Chapter 1

The Problem

Background of the Study

A team’s success is mostly measured by its season

record and overall amount of victories, yet winning is only

a minor part of success. Success alone does not make a team

great until it is paired with effective coaching. Effective

coaching runs deeper than wins and losses, it also includes

reaching athletes on an individual level. Coaches who focus

on positive, personal relationships with their athletes are

ensuring success beyond their record on the field. (Ohio

University, 2016)

It is stated in the study that the quality of the

athletes may depend upon the training program of a coach

and desire to improve the athlete’s performance through

training. In this field, experiences of coaches plays a

vital role for it molds his capabilities to train an

athlete, which reflects who and what ‘their athletes have

become because of the said experiences. (Chulyao, et.al,

2018)

The majority of an athletic coach’s work occurs before

and after a game or match, and much of that work includes

administrative duties. Coaches are responsible for meeting

the goals of the organization for which they work,

addressing financial and legal issues, coordinating

training, facilitating competitions and helping with

fundraising. To prepare for a career in coaching, learn the

specific coaching skills of the sport, how to manage an

athletic program and how to work with a variety of

personality types. (S. Ashe-Edmunds, N.D)

Coaches have an important role in athlete’s life.

Researches says that in this days coaches perform roles as

many and as varied as the spares of activity. The coach is

not just a purveyor of skills, instead a communicator,

evaluator, guidance counselor, motivator, trainer,

developer of materials, and training manager. (Saturnino,

2009)

The coaching profession is most appropriately

characterized by the profound uniqueness of its nature. A

coach is at once a teacher, a psychologist, a father/mother

figure and other roles which he or she finds it expedient

or necessary to assume, at given time. It is a volatile and

often unpredictable profession involving numerous and

concurrent pressures. (G.F Acosta, 2018)

As well as Topend Sports(2018) stated coaches assist

the athletes in developing their potential and it’s the

coach who is responsible for the athletes training in the

sport by analyzing their performance, instructing in

relevant skills, and by providing encouragement and

including the guide in life and their chosen sport.

Topend sport also mention that “the role of the coach

will be many and varied, from instructor, assessor, friend,

mentor, facilitator, chauffer, demonstrator, adviser,

supporter, fact finder, motivator, counselor, organizer,

planner and the fountain of all knowledge.

With all of these coach roles presented there are

actually more to be added; according to Chulyao and et.al

(2018) the coach is sometimes regarded as a stranger, an

enemy, and a model for athletes, and as an idealist so, the

coach play many roles there are some of which are

contradictory to others, for this reason, coach must be

experienced enough to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainly.

As stated above coaches play an important role in

athlete life. S. Ashe-Edmunds explained that its part of a

coach’s duty is to train athletes for peak performance.

This includes training the athlete in ways that help her

learn, practice and master the technical and tactical

skills of the sport; teaching players to work together if

it’s a team sport; working on physical conditioning,

nutrition and mental toughness; and setting team and

individual goals. During practice sessions, coaches use

drills to isolate and improve individual skills such as

hitting, dribbling, shooting, passing, catching and

throwing. Practices also include game-like training and

practice, including simulated matches, games and

scrimmages.

S. Johnson, et.al (2011) added that the coaching

profession is ever-changing and coaches at each level of

sport completion need to know more than just the Xs and Os

in order to be successful. As the primary individuals

tasked with developing athletes and helping them achieve

their goals, coaches should acquire a working knowledge of

all area affiliated with performance enhancement.

Specially, the disciplines of sports administration, sport

medicine, strength and conditioning, and sports psychology

can assist coaches while physically and mentally training

their athletes.

According to K. Mannie strength training has become

such an integral part of an athlete’s training regimen over

the past several decades that you would assume it is

universally accepted as standard operating procedure.

However, judging from some of the correspondence I receive

from coaches around the country, there still appears to be

a fairly large contingent of well-meaning coaches who are

recipients of push-back regarding strength training’s

efficacy and overall benefits. Whether the concerns stem

from uninformed parents/guardians, misguided coaches or

athletic directors, or antiquated gender stereotyping and

misconceptions, strength training still receives a bad rap

in some small, restricted circles.

