IC ENGINES

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 1

1. Introduction
Heat engine (Thermal engine) is a machine for converting heat,
developed by burning fuel into useful work. It can be said that heat engine is
equipment which generates thermal energy and transforms it into mechanical
energy.
Heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories
(i) External combustion engine: An engine in which combustion of fuel
takes place outside the engine cylinder is called external combustion engine.
These engines are generally called EC engines.
Ex: Steam engines, steam turbines, closed cycle gas turbine etc.

(ii) Internal combustion engine: An engine in which combustion of fuel takes

place inside the engine cylinder is called internal combustion engine. These
engines are generally called IC engines.
Ex: Petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine etc.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 2

Advantages of I.C Engines over E.C Engines
• High efficiency
• Simplicity
• Compactness
• Light Weight
• Easy Starting
• Comparatively Lower Cost

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 3

2. Classification of I.C. Engines

(i) According to the type of fuel used:

• Petrol engines: In this type of engines, the fuel used is petrol.
• Diesel engines: In this type of engines, the fuel used is diesel.
• Gas engines: In this type of engines, the gaseous fuels like natural gas,
biogas, LPG is used.
• Bi-fuel engines (Bio-fuel): These engines use a mixture of two fuels.
Examples: Mixtures of Diesel and Natural gas, Mixture of Diesel and
Neem oil.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 4

4- Stroke Engine
2-Stroke Engine
(ii) According to the number of strokes per cycle:
• 4-stroke engine: In this type of engines, the working cycle is completed
in four different strokes.
• 2-stroke engine: In this type of engines, the working cycle is completed
in two different strokes.

(iii)According to the method of ignition:

• Spark ignition engine (S.I. Engine): In this type of engines, fuel is
ignited by an electric spark generated by a spark plug.
• Compression ignition engine (C.I. Engine): In this type of engines, the
fuel gets ignited as it comes in contact with the hot compressed air.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 5

(iv) According to the cycle of combustion:
• Otto cycle engine: In this type of engines, combustion of fuel takes
place at constant volume.
• Diesel cycle engine: In this type of engines, combustion of fuel takes
place at constant pressure.
• Duel combustion engine: In this type of engines, combustion of fuel
first takes place at constant volume and then at constant pressure.

(v) According to the number of cylinders:

• Single cylinder engine: This type of engines consists of only one
cylinder.
• Multi cylinder engine: This type of engines consists of 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8
cylinders.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 6

(vi) According to the arrangement of cylinders
• Vertical engine: In this type of engines, the cylinder is arranged in a
vertical position.
• Horizontal engine: In this type of engines, cylinder is arranged in
horizontal position.
• Inline engine: In this type of engines, cylinders are arranged in-line.
• Radialengine: In this type of engines, cylinders are arranged along the
circumference of a circle.
• V-engine: In this type of engines, combination of two inline engines
equally set an angle.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 7

Radial Engine V Engine

Inline Engine
(vii) According to the method of cooling:
• Aircooled engine: In this type of engines, the heated cylinder
walls are cooled by continuous flow of air.
• Water cooled engine: In this type of engines, water is used for
cooling the heated cylinder walls.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 8

 3. Parts of I.C. Engine

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 9

 (i) Cylinder: A cylindrical vessel in which the fuel is burnt and the power is
developed. It is considered as heart of the engine. The primary functions of
cylinder is
• To contain the working fluid under pressure.
• To guide the piston while reciprocating inside the cylinder.
ii) Cylinder head: The top end of the cylinder is closed by a removable
component called cylinder head. The cylinder head consists of two valves inlet
valve and exhaust valve, or the other components like sparkplug, or fuel injector.
(iii) Piston: A cylindrical shaped component that fits perfectly inside the engine
cylinder. The primary functions of piston include,
• To compress the charge (fuel) during the compression stroke.
• To receive the force impulse produced by the combustion of fuel, and to
transmit this force to the crankshaft through the connecting rod.
• Act as a guide (supporting member) for the upper end of the connecting rod.
• Serves as carrier of the piston rings that are used to seal the combustion
chamber from the crankcase.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 10

