SOC SCI 2 - 1st LE Notes DERIVED QUEST

Tuesday, 19 March 2019 3:37 PM 1. What are t

2. What is th
3. Using quot
4. Who are th
How do we know what we know? FERG 5. What did t
THE BASES OF KNOWLEDGE 6. What are t
• Brain vs Mind 7. What is th
• Brain - noun only 8. What is a G
• Mind - noun/verb 9. Who is Xan
10. What were
11. How did So
Experience is a basis of what we know (Why?) 12. Explain Pla
… postulate -> challenge 13. What is a p
"Experience is the best Good teacher." 14. Classify th
"What you do defines you" 15. What are P
- Persistent in doing things (consistent) 16. What is jus
- "What you do persistently well (this is what 17. What is th
people will remember you for) defines you" 18. What are t
MI | Postulate | Relative Deprivation 19. What are t
20. What are t
Reason /Logic
- Aristotle: animals ~ instinctive, know, not My Answe
reason (rational animals) 1. We know w
- The ability to adhere to certain ideas & follow Collectivel
them "how do w
- Numbers, letters, etc. (mental construct)
- but facilitates our communication 2. The brain a
- Has its limits! instance, t
houses wh
Gutfeel ~ "The Second Brain" and a verb
(intuition =/= instinct) able to thi
- Instinct: you don't have to think (natural
reaction to stimuli) 3. Thoughts o
- Intuition: faculty in your mind… better with According
women… you just know it risk." Anot
Faith - conviction -> cause do not kno
two is Nap
sword is al
that there
TIONS:
the Bases of Knowledge (How do we know what we know?). Explain.
he difference between the brain and the mind?
tations from philosophers, explain the power of thought.
he Pre-Socratics? Explain each.
the Delphi Oracle say about Socrates?
the constitutions criticized by Socrates? Explain each
he Agora?
Gadfly? How does it relate to Socrates?
nthippe? What are her thoughts on Socrates?
e the charges against Socrates?
ocrates die?
ato's Allegory of the Cave
polis? What are the two kinds of citizens?
he citizens accdg to Plato
Plato's 3 waves?
stice accdg to Plato?
he purpose of the state?
the functions of rulers?
the failings of Plato's republic?
the 4 Causes?

ers:
what we know because of the our experience, reason or logic, gut feel and faith.
ly, these 4 are known as the bases of knowledge which sufficiently answer the question,
we know what we know?"

and the mind are often interchangeably used, yet they differ from one another. For
the brain is just a noun. This means that it only refers to the physical body part that
hat we actually use for thinking. On the other hand, the mind can be used as both a noun
b. The mind is in charge of the thought process that we go through in order for us to be
ink and decide on our own.

or ideas, according to philosophers, is to a great extent the most powerful of all.

to Emerson, "Beware when God lets loose a thinker on this planet. Then all things are at
ther quote that could support this claim is by Baruch Spinoza, in which he states that, "I
ow how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of peace." Adding to these
poleon's, "There are 2 powers in this world, the sword and the mind. In the long run, the
lways beaten by the mind." These simply mean that the power of thought is so great
e are even times when they surpass or oppose what is already existing, and thus this
 - Intuition: faculty in your mind… better with According
women… you just know it risk." Anot
Faith - conviction -> cause do not kno
two is Nap
sword is al
that there
could resu
understan
A Course on Empowerment, Emancipation and Service end of the
- Good intentions -> Good Analysis
- We all have "diamonds" -> profiles, differ on 4. The pre-so
how/which amt we use them man began
- Ideal -> balanced (symmetrical diamond, expanded because o
through time… Growth) Anaximand
destroyed
The Meaning and Use of Power of Thought / Ideas of Anaximene
the Mind EBNL formed, an
" Beware when the great God lets loose a thinker on this fire. Next w
planet. Then all things are at risk." - Emerson Anaxagora
everywher
"I do not know how to teach philosophy without reduced to
becoming a disturber of peace" - Baruch Spinoza Atomists w
atom. Fina
"There are 2 powers in the world, the sword and the public spe
mind. In the long run, the sword is always beaten by the correct an
mind." - Napoleon they did.

