HistoryoftheMoorishEmpire in Europe Vol. 3 PDF

H I S T O RY
OF TH E
MOORISH E M PI R E
IN E UR O P E
S . P . SC OTT
A UT H OR OF “
T H R O UG H S P AI N
C o rd uba Famosh locu ples d c nom in e dic ta ,

I n c lyta d eliciis , rebus quoque s pl en d id a c u nc tis
H aos w rmm , P A SSI O S . P zLA c n
IN T H RE E V O LU M E S
VOL III . .
AP A Es LO ND O N
PH I L D E L H I
’
J . B
; L I P P I N C O TT C O M P A N Y
1 9 0 4
C O NT E NT S OF V O LU M E III .
CH A P T E R XX I I I
I N F L UE N C E OF T HE M OORS UR E T H R U H H M P I RE
ON E OP O G T E E OF
FR E D E R I C K II . AND T H E STA T S S U T H R N FR AN E
E OF O E C
P A GE
Pe rman en c e o f Ar b I d s i th e S uth f E ur p K— S i l
a ea n o o o oc a
C up ti n—R evolts g i n s t th e P p cy—An t g n i m

o rr o a a a a a o s
o f th e H ly S d th e G m
o E m p i —C n lid
ee an er an re o so a
ti on of th e P p l P w r u d r I a t I I I — C ivi
a o e n e n n oc e n .
l i i n g Ag n i
z i S ic ily—I n flu en
e c es f th e N rm
n ce o o an s
a s H ir f th e Ar bs —B i rth f F d i c k I I
e s o Ch ra o re er -
a
f I n n oc en t I I I —
.
a ct r e o G en ius f th E mp —H i s . o e ero r
R f me or S y t m f J uri p ru d
s s C mm
e o s en c e o e rce
L gi l ti
e — Th U ivers ity of N p l s
s a on Th M di
e n a e -
e e
c l S h
a l f S l rn —Ch r ter of F red ri k—H i
c oo o a e o a ac e c s
C urt— Th S outh of Fr n c e—I t E ly C ivili z ti

o e a s ar a on
— C m p li t n Ch r t r o f i t P p ul ti n — I t
os o o a a ac e s o a o s
We lth I t ll igen
a ,
n d P r fli g
n e y
— D eb d Conc e, a o ac as e
di ti n f th e C lergy—Th e Un iver ity of M tp lli r

o o s on e e
—Th Troub dour —Th e Alfig n s e —Th ir D efi n c

e a s e s e a e
of R me—A C ru de i p r ched g in s t Them—They

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o sa s ea a a
a r enn ih il te d
a C ru lty f th e Crus d r — P r llel
a
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e o a e s a a
betw en th C ivili z tion f S i ily n d L gu d c

e e a o c a an e o
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r a o e o ca nc e an n o s
o f th e T hi rt n th C n tury ee e
CH A P T E R XX I V
TH S AN I S H E W S E P J
In flue c f th S miti R o C ivili z ti —E t pri e f

n e o e e c ac e n a on n er s o
th e An ie t J ew s Th i E m i t T l t
c n Th i e r n en a en s e r
P w du i g th Middle Ag —Th i U iv l P
o er rn e es e r n e rs a ro
s cri pti n
—Thei C ditio u d th M
o f Sp i
r on n n er e oors o a n
Thei E xt di ry Att i m t
r T h i D v ti
ra or na a n en s e r e o on
to Le tt — T h i A d
e rsem i es — R bb i Amb d e r ca a s as ass a ors
K h lif L d M — P t Phys i i
f th e
o e a s -
a rn e en oe s , c ans ,
Vi C ON TE N T S OF VOL U M E III .
P AGE
S ta tes men Phil ophe ,

M imon id s H i s G e i us
os rs a e : n
an d H i s W rks — H i s Ch t —P po d
o ti g I n a ra c e r re n era n
fl u c e o f th e Sp n i h J ews i G v
en me t d S c i ty
a s n o e rn n an o e
Th ei r Nec ity t th R ul i g C l s e — They e

es s o e n a s s ar
d ive to Us u y—T h eir P s p ity —

r n rTh y e f vo d ro er e ar a re
b y Alfo s o X d P d o el C u l—Th i P ofi i c y
n . an e r r e e r r c en
i nM di c in e — Oblig ti o s f Med i
e l d M d er a n o aava an o n
S i e t th J w — Th i W d ful S u viv l u d
c en c o e e s e r on er r a n er
Opp es i r Th i E x ile f om th P en i s ul
s on e r Their r e n a
S u ff i g Th T i t of H b w B l d i th A is
er n s- e a n
r
e re oo n e r
toc c y ra f Sp i n od P rtug l a an o a
CH A P T E R XXV
T H E HR I STI AN S U N D E R M O S LEM R U LE
C
S rc ity f I f m ti
ca o c on e rn i g th e T i b ut
n or a y Chris
on c n r ar
ti s —S u p em c y
an f th Chu rch un de th e Vi s ig th
r a o e r o s
I d p de c e f th e S p i s h H ie
n e en n chy— I t
o We lth an ra r s a
C ivil O g i z ti f th e Ch i s ti s u d e th e M
r an a on os r an n r o or
—Thei P ivil g s —Res t icti

l r r imp d u p Them
e e r on s os e on
— F d m o f Wo hip— Chu h
ree o M t ri drs rc es , on a s e es , an
C v ts C o diti s i S i ily Gre te S eve ity of

on en n on n c a r r
th e L w s i th t I l
a d—An m ly i n th E c l es i s ti
n a s an o a e c a
l G v
ca m t f Sp i — Th
o e rn enKh lif th Virtu l
o a n e a e a
H e d f th Chu h— A bu f H i P ow er— R es ults of

a o e rc se o s
th e A b Occ u p ti ra f S ep ti mn i I c a d Au on o a a n rea s e
th i ty f th
or Sp is h H ier hy es ultin g f m i ts
o e an a rc r ro
I l tion—S oc i l L if o f th e Ch i s ti n T i but i es
‘
so a a e r a r ar
Th ir D ev tio t A b Le in g They
e o n em
o ra a rn a re
p l y d b y th e Kh lif i I mp t t Mi s s io s —J t
o e a s n or a n n nn a e
Ho s ti li ty f Mos l em d Ch i s ti n— Numb e
J
o nd I n an r a r a
fl ue c f th
n Re e g d es —Th
e o eM ty — C us es o f n a e ar rs a
P e s c uti —C t t b tw e th M x ims d P li c y
r e on on ra s e e n e a an o
f th e Tw R ligi
o —I mp edi me ts t R c i l Am l
o e on s n o a a a
J
ga ma ti on
CH A P T E R XXV I
T H E M OR I S COE S
S t t o f th e Kin gdom a fter th e C on ques t—S up erio ity o f
a e r
th e Moors —P oli c y o f th e C rown —I tro duc tion o f th e

Holy Offic e—
n
J Admi ni s tra tion of T a lavera—H i s P op u

CON TE N T S OF VOL UM E III . vii
P AGE
l a ri ty —H p ers ede d by Ximen es —Th e Two Grea t

e is su
Sp a n is h C a rdi n a ls —Their Opp os ite Cha ra cters —I n

fl ue n c e on The i r Age Vi olen c e o f Ximen es —H e burn s-
th e A ra b i c M a n us c ri pts — I n s u rrec ti o n o f th e Mo ri s c oes

— R out i n th e S i erra B erme a — B igotry o f I s a b e lla
s
j
Th e M o ors un der ha rles V e rs ec uti on C y th e . P b
j
Cl ergy a n d th e I n uis iti on un der hili p I I —Wa r i n q P
—
.
th e Al p uj a rra s I b n - Ommey a h Op e ra ti on s o f D on
ohn o f A u s tri a —R emova l o f th e M oors o f G ra n a d a
J
—D eath o f I bn Ommey a h —I bn — Ab u ec omes Kin g
-
b
1 S i e ge o f G a l era —Atroc iti es o f th e a mp a ign — F a te o f C
I b n Ab u - —C
on di tion o f th e Mo ris coes i n Sp a in —The y
a re E x il e d y hili p I I I —Their S ufieri n gs —E fl ect

b P .
' '
1 o f the i r B
a n i s hment u p on th e ros p e rity o f th e Ki n g P
d om
CHA P T E R XXVI I
G E N E RA L N I T I ON OF E UROP E F R OM T H E V I I TO T H E XV
CO D I . I .
E N T U RY C
f B rb i S up em c y th e N ti f E u pe
'
E fiect s o a ar a n r a on a on s o ro
R i s e f th P p l P ow r—Ch
o e ct a f th P p es
a e a ra er o e o
Th ir Vices d C im
e Th I t di t
an C orrupt
r es e n er c
P ctices f P el tes d D eg d tio f th e P p c y

ra o r a an ra a n o a a
I s titution f th e M s tic O d
n o Th i r G t on a r e rs e rea
I flu n e — T h i r F i n l D e ge e
en c c y — We lth
e f th ea n ra a o
R eligi u H u e —Th e B y z n ti ne S ys tem— I ts Ch

o s o s s a ar
te i s ti s
ac r P ower of th e E u uchs —Spl d
c -
f Con n en or o
st ti n op l e—D es tru ti
an of L i g—D eb s ed Co
c on e a rn n a n
dition f th Greeks —Th e P pl f W s t

o e E ur p e eo e o e e rn o
—T y y f C st
ra n n d i ts E ffects —F eu d l Op p es
o a e an a r
s i on—Lif f th Nob l —H i Amu m t — Th e S e f

e o e e s se en s r
d h i D eg d ti n— H i s H p l
an s ra E i t
a o T t o e es s x s e n ce
h
re a
ment f th e J ew — P v l c of E p id mi —R ligi us
a o s re a en e e cs e o
F e tiv l —G n l I g
s a s
—S c ity d V lue o f
e e ra n o ra n ce a rc an a
B ks —P e cution of L
oo rs ei g—Th E mp i f th e e a rn n e re o
Chu h—I ts E xt di y Vit lity

