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CBSE
Class 11 Mathematics
Revision Notes
Chapter - 1
SETS
1. Sets and their Representations

2. The Empty Set, Finite and Infinite Sets, Equal Sets
3. Subsets, Power Set, Universal Set
4. Venn Diagrams, Operations on Sets
5. Complement of a Set
6. Union and Intersection of Two Sets
Set: A set is a well-defined collection of objects.

Representaiton of sets: (i) Roster or Tabular form, (ii) Rule method or set builder
form.
Types of sets:
Empty set: A set which does not contain any element is called empty set or null set or
void set. It is denoted by or { }.
Singleton set: A set, consisting of a single element, is called a singleton set.
Finite set: A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called finite set.
Infinite set: A set, which is not finite, is called infinite set.
Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their cardinal numbers are
same, .i.e, .
Equal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same
elements.
Subset: A set A is said to be subset of a set B, if every element of A is also an element
of B. Intervals are subsets of R.
Proper set: If A B and A B, then A is called a proper set of B, written as A B.
Universal set: If all the sets under consideration are subsets of a large set U, then U is
known as a universal set. And it is denoted by rectangle in Venn-Diagram.
Power set: A power set of a set A is collection of all subsets of A. It is denoted by P(A).
Venn-Diagram: A gepmetrical figure illustrating universal set, subsets and their
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operations is known as Venn-Diagram.
Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are
either in A or in B.
Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all elements
which are common. The difference of two sets A and B in this order is the set of
elements which belong to A but not to B.
Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if .
Difference of sets: Difference of two sets i.e., set (A - B) is the set of those elements of
A which do not belong to B.
Compliment of a set: The complement of a subset A of universal set U is the set of all
elements of U which are not the elements of A. A' = U - A.
For any two sets A and B, (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′ and ( A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B′
If A and B are finite sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then
n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B).
If A ∩ B ≠ φ, then
n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A ∩ B)

CBSE Class 11 Mathematics
Revision Notes
Chapter - 2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Cartesian Product of Sets

2. Relations
3. Functions
Ordered pair A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order. Clearly,

.
Cartesian product of two sets A and B is given by A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
In particular R × R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} and R × R × R = (x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R}
If (a, b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y.

If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
A × φ = φ
In general, A × B ≠ B × A.
Relation: Relation A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of the Cartesian
product A × B obtained by describing a relationship between the first element x and
the second element y of the ordered pairs in A × B, i.e., .
Number of Relations: Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets, comtaining m and n
elements respectively, then the total number of relaitons from A to B is
Domain: The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a
relation R. Domain R = .
The image of an element x under a relation R is given by y, where (x, y) ∈ R,

Range: The range of the relation R is the set of all second elements of the ordered
pairs in a relation R. Range R = .
Function: Function A function f from a set A to a set B is a specific type of relation for
which every element x of set A has one and only one image y in set B. We write f:
A→B, where f(x) = y.
Domain and Co-domain: The set A is called the domain of function f and the set B is

called the co-domain of f.
Range: If f is a function from A to B, then each element of A corresponds to ine and
only one element of B, whereas every element in B need not be the image of some in
A. The subset of B comtaining the image of elements of A is called the range of the
function. The range of f is denoted by . Mathematically, we write:
Image: If the element x of A corresponds to under the function f, then we say

that is the image of under f and we write, .
Pre-image: If , then is pre-image of

Revision Notes
Chapter - 3
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Angles
2. Trigonometric Functions
3. Sum and Difference of Two Angles
4. Trigonometric Equations
Measurement of an angle: The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation from

the initial side to the terminal side.
Right angle: If the rotating ray starting from its initial position to final position,
describes one quarter of a circle, then we say that the measure of the angle formed is
a right angle.
If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle of θ radians, then l = rθ
Radian measure =
Degree measure =
Trigonometric Functions
Quadrant:
ratios I II III IV
+ + - -
+ - - +
+ - + -
, ,
Trigonometric values of some angles:
0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o
0 1 0

1 0
0 1 0
Trigonometric Identities:
Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:
Sum Formulae:
Difference Formulae:
Some Useful Results:

Transformation Formulae:
Product Formulae (on the basis of L.H.S.) or A-B formulae:
Sum and Difference Formulae (on the basis of L.H.S.) or C-D formulae:
Trigonometric Functions of Multiple and Sub-multiples of Angles:

