Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2
Leadership Essentials
for Pharmacists
Scott M. Mark, PharmD, MS, MEd, MBA, FASHP, FACHE, FABC
Rafael Saenz, PharmD, MS
John S. Clark, PharmD, MS, BCPS
James G. Stevenson, PharmD, FASHP
Learning Objectives
After completing the chapter, the reader will be able to:
Key Concepts
These key concepts are designed to focus learning, and the textual material that develops these concepts is easily
identified throughout the chapter with circle-shaped icons indicating the key concept number (the end of each key
concept is also denoted with a circle-shaped icon).
1 In the pharmacy profession, transition into a and achieve desired results through others. A high-
leadership role often happens serendipitously, resulting level position or formal leadership role is not required
in what is sometimes called “accidental leadership.” for you to be perceived as a leader.
2 Leadership is the process of influence in which 6 Pharmacist leaders must fuse the traits of leadership
one person is able to enlist the aid and support of with the professionalism expected within the
others in accomplishing a common task, and the pharmacy profession. Professionalism is defined
effectiveness of leaders is determined by both their as the standards, behaviors, and character of an
level of influence and the outcomes of their decisions. individual who is engaged in tasks related to his or
her work or profession.
3 Formal leaders have formal power—the right
(authority) to hire and fire, transfer, demote or 7 Although management is similar to leadership in
promote, and reward. Formal power is bestowed many ways, given that management and leadership
through organizational authority, the result of skills often overlap, management generally focuses on
holding a position within the organization (such as more operational aspects of an organization to achieve
chief executive officer) or an assigned role affecting goals. Leadership is about “doing the right things,”
key outcomes (such as a designated project team whereas management involves “doing things right.”
leader). Informal power, however, is earned through 8 Leadership theorists have characterized a variety of
relationships and experience. leadership styles, and each style has both advantages
4 There is a difference between holding a leadership and disadvantages.
position and being a leader. Likewise, there is a 9 Although several leadership styles may work, leaders
difference between having power or authority that is will be most effective when they select a style consistent
earned and having power or authority that is bestowed. with their personality, their brand, the environment
5 Despite your title, role, or position on an organizational in which they exist, and the people with whom
chart, you have the power to be a leader. Leadership they interact. Optimally, leaders will be able to find
is something acknowledged by others as a result of environments in which they are able to demonstrate
demonstrated vision, self-motivation, performance, their preferred approach to leading others.
determination, communication skills, credibility, 10 Growing your leadership capacity requires sustained
ethical behavior, and ability to mobilize, motivate, and deliberate effort.
Introduction
Unless pharmacy students have considered the possibility Advancement to a leadership position could be part of a
of being called on to lead, they may not seek to develop formal organizational succession plan or the next step in
the necessary skills to be successful in a leadership role. an individual pharmacist’s career map.3 1 In the phar-
However, learning about leadership is important, as highly macy profession, transition into a leadership role often hap-
trained pharmacists are targets for leadership roles in which pens serendipitously, resulting in what is sometimes called
they will provide guidance on professional and patient care “accidental leadership.”3 Situations that may result in
decisions. If you are a pharmacist who is good at what you leadership opportunities can range from an unexpected
do, you will likely be asked to assume leadership respon- vacancy on an executive team to recognition for a novel
sibilities; therefore, a better understanding of “leadership” idea. Additional opportunities are presented in Table 2-1.4,5
is vital.1,2 Several leadership topics are addressed in this chapter,
Table 2-1 Examples of Opportunities Resulting in Gardner states, “A leader is an individual … who signifi-
Leadership Positions cantly affects the thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors of a
significant number of individuals.”9(pix) This is perhaps the
Pharmacist who is always asked to take a leadership role on
committees and/or other special projects
most appealing aspect of leadership—the ability to inspire
and influence others in profound and compelling ways.