rc ra o r nar a
vii i C ONTE N T S OF VOL U M E III .
CH A P T E R XXVI I I
TH E HI P S AN O A R AB -
A GE OF L I TE R AT U R E AN D SCI EN CE
P A GE
l
I n te l ec tu a l S t gn tion of E urope duri g th e P i d of
a a n er o
Mos l m G re tn es s —H igh R k f S chol rs i Sp i n

e a an o a n a
Att inmen ts o f th e Kh lifs — Cha rac ter of A r b

-
a a a
L iter ture a P rogres s of S ienc e Th e Al x n d i n c e a r a
Mus eum—I t W n d erful D i s ov ri s — I ts C t i b uti n s

s o c e e on r o
to Le rn in g— I ts I n fl uen c
a n th e C r er o f th e M h m e o a e o a
m d n —Th A b ic L n gu g —P e try o f th e Ar bs
e a s e ra a a e o a
—I t G en r l Ch r ct i s ti s
s e aTheol gy n d J uris a a er c o a
p ru den c H is tory e Geogr phy Phil s phy a o o
Li b r ri a R ti on li s m
es Averroe M thema tic s
a a s a
A t n omy s ro Al H z n G erb rt B ot n y -
a e e a
Al chemy Ch mi try Ph rm c y—Alb ertus M gnus

e s a a a ,
R ob ert Gr s s etet nd R o g er B on — Me di i n e
o e,nd a ac c a
S urg y — I gn or c f their Theori s n d S ientifi c

er an e o e a c
Applic ti n i n M diaev l E urop e P rev len c e f I m

a o e a a o
p os tu re—F t lity o f E p id mics —Gre t Adva n c f th e

a a e a e o
Ar b s i n Me dic l Kn w ledge—H os p ita l —T r tment

a a o s ea
o f V ri u D i s e s e — Th F m us M s l m F r c ti
a o s a s e a o o e a
ti on r — C n tr s t b etw een th e Chri s ti n

e s o and M h m a a o a
m d n S y s t ms —E n duri n g E ffe t o f Ar b S c i e
e a e c s a nce
I ts E x m p l e n d B en fits
a th e C re tiv I n fl uen c
a f e a e e o
M d o C ivili z ti n
e rn a o
CH A P T E R XX I X
M OOR S H A T N S U T H E R N E UROP E I R I O
Abs l ut I gn
o e c f A t mo g th e O igi l Ara b s
o ra n e o r a n r na
Thei D bt to An tiquity—Thei E ly A chit ctu e

r e r ar r e r
M te i Is —M s s ive Ch
a r a ter o f th e F i s t E d i fi es o f
a a ra c r c
th e Mo l ems —Th H s ho Arch—I ts Ph l lic D e i

s e o r es e a r
v ti a P rog es s f Artis tic E mbelli s h ment I ts

on r o
W de ful D ivers ity— B y z ntin e I fluenc c E mp l oy

on r a n h
m t of E c u s tic T il e — Mos i c s of th e M que o f

en n a s a os
Co d v S tuccoes — Thei C omp os ition d I n fi ite

r o a r an n
V iety of F m—S t l ctitic P en dentives —Woodwo k

ar or a a
— I t B e utifu l d I t ic te D es i n s — D is pp e r
r
s a an n r a
g a a
f A b ic A chitectu l M uments i
a n ce o ra S icily r ra on n
M ili t y S tru tu s o f M h mme da n S p i n
ar T yp ic l
F orm f th Mos que —
c re o a a a
o I ts H ebrew Origin—Ma n ifol d
e
C ON TE N T S or VOL UM E III . ix
n os
D eriva tion H is pa no Ara b A chitecture D v l p

of -
r e e o
men t o f Art i n Moo is h Sp in—I ts Three E p h r a oc s
Th Alh mb ra i ts C lm i ti — Rep r s e t ti
e a of
An im l F orms —P inti g d S c ulpture—Mu l D ec

u na on e n a on
a a n an ra
orati —Th e I n dus t i l A t —Workin g of Met l

on r a r s
C mi s —Th e L th
a s
A m — E n grave d G em
r s s e ra c ea e rn
T p s t y o f C ordov — T e xtile F b i cs
a e r C a llig phy
a a r ra
and I llumi n a tion—D es t u ti f th e Artis tic R m i r c on o e a ns
of th e Mo ors
CH A P T E R XXX
A GRI U L T U R E M AN U F A C TURE S AND C OMME R CE OF TH E U R E AN
C , , E OP
M O S L M S ; T H E I R M ANN E RS C U ST OM S AN D A M U S M N TS
E , , E E
D is pp an ce o f th e Memori l o f A r b C ivili z ti
a ea r a s a a on
Agric ultur l S ys tem of th e Sp n i h Moors —I t W

a a s s on
d f ul P erfec tion
er I igati g A p p a r tus Th e T i
rr n a r
bun l of th e W ters —Th e W k of I b al —

a a Aw m or n- a
Uni v s l Cultiva ti o
er a f th e S o il—Min er l R e u e
n o a so rc s
o f th P ins ul —Ma u f tu s —Th e G e t M s l m

e en a n ac re r a o e
E mp iums o f th e Me dite
or e —Commerce—I t E rra n an s x
t n s ive R mi fica ti on s —A ti l s
e a f Tra ffic—C omme i l r c e o rc a
P s p ity of S ic ily — Th M gnetic Needl — G

ro er e a e un
p ow de a n d Artill ery—W —C oina ge—Cha r t i ti

r ar a c er s cs
f th Kha li fs — D m li z ti n o f th e P eopl e — Th
B th —G neral P reva l e f S up ers tition—
o e e ora a o e
a e S i l Life
en c o oc a
f th e Mos lems of E u op e
o P rivile ges of Women r
Polyg m y and Mor ls —S l very—Amus em ts —Th e

G me of Ches s —
a a a en
Othe P times —D nces —Mu s io

Th e B ull F ight —Th
a r as a
E qu s t i n S p orts
e r a T ilt f e o
R ds ee Th e C ours e of th e R in gs
- H wki g—P e u -
a n c
li i ti e of H i s p no A b C ivili z ati on—Th e C us des

ar s a -
ra r a
—Th i E fiect on Ch i ten d m—Unriv l l d Achieve
'
f th e Moo s i E u p —
e r r s o a e
m t en s o Con clus ion

r n ro e
H I S TO RY
OF TH E
M O ORI S H E M P I RE IN E URO P E
C H AP TE R XXIII
I NFL UE N CE OF TH E M OORS ON UROPE T HROUGH
E
T H E E M P I RE OF FRE D E RI CK II . AN D TH E STATE S OF
SOU T HE RN FRAN CE
1 1 9 4—1 2 50
P erma n en c e A b I d i th S uth f E ur p —
of ra ~S i lCr
ea s n e o o o e oc a o
rup ti — R v lt
on g i t th P p y— A t g i m f th
e o s a a ns e a ac n a on s o e
H ly S
o n d th G m E mp i —C
ee a lid ti e f th er an re on s o a on o e
P p l P w u d r I nn nt I I I —C ivili z i g Ag i i
a a o er n e oce n e n c es n
S i ily—I fl u
.
c f th N mn H i f th A b
en c e o e or an s as e rs o e ra s
B i th f F r d ri k I I —Ch t r f I
r o e e nt I I I — G
c iu . a ra c e o n n oc e en s
of th E m p e r— H i R f rm — S y t m f J u i p u d
e ro s e o s s e r s r en c e
—L gis l ti —Th Un iv ity f N p l —Th
o
C mmo erce e a on e ers o a es e
M di l S h l f S l n —Ch r t f F d i k— H i
C u rt— Th S uth f F r —I t E ly C ivili z ti — C
e ca c oo o a er o a a c er o re er c s
o e o o ance s ar a on os
m p l i t n Ch r c t
o o f i t P p u l ti n— I t W lth I n t ll i
a a a er o s o a o s ea ,
e
gn e d P fli g y — D b
c e, an d C diti ro f th C l gy
ac e as e on on o e er
Th Un iver i ty f M tp lli — Th Tr u b d u — Th Al
e s o on e er e o a o rs e
bi g — Th i D fi
e n s es f R m —A C u d i p
e r e hd an ce o o e r sa e s re a c e
ag i s t Th m— They
a n ihil t d— Cru lty f th C u
e a re an n a e e o e r
sa d er — P r ll l b tw
s tha C ivili z ti
a e f S i ily e d een e a on o c an
L angu d — S u viv l f th Phil phi l P i ip l s n d

e oc r a o e os o ca r nc e a
Op i i n f th Thi t
n o s oth C ntu y e r e en e r .
TH E xtra ordin a ry impul s e to s ci en tific in ves tiga

e
ti on to hi s toric a l res e a rch to th e d e ve lo pm en t a n d

, ,
p erfe cti on o f th e i n du s tri a l a rts to th e ex ten s i on o f ,
c om merc e to th e imp rov em ent o f th e s o ci a l a n d ec o

—1
,
Vox I I I
. .
2 H I ST ORY OF TH E
n om c i c on di ti o ns which a re s o in tim a tely c onn e c ted
w ith th e c o mf ort a n d h a ppin es s o f m a n kin d imp a rte d ,
by th e S a ra c en ki n gdo ms o f S outh ern Euro pe w a s ,
f a r fro m b ein g d es tro ye d by th e a b s o rp ti on or con

qu es t Of th eir pro vin c es or by th e fin a l e xtin cti on o f
th ei r empire Th e p ro gres s o f th eir hu m a n izin g m
.
fl u en ce up on o th er n a ti on s h a d b een s l o w an d im
p erc e ptible Th e philo s o phic a l idea s a n d prin ciples
.
a dv an c e d by th e Ara b u n iv e rs i ti es w ere n e c es s a rily
h os tile to th e do ctrin es o f Ch ri s ti an ity to th e o pin i on s ,
o f th e F a th ers to th e i n s pi ra ti on o f a n i n f a llible
,
P o p e to th e imp eri ou s cl a im s o f e ccles i as tic a l s uprem