(iv) Piston Rings: The rings placed in the grooves cut towards top of the piston are
called Piston Rings. The piston rings are of two types; compression rings and oil rings.
 Compression rings: The compression rings press hard with the cylinder walls
forming a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder. This prevents escaping of the
high pressure gases into the crankcase.
 Oil rings: The function of oil rings is to extract the lubricating oil from the cylinder
walls and send it back to oil sump through the holes provided on the piston.
(v) Connecting rod: The connecting rod is a link that connects the piston and the
crankshaft. Its function is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the crankshaft.
(vi) Crank: The crank is a lever with one of its end connected to the connecting rod by a
pin joint with other end connected rigidly to the crankshaft. The power required
for any useful purpose is taken from the crankshaft.
(vii) Crank case: It encloses the crankshaft and serves as a sump for the lubricating oil.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 11

(viii) Valves: The valves are control devices that allow the air/fuel to enter into the

cylinder and also to discharge the burnt gases to atmosphere. There are two valves.

(a) Inlet valve (b) Exhaust valve

(a) Inlet valve is the one through which fresh charge (air and fuel or air) enters
into the cylinder.
(b) Exhaust valve through which the burnt gases are discharged out of the
cylinder. These valves are actuated by means of cams driven by the
crankshaft.

(ix) Cams: It is an element designed to control the movement of both the inlet and

exhaust valves.

(x) Flywheel: It is a heavy mass of rotating wheel or large disc mounted on the crankshaft
and is used as an energy storing device. The flywheel stores energy received during the
power stroke and supplies the same during other strokes.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 12

 4. I.C. Engine Terminology

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 13

(i) Bore: The inside diameter of the cylinder is called Bore.

(ii) Top dead center (TDC): The extreme position of the piston near to the cylinder head is
called top dead center or TDC.
(iii) Bottom dead center (BDC): The extreme position of the piston nearer to the crankshaft is
called bottom dead center or BDC.
(iv) Stroke: It is the linear distance travelled by the piston from the TDC to BDC or BDC
to TDC.
(v) Clearance volume (𝑽𝑪 ): It is the volume of cylinder above the top of the piston, when the
piston is at the TDC.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 14

(vi) Swe pt volume or Stroke volume (𝑽𝑺 ): It is the volume swept by the piston as it moves from BDC to TDC or TDC to
BDC.

(vii) Compression ratio(𝑹𝑪): The ratio of the total cylinder volume to the clearance volume is called Compression ratio.

Total cylinder volume = Stroke volume (𝑉𝑆) + Clearance volume (𝑉𝐶 )

𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐶
𝑅𝐶 =
𝑉𝐶

(viii) Piston Speed: The average speed of the piston is called piston speed.

Piston speed = 2*L*N

Where; L = Stroke length in m.

N = Speed of engine in RPM.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 15

 Four-Stroke Petrol Engines
• In Four-stroke engines, piston performs four different strokes to
complete all the operations of the working cycle. The four different
strokes performed are;
Suction stroke

Compression stroke

Power stroke / Expansion stroke / Working stroke

Exhaust stroke

• Each stroke is completed when the crankshaft rotates by 180°. Hence in

a 4-stroke engine, four different strokes are completed through 720° of
the crankshaft rotation or 2 revolutions of the crankshaft based on the
type of fuel used.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 16

 Note: In Four-stroke engines, opening and closing of valves during different
strokes with respect to piston position and the rotation of crank is given in the
table below.

Position of
the
Piston Inlet Exhaust Crank
Stroke
Initia valve valve rotation
Final
l

Suction TDC BDC Open Close 00 - 1800

Compressio
BDC TDC Close Close 1800 - 3600
n
Power/
TDC BDC Close Close 3600 - 5400
Working

Exhaust BDC TDC Close Open 5400 - 7200

17
 (a) Suction stroke:

• This stroke starts when the

piston is at TDC and about to
move downwards.
• During this cycle inlet valve
remains open and exhaust
valve remains closed.
• Due to low pressure created by
the downward moving piston,
the charge (air-fuel mixture) is
drawn into the cylinder.
• At the end of this stroke the
inlet valve closes.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 23

(b) Compression Stroke
• During this stroke the compression of fresh drawn charge takes place by the return
stroke (BDC to TDC) of piston.

• During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

• As the piston moves upwards, the air -petrol mixture in the cylinder is compressed
adiabatically. The pressure and temperature of the charge increases.

