Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TEACHER
Doria Lizeth Quintero
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Activity 1 Concepts .......................................................................................................................... 4
Jhon Edizon Cruz ......................................................................................................................... 4
Daniel Alejandro Bonell ............................................................................................................... 5
Esteban Lemus ............................................................................................................................ 8
Pablo Martinez .......................................................................................................................... 11
Marco Nelson Catolico Angarita ............................................................................................... 13
Activity 2 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 16
Exercise 1: Daniel Alejandro Bonell ........................................................................................... 16
Exercise 2: Jhon Edizon Cruz.................................................................................................... 17
Exercise 3: Esteban Rodríguez .................................................................................................. 21
Exercise 4:.................................................................................................................................. 22
Exercise 5: Pablo Martinez ........................................................................................................ 22
Collaborate Item............................................................................................................................ 23
Daniel Alejandro Bonell ............................................................................................................. 23
Jhon Edizon Cruz ....................................................................................................................... 24
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 25
References......................................................................................................................................... 26
INTRODUCTION
During this job we will get a general idea about the dielectrics and isolated elements. We
will check the different types and characteristics from the elements when an energy is
applied.
Besides we will know about the behavior and the uses from the losses tangents in a high or
low signals
It is important to emphasize that electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies and
unifies electrical and magnetic phenomena in a single theory,
The fundamentals were delivered by Michael Faraday and the formulas for the first time in
full mode by James Clerk Maxwell in the year 1865.
Now, through this subject during the academic semester it will be important to highlight
different factors and theories that allows us to determine and understand all the users seen
during the course For example, to understand an electromagnetic wave and its main means
of propagation. what we will see during the development of this initial activity
Activity 1 Concepts
The loss tangent is a characteristic of the environment in which the energy is conducted
or displaced, the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation.
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔𝜖
Where "𝜎" is the measure from the element that is going to transfer and its value is its own,
the “𝜔" is the angular frequency and the "𝜖" is the permittivity in an absolute way.
In conductive materials the loss tangent tends to be very high “∞” while in dielectric media
the behavior is opposite, so the losses tangent tends to be small “0”
2. According to the " tangent losses ", how can the means of propagation be
classified?
The higher the angle is the better the conductivity and the lower angle the signal is polarized
so the material could be consider as a isolating material.
Classification 𝜹
Perfect Conducted 𝛿 = 90
Good Conductors 84 < 𝛿 < 90
Dielectrics with loses 6 < 𝛿 < 84
Dielectric with low
loses 0 < 𝛿 <= 6
Perfect Dielectrics 𝛿=0
3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous
point have?
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
The penetration depth is a measurement of the amplitude of the signal that corresponds to
an attenuation of 64% where the signal is considered imperceptible
To calculate the constant we can use
1
𝛿=
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
Or
1
𝛿𝑝 =
|𝛼|
is a useful way to distinguish between conductors and dielectric thus compares the
magnitude of the driving current, represented by, with the displacement current introduced
by 𝝈𝑤𝑒.
Thus, the lower the loss tangent, the smaller the attenuation suffer a wave propagating in
said medium and by thus lower power dissipation, so when required desenar a system that
a wave is to be propagated, it will be very convenient the loss tangent is small a good
dielectric satisfies
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ≪ 1
2. According to the "loss tangent", how can the means of spreading be how classified?
good drivers
𝜋
(¿ 𝜎) → ∞𝜎 =
2
Tan ¿
Presents bias current, therefore, has
capacitive or charge accumulation effects,
but is much more significant and the
conduction current joule loss by default
3. What concept has each propagation means defined in the previous paragraph?
From the above it can be concluded that the loss tangent shows the measure of the state of
insulation and also as dissipation factor and measuring the dielectric loss of a solid or liquid
insulation, so its magnitude depends on the type of isolation and the conditions of this, its
main disadvantage that only allows determining the insulation condition more detected
points worse condition, this parameter may vary by factors such as moisture and dirt surface
insulation not allowing adequate circulation de la current increasing land lost
Logically, it will not move at the same speed a wave that moves through the air than one that
does by land or by sea. Similarly, not advancing at the same speed a seismic wave, sound or
light. For example, in a vacuum of electromagnetic waves propagate at the speed of light; ie
300,000 km / s.
These relationships can be expressed mathematically as follows:
𝑣 = 𝜆/𝑇 = 𝜆 ∙𝑓
f = the frequency of the wave MZ
Such a relationship is but another way of expressing the relationship between speed, space
and time:
𝑣 = 𝑠/𝑡
where s represents the space covered by a moving body.
Therefore, to know the speed at which a wave propagates is necessary to know the
wavelength and either the period or frequency. From the foregoing, it is clear that the speed
does not depend on the energy of the wave and its amplitude.
5. What is the depth of penetration of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and
how can I calculate it?
