Inhoudsopgave

31 Oktober 2016 ........................................................................................................................................... 2

10 Augustus 2014.......................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Maart 2016 ................................................................................................................................................ 8
September 2017 .......................................................................................................................................... 12
26 Februarie 2015 ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Tentamen 2010 ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Maart 2006 ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Oktober 2006 .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Maart 2007 ................................................................................................................................................. 18
September 2013 .......................................................................................................................................... 19
17 December 2018 ...................................................................................................................................... 20
 31 Oktober 2016

1. What is water blocking and emulsion blocking and how to prevent them?

A condition caused by an increase in water saturation in the near-wellbore area. Water

block typically forms during the drilling phase of a well, when the near-wellbore area is
exposed to a relatively high volume of filtrate from the drilling fluid. The increased
presence of water causes fine clay crystals that may be present in the formation, such as
illite, to swell and cause a reduction in permeability. Water-block treatments typically
use surfactants to reduce the surface tension between the oil and water, helping to
displace the water from the near-wellbore area.

The restriction or completely cutting of production from the reservoir, is caused by

emulsion blocking (usually caused by water/oil), which blocks the pathways for oil to
move up. This can be prevented by using demulsifying agents or using the proper
concentrations of emulsion.

2. Provide and explain 6 formation damages which can occur during specific well
operations

Damage during drilling of oil and gas zones in wildcat or development wells.
 Mud solids may block pores, vugs, and natural or induced fractures.
 Mud filtrate invasion into oil or gas zones may oil-wet the formation and cause
water or emulsion blocks. The filtrate may also cause the clays or other fines to
flocculate, disperse, swell, shrink, or move, and block the formation.
 Pores or fractures near the wellbore may be sealed by the trowelling action of the
bit, drill collars and drill pipe.
Damage during casing and cementing

 Cement or mud solids may plug large pores, vugs, and natural or induced
fractures
 Chemical flushes used to scour hole ahead of cement may cause changes in clays
in the producing formation.
 Filtrate from high fluid loss cement slurries may bring about changes in the
producing formation.
Damage during completion

 Damage during perforating

o Perforations may be plugged with shaped charge debris and solids from
perforating fluids.
 o The formation around the perforation is crushed and compacted by
perforating process. If this essentially zero permeability zone is held in
place by solids in perforation tunnel, the perforations may be completely
blocked.
 Damage while running tubing and packer
o If returns are lost while running tubing, solids in the well fluid may plug
any fracture system near the wellbore.
o Perforations may be plugged if solids are forced into perforations by the
hydrostatic differential pressure into the formation.
 Damage during production initiation
o Damage may be caused by incompatible circulation fluids and by loss of
clays or 80 other fines into perforations, formation pores, vugs, and
fractures with high fluid loss fluids including oil or water.
o Damage may result from depositing of mill scale, clay, or excess thread
dope from tubing collars in perforations when circulating to clean a well.
o Completion fluids containing blown asphalt may cause damage by oil-
wetting the formation and by plugging perforations and formation.
o Clean-up of a well at high rates can result in severe plugging within the
formation by particles which, for one reason or another, are free to move.
Damage during well stimulation

 Perforations, formation pores, and fractures may be plugged with solids while
killing or circulating a well with mud or with unfiltered oil or water. Even filtered
fluids may result in plugging due to solids scoured from the tubing, open hole, or
casing.
 Filtrate from circulating fluids may cause damage.
 Breaking down or fracturing the formation with acid may shrink the mud cake
between the sand face and cement or may affect mud channel in the annulus
allowing vertical communication of unwanted fluids.
 Acidizing sandstone with hydrofluoric acid may leave insoluble precipitates in
formation. Properly designed treatment minimizes this effect.
 Hydraulic fracturing
o Propped fractures may be plugged with frac fluids, solids or frac sand
fines.
o Inadequate breakers for high viscosity frac fluids may cause blocking of
propped fractures.
o Fluid loss or diverting agents may cause plugging of the perforations.
Formation pores, or propped fractures.
 Fracture acidizing of carbonates
 o Failure to employ clean compatible fluids may cause plugging of etched-
fracture flow channels and adjacent formation matrix.
o Paraffin, asphalt, scale, thread dope, silt, or other solids in the tubing or
well bore may result in plugged perforations, formation, or etched
fractures.
Damage caused by cleaning of paraffin or asphalt from the tubing, casing, or wellbore

 When cleaning paraffin or asphalt from a well with hot oil or hot water, the
formation and perforations will be plugged unless the melted asphalt or paraffin
is swabbed, pumped, or flowed from the well before the wax cools.
 While cutting paraffin or asphalt from the tubing, if removed particles are
circulated down the tubing and up the annulus, a portion of the scraped material
will be pumped into perforations and into pores, vugs, or fractures adjacent the
wellbore.