• When the piston reaches the TDC (or) just before the completion of compression
stroke, the spark plug ignites the charge. The compression ratio in petrol engines
ranges from 7:1 to 11:1.

Adiabatic Process: It is process in which there is no heat transfer from the system
to the surroundings or vice versa.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 24

 (c) Expansion/Power/working Stroke

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 21

• At the beginning of the stroke, piston is in TDC and during the
stroke piston moves from TDC to BDC. During this stroke both
inlet and exhaust valves remain closed.
• The combustion of fuel liberates gases and these gases start
expanding. Due to expansion, the hot gases exert a large force on
the piston and as a result the piston is pushed from TDC to BDC.
• The power impulse is transmitted down through the piston to the
crank shaft through the connecting rod. This causes crankshaft to
rotate at high speeds. Thus work is obtained in this stroke. Hence,
this stroke is also called working stroke. Also gas expands and
does work on the piston so this stroke is also called an expansion
stroke.
• As the piston reaches theBDC, the exhaust valve opens. A part of
the burnt gases escape through the exhaust valve out of the
cylinder due to their own expansion.

25
(d) Exhaust stroke:
• At
the beginning of the stroke piston is in
BDC and during the stroke the piston
moves from BDC to TDC.
• Duringthis stroke inlet valve is closed
and exhaust valve is opened.
• Asthe piston moves upward, it forces the
remaining burnt gases out of the cylinder
to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve
• When the piston reaches the TDC, the
exhaust valve closes and this completes
the cycle.
• Inthe next cycle the piston which is at
TDC moves to BDC thereby allowing
fresh charge to enter the cylinder and the
process continues. 26
P-V Diagram

1. Suction Stroke(A-B)
2. compression Stroke (B-C)
3. Expansion stroke (D-E)
4. Exhaust stroke (E-B & B-A)
7. Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

The working principle of a Four-stroke diesel engine is based

on theoretical diesel cycle. Hence it is also called diesel cycle engine.

A Four-stroke diesel engine performs four different strokes to

complete one cycle. The working of each stroke is shown in the
Figure 2.5 and its details are discussed below.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 27

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 28
Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 29
Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 30
 (a) Suction stroke:

• At the beginning of the stroke piston is in TDC and during the stroke,
piston moves from TDC to BDC.
• During this stroke the inlet valve opens and the exhaust valve will be
closed.
• The downward movement of the piston creates suction in the cylinder
and as a result, fresh air is drawn into the cylinder through the inlet
valve.
• When the piston reaches the BDC, the suction stroke completes and
this is represented by the line AB on P-V diagram as shown in the
figure 2.6

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 31

 (b) Compression stroke :

• At the beginning of the stroke piston is in BDC and during the stroke
piston moves from BDC to TDC.
• During this stroke both inlet and the exhaust valves are closed.
• As the piston moves upwards, air in the cylinder is compressed to a
high pressure and temperature. The compression process is adiabatic
in nature and is shown by the curve BC in P-V diagram.
• At the end of the stroke, the fuel (diesel) is sprayed into the cylinder
by fuel injector. As the fuel comes in contact with the hot compressed
air, it gets ignited and undergoes combustion at constant pressure. This
process is shown by the line CD on PV diagram. At the point D fuel
supply is cutoff.
• The compression ratio ranges from 16:1 to 20:1.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 32

 (c) Power stroke / Expansion stroke/ Working stroke :

• At the beginning of this stroke, piston is in TDC and during the

stroke, piston moves from TDC to BDC.
• During this stroke both inlet and the exhaust valve remain closed.
• As combustion of fuel takes place, the burnt gases expand and exert a
large force on the piston. Due to this, piston is pushed from TDC the
BDC. The power impulse is transmitted down through the piston to
the crank shaft through the connecting rod. This causes the crankshaft
to rotate at high speeds. Thus work is obtained in this stroke.
• The expansion of gases is adiabatic in nature and this is shown by the
curve DE on P- V diagram. When the piston reaches the BDC, the
exhaust valve opens. A part of burnt gases escapes through the
exhaust valve out of the cylinder due to self expansion. The drop in
pressure at constant volume is shown by the line EB on P-V diagram.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University

33
(d) Exhaust stroke:

