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10.1109/TII.2014.2308437, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
Abstract— In this paper, different DSTATCOMs (Distribution filters are reported by Peng [48]. The power quality
Static Compensators) topologies, state of art, their performance, improvement in the three-phase three-wire systems using
design considerations, future developments and potential three-phase three-wire shunt active compensators and their
applications are investigated for power quality improvement. topologies, control techniques, field tests etc. are reported
These DSTATCOMs for three-phase three-wire systems and extensively in the literature over the years and the recent
three-phase four-wire systems are developed and installed in the
publications are listed in [51-69].
distribution system for many functions such as reactive power
compensation, harmonics elimination, load balancing and neutral One of the major problem in three-phase four-wire
current compensation. This paper is aimed to explore a broad distribution systems is excessive neutral current along with
perspective on DSTATCOMs to researchers, engineers and the other power quality problems such as poor voltage regulation,
community dealing with the power quality improvement. A high reactive power burden, harmonics current injection and
classified list of some latest research publications is also provided load unbalancing [11-13]. The excessive neutral current is of
for a quick reference. both fundamental and harmonics and the neutral conductor is
Keywords—Power Quality, VSC, DSTATCOM, Neutral Current overloaded resulting in busting of it. The major reason for
Compensation, Zig-zag Transformer, Star-delta Transformer,T- excessive neutral current in the three-phase four-wire
Connected Transformer, Star-Hexagon Transformer.
distribution systems is the proliferation of nonlinear loads as
I. INTRODUCTION well as unbalanced loads. In a survey in the United States,
observations on computer power systems have indicated
Three-phase ac power is used unanimously for distribution harmonic neutral currents from zero to 1.73 times the phase
systems and is used in residential buildings, commercial current [20]. It has also been revealed that 22.6% of the sites
buildings, office buildings, hospitals etc. Typical loads in a have neutral currents exceeding the full load phase currents
three-phase distribution system may be computer loads, and this scenario is becoming worst in the recent years due to
lighting ballasts, small rating adjustable speeds drives (ASD) the proliferation of such nonlinear single-phase loads. The
in air conditioners, fans, refrigerators and other domestic and iron-cored inductive ballasts as well as electronic ballasts in
commercial appliances etc. Almost all these applications use fluorescent lighting also contribute to third harmonic currents
switched mode power supplies (SMPS), which draw excessive [20]. The topologies, design and control techniques for many
harmonic currents. Three-phase distribution systems are facing three-phase four-wire DSTATCOMs for power quality
severe power quality problems such as poor voltage improvement are reported in the literature in recent years [70-
regulation, high reactive power burden, harmonics current and 126]. There are applications of DSTATCOM for aircraft
load unbalancing. The power quality problems and their electrical systems [92], wind generation [93] and offshore oil
mitigation techniques are reported in the literature over the fields [96].
years [1-14]. The power quality improvement devices such as
three-phase three-wire DSTATCOMs (Distribution Static In this paper, various topologies and different control
Compensators) provide reactive power for improving voltage techniques of three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire
regulation, to eliminate harmonics in the supply currents, and DSTATCOMs are explored for load compensation. The
performance of some topologies of three-phase three-wire
to balance the supply currents when the load currents are
DSTATCOMs is demonstrated for voltage regulation or power
unbalanced. There are many standards [15-17] proposed to factor correction by reactive power compensation along with
control the quality of electric supply in the distribution system harmonics elimination and load balancing. A number of
such as IEEE 519 standard [16] and IEEE 1531 [17]. There are topologies of DSTATCOMs for compensation in three-phase
surveys and studies on the power quality causes, effects and four-wire distribution system is classified, designed and
analysis [18-26]. Many studies and review articles on active modeled to simulate their performance for voltage regulation or
shunt compensators for power conditioning are reported in the power factor correction by reactive power compensation along
literature [27-50]. The topologies, application and control of with harmonics elimination, load balancing and neutral current
active filters are reported in [46, 47]. The voltage source type compensation.
of harmonic loads and their compensation using series active
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Z sa
v sb icb / Reactive
isb Zsc Lr iLb Three - Phase
/Unbalanced v sa i sa
i za i La
Loads Three - Wire
Z sb
v Lr i i Lc Non - Linear
sc cc
isc
/ Reactive
i Lb
v sb i sb i zb
Z sc / Unbalanced
C Loads
dc i zc
v sc i sc i Lc
c2
(b) a1 b
1 a2 Cdc
(e)
Zsa c1 b2
i ca i La Three - Phase
v sa i sa Lr Zsa
Zsb Three - Wire
Non - Linear Three - Phase
v sa i sa i za i La
i cb Three - Wire
v sb i sb i Lb / Reactive Zsb
Lr Non - Linear
Zsc / Unbalanced
/ Reactive
Loads vsb i sb i zb i Lb
v sc i sc Lr i Lc Zsc / Unbalanced
Loads
i cc v sc i sc i Lc
c2
a1 2Cdc
2 C dc i zc a2
b1
c1
(c) Vdc (f) b2 2Cdc
2C
dc
Fig. 1. (a)Classification of three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM (b) three-leg topology of the three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM (c) two-leg with split
capacitor (d) three single-phase topology (e) Isolated 3-leg VSC (f) Isolated 2-leg VSC.