The training program serves as the lesson plan

coaches. If used effectively, this can elevate the

performance of the athletes to the fullest. When designing

the training plan, it is important to match the plan to the

athletes fitness and skill level. It is important to review

the plan frequently and adjust it as required. To get the

most benefit from training, it is important to use various

techniques since they have different purposes. (chulyao,

et.al, 2018)

Since there are a lot of sports in the world coaching

and training will be a hard work for the coach. Based on

the record of World Sports Encyclopaedia (2003); there

are 8,000 indigenous sports and sporting games invented and

played by the different country. And in the Philippines

there are six major sports: basketball, badminton, tennis,

football, billiards, and volleyball. Despite being a

tropical nation, ice skating has recently become a popular

sport in the Philippines. Sports such as athletics,

weightlifting, aerobics, and martial arts are also popular

recreations.

One of the most common sports played in the country is

volleyball. It is a popular team sport in which two teams

of six players separated by a net; hit a large ball back

and forth over a high net and each team tries to score

points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under

organized rules. It has been a part of the official program

of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964.

Volleyball is a game where it requires a great

strength to play. And according to G.J. Connolly to be a

great court volleyball player should have to be powerful,

energetic, graceful, and able to handle the ball with

finesse. This kind of spectrum of requirements calls for a

unique training regimen. There are a lot of different ideas

about how to best accomplish this goal, but most coaches

and experts agree that it is important to undergo a course

of training that includes a wide variety of different kinds

of exercises that will help you develop all of these

abilities.
 Volleyball is a team sport that requires great skill

and can be very rewarding when played properly. Certainly

considered to be both a competitive and leisurely activity,

it can be played by school teams, professional athletes and

families enjoying a day at the beach. (FitnessHealth101,

2017)

In working out the ideal training regimen for

volleyball – you need to give equal weight to the physical

and mental sides of the game. You could say pretty much the

same thing for any sport of course – but other sports

demand more mental prowess, like golf for example, whilst

others are arguably more physical – like football. But

volleyball demands equal measures of both. (Dan Blewett,

2011)

Volleyball places a large number of demands on the

technical and physical skills of a player. During the

course of play, players are required to serve, pass, set,

attack, block and dig the ball. Playing volleyball requires

flexibility, good balance, upper and lower body strength

and speed in order to be played effectively.

(FitnessHealth101, 2017)

G. Rollins (2016) stated that many people who want to

improve their volleyball game spend a lot of time

practicing important moves like serving and spiking the

ball. These are the fundamentals of the game, and unless

you can serve accurately and spike with a lot of force, you

will probably not be able to lend your team very much

support. It is important to gain some mastery of these

elements of volleyball before you start to focus on other,

less crucial aspects of your performance. Once you have a

solid grasp on the key maneuvers of the game, it is time to

move on to making sure that you are the strongest, quickest

athlete you can be. Having a great spike won’t prove to be

very useful if you can never get to the ball! It is

important to train both the lower and the upper body to be

a great volleyball player. You will need strong arms and

shoulders in order to send the ball flying, so weight

lifting to improve your biceps and other upper body muscles

is a key part of any volleyball training regimen.

It is also important to spend some time developing

your legs and lower body, especially the calves and gluts

because this can help you send your jumps sky high. Strong

legs are the powerhouse that fuels a good volleyball team

member. A player who has the time and dedication to improve

all of these different muscle groups will have quite an

advantage over a competitor who has concentrated solely on

one or the other. Once you have improved your strength and

your skill, it is time to focus on agility. The lighter you

can be on your feet, the safer and more effective a player

you will become. Court volleyball is very much about being

able to move quickly while avoiding collisions with other

players. Any volleyball athlete can benefit from improving

his or her reflexes. Most injuries on the court happen when

players crash into each other while running, jumping, or

diving for the ball. If you can learn to respond

instantaneously to the movements of other players you will

able to protect yourself and your teammates from this kind

of common, and often painful, mishap.

As mention by Dan Blewett, the volleyball player

should pay attention to The Lats & Anterior Core; the

Forearms, Wrists, & Hands; Lower Leg Strength; The Rotator

Cuff more than others. Since the Rotator Cuff “Striking a

volleyball results in incredible acceleration and

deceleration of the arm, and even young athletes in the

sport will complain of pretty chronic shoulder pain. We

need to foster increased stability and strength in all the

muscles the hold the scapula in place as well as

accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize the shoulder joint.

This means lots of fun exercises that a pitcher like me

knows all too well...”