• Atthe beginning of the stroke piston is in BDC and during this stroke,
piston moves from BDC to TDC.
• During this stroke the inlet valve is closed and the exhaust valve is
opened.
• As the piston moves upward, it forces the remaining burnt gases out of
the cylinder through the exhaust valve. This is shown by the line BA on
P- V diagram. When the piston reaches the TDC the exhaust valve
closes. This completes the cycle.
In the next cycle the piston which is at the TDC moves to BDC
thereby allowing fresh air to enter into the cylinder and the process
continues.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 34

 10.Petrol Engine Vs Diesel Engine

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 37

 8. Two-Stroke Engines
In a 2-stroke engine, ports are present in the cylinder in place of
valves. The ports are the openings in the cylinder opened and closed
by the movement of piston within the cylinder. There are three ports,
namely
• Inlet port: Through which admitting of charge into the
crankcase takes place.
• Transfer port: Through which the charge is transferred from
the crankcase to the cylinder.
• Exhaust port: Through which the burnt gases are discharged
out of the cylinder.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 35

 In a Two-stroke engine, piston performs two different strokes or
crankshaft completes one revolution to complete all the operations of the
working cycle.
In these engines there are no suction and exhaust strokes, instead
they are performed while the compression and power strokes are in
progress.
Based on the type of fuel used, Two-stroke engines are classified as;
1. Two- stroke petrol engine.
2. Two- stroke diesel engine.

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 36

 11. Two stroke Vs Four stroke I.C. Engine

Elements of Mechanical Engineering (MEC101) Presidency University 38

 TWO-STROKE ENGINES
In a 2-stroke engine, ports are present in the cylinder in place of valves. The ports are
the openings in the cylinder opened and closed by the movement of piston within the cylinder.
There are three ports, namely

 Inlet port: Through which admitting of charge into the crankcase takes place.

 Transfer port: Through which the charge is transferred from the crankcase to the
cylinder.

 Exhaust port: Through which the burnt gases are discharged out of the cylinder.
 In a Two-stroke engine, piston performs two different strokes or crankshaft

completes one revolution to complete all the operations of the working cycle.

In these engines there are no suction and exhaust strokes, instead they are
performed while the compression and power strokes are in progress.

Based on the type of fuel used, Two-stroke engines are classified as;

1. Two- stroke petrol engine.

2. Two- stroke diesel engine.

 Two- Stroke Petrol Engine
2-Stroke petrol engine works on the
principle of theoretical Otto cycle. The two
different strokes performed are first stroke
(downward stroke) and second stroke (upward
stroke).
Position of the
Inlet port Exhaust port Transfer port
piston

In TDC Opens Closes Closes

In BDC Closes Opens Opens

 a) First Stroke (Downward Stroke)
• At the beginning of this stroke, the piston is in the TDC. At this position, inlet port
is opened and hence fresh air petrol mixture enters into the crank case. At this
position, compressed air-petrol mixture present in the cylinder in the previous
cycle is ignited by the spark generated by the spark plug. The combustion of fuel
releases hot gases which increases the pressure in the cylinder. The high pressure
gases exert a pressure on the piston and hence the piston moves from TDC to
BDC. Thus piston performs power stroke. The power impulse is transmitted from
the piston to the crankshaft through the connecting rod. This causes the
crankshaft to rotate at high speeds. Thus work is obtained in this stroke.
• As the piston moves downwards, it uncovers the exhaust port and hence burnt gases
escape out of the cylinder. As piston moves downwards further, opens the transfer
port and the charge in the crank case is compressed by the underside of the piston.
The compressed charge from the crankcase rushes into the cylinder through the
transfer port. The charge entering the cylinder drives away the remaining exhaust
gases through the exhaust port.

• The process of removing the exhaust gases with the help of fresh charge is known as
scavenging. The piston is provided with a projection at its top known as 'deflector'.
The purpose of providing a deflector is to deflect the fresh charge coming through the
transfer port to move towards the top end of the cylinder. By doing this, the fresh
charge will be able to drive the entire burnt gases out of the cylinder.
 b) Second Stroke (Upward Stroke)
• At the beginning of the stroke, piston is in BDC and it covers the inlet port and stops
the flow of fresh charge into the crankcase. During the stroke, piston ascends and
move towards TDC. As the piston moves upwards, it closes the transfer port, there by
stopping the flow of fresh charge into the cylinder.