Lead pharmacist who is asked to assume some leadership
responsibilities after his or her manager or director leaves the Leadership can be found both formally and informally and
organization suddenly
at any organizational level.10 3 Formal leaders have for-
Pharmacist who is groomed and prepared by the owner of a
retail pharmacy to understand aspects of patient care and the
mal power—the right (authority) to hire and fire, transfer,
business of pharmacy in light of the owner’s future retirement demote or promote, and reward. Formal power is bestowed
Pharmacist who is seen as an advocate for patient care and is through organizational authority, the result of holding a
subsequently asked to lead a new clinical expansion position within the organization (such as chief executive
Pharmacist who develops a new teaching style or method officer) or an assigned role affecting key outcomes (such as a
Pharmacist who shares an innovative idea with a colleague and designated project team leader). Informal power, however, is
then is asked to present this idea to others earned through relationships and experience. Informal
Pharmacist who is known for managing and completing leaders, like so many social, political, cultural, and scientific
complex problems trailblazers who have transformed their nations, commu-
Pharmacist who is frequently asked to present at Pharmacy nities, industries, and professions, rely on the creation and
and Therapeutics (P&T) and other high-profile medical staff articulation of a compelling vision of the future to achieve
meetings
success but do so without the power and authority granted
Pharmacist who provides teaching and other scholarly
mentorship in a college of pharmacy to less seasoned
to formal leaders. They often have personal magnetism or
colleagues charisma, expertise in their fields, a recognized history with
Pharmacist team member whom other team members admire the organization, or the ability to inspire others. In many
Pharmacist whose knowledge and intelligence impress many
cases, informal leaders exert more influence on their fellow
and who is often asked to present his or her work or ideas employees than do formal leaders.11
Source: Data from Mark SM. Succession planning: the forgotten art. Hosp Pharm Issues pertaining to informal power and allegiance are part
2008;43:593–600; and Betof E, Harwood F. Just Promoted: How to Survive and of a formal leader’s responsibility. Savvy formal leaders
Thrive in Your First 12 Months as a Manager. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1992.
determine which individuals possess informal power and
assess how they choose to use it. They then use this infor-
including the definition of leadership, what it means to be mation to mobilize their support or work to ensure they do
a leader, leadership characteristics, the differences between not create unnecessary obstacles. Seasoned formal leaders
leadership and management, styles of leadership, strategies appreciate the value of recognizing, engaging, and involv-
for developing leadership competencies, and strategies for ing informal leaders in decision making and other key
exiting leadership positions. This chapter and Chapter 1, organizational tasks.12,13
Management Essentials for Pharmacists, serve as the intro-
In the event you are called on to serve as a leader, whether
duction for this text, as concepts presented in these chapters
formally or informally, you will face a choice: you can
will be built on in later chapters.
accept the role and hope to rely on the power of your title
and responsibilities to accomplish organizational goals,
Leadership Defined or you can cultivate leadership competencies and compel
True leadership is the ability to mobilize and inspire oth- people to action by the way you think, behave, and interact
ers; it is not solely about a title or a position. As leader- with others. Given the increasingly dynamic nature of orga-
ship authority John C. Maxwell noted, “The true measure nizations, it is possible to hold a position today and lose
of leadership is influence—nothing more, nothing less.”6(p11) it tomorrow. Building competencies to be both an infor-
2 Leadership is the process of influence in which one mal and a formal leader will provide you with an expanded
person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in array of opportunities. This holds true in student organiza-
accomplishing a common task, and the effectiveness of tions as well as work positions. Developing a wide scope
leaders is determined by both their level of influence and of experiences provides a toolbox of leadership skills from
the outcomes of their decisions.7,8 In Leading Minds: An which to draw on in the future. Because skills such as lead-
Anatomy of Leadership, psychologist and scholar Howard ing a meeting, interpersonal communication, and financial
management are similar whether in a student organization traditional authority is based on one’s position or
role or a work position role, developing experiences with rank. For example, the titles of director, chief, and
them makes future leadership transitions easier. department head represent traditional authority titles
in various areas of pharmacy.
Transitioning into the t Bureaucratic authority is based on rules or estab-
lished laws. Bureaucratic leaders demonstrate their
Leadership Position
power by such tactics as enforcing rules, managing
For some people, the transition into a leadership role is excit- information, and requiring strict codes of organiza-
ing, as many view such an opportunity as a chance to make tional behavior. Military pharmacies are an example
a difference, grow professionally, and advance their career.14 of a system in which a more established, stricter
For others, the transition may be more daunting. From either code of organizational behavior may be found,
perspective, making the transition to leadership is a big step. largely because of the value placed on discipline
People who say otherwise have never done it, are too far and rank.
removed from their own transition to accurately remember t Charismatic authority is based on how leaders use
its challenges, or have experienced that rare occurrence—an their powers of persuasion and sense of personal
easy transition. This adjustment or “speed bump” is felt with magnetism to acquire followers and, often, devotees.
most transitions, yet people grow from such challenges.15 Charismatic leaders tend to focus on transformation
For example, as a student graduates from pharmacy school, and use their personalities to make change. They
becomes licensed, and joins the staff of a pharmacy, this new often possess no formal power or authority but rather
pharmacist may develop into a leader as he or she is relied rely on their magnetism and vision to get things
upon to assist and lead workflow for pharmacy techni- done. For instance, a staff pharmacist with extraor-
cians, medication use systems, and patient communication. dinary public speaking skills, a strong network, and
Additional transitional opportunities as a leader may emerge commitment to serving low-income populations
as the now-veteran pharmacist motivates pharmacy tech- could positively transform a community pharmacy’s
nicians, pharmacy residents, pharmacy students, and less image by serving underserved individuals.
experienced pharmacists as their careers progress.