Damage during well servicing or workover

 Essentially all of the same types of damage associated with initial completion
may occur during well servicing or workover.
 Perforations, formation pores, vugs, or fractures may be plugged with solids
when killing or circulating a well with mud or unfiltered oil or water.
 Filtrate invasion by incompatible water, oil, or other chemicals may cause water
blocks, emulsion blocks, oil wetting the formation, or changes in formation clays.
 If necessary, to pull a packer, mud or other damaging fluids above the packer
may be dumped on the producing zones.
 If a well has been previously hydraulically fractured and propped, any solids
entering the fractures will tend to bridge between the sand grains or other
proppants and cause permanent reduction of fracture flow-capacity. Previously
acid-etched fractures in carbonate rock may also be plugged by the introduction
of clays, barite, or other debris into the fractures.

Damage during producing phase

 Corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, or paraffin inhibitors usually cause some

permeability reduction if allowed to contact the producing or injection zone.
 Precipitated scale may plug the wellbore, perforations, and formation if an oil or
gas well produces water from the normal producing zone, a channel, or a casing
leak.
  Asphalt may be deposited around the wellbore in wells producing relatively high
viscosity asphaltic oil. Asphalt deposition will cause oil wetting and as a result,
emulsions may form around the wellbore.
 Wells in reservoirs nearing pressure depletion are more susceptible than high
pressure wells to plugging with paraffin or asphalt.
 The wellbore opposite the producing interval in both carbonate and sandstone
wells may become plugged with silt, shale, mud, frac sand, or other types of fill.
 Screens or gravel packs may become plugged with silt, clay, mud, scale, or other
debris.
 Sand-consolidated wells may become plugged with silt, mud, or other debris. In
addition, the sand consolidating material will reduce formation permeability to
varying degrees.

Damage during water injection

 Oil-wetting surfactants in water obtained from stock tanks or heater-treaters

may oil-wet the formation around the wellbore. Under these conditions,
emulsions may occur in the formation adjacent the wellbore.
 The tubing, casing, perforations, screen, gravel packs, formation face, or
fractures may be plugged with mud, silt, clay, paraffin, asphalt, emulsions, rust,
mill scale, thread dope, scale, scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, or
bactericides.
Damage during gas injection

 The wellbore, perforations, formation fractures, vugs, and pores may be plugged
with mill scale, thread dope, or other solids scoured by injected gas from injection
lines or tubing.
 Lubricating oil from the gas compressors may build up an oil saturation around
the wellbore, oil-wet the injection zone, and cause an emulsion to form in the
formation.
 The injection of corrosion inhibitors into gas zones will usually reduce well
injectivity or productivity.

3. Please explain, how to remove corrosive gasses

298 Volume 2
 4. Explain some special squeeze cementing situations

Special squeeze cementing situations are defined as those cases where formation
permeability is very high or very low.

Carbonate Formations
Fractured carbonate formations present a somewhat different situation than sandstone,
since the matrix permeability may be very low, and actual, or effective permeability,
consists of inter-connected voids or fracture systems. In this case, cement particles may
move into the large voids or open fracture system. The problem then becomes one of
confining the remedial cement slurry to the area of the wellbore. It should be recognized
that cement cannot solve a vertical communication problem in the formation back away
from the wellbore. It should also be recognized that allowing cement to move into open
fractures, vugs or voids in the carbonate productive zone may put the zones out of reach
of the perforating gun. All we can hope to do with squeeze cementing is to repair
communication along the original Primary Cement job in the casing-borehole annulus.
Thus, if the "permeability" of the flow system is quite high it may be necessary to use one
of several possible techniques to confine the cement to the wellbore. Possibilities include
a two-stage job with the first stage containing granular loss circulation material for
bridging; higher fluid loss cement to form filter cake faster, a quicker setting slurry, a
slurry with thixotropic properties such that viscosity increases with lower flow velocity, or
a material which forms a stiff gel in contact with formation brine. After the first stage
seals the formation face, a second stage of lower fluid loss cement can be used, if
needed, to repair communication along the original primary cement job.