• Further upward movement of the piston closes the exhaust port and actual
compression of the charge begins. In the mean time, the inlet port is opened and the
upward movement of piston creates suction in the crankcase. Fresh charge enters into
the crankcase through the inlet port. The compression of the charge in the cylinder
continues till the piston reaches the TDC. This completes the cycle.
 Simple calculations in I.C. Engines
1. Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (Pm): It is the mean or average pressure
acting on the piston during the power stroke.

The indicated mean effective pressure of an engine is obtained from the

indicator diagram. The indicated diagram on the P-V diagram, for one cycle at that
load, drawn with the help of an indicator fitted on the engine.

Indicated mean effective pressure is given by

Spring value of the

Net area of the indicator
∗ spring used in the
diagram 𝑎 in 𝐦𝟐
indicator S in 𝐛𝐚𝐫/𝐦
𝑷𝒎 =
Length of the indicator diagram 𝑙 in 𝐦

𝑺𝒂
𝑷𝒎 = bar
𝒍
2. Indicated Power (IP): The total power developed inside the
engine cylinder is called indicated power. It is denoted by IP and is
expressed in kW (Kilowatts)
𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝑷 = 𝒏𝑷𝒎𝑳𝑨𝑵𝑲 𝐤𝐖
𝟔
Where, n = Number of cylinders.
Pm = Indicated mean effective pressure in Bar
L = Stroke length in m
A = Cross-sectional area of the cylinder in m2
𝝅𝒅𝟐
𝑨= ,
where d= diameter of cylinder in m
𝟒
N = Speed of crankshaft in rpm
𝟏
K= for 4-stroke engine
𝟐
K = 𝟏 for 2-stroke engine
.
3) Brake Power (BP):
The net power available at the crankshaft is called Brake
Power. The power available at the crankshaft is measured by
applying the brake and is called brake power.

𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
𝑩𝑷 = 𝐤𝐖
𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where, N = Speed of engine in R.P.M.
T = Torque in Nm
Torque is measured by using either belt or rope brake
dynamometer.
(a) Belt dynamometer
Torque (T) = Force * distance
𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 ∗ 𝑹 𝐍𝐦
Where, 𝑻𝟏 = Tension in tight side of the belt in N
𝑻𝟐= Tension in slack side in N
𝑹 = Radius of pulley in m
 (b) Rope brake dynamometer
Torque (T) = Force * distance
T = Effective brake load * drum radius
𝑻 = 𝑾−𝑺 𝑹
Where, 𝑾 = Suspended weight in N
𝑺 = Spring balance reading in N
𝑹 = Radius of the pulley measured to
the center of the rope in m
𝑫+𝒅
𝑹=
𝟐
D = Diameter of pulley in m
d = Diameter of the rope in m
Note: The brake power developed is always less than the indicated power.
This is because the power developed inside the cylinder is transmitted to
the crankshaft through the piston, connecting rod, crank etc. hence a
fraction of the indicated power developed is lost due to friction of these
moving parts.
4) Friction Power (FP):
The amount of power lost due to friction of the
moving parts inside the engine cylinder is called friction
power. Friction power is the difference between
indicated power and brake power. It is denoted by FP
and expressed in kW.
FP = IP –BP kW
Where, IP = Indicated Power
BP = Brake Power
5) Mechanical Efficiency (𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 ):
It is defined as the ratio of Brake power to the
Indicated power.
𝑩𝑷
𝜼𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = *100
𝑰𝑷
6) Thermal efficiency (𝜼𝒕𝒉 ):
It is defined as the ratio of power output to the heat
supplied by combustion of fuel.
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
*100
Heat supplied = mf * CV in kJ/sec
Where, mf = Mass of fuel in kg/sec
CV = calorific value of fuel in
kJ/kg
The power output may be indicated power (IP) or
Brake power (BP).
(a) Indicated Thermal efficiency(𝜼𝑰𝒕𝒉 ):
It is defined as the ratio of indicated power to the
heat supplied by combustion of fuel.
𝑰𝑷
𝜼𝑰𝒕𝒉 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝑽
 (b) Brake Thermal efficiency(𝜼𝑩𝒕𝒉 ):
It is defined as the ratio of brake power to
the heat supplied by combustion of fuel.
𝑩𝑷
𝜼𝑩𝒕𝒉 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝑽
(7) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC):
It is defined as the mass of the fuel consumed
in one hour by an engine in developing 1 kW of brake
power. This can be expressed as