Trigonometric Equations:
Principle Solutions: The solutions of a trigonometric equation, for which

are called the principle solutions.
General Solutions: The solution, consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometric
equation is called its general solutions>
Some General Solutions:
gives
gives
gives no solution
= 0 gives no solution
gives
gives
gives
gives

Revision Notes
Chapter-5
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. Algebra, Modulus and Conjugate of Complex Numbers

2. Argand Plane and Polar Representation
3. Quadratic Equations
Imaginary Number: Square root of a negative number is called an Imaginary

number. For example, etc. are imaginary numbers.
Integral power of Iota ( ) : = where
and
Complex Number: A number of the form where a and b are real numbers,
is called a complex number, a is called the real part and b is called the imaginary part
of the complex number. It is denoted by
Real part of is and is denoted by .
Imaginary part of is and is written as .
Equality of complex numbers: Two complex numbers and
are said to be equal, if and .
Conjugate of a complex number: Two complex numbers are said to be conjugate of
each other, if their sum is real and their product is also real. Conjugate of a complex
number is i.e., conjugate of a complex number is obtained by
changing the sign of imaginary part of z.
Modulus of a complex number: Modulus of a complex number is
denoted by .
Argument of a complex number : Arg .
Representation of complex number as ordered pair: Any complex number
can be written in ordered pair as , where a is the real past and b is the
imaginary part of a complex number.

(i)
(ii)
Division of a complex number: If and , then,
For any non-zero complex number there exists

the complex number denoted by or , called the multiplicative
inverse of z such that
Polar form of a complex number: The polar form of the complex number
, where (the modulus of z) and
. (θ is known as the argument of z. The value of θ, such that
is called the principal argument of z.
Important properties: (i) , (ii)
Fundamental Theorem of algebra: A polynomial equation of n degree has n roots.
Quadratic Equation:
Quadratic Equation: Any equation containing a varibale of highest degree 2 is

known as quadratic equation. e.g., .
Roots of an equation: The values of variable satisfying a given equation are called its
roots. Thus, is a root of the equation if
Solution of quadratic equation: The solutions of the quadratic equation
, where are given by

Revision Notes
Chapter-7
Permutations and Combinations
1. Fundamental Principle of Counting

2. Permutations
3. Combinations
Fundamental Principle of Counting
Addition Law: If there are two operations such that such that they can be performed
independently in and ways respectively, then either of the two operations can be
performed in ways.
Multiplication: If one operation can be performed in ways and if corresponding to
each of the ways of performing this operation, there are ways of performing a
second operation, then the number of ways of performing two operations together in
.
Factorial Notation: The continued product of first natural numbers is called the '
factorial' and is denoted by .
Permutations: The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time,

where repetition is not allowed, is denoted by and is given by
The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repeatition

is allowed, is .
The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where objectare of

first kind, objects are of the second kind, ..., objects are of the kind and rest,

if any, are all different is
Combinations:
The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by is

given by
Division into Groups: The number of ways things can be divided into two
groups containing and things respectively =

Revision Notes
Chapter-8
BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices
2. General and Middle Terms
Binomial Theorem: The expansion of a binomial for any positive integral n is given
by Binomial Theorem, which is
The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in an array. This array is called
Pascal’s triangle.
The general term of an expansion
The general term of an expansion
The general term of
The general term of
In the expansion , if n is even, then the middle term is the term.
If n is odd, then the middle terms are and terms.
term from the end in term fromt he beginning.

Method to prove Binomial Theorem:
(a) Principle of Mathematical Induction.
(b) Combinatorial Method.
Factorial notation:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Revision Notes
Chapter-9
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1. Sequences and series

2. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
3. Geometric Progression (G.P.), relation in A.M. and G.M.
4. Sum to n terms of Special Series
Sequence: By a sequence, we mean an arrangement of number in definite order

according to some rules. Also, we define a sequence as a function whose domain is the
set of natural numbers or some subsets of the type {1, 2, 3, ....k}. A sequence
containing a finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. A sequence is called
infinite if it is not a finite sequence.
Let , ... be the sequence, then the sum expressed as is
called series. A series is called finite series if it has got finite number of terms.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An arithmetic progression (A.P .) is a sequence in which terms increase or decrease

regularly by the same constant. This constant is called common difference of the A.P.
Usually, we denote the first term of A.P . by a, the common difference by d and the
last term by . The general term or the nth term of the A.P. is given by
Single Arithmetic mean between any two given numbers a and b: A.M. =
Arithmetic mean between two given numbers a and b:
form an A.P.
If a constant is added to each term of an A.P., then the resulting sequence is also an
A.P.
If a constant is subtracted to each term of an A.P., then the resulting sequence is also
an A.P.
If each term of an A.P. is multiplied by a constant, then the resuting sequence is also
an A.P.

