DSP File

Introduction
What Is MATLAB?
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include:
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would
take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK
projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix
computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is
the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
1
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB
functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes
of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control
systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
The MATLAB System
The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
The MATLAB language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and "programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application
programs.
The MATLAB working environment.

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or
programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and
importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing, managing,
debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.
Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation,
and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User
Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
2
The MATLAB mathematical function library.
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary
functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated
functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier
transforms.
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking),
calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
MATLAB Documentation
MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printable and HTML format, to

help you learn about and use all of its features. If you are a new user, start with this
Getting Started book. It covers all the primary MATLAB features at a high level,
including many examples.
To view the online documentation, select MATLAB Help from the Help menu in
MATLAB. Online help appears in the Help browser, providing task-oriented and
reference information about MATLAB features. For more information about using the
Help browser, including typographical conventions used in the documentation.
The MATLAB documentation is organized into these main topics:
←
Desktop Tools and Development Environment — Startup and shutdown, the
desktop, and other tools that help you use MATLAB
←
Mathematics — Mathematical operations
←
Data Analysis — Data analysis, including data fitting, Fourier analysis, and
time-series tools
←
Programming — The MATLAB language and how to develop MATLAB
applications
3
←
Graphics — Tools and techniques for plotting, graph annotation, printing, and
programming with Handle Graphics®
←
3-D Visualization — Visualizing surface and volume data, transparency, and
viewing and lighting techniques
←
Creating Graphical User Interfaces — GUI-building tools and how to write
callback functions
←
External Interfaces — MEX-files, the MATLAB engine, and interfacing to
Java, COM, and the serial port
MATLAB also includes reference documentation for all MATLAB functions:
← Functions — By Category — Lists all MATLAB functions grouped into

categories
← Handle Graphics Property Browser — Provides easy access to descriptions of

graphics object properties
← C and Fortran API Reference — Covers those functions used by the MATLAB
external interfaces, providing information on syntax in the calling language,
description, arguments, return values, and examples
Summary by Version
This table provides quick access to what's new in each version. For clarification, see
About Release Notes.
Version New Version Fixed Bugs Related

(Release) Features Compatibility and Known Documentation at
and Considerations Problems Web Site
Changes
Latest Yes Yes Bug Reports Printable Release
Version Details Summary Includes fixes Notes: PDF
V7.5 Current product
4
Version New Version Fixed Bugs Related
(Release) Features Compatibility and Known Documentation at
and Considerations Problems Web Site
Changes
(R2007b) documentation
V7.4 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R2007a) Details Summary Includes fixes
(R2006b) Details Summary Includes fixes
(R2006a) Details Summary Includes fixes
(R14SP3) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.0.4 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R14SP2) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.0.1 Yes Yes Fixed bugs No
(R14SP1) Details Summary
V7 (R14) Yes Yes Fixed bugs No
Details Summary
About Release Notes
Use release notes when upgrading to a newer version to learn about new features and
changes, and the potential impact on your existing files and practices. Release notes
are also beneficial if you use or support multiple versions.
If you are not upgrading from the most recent previous version, review release notes
for all interim versions, not just for the version you are installing. For example, when
upgrading from V1.0 to V1.2, review the New Features and Changes, Version
Compatibility Considerations, and Bug Reports for V1.1 and V1.2.
New Features and Changes
These include:-
5
1. New functionality
2. Changes to existing functionality
3. Changes to system requirements (complete system requirements for the current

version are at the MathWorks Web site)
Any version compatibility considerations associated with each new feature or

change
Version Compatibility Considerations
When a new feature or change introduces a reported incompatibility between versions,

its description includes a Compatibility Considerations subsection that details the
impact. For a list of all new features and changes that have reported compatibility
impact, see Compatibility Summary for MATLAB.
Compatibility issues that are reported after the product has been released are added to
Bug Reports at the MathWorks Web site. Because bug fixes can sometimes result in
incompatibilities, also review fixed bugs in Bug Reports for any compatibility impact.
Fixed Bugs and Known Problems
MathWorks Bug Reports is a user-searchable database of known problems,

