Mariano, Dranreb, De Vera September 12, 2018

CHEM 18.1- 29L

Group 4

COOLING CURVES

I. Introduction

Since the start of 18th century, the cooling law of objects in a colder

environment has been the subject of topics of multiple studies. The cooling process

thrives within two different phenomena, thermal radiation and heat transfer by contact

(convection and conduction), which comes with complexity due to different properties,

hence the investigation and studying of this law was neither direct nor plain.

Furthermore, these phenomena are irregular in particular facets and they are

described to be “dirty phenomena,” making the attempts towards finding a linear and

a general law difficult to be achieved. (Besson, 2012).

Isaac Newton’s early works on temperature and time in 1701 provided the

establishment of the relationship between the temperatures T and the time t in cooling

processes. Newton published his findings as a short article (in Latin and anonymously)

in the Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society (Scala graduum Caloris). He was not able to

present any formula but he expounded his transcription of his cooling law. (Newton,

1701).

An exponential or logarithmic law (To and Ta are the initial and the ambient

temperature, respectively, and c is a time constant) equates the relationship that

Newton discussed on his article (Besson, 2012):

(1a)

1
 (1b)

In connection, Newton elaborated that a mathematical derivation of his law

can be represented from the linear relationship between temperature change rate

and temperature difference between the object and the environment (Newton, 1701):

(2)

Moreover, in Newton’s Principia, he already established the mathematical

relationship of a similar case presented in equations 1 and 2, wherein an object

moving in a fluid opposing resistance is proportional to the object velocity, hence the

connection between the equations for temperature and time was already clear to

Newton (Besson 2012).

It is strongly observed that Newton’s article is brief and is not well supported

by data, but still, after several decades, numerous researchers (Cheng, 2009; Grigull,

1984; Molnar, 1969; Ruffner, 1963; Winterton, 1999; Simms, 2004) used Newton’s

data as basis in their studies of cooling law.

Empiricist scientists favored to draw that Newton’s Cooling Law was not

holistically true and preferred to look for new different laws (Erxleben, 1777; Biot,

1816; Dulong and Petit, 1817; Delaroche, 1862; Martine, 1969). In contrary,

theoretical scientists remained and tried to retain the simple remarkable law (Besson,

2012), duly analyzing the effect of various disturbance factors (Richmann, 1747;

Leslie, 1804; Prevost, 1809) or revising the common temperature scales for the

agreement between theory and experiments be attained (Thomson, 1804; and

Dalton, 1808).

2
 Newton’s law of cooling have scientists put their confidence in relying to its

principles and have, in collection, compensate that it’s a general property and not a

supposition to be tested by the means of elaborate experiments. In the end, the

scientific community has understood the relevance of the conundrum and accepted

that Newton’s law of cooling is, in fact, real and true due to various and numerous

tests validating it, and that it can be magnified into a generalization. Thus, the law

is studied and evenly understood by the scientific community and by the scholarly

public. (Besson, 2010).

Developing the simplicity for cooling law has branched out and resulted into

finding a variable known as the cooling curve. Cooling curve is the graphical

representation of what happens to the state of the substance when it is subjected

into a uniform removal of heat. Cooling curves have horizontal flat portions that

represent the changing of the state of the substance (e.g. gas to liquid, or from liquid

to solid). Moreover, cooling curves also define Energy Change in a substance when

it’s cooling, whereas, Average Kinetic Energy is measured through Temperature,

therefore any temperature change is also a Kinetic Energy change. The diagonal line

segments on a cooling curve represents the change of temperature, hence a change

in kinetic energy—a sample is getting colder in these regions. The horizontal line

segments on the other hand represents constant temperature, thus kinetic energy

remains constant—this region in the curve represents the freezing point. However,

Potential Energy Change relates to any absorption or releasement of all the energy.

(Europa.Eu, 2017; Clemencia et. al, 2018).

The solute and solvent of a solution makes its properties different. The

presence and amount of solute in a solution changes the properties of the solution,

3
which are the vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure,

even though that a solution’s properties is defined more by the solvent since solvent

is present in higher quantity in a solution. Properties that are independent from the

nature of solute and solvent are known as Colligative Properties of the solution.

