VOL. 1 Design Aids Standard Notations (a) Rectangular Beams. tensile walt stress in longitudinal retnforcement. compressive unit stiess in extene (ber of M-= bending moment, or moment of resistunce in general As = ffective cross sectional ares of tension rein- forcement b= width of beam. = effective depth, oF depth from compression sur- face of beam to center of tension reinforcement. ratio of depth of neutral axis to effective depth, ratio of lever arm of resisting couple to depth, d =2= arm of resisting couple. to effective area of concrete in bea: sultant of compres (6) T-Beams. b= wicth of flange. DIE width of stem 1 = thickness of flence. (c) Beams Reinforced for Compression. ment to effective aren of concrete in beam=A” {in longitudinal rein- compressive unit ste foreenett. total compressive stress in concrete. total compressive stress in steel depth from compression surface of beam to ‘center of compression reinforcement 42 =depth from compression strface of betm to re- ‘sultant of compressive stresses. (d) Shear, Bond ant Web Reinforcement. = total shear. V' =external shear on any section after deducting thet carsied by the concrete, ¥ = ahoaring untt stress 1 = bond stress per unit of ares of surface of ber. © = perime Ze = aum of perimeters of bars in ont = optcing of web reinforcenent bars, me pemandicular to their diraction. ued 8 = apeeing of web reinforcement bare, measured at the neutral exis and in the direction of the lonei- tudinal axis of the beam. ‘Av =totel aren of web reinforcenent in tension within © distance, a, of the total area of all bars bent ‘up in any one ple ‘= angle between wed bars an¢ longitudinel bars v= tensile unit streas in wed reinforcement. BRIDGE PLANNING AND DESIGN MANUAL Mor 1962 5.1 Design Formulas (a) Flexure of Rectangular Reinlorced Concrete Beams ard Slabs Computations of flexure in rectangular reinforced concrete beams and slabs shall be based on the fol- lowing formules: (2) Reinforced for tension only. Position of neutral axis, w= V apn + (pa pn. ‘Arm of resisting couple, Compressive unit stress in exireme fiber of con- crete, 2M _ pte fe= es? Tensile unit stress in longitudinal reinforcement, =e, Rud vival Steel ratio for balanced reinforcement, 1 ape = (=) ft \ine Note: For approximate computations, the following ‘assumptions may be made: ie% ba? (2) Reinforced for both tension and compression: Posi vitae aoine’ (k-2) Bees) ‘Arm of resisting couple, ja=dmz. Compressive unit stress in extreme fiber of con- crete, feVOL. Ill Design ds BRIDGE PLANNING AD DESIGN MANUAL March 1971 5.2 ee Tensile stress in longitudinal reinforcement, Compressive stress in longitudinal reinforcement, a (6) Flexue of Reinforced Concrete T-Beems; Computations of flexure in reinforced concrete T- beans shall be based on the following formulas: (@) Neutral axie in the flange: Use the formulas for rectangular beans and slabs. (b) Neutral axis below the flange: ‘The following formulas neglect the compression in the ste Position of neutral axis, andA st bi? ka 2 2mAs+20e Position of resultant compression, (2 =2y 1 Nixa 75 ‘Arm of resisting couple, jd=d=z. Compressive unit stress in extreme fiber of concrete, : aCES Tensile unit stress in longitudinal reinforcement, ™ f= hei (For approximate results, the formules for rectangu- Jar beams may be used.) The following formulas take into account the com pression in the stem: they are recommended where the flange is small compared with the stem: Position of neutral axis, tio RES TOEIE ; (ALES OT} aki sb 8 b Position of resultant compression, (eat? —%8 90+ [ed — 7 + kd — 9) Jo! {kd — 9D + (kd 020" ‘Arm of resisting couple, joedaz. Compressive unit stress i extreme fiber of concrete, hea feces faxa-oneca—oriia Tensile unit stress in longitudinal reinforcement, 5 Asie ‘ (c) Shom, Bond and Web Reinforcement Diagonal tension and shear in reinforced concrete beans shall be calculated by the following formulas: Shearing unit stress, v bia Stress in vertical web reinforcement, vis Avid When @ series of web bars or beat-up longitudinal bars is used, the web reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with the formula: ve iid (sin 2) + €0 80) When the web reintorcement consists of bars bent up in a single plane so as to reinforce all sections of the beam which require it, the bent-up bars shall be designed in accordance with the formula: we hee Ay tein ‘The bond between concrete and reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete beams and slabs shall be com pated by the formula: jae (For approximate results “4, may be taken as %) The value of 2" in bundled bars should reflect only the outside surface of the bundle. Zo 2-bar bundle = Zo 2 bars Zo 3bar bundle = Zo 2 bars Zo 4bar bundle = Ze 3. bars in the above fornulas, ‘As regards shear and bond stress for tensile steel, the above formulas apply also to beams reinforced for compression.VOL. Ill Design Aids BRIDGE PLANNING AND DESIGN MANUAL Moy 1962 5.3 CONCRETE DESIGN ee a id RECTANGULAR BEAM RECTANGULAR BEAM WITHOUT COMPRESSIVE REINFORCEMENT WITH COMPRESSIVE REINFORCEMENT T-BEAM BOX GIRDER