The DSTATCOM topologies with transformers are shown in Fig. 4(e) [113]. A zig-zag transformer and the other
classified as nonisolated VSC based and isolated VSC based transformers such as star/delta transformer, T-connected
DSTATCOMs. A topology of DSTATCOM reported based transformer and star/hexagon transformer along with two-leg
on nonisolated three-leg VSC with a zig-zag transformer is VSC as three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM are shown in
shown in Fig. 4(a). The application of a zig-zag transformer Figs. 4(f)[114], 4(g)[115] and 4(h)[116] respectively. The
for reduction of neutral current is advantageous due to passive number of power electronics switches are less here compared
compensation, ruggedness and less complexity over the active to three leg VSC based topologies.
compensation techniques [87-88,106-108]. Another topology 4) Isolated Three Single Phase VSCs
based on star/delta transformer and three-leg VSC is shown in Three single phase VSCs as three-phase four-wire
Fig.4 (b) [109-110]. The other transformers such as T- DSTATCOM is also reported in [12,117], and this topology is
connected transformer [111] and star/hexagon transformer shown in Fig. 5(a). The DSTATCOM consists of three H-
[112] are also used along with three-leg VSC as three-phase bridge VSCs that are supported by a common dc storage
four-wire DSTATCOM and are shown in Figs. 4(c) and 4(d) capacitor. Three single phase transformers are connected to
respectively. The advantages of zig-zag transformer is also the outputs of these converters to provide isolation between
applicable to other transformer configurations. them and also to provide inductance between the PCC and the
3) Non-isolated 2-leg VSC with Transformers [113-116] VSCs.
A two-leg VSC with split capacitors and a zig-zag 5) Isolated 3-leg VSC with Transformers [118-123]
transformer is used as 3-phase 4-wire DSTATCOM and is
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purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
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A topology of 3-phase 4-wire DSTATCOM based on three- shown in Figs. 5(c)[120], 5(d)[121] and 5(e)[122,123]
leg VSC connected to the secondary of a zig-zag transformer respectively. The transformer provides isolation from the
is shown in Fig. 5(b) [118-119]. The other transformers such system and also provides the flexibility to use an ‘off the
as star/delta transformer, T-connected transformer and shelf’ VSC for some of the desired application.
star/hexagon transformer are also used along with isolated
6) Isolated 2-leg VSC with Transformers [124-126]
three-leg VSC as three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM and are
Fig. 3 Topologies of three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM (a) four-leg VSC based (b) three leg VSC with split capacitors (c) three leg VSC with neutral
terminal at the DC bus (d) three leg VSC with three DC capacitors
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Isolated H-bridge VSC with split capacitors is used along IV. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPARISON
with a transformer as three-phase four wire DSTATCOM. The The major components in DSTATCOM are the fast
number of semiconductor devices of VSC is reduced. An H- switching semiconductor devices such as IGBTs (Insulated
bridge VSC connected to the secondary of a zig-zag Gate Bipolar Transistors), MOSFETs (Metal Oxide
transformer is used as three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM is Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) etc. They are
shown in Fig. 5(f) [124]. The other transformers such as controlled as ON and OFF switches so that they are used for
star/delta transformer [125], T-connected transformer and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) based switching. MOSFETs
star/hexagon transformer [126] are also used along with two- are used only for small rating, but the IGBTs are used for high
leg VSC as three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM and are shown power rating. The VSCs (Voltage Source Converters), which
in Figs. 5(g), 5(h) and 5(i) respectively. The transformer allow bidirectional power flow, are realized using these
provides isolation from the system and also provides the devices. Though the heart of the DSTATCOM is the VSC,
flexibility to use an ‘off the shelf’ VSC in many applications. there are some other components such as interfacing inductors,
Zs
a
Zsa vs s
a v iz i La
Ma i a Phas
vMa isa ic a Three -Phase a Three-
iza Lr Zs e
i La Four - Wire b Four - Wire
Zsb
vsb Non -Linear Non- Linear
c /Unbalanced is
i Lb / Reactive
vMb i vsb
Zsc
isb izb Lr b i Lb b i
zb / Unbalanced
Zsc vsc / Reactive
i Lc Loads
i cc i Loads vsc i sc
vMc isc s Lr Lc Zsn
Z
n
isn iLn iz i Ln
izn is n
n i zc
Zig-zag
Za Ripple
transforme Zig - 2C dc
Filter
C dc g
r Transformer
(a)
Z sa
(e) 2C dc
a
a a3 2C d v dc
b1 b2 C dc a2 b1 b2
3 c
Ripple 2 Ripple
Filter a Filter a1 2C d
(c) (g)
c
1
s
Zsa Z vS
vS a
az
a i
vMa isa i za i La vMa i s a
iLa
a Three-Phase
Zsb
Three - Phase Zs
vS Four - Wire b vS Four- Wire
b Non - Linear b Non - Linear
i Lb / Reactive vMb i s iz iLb / Reactive
vMb isb i zb s
Zsc b Z vS b /Unbalanced
vS / Unbalanced c c
c Loads
i iLc
Loads is iLc
vMc sc Z vMc c Zs
sn izc is iz iLn
isn iLn n n c
izn iz c2 b2
c2 b2 n a1
a1 2 Cdc
b1 b1
i
c1 i
a2 0 a3 C dc c1 a2 0 a3
Ripple Filter c3
Ripple Filter c3 b3 2 Cdc
b3
(d)
(h)
Fig.4 Topologies for the three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM with non-isolated VSC using transformers (a) 3-leg VSC with zig-zag (b) 3-leg VSC with star-
delta(c) 3-leg VSC with T-connected (d) 3-leg VSC with star/hexagon (e) 2-leg VSC with zig-zag (f) 2-leg VSC with star-delta(g) 2-leg VSC with T-
connected (h) 2-leg VSC with star/hexagon.