workarounds, and fixes. The MathWorks updates the Bug Reports database as new
problems and resolutions become known, so check it as needed for the latest
information.
Access Bug Reports at the MathWorks Web site using your MathWorks Account. If
you are not logged in to your MathWorks Account when you link to Bug Reports, you
are prompted to log in or create an account. You then can view bug fixes and known
problems for R14SP2 and more recent releases.
The Bug Reports database was introduced for R14SP2 and does not include
information for prior releases. You can access a list of bug fixes made in prior versions
via the links in the summary table.
6
EXPERIMENT NO.-1
AIM
Write a program to represent basic signals (unit step, unit impulse ramp, exponential,
sine & cosine)
REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14
THEORY
Singularity functions are an important classification of non-periodic signal. They can

be used to represent more complicated signal. Some of them are unit impulse function,
step function, ramp function.
1. Unit Impulse Function is defined as :-
.
, 1 otherwise
2. Unit Sep Function is defined as :-
3. Unit Ramp Function is defined as :-
7
ALGORITHM
1. Enter the in values for unit step sequence and the length of ramp sequence
or exponential sequence.
2. Determine the function.
3. Plot the values as given by the function.
4. Stop.
PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR GENARATION OF UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-2:1:2;
y=[zeros(1,2), ones(1,1), zeros(1,2)]; subplot(2,2,1);
stem(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(a) n -- >');
%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF UNIT STEP SEQUENCE [u(n)-u(n-N)]

n= input('enter the N value');
t =-0:1:n-1;
y1=ones(1,n); subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y1);
xlabel('(b) n -- >');
%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF RAMP FUNCTION

n1=input('Enter the length of Ramp sequence');
t= 0:n1;
8
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(t,t);
xlabel('(c) n -- >');
%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

n2=input('enter the length of exponential sequence');
t=0:n2;
a=input('Enter the "a" value');
y2= exp(a*t);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t, y2);
xlabel('(d) n -- >');
%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF SINE FUNCTION

t=0:.01:pi;
y=sin(2*pi*t);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('(a) n -- >');
%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF COSINE FUNCTION

t=0:.01:pi;
y=cos(2*pi*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('(b) n -- >');
9
FIGURES
Amplitude -- > 1 1
Amplitude -- >
0.5 0.5
0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 0 5 10
(a) n -- > (b) n -- >
4
x 10
10 3
Amplitude -- >
Amplitude -- >
2
5
1
0 0
0 5 10 0 5 10
(c) n -- > (d) n -- >
(Figures for unit Impulse, unit step, ramp function & exponential functi
1
Amplitude -- >
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(a) n -- >
0.5
Amplitude -- >
-0.5
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(b) n -- >
(Figure for sine and cosine functions)
10
EXPERIMENT NO.- 2
AIM
To Develop program for Discrete Convolution and Discrete Correlation.
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
For Correlation:-
1. Get two signals x(m) & h(p) in matrix form.
2. The correlated signal is denoted as y(n).
3. Y(n) is given by formula
4. Stop.
For convolution:-
1. Get two signals x(m) & h(p) in matrix form.
2. The convoluted signal is denoted as y(n).
3. Y(n) is given by formula
4. Stop.
PROGRAM
% TO DEVELOP PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CORRELATION
x= input('enter the first sequence:');

