5 MODULES IN 4TH QUARTER

MODULE 1: BIODIVERSITY

MODULE 2: INTERACTIONS

MODULE 3: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MODULE 4: NUTRITION & WELLNESS
MODULE 5: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
& GENETICS
BIOLOGY
Module 5
 STORY LINE
• GRADE 3 GRADE 4
Pupils learned that • Pupils learned
living things that humans,
reproduce and animals, and plants
certain traits are go through life
passed on to their cycles.
offspring • Some inherited
traits may be
affected by the
environment at
certain stages in
 STORY LINE
• GRADE 5 GRADE 6
• Pupils learned how • Pupils learned how
flowering plants non-flowering
and some non- plants (spore-
flowering plants bearing and cone-
reproduce. bearing plants,
• They were also ferns, and mosses)
introduced to the reproduce.
sexual and asexual
modes of
reproduction.
 STORY LINE
• GRADE 7 GRADE 8
• After learning how  Students will learn
flowering and non- the process of cell
flowering plants division by mitosis
reproduce, Grade 7 and meiosis.
students learned  They will understand
that asexual that meiosis is an
reproduction results early step in sexual
in genetically reproduction that
identical offspring leads to variation.
whereas sexual
reproduction gives
rise
to variation
 Suggested Time allotment: 4 to 5 hours

KEY QUESTIONS:

•What are the different types of cell division?

•How are traits passed on to the next generation?

 TOPICS INCLUDED:
Review on the Cell Function
Review on the Location of Chromosomes in
the CELL
Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S phase, G2)
Mitotic Phase
Meiotic Phase
Nondisjunction (Chromosomal Aberrations)
CLASSICAL GENETICS
-Mendelian Genetics
-Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Traits
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
 Cell Cycle
Makes up the entire life of
the cell
• Consists of 2 major stages:
– Interphase
– Mitotic Phase
• Interphase
G0 -zero growth (Gap O)
G1- initial growth(Gap 1)
• S - synthesis
 Cell Cycle Part 1:
Interphase = normal phase of the
cell.
 Chromosomes NOT
visible. – DNA in
form called
chromatin
▪ Looks like spaghetti
 The nuclear
envelope/membran
e present
 DNA replication
 Cell growth
Mitosis - Review
Cell Cycle Part 2:
Cell Division
• Also known as Mitotic
Phase
• Where Mitosis and
Cytokinesis occur
• A continuous process
divided into 4 main
stages
• Daughter Cells – 2
new cells produced by
cell division.
 Mitosis = division of 1 diploid nucleus
into 2 identical diploid nuclei

• Diploid cell • All

(2n). – cells with somatic/body
2 sets of cells undergo
chromosomes. mitosis for
1 set-comes from growth, repair
male parent or
replacement
1 set-comes from
of old cells
female parent
Mitosis in an actual cell
 Prophase – 1st phase of mitosis.

• Chromatin materials becomes thicker and shorter

because of
repeated coiling
• Chromosomes are now visible
• Centrioles form spindle
• Nuclear envelope/membrane and nucleoli breaks apart.
 Metaphase – 2nd phase

 Chromosomes meet and align in middle

or equator.
 Spindle fibers attach to centromere
 Nuclear envelope/membrane is gone.
 Anaphase – 3rd phase

 Centromere splits at the center of the

chromosomes.
 Chromatids move away from each other.
 Spindles pull chromatids apart
 The nuclear envelope/membrane still
absent
Telophase – 4 phase
th

• Chromosomes begin
to disappear.
• Spindle fibers
disappear
• Two new nuclear
envelopes/membrane
s begin to form
• Nucleoli reappear.
• “reverse prophase”
 Cytokinesis
• Division of the cell
membrane and
cytoplasm.

• Forms two new

Daughter cells
Mitosis - Overview
Interphase
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Early Anaphase
Telophase - Cytokinesis
Telophase - Cytokinesis
 Check for understanding!
• 11. Why are the onion root tip and the whitefish
blastula useful tissues for the study of cell division? .
Why are the onion root tip and the whitefish
blastultissues for the study of cell division?
• These two tissues were actively dividing, so we
could find cells under going mitosis at different
phases.
• 2. Distinguish between mitosis and
cytokinesis.