Colligative Properties of the solution is dependent on the amount of solute present in

a solution. (Clemencia et. al, 2018).

Hence, the relationship of the Freezing point of a solute and solvent is

inversely proportional to each other. This relationship is ruled by a formula:

T of - T f = k f m
Where:
Tof = freezing point of the pure solvent
Tf = freezing point of a solution
Kf = freezing point depression constant of the solvent
mf = molality of the solution.

Rahman (1995) elaborately argued the importance of cooling curves because

it is essential and important in determining properties and uses of substances for

other tests. Accurate freezing point data can be used to find and calculate the other

properties of a solution like the effective molecular weight, water activity, bound, free,

and frozen water, enthalpy below freezing, and construction of state diagram.

Assertion of chemical purity in terms of difference from a natural or desired condition

can also be achieved. (Rahman et. al, 2001). Application of cooling curve in daily lives

is important because it enables an individual to know the range of thawing of food

because it can be analyzed through freezing point (Rahman et. al, 2001) and detection

4
 of milk adulterated in water (Rahman, 1995). Ghomashchi and Nafisi (2017) showed

that cooling curves (temperature-time plots) is not only important in studying the

properties of substances but is also an effective tool for the characterization of

solidification behavior of engineering alloys. The resultant analysis of cooling curves

(identifying and understanding) is indeed important to know because of its practical

importance in daily lives and industrial processes (Rahman, 1995; Ghomaschi and

Nafisi, 2017).

The general objective of this experiment is to determine the freezing point of

the solvent and solution through the use of cooling curves. The identification of the

solvent will be done possibly by knowing the freezing point and consecutively finding

the molecular mass of the solute (Rahman, 1995; Clemencia 2018). The following

specific objectives aims to: a) construct the cooling curve of a pure substance and a

solution; b) determine the freezing point of a pure substance and a solution; c)

distinguish the possible identity of a compound based from its freezing point; d)

describe the freezing point depression, and; e) identify the molecular mass of a

compound using freezing point depression data.

II. Materials

This section discusses the following materials utilized in the experiment for

identifying the freezing point of a pure compound and of a solution. Reagents,

apparatuses and equipment were obtained at and provided by the Institute of

Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños. Other equipment for capturing

photos, measuring time, and materials for recording data were utilized to secure the

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 collected data. The list of the materials procured for this experiment was adopted and

modified from the protocols of Clemencia et. al (2018).

A. Reagents

An assigned unknown solvent weighing two grams and 0.19 g of assigned

unknown solute were utilized in the experiment in two separate set-ups.

B. Apparatus and Equipment

In configuring the two separate set-ups, labelled as set-up 1 (freezing point

of a pure compound) and set-up 2 (freezing point of a solution), the following were

used: iron stand, iron ring, iron clamp, burette clamp, beaker (400 mL), wire gauze,

and test tube. Other laboratory materials such as funnel, watch glass and digital

weighing scale were utilized for transferring and measuring the weight of the unknown

solvent and of the unknown solute. A Bunsen burner and an electric stove were utilized

to heat the water bath where the unknown solvent and unknown solute were seated.

A triangular stirring rod and boiling chips were used to aid the equal distribution of heat

in the water bath. Phone cameras, timers, and laptops were utilized to record the data.

III. Procedure

All works, laboratory techniques, safety precautionary, and waste

management were conducted in full adherence to the rules and regulations of the

protocols of Clemencia et. al (2018). The experiment was conducted in two separate

dates (September 5 and September 7, 2018) at the Institute of Chemistry, Physical

Science Building, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna. Two

separate set-ups were configured to study the freezing point of a pure compound and

the freezing point of a solution. The first date was allocated for conducting the

6
experiment for Set-Up 1, which is the set-up for observing the freezing point of a pure

compound, and the second date was allocated for conducting the experiment for Set-

Up 2, which is the set-up for observing the freezing point of a solution. The

methodology followed in the experiment was adopted and modified from the protocols

of Clemencia et. al (2018). Safety precautionary was fully observed during the

experimentation.