If each term of an A.P. is divided by a constant, then the resuting sequence is also an
A.P.
Sum of first terms of an A.P.: and , where
is the last term, i.e., .
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
A sequence of non-zero numbers is said to be a geometric progression, if the ratio of

each term, except the first one, by its preceding term is always the same.
, where is the first term and is the common ratio.
term of a G.P.:
Sum of terms of a G.P.: if .

Sum to infinity of a G.P.:
Geomtric mean between a and b:
Geometric means between a and b:
If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same quantity the resulting
sequence is also a G.P.
The reciprocal of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P.
If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, the resulting sequence is also a G.P.
ARITHMETIC - GEOMETRIC SERIES
A sequence of non-zero numbers is said to be a arithmetic-geometric series, if its

terms are obtained on multiplying the terms of an A.P. by the corresponding terms of
a G.P. For example:
The general form of an arithmetic-geometric series:
nth term of an arithmetic-geometric series: of A.P. x of G.P.
Sum of n terms of some special series :
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers =
Sum of cubes of fist n natural numebrs =

Revision Notes
Chapter-10
Straight Lines
1. Slope of a Line
2. Various Forms of the Equation of a Line
3. General Equation of a Line and Distance of a Point From a Line
First Degree Equation
Every first degree equation like would be the equation of a straight line.
Slope of a line
Slope (m) of a non-vertical line passing through the points and is

given by is given by .
If a line makes an angle á with the positive direction of x-axis, then the slope of the
line is given by
Slope of horizontal line is zero and slope of vertical line is undefined.

An acute angle (say θ) between lines with slopes is given by
,
Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal i.e.,
Two lines are perpendicular if and only if product of their slopes is –1, i.e.,
Three points A, B and C are collinear, if and only if slope of AB = slope of BC.
Equation of the horizontal line having distance a from the x-axis is eithery = a or y = –
a.
Equation of the vertical line having distance b from the y-axis is eitherx = b or x = – b.
The point (x, y) lies on the line with slope m and through the fixed point if
and only if its coordinates satisfy the equation.

Various forms of equations of a line:
Two points form: Equation of the line passing through the points and (
is given by
Slope-Intercept form: The point (x, y) on the line with slope m and y-intercept c lies
on the line if and only if .
If a line with slope m makes x-intercept d. Then equation of the line is .
Intercept form: Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x-and y-axis,
respectively, is .
Normal form: The equation of the line having normal distance from origin p and
angle between normal and the positive is given by
General Equation of a Line: Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0, with A and B
are not zero, simultaneously, is called the general linear equation or general equation
of a line.
Working Rule for reducing general form into the normal form:
(i) Shift constant 'C' to the R.H.S. and get

(ii) If the R.H.S. is not positive, then make it positive by multiplying the whole equation by -1.
(iii) Divide both sides of equation by .
The equation so obtained is in the normal form.
Parametric Equation (Symmetric Form):

Equation of a line through origin: or .
The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By+ C = 0 from a point is given
by
Distance between the parallel lines = 0 and = 0, is
given by
Concurrent Lines
Three of more straight lines are said to be concurrent if they pass through a common point
i.e., they meet at a point. Thus, if three lines are concurrent the point of intersection of two
lines lies on the third line.

Condition of concurrency of three lines:
EQUATIONS OF FAMILY OF LINES THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
where is a constant and also called parameter.

This equation is of first degree of and , therefore, it represents a family of lines.
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

Working Rule to find the distance between two parallel lines:
(i) Find the co-ordinates of any point on one of ht egiven line, preferably by putting
and .
(ii) The perpendicular distance of this point from the other line is the required distance
between the lines.

Revision Notes
Chapter-10
STRAIGHT LINE
Definition: A straight line is a curve such that every point on the line segment joining any
two points on It lies on it. (No turning point b/w two points called a straight line)
Slope of Line (Gradient): A line makes with the +ve direction of the x – axis in anticlockwise
sense is Called the slope or gradient of the line.
The slope of a line is generally denoted by m. Thus, m = .
1. Since a line parallel to x –axis makes an angle of 00 with x – axis, therefore its slope is tan
0° = 0.