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purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
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DC bus capacitor, coupling transformers etc. harmonics current and unbalance loading. The voltage rating
Depending upon the switching frequency and ripple current, of the switches depends on the DC bus voltage. The tolerance
the interfacing inductor is selected and the design of the DC in the design is also considered which allows the
bus capacitor depends on the energy storage capacity needed DSTATCOM power circuit to withstand occurrences of over
during transient conditions [56]. The rating of the switches current conditions. The switching frequency is selected based
depends on the compensation required for reactive power, on the highest order of harmonics to be eliminated. Moreover,
Z sa
Three - Phase
vsa i i ca i La Four - Wire
sa
Z sb Non - Linear
/ Reactive
vsb isb icb i Lb
/ Unbalanced
Z sc i Lc
Loads
v sc i sc i cc
isn
i Ln
C Vdc
dc
(a)
Zsa Zsa v sa
vsa isa vMa is iLa Three - Phase
i za i La Three - Phase a iza
Zsb Four - Wire
Zsb Four - Wire v sb
Non - Linear
Non - Linear vMb i izb iLb
sb Zsc / Unbalanced
vs isb Zsc izb iLb / Reactive vsc
b iLc / Reactive
/ Unbalanced vMc isc Zsn izc i Ln Loads
vsc isc iLc Load isn
Zsn izn
iLn Cdc
iz Zig - Zag V
isn n Transformer Cdc dc Ripple Filter
i
zc Cdc
Ripple Filter
(b) (f)
Zsa Zsa
Fig.5 Topologies for the three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM with isolated VSC using transformers (a) 3-leg VSC with zig-zag (b) 3-leg VSC
with star-delta(c) 3-leg VSC with T-connected (d) 3-leg VSC with star/hexagon (e) 2-leg VSC with zig-zag (f) 2-leg VSC with star-delta(g)
2-leg VSC with T-connected (h) 2-leg VSC with star/hexagon.
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the speed of the processor also affects the switching where K1 and K2 are the fraction of winding in the phases.
frequency. In order to avoid violation of current distortion and V ∠0 º and Vza = 3V ∠30 º, then,
Considering Va =
current control limits, the DC bus voltage is desired to be kept
at a minimum voltage [12]. 3V ∠30º = K1V ∠0º − K 2V ∠ − 120º (5)
A. Design of VSC One gets, K1 = 1 , K 2 = 1
The designs of some topologies of DSTATCOM are The voltage per phase is, Vza = 415 / 3 = 239.60V , then
reported in the literature. However, the component selection (6)
Va = Vb = Vc = 239.60 3 = 138.33V
for a 3-leg VSC used as three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM
shown in Fig. 1(b) is given here for a sample calculation. The Three single phase transformers each of rating 1.4kVA,
DSTATCOM is designed for a rating of 12 kVA for the 140/140V are selected.
reactive power compensation of the load given in Appendix. 2) Star/Delta Transformer[109]
The dc bus voltage, dc bus capacitor and interfacing inductor The connection of the star/delta transformer and its phasor
are selected as follows. diagram are shown in Figs. 6(b). The current rating of the
1) DC Capacitor Voltage transformer windings is based on the circulating current due to
The minimum dc bus voltage should be greater than twice the zero sequence components in the load current. The primary
of the peak of the phase voltage of the system [111]. The dc winding voltage is,
bus voltage is calculated as Va = VLL /( 3) = 415 / 3 = 239.60V (7)
Vdc = 2 2VLL /( 3m ) (1) Hence, a 240 V winding is selected in star/delta
where, m is the modulation index and is considered as 1. Thus transformer. The secondary line voltage is chosen for the same
Vdc is selected as 700V for a VLL of 415V. current to flow in the windings. The voltage ratio of the
2) DC Bus Capacitor transformer is 1:1. Therefore, three numbers of single-phase
The value of dc capacitor (Cdc) depends on the transformers of each of rating 2.4 kVA, 240V/240V are
instantaneous energy available to the DSTATCOM during selected.
transients [111]. The principle of energy conservation is 3) T-Connected Transformer [111]
applied as, Fig. 6(c) shows the connection of two single phase
1 transformers for interfacing with a three-phase four-wire
2
( ) ( )
Cdc [ Vdc2 − Vdc2 1 ] = 3V ( aI ) t (2) system. The T-connected winding of the transformer provides
where, Vdc is the reference dc voltage and Vdc1 is the minimum a path for the zero sequence fundamental current and
voltage level of dc bus, ‘a’ is the over loading factor, V is the harmonics currents and hence offers a path for the neutral
phase voltage, I is the phase current and t is time by which the current when connected in shunt at PCC. Under unbalanced
dc bus voltage is to be recovered. loads, the zero sequence load neutral current divides equally
Considering, the minimum voltage level of dc bus, Vdc1= into three currents and takes a path through the T-connected
690V, and Vdc= 700V, V= 239.60V, I= 27.82A, t= 350 µ s, windings of the transformer. The current rating of the
windings is decided by the required neutral current
a= 1.2, the calculated value of Cdc is approximately 3000 µ F.
compensation. The voltage across each winding is designed as
3) AC Inductor shown below.
The selection of the ac inductance (Lf) depends on the The phasor diagram shown in Fig. 6(c) gives the following
current ripple [111], icr , p − p , switching frequency fs, dc bus relations to find the turn’s ratio of windings. If Va1 and Vb1 are
voltage (Vdc) and the Lf is given as, the voltages across each winding and Va is the resultant
voltage, then
Lf = ( )
3mVdc /(12af s icr ( p − p ) ) (3)
Va1 = Va cos 30º (8)
where m is the modulation index and a is the over load factor.
Considering, icr , p − p = 5%, fs= 10 kHz, m =1, Vdc = 700V,
Vb1 = Vb Sin 30º (9)
Considering, ׀Va ׀ = ׀Vb =׀V,
a=1.2, the Lf value is approximately 2.5 mH.