y= input('enter the second sequence:');
c= xcorr(x,y);
subplot (3,2,1);
stem(x);
ylabel ('amplitude');
xlabel ('n');
subplot (3,2,2);
stem (y);
ylabel ('amplitude');
xlabel ('n');
11
subplot (3,2,3);
stem (c);
INPUTS
enter the first sequence:[1 2 3 4]
enter the second sequence:[4 3 2 1
FIGURES
PROGRAM
% TO DEVELOP THE PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CONVOLUTION
clc;
clear all ;
close all;
x= input ('enter the 1st sequence');
h=input ('enter the 2nd sequence');
y=conv (x,h);
figure;subplot (3,1,1);
stem(x);ylabel ('amplitude-->');
12
xlabel ('(a)n-->');
subplot (3,1,2);
stem (h);ylabel ('amplitude-->');
xlabel ('(b)n-->');
subplot (3,1,3);
stem(y);ylabel ('amplitude-->');
xlabel ('(c)n-->');
disp ('the resultant signal is');
INPUTS
enter the 1st sequence[1 2 ]
enter the 2nd sequence[1 2 4]
the resultant signal is y=1 4 8 8
FIGURE
13
14
EXPERIMENT NO.- 3
AIM:
To Understand Stability Test.
REQUIREMENT:
THEORY: The stability of discrete time LTI system is equivalent to its impulse
response being absolutely summable, i.e.,
In this case the DTFT of h(n) converges and the ROC of transfer function H(Z) must
include the unit circle |Z|=1. A discrete time LTI system is stable if and only if ROC of
its transfer function H(Z) include the unit circle |Z|=1.
It is perfectly possible for a system to be stable and not causal. For causal systems,
stability can easily be checked by examining the locations of poles in transfer function
H(Z). for a causal discrete time LTI system with rational transfer function H(Z), the
ROC is outside the outermost pole. A causal discrete time LTI system with rational
transfer function H(Z), is stable if and only if all of the poles of H(Z) lie inside the
unit circle |Z|=1.
PROGRAM :
Clc;
clear all;
close all;
b=input('Enter the denominator coefficients of the filter');
k=poly2rc(b);
knew=fliplr(k);
s=all(abs(knew));
15
if(s==1);
disp('"Stable system"');
else
disp('"Non stable system"');
end
RESULT:
Enter the denominator coefficients of the filter [1 -1 .5]
b =1.0000 -1.0000 0.5000
“Stable system”
CONCLUSION:
The MATLAB program for stability test is written and stability is verified.
16
EXPERIMENT NO.-4
AIM
To design Butterworth Digital IIR Filter (Low Pass, High Pass,Band Pass & Band
Stop).
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.
PROGRAM
% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL LOW PASS IIR FILTERS

format long
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
wp=input('enter the passband frequency');
ws=input('enter the stopband frequency');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1=2*wp/fs;
w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
17
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('gain in db ----->');
xlabel ('normalized frequency---->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('normalized ferquency ->');
ylabel('phase in radians->');
% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL IIR HIGH PASS FILTERS

format long
wp=input('enter the passband frequency');
ws=input('enter the stopband frequency');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequeny');
w1=2*wp/fs; w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high');
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('gain in db ----->');
18
xlabel ('normalized frequency---->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('normalized ferquency ->');
ylabel('phase in radians->');
% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDPASS IIR FILTERS
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp= input('enter the pass band ripple');
rs= input('enter the stop band ripple');
wp= input('enter the pass band frequency');
ws= input('enter the stop band frequency');
fs= input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'bandpass');
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]= freqz (b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs (h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('gain');
title('butterworth gain response');
subplot(2,1,2);
19
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('angle');
title('butterworth phase response');
% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDSTOP IIR FILTERS
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp= input('enter the pass band ripple');
rs= input('enter the stop band ripple');
wp= input('enter the pass band frequency');
ws= input('enter the stop band frequency');
fs= input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'stop');
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('gain');
title('butterworth gain response');
subplot(2,1,2);
20
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('angle');
title('butterworth phase response');
INPUT
Low pass:-
enter the passband ripple 0.5
enter the passband ripple 50
enter the passband frequency 1200
enter the stopband frequency 2400
enter the sampling frequeny 10000
High pass:-
enter the passband ripple 0.5
enter the passband ripple 50
enter the sampling frequeny 10000
Band pass:-
enter the pass band ripple 0.3
enter the stop band ripple 40
enter the pass band frequency 1500
enter the stop band frequency 2000
enter the sampling frequency 9000
Band stop:-
enter the pass band ripple 4
enter the stop band ripple 46
enter the pass band frequency 1100
enter the stop band frequency 2200
21
FIGURES
100
0
gain
-100
-200
-300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised freq
2
phase in rad
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised freq
(High Pass filter graph)
22
-20
gain in db ----->
-40
-60
-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalized frequency---->
4
phase in radians->
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalized ferquency ->
(Low Pass Filter Graph)
23
butterworth gain response
0
-200
gain
-400
-600
-800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
freq
butterworth phase response
4
2
angle
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq
.
(Band pass Filter Graph)
butterworth gain response