2. A line parallel to y – axis makes an angle of 90° with x – axis, so its slope is .
Slope of Line when Passing from two given points:

If P(x1, y1) & (x2, y2) So,
Angle between two Lines:
here m1:m2 are slope of lines and is angle two lines.
NOTE: 1. If two lines are parallel to each other ⇒ m1 = m2 because
1. if two line are perpendicular to each other ⇒ m1m2 = -1 because
2. if line parallel to x - axis ⇒ equation of line y = k

3. if line parallel to y - axis ⇒ equation of line x = k
4. every linear equation of two variable represent a line e.g. ax + by c = 0
Intercepts of line on the Axes:
B Here OA = X axis intercepts

And OB = Y axis intercepts
Let OA = a and OB = b

So, A(a, 0) and B(0, b)
NOTE: If three point are collinear than slope are equal b/w any two point of line
let A(x1,y1): B(x2,y2) & (x3,y3) ⇒ slope of BC = slope of AC
Different forms of the equation of a straight line:
1. Slope intercept form of a line:

The equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on y – axis is y = mx + c
The equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on x – axis is y = m(x - c)
2. Point - slope form of a line:
The equation of a line which passes through the point (given) P(x1, y1) and has the slope
‘m’ is
y - y1 = m(x - x1).
3. Two point form of a line:

The equation of a line passing through two points P(x1, y2) and Q(x2, y2) is
4. Intercept form of a line:

The equation of a line which cuts off intercepts ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively from the x – axis
and y – axis is .
5. Normal form or Perpendicular form of a line:
The equation of the straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular from the
origin is p and this Perpendicular makes an angle with x – axis is

6. Distance form of a line:
The equation of the straight line passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle with the
+ve direction of x – axis is

Where r is the distance of the point (x, y) on the line from the point (x1, y1)
Transformation of general equation in different standard forms:
1. Transformation of Ax + By + C = 0 in the slope intercept form y = m x + c
This is of the form y = m x +c, where

, and intercept on y – axis
2. Transformation of Ax + By + C = 0 in intercept form
Intercept on x – axis , Intercept on y - axis
3. Transformation of Ax + By + C = 0 in intercept form
Here and

NOTE: Three lines are said to be concurrent if they pass through a common point OR they
meet at a point.
Lines parallel and Perpendicular to a given line:
1. Line parallel to a guven line

To write a line parallel to a given line we keep the expression containing x and y same
and simply replace The given constant by an unknown constant k. the value of k can be
determined by some given condition.
2. Line perpendicular to a guven line
The equation of a line perpendicular to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay + k = 0.
Distance of a point from a line:

The length of the perpendicular from a point to a line ax + by + c = 0 is
Distance B/W Parallel lines:
The distance between two parallel lines ax + by +c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is

Revision Notes
Chapter-11
CONIC SECTIONS
1. Sections of a Cone, Circle

2. Parabola
3. Ellipse
4. Hyperbola
CIRCLES
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point in the
plane.
The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius r is
The equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and the radius r is .

Characteristics of the equation of a circle:
(i) Second degree in and .
(ii) Coefficient of = coefficient of
(iii) Coefficient of = 0
Concentric circles are those circles that have the same centre.
When ends of diameter are and , then the equaiton of the circle is
Position of a point P w.r.t. a circle of radius and be the centre

(i) If point P lies inside the circle.
(ii) If point P lies on the circumference of the circle.
(iii) If point P lies outside the circle.
PARABOLA
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line and
a fixed point in the plane. In geometric, Parabola is a locus of the point which moves
so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to the distance from moving point to a

fixed straight line.
Standard Equation: The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and
directrix x = – a is
Focus: The given points are known as Focus.

Directrix: The fixed straight line is known as Directrix.
Axis: Any line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is known
as the axis of parabola.
Vertex: The point of intersection of the axis and the parabola is known as Vertex.
Latus Rectum: Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis
of the parabola, through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
Length of the latus rectum of the parabola
Double Ordinate: A chord passing through P (any point on the parabola) and
perpendicular to the axis of parabola is called the Double Ordinate through point P.
Focal Chord: Any chord passing through the focus is known as Focal Chord.
Four standard forms of Parabola: (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv)
.
ELLIPSE
An Ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two
fixed points in the plane is a constant. If the plane cuts entirely across one nappe of
the cone and , then the curve of intersection of cone and plane is an
Ellipse.
Focus: The fixed point is called the focus and is denoted by F.
Major Axis: When ellipse is drawn along axis, then the major axis is and
when ellipse is drawn along axis, then the major axis is .
Distance between focus and centre is denoted by .
The equation of an ellipse with focion the x-axis is