B. Design of Transformers The line voltage is, Vca = 415V , then
The transformers are used in two ways, one is the non-
Va = Vb = Vc = 415 3 = 239.60 V (10)
isolated condition for compensating the neutral current only
and the second way is to use it for providing isolation to the Va1 = 207.49V , Vb1 = 119.80V (11)
VSC along with neutral current compensation. Transformers Hence, two single-phase transformers of rating 2.4 kVA,
are to be designed for the mmf (magneto motive force) 240V/120V/120V and 2.1 kVA, 208 V/208 V are selected.
balance to achieve the neutral current compensation. The
designs of the transformers are given in the following sections. 4) Star/Hexagon Transformer[122]
The hexagon connected secondary winding of the
1) Zig-zag Transformer[106] transformer provides a path for the zero sequence fundamental
The connection of the zig-zag transformer and its phasor current and harmonic currents and hence offers a path for the
diagram are shown in Figs. 6(a). If Va, Vb and Vc are the neutral current when connected in shunt at PCC. Under single-
voltages across each winding and Vza is the resultant voltage, phase load, the zero sequence load neutral current circulates in
then the hexagon windings of the star/hexagon transformer. The
Vza = K1Va − K 2Vc (4) voltage across each primary winding is the phase voltage. The
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purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
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voltage rating of the star/hexagon transformer windings are theory etc. Some important control strategies are given in the
designed as shown below. following sections.
The star/hexagon transformer and the phasor diagram A. Instantaneous P-Q Theory [52]
shown in Figs. 6(d) explains the following relations to find the The control of DSTATCOM is implemented on the basis of
turns ratio of windings. If Va, Vb and Vc are the per phase instantaneous reactive power theory (or p-q theory) to
voltages across each winding and Vca is the resultant voltage, calculate the desired compensation current. The block diagram
then for the control using IRPT is shown in Fig. 7 (a). In this
Vca = K1Va − K 2Vc (12) method, the sensed three-phase PCC voltages and load
currents are transformed into α − β − ο axis using the Clark’s
where K1 and K2 are the fraction of winding in the phases.
transformation. In addition, the source must deliver no zero-
Considering Va = V ∠0° and Vza =
3V ∠30° , then, sequence active power, (so that the zero-sequence component
3V ∠30° = K1V ∠0° − K 2V ∠ − 120° (13) of the voltage at the PCC does not contribute to the source
power). The reference source currents in the α − β − ο
one gets, K1 = 1 , K 2 = 1
reference frame are converted to the abc frame using the
The line voltage is, Vca = 200V , then reverse Clark’s transformation.
B. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Theory [53]
Va = Vb = Vc = 200 3 = 115.50 V (14) This control technique is based on the transformation
Hence, three numbers of single-phase transformers of each of from abc frame to the rotating reference frame d − q − 0 using
rating 2.6 kVA, 240V/120V/120V are selected. the unit vectors, cos θ and sin θ obtained using a three-phase
C. Ripple Filter phase locked loop (PLL) of supply voltage. A block diagram
of the control scheme is shown in Fig. 7 (b). The oscillatory
A low- pass first order filter tuned at half the switching components (ac components) are eliminated using low pass
frequency is used to filter the high frequency noise from the filter (LPF) and the DC component is the fundamental
voltage at the PCC. Considering a low impedance for the frequency part of the load current.
harmonic voltage at a frequency of 5 kHz, the ripple filter C. Voltage Template and PI (Proportional-Integral)
capacitor is designed as Cf = 5 µ F [111]. A series resistance Controllers [56]
(Rf) of 5 Ω is included in series with the capacitor (Cf). This method is based on the unit vectors derived from the
D. Comparison of Topologies supply voltage. The inphase and quadrature unit sine waves
The components and voltage levels for the different are generated. There are two PI controllers used over the dc
topologies are summarized in a Table I. The number of bus voltage and the amplitude of supply voltage respectively.
required switching devices, required transformer, interfacing The inphase component of the reference source current is
inductor, DC bus voltage, DC bus capacitance and kVA rating obtained by multiplying the dc bus PI controller output with
of the transformer are tabulated for a quick comparison. It is the inphase unit vectors and the quadrature component of the
observed that the lower DC bus voltage is possible with reference source current is obtained by multiplying the ac
isolated VSC based DSTATCOMs. The number of amplitude PI controller output with the quadrature unit
semiconductor devices is minimum with 2-leg VSC based vectors. The reference supply currents are derived as the sum
DSTATCOMs. of the in-phase and quadrature components of currents.
V. CONTROL METHODS OF DSTATCOM C. Instantaneous Symmetrical Components Theory [9]
This method is based on the power calculated using the
There are different control strategies reported such as
fundamental positive-sequence component the voltage at the
sliding mode control, voltage template and PI controllers,
PCC. This method is capable of providing perfect harmonic
C
c2 c2
N a1 a3 a
a1 b2 b1 Vc Va
B
b1 a2 a1 b2 b1 Vb2 120o Vb1
b2 b3 30
c1 c3 b1 a2 a1 120o
b2 c1 Va2 120o Va1
a2 b a2
b3
A b3 Vb=Vb3
c
(a)
(c)
A
izn izc izb iza
b1 c1 a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2 K2Vc c2
a1 Vab
Vca b1
i0 Vca Vab
a1
K1Va a2
a2 b2 c2 C c3 Vbc
Vbc B a3 b3
b2 c1
(b)
izn icc
ica icb
(d)
Fig. 6 Isolated transformer and phasor diagram (a) zig-zag (b) star/delta transformer (c) Isolated T-connected transformer (d) Isolated star/hexagon
transformer
instantaneous symmetrical component theory, neural network cancellation. Its objective is to compensate all the harmonics
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10.1109/TII.2014.2308437, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
V_ref
V dc * PI
v PI
iα q isα * v dc
+- controller
LPF
ia X -1 X iloss
[C] isβ * id* i sa*
ib X
i La abc id
LPF
id dc
++ abc
ic iβ X i Lb
[c]t
iq i sb*
i Lc d-q-0 LPF ++ d-q-0
va vα .