"Myth often has a historical truth at its center." 5. The delphi

"I fear the Greeks even when they come bearing gifts." - 6. The two co
Laocoon (Aenid, retelling of the Trojan War) said to be
constitutio
Greece CNRC opposite. W
Civilization-states(China and india) expense o
Region-states (eg EU) not approv
Nation-states (country )
City - states (small) 7. The Agora
POLIS by exampl
place whe
Modern Greece - same place but no longer the center of
civilization 8. A gadfly is
bites but a
Ancient Greece he always
- Former center of civilization (moved to Rome) for improv
 to Emerson, "Beware when God lets loose a thinker on this planet. Then all things are at
ther quote that could support this claim is by Baruch Spinoza, in which he states that, "I
ow how to teach philosophy without becoming a disturber of peace." Adding to these
poleon's, "There are 2 powers in this world, the sword and the mind. In the long run, the
lways beaten by the mind." These simply mean that the power of thought is so great
e are even times when they surpass or oppose what is already existing, and thus this
ult to chaos and misunderstanding. Beyond thinking, it should be kept in mind that
nding is necessary in order for people to distinguish what is right from wrong and at the
e day, do what is best for the common good.

ocratics are those who came before Socrates, or those who lived during the times when
n to think. The first of their kind were the monists, or those who looked at things
of one fact. These include Thales of Miletus who believed that everything was water,
der who served as one of the bases of the idea that matter cannot be created nor
d because of his idea of energy being an apeiron or an infinite and boundless entity,
es who thought that the wind or the air was the driving force by which the universe was
nd Heraclitus who concluded that everything is always in constant flux as exhibited by
were the pluralists who believed in 2 facts. Examples of which are Empedocles and
as with the former stating that the "nature of God is a circle in which the center is
re and the circumference is nowhere", and the latter who stated that "reality can be
o an infinite number of seeds which create diversity in life." The third were known as the
which were comprised of Leucippus and Democritus who first proposed the idea of an
ally, we have the sophists - the ones Socrates detested. They were naturally gifted in
eaking, using their gift for rhetoric, yet they did not really care about arriving at the most
nswers. Oftentimes they charged those who would want to know how to speak as well as

i oracle said that Socrates was the best and the brightest of all.

onstitutions criticized by Socrates are oligarchy and democracy. Basically, one can be
the opposite of the other. Oligarchy is the rule of those few who are rich. This
on exhibits the rule of the few in expense of the many. On the other hand, democracy is
With about 25 000 citizens during those times, it became the rule of the many at the
of the few. Thus, both constitutions are platforms of injustice which is why Socrates did
ve of them.

a, literally translated into "the marketplace" is where Socrates would teach his students
le. He lets his students experience what he is teaching. For most Athenians, it is the
ere one idea meets another.

s an insect that hovers around the backs of animals such as the carabao. It pesters and
at the end of the day, it does not cause death. The same can be said about Socrates since
questioned what was already deemed to be true in status quo, always finding leeways
vement and what should have been done. In this case, it has always irritated other
 place whe
Modern Greece - same place but no longer the center of
civilization 8. A gadfly is
bites but a
Ancient Greece he always
- Former center of civilization (moved to Rome) for improv
- The place did not change, the people did people, es
How important is geographic location in determining the life of a
nation? 9. Xanthippe
- People tend to forget to take advantage of their location Socrates w
yet he is ve

10. There wer

Past Present Future in the gods

11. Socrates d
Pre- Socrates Post- was known
Socratics Socrates?
12. Plato's alle
comprised
No end to influence lived there
"The unexamined life is not worth living." - Socrates them with
"Gnouti (Gnothi) Seauton (Know Thyself)." - Socrates real object
Pre-Socratics MoPlAtSo see are sha
- Times when man began to think to see. Thi
~ Monists(fr. Mono) - people who look at/explain things known as t
because of one fact FEWW actually se
Ex: solid thing
Water - Thales of Miletus fire. This is
"Water is the principle, or the element of things. All things belief whe
are water." next stage
Energy - Anaximander the stage o
"apeiron or all things are from the "boundless" - RRL of the cave a
Einstein's belief that matter can neither be created nor dazzled by
destroyed objects in
Wind/Air - Anaximenes looks up a
" air was the arche, meaning that air is an eternal, original around him
substance from which the physical universe was formed " and ideas
Fire - Heraclitus he should
" everything is made of fire, that is, everything is in a state learn to go
of flux, no constancy in the universe. " means tha
~ Pluralists majority, o
Ex:
Empedocles 13. The polis i
He combined the scientific and the spiritual
ere one idea meets another.