Relation between :
Latus rectum of an ellipse is a line segment perpendicular to the major axis through
any of the foci and whose end points lie on the ellipse.
Length of the latus rectum of the ellipse
The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre of the
ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse. Eccentricity:
Vertical Ellipse: In vertical eelipse, the denominator of is greater than . The
equation of this ellipse is where .
HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
Focus: The fixed point is called the focus and is denoted by F.
Vertex: Point of intersection of hyperbola is called its vertex.
The equations of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is : and
Distance between two vertices = Lenght of Transverse axis and Distance

between centre and focus =
Relation between :
Conjugate axis: It is a line perpendicular to the transverse axis and passing through
the mid-point of two vertices and its length is
Latus rectum of hyperbola is a line segment perpendicular to the transverse axis
through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the hyperbola.
Length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola :
The eccentricity of a hyperbola is the ratio of the distances from the centre of the
hyperbola to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the hyperbola. Eccentricity:

Revision Notes
Chapter-12
INTRODUCTION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. Coordinates- axes, planes, points in 3D

2. Distance between Two Points
3. Section Formula
Coordinate axes: In three dimensions, the coordinate axes of a rectangular Cartesian

coordinate system are three mutually perpendicular lines. The axes are called the x-
axis, y-axis and z-axis.
Planes: The three planes determined by the pair of axes are the coordinate planes,
called XY, YZ and ZX planes.
plane i.e.,
plane i.e.,
plane i.e.,
Octants: The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as
octants.
Points in 3D: The coordinates of a point P in three dimensional geometry is always
written in the form of triplet like (x, y, z). Here x, y and z are the distances from the
YZ, ZX and XY
Distance formula between two points: Distance between two points

Section Formula: The co-ordinates of R which divides a line segment joining the points
Internally and externally in the ratio m : n respectively
Internally:
Externally:
Centroid: The coordinates of the centroid of the trinagle whose vertices are
is

Revision Notes
Chapter-13
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
1. Limits
2. Derivatives
3. Miscellaneous Questions
Meaning of or " tends to " or " approaches ", is a variable. The expected
value of the function as dictated by the points to the left of a point defines the left hand limit
of the function at that point. Similarly the righthand limit. It can be changed so that its value
comes nearer and nearer to .
(i) , (ii) becomes smaller and smaller as we please.
Neighbourhood: The set of all real numbers lying between and is called the
neighbourhood of . Neighbourhood of =
Limit of a function at a point is the common value of the left and right hand limits, if
they coincide
Left hand limit of at . When approches from left hand side of , the function
tends to "a definite number". This definite number is said to be the left hand limit of
at .
Right hand limit of at . When approches from right hand side of , the function
tends to "a definite number". This definite number is said to be the right hand limit
of at .
Therefore, if Left hand limit of at = Right hand limit of at , then the limit of
at exists.
For function f and a real number a, and f (a) may not be same (Infact,
one may be defined and not the other one).
For functions f and g the following holds:.

Following are some of the standard limits
Derivatives
The derivative of a function f at a is defined by
Derivative of a function f at any point x is defined by
For functions u and v the following holds:
provided all are defind.

Following are some of the standard derivatives

Revision Notes
Chapter-15
STATISTICS
1. Mean:
2. Median: If the number of observations is odd, then median is
observation and if the number of observations is even, then median is the
mean of and observations.
3. Measures of Dispersion, Range and Mean Deviation

4. Variance and Standard Deviation
5. Analysis of Frequency Distributions
Measures of dispersion Range, Quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance,

standard deviation are measures of dispersion.
Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
Mean deviation for ungrouped data
Mean Deviation from Median for ungrouped data
Mean deviation for grouped data
Mean Deviation from Median for grouped data
where N =
Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data

Variance:
Standard deviation:
Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution

Variation:

Standard deviation:
Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution
(i) If = 1, 2, 3, .........., is a continuous frequency distribution of a variate X,
then
(ii) If be the given observations with respective frequencies
, then , where N =
(iii) If where A is assumed mean, then
(iv) If where is the common difference of values of then
Analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances: If

the S.D. of group A < the S.D. of group B, then group A is considered more consistent
or uniform.
Ananlysis of frequency distribution with unequal means: In this case we compare
the coefficient of variation [Coefficient of variation (C.V. = . The series having
greater coefficient of variation is said to be more variable than the other.
Variance of the combined two series:
where and are the sizes of two groups, and are the S.D. of two groups,
, and