Penetration depth. For an electromagnetic field with the hypothesis plane wave impinging
on the border of a good conductor, the penetration depth of the wave is the depth at which
the electric field strength has been reduced by a factor 1 / e, or about 37% its original value.
the depth of penetration () is a parameter that depends on both the material characteristic
and the walk that crosses its value is𝛿
1
𝛿=
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎
Esteban Lemus
In the table, the reference values for the calculation of the tangent of losses of different
physical media are shown.
Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they do not have
losses.
Perfect conductors: they do not present polarization current, therefore, they do not have
capacitive effects or load accumulation.
Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule effect, but
this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are also called
"dielectric of low losses".
Good conductors: they present polarization current, therefore, they have capacitive effects
or of accumulation of load, but it is much more significant the conduction current and the
losses by Joule effect.
Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects, and none is negligible compared to the other
3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point
have?
We must take into account that the value of the lost tangete is considered as a measure of
the quality of an insulation, that is, when the conduction current is low in relation to the
displacement current, the quality of the electrical insulation increases, taking into account
account this we must consider the following formulas
5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can
i calculate it?
From the wave equation of the electric field, it can be deduced that the field decreases
exponentially when it enters a medium with losses. The attenuation constant gives a
measure of the decay rate of the signal amplitude.
Pablo Martinez
This relation is called tangent of losses and is a characteristic of the medium, in the
conductive materials it tends to be very high, since the conduction current is much more
important than the displacement; while in dielectric media the behavior is opposite, so the
tangent of losses tends to be small.
To calculate:
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞
3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point
have?
The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the lower the
conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of the
electrical insulation.
being the previous thing, we can describe by means of the following formulas the elements
classified previously:
Perfect dielectrics: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿=0
𝜋
Perfect conductors: 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿= 2
5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can
I calculate it?
From the wave equation of the electric field, it can be deduced that the field decreases
exponentially when it enters a medium with losses. The attenuation constant gives a
measure of the decay rate of the signal amplitude.
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic references to support
the research:
1. Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave propagation media, and
indicate how it is calculated.
Considering the propagation of a plane wave in a given space, there will be a loss for the electric
permittivity of the medium through which it travels; from there one could infer the concept of
loss tangent, which comes from the propagation losses resulting from insulating or conducting
media.
𝜺"
We will have a tangent of losses defined by the equation 𝒕𝒈𝜹 = , through which it is possible
𝜺′
to validate and identify insulating or dielectric means and conductive means, since when
establishing its nature it is possible to estimate for the conduction current its magnitude, which
is represented by the symbol 𝝈 vs the current displacement, whose factor is the resultant of the
product of the electric permittivity by the angular frequency 𝝎𝜺.
The power level dissipated by a wave depends on the propagation attenuation it experiences,
which explains the relationship between loss tangent and said attenuation. When a system
requires the propagation of a wave, the result of the tangent of losses must be calculated well,
since the attenuation applied to the wave depends on it.
2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be classified?
The propagation of a wave in a material medium depends on several elements; these determine
in the wave factors such as attenuation, speed, length, loss tangent. Each means of propagation
complies with conditions of conductivity or isolation, among them we find:
Insulators or dielectrics:
𝜺 : electric permittivity
𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 : absolute permeability
𝝈 : electrical conductivity 𝝈 ≅ 𝟎
In this case, the propagation speed is defined by the equation:
𝝎 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝒄
𝒗= ( )= <𝒄
𝜷 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 √𝜺𝒓
The drivers:
3. What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point have?
During the course of the race, it has interacted with the concepts of materials or conductive
elements, superconductors, semiconductors and dielectrics; each of them establishes the ability
to conduct or not an electric current. The definitions by themselves determine the degree of
conductivity that all of them possess as an attribute.
The conduction capacity is related to the amount of electrons that a certain material possesses,
which establish a somewhat fragile bond between them, which makes them tend to be in
constant movement, thus allowing the passage of an electric current through yes.
A superconductor for example is a metal like gold, whose electronic composition allows high
electrical fluidity; in general, all metals are a highly conductive material. On the other hand,
dielectrics are elements that interfere with the passage of current, thanks to internal
composition, which makes them act as electric dipoles
The speed of propagation of a wave depends mainly on the medium by which it propagates and
the type of wave; in a vacuum, for example, the speed reached by the wave has the same
magnitude as that reached by light, in comparison with waves that propagate through the sea or
the ground. Unlike, for example, a sound wave that spreads through the air.
Mathematically this relation of the wave with the medium, can be defined by the expression 𝒗 =
𝞴 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂
𝑻
( 𝑷𝒆𝒓í𝒐𝒅𝒐
) = 𝞴 ∙ 𝒇, by means of which the frequency can also be determined, which is
known that it is the inverter of the period, which allows us to infer that the frequency of the wave
also depends on its propagation speed
The refractive index of a material is used when analyzing the propagation of optical frequencies,
which are nothing but the waves that travel by means of a fiber optic or "glass" wire; its speed is
determined by the correlation of the velocities of light in the vacuum and in the crystal. A prism
for example exemplifies the variation suffered by the refractive index frequency
5. What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can I calculate
it?
