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Objective of Civil Engineering

Some of the impressive and visible bended steel bridges are well known all
over the world that give a visible sense of their stiffness and long-lasting
ability. These are based in different structure, design and construction and
like Arch bridges. Chaotianmen bridge in China, New river Gorge Bridge in
Spain, Bayonne Bridge in New York and Ayub Bridge in Sukkur Pakistan
are the famous Iconic steel bridge in world.

Ayub Arch Bridge :

A famous Railway bridge in Pakistan, named after the Field Marshal


Muhammad Ayub Khan, the President of Pakistan. The bridge is based on
Arch design, bended, with one of the toughest materials known as Steel.
The steel is still performing its core function well and in strong position. Not
a single flaw yet showed by the iconic bridge.

Ayub Arch Bridge


Structure and Demographics :

The bridge is situated between Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh province and the
construction of the bridge was started in 1959. The project was completed
in May 1962. The bridge is made with Iron and steel. Considering the
dimensions of the bridge the total length is 806 feet, height is 247 feet and
the track gauge is based on 1676 of train load-bearing rails. The bridge is
situated over the Indus river. The designer of the bridge was David B
Steinman and was only designed for Railway traffic. The structuring of was
Arch bridge and Truss Arch bridge and both the deck and arch are made
up of steel.

The Ayub bridge is constructed just aside Lansdowne Bridge to move the
railway traffic to each bridge equally. The two half arches formed for
supporting deck to cables and was one of the first bridge that hold the
railway desk with wire. The bridges are so close that for distance they look
as one bridge.

Steel structure design Methods


Basic design equation:

F.O.S x LOAD < STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

As we study in the class there are many methods for steel structure design
but the most common methods are LRFD and ASD.

1) LRFD:
LRFD means load and resistance factor design. In LRFD method the factor
of safety applied on both load (äct on the structure) and resistance
(resistance of structure againts the applied load) of the material. Factor of
safety means the ratio of ultimate strength of aa member ( column or
beam ) to the working stress. The uncertainity of material strength and load
also covered by the factor load or factor of safety. E.g. If we add F.O.S 1.2
to the applied load and the resistance, it will be

80% load = 20% resistance

2) ASD:
ASD ( Allowable stress design) also known as Working Stress Design. In
this method the factor load or factor of safety is applied only to resistance
of the material. This design method is more safe and reserve as compared
to the load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The allowable stress
design is calculated by
Load effects = material strength / F.O.S

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