,
a cy . I n con s equ en ce o f th eir h eretic a l ten d en cy th ey ,
were p eru s e d i n s e cret ; an d th e dilig en c e with W hich

thi s pro hibite d literature w a s s tudi e d i s rev ea l e d b y
th e n umb er o f s e c ts which a ro s e a n d th e d efia n c e o f ,
P a p a l a uth ority W hich i s th e di s tin gui s hin g ch a ra c

,
teri s ti c o f Eu ro p ea n a nn a l s durin g th e firs t h a lf o f

th e thi rteen th c en tury Th e d o ctrin e s ta ught a t C or
.
do va a n d P a lermo in s pi re d th os e a uda ci o u s m ed i mv al
re fo rm ers f a r i n a dv a n c e o f th ei r a g e W h o s e a s pi ra
, ,
ti on s f or in tell e ctu a l a n d reli gi o u s lib erty were

promptly an d merciles s ly e xtin gu i s h e d a t th e s ta ke
a n d on th e s c a ff old Th e s pi rit o f res i s ta n ce to P a p a l
.
a gg re s s i on c orrupti on a n d tyra n n y te mp ora ril y

, , ,
ch e cke d in tim e revive d a n d fo un d p erm a n en t e x

, ,
p res s i on i n th e b old a n d revo luti on a ry th eo ri es o f th e

R e form ati on Th es e great a n d ra dic a l ch a n g es were
.
n ot s p on ta n eo u s ly e ff e c te d ; th e c a u s es o f th e i r d e
v el o m en t h a d b een i n s ilen t o p era ti on f or ma n y

p
c en turi e s .
Th e s ch oo l s o f M o s lem S p a in a n d S icily h a d l on
g
been th e res ort o f s tuden ts a mbiti ou s o f litera ry ,
a tta i nm en ts a n d di s tin c tio n from every c oun try i n

,
E uro p e P rin ces o f C a s tile a n d F ra n c e h a d f or

.
g en era ti on s en j oye d th e b en e fits o f th e e duc a ti on a l

adva n ta g es to b e obt ai ned in th e S p a ni s h P eni n s ul a .
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUR OPE 3
Th e p ro ximity o f th e p o li s h e d a n d luxuri o u s town s

o f S icily to th e a n ci en t s ea t o f R o m a n g re a tn es s
a n d p ow e r h a d p ro duc e d a c orres p on di n g e ff e c t l es s ,
evi den t a n d l e s s du ra ble i t i s tru e b u t s till m o s t civil

, ,
izin g a n d b en e fici a l up on th e fero ci ou s b a rb a ri s m

,
which h a d s ucc eed ed th e cru el a n d Sh a m el es s vic e s

o f th e C ms a rs Th e s a c erd o ta l o rder h a d p ro fite d
.
more l a rgely tha n a ll oth ers by th e le a rn in g o f th e

M o h a mme da n s P o p e S ylves ter II , th e mos t a o
. .
c omplis h e d e ccles i as tic o f h i s time whos e p ro digi ou s ,
a cqui re m en ts c a u s e d him to b e a ccu s e d o f s o rc ery
a n d l ed to h i s a s s a s s i n a ti on by p o i s o n , w a s e duc a te d
a t th e Un iv ers ity o f C o rd o v a R o ger B a con , a n oth er

.
re pu te d wiz a rd , h a d de e ply imbib e d th e h eretic a l b u t
fa s cin a tin g o pin i on s o f th e s a g es o f th e T a gus a n d

th e G u a da lqui vir I n a lmos t ev ery Eu ro pea n mon a s
.
te ry wh os e i n m a tes c orrup te d by w ea lth a n d d e

, ,
p r a v ed by s en s u a l in dulg en c e h a d a b a n d on e d th e
,
a s c etic h a bi ts o f th e Cl o i s te r th e i n fid el w o rk s o f th e
,
Ara bi a n philo s o ph ers were s tudi ed with curi os ity a n d

deli ght by j o vi a l mon k s lon g s tra n gers to th e vo ws
,
in cul ca te d a s ca rdin a l p re c epts by th e regula ti on s o f

th ei r o rd er .
With th e s e cula r clergy wh o s e os ten ta tiou s luxury

,
w a s p ro v erbi a l th e c a s e w a s even w o rs e
, Whil e c on .
s id era ti on s o f p o licy a n d s elf i n tere s t p re ven te d th e

-
a v o w a l o f p ri n cipl e s to ta lly a t v a ri a n c e with th e ten ets
o f th e i r p ro f e s s i o n th e f a ct th a t th o s e p ri n cipl e s w ere
,
en terta in e d w a s f a r fro m b e i n g a s e c ret Th e i n fl u .
en ti a l p re l a te s o f th e Church ign ora n t or h ee dl es s o f

,
th e p rej udici a l e ff e cts which mu s t i n evi ta bly en s u e

from fa milia rity with th e wo rks o f th e M o s lem phi
l o s o p h ers did n o t vig oro u s ly a ttempt to s uppre s s th em
,
un til th e mi s chie f th ey h a d p ro duce d w a s a lmo s t

irrep ara ble Th e u n b eli ef a n d mora l obliquity o f
.
th e cle rgy rea cte d up o n th e i r fl o cks Th e la tte r s a w .
—firs t with s urp ri s e then with i n di ff eren c e —th e ill

,
4 H I ST ORY on TH E
con cealed s keptici s m an d o p en imm ora lity o f th ei r

s piritu a l c oun s ell ors A s a res ult o f thi s l a x a n d i n
.
c on s i s ten t b eh avior s o ci ety b ec a me p erm ea ted with

,
hyp o cri s y Th e p o pula r ta le s o f th e Middle A g es

. ,
m an y o f th em un d oubte dly foun de d on fa ct i n dic ate ,
only too pl a i n ly th e es tim a ti on in which th e c l ergy
were h eld by th e p eo ple Th a t s uch pictures o f ec cle

.
s i a s ti cal life c oul d b e dra wn a n d publi s h ed wi th o u t
i n terferen ce or pun i s hm en t s ho ws n o t on ly th e e xten t

o f th e evil b u t th e re c o gn iti on o f i ts e xi s ten c e b y every
,
cla s s o f th e comm un ity Th e lic en ti ou s s to ries o f th e

.
mediaeva l writers were re a d o r re p ea te d with d elight

b oth in th e p al a c e o f th e n o ble a n d th e ho vel o f th e
s erf . On e o f th e m o s t re m a rka ble o f th es e co ll ection s
o w es i ts origi n to th e p a tron a g e o f L oui s XI th e .
,
M os t Chri s ti a n Kin g o f F ra n c e .
Although th e cl ergy a n d e s p e ci ally th e m emb ers

,
o f th e m on a s ti c ord e rs were i n th es e fa c eti ou s p ro

, ,
d u cti on s un iformly re p re s en te d a s ob j ects o f h a tred

,
a n d c on temp t th e p ra c tic e o f th e vic es a n d w ea k

,
n es s es imputed to th em w a s evid en tly s o c om m on to
th ei r c a lli n g a s n ot e v en to a ro u s e th os e f eelin g s o f
res en tm en t which w oul d n a tu ra lly a ri s e fro m a c c u s a
tion s s o n ea rly a ff e ctin g th ei r pi ety a n d vi rtu e So .
li ttle a tten ti on in de e d w a s p a id to th es e di s clos ures

, ,
o f th e h a bits o f e ccl e s i as tics th a t th ei r reci ta l f orm e d

,
on e o f th e ordin a ry di vers i o n s o f c on v en tu a l life

,
a n d th e G e s ta R o m a n o rum which lon g m a i n tai n ed

,
a qu e s ti o n a bl e c e l e brity i s a m onkis h co mpila tion

, .
Wh en th e s piritua l guid es o f a commun ity a re

d elib erately h eld up to ridicul e a s th e in c arn ati on o f
a l l th a t i s vil e ra p a ci ou s a n d b e s ti a l th ei r u s e ful n es s
, , ,
a s dire c tors o f th e public c on s ci e n c e a n d a rb iters o f
priva te mora ls i s a t a n en d Th ei r p ern ici ou s ex a m ple

.
w as n ot l os t up on th e p eo pl e a lth o ugh th eir i n fluen c e

,
f or g oo d d eclin ed . Un ivers a l c orru pti on b ec am e th e

mos t p romin en t tra i t o f every ra n k o f S oci ety Th e .
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 5
mo s t gla rin g a cts o f impiety rema i n ed un rebuk ed .
N a ti on a l fa i th a n d p ers o n a l o bliga ti on s w ere a like

un blu s hin gly v i o l ated Ev ery revoltin g crime w a s.
co mmitte d by thos e wh o s e m ea n s were s uffi ci en t to

a pp e a s e s a c erd ota l ve n a lity a n d pu rch as e temp o ra ry
a b s o luti o n N o e p o ch in Eu ro p ea n hi s to ry p res en ts
.
a more di s tres s in g picture o f s o ci a l d em ora l iza

ti on o f roya l p erfid y o f p ri es tly hyp o c ri s y o f u n i
, , ,
vers a l wick e dn es s tha n th e twelfth a n d thi rteen th

,
c en tu ri es B u t while thi s c on diti on o f a ff a irs w a s

.
pro ductive o f wid es prea d mo ra l d eb a s emen t i t w a s ,
n ot wh o lly a n u n mix e d e vil Th e w e a k en in g o f th e

.
s e n tim en ts o f f atu o u s re v eren c e with which thi n g s
den omin a te d s a cre d h a d f o r a g es been reg a rde d ,
a w a k en e d a m o n g th e m a s s e s a s pi ri t o f i n tell e ctu a l
in de p en d en ce Th e right o f th e e xerci s e o f pri va te

.
judgm en t b eg a n to b e firs t tolera ted a n d a fterwa rd s ,
ta citly re c o gn iz ed Th en o rigin a te d th e grea t mo ra l