A. Freezing point of a pure compound

Measurement of the unknown solvent

An assigned unknown solvent was provided for the experiment. This unknown

solvent was placed on a watch glass and weighed using the digital weighing scale to

approximately get two grams of the unknown solvent. The watch glass was separately

pre-weighed before the unknown solvent was put on it.

Transfer of the unknown solvent to the test tube

After weighing the assigned unknown solvent, it was carefully transferred into

a test tube using a funnel. The test tube was loosely plugged into the iron clamp right

above the beaker which contains distilled water that served as the water bath

Configuration of the set-up

The set-up was configured in a spacious area where it was convenient to work

and observe the experiment. An iron stand was placed on the table to serve as the

base and the support of the set-up. An iron ring was attached to the iron stand high

enough to give space for the Bunsen burner placed just below it. A wire gauze was

placed at the top part of the iron ring where the 400 mL beaker containing distilled

water is placed atop. The iron clamp was attached just right above the beaker to

7
provide enough space for the test tube containing the unknown solvent. The test tube

was plugged in the iron clamp loosely with a tissue. The test tube was placed on the

water bath in such way that the water level of the water bath was above the sample

level in the test tube. It was also made sure that the test tube was neither touching

the bottom nor the sides of the beaker. Boiling chips were added into the water bath

for the equal distribution of the heat.

Figure 3. 1. Set-up for observing the cooling curve of an unknown solvent.

Recording the temperature change of the unknown solvent

The Bunsen burner was turned on allowing the direct contact of flame to the

wire gauze. The water bath was heated until the sample melted while it was

8
continuously stirred. After the sample was completely melted, a thermometer was

placed inside the test tube directly touching the sample while the water bath was still

continuously stirred and the flame was kept on for two more minutes. After two

minutes, the flame was turned off and the temperature was recorded at 30-second

intervals while the water bath was still continuously stirred. The temperature was

recorded until the sample completely solidified. The temperature observed every 30

seconds were recorded and the physical states of the sample were observed while

cooling. The cooling curve of the unknown solvent was constructed right after all the

needed data were collected.

B. Freezing point of a solution

Measurement of the unknown solvent

An assigned unknown solute was provided for the experiment. This unknown

solvent was placed on a watch glass and weighed using the digital weighing scale to

approximately get two grams of the unknown solute. The watch glass was separately

pre-weighed before the unknown solvent was put on it.

Transfer of the unknown solvent to the test tube

After weighing the assigned unknown solute, it was carefully transferred into

a test tube using a funnel. The test tube was loosely plugged into the iron clamp right

above the beaker which contains distilled water that served as the water bath.

Configuration of the set-up

The set-up was configured in a the fume hood where it was convenient to

work and observe the experiment. An iron stand was placed on the table beside the

9
electric stove to serve as the base and the support of the iron clamp. A wire gauze was

placed at the top part of the electric stove where the 400 mL beaker containing distilled

water is placed atop. The iron clamp was attached just right above the beaker to

provide enough space for the test tube containing the unknown solvent. The test tube

was plugged in the iron ring loosely with a tissue. The test tube was placed on the

water bath in such way that the water level of the bath is was above the sample level

in the test tube. It was also made sure that the test tube was neither touching the

bottom nor the sides of the beaker. Boiling chips were added to the water bath for the

equal distribution of the heat.

Figure 3. 2. Set-up for observing the cooling curve of an unknown solvent.

10
Recording the temperature change of the unknown solvent

The electric stove was turned on allowing the direct contact of heat to the wire

gauze. The water bath was heated until the sample melted while it was continuously

stirred. After the sample was completely melted, a thermometer was placed inside the

test tube directly touching the sample while the water bath was still continuously stirred

and the electric stove was kept on for two more minutes. After two minutes, the electric

stove was turned off and the temperature was recorded at 30-second intervals while

the water bath was still continuously stirred. The temperature was recorded until the

sample completely solidified. The temperature observed every 30 seconds were

recorded and the physical states of the sample were observed while cooling.

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 IV. Data/Observation

Table 4.1. Observation on cooling of unknown solvent at 30-second interval.