s an insect that hovers around the backs of animals such as the carabao. It pesters and
at the end of the day, it does not cause death. The same can be said about Socrates since
questioned what was already deemed to be true in status quo, always finding leeways
vement and what should have been done. In this case, it has always irritated other
specially those who strongly believed in what they already thought were true.

e is Socrates' wife and although he loved her husband, oftentimes she thought that
would bring more notoriety than bread as he does not charge those whom he teaches
ery well known as a philosopher.

re 2 charges against Socrates. The first being impiety which meant that he did not believe
s, and the second was that he corrupted the minds of the youth.

died in a manner that was thought to be suicide as he was made to drink hemlock which
n to be very poisonous.

egory of the cave talks about man's journey towards enlightenment. This journey is
d of 4 stages. The story starts in a deep, dark cave where there are prisoners who have
e all their lives - chained to the wall in such a way that they can only see what is ahead of
hout any means to look back. Behind them is a fire that casts shadows on the "statues" or
ts which they cannot see because of the chains that bind them. As a result, all they could
adows which they construe to believe are real because these are all that they ever get
is is the first stage in the world of appearances and the lowest of all 4 stages which is
the stage of imagination. After a while, a prisoner breaks free from the chains and
ees that all that he has known to be real are merely shadows of actual objects. These
gs are tangible and by this he learns that the shadows are caused by the objects and the
s the second of the stages in the world of appearances and is known as the stage of
erein the prisoner already knows that there are real objects and not just shadows. The
e is the first step towards the prisoner's journey in the intelligible world and is known as
of cognitive thought or when he knows how to think. This happens when he gets out of
and discovers that there is a world other than what he has already known. He is at first
y the light, but then realizes that what he is currently seeing are even more real than the
the cave. He even sees his own reflection in the water. He begins to think. Finally, he
and sees the sun which he then understands is the cause of everything that he sees
m. This is the last out of the 4 stages and can be attributed to the "forms" or concepts
that outlast material objects. However, as man is enlightened, this does not mean that
just continue on with his life. In order for enlightenment to truly take place, one must
o back into the cave and teach his fellows about what he has learned along the way. This
at enlightenment is not just focused on one person alone. Rather, it encompasses the
or the community as a whole.

is the city-state or the highest form of all human associations. This "polis" is composed of
 " everything is made of fire, that is, everything is in a state learn to go
of flux, no constancy in the universe. " means tha
~ Pluralists majority, o
Ex:
Empedocles 13. The polis i
- He combined the scientific and the spiritual two kinds
- "The nature of God is a circle of w/c the center is citizens or
everywhere and the circumference is nowhere." opposite -
Anaxagoras
- "Reality can be reduced to an infinite number of 14. The citizen
seeds, w/c create diversity in life" compositio
- Postulated a "nous", an omniscient yet impersonal and wisdo
mind that gave order and constancy of the universe producers
~ Atomists metallic co
Leucippus and Democritus silver, and
- The 1st to theorize that the world consists of tiny
particles called atoms 15. Plato's thr
- Democritus in particular believed that the atoms are abolition o
indivisible; this was accepted as a fact until in 1945 - philosophe
the atom was split and led into conflagration
~ Sophists 16. Justice, ac
- The ones Socrates detested the most
- "sophistication" 17. Plato's pur
- Protagoras, Gorgias, Thrasymachus, etc. class speci
- Orators, public speakers, mouths for hire in in an oral whole."
culture 18. The functio
- Gifted with speech people), 2.
- Skilled in what became known as "rhetoric" make the g
- Were respected, feared, but hated
- Had a gift and used it in a manner that aroused the 19. The failing
ire of many
- Challenged, questioned, and did not care to arrive at 20. Aristotle's
the very best answers answers th
- More concerned in winning public speaking contests, refers to th
debates, and lawsuits, also charged fees to teach
others how to do as they did
Sparta (Peloponnesian War)
- hoplites -> bear carrying weight of 50 kg
- Spartan soldier -> shield, cape , spear
- Sparta defeated Athens (but the enemy -> Persians)
~Athens: fishermen, became the center of civilization
after losing the war to Sparta ; market of
commodities and ideas (context where Socrates
lived)
o back into the cave and teach his fellows about what he has learned along the way. This
at enlightenment is not just focused on one person alone. Rather, it encompasses the
or the community as a whole.