.
re v o lu ti o n which s ub s e qu en tly ch e ck e d a n d
,
a lm o s t
o v erwh e lm e d by th e p o w e r o f th e P a p a cy a n d d i s
gra c ed by s c en es o f ho rro r to which hi s to ry a ff o rd s

n o p a ra ll e l en de d i n th e m o m en to u s s truggl e o f th e
,
s ixteen th c en tu ry an d th e p e rm a n en t triumph o f
,
re as on o v er d o gm a o f i n tellig en c e o v er e ccl es i a s tic a l

,
a u th ori ty .
B u t i t w a s n o t o n ly by th e re mo v a l o f s up ers titi ou s
prejudice thro ugh th e c o mp a ri s on o f cree ds th e j u
, ,
d i c i ou s empl o ym en t o f th e p rin ciple s o f philos o phic a l

critici s m a n d th e public exp o s u re o f th e lives o f th e
,
clergy th a t thi s grea t a n d b en e fici a l ch a n g e w a s a o

,
c ompli s he d Th e commerc e o f th e Eu ro p ea n M os
.
lem s w a s a hn o s t c oe xten s i v e with th e world a t tha t

tim e fa mili a r to m a ri n ers Th e e xc ellen c e a n d b e a uty
.
o f th e i r w a re s un equ a lle d by th o s e o f a n y o th er
,
n a ti on w e re e a g e rly s ought a fte r by th e w e a lthy a n d

,
luxuri ou s inh a bita n ts o f Ch ri s tia n co un tri es M er .
ch an ts tra d ers a n d s tuden ts h a d Sprea d f ar a n d wide

, ,
a cc oun ts of ma rvels to b e s een beyon d th e P y r

th e
emees — o p ul en t a n d fl ou ri s hi n g c o mmu n iti es
, wh ere ,
th e m ea n es t ci tiz en w a s i n th e d a ily en j o ym en t o f
c o mfo rts u n a tta in a ble a s luxu ri es by th e grea tes t
p otenta tes o f Chri s ten do m ; e difices wh o s e d e c ora ti on s
s u rp a s s e d i n rich n es s th e wild e s t c o n c e p ti o n s o f Ori
en ta l ficti on ; v a s t pl a n ta ti o n s wh ere frui ts un kn o wn

, ,
to c o ld e r clim e s g re w i n p ro dig a l a bun d a n c e ; c a ra

,
v a n s a ri es a n d m a rk ets cro wd e d wi th a p ro fu s i on o f
c o s tly fa brics a n d res ou n din g with a B a b e'o f s tra n ge

,
a n d gu ttu ra l ton gu es ; i n s tituti on s o f lea rn in g f re

q u e n te d by ten s o f th o u s a n d s o f s tud e n ts wh os e a t
,
ta in m en ts — e x tra o rdi n a ry i n a w orld o f ig n o ra n c e

w ere beli e ve d to h a ve be en s e cu re d by a n un h o ly c om
p a ct with th e i n fern a l p o we rs .
Th e exi s ten c e o f thi s civiliz a ti on i n cl os e p ro ximity

to th e s emi b a rb a ro u s M edi terra n ea n n a ti o n s a n d th e
-
s a lu ta ry e xp eri e n ce o f i ts b en e fits c ould n ot fa il to
p ro duce up on th e la tter a d ee p a n d la s tin g impres

s i on . Th e C rus a d e s a ls o to s om e e x ten t h a d en l a rg e d
, ,
th e mi n d s o f th e fierc e w a rri o rs o f th e W es t Th e ir .
re s p e c t h a d b e en i n s pi re d by th e e qu a l v a l or a n d s up e
ri o r i n tellig en c e o f th e ir M o h a mm e da n a dve rs a ri es ;
a n d a S a ra c en w a s n o lo n g er a s fo rm erly c o n s id ere d
, ,
a d em on in c a rn a te d es titute o f h on or in s a ti a ble o f
, ,
bloo d in c a p a ble o f c ompa s s i on ign o ra n t a like o f th e

, ,
c ourtes i es o f w a r a n d th e s ugg es tion s o f hum a n ity .
Th es e v a ri ou s mo ra l a n d phys ic a l a g en ci es a ctin g ,
th ro ugh th e m a in ten a n c e o f m a ritim e i n terc ou rs e a n d

th e p ro mi s cu o u s a s s o ci a ti on with tra v e ll ers o f e v ery
d es cripti on gra du a lly pro duce d e ff e cts lon g un p er
,
c ei v e d a n d u n a pp re ci a te d by th e cl a s s wh o s e m a teria l
in teres ts were mo s t vita lly en da n g ere d .
Th e d a wn o f th e thi rteen th c en tu ry wi tn es s e d th e
o u tb re a k a n d th e a rres t o f tw o m o s t Sig n ific a n t m o ve
.
men ts o f th e huma n min d des tin e d to e xerci s e i m

,
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN EUR OPE 7
men s e i n flu en c e on th e in telle ctu a l ch aracter a n d p o

liti ca l d es tin y o f E uro p e Th e on e a pp eared in S icily
.
a ro s e un d er th e au s pic e s a n d w as s upp orte d by th e
power o f th e Emp eror Frederick II — . th a t p ro digy

,
o f m e diaeva l l ea rn in g a n d dipl o m a cy g rea t by bi rth

, ,
a n d thro ugh th e h eredita ry tra di ti on s o f hi s lin e s till

, ,
grea ter through th e ta len ts with which h e w a s en

dowe d a n d th e a ccomplis hments th at a dorn e d h i s
ch a ra cter ; a c olos s a l figu re a mon g th e pygmy s o ldiers
a n d chu rchm en o f hi s tim e ; a c o mbin a ti on o f o pp o
s i te a n d e cc en tric q u a li ti e s ; bra ve but trea ch erou s ,
imp etu ou s but cra fty ; a Ske ptic an d an u nrelentin g

,
p ers ecutor o f h eretics ; a t o n e time h ea din g a cru s a d e

f or th e re cov ery o f th e H o ly S epulchre ; a t a n oth er
mars h a l lin g S ara cen a rmi es a g a in s t th e pa rti s a n s o f
th e P o p e ; a v as s a l o f th e H o ly S ee a n d a n O p en a lly
,
a n d fri en d o f th e in fid e l ; a p ro fes s e d ch a mpi o n o f
Ch ri s ti a n ity while en dea vorin g to wres t fro m its

,
a ckn o wl e dg ed h ea d th a t Spi ritu a l d omi n i on which
in v es te d him with unlimite d p ower over th e lives th e ,
fortun es an d th e ultima te des tin y o f m en ; l egi s lator

, ,
troub a d our a utho r n a tura li s t ;

, , a p o et i n a n a g e o f
s ch oolm en a philos o ph er in a n a g e o f m on k s a s ta tes

, ,
”
m a n in a n a g e o f crus a d ers .
Th e o ther intellectu a l re vo luti on a ga in s t e ccle s i as ti

c a l tra di ti on s a n d P a p a l d e s p oti s m o rigi n a te d i n th e
s un n y l a n d s o f P rov en c e a n d L a n gu e do c b etw ee n th e
,
M editerran ean an d th e P yren ees Th at regi on e a rly

.
,
o ve rrun a n d c ol on iz e d by th e S a ra c en h a d l on g re,
ma in e d s ubj ect to th e M oh amm ed an pri n c es o f S p a in .
Al though n omi n al ly Chri s ti a n i ts p o pula ti on w a s

,
dee ply in fecte d with hetero do x a n d a th eis tica l o pin

ion s Th e coun try h a d n e ver los t th e cha ra cteris tic s
.
pe cu lia r to th e M o s lem con qu eror — th e in telli g ent

,
a n d p ers everi n g cultiv a ti on o f th e s oil th e v en ture,
s o me s pirit o f c omm erci a l en terp ri s e th e d eve lo pm en t

,
a n d p ro fita bl e a da p ta ti on o f every n a tura l res o urc e ,

th e p ride o f os ten tati ou s luxury th e p ro fo un d di s tru s t

,
o f th e f em a l e s ex which c on d emn s i ts m emb ers to

,
th e s e clu s i on o f th e h a rem Am id s t th e free do m a n d

.
ga yety o f i ts s emi O ri en ta l citi es s e cta rie s o f every

-
,
cree d liv e d u n qu e s ti on e d a n d un di s turb ed P olyga my .
w a s p ra cti s e d wi th ou t c on c ea l men t o r re p ro a ch ;
s c a rc e ly a ca s tl e o f c ou n t o r b a ron w a s with o ut
its n um ero u s s era gli o Educ a ti on w a s g en era l a n d
.
,
rem a rk a bl e i n i ts s c o p e a n d effi ci en cy wh en c o n tra s te d
with th e ign ora n c e o f co n temp ora n eo u s s o ci eties Th e .
fa m ou s Un ivers ity o f M o n tp elli er a m a n ifes ta ti on o f ,
th e i n te ll e c tu a l id eas a n d s pi rit which p erva d e d th e

S ou th o f F ra n c e w a s f o r g en era ti on s a mo n um en t o f
,
th e p ro g res s a n d erudi ti on o f th e i n h a bi ta n ts o f L a n
g u ed oc . A mon g th e public tea ch ers w ere m a n y Je ws

a n d M o h a m m e d a n s w h o i n a ddi ti o n to th e p ro fou n d
, ,
and va ri e d lea rn i n g o f th e s ch oo ls o f C ordo va ,
brought to th e n otic e o f a curi o u s a n d s p e cul ative

ra c e th eo ri es th a t b o d e d ill to th e e ccle s i a s tic a l e s ta b
l i s h m en t which s ta in e d with e v ery h id e ou s a n d d i s

, ,
gu s tin g vic e w a s fa s t s in kin g i n to u n ivers a l a n d

,
de s erve d c o n temp t Th e p ra ctic e o f imp ro vi s ati o n

.
,
— th e c o mp o s ition o f e x temp ora n eo u s p o e try — d e
,
riv e d fro m th e im a gin a tiv e b u t un l ettere d trib es o f
th e Ara bi a n D es ert a n d f o r g en e ra ti on s th e d eligh t