Lower Leg Strength is the knees cave in during jumping

for the vast majority of young female athletes, regardless

of their sport. Weak quads and hips are to blame for this,

as addressed above, and we want to make sure that when

jumping the knees track directly over the big toe at all

times. Knees the cave inward in acceleration or

deceleration of a jump place the knee ligaments at

increased risk. Sports like volleyball have incredible

amounts of rapid up-and-downs mixed with awkward take-offs

and landings. We need to strongly reinforce the legs not

just to add to the vertical leap, but to ward off injury.

The Forearms, Wrists, & Hands are what ultimately

strike the volleyball? Just like the world’s fastest car is

useless if running on bare rims, weak hands, wrists and

forearms (we call this grip strength as a whole) is going

to prevent the athlete from putting maximum force behind

her strike. If the hand is strong and rigid, more energy

will be transferred to the ball than with a hand that is

weak and compliant. Grip strength is highly undervalued in

women’s athletics as a whole, and towel hangs, as shown

above, are just one of tons of creative ways of

strengthening the grip.

The Lats & Anterior Core is what muscles hold the arms

rigid when going up for a block? The latissimus dorsi and

the abdominals. Keeping a focus on the anterior core

(containing the abs and obliques, among others) and the

lats will allow for powerful spikes and strong, firm arms

with which to block powerful spikes. (Volleyball Players:

Sport-Specific Training Needs, 2011)

S. Connors (2017) stated that a volleyball-specific

strength and conditioning program can optimize a player’s

performance on the court. Whether athletes are still

developing or competing at the highest level, spending time

in the weight room building a strength foundation can be

the difference between winning and losing a game.

Training is an essential practice for every athletes

but C. Pickering stated that there are different kind of

athletes; the training of the athlete should be according

to the skill should be improved. He explained If you’ve

ever trained a group of athletes, you’ve probably noticed

something peculiar. Even though you give the group the same

training program, at the end of the training block, there

are vast differences in how much those athletes improve.

Some athletes will respond really well to that specific

training, and see huge improvements that carry over to

personal bests in the competition period. Some athletes

won’t respond well at all, and as a result might

underperform in the next competitive season. Most of the

athletes will show a fairly average response; they might

set a few new personal bests and have a decent season,

particularly if they’re young and developing, but it might

not be anything special. Over the course of a several

different training periods, these effects can add up. Those

who respond really well to training will likely compete at

a very high level, while those who respond poorly will

likely fall by the wayside.

Volleyball has become an increasingly competitive and

popular sport. Young players not only play for middle or

high school teams, but also try out for traveling or league

teams between seasons. This continuous play of one sport

can lead to overuse injuries in the shoulders, knees, and

other areas of the body. A varied workout routine with

proper rest periods helps prevent overuse volleyball

injuries.

According to the experts taking part in proper

volleyball training, including a program that addresses

strength and conditioning, and flexibility, will increase

power, endurance, and agility. A comprehensive training

program can help young volleyball players stay injury free

and on the court.

No matter whether you are an experienced volleyball

player or just a beginner, you should do everything you can

to be a better athlete. It’s important to note that the

sport of volleyball requires speed, strength, endurance,

specific skills as well as teamwork. We are here to help

you build a more effective volleyball training plan.

And as mention by Butler a coach is a person who is

always in constant pursuit of improvement, searching for

more innovated and effective techniques to enhance the

quality of training sessions. As what Greanleaf et al.

(2001) stated positive performance factor include coach

contact, trust and friendship, receiving coach feedback,

the ability to once personal coach and the coach having a

good plan or training program.

Knowledge of the basic fundamental skills of

volleyball, common errors, and suggested corrections will

enable a coach to provide efficient and effective teaching

and coaching strategies for every athlete. (Volleyball

Training Plan, 2017)

 The basic training for every Volleyball player should

undergo is Warm Up the slow jog, Foot Work, Sprinting, Led

Drills, Jump Rope Series, Abdomen workout, Arm Strength;

and volleyball approaches such as Blocking Approach,

Spiking Approach, Passing Approach (Receiving and Setting),

and lastly Service Approach.

These basic trainings help every player to play well

in the court. As mention by Park when asked about his

assessment of the visiting team, which is looking to learn

from the Asian men’s volleyball “The thing is, the basic

training has to improve, all the basics,” said Park

powerhouse.

Five minutes slow jog to warm up is very important

according to Sports camps (2019) Running can help increase

leg strength and vertical leap but it's important to do the

right type of running so that your body is perfectly

trained for volleyball performance.

