CA-2 Laplace Transform

Dr. Sadiq Ali

Laplace Transform Chapter 16
Selected Laplace Transforms
Selected Laplace Transforms
Selected Laplace Transforms
Solved Examples: Quiz
Solved Examples: Quiz
Solved Examples: Practice
Quiz
Quiz
Convergence of the integral
Initial Value Theorem
Final Value Theorem
Partial Fractions Expansions
Partial Fractions Expansions
Partial Fractions Expansions
 Heaviside Expansion Formula

p(s) = 2s2 - 4
q(s) = (s + 1)(s - 2)(s - 3) = s3 - 4s2 + s + 6
q'(s) = 3s2 - 8s + 1
a1 = -1, a2 = 2, a3 = 3
Circuits in S-Domain
Circuits in S-Domain

Procedure of Example 16.1

Circuits in S-Domain
Circuits in S-Domain
Network Function and Laplace Transform
• In Chapter 8 we obtained responses of circuit elements to exponentials
est, based on which we introduced the concept of complex frequency
and generalized impedance.
• We then developed the network function H(s) as the ratio of input-
output amplitudes, or equivalently, the input-output differential
equation, natural and forced responses, and the frequency response.
• In the present chapter we use the Laplace transform as an alternative
method for solving differential equations.
• We introduce Laplace transform models of R, L, and C elements which,
contrary to generalized impedances, incorporate initial conditions.
• The input-output relationship is therefore derived directly in the
transform domain.
• What is the relationship between the complex frequency and the
Laplace transform models?
• A short answer is that the generalized impedance is the special case of
the Laplace transform model (i.e., restricted to zero state), and the
network function is the Laplace transform of the unit-impulse response
Poles and Zeros of Network function
H(s)
bm s  bm1s    b1s  b0
m m 1

H ( s) 
an s n  an1s n1    a1 s  a0
( s  z1 )( s  z 2 ) ( s  z m )
H (s)  K
( s  p1 )( s  p2 ) ( s  pn )

• Scale factor: K = bm/an

• Poles: s = pk (k = 1, 2, ..., n)
Resonant frequencies
• Zeros: s = zk (k = 1, 2, ..., m)
 Pole-Zero Diagrams
 pole location
zero location

j j j
s-plane s-plane s-plane

 j
    
1 
  j

1 A( s   ) 1
F (s)  F (s)  F (s) 
s 1 (s   )2   2 s
pole : s  1 zero : s   pole : s  0  j 0
poles : s    j
 Important Concept: Poles and Waveforms
If poles in right-plane,
waveform increases without
bound as time approaches infinity

Complex poles come

in pairs that produce
oscillatory waveforms

Real poles produce

exponential waveforms

If poles in left-plane,
waveform decays to zero
as time approaches infinity If poles on j-axis,
waveform neither decays nor grows
Network Function and Laplace Transform
Network Function and Laplace Transform
Solved Problems: 16.6
Solved Problems: 16.8
Solved Problems: 16.13
Solved Problems: 16.14
Solved Problems: 16.14