Activity 2 Problems
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum. Perform
a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the forum
A dissipative medium has the following parameters: Find the wavelength and the
amount of wavelengths that will penetrate a 10MHz signal.
𝜎 1.9
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜎) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3.5 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜎) = = 977.14
𝜔𝜀
𝜎
𝜎 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 = 89.94°
𝜔𝜀
𝜎 = 89.94°
𝑦 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇0
1
𝑦 = √𝑗107 ∗ 1.9 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
19𝑖
𝑦=√
36000𝜋
𝑦 = 0.009165 + 0.009165𝑖
1
𝛿 = |𝛼| = 109.1107 Profundidad de penetración
𝛽 = 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0
1
𝛽 = 𝑗√𝜋107 ∗ 1.9 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝛽 = 0.0229734
2𝜋
𝛿=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝛿= = 27349
0.0229734
a. Loss tangent.
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔∗𝜖
So taking into account
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 109
𝜔 = 6283185307.179
And
𝜖 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0
𝜖 = 2.2104 ∗ 10−11
Replacing all the info given at first we found the loss tangent
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0
1.8 ∗ 10−3
tan 𝛿 =
1 ∗ 10−9
(2𝜋)(109 )(2.5)( 36𝜋 )
tan 𝛿 = 0.01296
𝛿 = 0.742512
Now we check the table to classified this result and then use the formulas according
to this number.
According to this, the element using 1 Ghz is a dielectric with low losses, so this
element can be use to avoid the energy pass.
b. Propagation constant.
Now we know that this element is a dielectric with low losses so we can validate the
formulas to calculate this constant in this kind of material
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜖
Now here appears 𝜇, this one is the absolute permeability number and to calculate
it we use
𝜇 = 𝜇 𝑟 ∗ 𝜇𝑜
𝜇 = 1.633628 ∗ 10−6
𝛾 = 𝑗 37.75724
c. Phase velocity.
To calculate the phase velocity we use the formula
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
But previously we have to find the "𝛽" that is the constant Phase. The formula to the
dielectric with low losses is
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖
Replacing
𝛽 = 6283185307.179√(1.633628 ∗ 10−6 )(2.2104 ∗ 10−11 )
𝛽 = 37.75724
Now we have the phase constant son we replace the numbers to find phase velocity
𝜔
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
6283185307.179
𝑉𝑝 =
37.75724
𝑉𝑝 = 166410079,42
d. Wavelength.
The wavelength is calculated by
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
Replacing
2𝜋
𝜆=
37.75724
𝜆 = 0.16641
e. Index of refraction.
This refraction “n” is calculated using the velocity factor “fv”
So
1
𝑛=
𝑓𝑣
Where
𝑉𝑝
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐶𝑜
And where 𝐶𝑜 is the constant light velocity
𝐶𝑜 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
166410079,42
𝑓𝑣 =
3 ∗ 108
𝑓𝑣 = 0.5547
1
𝑛=
𝑓𝑣
1
𝑛=
0.5547
𝑛 = 1.802776
Exercise 3: Esteban Rodríguez
Find the power transmitted by a 200MHz signal with a maximum electric field of
127V/m and find the skin depth of the signal.
𝜇 4𝜋 × 10−7
𝜂=√ =√ = 117𝜋Ω
𝜖 1.9
9 × 36𝜋 × 10−9
η = 117π|0° Ω
P0 = 21,94 W/m2
Exercise 4:
1. Student name:
For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third problem,
find the losses per length unit for a 400MHz signal. If the original signal has an
electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels 20m in
the medium.
For a 400MHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit. How
long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater than
3dB?
First, we must start that Water is a good conductor therefore we consider the
attenuation constant is given by:
𝛼 = √𝜋. 𝑓. 𝜇. 𝜎
Begin in this case:
𝜎 = 4
𝜇𝑟 = 1
𝑓 = 400 𝑀ℎ𝑧
We proceed to replace and obtain
𝛼 = √𝜋. 400.1.4
𝛼 = √1600𝜋
𝛼 = √1600. √𝜋
𝛼 = 40√𝜋
𝛼 = 70,89𝑁𝑝/𝑚
The wave for an attenuation of 3dB, which is half its power, travels:
1
𝑒 𝛼𝑧 =
2
𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 = 2
1
𝑧= . 𝑙𝑛(2)
𝛼
𝑧 = 1.51𝑛𝑚
Collaborate Item
group
exercise_daniel (1).xlsx
Jhon Edizon Cruz
Jhon_Tangen
Graphic.xlsm
CONCLUSIONS
Through this activity we can show the different types of electromagnetic waves
we can also tell you that waves vary according to the medium in which they are
propagated
The length of a wave is inversely proportional to its frequency and this translates into
a transmission medium.
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
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OVI
The following video explains the main electromagnetic parameters associated with the
medium and the wave, in order to recognize how a medium could be characterized for a
specific transmission system.
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved
fromhttp://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
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