is the city-state or the highest form of all human associations. This "polis" is composed of
of citizens: the polites and the idiotes. The polites are those who are considered as good
r those responsible in performing their duties and responsibilities. The idiotes are the
those who are irresponsible, and fail to do what is asked of them as citizens.

ns, according to Plato, can be classified according to virtue, functions, and metallic
ons. In terms of virtue, citizens can be hierarchically classified by temperance, courage
om. When these are considered to be functions, the first would be composed of the
s or the merchants, followed by the auxiliaries, and finally the guardians or the rulers. By
omposition, those at the bottom are referred to as brass or iron, the next ones are called
d those at the top are known to be gold.

ree waves are the following: First is the equality of women with men. Second is the
of the family, and the third is that philosophers must be kings and kings must be
ers.

ccording to Plato, is doing that which by nature you are best suited (expound if asked)

rpose of the state is this: "Our aim in founding the commonwealth was not to make one
ially happy, but to secure the greatest possible happiness of the community as a

ons of rulers are: 1. To ensure that there is living space (territory is enough for the
. Education can nurture, 3. Make sure that adherence to the law is observed, 4. To not
guardians any more or any less than what they are.

gs of Plato's republic can be seen in what happened during the Holocaust (explain).

4 causes are known as the material, formal, efficient and final. The material cause
he question what is the object made of, the formal attributes to the structure, efficient
he process, and finally, the final cause is the purpose or why the object was made.
 - Spartan soldier -> shield, cape , spear
- Sparta defeated Athens (but the enemy -> Persians)
~Athens: fishermen, became the center of civilization
after losing the war to Sparta ; market of
commodities and ideas (context where Socrates
lived)
SOCRATES
Delphi Oracle
~" Socrates is the best and brightest of them all (greeks)"
OLIGARCHY DEMOCRACY
Economically affluent Demos -> democracy; 25k
became political leaders; citizens ~ TOO MANY!
rule of the few who are RICH
The few would rule at the The many would rule at the
expense of the many expense of the few
~ On both grounds, INJUSTICE is committed. Socrates criticized
both.
Agora - "the marketplace"
- For the Athenians, a place where one idea meets another
- Where Socrates teaches by example (students experience
it)
Gadfly - insect that hovers around the back of carabaos
- Pesters, bites, but does not cause death
Xanthippe - Socrates' wife, loves Socrates
- Saw Socrates as a husband who brought more
notoriety than bread
Charges against Socrates:
1. Impiety (he did not believe in the gods)
2. Corrupted the minds of the youth
The Things we do…
• Things we do because we want to
• Things we do because we ought to
• Things we do because we want to and we ought to
Oracle => virgins, old maids
---> still flawed *Delphi Method
• Desperation = determination
The 3 most important days of your life…
Metaphor: Mud and Diamond
Socrates' Death
- Hemlock (poison) - Socrates must drink it
- Students bribed…
- Socrates refused
- Bury his body only
Metaphor: Mud and Diamond
Socrates' Death
- Hemlock (poison) - Socrates must drink it
- Students bribed…
- Socrates refused
- Bury his body only
Note: took hours in the bath chamber
Why you grieve: love by affinity, proximity and connection,
selfish reasons

Big difference between:

Hearing vs Listening
Watching vs Seeing
Pinto vs Pintuan
Hagdan vs Hagdanan
Wedding vs Marriage
Cry - shed tears
Weep - sob - wail - keen
"All of humanity's problems stem from man's inability to sit
quietly in a room alone" - Blaise Pascal

PLATO
Allegory of the Cave
~ "Let him who knows no geometry not enter here" - Plato
• Math - language of knowledge
~ "Let him who knows no geometry not enter here" - Plato
• Math - language of knowledge
- Logic
• Forms - concepts, effectively permanent things, outlasting
objects
• Art is ranked low - people who look at phantoms and
assume them as reality
Plato's…. Divided Line
POLIS
Polites (citizen) Idiotes (opposite)
-> responsible

Note: Ignorant (someone who does not know)

Stupid (knows but refuses to do the right thing)
Stubborn (know, do the contrary, insist)
Citizenship is not by the title/ rights that you have
Lies
- White Lie (not to offend someone, not to offend yourself)
- Black Lie (you know it is wrong)
- Medicinal Lie (maybe justified to tell a lie ~ doctors to their
patients; patients can never tell a lie to their doctor (full
disclosure of the lie)
Society
- Begins with the individual
- "Is nothing but the conglomerate of the individuals who
comprise it"
- the sum of the parts merely reflects the individual units
• G = Guardians (rulers/leaders)

gods
demigods
mortals
• Citizens (G, S, B/I)
-> polites
-> idiotes
~women
~children
~slaves
~pows
 -> idiotes
~women
~children
~slaves
~pows

Plato - FEW WILL RULE!