,
o f th e c a pi ta l s o f M o ori s h S p a i n f o un d h ere i ts m o s t
,
fa s cin a tin g exp res s i o n a n d i ts high es t d evelo pm en t .
N e x t to th e prin c e hims elf th e troub a dou r w a s th e

,
m o s t impo rta n t p ers on a g e o f th e P ro ven ca l c o urt .
H i s a cc o mplis hm en ts o ften a cqui re d by a s s o ci a ti o n

,
with th e M o s lem were th e en vy o f th e c a va li er a n d

,
th e h o rro r o f th e p ri es t H i s e le g an t m an n ers a n d
.
p oetic a l ta len ts ga in e d f o r him th e p a s s i on a te a do ra

ti o n o f high b orn l a di es wh o s e b ea u ty h e c el eb ra te d
-
,
i n fl orid a n d licen ti ou s v e rs e H i s s a tires w ere o ften

.
dire cte d a g a in s t th e cle rgy wh o s e lives to o re a dily

,
fu rn i s h ed c a u s e f o r ridicule a n d c en s u re With hi m .
of a C hurch which a tta ch e d th e high es t im p ortan c e to

th e rigid ob s erv a n c e o f m ere fo rm a li ti es w a s f oll o we d
,
b y oth ers o f even m o re n o vel a n d s ta rtlin g ch ara cter .
Th e unb rok en in terc o urs e with th e M os l em p rin ci

p a li ti e s o f th e P en i n s ul a h a d i n tro duc ed in to a c o u n
try wh os e p eo pl e might i n s o m e d e g re e j u s tly cl a i m

, , ,
c on s an guin ity with th e S a ra c en s o f An d a lu s i a th e ,
a rts th e phil os o phy a n d th e e ru diti on which h a d l on g

, ,
e mb elli s h e d th e a cc o mpli s h e d c o urts o f th e W es tern
Kha lifa te H en ce a ro s e th e po pula rity o f th e work s

.
o f Averro es a n d th e g en e ra l fa m ili a rity wi th th e p a n

,
th ei s tic idea s o f I n di a n o rigi n s ub s e qu en tly a d o p te d

,
by th e h eretica l s e cts wh ich fro m tim e to time s pran g

, ,
u p to v ex th e P a p al orth o do xy o f Eu rop e With th ei r .
imp orta ti on i n to F ran ce th e d o ctri n es o f th e Ara b

,
philos oph ers w ere in ves te d wi th a f ar b ro a d er s ign ifi

c an c e than h ad ever b een cla ime d b y th os e wh o firs t
in culcated th ei r tru th s Th e g a y b a lla d s o f th e S outh
.
as s um ed a g rea ter lic e n s e o f s e n tim en t a n d l a n g u a g e
th an th ei r p rototyp es wh o s e free d o m h a d p rov ok ed

,
th e c en s u re o f th e M o h a mm e d a n s o ci ety o f th e G u a
d a l qu ivi r little in clin e d to di s pl a ys o f p rudi s h m ora l
,
i ty . I t w a s fro m s uch b eginn in g s th at w ere d erived

th e s ugg es ti o n s o f th o s e memo ra bl e reli gi ou s revolu
ti on s which h ea de d by Wyclif i n E n gla n d Hu s s in
, ,
B oh emi a a n d Luth er i n G erma n y in de fian c e o f th e

, ,
tremen dou s p o wer o f th e Va tic a n imp re s s e d a n i n

,
d elible s ea l upon th e ch a ra cter a n d be li e f o f s o la rge

a p ortion o f th e in h a bita n ts o f th e civiliz e d gl ob e .
Th e i n fluen ce th a t T ro ub a d o ur a n d T rou vere — p o ets

a nd min s trels — durin g th eir i n c es s an t w an derin g s
ex erte d u p on th e p rovi n ci a l di a l e cts i n which th ei r
p ro ducti on s were c o mp os ed a n d th e exten s iv e d i s

,
trib uti on o f th e l a tter did m o re th a n a ll e ls e to form

,
a n d p erf ec t th e l a n gu a g e o f F ra n c e I t w a s th e s a m e
.
in I ta ly Th a t c oun try a l s o in dire ctly ow es th e s w eet

.
a n d mu s i c a l a cc en ts o f i ts g ra c e ful idi om e qu a lly ,

MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 11
a da p te d to th e des cripti on s o f th e hi s tori a n th e rep ,
res en ta ti o n s o f th e dra m a ti s t a n d th e m el o di o u s v er
,
s i fic a ti o n o f th e p o et to a ra c e f oreig n i n a l l i ts ch a r
,
a c teri s ti cs a n d tra diti o n s to th a t qu a rte r o f th e w orld
where i t ex erci s e d its grea tes t p ower A s with p oetry .

,
s o i t w a s wi th o th e r m a n ife s ta ti o n s o f g e n iu s Much .
o f th e a rchite c tu re o f S o u th ern Eu ro p e a n d es p e
,
c i a ll y th os e buildi n g s d e v ote d to re ligi o u s w o rs hip ,
pres en t un mi s ta ka ble evid en ces o f th eir M o ori s h

o rigin ; a n d thu s th e l a w o f M oh a mm e d while i t ,
fa ile d to reta in i ts d omi n io n o ver th e min d s o f m en ,
w as e n a ble d to p erp e tu a te th e m emo ry o f th e a rts ,
which it pro mote d in th e c on s tructi on o f ma gn ificen t

a n d imp o s in g e dific e s ra i s e d f o r th e c el e b ra ti o n o f th e
ri tes o f a n o th er a n d a n i n imic a l religi o n I n a tho u

.
s a n d w a ys th e m a rch o f in telle c tu a l imp ro v eme n t

, ,
s ugg es te d by th e p res en c e a n d ex a mpl e o f M o s le m
Skill a n d le a rn in g w a s a cc elera te d i n th e provin ces

,
o f th e S o uth o f F ra n c e Th e a ctiv e min d s o f th e

.
inh a bita n ts o f th e v a lley o f th e Rh on e d evoure d with

ea g ern es s th e ex tra v a g a n t ta l e s o f M oori s h ficti on ,
a n d th e i r cu ri o s ity w a s s timul a te d by th e s tudy o f th e
ma xims o f P lato an d Ari s to tle con ta in ed in Ara bic

vers i on s o f tho s e writers Th eir ma n n ers in s en s ibly
.
b eca me s o ften e d thei r id ea s were en large d their ta s tes

, ,
were cultiva ted ; th ey n o lo n g er reg a rde d th e torture

o f h eretic s a n d th e m a s s a cre o f in fid el s a s c on fo rm
a ble to th e p re c e p ts o f a religi on b a s e d up on p ea c e
a n d goo d will to m e n
-
Wi th d ee p dis gu s t they threw
.
o ff th ei r a ll e gi a n c e to th e Church o f R o m e Wom a n .
,
hitherto a s la ve s ubj ecte d to th e c a pric e o f a n im

,
p e ri ou s a n d irre s p o n s ible m as ter w a s ra i s ed by th e

,
h a n d o f chiva lry a n d ma de th e ch eris h ed c omp a n ion if ,
n ot th e e qu a l o f h er l ord
, S emi b a rba ro u s Eu ro p e
.
-
looke d with won der up on a l a n d s o bles s ed by n ature

a n d a d orn e d by a rt ; whe re th e rem a in s o f cl a s s ic a n
ti qui ty were ta ugh t i n th e s a m e s ch o ols with th e b otan y

of S yri a an d th e ch emi s try o f S p a i n ; wh ere a philo

s o phic s pi ri t o f i n qui ry h a d a w a k en e d th e n ob l es t
a s pira ti on s o f th e hu m a n i n tell e ct a n d wh ere k n ightly ,
courtes y h ad repl a c ed th e rud en es s o f th e s word .
T hi s a dva n c ed civiliz a ti on h a d un fortun a tely c ome, ,
four c en tu ri es to o s o o n Th e fea rs o f th e P a p a cy
.
were excited an d a fero cio u s c ru s a de which s p ared

, ,
n e ith e r ra n k a g e s ex ,
n o r i n firmity
, ,
was pub li s h e d ,
a g a in s t th e un fo rtun a te Albig en s e s U p on th e ruins .
o f on e o f th e m os t re fin e d s o ci eties th a t h a d a ri s en
to in s truct m a n k in d s in ce th e d a y s o f A th en i a n g rea t
n es s a s o ci ety which e mb o di e d a ll th a t w a s in teres tin g
, ,
lea rn e d pro fita ble o r en terta in in g i n hum an life wa s

, , ,
e re cted th e I n qui s i ti on th e b a n e o f s ci en c e a n d th e
, ,
impla ca ble f o e o f civil a n d religiou s lib erty .
Th e g rea t c on te s t o f th e thi rte en th c entu ry b etw een

th e Empire a n d th e H oly S ee f o r th e m a s tery o f th e
world derive d i ts origin from th e b a rb ari an o ccup a ti on
o f I ta ly Th e imp eri a l dign ity o f th e C aes a rs em
.
b odi e d a s i s well kn own n ot on ly i ts s up re me ex er

, ,
ci s e b ut th e p res tig e a n d th e mys teri ou s p ower which

,
a tta ch ed to th e pla c e o f P o n ti f ex M a ximu s th e p roto ,
typ e o f th e P a p a cy Th at p o we r h a d b een s ol emn ly

.
c on firmed a n d ma teri a lly en l a rg e d by th e a mbiti on

, ,
a n d p o li tic m eas u res o f C on s ta n tin e Th e o cc as i on a l .
empl o ym en t o f th e Bi s h o p o f R o m e as a rb iter o f th e
di ff eren ces b etween th e S ees o f C o n s tantin o ple an d

A lex a n dri a h a d m a gn ifie d th e imp orta n c e a n d i n s en
s i bl y e x ten d e d th e j u ri s dicti on o f hi s offic e A s pirin g .
p relates wh o h eld the ir court o n th e b an ks o f th e

