Review of related literature

According to Bartholomew (2005), Physical activity is an interesting research

subject affecting both physical and psychological wellbeing. Ekkekakis (2003) added

that including forming a positive body image, relieving depression, and increasing life

satisfaction. In addition Rudolph (1995) said, there is evidence that physical activity

promotes intelligence and brain development.

In the sport research field, previous studies have examined the positive effects of

physical activity on intelligence and brain development using various intelligence

measurements such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), memory test,

concentration test, and cognition test (Colcombe et al., 2006). For example, Corder

(1996) found that complex fitness training during a 20-day program increased children’s

intelligence test scores (i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) by analyzing 24

children aged 12–16 years old.

Zervas et.al.,(1991) concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increased

cognition among 26 children aged 11–14 years old. Additionally, Budde, et al. (2008)

found that complex physical training programs increased concentration by stimulating

brain function among 99 children aged 13–16 years old.

Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world. Modern Technology has

made it possible for the discovery of many functional and utility devices like the

smartwatch and the smartphone that made our lives easier and better

(AgingInPlace.org, 2019).
 Nowadays students are proficient with technology, using it daily in and out of the

classroom ( Caswell 2011). Technology enables learning to take place outside of the

classroom and the library wherein students use technology to meet, collaborate and

create content virtually. In many case, technology helps students research subjects,

share ideas and learn specific skills (Tausend, 2019).

Students are completely dependent on technology. According to Kvavik (2019),

the result of his study showed that students reported tha they use technology first for

educational purposes followed by communication. 99.5% reported that they used

computers for writing documents and emails. Followed by 97.2% surfing the internet for

pleasure and 96.4% for classroom activities.

In addition, Town et.al (2017), stated that the result of their study showed that

students used smartphones most often at about 4.4 hours per day, followed by laptops

at around 4 hours a day. The study participants indicated that they use their technology

devices for recreation.

According to Browne (2011), distance is another factor that contributes to this

reliance on technology, which is affected by availability and convenience wherein users

of networking sites enjoy the ability to stay in touch with their family and friends. With so

many long distance relationships being established today, this technology is being used

to maintain these relationships. This goes hand in hand with people's need or desire to

stay connected with others, which can be considered another cause of the dependence.
 Similarly, Siew (2011) stated that students’ strong desires to keep in touch with

others through technology can be seen in the fact that they compare not having such

connections to going without their family or friends.

The findings of “Pew Internet Projects” showed that electronic devices are being

used when a person is bored, while doing homework, before sleeping or as soon as

they wake up and students update themselves for the weather forecast, events or even

check their email ( UK Essay, 2018).

Although learning through technology is helpful, it makes students over

dependent on internet and removes good and essential habits like reading books and

most of the outdoor activities or sports are getting subdued due to Internet (Learnpick,

2017). The increasing use of electronic media has an influence on the time spent

Americans on living a healthier life and practicing healthier lifestyles and one of the

main causes for sedentary lifestyles is the growing use of media and technology ( The

Herald-Tribune, 2018).

According to Adil (2018), one of the most and worse effect of technology

dependency is obesity because most of the people spending time using technological

devices. They play video games, watching videos or taking on phones with friends and

eating unhealthy foods which result in increased obesity. Their activity level decreases

due to these technological devices.

When we’re using technology, we generally aren’t exercising. That’s why there’s

an increasing body of research linking overuse of digital devices to a drop in exercise

and fitness levels. Americans got 32% less exercise and were 43% more sedentary in
2009 than in 1965, researchers found. And in a study of college students, those who

used their smartphones the most had poorer results on cardiorespiratory fitness

tests than the less addicted (Northwest Primary care, N.D).

According to Antoine-Chagar (2018) The development of technology has created

great benefits to populations over the world, reducing physical hardships and increasing

worker productivity, however this has had grave implications on the physical body.

Without physical activity the human body cannot function in its optimal way leading to a

diaspora of health problems. Second to smoking, physical inactivity is the second

highest cause of preventable death in the world.

And according to the results obtained from Sahin et.al (2018) study, it was

revealed that the individuals with more internet use had decreased physical activity

levels. The main findings of this study were internet addiction increased, the level of

physical activity decreased.

This finding is similar to the work of Kim et al. (2015) that examines the

relationship between smart phone addiction and physical activity, found out that

individuals at risk are overweight and have less muscle mass due to smartphone

addiction.

However, According to Witten (2018), When you search for "technology makes

us lazy" online you’re bombarded with lists of reasons why everyone believe tech may

be holding us back, physically. However, some are not true because technology has

also a positive impact in our health such as app that follows along these same lines
is Charity Miles. With this app, any time you log miles for walking, running, or cycling,

money will be donated to your charity of choice. This technology positively impacts not

only our health, but also our passions for meaningful causes.
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