In their 1959 work, “The Bases of Social Power,” John French
Leadership positions are not bestowed by luck; pharmacist
and Bertram Raven took a slightly different approach and
leaders are selected because organizational administration
suggested five sources of power:18
believes they are qualified to handle the role and assume
greater responsibility.16 Thus new leaders should trust their t Reward power: Based on a person’s ability to provide
abilities and potential and embrace the challenges of lead- material or nonmaterial inducements
ership, as the reward—the opportunity to inspire and affect t Legitimate power: Derived from the follower’s percep-
the lives of others—is immense. tion that a leader has a right to lead, make demands,
and expect obedience from others
t Expert power: Based on an individual’s knowledge
What Does It Mean and expertise
to Be a Leader? t Referent power: Stems from a person’s charm or
4 As implied in the previous discussion of formal and appeal and a follower’s desire to identify or emulate
informal leadership, there is a difference between holding these characteristics
a leadership position and being a leader. Likewise, there t Coercive power: Based on an individual’s ability to
is a difference between having power or authority that is threaten or punish
earned and having power or authority that is bestowed. Weber’s research, as well as French and Raven’s work,
Sociologist Max Weber contributed greatly to the literature underpins the notion that leadership is not reserved for
on leadership, noting that people are perceived to be lead- people in formal leadership roles—a concept critical for
ers or to have authority for several reasons. According to those entering the profession of pharmacy. 5 Despite your
Weber, there are three origins of authority:17 title, role, or position on an organizational chart, you have
t Traditional authority is associated with custom or the power to be a leader. Leadership is something acknowl-
tradition, such as lines of royal succession in the edged by others as a result of demonstrated vision, self-
case of kings and queens. In a more modern setting, motivation, performance, determination, communication
skills, credibility, ethical behavior, and ability to mobi- For example, a meticulous pharmacist who strives to
lize, motivate, and achieve desired results through others. provide the safest and most efficacious care pos-
A high-level position or formal leadership role is not sible develops a vision in which medication errors
required for you to be perceived as a leader. would be reduced to nearly 0% over the next three
years. To this end, she proposes the implementation
Effective Use of Power of a new automation system to promote medication
safety. The articulation of her vision regarding the
Whatever the source of their power, leaders must wield that
use of automated technology and its positive effect on
power effectively to achieve desired outcomes. According
patient care inspires support for her proposal among
to Fuqua and colleagues, effective leaders do not rely on
her colleagues, which is instrumental in convincing
their title (formal authority) to get results;19 instead they
the pharmacy’s administration not only to purchase
adhere to ethical standards (and refrain from abuses of
the equipment but also to implement its use, thereby
power), mobilize resources, inspire creativity and confi-
promoting goal attainment.
dence in subordinates, and empower others. Leaders also
t Passion: True leaders are absolutely committed to
effectively use their power in the following ways:19,20
their vision and enjoy working toward it.25 This pas-
t Demonstrating their qualifications to be a leader sion gives them the energy to persist even during
(i.e., their expertise and credentials) so that subor- setbacks. The pharmacist’s passion for promoting
dinates understand leaders earned their position of medication safety, described in the previous example,
authority contributed greatly to her persistence in recruiting
t Prioritizing relationships and communication colleagues in efforts to compel the administration to
networks to better understand the needs of others, act on her automation proposal.
