Part – A

1. List out the formulae involved in FDM to obtaining the nodal displacement of the
discrete modal.
2. What is the advantage of the FEM over finite difference (FDM) and finite volume (FVM)
methods?
3. A Rayleigh- Ritz solution is usually approximate. Why?
4. During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?
5. What is the major difference between physical model and finite element model?
6. What is aspect ratio?
7. State the properties of stiffness matrix.
8. Differentiate between LST and CST element.
9. What is meant by plane stress and plane strain analysis?
10. What are the conditions for a problem to be axisymmetric?
11. What is meant by geometric nonlinearity?
12. Define superparametric and subparametric elements.
13. How thermal loads are input in finite element analysis?
14. What is meant by Functional approximation?
15. Mention the advantages of weighted-residual method.
16. Define aspect ratio. State its significance.
17. Give meaning of CST element and state its properties.
18. Distinguish with suitable examples about plane stress and plane strain analysis.
19. Provide an example for axisymmetric problem?
20. Differentiate between material non linearity and geometric non linearity.
21. Classify the importance of isoparametric, super parametric and sub parametric elements.
22. What is the limitation of Ritz method?
23. Why the variational formulation is also referred as “Weak Formulation’?
24. What are the properties of the stiffness Matrix?
25. What is the stationary property of potential energy?
26. Why polynomial types of interpolation function are mostly used in FEM?
27. What does the term degree of freedom refer?
28. Write the expressions for shape functions for a one dimensional, two noded bar element.
29. What is the difference between boundary value problems and initial value problems?
30. Differentiate between LST and CST element.
31. Write down the finite element equation for torsional bar element.
32. What is meant by plane stress and plane strain analysis?
33. What are the ways in which a three dimensional problem can be reduced to a two
dimensional approach?
34. What is the purpose of isoparametric elements?
35. What are the types of nonlinearity?
36. Why is a three noded triangular element called as constant strain triangular element?
37. What are factors which govern the selection of nodes and elements?
38. Sketch a finite element model for a long cylinder subjected to an internal pressure using
axisymmetric element.
39. Define shape function. List its properties.
40. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?
41. Draw any two axi-symmetric element.
42. List out the types of weighted residual methods.
43. What is Variational approach?
44. Write down the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.
45. Is beam element an isoparametric element? Justify the answer.

Part – B

UNIT – I
1. Demonstrate the general procedure for FEA with the help of an example.
2. A cantilever beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load ‘w’ over its entire length ‘l’.
Using Rayleigh Ritz method, find the maximum deflection of the beam by considering
the function as

3. A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span.
Determine the bending moment and deflection at mid span by Rayleigh Ritz method.
4. Find the solution of the problem using Rayleigh Ritz method by considering a two term
solution as 𝑦 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥).

5. A rod is fixed at one end is subjected to a varying body force as shown in fig.1 Obtain
displacement and stress using Raleigh-Ritz method. Assume the displacement function as
𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 .

6. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon d2y / dx2+ 50
=0, 0<x<10; Trial function is y = a1 x (10 – x); Boundary conditions are y (0) = 0; y (10)
= 0; Find the value of the parameter a1 by the following methods (i) Sub domain
collocation method (ii) Galerkins method.

7. The differential equation of a physical phenomenon is given by, [d2y / dx2] + 500x2 = 0, 0
≤ x ≤ 1 Trial function is y = a1 (x – x4) and the Boundary conditions are, y (0) = 0; y (1)
= 0; Calculate the value of the parameter a1 by the following methods (i) Point
collocation, (ii) Least squares, (iii) Sub-domain collocation, (iv) Galerkin

UNIT – II
8. A steel bar of length 800mm is subjected to an axial load of 3 kN as shown in below fig.
Find the elongation of the bar, neglecting the self-weight also divide the steel bar four
equal parts. Take E = 2 × 105 N / mm2, A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = 300 mm2;
9. Stepped bar is subjected to an axial load of 200 KN at the place of change of cross
section and material as shown. Find (a) The nodal displacements (b) The reaction forces
and (c) The induced stresses in each material.
10. Consider the bar with an axial load P= 200 KN is applied as shown in Fig 2. (i)
Determine the nodal displacements. (ii) Determine the stress in each material. (iii)
Determine the reaction forces.

11. Consider a bar as shown in figure-1. Young’s Modulus E = 2 x 105 N/mm2. A1 =

2 cm2, A2 = 1 cm2 and force of 100N. Determine the nodal displacement.
12. For the three stepped bar shown in figure. Determine (i) the displacements at
Nodes 2 and 3 (ii) Stresses in three sections (iii) Reactions at the ends.