50
0
gain
-50
-100
-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq
butterworth phase response
4
2
angle
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq
(Band Stop Filter Graph)
24
EXPERIMENT NO.-5
AIM
Write a MATLAB program to design Chebyshev Type-I (Low pass filter, High
pass,Band pass& Band stop filter)
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I LOW PASS
FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
rp= input ('enter the passband ripple....');
rs= input ('enter the stopband ripple....');
wp= input ('enter the passband freq....');
ws= input ('enter the stopband freq....');
fs= input ('enter the sampling freq....');
w1=2*wp/ fs;
25
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n, wn]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'s');
w=0: .01:pi;
[h,om] = freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
subplot (2,1,1); plot (om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) Normalised frequency-->');
subplot (2,1,2); plot (om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->'); xlabel('(b) Normalised frequency-->');
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I HIGHPASS
FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n, wn]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'high');
w=0: .01/pi:pi;
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
26
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I BAND PASS

FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'bandpass');
w=0: .01:pi;
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
27
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I LOW BAND
STOP FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'stop');
w=0: .01:pi;
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
28
INPUTS
Low pass:-
enter the passband ripple....0.23
enter the stopband ripple....47
enter the passband freq....1300
enter the stopband freq....1550
enter the sampling freq....7800
High pass:-
enter the passband ripple....0.3

Band Pass:-
enter the passband ripple.....4
Band Stop:-
enter the passband ripple.....25
29
FIGURES
LOW PASS
30
0
-100
Gain in dB-->
-200
-300
-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(a) Normalised frequency-->
4
Phase in radians-->
-2
-4 31
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(b) Normalised frequency-->
HIGH PASS
BAND PASS
0
Gain in dB-->
-200
-400
-600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
4
Phase in radians-->
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
32
BANDSTOP
-50
Gain in dB-->
-100
-150
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
4
Phase in radians-->
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
EXPERIMENT NO.- 6
AIM
Write a MATLAB program to design an FIR Low pass,High pass,Band pass, Band
stop filter using Rectangular window.
33
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
% PROGRAM TO DESIGN FIR LOW PASS FILTER AND HIGH PASS FILTER
USING RECTANGULAR WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fp=input('enter the passband frequency');

fs=input('enter the stopband frequency');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
wp=2*fp/f;
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
34
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1
end
y=boxcar(n1);
% LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a)Normalized frequency-->');
% HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('(b)Normalized frequency-->');
% BAND PASS FILTER
35
wn=[wp,ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,3);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('(c) Normalized frequency-->');
% BAND STOP FILTER