Volleyball is a dynamic game that requires high levels

of agility and speed. A volleyball player must be able to

start moving quickly in any direction on the court anytime.

That means that an athlete’s leg muscles must be well

prepared to react to the opponent’s actions and the ball.

On the other hand, a volleyball player has to jump during a

match multiple times. Obviously, the game of

volleyball requires a lot of movement. That means that the

better footwork is – the faster an athlete is. That’s why

it’s so important for an athlete to focus on improving

his/her footwork. In other words, volleyball footwork

drills need to be a part of a player’s training program.

Today, we’ll talk about the drills that volleyball players

have to do to improve their footwork. (Pakmen, 2018)

Sprinting, this is an ideal training exercise for

helping players make quicker direction changes. It's

particularly useful for movements that have to be made when

a ball is deflected or comes off a blocker's hands. (Marie

Zidek, 2017)

Led Drills, it is common knowledge among coaches that

having a united and cohesive team requires player

leadership. While coaches offer formal instruction and

serve as Commander in Chief, they need help, so they turn

to a player – or maybe two or three players – to provide

extra leadership. Choosing the right player leader is a big

decision. It involves thinking carefully about whose

personality will resonate best with the team. (Rindy,2017)

If the player is ready to start your preseason

volleyball workouts, most player likely thinking about

increasing their vertical; and according to DeHart(2015)

the jumping rope is an awesome warm-up because it works

your calves and legs as it gets your heart rate up.

There is a difference between being in shape and being

in volleyball shape. Abdomen workout are also important for

athletes, such as runners, as weak core muscles can lead to

more fatigue, less endurance and injuries. Weak core

muscles can also leave you susceptible to poor posture,

lower back pain and muscle injuries. Strengthening core

muscles may also help improve back pain. (Lifestyle, 2018)

Arm strength, the muscles in the upper arms, including

the shoulders, biceps and triceps, are heavily involved as

a volleyball player passes hits or blocks the ball.

However, it’s having strength and power in those muscles

that help a volleyball player perform well. Having

muscularly tone upper arms won’t be beneficial to a

volleyball player’s performance, but they will increase an

athlete's confidence. (K. Nunley, 2005)

Blocking Approach, in order for volleyball

players to achieve optimal hitting power and gain an edge

on the court, drills to help advance their ability

to block should not be overlooked. A team can take over a

match with a good block much like a good server can with

their serve. (Myosource, 2019)

Spiking, in the game of volleyball an attack (or

spike) is performed to send the ball over the net to the

opponent’s side of the court. The main goal of an attacker

is to land the ball on the opposite’s side of the playing

court. In order to make an attack successful the ball has

to be hit with great force. It goes without saying that

players who are responsible for attacking, spiking as well

as hitting have to practice special volleyball skills.

(Pacmen, 2019)

Passing approach is the first volleyball hit in the

three-step process. Volleyball passers are the players in

the back row, prepped and ready with quick feet to move

forward, backward, or laterally around the court at any and

all necessary times. When the volleyball is served deep, a

volleyball passer is able to use their forearms to pass the

ball with great timing and accuracy. According to

"Volleyball Skills and Drills," the serve receive is the

most critical part of an offensive plan, and learning how

to anticipate and react to a serve is a key element to

staying on top. If you play the serve correctly, you can

more effectively transition into offense to give your team

the advantage. Great setting is nothing without great

hitting, and a setter needs defense to pass in order to

set. Why a setter is so important to volleyball is because

of how involved they are on every play and the leadership

qualities they can bring to the other 5 players on the

court. (Strength-and-power-for-volleyball, 2016)

Service approach, the volleyball serve is one of the

six basic volleyball techniques. A serve is used to put the

ball into play to start the volley. The serve is the only

skill controlled solely by one player.

The most important factor that affects the performance

of an athlete is the training program that is being

prepared by the coach. The purpose of the training program

is to change attitudes, behaviours or skills in a way that

the result will have a positive impact the organization

hopes to achieve. (Piol, 2005)

The researchers aims to let the couches know if their

training program is effective or not for them to improve it

if necessary. The researches believes that coming up with

this study entitled “Training needs of the coaches of the

volleyball of the University of the Cordilleras ” are very

much necessary for it determines if the needs in training

of the volleyball players are being meet by the coach

training. The researcher also came up with study because

they observed the volleyball players of the University of

the Cordilleras need to improve their endurance for

competitive advantage in any competition.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The researchers included detailed concepts about the

training needs and coaches to this part to provide great

support to the study. These also support the establishment

of the study as to why it created problems to deal with.