13. Determine the nodal

14. For a tapered plate of uniform thickness t= 10 mm as shown in the below figure.
Find the displacements at the nodes by forming into two element model. The bar has
mass density ρ=7300 Kg/m3, Young's Modulus E=2x105 N/mm2.In addition to self-
weight, the plate is subjected to a point load P=10kN at its center. Also determine the
reaction force at the support.

15. Consider a taper steel plate of uniform thickness, t = 20 mm as shown in Fig. The
Young’s modulus of the plate, material is E = 200 GPa and weight density ρ= 0.78 x 10-
4 N/mm3. In addition to its self weight, the plate is subjected to a point load P = 250 N at
 its mid point. Evaluate the following by modeling the plate with two finite elements: (i)
Global force vector {F}. (ii) Global stiffness matrix [K]. (iii) Displacements in each
element. (iv) Stresses in each element.

16. For a tapered bar of uniform thickness t = 10 mm as shown in fig 1. Find the
displacement at the nodes by forming into two element model. The bar has mass density
ρ= 7800 kg/m3, Young’s modulus E= 2x105 M N/m2. In addition to self-weight, the plate
is subjected to a point load P=10kN at its centre. Also determine the reaction forces at the
support.
17. Determine the nodal displacements and the stress in each member of truss shown
in figure 5. Find support reaction also. Take modus of elasticity as 200 GPa.

Figure 5
18. For a two bar truss as shown in the Fig.22 (b), determine the displacement of node
1 and axial force in each element. A force P = 1000 kN is applied at node 1 in the
positive y direction while node 1 settles an amount δ = 50 mm in the negative X direction.
Assume E = 210 GPa and A = 6 X 10-4 m for each element.
19. Consider a four bar truss shown in fig. Evaluate the nodal displacements and
element stresses. Take E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and A = 250 mm2 for all elements.
20. A fixed beam of length 2 L m carries a uniformly distributed load of w (N/m)
which runs over a length of L m from the fixed end, as shown in fig. calculate the rotation
at point B.

21. A cantilever beam of length 300 mm carries a uniformly distributed load of 5

N/mm in between the region B to C and carries a point load at a distance of 100 mm from
the fixed end, as shown in figure 1, in which fixed support is given in the point A also
beam is fixed above the roller support at B and C. Calculate the rotation at point B and C
using 2 element approach. Assume E=200GPa and I = 105mm4
 Figure 1
22. For the beam loaded as shown in the Fig 11. (a) Determine slope at B and C. Take
E = 210 GPa and I = 6 X 10-6 m4.

Figure 2
23. For a beam and loading shown in figure-3, calculate the rotation at B and C, E =
210 GPa, I = 6 X 106 mm4.
24. A beam of ABC of length 100 mm is fixed at its ends A and C and is subjected to
load of 50 kN at the midpoint. The span AB has I=25x106 mm4 and the span BC has 2I.
Given E=200GPa, compute the displacement and slope at the point of application of load,
Span AB=BC=5000 mm.

UNIT - IIi
25. Determine the stiffness matrix for the constant strain triangular element whose
nodal coordinates are given as (x1, y1) = (10, 7.5); (x2, y2) = (15, 5) and (x3, y3) = (15, 10)
the coordinates are in mm. Assume plane stress condition. Take E = 210 GPa, μ = 0.25
and t = 10 mm.

26. Calculate the shape functions at point p (40, 50) of a CST whose Coordinates are
1(5, 45), 2(75, 5) and 3(50, 60), and also calculate stiffness matrix for plane stress
condition. Take t=10mm and E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.

27. Determine the stiffness matrix for the constant strain triangular element whose
nodal coordinates are given as (x1, y1) = (20, 30); (x2, y2) = (80, 30) and (x3, y3) =
(50,120) in mm. Assume plane stress condition. Take E = 210 GPa, μ = 0.25 and t = 10
mm.

28. Evaluate the element stress, principal stresses and principal angle for the CST
element shown in fig. Assume plane stress condition. Take, t = 20 mm, E = 2*105 N/mm2
and γ = 0.25. The coordinates are given in mm.
29. The nodal coordinates of the triangular element are 1(1, 2), 2(4, 3) and 3(6, 4). At
the interior point ‘P’, the x coordinate is 3.5 and the shape function N1 = 0.25. Determine
(i) The shape functions N2 and N3 and the y coordinate of the point ’P’. (ii) Strain
displacement matrix [B]

30. The (x, y) co-ordinates of nodes A, B and C of a triangular element are given by
(0, 0), (3, 0) and (2, 4) mm respectively. Evaluate the shape functions N1, N2 and N3 at an
interior point P (2, 2.5) mm for the element. Also evaluate the strain – displacement
matrix [B].