Shale Formations
Shale formations have essentially no matrix permeability; thus, a cement filter cake does
not build up on a shale zone. Squeeze cementing becomes a process of attempting to
place cement in a channel or other mud-filled annular space and allowing it to set up. In
perforating opposite a shale section for a "block squeeze" this lack of a filter cake effect
may make it difficult to close off the perforation.

5. How to control fluid loss

6. Please explain the processes of pulling and running Rods and Tubing
314 Volume 2
 10 Augustus 2014

1. Geef aan waar op je moet letten tijdens de “design of tubing strings” en omschrijf al de
punten.
2. Noem 4 platformen. Geef de voordelen en nadelen weer. Wanneer en waarvoor worden
ze gebruikt?
3. Welke milieu verontreinigheden kunnen we tijdens het winnen van petroleum hebben en
hoe kijken we tegen ze op. Wat zijn de voorwaarden die we in place zouden moeten
hebben om bovengenoemde calamiteiten te minimaliseren.
4. Benoem en schets alle oorzaken die kunnen leiden tot het verwateren van een put nadat
de put een tijdje geproduceerd heeft.
5. Schets en leg uit voor “Multiple Zone Completion” het volgende:
a. Single string with single packer
b. Single string with dual packers
 4 Maart 2016

1. Cement additives

a. Waarvoor worden “additives” gebruikt.

Oil well cement slurries usually contain additives to modify basic properties in
some way. Additives can:
 Vary cement density.
 Increase or decrease strength.
 Accelerate or retard setting time.
 Control filtration rate.
 Reduce slurry viscosity.
 Bridge for lost circulation control.
 Improve economics.
b. Geef de “cement accelerators” aan en beschrijf.

Several accelerators added to bulk cement or mixing water are available i. e.:
calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and seawater. Calcium chloride is most
frequently used. Densified cement slurries (using a friction reducer to permit
lower water ratios) provide faster strength buildup.

2. Transient pressure test

a. Geef aan hoe het geannalyseerd wordt en verduidelijken middels tekeningen.

The analysis of pressure changes over time, especially those associated with
small variations in the volume of fluid. In most well tests, a limited amount of
fluid is allowed to flow from the formation being tested and the pressure at the
formation monitored over time. Then, the well is closed and the pressure
monitored while the fluid within the formation equilibrates. The analysis of these
pressure changes can provide information on the size and shape of the formation
as well as its ability to produce fluids.
b. Geef de limitaties weer.

93
c. Geef de soorten “transient well testing techniques” aan en leg
uit.

A reasonable classification of transient pressure tests by type

is:
 Pressure buildup
o Essentially the well is produced at constant rate
long enough to establish a stabilized pressure
distribution, then is shut in.
o Pressure is measured immediately before shut in, and is recorded
as a function of time during the shut-in period. The resulting
pressure buildup curve is then analyzed for reservoir properties
and wellbore condition.
 Pressure drawdown
o Pressure drawdown tests have two advantages over pressure
buildup tests. First, production continues during the test period.
Second, in addition to formation permeability and formation
damage information, an estimate can be made of the reservoir
volume in communication with the wellbore. Thus the "Reservoir
Limits" test can be used to estimate if there is sufficient oil-or gas
(if a dry gas reservoir)- in place to justify additional wells in a new
reservoir.
 Multiple rate
o Multiple rate tests have the advantage of providing transient test
data without the requirement of well shut in. They minimize
wellbore storage effects and phase segregation effects; thus,
sometimes provide good results where buildup or drawdown tests
would not. This is perhaps their greatest advantage. Accurate flow
rate and pressure measurements are essential. Rate
measurements are much more critical than in constant rate tests.
Rate changes must be sufficient to significantly affect the
transient pressure behavior.
 Injection buildup or fall-off
o A Step Rate Injectivity test, is normally used to estimate fracture
pressure in an injection well. Fracturing may not be important in a
 water injection well, but could be critical in a tertiary flood to
avoid injecting an expensive fluid through uncontrolled fractures.
 Multiple well interference
o In an Interference test, a long-duration rate change in one well
creates a pressure change in an observation well that can be
related to reservoir characteristics.
 Drill-stem tests
o Zie PDF file= Drillstem testing & Reservoir Parameters.

3. Conventional Tubular Configurations

a. Geef hiervan de verschillende completions aan en verklaar.

b. Verduidelijk middels tekeningen.

4. Rock Mechanics

a. Wat zijn de basis “rock mechanics” parameters en beschrijf.