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus (nuclear

division) produces 2 identical nuclei. Cytokinesis
is the division of the cytoplasm – produces 2
cells.
• 3. If a cell has 16 chromosomes when it is
in G1, how many chromosomes will there
be in each daughter cell following a mitotic
cell division?

• 16
• 4. What are the genetic
consequences of mitotic cell division
for the resulting daughter cells?

Every cell is genetically identical to

each other. Produces 2 identical nuclei,
each with the same number and types of
chromsomes as the parent cell.
• 6. How do plant and animal cells
differ in the execution of cytokinesis?
Why don’t plant cells undergo
cytokinesis in the same manner as
animal cells?

• During cytokinesis plant cells form

a cell plate while animal cells form
a cleavage furrow.
• Plant cell has a rigid cell wall
 Moving On…
• 7. List several important values or
attributes that mitotic cell division
provides to multicellular life. In other
words, in what ways is mitotic cell
division useful for life?

• 8. List the 4 stages of the cell cycle and

describe the primary cellular activity in
each stage.
 Cell Division
• Reproduction A single-
celled
– Equal distribution of eukaryote
genetic material to two (amoeba)
daughter cells reproduces

Sand dollar
• Growth embryo after
the egg
– Sexually reproducing divided to
organisms develop from form 2 cells
a single cell (zygote)

• Repair Dividing bone

marrow cells
– Replace cells that die produce new
from normal wear and blood cells
tear or accidents
 More….

1. How many daughter cells are produced

by mitosis?

2. How does the number of chromosomes in

each
daughter cell compare with the number of
chromosomes in the original parent cell after
mitosis?

3. When are chromosomes replicated?

 
4. During cytokinesis plant cells form a
 ANSWERS:
1. How many daughter cells are produced by
mitosis? 2

2.How does the number of chromosomes in

each
daughter cell compare with the number of
chromosomes
in the original parent cell after mitosis? Same
number
and type of chromosomes.

3. When are chromosomes replicated?

Interphase, specifically S-phase
 
4.During cytokinesis plant cells form a cell
Meiosis

Two rounds of cell division

In humans, each daughter

cell has 23 chromosomes
Many possible combinations
of chromosomes are
possible

Random assortment
Crossing over
 Not identical in human males and
females

Feature Males Females

When does meiosis Begins at puberty Begins during

begin? embryonic
Each step takes about development
How long does each the same time (~64 May remain in
step take? days total) meiosis I for decades
(may never complete
meiosis)
How is meiosis Spermatocytes will Meiosis II happens
completed? complete meiosis only with fertilization

How many gametes 4 spermatids are One ovum is formed

are formed? formed
ANIMATION OF MEIOSIS
 Classical Genetics

MENDELIAN PRINCIPLES OF
INHERITANCE
Mendel’s
Genetics
Experime
nt with
Peas
Pea Characters
Investigated
Pea Characters
Investigated
MENDEL’S RULE OF HEREDITY
PUNNETT SQUARE: Monohybrid Cross- single trait factor
EXAMPLE : seed shape
round (RR) is dominant over wrinkled (rr)
Problem: Predict the outcome of a cross when a homozygous
dominant round pea is cross with a homozygous wrinkled pea
plant
R R

r Rr Rr

r Rr Rr

PR: 100 % GR: 100 % Rr

ROUND
Dihybrid Cross: two factor cross
Seed Shape: Round (RR). Wrinkled
Seed Color: yellow (YY) and green (yy)
Parents’ genotype: RrYy x RrYy

Gametes RY Ry rY ry

RY
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

Ry
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

rY
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

ry
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
A or O
A or AB
“Tell me and I will
forget,
Show me and I might
remember,
Involve me and I will
understand.” Thank You

Chinese Proverb