build social capital, and stay current on events and
information
Table 2-2 Common Behaviors and Traits of
t Encouraging participation and soliciting input, as
Effective Pharmacist Leaders
subordinates may have knowledge and suggestions
critical to achieving goals
Behaviors Traits
t Sharing information and decision making with
appropriate individuals (e.g., those who play a critical Acts assertively Competent
role in a particular task) Admits mistakes Cooperative
t Rewarding accomplishments and enforcing negative Challenges the status quo Credible
consequences for failures Communicates well Decisive
t Teaching others how to effectively use their power
Delegates, entrusts, and empowers Diplomatic
Demonstrates integrity Emotionally stable
Characteristics of Encourages Innovative
What do true leaders do and how do they behave? As dis- Listens Optimistic
cussed earlier, true leaders have a unique ability to move Makes others feel important Passionate
others to action. This ability arises because they tend to Negotiates successfully Persuasive
possess several common characteristics (Table 2-2 lists Provides good direction Responsible
common behaviors and traits of effective leaders):21–26 Resolves conflict Systems thinker
t The ability to articulate a compelling vision for the Stays involved Visionary
future: A compelling vision can attract and inspire
Sources: Data from Hogan R, Curphy GJ, Hogan J. What we know about
others, increase commitment to organizational goals,
leadership: effectiveness and personality. Am Psychol 1994;49:493–504; Straub
provide purpose and meaning to work activities, JT. The Rookie Manager. New York, NY: AMACOM; 2000; Broadwell MM, Dietrich
link current work activities to future accomplish- CB. The New Supervisor: How to Thrive in Your First Year as a Manager. Cambridge,
ments, and promote change.27 The ability to create MA: Perseus Books; 1998; Rowitz L. Public Health Leadership: Putting Principles
into Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2003; Bennis W. On
a compelling vision and garner widespread support Becoming a Leader. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books; 1989; and Kouzes J, Posner B.
to realize it is a critical leadership competency.25,26 The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass; 2002.
t Integrity: Leaders know their strengths, are honest Table 2-3 Traits of Pharmacy Professionalism
about their limitations, establish high standards (such
Accountability for actions, decisions, and work efforts
as those set by our medication safety-promoting staff
pharmacist), and are consistent in their approach. Knowledge and skills of pharmacy profession
They also honor their commitments, treat others Commitment to improving the skills and knowledge of both self
with respect, and serve as role models.25 and others
pharmacy setting, managers ensure the work gets done, Pharmacists Association Advisory Group to the Office of
and leaders get people excited about doing it. Managers Women’s Affairs. During her more than 60-year career, Dr.
plan, and leaders envision an exciting future. Managers Francke actively advocated and advanced gender equality
think critically, and leaders think creatively and strategi- and the roles of women in pharmacy and pharmacy leader-
cally. Managers ensure that employees are prepared to ful- ship. She was also the first female recipient of the American
fill their roles, and leaders facilitate collective and continual Pharmacists Association’s Remington Medal, considered by
learning among employees to expand the ways they think many as the pharmacy profession’s highest honor.40
and achieve results.37 For further details, refer to Chapter
Level 5 leaders exhibit one of many possible leadership
1 (Management Essentials for Pharmacists) and Chapter
styles. You will need to find a style that comports with your
25 (Effective Performance Management). Although distinct
talents and values. Leadership approaches vary markedly,
differences separate leaders and managers, many leaders
and relationship skills, comfort with people, decision-mak-
possess outstanding management skills and many manag-
ing style, ability to handle ambiguity, and communication
ers have excellent leadership qualities. Table 2-4 provides
abilities will all influence the approach you develop and cul-
a list of competencies for pharmacist leaders and manag-
tivate. 8 Leadership theorists have characterized a variety
ers, key actions used to achieve these competencies, and the
of leadership styles, and each style has both advantages and
chapters that address these competencies and key actions.38
disadvantages. These styles include the following:
Several of these competencies and key actions are discussed
in Chapter 1 (Management Essentials for Pharmacists). t Affiliative: Affiliative leaders are masters at forging
relationships with others and can be especially effec-
tive at building productive teams. Although they are
Defining Your effective at using the power of networks and connec-
Leadership Style tions to accomplish goals, they sometimes find it dif-
ficult to deliver bad news that may disappoint others,
In the management classic Good to Great, author Jim Collins
including feedback about underperformance.16
asserts there is a hierarchy of executive behaviors.39 Level 1
t Autocratic: Autocratic leaders make decisions inde-
includes individuals who make their contributions indepen-
pendently, without engaging or consulting others.41
dently. Level 2 comprises people who work well in team set-
Although this style works well in crisis situations, it does
tings. Level 3 is composed of what Collins calls “competent
not typically engage the thinking or talents of others.
managers,” individuals who are proficient at managing peo-
t Democratic: Democratic leaders value fair process and
ple and resources. Level 4 includes the classic definition of a
tend to give all members of the organization an oppor-
leader, someone who “catalyzes commitment to and vigorous
tunity to weigh in with their preferences and recom-
pursuit of a clear and compelling vision, stimulating higher
mendations.16,41 Democratic leaders excel in engaging
performance standards.”39(p20) According to Collins, a smaller
others, but their commitment to collecting input and
cadre of individuals achieve extraordinary success through
establishing buy-in can sometimes be inefficient.