,
cla s s ic Tib er in s ight o f th e s tup en dou s m em ori als

,
o f a n ci en t c iviliz a ti on s oon b e g a n to a rro g a te to th em

,
s elv e s a p re p on deran c e i n th e d etermi n a ti on o f s ecu l a r
m atters to which th ei r c omp a ra tiv ely obs cu re pred e

ces s ors h a d a dv a n c e d n o cl a im Th e tex ts o f S crip
.
ture were in v o k ed a n d i n terp rete d to c on firm th eir

preten s i on s I n a dditi on to th e a lleg ed vic ari ous s ov
.
erei g n ty v es te d in th em by th e tra diti on a l cho ic e o f

th e S a vi ou r th ey a s s erte d th a t th e p rivil e g e s a n d
,
a uth ori ty en j o y e d by th e P o n ti f e x M a ximu s w ere
th ei rs by th e righ t o f i n h eri ta n c e Th ey in s i s te d
.
,
moreo ver th a t a s c eles ti a l m a tters w ere o f f a r gre a ter

,
imp orta n ce to m a n kin d th a n a n y c o n n e cte d with th e

a ff a irs o f a tra n s i to ry life th e s a cre dn es s o f th ei r
,
e x a l te d p o s i ti o n c on f e rre d e xtra ordi n a ry p rero g a tiv es ,
a n d th a t th e imp eri a l p o w e r w a s s ub o rdi n a te to a n d , ,
un der s o me circum s ta n c es a ctu a lly merge d i n to th e

, ,
p o n t ifi ca l dig n i ty .By thu s s h re wdly ta kin g a d va n
ta g e o f e v ery ci rcums ta n c e which c ould eith er

s tre n g th en i ts i n flu e n c e o r exten d i ts j u ri s dic ti o n ,
th e H o ly S ee s ub j e cted to i ts tyra nn ic a l a n d i rre s p on

s ibl e s w a y a f a r m o re e xten s iv e a n d p o pul ou s terri
to ry th a n h a d e v er p a id reluc ta n t tribute to th e m a s ters

o f imp eri a l R o m e .Excomm un ica tio n a n a th em a an d , ,
interdict th e m ea n s by which thi s tremen d ou s a u

,
th ori ty w a s en fo rc e d w ere m o ra l i n s trum en ts which

,
a pp ea l e d wi th i rre s i s tibl e fo rc e to th e fe a rs o f a
s up ers titi ou s a g e .
Th e b a rb a ri a n in v a s i on s which s w e p t a wa y th e l a s t
,
ves tige o f imp eri a l grea tn e s s in troduc ed th e heretic a l

,
do ctrin es o f Arius i n to S outh ern Eu ro p e Th e re .
li g i ou s a n ta g o n i s m re s ultin g fro m th e i n ce s s a n t cl as h
o f a dv ers e O pi n i on s w a s p e rp etu a te d by th e mutu a l
j ea lou s ies o f kin g an d bi s h o p un til th e a cc es s i on o f

,
Ch arlema gn e pra ctic a lly u n ited i n th e h a n ds o f th a t

emp ero r th e te mp o ra l a n d s a c erdota l p o w ers — th e ,
d omini on o f th e e a rth a n d th e c o n tro l o f a n o rd er

,
who s e memb ers were un i v ers a lly re ga rde d a s m e di a

to rs with h ea v en . Wi th hi s d ea th th e ex ercis e o f th e
e x a l te d p re ro g a tiv e o f s pi ri tu a l j u ri s dic ti o n re v e rte d
to th e P a p a cy . Th e cl a im to i ts en j oyme n t w a s n e v er
a fterw a rd s s ucc e s s fully u rg e d by a n y m on a rch w h o
w as en ti tl ed by right o f i n heri ta n c e to th e dign i ti es

, ,
an d p rivile g e s o f th e C a rlo vi n gi a n e mpi re By d e .

144 H I ST ORY or TH E
grees , th e in fluen c e o f in tellectu al s u p e

i l
res s t es s
ri ori ty qu i etly bu t n on e th e le s s p o w erfull y ex erted

, , ,
b egan to m anifes t its elf I t w a s to th e fa ct th at th e

.
C hurch m on o p oliz e d a ll th e lea rn i n g o f early m ediaeval

tim es ev en m ore th an to th e re v eren c e th at atta ch e d
,
to th e h o ly c a lli n g o f i ts mini s ters th a t i ts b o un dles s

,
p ower o ver th e mo s t trucul en t a n d m erciles s b ar

b a ri a n s i s to b e a ttributed A mys teri ou s a n d ex ag
.
gerated importan ce w as a s cribe d to th at p ro fes s i on

wh os e m embers h eld comm uni on with p as t a g es ; wh o
ca ll e d down th e bles s in gs or th e m a ledi ction s o f
celes ti a l b ein g s in a to n gu e un kn o wn to th e vul g ar ;
wh o commun ica ted in un in telli gible ch ara cters with
, ,
th e learn ed an d th e wi s e o f di s tan t n ati on s ; a n d wh o ,
in th e s eclu s ion o f th e l a b ora to ry in dulg ed in p urs u its

,
con demn ed by th e c an on s o f th eir fa ith but o c c as ion ,
a lly p ro ductive o f res ults wh os e ch a ra c ter rem a rk a b l e ,
f or th at e p o ch n o t i n fre qu en tly a cquire d f or th e

,
mon ki s h ch emi s t th e u n en vi a ble a n d p erilou s title o f

con j uror Th e litera ry a n d s ci en ti fic a tta inm ents
.
a cqu i re d i n th e cl oi s te r b o re h o w e ver n o c omp ari s on

, ,
to th e eru diti on o f th o s e c o u n tri es wh ere S ara c en

en ergy a n d mun i ficen c e h ad l on g p ro m oted th e ex er
ci s e an d e xp an s i on o f th e high es t fa cul ties o f th e

h uma n inte lle ct Th e kn owle dg e p os s es s e d b y th e
.
clergy w as on ly e xten s ive by con tra s t with th e i m p en e

trabl e ign o ra n c e b y which th ey were s urroun d e d an d ,
which it wa s the ir i n teres t to dili g en tly pre p a gate an d

mai nta in .
Th e era which witn es s e d th e clim a x o f P a p al s u

rem acy w a s c o in cid en t with th e m os t th oro u ghly
p
con c erted an d men a cin g a ttempt at i ts o verthro w
ever di re cted b y a n y s e cul a r p oten tate Th e b i rth o f .
Frederick II p rec ed ed th e e le ctio n o f I n n ocent III

.
.
to th e H oly S ee on ly three y e ars I n th e d ea dly

.
s truggl e th at aro s e b etw een th es e two migh ty an ta o

g
ni s ts — a s tru ggl e whi ch w a s f a r m ore p oli ti c al th an
,
re ligi ou s , an d wh o s e temp tin g priz e w a s th e domin i on

of th e ea rt h—
i n flu en c e o f th e S a ra cen w as a
, th e
p owerful a n d in ma n y i n s ta n c es a pre do min a n t
, , ,
fa ctor M o s lem la ws in s titution s a n d cu s to ms h ad

.
, ,
f o r c en tu ri e s a mid s t c ommun iti e s h os tile i n o rigin a n d

,
beli e f s urvive d a l ike th e exi s ten ce o f th ei r o w n d y

,
n as ti e s a n d th e d o mi n a ti on o f th ei r c on que ro rs T rib a l .
di s s en s i on s a n d h eredi tary en mi ty h a d prompte d a n d

fa cilitated th e des tructi on o f th e s plen did M o h a m
med an empire i n S icily I n i ts turn th e N o rm a n
.
,
ki n gdom a fter a pro lo n g e d an d s tormy e xi s ten ce in

, ,
which th e M oori s h tributa ri es pla ye d n o in con s idera ble

p art los t its iden tity ; an d by th e m a rri a ge o f C on
, ,
s ta n c e th e mo th er o f F re derick II
, with H en ry VI .
, .
,
w as m erge d i n to th e G erm a n Empire D urin g th e .
grea t politic a l a n d mo ra l revo luti on s which di s pos e d

o f c ro wn s a n d re p ea tedly ch a n g e d th e des tin i e s o f th e
i s la n d th e Ar a b elemen t o f th e po pula ti on ma inta in e d

,
a n un di s pute d s up eri ority in a rts i n c ommerc e in , ,
li terature — in s h ort i n a ll pro fes s i on s a n d employ

, ,
men ts s a ve th a t o f w a r a lon e Th e s emi b a rba ri an -
con qu eror wh os e on ly pa s s p orts to di s tin ction were

,
th e d e x teri ty with which h e wi eld ed l a n c e a n d s word

a n d th e u n da u n te d c ou ra g e with which h e fa c e d ten
fold o dds e a rly re c ogni z ed th e a dva n ta g es o f th at in

,
tellectu a l p o w er which en a bled hi s M oori s h va s s a l s to

c o p e with a n d overrea ch in b o th tra d e a n d diplo
, ,
ma cy th e a s tute p olitici an s o f Chri s ti a n I ta ly This

, .
ex otic p o pul a ti on n otwi th s ta n din g th e s ucc es s i v e ca

,
l a miti e s which h a d a ffl icte d i t e xhibited thro ugh l on g ,
p eri od s o f time n o e xtra o rdin a ry dimin uti on o f n um

b ers a fa ct n o d oubt largely a ttributa ble to th e p rev a
,
len c e o f p olyg a mou s cu s tom s I n th e c en tre o f th e .
i s lan d ma n y M o ori s h s ettlem en ts de fen d e d by im ,
pregn able fortres s es s ub s is ti n g by p as tora l o ccup a

,
ti on s a n d wh os e c omp ara tive p o verty o ff ered li ttl e

,
indu cemen t to in va s i on rema in ed in tra n qui llity a n d ,

i n th e en j oym en t o f a ru s tic in d ep en den ce I n th e .
great s ea p orts on th e o th er h a n d th e M o s lem trib u

, ,
ta ri es reta i n ed u n d er fo re ign d o min a ti on a ll o f th e

refin em en t a n d much o f th e s pl e n d or which h a d di s tin
g u i s h e d th e l u xu ri o u s c o urt o f th e emi rs I n th es e .
va s t emp oriums wh ere were c on s tan tly a s s embled