31. For the plane stress element shown in figure 2, evaluate the stiffness matrix.
Assume E = 210 X 103 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio =0.25 and element thickness t=10mm.
The coordinates are given in millimeters.
 Figure 2
32. For the 2D element shown in figure 3 the nodal displacement are u1 = 0.005mm;
v1= 0.002mm; u2= 0.0 mm; v2= 0.0 mm; u3 = 0.005 mm; v3=0.0 mm; Determine the
elemental stress σx, σy, τxy,σ1,σ2 and the principle angle θp, let E= 70 GPa, and Poisson’s
ratio=0.3 and use unit thickness for plain strain. All co-ordinates are in millimeter.

Figure 3
33. For the plane stress element shown in figure, evaluate the stiffness matrix.
Assume E = 210 X 103 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio =0.25 and element thickness t=10 mm.
The coordinates are given in millimeters.
34. The co - ordinates of the CST element are A (10, 20), B (5, 10) and C (20, 10)
respectively and the nodal displacements are u1 = 0.025 mm, u2 = 0.05 mm, u3 = 0.05
mm and v1 = 0.025mm, v2 = 0.025mm, v3 = 0.020 mm. Calculate the element strain,
element stress, principal stress and principal angle. Assume plane strain condition. Take μ
= 0.30 and E = 2.1 x 105 N/sq.mm.
35. The plane strain triangular element have the coordinates of 1 (5, 15), 2 (15, 5) and
3 (25, 15) also the nodal displacements are u1 = 0.005 mm; u2 = 0.00 mm; u3 = 0.005
mm; v1 = 0.002 mm; v2 = 0.00 mm; v3 = 0.0 mm; Determine the element stresses σx, σy,
σ1, σ2 and τxy and the principal angle ϴp. Let E = 70 GPa and Poisson ratio is 0.3 also
unit thickness for plane strain. All co-ordinates are in millimeters.

36. Determine the displacements at the nodes for the following 2D solid continuum
considering a constant thickness of 25 mm, Poisson’s ratio as 0.25 and modulus of
elasticity E as 2 x 105 N/mm2. The continuum is discretized with two CST plane stress
elements.
37. For the plane strain element shown in figure, evaluate the stiffness matrix.
Assume E = 210 X 103 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio =0.25 and element thickness t=10 mm.
The coordinates are given in millimeters.

38. Determine the stiffness matrix for the axisymmetric element shown in figure-2
take E as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio as 0.25. All dimensions are in mm.
 Figure 4

39. The nodal coordinates for an axisymmetric element are given as (r1=0, z1=0);
(r2=50 mm, z2=0) and (r3=0, z3=50 mm). Evaluate Strain displacement matrix and stress
strain relationship matrix for that element. Take E = 200 GPa, μ = 0.25.

40. The nodal co-ordinates for an axisymmetric triangular element are given below: r1
= 20mm; z1 = 40 mm; r2 = 40 mm; z2 = 40 mm; r3 = 30 mm; z3 = 60 mm; Evaluate [B]
matrix for that element.
41. The nodal coordinates for an axisymmetric triangular element are 1(20mm,
10mm), 2(40mm, 10mm) and 3(30mm, 50mm). Determine the strain-displacement
matrix for that element.

42. Compute the finite element stiffness matrixes for axisymmetric triangular element
of coordinates are (0, 0), (50, 0) and (50, 50). Take 200 GN/m2 and μ=0.3 at unit
thickness.

43. The nodal coordinates for an axisymmetric element are given as (r1 = 10 mm, z1
= 10 mm) ; (r2 = 30 mm, z2 = 10 mm) and (r3 = 30 mm, z3 = 40 mm). Evaluate Strain
displacement matrix and stress strain relationship matrix for that element. Take E = 200
GPa, μ = 0.25.

44. For an axisymmetric element shown in fig, determine the thermal load vector.
Take E=2.1x105 N/mm2 and γ = 0.3. Take α = 11 x 10-6 ⁰ C and ΔT = 25o C.