*
iqdc iq*
__ i sc *
isa* isc
-1
. 2
X 2 i qr
vb [C]
isb*
Three
. phase PLL Current
vc X __
. X (cos ,sin ) controlled i sc
vβ vs PWM i sb
p vsa Controller
X HPF X v sb Amplitude - PI i sa
v sc + controller
X ploss Gate Pulses for
v s* 3-leg VSC
vdcref PI
(a) (b)
vdc
Fig.7 (a) Block diagram of IRPT based control of DSTATCOM (b) Block diagram of SRFT based control of DSTATCOM.
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The dynamic performance of three-leg VSC based factor correction or voltage regulation by reactive power
DSTATCOM (Topology shown in Fig. 1(b)) for voltage compensation along with harmonics elimination, load
regulation along with harmonics compensation and load balancing and neutral current compensation. The PCC
balancing is shown in Fig. 8(a). The loads are considered as voltages (vS), load currents (iL), supply currents (iS),
nonlinear loads. It is demonstrated for voltage regulation along compensator currents (iC), load neutral current (iLn),
with harmonics reduction and load balancing. The PCC compensator neutral current (iCn), supply neutral current (iSn),
voltages (vS), supply currents (iS), harmonic load currents (iL), amplitude of voltage (Vt) at PCC and DC bus voltage (vdc) are
compensator currents (iC), DC bus voltage (vdc) and amplitude depicted in each case. The performance is analysed in the
of voltage (VS) at PCC are depicted in Fig. 8(a). The supply following sections.
currents are observed as sinusoidal and balanced, though the 1) Non-isolated 4-leg VSC
load currents are nonlinear and unbalanced. The DC bus of the The dynamic performance of a four-leg VSC based
VSC is self supported and its voltage is regulated to the DSTATCOM (Topology shown in Fig. 3(a)) for voltage
reference value under varying loads. regulation along with load balancing is shown in Fig. 9(a)
The dynamic performance of a three-phase three-wire under linear loads. It is observed that DSTATCOM has
DSTATCOM based on isolated H-bridge VSC and a star/delta regulated PCC voltage by injecting reactive power. The supply
transformer (topology shown in Fig. 1(f)) is shown in Fig. currents are balanced when the load currents are unbalanced.
8(b). The considered loads are linear loads. The split Moreover, the dc bus voltage is regulated under varying loads.
capacitors are maintained at equal DC voltages of 200V and 2) Non-isolated 3-leg VSC with zig-zag Transformer
the total DC bus voltage is 400V. The amplitude of voltage The dynamic performance of 3-leg VSC with zig-zag
(VS) is regulated to a reference value under varying loads transformer (Topology shown in Fig. 4(a)) based
demonstrating the voltage regulation operation of the DSTATCOM for PCC voltage regulation along with load
DSTATCOM. balancing is shown in Fig. 9(b) at linear loads. Supply currents
B. Three-Phase Four-Wire DSTATCOM are observed to be balanced when the load currents are
The performance of six topologies of three-phase four-wire unbalanced. Moreover, the neutral current is compensated by
DSTATCOMs are demonstrated from each category for power the zig-zag transformer.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8 (a).Three-Leg VSC based 3-phase 3-Wire DSTATCOM for harmonics compensation and voltage regulation under nonlinear loads, (b). Isolated
Two-leg VSC and split capacitors based 3-phase 3-wire DSTATCOM for load balancing and voltage regulation under linear loads.
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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(b)
(a)
Fig. 9 (a). Performance of 4-leg VSC based 3-phase 4-Wire DSTATCOM for neutral current compensation, load balancing and voltage regulation under
linear loads, (b). Performance of non-isolated 3-leg VSC and zig-zag transformer as DSTATCOM for neutral current compensation, load balancing and
voltage regulation under linear loads.
3) Non-isolated 2-leg VSC and Star/Delta Transformer The dynamic performance of an isolated 2-leg VSC with
The dynamic performance of a 2-leg VSC and star/delta star/ hexagon transformer (Topology shown in Fig. 5(i)) based
transformer based DSTATCOM (Topology shown in Fig. DSTATCOM for voltage regulation along with harmonics
4(f)) for power factor correction along with load balancing is compensation and load balancing is shown in Fig. 10(d).
shown in Fig. 10(a) under linear loads. The supply currents are These loads are considered as nonlinear loads in order to
balanced even when load currents are unbalanced. Moreover, demonstrate harmonics elimination. The neutral current is
the neutral current is compensated by a star/delta transformer. compensated by a star/hexagon transformer. Moreover, the
4) Three Single-Phase VSC supply currents are observed to be balanced and sinusoidal
The dynamic performance of a three single-phase VSC even when load currents are nonlinear and unbalanced.
based three-phase transformer (Topology shown in Fig. 5(a)) C. Comparison of Performances of DSTATCOMs
for voltage regulation operation along with load balancing and It has been observed that the dc bus voltage of VSC is
neutral current compensation is shown in Fig. 10(b) under regulated under all conditions of varying loads, verifying the
linear loads. It is observed that supply currents are maintained self supporting operation of all DSTATCOMs. The topology
balanced and sinusoidal and the neutral current is compensated shown in Fig. 1(f) is advantageous as three-phase three-wire
even under unbalanced load currents. Moreover, the DC bus is DSTATCOM, because it has least numbers of semiconductor
self supported and its voltage is regulated to the reference devices and hence less cost, but it has a bulky transformer.
value under varying loads. The three-leg VSC based DSTATCOM shown in Fig.1 (b) is
preferred when a transformer is not preferred.