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒈/𝒉𝒓

𝑩𝑺𝑭𝑪 = 𝐤𝐠 / 𝐤𝐖 − 𝐡𝐫
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝑾
 Problems
1. A 4-stroke engine has a piston diameter 250mm and stroke 400mm. The mean effective
pressure is 4 bar and speed is 500 rpm. The diameter of the brake drum is 1000mm and the
effective brake load is 400N. Find the indicated power, brake power and friction power.
Solution:
πd2 π(0.25)2
Diameter of piston d= 250mm = 0.25m; Area, A= = = 0.049m2;
4 4

Stroke, L = 400mm = 0.4m; Mean effective pressure, Pm = 4 bar;

Speed, N = 500 rpm; Diameter of the brake drum, D = 1000mm = 1m;
Radius of brake drum, R = 0.5m; Effective brake load, (W - S) = 400N;
Assuming single cylinder engine, n = 1; For 4-stroke engine K=1/2
(a) Indicated power
10
We know that, IP = nPm LANK � 6 � kW
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.049 ∗ 500 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(b) Brake power
2πNT
BP = kW
60 ∗ 1000
T = (W − S)R = 400*0.5 = 200 Nm
2π ∗ 500 ∗ 200
BP =
60 ∗ 1000
𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(c) Friction power
FP = IP – BP
FP = 32.67 – 10.47
FP = 22.20 kW
*****************************************************************************
2. The following details refer to a 4-stroke engine. Cylinder diameter = 200mm, Stroke =
300mm, Speed = 300 rpm, effective brake load = 500kg, mean circumference of the brake
drum = 400 mm, Mean effective pressure = 6 bar. Calculate (i) Indicated power (ii) Brake
power (iii) Mechanical efficiency
Solution:
πd2 π(0.2)2
Diameter of piston, d= 200mm = 0.2m; Area, A = = =0.0314m2;
4 4

Stroke, L=300mm=0.3m; Mean effective pressure, Pm = 6 bar; Speed, N = 300 rpm;

Mean circumference of the brake drum, 2πR = 400 mm; R = 200/π = 0.2/π = 0.06366 m
Mean effective load, (W-S) = 500*9.81 = 4905 N;
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1; For 4-stroke engine K=1/2
(a) Indicated power
10
We know that, IP = nPm LANK � 6 � kW
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 6 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 0.0314 ∗ 300 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(b) Brake power
2πNT
BP = kW
60 ∗ 1000
T = (W − S)R = 4905*0.06366 = 312.5 Nm
2π ∗ 300 ∗ 312.5
BP =
60 ∗ 1000
𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(c) Mechanical efficiency
BP
ηmech = IP
*100
9.8
ηmech = 14.13*100

𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 =69.35%
*****************************************************************************
3) A 4-stroke IC engine running at 450 rpm as bore diameter 100 mm and stroke length 120
mm. The details of the indicator diagram are as follows:
Area of the indicator diagram = 4cm2, length of the indicator diagram = 6.5 cm and spring
value of the spring used = 10 bar/cm. calculate the indicated power of the engine.
Solution:
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1; For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2
πd2 π(0.1)2
Bore diameter, d = 100mm = 0.1m; Area, A= = = 7.85*10-3 m2;
4 4
Stroke length = L= 120mm = 0.12m; S = 10 bar/cm; Area of the indicator diagram, a =
4cm2; length of the indicator diagram, l = 6.5cm
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 10∗4
Mean effective pressure, Pm = 𝑙𝑙
= 6.5
= 6.15 bar; N = 450 rpm

Indicated power
10
IP = nPm LANK � 6 � kW
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 6.15 ∗ 0.12 ∗ 7.85 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 450 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
*****************************************************************************
4) A 2-stroke internal combustion engine has a stroke length of 150mm and cylinder
diameter 100mm. Its mean effective pressure is 5.4*105 N/m2 and crankshaft speed is 1000
rpm. Find IP.
Solution:
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1; For a 2-stroke engine, K = 1
πd2 π(0.1)2
L = 150 mm = 0.15m; d = 100 mm = 0.1m; Area, A= = = 7.85*10-3 m2;
4 4