Time (sec) Temperature (˚C) Appearance
0 94.0 Colorless liquid
30 94.0 Colorless liquid
60 95.0 Colorless liquid
90 95.0 Colorless liquid
120 94.0 Colorless liquid
150 93.0 Colorless liquid
180 92.0 Colorless liquid
210 91.0 Colorless liquid
240 90.0 Colorless liquid
270 89.0 Colorless liquid
300 88.0 Colorless liquid
330 86.0 Colorless liquid
360 85.0 Colorless liquid
390 84.0 Colorless liquid
420 83.0 Colorless liquid
450 81.0 Colorless liquid
480 80.0 Colorless liquid
510 79.0 Colorless liquid
540 79.0 Start of Crystallization
570 79.0 Existence of Solid and Liquid
600 79.0 Existence of Solid and Liquid
630 79.0 Existence of Solid and Liquid
660 78.5 Existence of Solid and Liquid
690 78.0 Existence of Solid and Liquid
720 78.0 Semi-Solid
750 78.0 Semi-Solid
780 78.0 Semi-Solid
810 77.5 Solid
840 77.0 Solid
870 74.0 Solid
900 72.0 Solid
930 70.0 Solid

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Table 4.2. Observation on cooling of unknown mixture at 30-second interval.
Time (sec) Temperature (˚C) Appearance
0 91.0 Colorless liquid
30 89.0 Colorless liquid
60 87.5 Colorless liquid
90 86.5 Colorless liquid
120 85.0 Colorless liquid
150 84.0 Colorless liquid
180 83.0 Colorless liquid
210 81.0 Colorless liquid
240 80.0 Colorless liquid
270 78.5 Colorless liquid
300 77.5 Colorless liquid
330 76.0 Colorless liquid
360 75.0 Colorless liquid
390 74.0 Crystal Formation
420 74.0 Crystal Formation
450 74.0 Crystal Formation
480 73.5 Crystal Formation
510 73.0 Crystal Formation
540 72.5 Semi-solid/ Crystal
570 72.0 Semi-solid/ Crystal
600 72.0 Semi-solid/ Crystal
630 71.0 Solid
660 71.0 Solid
690 70.5 Solid
720 70.0 Solid
750 69.0 Solid
780 68.5 Solid
810 68.0 Solid
840 67.0 Solid
870 66.0 Solid
900 65.5 Solid
930 65.0 Solid

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Table 4.3. Data on the determination of the molecular mass of the unknown solute.
Parameter Value

Unknown Solvent
mass of container + sample, g 23. 24 g
mass of container, g 21. 25 g
mass of sample, g 1.99 g
freezing point, oC 79 oC
freezing point depression constant, oC/m 6.9 oC/m
Unknown Solute
mass of container + sample, g 20.10 g
mass of container, g 19.9 g
mass of sample, g 0.19
freezing point of solution, oC 74 oC
molality of solution, mol/kg 0.72 mol/kg
molecular mass of unknown solute, g/mol 131.76 g/mol

100

90

80
Temperature (T)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
690
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660

720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930

Time (sec)
Figure 4.1. Cooling Curve of the unknown solvent at 30-second interval.

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 100

90

80
Temperature (T)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

540

600
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510

570

630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
Time (sec)
Figure 4.2. Cooling Curve of the unknown mixture at 30-second interval.

100

90

80

70
Temperature (T)

60 Unknown
Solvent (A)
Series1
50 Unknown
Series2
Solute (B)

Linear(Series1)
Linear Trend (A)
40
Linear(Series2)
Linear Trend (B)
30

20

10

0
210

930
0
30
60
90
120
150
180

240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900

Time (sec)
Figure 4.3. Graphical comparison of the cooling curves of the unknown solvent and the
unknown solute.