5) Isolated 3-leg VSC with T-connected Transformer
Similarly, when transformer is not preferred for a three-
The dynamic performance of 3-leg VSC with T-connected
phase four-wire DSTATCOM, a four-leg VSC based topology
transformer (Topology shown in Fig. 5(d)) based
shown in Fig. 3(a) is preferred. Otherwise, the isolated zig-zag
DSTATCOM for power factor correction along with load
transformer and H-bridge VSC based topology shown in Fig.
balancing and harmonics compensation is shown in Fig. 10(c).
5(f) is advantageous as a three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM,
These loads are considered as nonlinear loads in order to
because it has least number of semiconductor devices and the
demonstrate harmonics elimination. The supply currents are
zig-zag transformer has lowest kVA rating. Moreover,
balanced and sinusoidal even when the load currents are
nonisolated zig-zag transformer and 3-leg VSC based
unbalanced and having harmonics. Moreover, the neutral
topology shown in Fig 4(a) is found suitable, when isolation is
current is compensated by the T-connected transformer.
not required for the VSC. The similar topologies with T-
6) Isolated 2-leg VSC with Star/Hexagon transformer
connected transformers may be suitable to applications where
space occupied by transformers is a constraint as they require
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purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 10 (a) Performance of non-isolated 2-leg VSC and Star/delta transformer as DSTATCOM for neutral current compensation, load balancing and power
factor correction, (b) Performance of 3 single- phase VSC based DSTATCOM for neutral current compensation, load balancing and power factor
correction, (c) Performance of isolated 3-leg
leg VSC and T-connected
T connected transformer as DSTATCOM for neutral current compensation, load balancing and
power factor correction under nonlinear loads, (d) Performance of isolated
isola 2-leg VSC and Star/Hexagon transformer as DSTATCOM for neutral current
compensation, load balancing and voltage regulation under nonlinear loads.
loads
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phase four-wire DSTATCOM. It is hoped that these [2] R.M. Mathur, Static Compensators for Reactive Power Control,
Contexts Publications, Winnipeg, Canada, 1984.
DSTATCOMs along with performance demonstration will be
[3] G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, 2nd edition, West Lafayette, IN,
a useful to the designers, manufacturers and researchers Stars in a Circle, 1994.
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TABLE-I
COMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS OF DSTATCOM
Sl.No Topology Transformer Interfacing Capacitor Dc bus Isolat- kVA Semiconducto
Inductance, C (µF) voltage, ion rating r Devices
L (mH) Vdc (V) of
Tran.
1 Three-leg VSC ( Fig.1(b)) Not required 2.5 mH 3000 700 No Nil 6
2 Two-leg VSC with split capacitor Not required 7 mH 5000 1400 No Nil 4
(Fig.1(f))
3 Four-leg VSC ( Fig.2(b)) Not required 3.5 mH 2200 700 No Nil 8
4 Non-isolated Zig-zag transformer Zig-zag 3.5 mH 2200 700 No 5 6
with three-leg VSC ( Fig.3(a)) Transformer
5 Non-isolated Star/Delta transformer Star/Delta 7 mH 5000 1400 No 8 4
with two-leg VSC ( Fig.3(f)) Transformer
6 Three single phase VSC ( Fig.4(a)) Not required 7 mH 2200 400 Yes 12
7 Isolated T-connected transformer T-connected 2.3 mH 6600 400 Yes 12 6
with three-leg VSC ( Fig.4(d)) Transformer
8 Isolated Star/hexagon transformer Star/Hexagon 3.5mH 6600 400 Yes 12 4
with two-leg VSC ( Fig.4(j) Transformer
TABLE-II
COMPARISON OF TRANSFORMERS FOR NEUTRAL CURRENT COMPENSATION
Transformer winding winding Number of Total
Voltage(V) Current(A) kVA Transformers kVA
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10.1109/TII.2014.2308437, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
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Energy Storage System,” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial for Capacitor Supported DSTATCOM in Three-Phase Four Wire
Electronics, (ISIE), June 2007, pp. 600 – 605. Distribution System Under Non-Ideal Supply Voltage Conditions
[82] Juan Zhou, Xiao-jie Wu, Yi-wen Geng and Peng Dai, “Simulation Based on Synchronous Reference Frame Theory,” International
Research on a SVPWM Control Algorithm for a Four-Leg Active Journal on Electric Power and Energy Systems, 2010.
Power Filter,” Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, [101] Cheng-I Chen, and Gary W. Chang, “Virtual Instrumentation and
vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 590-594, Dec. 2007. Educational Platform for Time-Varying Harmonics and
[83] Mehmet Ucar and Engin Ozdemir, “Control of a 3-phase 4-leg active Interharmonics Detection,” accepted for IEEE Transactions on
power filter under non-ideal mains voltage condition,” Electric Power Industrial Electronics.
Systems Research, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 58-73, Jan 2008. [102] Carlos Henrique da Silva, Rondineli R. Pereira, Luiz Eduardo Borges
[84] María Isabel Milanés, Enrique Romero Cadaval and Fermín Barrero da Silva, Germano Lambert-Torres, Bimal K. Bose, and Se Un AhnA,
González, “Comparison of Control Strategies for Shunt Active Power “Digital PLL Scheme for Three-Phase System Using Modified
Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Synchronous Reference Frame,” accepted for IEEE Transactions on
Electronics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp.229-236, Jan. 2007. Industrial Electronics.