“a paradoxical blend of personal humility and professional
t Laissez-faire: Laissez-faire leaders provide critical
will.”39(p20) Collins calls these individuals “Level 5 Executives.”39
resources and information but tend to provide little
Unlike their often charismatic counterparts, Level 5 execu- direction. This form of leadership works well with
tives move quietly, modestly, and resolutely toward their goals. highly competent and independent individuals but
Collins uses Abraham Lincoln to illustrate the characteristics may cause some people to feel abandoned or ignored.41
of a Level 5 executive—someone who is more focused on the t Transformational: Transformational leaders believe
organization or cause than on himself or herself and who is that social and spiritual values can be employed to
more driven by goals than by recognition, fortune, or power.39 raise employees to even higher levels of performance
In the pharmacy profession, an excellent example of a Level and motivation.42 According to James Burns, who
5 leader is Gloria Niemeyer Francke. Dr. Francke graduated coined this label, transformational leaders include
from pharmacy school in the early 1940s, a time when few intellectual leaders who transform organizations or
women entered the profession. She held multiple leadership society by thinking in new ways, charismatic leaders
positions, including assistant director of a hospital pharmacy, who use charm and personality to promote change,
first executive secretary of the American Society of Hospital revolutionary leaders who promote change by using
Pharmacists (later renamed the American Society of Health- effective methodologies, and reform leaders who
System Pharmacists), and chairperson of the American focus on a single moral issue.42 Transformational
Professional or industry knowledge: Engaging in continuous learning, :_Xgk\i(Management Essentials for Pharmacists)
having a satisfactory level of applying state-of-the-art technology :_Xgk\i)Leadership Essentials for Pharmacists)
technical and professional skill and concepts, developing and :_Xgk\i/Pharmacy Business and Staff Planning)
or knowledge in position-related maintaining industry awareness :_Xgk\i)+Successful Recruitment and Hiring
areas, keeping up with current Strategies)
developments and trends in areas of :_Xgk\i)/Developing Professionalism)
expertise
Source: Originally published in Zilz DA, Woodward BW, Thielke TS, Shane RR, Scott B. Leadership skills for a high-performance pharmacy practice. Am J Health-Syst
Pharm 2004;61:2562–2574. © 2004 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission.
the leader ready for more or different responsibilities? If letter. This letter should suggest an agreeable timetable for
it is determined that the appropriate time to exit may be your exit. Preferably, this timeline will be acceptable to the
approaching, one needs to consider the personal, finan- exiting leader, his or her current employer, and his or her
cial, geographic, and relationship impact when weighing future employer, if applicable. The resignation letter should
the various options. For example, might vesting or retire- be personally delivered to the exiting individual’s supervi-
ment benefit considerations affect the timing of the exit? sor. When meeting with the supervisor, the exiting leader
For student leaders, the consideration might entail the should be prepared to explain his or her thought process for
needs of the student organization as well as the needs of the decision to exit. The exiting leader should be respectful,
the leader and other constituents in the organization. gracious, and thankful for the opportunities he or she has
been given—now is not the time to complain or criticize. If
On an organizational level, exit strategies may include
the individual has concerns, he or she should express them
(1) transition planning to determine how the organization
as positive, constructive recommendations for improve-
will move forward as the leader withdraws from his or her
ment. The exiting leader should also have a plan developed
role and (2) succession planning to ensure a smooth tran-
with suggestions on how current assignments, responsi-
sition to new leadership. Development of a succession plan
bilities, and commitments may best be managed during
is an important task for every leader. Leadership and man-
the transition. This type of responsible action will allow the
agement development should be an active process, with
leader to exit on his or her terms but will leave the door
specific actions and outcomes. In developing a succession
open for potential future relationships with the employer
plan several important components must be considered:
and/or supervisor. After communicating the resignation
1. When identifying potential successors, evaluate the and agreeing to the timing and the transition plan with
significant anticipated challenges the organization is the supervisor, the leader can then communicate his or her
likely to face over the next 5 to 10 years, and consider plans to leave the position more broadly.
the skills and background needed to lead the organi-
zation during this time. Once a leader has announced his or her plan to exit the
2. Begin to develop internal candidates or make plans organization, the individual can be available to his or her
to recruit individuals who could be groomed for successor to provide any needed background or advice. If
leadership if appropriate internal candidates are not the leader is staying in the organization and taking on a
available. This development will need to include new role, the successor should be given “space” to man-
progressively greater delegation of responsibility and age and lead. Be prepared to provide guidance if asked,
independence of decision making. For example, in a but keep some distance, as the new leader needs to estab-
student organization, it is wise to delegate assignments lish his or her priorities and leadership approach within
with leadership components to those individuals who the organization.