,
th e m erch an ts o f ev e ry Chri s ti a n an d o f e very M o

h amm ed an s ta te a n um ero u s m o tl ey a n d in du s tri ou s
, , ,
p eo ple pu rs ue d with o ut O ppres s ion or hin d eran ce a ll

, ,
th e a vo c a ti o n s o f thrivin g m erc a n tile co mmun iti es .
Th e p e cu lia r a d a p ta bility o f th e g eni us o f th e Nor

ma n to n o vel s o ci a l a n d p o litic a l con diti on s a qu a lity ,
which w a s th e m a i n s o urc e o f hi s pros p erity an d great

n es s w a s n ever m ore p ro mi n en tly di s pl a y e d th an a fter
,
th e c on qu es t which tra n s ferre d th e s c ep tre o f S i c ily

from on e ra c e o f fo reign a dven tu rers to an oth er .
No more s trikin g a n ta gon i s m o f n ati on a l cu s toms ,
religi o u s p rej udic e s h a bits a n d tra di ti on s c ould b e

, ,
c on c eive d th an th at exi s tin g b etwe en th e victor an d

th e v an qui s h ed On e c a m e fro m th e b ord ers o f th e
.
Arc tic C i rcle ; th e origin a l h om e o f th e oth er wa s i n

th e T orrid Zon e B o th tra c e d th eir lin ea g e to tribes
.
s teep e d i n b a rb ari s m a n d id o l a try ; b u t th e N orm an ,
th ough h e h a d ch a n g e d hi s s ys te m o f w ors hip s til l ,
reta i n e d m a n y o f i ts o bj e cti on a bl e a n d d e g ra din

g
features while th e Ara b p ro fes s e d a cree d th a t re
,
ga rded with un di s gui s e d a bh o rren ce th e a doration of

i ma ges a n d th e in vo ca tion o f s a in ts I n th e a rts o f
.
civiliz ation th ere w a s n o corre s p on din g a dvan ce whi ch

,
could s ugge s t res emblan c e or j us tify c om p aris on .
P o verty ign oran ce fero city s till rem ain ed th e ch ar

, , ,
a c teri s ti c s o f th e N o rm a n a s wh en
, with a h an dful ,
o f res olute c omp a n i on s h e s c a ttere d to th e wi n d s th e

,
a rmi es o f th e S icili a n Mu s s ulm a n Th e l a tter h ow

.
,
ev er if in feri or i n en du ra n c e a n d m a rti a l en ergy to

,
hi s c on qu eror w as p os s e s s e d o f a cc o mpli s h ments

,
whi ch j us tly entitle d him to a promin en t rank in th e

b reth ren o f th e S p an i s h P eni n s ul a were n ever s ub

,
el m in g di s a s ters
j e c te d t o s uch re p e a te d a n d o v e rwh
a s fell to th e l o t O f th e s ubj e cts Of th e O mm ey a d e
dyn a s ty a n d o f th e p rin cip a lities which in h eri te d i ts

en mi ti e s a n d th e s h a ttere d fra gm en ts Of i ts o n c e va s t
,
a n d p o pul o u s b u t cumb e rs o m e e mpi re Th e N o rm a n

.
a cqui s i ti on o f S icily un lik e th e S p a n i s h R e c on qu es t

, ,
w a s a cc ompli s h e d with s u rp ri s in g ea s e a n d ra pidity .
I n th e f o rm er in s ta n c e th ere w a s b u t little o f th a t in
di s crimin ate fero city which w a s ch a ra cteri s tic Of th e
c on flicts O f th e Middle Ag es an d e s p e ci a lly o f th e s e
,
wh ere religi ou s i n teres ts w ere di re ctly in volve d Th e .
e xp eri en c e o f th e c on qu erors — Ob ta i n e d i n m a n y l an d s
—en a ble d th em to a pp re ci a te th e v a lu e o f th e mo n u
m en ts o f a h ighly develo p e d civiliz ati on wh os e p ro ,
m oters w ere s oo n to p as s un d er th ei r s cep tre F or .
thi s re a s on th ere w a s n o ruth l es s s p oli a ti on o f citi es ,
n o i n di s c rimin a te d e va s ta ti o n o f a f ertil e c o un try
which h a d b een re cla ime d by in fin ite toil an d p ers e

v e ra n ce fro m a n un p ro mi s i n g p ro s p e ct O f m a rs h ,
ra vi n e a n d p re cipic e
, Th e ta n gible res ults O f three
.
hun d re d yea rs o f n ati on a l pro g res s a n d culture were

tra n s mi tte d wi th b u t little imp a i rm en t to th e v i ctori
, ,
ou s fo re ig n er Th es e a dva n ta g es w ere a t o n c e g ras p ed

.
a n d a pp ro p ri a te d wi th a n a vidi ty a b s o lute ly
p h en o m e
n a l in a p eo ple wh os e c a reer h a d b een dic ta te d by th e
p re d atory in s tin cts Of th e b an dit an d wh o s e m an n ers

,
h a d b een f orm e d a mid s t th e lic en s e o f th e c a mp th e ,
s up ers ti ti o n o f th e cl o i s ter a n d th e c a rn a g e o f th e
,
field .
N orm an S icily e xhibite d to al l i nten ts an d p u r

,
p os es a prolo n g a ti on un d er h a ppi er a u s pic es o f th at

, , ,
do min i on to which th e i s la n d o wed i ts pros p erity a n d

i ts f a m e Th e in flu en c e Of M oori s h thrift c a p a city
.
, ,
a n d s kill w a s ev erywh ere m ani fes t a n d a ckn o wl e dg e d .
I ts s ilen t Op era ti o n f a cilita te d i ts p ro g res s a n d i n

creas ed i ts p o we r . Th e m a ritime i n tere s ts o f th e
i s lan d were in th e h an d s O f th e M os lems ; th ey con

tro lle d th e fin a n c es ; th ey n e g oti ate d tre a ti e s ; to th em
w a s la rg ely c on fide d th e a dmi n i s tra ti on o f j u s tic e a n d
th e e duc a ti o n o f yo uth Their in tegrity w a s a cknowl
.
e dg e d e v en by th os e wh os e p ra c tic es a pp ea re d m os t
un fa vora ble by c on tras t ; their vers a tile ta l en ts n ot in

frequen tly ra i s ed them to th e highes t a n d mos t res p on
s ibl e p o s ts o f th e N o rm a n c ou rt That c ourt i s d e
.
cl a red by c on temp ora ry hi s to ri a n s to h a ve e qu a ll e d i n
s pl en d or a n d culture th o s e o f C a i ro an d B a gd a d Thi s .
c ompa ri s on while th e highes t en c omium th a t c oul d b e

,
pron oun ce d upon its gra n d eur a n d brilli an cy a l s o d e ,
n ote d u nmi s ta k a bly th e O ri en ta l i n flu en c e which p er
va de d it Great dign ita ri es with p omp ou s titles an d

.
,
retin u es imp o s i n g i n n um b ers a n d m a gn ific en c e ex er ,
ci s e d th e p rin cip a l empl o ym e n ts o f th e c rown A rigid .
s y s tem o f s ub o rdin a ti on a n d a cc oun ta bili ty w a s e s ta b
li s h e d g o ve rn in g th e con duct o f th e min o r Offici a l s

,
i n th eir rel ati o n s to th eir s up eri ors a n d to th e s o v er

ei gn . Th e gra d a ti on s i n ran k o f th es e civil m a gi s tra tes
were n um erou s an d th e ir res p e ctive duties plai n ly a n d
,
a ccura tely d e fin e d Th e s ys tem o f fie f s h a d n e v er

.
Obta in e d i n N orthern I taly owin g to th e ex tra ord i

,
n a ry g rowth O f m a ri tim e en terp ri s e th e mu tu a l j ea l

,
ou s i es en g en d ere d by c o mm e rci a l riva lry th e

p rej u
,
dices O f th e L omba rd p o pula tion h o s tile to th e ,
res tra in ts a n d a bu s e s which th e a do p ti o n O f th a t
s ys tem impli e d th e foun d a ti o n O f ma n y in dep en d en t

,
a n d wea lthy c om mu n i ti e s —, c on diti on s n a tura lly i n

compatible w ith th e ma i n ten an ce Of a n es ta blis hmen t
bas ed upon o bligatio n s o f milita ry s ervic e a n d baron i al
prote ction I n Apulia an d N o rth ern S icily h owever
.
, ,
Norman domin ati on tran s pla n ted to s ome exten t th e

, ,
la ws an d cu s toms o f Wes tern Eu ro p e which foun d a ,
con gen i a l s oil in pro vin ces a lre a dy fa mili ar with th e

ex a c ti on s o f S a ra c en d es p oti s m B u t th e feud a l s y s
.
tem o f N orm a n rul e h a d l os t much o f i ts origin a l

v i y an d h a d b een cu rta iled o f th os e o ppres s ive

s e er t ,
privileg es with difficulty en dure d even i n coun tries f or

cen turi es a c cus to me d to th e s u ff erin g an d degra dation
they en tai le d Th es e mo dific ation s were s o ex ten s ive
.
a n d ra dic a l as to b e a lm o s t re vo luti on a ry i n th ei r n a
ture . Th e di s pute s o f lo rd a n d vas s al o f n obl e an d ,
s u z era in w ere d e cide d by a c o u rt o f j u dic a ture

,
Vil .
l ein a g e as reco gn iz ed e ls ewhere i n Euro p e w as p racti

, ,
cally un known Whil e th e vil le in w a s a tta ch ed to th e

.
glebe an d p as s e d with i ts tran s fer h e c oul d n ot b e ,
p ers ecuted with impun i ty ; h e c oul d o wn pro p erty an d

a li en a te i t m a k e will s
, ran s o m hi s s ervic e s
,
an d in , ,
man y oth er res p e cts e x erci s e th e rights o f a freem an