[85] H.L.Jou, K. D. Wu, J. C. Wu, C. H. Li and M. S. Huang, “Novel [103] S. Rahmani, N. Mendalek and K. Al-Haddad,” Experimental Design
power converter topology for three-phase four-wire hybrid power of a Nonlinear Control Technique for Three-Phase Shunt Active
filter”, IET Proc. Power Electronics, vol.1, No.1, pp. 164-173, 2008. Power Filter,”accepted for IEEE Transactions on Industrial
[86] Srinivas Bhaskar Karanki, Nagesh Geddada, Mahesh K. Mishra, and Electronics.
B. Kalyan Kumar,” A DSTATCOM Topology With Reduced DC- [104] Juan Carlos Montaño, “Reviewing concepts of instantaneous and
Link Voltage Rating for Load Compensation With Nonstiff Source” average compensation in polyphase systems,” accepted for IEEE
,IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 1201- Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
121, March 2012. [105] F. Cupertino, E. Lavopa, P. Zanchetta, M. Sumner, and L.
Copyright (c) 2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to use this material for any other
purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
1551-3203 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TII.2014.2308437, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
SalvatoreRunning DFT-based PLL Algorithm for Frequency, Phase DSTATCOM with H-bridge VSC and star/delta transformer for power
and Amplitude Tracking in Aircraft Electrical Systems,” accepted for quality improvement,” in Proc. of the IEEE International Conference
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. on Sustainable Energy Technology (ICSET ‘08), Singapore, Nov.
• Nonisolated VSC and Transformer based DSTATCOM 2008, pp.366-371.
[106] Hurng- Liahng Jou, Kuen- Der Wu, Jinn- Chang Wu and Wen- Jung [126] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three-phase four-wire
Chiang, “A three-phase four- wire power filter comprising a three- DSTATCOM with reduced switches for power quality improvement,”
phase three-wire active filter and a zig-zag transformer,” IEEE Trans. Asian Power Electronics Journal, vol. 2, no.2, Nov. 2008.
on Power Electroics., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 252- 259, January 2008.
[107] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash T R Somayajulu and D P Kothari,
“Reduced rating VSC with a zig-zag transformer for power quality
improvement in three-phase four-wire distribution system,”IEEE BIOGRAPHIES
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 249-259, Jan 2009.
[108] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash, Sunil Kumar and D P Kothari, Bhim Singh (Fellow) was born in
“Implementation of neural network controlled VSC based Rahamapur, India, in 1956. He received the
DSTATCOM,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.47, B.E (Electrical) degree from the University
no.4, August 2011. of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, in 1977 and the
[109] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three-Leg VSC and a
Transformer Based Three-Phase Four-Wire DSTATCOM for M.Tech and Ph.D. degree from the Indian
Distribution Systems” in Proc. of the NPSC’08, Bombay, Dec. 2008, Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New
pp.602-607. Delhi, India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, he
[110] P Jayaprakash, Bhim Singh and D P Kothari, “DSP Implementation of joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
three-leg VSC based three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM for voltage
regulation and power quality improvement,”in Proc of IECON Roorkee, as a lecturer, and in 1988 became a Reader. In
’09,pp.312-318, Portugal. December 1990, he joined the Department of Electrical
[111] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari,“A T-Connected Engineering, IIT Delhi, as an Assistant Professor. He became
transformer and three-leg VSC based DSTATCOM for power quality an Associate Professor in 1994 and Professor in 1997. His area
improvement,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 6, pp.
2710-2718, Nov 2008. of interest includes power electronics, electrical machines and
[112] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Star/hexagon drives, active filters, FACTS, HVDC and power quality.
transformer and non-isolated three-leg VSC based 3-phase 4-wire Dr. Singh is a fellow of Indian National Academy of
DSTATCOM,” Intl. Journal of Power and Energy Conversion, 2010. Engineering (INAE), the Institution of Engineers (India) (IE
[113] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash, T R Somayajulu and D P Kothari
“DSTATCOM with reduced switches using two-leg VSC and zig-zag (I)), and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication
transformer for power quality improvement in three-phase four-wire Engineers (IETE), a life member of the Indian Society for
distribution system,” in Proc. of the IEEE TENCON’08, Hyderabad, Technical Education (ISTE), the System Society of India
India, Nov. 2008. (SSI), and the National Institution of Quality and Reliability
[114] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three-phase four-wire
DSTATCOM with H-bridge VSC and star/delta transformer for power (NIQR) and Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics
quality improvement,” in Proc. of the IEEE INDICON’08, Kanpur, Engineers (IEEE).
India, Dec. 2008, pp. 412-417.
[115] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “H-Bridge VSC with a P. Jayaprakash (MIEEE‘08) was born in
T-Connected Transformer Based Three-Phase Four-Wire
DSTATCOM for Power Quality Improvement,” in Proc. the NSC’08, Payyanur, India, in 1975. He received his
pp.1-6,Roorkee, India. B. Tech. (Electrical and Electronics
[116] P Jayaprakash, Bhim Singh and D P Kothari, “Three-phase four-wire Engineering) from the University of
DSTATCOM based on H-bridge VSC with a star/hexagon transformer Calicut, Kerala in 1996 and the M. Tech.
for power quality improvement in distribution systems,” in Proc. of
the IEEE ICIIS’08, Kharagpur, Dec. 2008, pp.1-6. and PhD from Indian Institute of
• Isolated VSC and Transformer Based DSTATCOM Technology, Delhi in 2003 and 2009
[117] P Jayaprakash, Bhim Singh and D P Kothari “Three Single-Phase respectively. He joined as a Research Associate at Integrated
Voltage Source Converter Based DSTATCOM for Three-Phase Four- Rural Technology Centre, Palakkad, Kerala during 1997 and
Wire Systems,” in Proc of ICPS ’09, pp.112-118, Kharagpur, India.
