal Management (for
coastal jurisdictions only)
i. Inter-governmental
coordination
Additional elements which are
optional but are required for local
governments with a population
greater than 50,000:
a. Mass transit
b. Port, aviation, and related
facilities plan
c. Non-automotive vehicular (
bicycle) and pedestrian traffic
d. Off-street parking
e. Public buildings and related
facilities
f. Community Design
g. General Area redevelopment
h. Safety
i. Historic and scenic preservation
j. Economic development
Urban Design Falls between the
professions of planning and
Architecture.
•It deals with large-scale organization
Urban Design
and design of a city, with the
massing and organization of
buildings and the space between
them, but not with the design of the •Involves a spectrum of social,
individual building. cultural, and physical design issues.
•It deals with a large scale, such as
entire neighborhood or cities, and •Urban design is concerned with the
with long time frames, frequently 15 physical form of cities, buildings
to 20 years. and the space between them. The
•Deals with a number of variables study of urban design deals with:
such as transportation,
a. the relationship between the
neighborhood identity, pedestrian
orientation and climate. This physical form of the city and the
complexity, combined with the long social forces which produce it.
periods of time involved, results in b. It focuses, in particular, on the
an environment characterized by
high uncertainty. physical character of the public
•Considers the entire city, beyond realm but is also concerned with the
the bounds of the city and interaction between the public and
understand how the city functions rivate development and the resulting
as part of the larger region. E.g., impact on the urban form.
How the transportation system of
the city relates to surrounding
suburbs and communities.
CRITERIAS THAT AFFECT THE SUCCESS OF AN
URBAN DESIGN PROJECT:

a. Unity and Coherence • Can users find their way from one
b. Minimum conflict place to another without confusion or
between pedestrians fear? Are the signs easily understood?
and vehicles Are major pedestrian areas well
c. Protection from rain, lighted in the evenings to find the
noise, wind and so on.
user’s way easily and safely?
d. Easy orientation for
users • Another important functional criteria is
e. Compatibility of land safety. Separation of pedestrian and
uses vehicular traffic reduces accidents. Yet
f. Availability of places to the spaces and circulation areas must
rest, observe, and be organized so that they can be
meet readily accessible to emergency
g. Creation of a sense of vehicles and can accommodate
security and
pleasantness. delivery vehicles to the shops we find
so desirable along pedestrian streets.
 Urban Design Types-
URBAN RENEWAL
a. Eliminating substandard housing
b. Revitalizing city economies
c. Constructing good housing
d. Reducing de facto segregation
e. Urban Renewal involves the
following:
-Demolition of structures on an
existing urban area and
rebuilding.
-Development of a large number
standard housing facility for a set of
residents more on the medium to
medium-low income brackets of the
society.
-Facilitation of economic growth or,
in more desperate cases, measures
to retard the loss of economic
activity.
-Attempts to increase the quality –
and sometimes the quantity- of the
city’s housing stock
• Attempts to sustain or improve
some particular commercial
functions of the city, most
commonly retailing.
• Furtherance of urban design goals
–attempts to beautify –or de-
uglify- a downtown street might be
tied to attempts to increase
downtown retailing activity that
might be part of a larger effort
aimed at employment expansion.
• Provision of a variety of services
as social services: day care, job
training, or drug rehabilitation.
Service provision is likely to be
directed primarily to less affluent
segments of the community’s
population.
•They should make a
successful economic
contribution to the
regeneration of the area and
be financially viable;
•They should act as a catalyst
for further regeneration and
development in the area,
thus creating a self-
sustaining momentum with
long term benefits;
•They should contribute to
the community spirit and
cohesion by raising levels of
confidence in the long term
living and working
environment of the local area
and should contribute to
building the capacity of local
people;
Urban Design Types-
URBAN
REGENERATION
•They should contribute to environmental
sustainability;
•They should have been completed to the
point where there is a track record of
success.
•Represents best, rather than good or
average practice;
•Provides evidence of the desirability of
involving an appropriate range of partners
and taking action on a number of fronts;
•Places an emphasis on the need to
consider and plan for the long term
development, management and continued
operation of a scheme or project;
•Displays qualities of imagination,
innovation, inspiration and determination.
 Urban Design Types-
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT

• Uplifting or upgrading of an urban area is

Urban Redevelopment. A clear example of
this is the Sites and Services Project of the
RCDP Project of the Quezon Boulevard
Area in Davao City.
 Urban Design Types-
URBAN RENAISSANCE

• This type of URBAN DESIGN is centered on

historical preservation or cultural preservation
of an area of great historical or cultural values.
Land uses maybe changed in proposals.
However, existing structures that depicts the
preserved history or culture is enhanced.
Modern conceptions of the city

Columbia, Maryland,
Community
Research and
Development, Inc.:
Neighborhoods,in
clusters of five, form
'villages'.
Transportation joins
the villages into a
new town. The
organization is a
tree.
Modern conceptions of the city

Greenbelt, Maryland,
Clarence Stein: This
'garden city' has been
broken down into
superblocks. Each
superblock contains
schools, parks and a
number of subsidiary
groups of houses built
around parking lots. The
organization is a tree.
Modern conceptions of the city
Greater London plan (1943),
Abercrombie and Forshaw: The
drawing depicts the structure
conceived by Abercrombie for London.
It is made of a large number of
communities, each sharply separated
from all adjacent communities.
Abercrombie writes, 'The proposal is to
emphasize the identity of the existing
communities, to increase their degree
of segregation, and where necessary
to recognize them as separate and
definite entities.' And again, 'The
communities themselves consist of a
series of sub-units, generally with their
own shops and schools, corresponding
to the neighborhood units.' The city is
conceived as a tree with two principal
levels. The communities are the larger
units of the structure; the smaller sub-
units are neighborhoods. There are no
overlapping units. The structure is a
tree.
Modern conceptions of the city
Mesa City, Paolo Soleri: The
organic shapes of Mesa City lead
us, at a careless glance, to
believe that it is a richer structure
than our more obviously rigid
examples. But when we look at it
in detail we find precisely the
same principle of organization.
Take, particularly, the university
centre. Here we find the centre of
the city divided into a university
and a residential quarter, which is
itself divided into a number of
villages (actually apartment
towers) for 4000 inhabitants,
each again subdivided further
and surrounded by groups of still
smaller dwelling units.
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PLANNERS
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