might be considered for future formal leadership roles
in the organization. Management Challenge
3. As the leader’s exit time approaches, assess the readi-
ness of internal candidates and begin to work with them In the next five years, pharmacy leadership positions will
more closely if gaps in their preparedness persist.52,53 For be mostly occupied by Baby Boomer, Generation X, and
student organization leaders, it is wise to have a formal Generation Y individuals. Work-related characteristics of
transition plan developed to facilitate a seamless transi- each generation are as follows:
tion from one leader to another. This is probably best ij Baby Boomer (born 1946–1964): work efficiently;
accomplished in conjunction with the faculty advisor. desire quality; question authority; collegial; team
In some, but not all cases, consultation with organization players; consider work to be an adventure
administration will facilitate optimal planning for the lead- ij Generation X (born 1965–1980): self-reliant; desire
er’s exit. Ultimately, the goal of exit strategies is to help the structure and direction; view work as a challenge and
outgoing leader, the incoming leader, and the organization a contract
prepare for change resulting from the exit in a manner that ij Generation Y (born 1981–2000): multitask; entrepre-
will benefit all parties. neurial; tolerant; goal oriented; view work as fulfilling
When it is determined that the time for an exit is at hand, How would the typical Baby Boomer leader differ from
it is critical to write a careful and respectful resignation Generation X and Generation Y leaders?
Summary
Leaders can conceive and articulate goals that lift people out critical aspects of the leadership role, including (1) formal
of their petty preoccupations … and unite them in pursuit of and informal power, (2) effective use of power, (3) leader-
objectives worthy of their best efforts. ship types and styles, (4) strategies to build leadership com-
—John W. Gardner petencies, and (5) exit strategies. The future of pharmacy
is highly dependent on future pharmacist leaders. Thus
Effective leadership, like any other skill, requires practice the development of successful leaders is imperative to the
and patience. As a pharmacist, it is likely you will be called profession of pharmacy. This text, which was written and
upon to lead. Recognizing this probability, this chapter reviewed by pharmacist leaders, managers, and human
provided an introduction to leadership and the need for resource experts, will elaborate on this cultivation in the
leaders within the pharmacy profession. It also discussed following chapters.
Abbreviations
EI emotional intelligence
IQ intelligence quotient
P&T Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Case Scenarios
CASE ONE: You have been selected as the new manager manager seems unconcerned. Each error seems to have a
position within the pharmacy department at a medical unique set of circumstances, and there does not seem to
center. The last manager, Dr. Jeffries, was well liked and be a clear pattern. Dr. Spiegel is frustrated by this situation,
successful in her role. She was selected for a promotion, but because she is not in a formal leadership role, she is
and you were chosen to succeed her based on your clini- unsure about what she can do to create real change. Which
cal success and informal leadership to this point. Which strategies might she employ?
leadership tactics should you employ in the next 40 days
to ensure your leadership transition goes as smoothly as CASE FOUR: As a pharmacist manager, you are commit-
possible? ted to cultivating your employees’ talents. You are increas-
ingly impressed by Dr. Daniels, a newly graduated pharma-
CASE TWO: Your colleague, Max Washington, was recently cist who is passionate about his profession. His ideas are
appointed the pharmacist manager for a retail setting that, creative, salient, and on point. On the down side, he can be
according to corporate officials, needs “a serious makeover.” overly direct and even condescending in his communica-
Dr. Washington has several ideas and plenty of energy, but tion with others. You see tremendous leadership potential
his newly acquired staff seems almost hostile to the idea of in Dr. Daniels—if he can conquer some of his interpersonal
changing established approaches. “They all know I’m the communication challenges, that is. What can you do to
boss,” he explains to you, “but they refuse to give me the help him reach his potential?
respect I deserve.” What can he do to turn things around?
CASE FIVE: A student leader named Carrie asks you
CASE THREE: Lucy Spiegel is a pharmacist at a small how she can get involved to develop her leadership skills,
hospital pharmacy that is experiencing regular medication and become more experienced, confident, and prepared
errors. Despite her frequent expressions of concern to her to accept a formal leadership position in your community
pharmacy colleagues, she has observed a general sense of pharmacy in the future. What should you recommend to
apathy toward solving the problem, and the pharmacist Carrie so she can prepare herself for a leadership role?