 Stress-Strain, Ultimate Strength Relations

o Ontstaat als gevolg van tensile of compressive load die een kracht
uitoefend op het material, zal het gesteente deformeren.
 Young’s Modulus
o Mate van strain veroorzaakt door de stress is een functie van de
stijfheid van een material.
 Poisson’s Ratio
o De stress bezorgd aan het materiaal zorgt ervoor dat het
materiaal langs bepaalde assen zal verkorten e nook aan die as zal
uitzetten loodrecht op de as dat verkort.
 Shear Modulus
o Wrijving van materiaal tegen elkaars oppervlak
 Bulk Modulus
o Compressive load zorgt ervoor dat er een reductie plaatsvindt in
bulk volume.

b. Hoe zijn ze vastgesteld? Leg uit.


5. Scale prevention
a. Waarmee kunnen we “Scale” remmen?

 Inhibition of scale precipitation by inorganic polyphosphates

 Inhibition of scale with organic Phosphates and phosphonates
 Inhibition of scale with polyorganic acid
 Inhibition of scale with polymers

b. Geef aan de werking van de “scale remmers”.


 September 2017

1. During production the inflow of oil could decrease in time, due to complication in the
reservoirs, whereas special test needs to be done in order to find what the problem
might be. What are the reservoir parameters obtained by buildup analysis and describe?

1. Permeability
2. Static Reservoir Pressure
3. Wellbore damage

2. Lost circulation additives are sometimes needed during drilling of a well. Please provide
the classification, their effects and use.

 Grannular
o Are designed to bridge at the surface of the borehole or within the
formation, when they are cracks or fractures.
 Lammellated
o Inert flake-type materials designed to mat the face of formation.
 Semi-Solids and Flash Setting Cements
o By either chemical or physical action these materials thicken rapidly to
form plug.

3. During completion of a well, packers are used. What are the general considerations in
packer selections and explain?
1. Purchase Price
2. Packer Mechanics
3. Sealing Elements
4. Corrosive Well Fluids
5. Retrievability
6. Fishing Characteristics
7. Through-tubing Operations
8. Surface Equipment-Downhole Correlation

4. Provide other possible means of optimizing the results if because of diameter limitations,
conventional trough tubing guns do not provide adequate hole size and penetration.
5. Which points are needed to be considered in selecting a workover or a completion fluid if
it is necessary to kill the well.
6. Scale is deposited in formation matrix and fractures, wellbore, downhole pumps, tubing,
casing, flow lines, etc. Scale deposits usually form as a result of crystallization and
precipitation of minerals from water. Please provide the causes of scale deposition and
provide the tendency to scale.
 26 Februarie 2015

1. Geef het boor process aan en verduidelijk middels tekeningen

2. Geef het cementing process in een put weer, schets ook
a. Welke soorten cement zijn er?
b. Wat is de functie van het cementeren?
3. Geef de packers aan die bij de productie van een put uit verschillende dieptes gebruikt
worden.
a. Wat is de onderverdeling van de packers in het algemeen.
4. Wat is de werking van, de functie van en de informatie die gestrekt wordt met de
a. Gamma Ray Log
b. Resistivity Log
c. Density Log
5. Omschrijf het process van de gefractioneerde destillatie en geef de nodige schetsen
a. Geef de stappen die ondernomen moeten worden bij dit process.
6. Noem de reservoir eigenschappen
a. Omschrijf deze eigenschappen en maak dit duidelijks middels tekeningen.
7. Welke soorten completion methoden kennen we.
a. Geef de voor en nadelen van de completion methoden weer.
b. Wat zijn de procedures om een put te completeren.
8. Noem 4 platformen
a. Geef de voor en nadelen weer.
b. Wanneer en waarvoor worden ze gebruikt.
c. Geef de specificaties weer.
 Tentamen 2010

1. Wat geeft het “van krevelen” diagram weer?

2. Teken en beschrijf het “van Krevelen” diagram.
3. Geef aan en beschrijf de verschillende typen “kerogenen”.
4. Geef een grafische weergave van de typen kerogenen bij toenemende temperature.
5. Geef een overzicht van stalen pijpleidingen met een minimale dikte en diameter
6. Geef en beschrijf de verschillende componenten van een pijpleidingen weer, die
samenwerken om koolwaterstoffen te transporteren.
7. Geef aan en beschrijf de pijplegmethodes.
8. Geef aan en beschrijf wat de selectie van het type cement kan beïnvloeden.
9. Schets en beschrijf het perforatie process
10. Schets en beschrijf de type pompen die bij “artificial lift”gebruikt worden (vergeet de
voor en nadelen niet)
 Maart 2006