Revision Notes
Chapter-16
PROBABILITY
1. Coin: On tossing a coin there are two possibilities either head may come up or tail may
come up.
2. Die: A die is a well balanced cube with its six faces marked with numbers (dots) from 1 to
6, one number on the one face. The plural of die is dice.
3. Cards: A pack of cards consists of four suits i.e.., Spades, Hearts, Diamonds and Clubs.
Each suit consists of 13 cards, nine cards numbered 2, 3, 4, ......, 10 and an Ace, a King, a
Queen and a Jack or Knave. Colour of Spades and Clubs is black and that of Hearts and
Diamonds is red. Ace, King, Queen and Jack cards are called Face cards.
4. Random Experiments : An experiment, whose outcomes cannot be predicted in advance
is called a Random experiment. For example, on tossing a coin, we cannot predict
whether head will come up or tail will come up.
5. Event : Every subset of a sample space is called an Event.
6. Types of Events:
Simple Event: Single element of the sample space is called a Simple event. It is
denoted by S.
Compound Event: Compound event is the joint occurrence of two or more events.
Sure Event: In a sure event, a set of all the favorable outcomes is the sample event
itself. Its probability is always 1.
Impossible Event: If E is an impossible event, then S E = and the probability of
impossible event is 0.
Equally Likely Events: Two events are said to be equally likely, if none of them is
expected to occur in preference to the other. For example, if we toss a coin, each
outcome head or tail is equally likely to occur.
Mutually Exclusive Event: Two events E1 and E2 are said to be mutually exclusive if
E1 E2 = . On tossing a coin two events are possible, (i) coming up a head excludes
coming of a tail, (ii) coming up a tail excludes coming of a head. Coming of a head and

coming of a tail are mutually exclusive events.
Independent Events: Occurrence of one event does not depend on the occurrence of
other. For example, on tossing two coins simultaneously occurrence of one toss does
not depend upon the occurrence of the second one.
Exhaustive Events: Exhaustive events consist of all possible outcomes.
Complement of an Event: The complement of an event E with respect to the sample
space S is the set of all elements of S, which are not in E. The compliment of E is
denoted by E' or .
E E' = Or E =
And
Probability of an Event: P (A) =
where n(A) = number of elements in the set A, n(S) = number of elements in the set S.
Probability: Number P (ωi) associated with sample point ωi such that
for all
Odds: If an event E occurs in the m ways and does not occur in n ways, then
(i) odds in the favour of the events =
(ii) odds against the event =
(iii) P (E) =
Addition law of probability:
If A and B are any two events associated with an experiment, then
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

equivalently, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
And P (A B C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A B) - P(A C) - P(B C) + P(A B C)
Multiplication law of probability:
P(A B) = P(A) x P(B)
Combination: Number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is denoted by
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

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CBSE

1. Sets and their Representations

Set: A set is a well-defined collection of objects.

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1. Cartesian Product of Sets

Ordered pair A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order. Clearly,

Cartesian product of two sets A and B is given by A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.

In particular R × R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} and R × R × R = (x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R}

If (a, b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y.

The image of an element x under a relation R is given by y, where (x, y) ∈ R,

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Image: If the element x of A corresponds to under the function f, then we say

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Measurement of an angle: The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation from

0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o

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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

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Trigonometric ratio of in terms of :

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

Some Useful Results:

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Product Formulae (on the basis of L.H.S.) or A-B formulae:

Trigonometric Functions of Multiple and Sub-multiples of Angles:

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Principle Solutions: The solutions of a trigonometric equation, for which

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1. Algebra, Modulus and Conjugate of Complex Numbers

Imaginary Number: Square root of a negative number is called an Imaginary

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Division of a complex number: If and , then,

For any non-zero complex number there exists

inverse of z such that

Quadratic Equation: Any equation containing a varibale of highest degree 2 is

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1. Fundamental Principle of Counting

Fundamental Principle of Counting

Permutations: The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time,

The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repeatition

The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where objectare of

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The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by is

groups containing and things respectively =

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1. Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices

2. General and Middle Terms

If n is odd, then the middle terms are and terms.

term from the end in term fromt he beginning.

(a) Principle of Mathematical Induction.

(b) Combinatorial Method.

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1. Sequences and series

Sequence: By a sequence, we mean an arrangement of number in definite order

An arithmetic progression (A.P .) is a sequence in which terms increase or decrease

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A sequence of non-zero numbers is said to be a geometric progression, if the ratio of

Sum of terms of a G.P.: if .