b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('(d) Normalized frequency-->');
INPUT
enter the passband ripple0.05
enter the stopband ripple0.04
enter the passband frequency1500
enter the stopband frequency2000
enter the sampling frequency9000
FIGURES
36
Gain in dB--> 50 50
Gain in dB-->
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized frequency--> (b) Normalized frequency-->
50 10
Gain in dB-->
0 Gain in dB--> 0
-50 -10
-100 -20
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized frequency--> (d) Normalized frequency-->
EXPERIMENT NO.-7
AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Kaiser window.
37
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING KAISER WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');
rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');
fp = input ('enter the passband frequency');
fs = input ('enter the stopband frequency');
f = input ('enter the sampling frequency');
beta= input ('enter the beta value');
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;
num= -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
38
n=n-1;
end
y=kaiser(n1, beta);
%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');
%HIGH PASS FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');
%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
39
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(c)Normalized Frequency');
%BANDSTOP FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(d)Normalized Frequency');
INPUT
enter the passband ripple0.02
enter the stopband ripple0.01
enter the beta value5.8
FIGURES
40
41
EXPERIMENT NO.-8
AIM
Filter using Bartlett window.
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
BAND STOP FILTERS USING BARTLETT WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
beta= input ('enter the beta value');
42
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=bartlett(n1);
%LOW PASS FILTER
b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
%HIGH PASS FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
43
%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(c) Normalized Frequency');
%BANDSTOP FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(d) Normalized Frequency');
INPUT
enter the passband ripple .04
enter the stopband ripple .02
44
FIGURES
0 10
-10 0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
-20 -10
-30 -20
-40 -30
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized Frequency (b) Normalized Frequency
20 5
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
0 0
-20 -5
-40 -10
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized Frequency (d) Normalized Frequency
45
EXPERIMENT NO.-9
AIM
Filter using Hanning window.
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
BAND STOP FILTERS USING HANNING WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fp=input('enter the passband frequency');
fs=input('enter the stopband frequency');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
wp=2*fp/f;
46
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1=n+1;
if(rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=hanning(n1);
%LOW PASS FILTER
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
%HIGH PASS FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
%BANDPASS FILTER
47
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
%BANDSTOP FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
INPUT
48
FIGURES
50 50
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
0 5
0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
-50
-5
-100
-10
-150 -15
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
EXPERIMENT NO.-10
49
AIM
Filter using Blackman window.
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
BAND STOP FILTERS USING BLACKMAN WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
50
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=blackman(n1);
%LOW PASS FILTER
b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
%HIGH PASS FILTER
51
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
xlabel('(c)Normalized Frequency');
%BANDSTOP FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
52
INPUT
enter the stopband ripple.01
FIGURES
50 50
0 0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
0 5
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
-50 0
-100 -5
-150 -10
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
EXPERIMENT NO.-11
53
AIM
Filter using Hamming window.
REQUIREMENT
ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
BAND STOP FILTERS USING HAMMING WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
54
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=hamming(n1);
%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
%HIGH PASS FILTER

[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
55
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
%BANDSTOP FILTER
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
INPUT
56
FIGURES
50 50
0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
0
-50
-50
-100
-150 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
0 5
0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->
-50
-5
-100
-10
-150 -15
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
57

DSP File

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

DSP File

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Introduction

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

The MATLAB language.

The MATLAB working environment.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printable and HTML format, to

The MATLAB documentation is organized into these main topics:

MATLAB also includes reference documentation for all MATLAB functions:

← Functions — By Category — Lists all MATLAB functions grouped into

← Handle Graphics Property Browser — Provides easy access to descriptions of

Version New Version Fixed Bugs Related

About Release Notes

New Features and Changes

2. Changes to existing functionality

3. Changes to system requirements (complete system requirements for the current

Any version compatibility considerations associated with each new feature or

Version Compatibility Considerations

When a new feature or change introduces a reported incompatibility between versions,

Fixed Bugs and Known Problems

MathWorks Bug Reports is a user-searchable database of known problems,

MATLAB Software 7R14

Singularity functions are an important classification of non-periodic signal. They can

1. Unit Impulse Function is defined as :-

2. Unit Sep Function is defined as :-

3. Unit Ramp Function is defined as :-

%PROGRAM FOR GENARATION OF UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF UNIT STEP SEQUENCE [u(n)-u(n-N)]

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF RAMP FUNCTION

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF SINE FUNCTION

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF COSINE FUNCTION

(Figure for sine and cosine functions)

To Develop program for Discrete Convolution and Discrete Correlation.

MATLAB Software 7R14

% TO DEVELOP PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CORRELATION

x= input('enter the first sequence:');

% TO DEVELOP THE PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CONVOLUTION

MATLAB Software 7R14

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL LOW PASS IIR FILTERS

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL IIR HIGH PASS FILTERS

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDPASS IIR FILTERS

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDSTOP IIR FILTERS

(High Pass filter graph)

(Low Pass Filter Graph)

butterworth gain response

(Band Stop Filter Graph)

%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I BAND PASS

enter the passband ripple....0.3

fp=input('enter the passband frequency');

% LOW PASS FILTER

% HIGH PASS FILTER

% BAND PASS FILTER

% BAND STOP FILTER

%LOW PASS FILTER

%HIGH PASS FILTER

%LOW PASS FILTER

%HIGH PASS FILTER

%LOW PASS FILTER

%HIGH PASS FILTER

rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');

rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');