Pm = 5.4*105 N/m2 = 5.4 bar (1 bar = 105 N/m2); N = 1000 rpm;

Indicated power
10
IP = nPm LANK � 6 � kW
10
IP = 1 ∗ 5.4 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 7.85 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1 � � kW
6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
*****************************************************************************
5) A single cylinder 4-stroke engine runs at 1000 rpm and has a bore of 115mm and a stroke
of 140mm. The brake load is 60N at 600mm radius and 𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖%. Calculate brake
power and mean effective pressure.
Solution:
For single cylinder engine, n=1;
For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2;
πd2 π(0.115)2
N = 1000 rpm; d= 115mm = 0.115m; Area, A= = = 0.0103m2;
4 4

L = 140mm = 0.14m; Brake load, (W – S) = 60N; R = 600mm = 0.6m; ηmech = 80%

(a) Brake power
2πNT
BP = kW
60 ∗ 1000
T = (W − S)R = 60*0.6 = 36 Nm
2π ∗ 1000 ∗ 36
BP =
60 ∗ 1000
𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(b) Mean effective pressure
BP
ηmech = IP
*100
3.76
80 = IP
*100

𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 4.7 kW
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
1 10
4.7 = 1 ∗ Pm ∗ 0.14 ∗ 0.0103 ∗ 1000 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐏𝐏𝐦𝐦 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛
*****************************************************************************
6) A 4 cylinder 2-stroke engine develops 26 kW brake power at 2200 rpm. The mean effective
pressure is 7 bar and 𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖%. Determine the bore diameter and stroke of the engine,
if the stroke length is 1.5 times the bore.
Solution:
n = 4; K = 1; BP = 26 kW; N = 2200 rpm;
Pm = 7 bar; ηmech= 87%; L = 1.5d
BP
We know that; ηmech = *100
IP
26
87 = IP
*100

𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 29.88 kW
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
πd2 10
29.88 = 4 ∗ 7 ∗ 1.5d ∗ ∗ 2200 ∗ 1 ∗ � � kW
4 6
d = 0.0627m
d = 62.74 mm
 L = 1.5d = 1.5*62.74
L = 94.11 mm
*****************************************************************************
7) A single cylinder 4-stroke IC engine has a bore of 180mm, stroke of 200mm and a rated
speed of 300 rpm. Torque on the brake drum is 200Nm and mean effective pressure is 6 bar.
It consumes 4 kg of fuel in one hour. The calorific value of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Determine
(i) Brake power (ii) Indicated power (iii) Brake thermal efficiency (iv) Mechanical efficiency.
Solution:
For single cylinder engine, n=1;
For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2;
πd2 π(0.18)2
d = 180mm = 0.18m; A= = = 0.0254m2;
4 4

L = 200mm = 0.2m; N = 300 rpm; Torque, T = 200Nm;

Pm = 6 bar;
4
mf = 4kg/hr = 60∗60 = 1.11*10-3 kg/sec; CV = 42000 kJ/kg

(i) Brake power

2πNT
BP = 60∗1000 kW
2π ∗ 300 ∗ 200
BP =
60 ∗ 1000
𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(ii) Indicated power
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 6 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 0.0254 ∗ 300 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
(iii) Brake thermal efficiency
BP
ηBth = ∗ 100
mf ∗ CV
6.28
ηBth = ∗ 100
1.11 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 42000
𝛈𝛈𝐁𝐁𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒%
(iv) Mechanical efficiency
 BP
ηmech = IP
*100
6.28
ηmech = 7.63*100

𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 =82.3%
*****************************************************************************
8. Calculate the brake power output of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine for the
following given data. Diameter of brake wheel = 600mm.Brake rope diameter = 30mm. Dead
weight = 24kg. Spring balance reading = 4kg, RPM =450.
Solution:
Diameter of brake wheel, D = 600mm = 0.6m
Brake rope diameter, d = 30mm = 0.03m
𝐷𝐷 + 𝑑𝑑 0.6+0.03
Effective radius, R = 2
= 2
= 0.315m