Coach as a whole, is referred to as a role model of

they also idolized them maybe because of their social a

professional aspects.

As mention by S. A. Edmunds it is part of a coach’s

duty is to train athletes for peak performance. This

includes training the athlete in ways that help her learn,

practice and master the technical and tactical skills of

the sport; teaching players to work together if it’s a team

sport; working on physical conditioning, nutrition and

mental toughness; and setting team and individual goals.

During practice sessions, coaches use drills to isolate and

improve individual skills such as hitting, dribbling,

shooting, passing, catching and throwing. Practices also

include game-like training and practice, including

simulated matches, games and scrimmages.

A coach or self-study is needed for better advancement

or development. One must remember that the fundamental

skills are not enough to produce better performance.

(Bernos, 1991)

As the primary individuals tasked with

developing athletes and helping them achieve their

goals, coaches should acquire a working knowledge of all

areas affiliated with performance enhancement. ... As sport

evolved into organized activity, coaches began working more

closely with athletes on sport skill development. (Johnson,

etal., 2011)

The playing coach should be knowledgeable of

principles and techniques such as; the warm up that

proceeds a regular workout or completion is indispensable

because of the physiological and psychological

considerations. It increases muscle temperature,

contraction and readiness to respond more quickly. It

increases metabolic efficiency such as the supply of oxygen

to the different tissues of the body. It also conditions

the mind of the athletes on the incoming competition or

activity.
 The principle of rhythm or continuity, it requires all

actions made by the different parts of the body to be done

in continuous action (without any gap or stoppage). This is

putting together all the efforts done by the different

bodily parts into the final action for a sort of an

“explosive” power. An example to this is jump rope, Barbell

Squats, Walking Dumbbell Lunges, Leg Extensions, Flat

Barbell Bench Press, Close Grip Pulldowns, Elbow to Knee

Obliques Crunches and Straight Bar Pushdowns.

Although the volleyball court limits the area free

movement, the player must have a good endurance to be an

effective member of the team. Volleyball involves many

quick, shifty movements; in addition to, many jumps if the

player are playing close to the net. Therefore,

incorporating cardiovascular training into the workouts

will help you improve the player improve the player

volleyball endurance so that the player do not become

fatigued towards the end of challenging match.

Overloading produces physical stress and fatigue or

overtiredness. At the outset of loading/overloading, the

athlete will be “shocked” but will later on adapt after

many repetitions. When overloading stops, the recovery

process will follow and the athlete will return to the

original level of fitness or to a higher level of

capability.

The Law of Specificity, this requires that the right

kind of training must be given to the athlete. The type of

workout activity must have specific training effect. The

training activity that will produce training effect may not

be given to players.

The short Range training program(one-year), it consist

of three categories, namely; the General Body Conditioning

which may last for three months. It deals with the overall

development of the body with the aim of increasing the work

capacity or the ability to do heavier workloads; the

Specific Training which may last until the competition

month begins. It is here wherein the characteristics of

techniques are developed. The training activities or

workouts are patterned after the event of the athletes; and

the competition Phase which involves the actual and

complete performance of the event, applying the experiences

of fitness gained from the specific training. The setting

may be near to the actual completion.

It is mentioning that the usual night sleep which

require 7-9 hours is considered a period of recovery from

the practice that held 5-7pm in the afternoon.

 A well-structured volleyball training program can

increase explosive power, vertical jump height, stamina and

speed and agility around the court. Skill training alone,

such as practicing spikes, won’t develop the physical

traits necessary to play to the athlete’s full potential.

Volleyball players have exceptional lower body power and

perform well in the vertical jump test. Power in the legs

is needed to jump explosively off the ground in order to

spike, block, set and dive. (Anderson, 2019)

Peaking is the process of final preparation for major

competition or series of competition. This is the period

within which the athlete has produced the best performance

in the year. Good signs of an athlete’s peak period are;

sense and feeling of well-being; showing sign of self-

confidence; interest for competition; and constant

improvement in performance.

In the discussion of Cox and Jones in their books,

they discussed that there are so many factors that affects

the effectiveness of the training program of the coaches to

their athletes. They also discussed coaches have different

way of implementing their training program.