45. For the constant strain triangular element shown in fig assemble strain displacement
matrix take t -20 mm and E = 2x105 N/ mm2
46. The (x, y) co-ordinates of nodes i, j and k of an axi-symmetric triangular element
are given by (3, 4), (6, 5) and (5, 8) cm respectively. The element displacement in (cm)
vector is given as q = [0.002, 0.001, 0.001, 0.004, -0.003, 0.007] T. Determine the
element strains.

UNIT - Iv
1 1
47. Evaluate the integral I = ∫−1 [3ex + x2 + (x+2)
] dx using one point and two point
Gaussian quadrature. Also compare this with exact solution.

48. Integrate the function f(x) = x2 + cos (x/2) between the limits -1 and +1 by using 3
point Gaussian quadrature.

49. Numerically integrate the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 between the limits -1 and +1.
50. The coordinates of an isoparametric quadrilateral element are 1(3, 1), 2(6, 1), 3(8,
6) and 4(2, 5). Determine the local coordinate of point ’P’, which has Cartesian
coordinate (7, 4).

51. For an isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in figure-5, determine the local
coordinates of the point P which has Cartesian coordinates (7, 4).

52. Evaluate the Cartesian coordinate of the point P which has local coordinates ε =
0.6 and η = 0.8 as shown in the below figure.

Figure
53. Determine the Jacobian matrix and the strain – displacement matrix for the
element given in figure 4.

Figure 4

54. Determine the shape functions N1, N2 and N3 at the interior point P for the
triangular element shown in fig.
55. For the isoparametric element shown in figure 3 the nodal displacements are u =
[0.0, 0.0, 0.005, 0.002, 0.005, 0.003, 0.0, 0.0] T. Determine the elemental stresses with the
help of E = 70 GPa and Poisson’s ratio = 0.19 and assume plane strain conditions.

Figure 3
56. A four noded rectangular element shown in fig, determine Jacobian matrix, Strain
displacement matrix and Element stresses. Take E= 2 x 105 N /mm2, μ = 0.25, u = [0, 0,
0, 0.003, 0.004, 0.006, 0.004, 0, 0] T, ε = 0.0 and η = 0.0. Assume plane stress
condition.
57. The Cartesian coordinates of the corner nodes of an isoparametric quadrilateral
element are given by (1, 0), (2, 0), (2.5, 1.5) and (1.5, 1). Evaluate the Jacobian matrix [J],
strain displacement matrix [B] and element stresses at ε = 0.75 and η = 0.75. The nodal
displacements are (0.025, 0.0), (0.005, 0.003), (0.0, 0.025) and (0.035, 0.025) mm.

58. Evaluate the Jacobian matrix for the Isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in
Fig.4.

UNIT - v
59. A wall of 0.9 m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mK. The wall is
to be insulated with a material of thickness 0.09 m having an average thermal
conductivity 0.3 W/mK. The surface temperature is 1000°C and outside insulation
exposed to atmospheric air at 40°C with heat transfer coefficient 35 W/m2K. Using finite
element methods calculate the nodal temperature.

60. A wall of industrial oven is made of three layers, the first layer is composed of 5
cm of insulating cement with clay binder that has a thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/m.K,
the second layer is made from 15 cm of 6-ply asbestos board with a thermal conductivity
of 0.074 W/m.K and the third layer consist of 10 cm common brick with a thermal
conductivity of 0.072 W/m.K. The inside wall temperature of the oven is 200OC, and the
outside air is 30OC with a convection coefficient of 40 W/m2.K. Determine the
temperature distribution along the composite wall.
61. A wall of 0.6 m thickness having thermal conductivity 1.2 W/mK. The wall is to
be insulated with a material thickness of 0.06m having an average thermal conductivity
of 0.3 W/mK. The inner surface temperature is 1000OC and outside of the insulation is
exposed to atmospheric air at 30OC with heat transfer coefficient of 35W/m2K. Calculate
the nodal temperatures. [ K4]

Figure 1
62. A furnace wall is made up of three layers, inside layer with thermal conductivity
8.5 W/mK, the middle layer with conductivity 0.25 W/mK, the outer layer with
conductivity 0.08 W/mK. The respective thicknesses of the inner, middle and outer layer
are 25 cm, 5 cm and 3 cm respectively. The inside temperature of the wall is 600OC and
outside of the wall is exposed to atmospheric air at 30O C with heat transfer coefficient of
45 W/m2K. Determine the nodal temperatures.

63. For the 2 D torsional triangular elements shown in figure 2. Evaluate the stiffness
matrix. Assume E = 210 X 103 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio =0.25 and element thickness
t=10mm. The coordinates are given in centimeters.[ K4]
Figure 2