Dead weight = 24kg = 24*9.81 = 235.44N

Spring balance reading = 4kg = 4*9.81 = 39.24N
Speed, N = 450rpm
Torque, T = (W – S) * R
T = (235.44 – 39.24) * 0.315
T = 61.803 Nm
We know that,
2πNT
BP = 60∗1000 kW
2π ∗ 450 ∗ 61.803
BP =
60 ∗ 1000
𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
*****************************************************************************
9. A 4-stroke engine has a piston diameter of 150mm and the average piston speed is
3.5m/sec. Its mean effective pressure is 0.796MPa; find the indicated power of the engine.
Solution:
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1;
For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2;
πd2 π(0.15)2
d = 150mm = 0.15m; A= = = 0.0176m2;
4 4

Pm = 0.796 MPa = 0.796 N/mm2 = 0.796*106 N/m2 = 7.96*105 N/m2 = 7.96 bar
Average piston speed = 3.5 m/sec
 3.5
= 1 m/min
( )
60

Average piston speed = 210 m/min

Average piston speed = 2LN m/min
2LN = 210 m/min
LN = 105 m/min
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 7.96 ∗ 105 ∗ 0.0176 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
*****************************************************************************
10. A 4-stroke petrol engine is running at 2500 rpm. The stroke of the piston is 1.5 times the
bore. If the mean effective pressure is 0.915 MPa and the diameter of the piston is 140mm.
Find the indicated power of the engine. If the frictional power is 13kW, find the brake power
output and the mechanical efficiency.
Solution:
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1; For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2;
N = 2500 rpm; L = 1.5d = 1.5 * 140 = 210mm = 0.21m;
Pm = 0.915 MPa = 0.915*106 N/m2 = 9.15*105 N/m2 = 9.15 bar
πd2 π(0.14)2
d = 140mm = 0.14m; A= = = 0.0154m2;
4 4

FP = 13kW
(i) Brake power
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
1 10
IP = 1 ∗ 9.15 ∗ 0.21 ∗ 0.0154 ∗ 2500 ∗ � � kW
2 6
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
FP = IP – BP
13 = 61.62 – BP
BP = 48.62 kW
(ii) Mechanical efficiency
 BP
ηmech = IP
*100
48.62
ηmech = 61.62*100

𝛈𝛈𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 =78.9%
*****************************************************************************
11. A 4 cylinder 4-stroke engine running at 1000rpm develops an indicated power of 15 kW.
The mean effective pressure is 5*105 N/m2. Find the diameter of the cylinder and the stroke
of the piston when the ratio of diameter to stroke is 0.8.
Solution:
For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2; Number of cylinders, n = 4
Pm = 5*105 N/m2 = 5 bar; N = 1000rpm
Diameter d d
Stroke
= L = 0.8; L = 0.8 = 1.25d
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
π𝑑𝑑 2 1 10
15 = 4 ∗ 5 ∗ 1.25d ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ � � kW
4 2 6
d = 0.09714m
d = 97.14mm
L = 1.25d
L = 1.25*97.14
L = 121.42mm
*****************************************************************************
12. A 4-stroke petrol engine of 100mm bore and 150mm stroke consumes 1 kg of fuel per
hour. The mean effective pressure is 7 bar and its indicated thermal efficiency is 30%. The
calorific value of the fuel is 40*103 kJ/kg. Find the crankshaft speed.
Solution:
Assuming single cylinder engine, n=1; For a 4-stroke engine, K = 1/2;
πd2 π(0.1)2
d = 100mm = 0.1m; A= 4
= 4
= 7.85*10-3m2;

L = 150mm =0.15m; Pm = 7 bar;

mf = 1 kg/hr = (1/3600) = 2.77*10-4 kg/sec; ηIth = 30%; CV = 40*103 kJ/kg
IP
ηIth = ∗ 100
mf ∗ CV
 IP
30 = ∗ 100
2.77 ∗ 10−4∗ 40 ∗ 103
IP = 3.324 kW
10
IP = nPm LANK � � kW
6
1 10
3.324 = 1 ∗ 7 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 7.85 ∗ 10−3 ∗ N ∗ � � kW
2 6
N = 483 rpm
*****************************************************************************
Note: Conversion factors / relations
1. Pressure
1Pa = 1N/m2
105N/m2 = 1bar
1MPa = 1*106Pa = 10*105N/m2 = 10bar
1kPa = 1*103Pa = 103N/m2 = 0.01bar
1bar = 105 N/m2 = 105Pa = 0.1MPa
2. Volume
1m3 = 1000 litres
1 litre = 10-3 m3