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Table 4. 4. Concentration of the solution prepared in part B

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑻𝒇˚ − 𝑻𝒇

𝒏𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝒎=
𝑴𝑴 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒌𝒇
𝟕𝟗. 𝟎˚𝑪 − 𝟕𝟒. 𝟎˚𝑪
𝒎=
𝑪
𝟔. 𝟗 ˚ 𝒎
𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒍

Table 4.5. Molecular Mass of the unknown solute

𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝒌𝒇𝒎
𝒏𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝜟𝑻𝒇 = 𝒌𝒇
𝒌𝒈𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒌𝒇 𝑴𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝜟𝑻𝒇 =
(𝒌𝒈𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)(𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)
𝒌𝒇 𝑴𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
(𝒌𝒈𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)(𝑻𝒇˚ − 𝑻𝒇)
(𝟔. 𝟗 ˚𝑪)(𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒈)
𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒈)(𝟕𝟗. 𝟎˚𝑪 − 𝟕𝟒. 𝟎˚𝑪)
𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍

Table 4.6. Physical properties of some compound for determining the identity of the compound
based from the freezing point.
Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point, ˚C
Constant, ˚C-kg/mol
Compound Benzophenone 49.0 9.80
Naphthalene 80.2 6.90
Benzoic Acid 69.4 4.27

Table 4.7. Freezing point percentage error

𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑 − 𝑭𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑭𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐
𝟕𝟗. 𝟎˚𝑪 − 𝟖𝟎. 𝟐˚𝑪
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟖𝟎. 𝟐˚𝑪
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = −𝟏. 𝟓%

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 b c

Temperature (T)
b c
a

Temperature (T)
a

A B
Time (sec) Time (sec)

Figure 4.4. Cooling curves of the assigned unknowns. A: unknown solvent, B:

unknown solute, a: ice crystallization temperature, b: equilibrium or initial freezing
point (Tc), c: end of freezing; based from the protocols of Rahman (1995).

Figure 4.5. Typical cooling curves. A: water, B: solution, a: ice crystallization

temperature, b: equilibrium or initial freezing point (Tc), c: end of freezing (Tʼm), d:
formation of first solute crystal, e: eutectic point (Tu) (Rahman, 1995).

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V. Discussion

This section interprets and analyzes the data obtained form the

experimentations presented in Section IV of the laboratory report. This section is

composed of the comprehensive analysis of the results, trends observed and

generalization formulated, errors committed and effect of these errors on the result of

the experiment, other possible sources of error, and suggestions on the improvement

of the exercise.

The cooling curve is one of the most accurate and widely used methods to

measure the freezing point of unknown solvents and unknown solutes, and further, the

identification of the identity of a given unknown (Rahman, 2002). The accuracy and

simplicity of these method is the main reason why it’s widely used in different industries

and processes. In cooling curve method, the sample time ± temperature is recorded

by a temperature-indicating device, which in this experimentation was a mercury

thermometer. The freezing point is derived from the relatively long temperature

plateau, which follows supercooling on a plot of time ± temperature.

Table 4.1 presents the data obtained from the set-up containing the unknown

solvent. The recorded temperature from which the flame is turned off is at 94.0˚C

where the sample’s appearance is in the form of a colorless liquid. The sample

continued to stay as a colorless liquid up to 8.5 minutes where its temperature

decreased from 94.0˚C to 79.0˚C. At the 19th time of recording the temperature,

formation of crystals was observed and the temperature was at 79.0˚C. At the 20th

time of recording the temperature, where the sample is already subjected to 9.5

minutes of cooling, existence of solid and liquid was observed. It was remarked that

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the existence of solid and liquid was present from the 20th time of recording up to the

24th time, where the temperature ranged from 79.0˚C, 79.0˚C, 79.0˚C, 78.5˚C, and

78.0˚C respectively. At the 25th time of recording, where the temperature remained at

78.0˚C, the sample became semi-solid; it was also noticed that the temperature for

the 25th, 26th, and 27th time of recording stayed at 78.0˚C where the sample stayed

semi-solid. At the 28th time of recording the temperature, where the sample was

already cooled for 13.5 minutes, the sample became solid at 77.5˚C. Four more

recordings of the temperature were gathered for the 29th, 30th, 31st, and 32nd times,

and the temperature were 77˚C, 74˚C, 72˚C and, 70˚C respectively.