References
1. White SJ. Will there be a pharmacy leadership crisis? an ASHP 23. Broadwell MM, Dietrich CB. The New Supervisor: How to
Foundation Scholar-in-Residence report. Am J Health-Syst Thrive in Your First Year as a Manager%:XdYi`[^\#D81
Pharm)'',2-)1/+,Æ/,,% G\ij\lj9ffbj2(00/%
2. Raiffa H. The Art and Science of Negotiation%9fjkfe#D81 24. Rowitz L. Public Health Leadership: Putting Principles into
9\cbeXgGi\jj2)'',% Practice%Jl[Ylip#D81Afe\jXe[9Xikc\kkGlYc`j_\ij2)''*%
3. Robbins H, Finley M. The Accidental Leader: What to Do When 25. Bennis W. On Becoming a Leader%:XdYi`[^\#D81G\ij\lj
You Are Suddenly in Charge%JXe=iXeZ`jZf#:81Afjj\p$9Xjj2 9ffbj2(0/0%
)''+% 26. Kouzes J, Posner B. The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco,
4. DXibJD%JlZZ\jj`fegcXee`e^1k_\]fi^fkk\eXik%Hosp Pharm :81Afjj\p9Xjj2)'')%
)''/2+*1,0*Æ-''% 27. Lashway L. Leading with Vision%<l^\e\#FI1<I@:
5. Betof E, Harwood F. Just Promoted: How to Survive and Thrive :c\Xi`e^_flj\feFi^Xe`qXk`feXcDXeX^\d\ek2(00.%
in Your First 12 Months as a Manager%E\nPfib#EP1DZ>iXn$ 28. Lifeorganizers.com. Tombstone of Andrew Carnegie’s.
?`cc2(00)% 8mX`cXYc\Xk1_kkg1&&nnn%c`]\fi^Xe`q\ij%Zfd&9lj`e\jj$
6. Maxwell JC. The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership. Nashville, Solutions/Daily-Business-Quote/Tombstone-of-Andrew-
KE1K_fdXjE\cjfe2)''.% :Xie\^`\$j%_kdc%8ZZ\jj\[Efm\dY\i(*#)'((%
7. Brousseau KR, Driver MJ, Hourihan G, Larsson R. The 29. Johnson LK. Are you delegating so it sticks? Harv Manag
seasoned executive’s decision-making style. Harv Bus Rev Update)''.2()0 1*Æ,%
)''-2/+) 1(('Æ()(% 30. Brady C, Woodward O. Launching a Leadership Revolution:
8. D`Z_\cdXeG#Bc\`e\i8%;\Yi`\]`e^8ikBc\`e\i1_fnkfc\X[ Mastering the Five Levels of Influence%C\YXefe#@E19lj`e\jj
when your influence goes off the (org) chart. Harv Manag Gclj2)''.%
)''+20, % 31. Cohn JM, Khurana R, Reeves L. Growing talent as if your busi-
9. Gardner H. Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership. New ness depended on it. Harv Bus Rev)'',2/*(' 1-)Æ.'%
Pfib#EP19Xj`Z9ffbj2(00-% 32. Walker CA. Saving your rookie managers from themselves.
10. Hill LA. Building Effective One-on-One Work Relationships. Harv Bus Rev )'')2/'+ 10.Æ(')%
9fjkfe#D81?XimXi[9lj`e\jjGlYc`j_`e^2(00-% 33. American Board of Internal Medicine Committees on
11. D`ekqY\i^?#MXe[\i?\p[\eC%Fi^Xe`^iXg_j1[iXn`e^_fn Evaluation of Clinical Competence and Clinical Competence
companies really work. Harv Bus Rev (0002.., 1/.Æ0+% and Communication Programs. Project Professionalism.
12. Garvin DA, Roberto MA. What you don’t know about making G_`cX[\cg_`X#G82)''(1,Æ-%
decisions. Harv Bus Rev )''(2.0/ 1('/Æ((-% 34. American Pharmacist Association Academy of Students of
13. :fcc`ejA:%Klie`e^^fXcj`ekfi\jlckj1k_\gfn\if]ZXkXcpk`Z Pharmacy–American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
mechanisms. Harv Bus Rev(0002..+ 1.'Æ/)% Council of Deans Task Force on Professionalism. White paper
14. Stettner M. Skills for New Managers%E\nPfib#EP1DZ>iXn$?`cc2 on pharmacy student professionalism. J Am Pharm Assoc
)'''% )'''2+'10-Æ(')%
15. Bunker KA, Wakefield M. Leading in times of change. Harv 35. QXc\qe`b8%DXeX^\ijXe[c\X[\ij1Xi\k_\p[`]]\i\ek6Harv
Manag Update)''-2((, 1*Æ-% Bus Rev)''+2/)( 1.+Æ/(%
16. Goleman D. What makes a leader? Harv Bus Rev 36. Bennis W, Goldsmith J. Learning to Lead: A Workbook on
)''+2/)( 1/)Æ0(% Becoming a Leader%E\nPfib#EP19Xj`Z9ffbj2)''*%
17. Weber M. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. 37. Senge P. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the
?\e[\ijfe8D#GXijfejK#kiXej%E\nPfib#EP1=i\\Gi\jj2(0+.% Learning Organization%Cfe[fe1IXe[fd?flj\2(00'%
18. =i\eZ_AI#IXm\e9%K_\YXj\jf]jfZ`Xcgfn\i%@e1:Xikni`^_k 38. Zilz DA, Woodward BW, Thielke TS, Shane RR, Scott B.