1. Interpreteer de log.
a. Geef alle markers aan met hun ware dieptes.
b. Geef aan hoe de put te completeren.
c. Schets de productie assemblage in de put (Niet op uw log)
2. Geef het hele cementing proces van een put weer, schets ook.
a. Welke soorten cementing zijn er.
b. Welke soorten boorgaten zijn er. Maak een schets voor elk soort.
c. Geef de Bakker soorten aan die tijdens het cementeren gebruikt worden.
d. Wat is de onderverdeling van de packers in het algemeen.
3. Wat is de werking van, de funktie van en de informatie die verstrekt wordt: met de
Gamma ray log, Density log en de Resisivity log.
4. Noem 4 platformen, geef de voordelen en nadelen weer. Wanneer en waarvoor worden
ze gebruikt.
5. Welke milieu verontreinigheden kunnen we tijdens het winnen van petroleum hebben en
hoe kijken we tegen ze op. Wat zijn de voorwaarden die in je place zoud moeten hebben
om bovengenoemde calamitieten te minimaliseren.
6. Geef middels een tabel het ontstaan van de koolwaterstoffen aan.
7. Waarom kon er geen olie gevormd zijn in het onshore gebied van Suriname. Verklaar dit
middels tekeningen voor het ontstaan van koolwaterstoffen en theorie rondom.
 Oktober 2006

1. Geef de cased hole cementing process in een put weer, schets ook
a. Welke soorten cementen zijn er.
b. Welke soorten boorgaten zijn er binnen Suriname. Maak een schets van elke
soort.
c. Geef de packers aan die bij produktie van een put uit verschillende dieptes wordt
gebruikt.
d. Wat is de onderverdeling van de packers in het algemeen
2. Geef de theorie aan hoe aardolie vrijkomt uit het moedergesteente.
a. Geef de verschillende soorten migraties aan
b. Geef middels tekeningen de verschillende olie accumulaties in olievallen aan en
de type olievallen.
c. Wat kan er verbeterd worden bij petroleumwinning zodat het vak verbeterd kan
worden voor studenten in de toekomst.
 Maart 2007

1. Wat zijn de specificaties van de Saramacca crude oil?

2. Bespreek het raffinage process
3. Wat zijn de componenten van het hoisting system?
a. Bespreek wat ze zijn en waarvoor ze dienen
4. Wat zijn de specificaties voor een moedergesteente?
5. Tot welke type source rock behoort het Cenomanian-Turonian en geef dit aan in de
Krevelen diagram.
6. Wat zijn de parameters(specificaties) van de ZJ70/4500D drill rig?
7. Wat kan het effect van zwavel zijn op de pijpleidingen en welke voorzorgsmaatregelen
worden getroffen?
8. Interpreteer de log: de ware diepte van het Krijt, type casing.
9. Wat kan er verbeterd worden aan petroleumwinning?
10. Geef de samenstelling van de verschillende soorten cement.
11. Beschrijf middels tekeningen de open hole completion.
 September 2013

1. Welke soorten permeabiliteiten zijn er,

maak een tekening. Geef ook voorbeelden
van gesteenten die bovenstaande
eigenschappen hebben.
2. Geef de “selection of cement for specific
well application” weer
3. Welke zijn de “Light-weight additives bij
het cementeren” en leg uit.
4. Wat zou je hier moeten doen om “early
water break through te voorkomen”

5. Geef aan en beschrijf de verschillende

“formation damage” gedurende specifieke well operations.
 17 December 2018

1. Provide and explain 6 formation damages which can occur during specific well
operations. Draw as well.
2. Scale: what will be the impact of scale on the production of a well
How can scale be minimized. Draw as well.
3. Why and when transient pressure test might be needed in an oil well. Draw as well.
4. Specify and explain the several types of transient well testing techniques and provide the
limitations of these tests.
5. What are the reasons to cement a well and provide the techniques to cement a well?
Draw as well.
6. Provide the drilling process of a well from top to bottom with all used tool and products
7. Explain and draw the lower and upper completion of an oil well.
8. Why sand control is needed and how to treat such a well. Draw as well.
9. Provide the perforation technique for a cased hole completion. Draw as well.
10. Why should tubing strings be designed.