[118] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Implementation of he joined as a Engineer at National Hydro Electric Power
isolated three-leg VSC based three-phase four-wire DSTATCOM,” Corporation, India during 1998. He joined the Department of
International Journal of Electric Power Components and systems, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government College
2011. of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala in 1999 and became an
[119] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash, T R Somayajulu and D P Kothari,
“Integrated zigzag transformer and 3-leg VSC for power quality Associate Professor in 2012. His fields of interest are power
improvement in three-phase four wire system,” in Proc. of the IEEE quality, power electronics, power systems and renewable
IECON’08, July, 2008, Florida, USA, pp. 796-801. energy.
[120] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari “A three-phase four-wire Dr. Jayaprakash is a life member of the Indian Society for
DSTATCOM for power quality improvement,”Journal of Power
Electronics, vol. 8, no.3, pp. 249-255, July 2008. Technical Education (ISTE) and Member of Institute of
[121] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three-leg VSC Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
integrated with T-connected transformer as three-phase four-wire
DSTATCOM for power quality improvement,”Electric Power D. D.P. Kothari (Fellow) received the B.E.
Components and Systems,2009.
[122] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three leg VSC with a (Electrical), M.E. (Power Systems), and
star-hexagon transformer based DSTATCOM for power quality Doctoral degree in electrical engineering from
improvement in three-phase four-wire distribution system,” BITS, Pilani, India. He was Professor, Centre
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol.9, for Energy Studies and Director I/C, Indian
no.8, Article 1, Dec. 2008.
[123] P Jayaprakash, Bhim Singh and D P Kothari, “Implementation of Institute of Technology, New Delhi. Presently
isolated three-leg VSC and Star/Hexagon transformer based three- he is Director – Research, MVSR Engineering College,
phase four-wire DSTATCOM.” in Proc of ICETET 09, Nagpur, India. Hyderabad. His activities include optimal hydro-thermal
[124] P Jayaprakash, Bhim Singh and D P Kothari, “Integrated H-bridge scheduling, unit commitment, maintenance scheduling, energy
VSC with a zig-zag transformer based three-phase four-wire
DSTATCOM,”. Indian patent under process. conservation and power quality. He has guided 28 Ph.D
[125] Bhim Singh, P Jayaprakash and D P Kothari, “Three-phase four-wire scholars and has contributed extensively in these areas as
1551-3203 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/TII.2014.2308437, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
evidenced by the 520 research papers authored by him. He has the University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières,
also authored 22 books on power systems and allied areas. He QC, Canada, in 1982 and 1984, respectively, and the Ph.D.
was a Visiting Professor at the Royal Melbourne Institute of degree from the Institut National Polythechnique, Toulouse,
Technology, Melbourne, Australia, in 1982 and 1989. He France, in 1988. From June 1987 to June 1990, he was a
was a National Science Foundation Fellow at Purdue Professor with the Engineering Department, Université du
University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1992. Québec à Trois Rivières. Since June 1990, he has been a
Dr. Kothari is a fellow of Indian National Academy of Professor with the Electrical Engineering Department, École
Engineering (INAE) and Fellow of Institute of Electrical and de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montreal, QC, where he
Electronics Engineers (IEEE). has been the holder of the Canada Research Chair in Electric
Energy Conversion and Power Electronics since 2002. He has
Prof. Ambrish Chandra received B.E. degree supervised more than 70 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A students working
from the University of Roorkee (presently IIT), in the field of power electronics. He was the Director of
India, M. Tech. degree from IIT, New Delhi, graduate study programs at the ETS from 1992 to 2003. He is
India, and Ph.D. degree from University of a Consultant and has established very solid link with many
Calgary, Canada, in 1977, 1980, and 1987, Canadian industries working in the field of power electronics,
respectively. He worked as a Lecturer and later electric transportation, aeronautics, and telecommunications.
as a Reader at University of Roorkee. In 1994 he joined as He is the Chief of ETS- Bombardier Transportation North
Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering Department at America division, a joint industrial research laboratory on
École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Universié du Québec, electric traction system and power electronics. He is the
Montréal, Canada and in 1999 he joined there as a Professor. Coauthor of the Power System Blockset software of Matlab.
His main research interests are power quality, active filters, He has coauthored more than 300 transactions and conference
static reactive power compensation, flexible AC transmission papers. His fields of interest are in high efficient static power
systems (FACTS), control and integration of renewable converters, harmonics and reactive power control using hybrid
energy resources. He is the director of the master program on filters, switch mode and resonant converters including the
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at ÉTS. modeling, control, and development of prototypes for various
Dr. Chandra is a Fellow of Institution of Engineering and industrial applications in electric traction, power supply for
Technology, UK (FIET), Fellow of Institution of Electronics drives, telecommunication, etc. Prof. Al-Haddad is a fellow
and Telecommunication Engineers, India (FIETE), Fellow, member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, a life
Institution of Engineers, India (FIE), and Life member of member of the Circle of Excellence of the University of
Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). Dr. Chandra is Quebec and received the outstanding researcher award from
registered as a Professional Engineer in the province of ETS in 2000. He is active in the IEEE Industrial Electronics
Quebec. society where he is Vice President for Technical Activities, an
Kamal Al-Haddad (S’82–M’88–SM’92–F’07) AdCom member and serves as an Associate Editor of the
was born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1954. He IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
received the B.Sc.A. and M.Sc.A. degrees from
Copyright (c) 2009 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to use this material for any other
purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
1551-3203 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.