D, ed. Studies in Social Power%8ee8iYfi#D@1Le`m\ij`kpf] Leadership skills for a high-performance pharmacy practice.
D`Z_`^Xe2(0,0% Am J Health-Syst Pharm)''+2-(1),-)Æ),.+%
19. Fuqua HE Jr, Payne KE, Cangemi JP. Leadership and the 39. Collins J. Good to Great%E\nPfib#EP1?Xig\i:fcc`ej
\]]\Zk`m\lj\f]gfn\i%EXk`feXc=fild%8mX`cXYc\Xk1_kkg1&& GlYc`j_\ij2)''(%
nnn%eXk`feXc]fild%Zfd&<c\Zkife`Z)'AflieXc)'Mfcld\j& 40. DX`e\CC#FË9i`\eAD%C\jjfejc\Xie\[]ifdXelejle^_\if1
=lhlX#)'Ai%#)'?Xifc[)'<%)'C\X[\ij_`g)'Xe[)' Gloria Niemeyer Francke. Am J Pharm Educ)''/2.)1((,%
k_\)'<]]\Zk`m\j)'Lj\)'f])'Gfn\i%g[]%8ZZ\jj\[ 41. Lewin K, Lippitt R, White RK. Patterns of aggressive behav-
Efm\dY\i(/#)'((% ior in experimentally created social climates. J Soc Psychol
20. Bal V, Campbell M, Steed J, Meddings K. The role of power in (0*02('1).(Æ)00%
effective leadership. Center for Creative Leadership. Available 42. Burns JM. Leadership.E\nPfib#EP1?Xig\iIfn2(0./%
Xk1_kkg1&&nnn%ZZc%fi^&c\X[\ij_`g&g[]&i\j\XiZ_&ifc\F]Gfn\i% 43. Greenleaf R. Servant Leadership%DX_nX_#EA1GXlc`jkGi\jj2
g[]%8ZZ\jj\[Efm\dY\i(/#)'((% )'')%
21. Hogan R, Curphy GJ, Hogan J. What we know about 44. DXe]\cfnA%J\imXekc\X[\ij_`g1fg`e`fe%8mX`cXYc\Xk1_kkg1&&
c\X[\ij_`g1\]]\Zk`m\e\jjXe[g\ijfeXc`kp%Am Psychol nnn%d`e[kffcj%Zfd&gX^\j&Xik`Zc\&e\nC;IV0*%_kd%8ZZ\jj\[
(00+2+01+0*Æ,'+% Efm\dY\i(*#)'((%
22. Straub JT. The Rookie Manager%E\nPfib#EP18D8:FD2 45. Vroom VH, Jago AG. The role of the situation in leadership.
)'''% Am Psychol)''.2-)1(.Æ)+%
46. Jackson J, Bosse-Smith L. Leveraging Your Leadership Style 50. Miller RF, Mark SM, Powell M. Assessing your aptitude for
Workbook: Maximize Your Influence by Discovering the Leader pharmacy leadership. Am J Health-Syst Pharm)''/2-,1(Æ+%
Within%EXj_m`cc\#KE18Y`e^[feGi\jj2)''/% 51. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More
47. JZ_\`e<?%K_i\\Zlckli\jf]dXeX^\d\ek1k_\b\pkffi^Xe`- Than IQ.E\nPfib#EP19XekXd2(00.%
zational learning. Sloan Manag Rev(00-2*/( 10Æ)'% 52. :fcc`ejJB%JlZZ\jj`fegcXee`e^1g\ijg\Zk`m\jf]Z_`\]\o\Zlk`m\
48. Schaeffer LD. The leadership journey. Harv Bus Rev officers in US hospitals. Health Care Manager)''02)/1),/Æ)-*%
)'')2/'(' 1+)Æ+.% 53. Conger JA, Fulmer RM. Developing your leadership pipeline.
49. Kippenberger T. Leadership Styles%Fo]fi[1N`c\p2)'')% Harv Bus Rev)''*2/(1.-Æ/+%