Plato's 3 Waves
• Equality of women w/ men
Women -> guardians (women should be held in common
by all)
-> develop the best breed among the breeds
~ lesser golds, higher golds
If there would be no women who are "gold" men?
• Abolition of the family
- Guardians only
• Philosophers must be kings/ kings must be philosophers
(significance: to obtain justice and equality)
~ Gold - have "gold" parents
|----medicinal lie - gods!
What if you're wrong but you think you're right?
"Justice is doing that which by nature you are best suited" - Plato
Purpose of the State
"Our aim in founding the commonwealth was not to make any
one class specially happy, but to secure the greatest possible
happiness for the community as a whole."
• Meaning, purpose, sense of satisfaction
"You must not endow guardians w/ a happiness that will make
them anything rather than guardians."

The Nurturing & Honing of Guardians (3 T's)

- Training
- Testing
- Tempting ("bewitching)

~Frames and Lenses Continued ~

- Equal =/= equitable
- Utilitarianism -> JS Mill ( greatest possible happiness)

Functions of Rulers
- Lebenstraum - living space
• Leaders are supposed to see that territory is enough for
the people
 - Utilitarianism -> JS Mill ( greatest possible happiness)

Functions of Rulers
- Lebenstraum - living space
• Leaders are supposed to see that territory is enough for
the people
• Education can (and??) nurture
• Must ensure compliance with the law
• You should not make the guardians any more or any less
than what they are

Hitler - drew inspo from Plato's Republic

"Utopian" - Plato's position
- Deprived human beings of freedom of choice - most
important!
What were the failings of the Republic by Plato?
Socrates Plato Aristotle
AOTC 4 Causes
Idea ~ " natural
ideal
Republic Polity
Gold Middle Class
Normative Deductive -> observation
less enough much
Greece (center) Stagira (north part of
• Athens Greece)

ARISTOTLE
- Son of a physician (doctor of the king of macedonia)
4 Causes (MFEF)
• Material - what makes up the object
• Formal - how does it look like, structure
• Efficient - whose efforts were responsible for it
• Final Cause - purpose; most important

"The State is natural." - Aristotle

- Natural progression, "grows", "mere life", born into it
"State as social contract based." - Plato
- Normative prescriptions (imposed), people decide
Polis - highest form/most inclusive of all human assocs
 "The State is natural." - Aristotle
- Natural progression, "grows", "mere life", born into it
"State as social contract based." - Plato
- Normative prescriptions (imposed), people decide
Polis - highest form/most inclusive of all human assocs

Colony

Villages

Family/households

M- F Pairings

Note: Homer (exempted from being a member of the state) CHL

- Clanless
- Heartless
- Lawless
• Therefore, every human being would belong to a state

Purpose of the State

Plato - secure the greatest possible happiness of the community
as a whole
Aristotle - summum bonum -> to achieve good quality of life

CONSTITUTIONS
Good, correct, right Bad, incorrect, wrong,
perverse
Rule by Monarchy/kingship tyranny
one
By few aristocracy oligarchy
By many polity Democracy ~ "demos" ->
mobocracy

Most ideal: monarchy (but too much)

Practical: polity
Note: Middle class as a concept is questionable…. Difficult to
define… how much 'big' of a middle class do we need? If
everyone is middle class, then there would be no middle class!
The economy is the base of political power (Why are you solving
a political prob w/ an economic solution??)
Note: Middle class as a concept is questionable…. Difficult to
define… how much 'big' of a middle class do we need? If
everyone is middle class, then there would be no middle class!
The economy is the base of political power (Why are you solving
a political prob w/ an economic solution??)

~ Aristotle on Plato: He is INTELLIGENT but he is NOT ALWAYS

RIGHT!

What makes us human?

1. Faculty of Language
2. Faculty of Reason
3. We could inflict so much harm, so much good

Good Citizen - by virtue of constitution (relative to)

Good man - good man wherever he goes

Strive to be both!
~~ be a good man THEN be a good citizen