Table 4.2 presents the data obtained from the set-up containing the unknown

solute. The recorded temperature from which the flame is turned off is at 91.0˚C where

the sample’s appearance is in the form of a colorless liquid. The sample continued to

stay as a colorless liquid up to six minutes where its temperature decreased from

91.0˚C to 75.0˚C. At the 14th time of recording the temperature, formation of crystals

was observed and the temperature was at 74.0˚C. The formation of crystals was

observed from the 14th time of recording the temperature up to the 18th time. The

recorded temperatures were at 74.0˚C, 74˚C, 73.5˚C, and 73.0˚C respectively. At this

part of the experiment, where the sample is already subjected to 8.5 minutes of cooling,

existence of solid and liquid was observed; it was observed through the formation of

crystals. At the 19th time of recording, where the temperature remained at 72.5˚C, the

sample became semi-solid; it was also noticed that the temperature for the 20th, and

21st time of recording stayed at 72.0˚C where the sample stayed semi-solid. At the 22nd

time of recording the temperature, where the sample was already cooled for 10.5

minutes, the sample became solid at 71.0˚C. 10 more recordings of the temperature

19
were gathered for the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, and 32nd times,

and the temperature were 71˚C, 70.5˚C, 70.0˚C, 69.0˚C, 68.5˚C, 68.0˚C, 67.0˚C, 66

˚C, 65˚C and, 65.5˚C respectively.

Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2. present the cooling curve of the unknown solvent

and the cooling curve of the unknown solute respectively. The graphs presented in

these figures are graphical representations of the variation of the temperature of theses

samples with relevance to time as they were allowed to cool. The gradient of the cooling

curve is related to the heat capacity, the thermal conductivity of the substance, and

the external temperature.

Figure 4.3 presents the graphical comparison of the cooling curves of the

unknown solvent and the unknown solute. The darker line represents the cooling curve

of the unknown solvent, while the lighter line represents the cooling curve of the

unknown solute. Through this graph, it shows that the unknown solute cooled faster

than the unknown solvent, hence it is drawn that the unknown solute has a higher

thermal conductivity since there is a faster transfer of heat. Linear trends were also

introduced in the graph, providing that both are in negative slope, hence decreasing in

temperature.

Based on the types of materials and methods, different extents of supercooling

may be observed from those variables (Rahman, 1995). Typical cooling curves during

freezing are shown in Figure 5.1 which is adopted from Rahman (1995). Once the

crystal embryos exceed the critical radius for nucleation, the system nucleates at point

a in Figure 5.1 and releases its latent heat faster than heat is being removed from the

system. The temperature then increases instantly to the initial freezing temperature at

20
point b (Tc). After ice crystallization is completed, the temperature drops as the sensible

heat is released in case of water and point c is defined as Tʼm (Figure 5.1 A). (Rahman,

2002).

Figure 4.4 shows direct observable graphical representation based from the

suggested representation of Rahman, 1995. For Figure 4.4 A and Figure 4.4 B, it is

observable that point a is the stage of ice crystallization temperature. Ice crystallization

temperature is the abrupt rise in temperature due to the autonomation of the heat of

fusion after initial supercooling (Rahman, 2002). Initial increase in constant

temperature is represented by point b in Figure 4.4 A and Figure 4.4 B. This is where

the appearance of the crystals or the co-existence of solid and liquid in the sample

were observed. Right after the formation of crystals was completely endeared, the

curve drops low and represents the constant decrease in temperature and this where

presence of semi-solid and solid occurred, this marks point c. Rahman (1995) discussed

that in aqueous solutions, point a is not as low as pure water, since the added solute

will promote heterogeneous nucleation, thereby accelerating the nucleation process.

Solute greatly decreases the amount of supercooling for two reasons: faster nucleation

and lowered freezing point.

Using the cooling curve constructed, freezing point of the substance and

solution were determined. Based from Figure 4.3, the freezing point of the unknown

solvent is at 79˚C, while the freezing point of the unknown solute is at 74 ˚C. Through

identifying the freezing point, the identity of the compound used in set-up 1, which is

the part a of the study, was identified. Since the freezing point of the unknown solvent

is at 79˚C, hence, based from Table 4.6, the compound used in part a was

Naphthalene.

21
 Molecular mass of the unknown solute was also obtained using the data

collected from the experiment. By expanding the formula initial formula and directly

substituting the values, the molecular mass of the unknown solute is 131.76 g/mol.

Further works need to be carried out to identify the effect of sample size, wide

variation of rc with different extent of insulation, and variation of freezer or cooling

medium temperature.

4.

VI. Conclusion

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