, ,
while s till s ubj ect to th e di s abiliti es o f a s erf Th e .
d ays Of c ompul s ory l a b or en j o i n ed up on him were

pres crib ed by l a w H i s te s timon y w as a dmi s s ible in
.
th e tri a l o f c a u s es ; h e c o uld n o t b e ill eg a lly d ep rived

o f th e res u lts o f h i s i n du s try wh en h i s duti es to h is
lord h ad b een faithfully di s ch a rge d ; an d un d er cer ,
ta i n c i rcu m s tan c es h e w as p ermi tte d to en ter th e cl eri

,
cal p ro fes s io n wh o s e o pp o rtun iti e s might o p en to an

,
a s pi ri n g z ea lot a c a reer o f th e high es t di s ti n cti on .
Th e b arb ari a n p rej udic es o f th e N o rm an con qu eror

s urviv ed in m an y in s tituti on s in h erite d from a g es Of
gros s s u p ers tition an d ign ora n ce Amon g th es e were .
th e a bs urd an d ini quitou s tri a ls by fire w ater an d , ,
j u dici al combat preva len t i n s o ci eties domin ate d

,
p artly b y p ri es tcra f t an d p a rtly by th e s word B ut .
more c orrect id ea s o f th e tru e ch ara cter of eviden ce

a n d i ts a pplic ation a cqui red fro m a s s oc i a ti on with a
,
p eople fa mili a r with th e c od es o f J u s tin i an a nd MO

'
h amm ed even tu ally m itig ate d th e evils p rod u c ed by

,
s u c h i rra ti on a l p ro c edure ; and while n ot enti rely

,
ab an d on ed i ts m os t O ff en s ive f e a tu res w ere gra du a lly

,
s u ff ere d to b ec om e o b s o l ete I n oth er res p ects th e

.
,
a dm in i s trati on o f j u s tic e— f or th e ex c ell en c e Of i ts
s ys tem f or th e ra pidity with whi c h tri a l s w ere con

,
ducted f o r th e O pp ortun ity a ff orde d th e litiga n t f or

,
a pp e a l a n d re v ers a l O f j udgm en t— w a s re m a rk a bl e .
I n ve s te d with a s a cre d ch ara cter th e judge i n th e , ,
hon or o f hi s Offi ci a l p os itio n w a s in feri o r to th e kin g

,
a lo n e . H i s pers on w a s in vi ol a bl e N O on e m ight .
qu es ti on h i s mo tives o r di s pute h i s a utho rity un der

pen a lty O f s a crilege Th e he a d o f th e s upreme c ourt
.
O f th e ki n gd om by which a ll qu es ti on s ta ken o n a pp ea l
,
from th e in ferio r tribun a ls were fin a lly a djudica ted ,
w as c a lle d th e G ra n d J u s ti ci a ry H i s p o wers a n d .
dign ity cla ime d an d re c eive d th e highe s t con s idera tion .
No n e bu t m en c on s picu ou s ly emin en t f or lea rn in g a n d

in te grity were ra i s ed to thi s ex a lte d Offic e Th e Gran d .
Ju s ti c i a ry a lth o ugh fre qu en tly o f pleb ei a n ex tra c

,
ti on too k p re c e d en c e o f th e proud n o bility wh os e

, ,
title s c e n tu ri es old a n d g a i n e d i n Egypt a n d P a les

,
tin e h a d a lrea dy b e c ome hi s to ric

, A s ilk en b ann er .
,
th e embl em o f h i s Offic e w a s c a rri e d b e fo re him

, In .
public a s s embli es a n d roya l a udien c es h e s a t a t th e

le ft h a n d o f th e s ov ereign O n ly th e c on s ta ble o f all
.
,
th e Offi ci a l s o f th e c rown a pp ro a ch e d him i n ra n k

, .
Th es e un u s u a l h o n o rs p a id to a dign ita ry wh o s e title

to re s p e c t w a s d u e n ot to p ers o n a l p ro we s s or to
,
heredita ry di s ti n cti on b u t to th e reveren c e a tta chin g

,
to hi s emplo ymen t i n dic a te a g rea t a d v a n c e i n th e

,
cha ra cter O f a p eo ple which bu t a f ew yea rs be fo re, ,
a ckn owl e dg e d n o l a w b u t th a t o f phy s ic a l s up eri o ri ty ,
n o tribu n a l b u t th a t o f a rm s I n th e o th er d e p a rt
.
men ts o f governm en t— i n fin a n ce in le gis la tion i n , ,
th e regul a ti o n s o f c o mm erc e i n th e p ro te c ti o n a n d
,
en c ou ra g e m en t O f a g ricultu re i n th e m a i n ten a n c e o f
,
o rd er— th e N o rm a n d o mi n a ti on i n S icily p re s en te d a n
e x a mpl e o f a dv a n c e d ci v iliz a ti on to b e s ee n n o wh ere
el s e i n Eu ro p e e xc e p t i n th e M o o ri s h p ri n cip a liti es
,
o f S p a in Th e s ys tem o f ta x a ti on n o t on ly embra c ed
.
regul a r a s s e s s m en ts b u t a u th o riz e d s uch e x traordi n a ry

,
contributi on s as might b e re quired f o r th e con s truc tion

22 H I STORY OF TH E
of great pub lic works or de man d e d by th e e xigen cies

Of w a r A p owerful an d well equipp ed n a vy en
.
-
forc e d th e a uth ority a n d prote cte d th e rights o f th e

N orm a n kin g s i n th e M e di terra n ean I n th e clas s i .
fic a ti on O f o rd ers e ccl es i a s tic s w ere n o t a s els ewh ere

, , ,
gran te d e xtra o rdin a ry privile g es by rea s o n O f th e ir

s a cre d pro fes s i on Th o s e O f ra n k were enrolled
.
a m on g th e feu d a to ri e s ; th e in fe ri o r cl ergy we re rel e
g ate d to th e i n termedi ate gra de o f s ubj e cts pla c ed

between th e n oble an d th e s e rf a ll were e qua lly with ,
th e l a i ty res p on s ibl e f o r i n fra cti on s o f th e l a w s

,
Th e .
mon a rch w a s th e he a d o f th e Chu rch un der th e P o p e ;

th e O ffi c e o f P a p a l leg a te which h e u s u rp ed w a s a s
, ,
s um e d ,
by a c on v en i en t ficti on to h a ve b een tra n s ,
m i tted by i nh erita n c e ; h e ex erci s e d th e rights o f th e

ere cti o n o f bi s h o p ric s th e p res en tati o n o f b en e fices
, ,
th e tra n s l ati on o f p rel ates th e e x emp ti o n o f a bb eys ;

,
h e imp os ed ta x e s on th e p ri es th oo d a n d when o cc a , ,
s i on d e m a n d e d did n ot h es i ta te to s eiz e a n d a pp ro
,
p r i a te p ro p e rty s et as id e f or th e u s es o f public w or
s hip. I n h i s d omin i on s th e P o p e whil e th e n o min a l

, ,
h ea d o f Chri s ten dom w a s m erely a p ers on a g e o f s ec

,
on d a ry imp o rta n c e wi th li ttl e rea l i n flu en c e a n d with

,
n o p res tig e s a v e th a t deriv e d fro m hi s v en era ted title
a n d fro m hi s res iden c e i n th a t ci ty which h a d on c e
given l a ws to th e wo rld Th e P a p a cy it i s tru e h a d

.
, ,
n o t y et fully es ta bli s h e d th o s e p o rten to u s cl a im s to
e mpi re which s ub s equ en tly bro ught th e m o s t re m ote
c oun tri es un d er its j u ri s dictio n ; b ut its a s pirin g p on

ti ff S h a d a lrea dy l a id th e fo u n d a ti on s o f th eir d es p o
ti s m ; a n d thi s d e fi a n c e O f th ei r a u th o rity a t th e v ery ,
g ates Of th e c a pita l o f Ch ri s ten dom w a s fraugh t with ,
th e m os t vi ta l c on s equ en c es to th e fu ture p ea c e an d
welfa re o f Euro p e .
No p eo pl e p res en te d grea ter va ri ety in m a n n ers ,
lan gu a ge h a bits a n d religi on th a n th at o f N orm an

, ,
S icily Th e min glin g o f Stran g e ton gues th e con s tant

.
,
re curren ce O f pictu res qu e c o s tume s d en o te d th e pres

,
en c e Of m a n y di s ti n ct n a ti on a li ti es I n g en era l a l
.
,
th ough cl o s e rela ti on s we re m a in ta i n ed a n d i n term a r

ri a g es w ere c o mm o n th e di ff e ren t ra c e s w ere d i s trib
,
u te d i n s e p a ra te qu a rters a n d di s tricts a n d exi s te d a s

,
cas tes Greek L a tin H ebrew Ara bic a s well a s th e

.
, , , ,
h ars h an d ba rb a ric di a le cts o f G erm an y an d F ra n ce ,
were s p oken ; th e l aws O f e a ch n a tion were s u ff ered

to p rev a il e xc e pt wh en th ey c on flicte d wi th th e s u
,
preme a uthority ; en forc ed p ro s elyti s m a n d religi ou s

p ers ecuti on were u n kn o wn ; an d i n a s o ci ety o f s uch
,
a divers ifie d ch a ra cter i t w a s imp os s ibl e th a t n a ti on a l

,
pre judice co uld o b ta in a p erma n en t foothold Th e .
ten d en cy o f publi c O pi n i o n a s w ell a s th e p olicy o f

,
th e g o vern m en t w a s tow a rd s th e in dulg e n c e o f re

,
li g i ou s a n d i n tellectu a l freed o m I n n o res p e ct w a s

.
thi s lib era lity s o a pp a ren t as i n th e tre a tm en t O f th e

J ews Els ewhere in Eu ro p e th ey were c on s idered th e
.
legitima te prey o f e very O ppres s o r ; li able to be tra n s

ferred by en tire c ommun iti es like s o m a n y c attle
, ,
fro m on e p etty tyra n t to a n oth er ; robb ed an d to rture d

with impun i ty ; in c a p a cita te d from in vokin g th e p ro
tecti on O f th e la ws ; ren d ered p o werles s by c en tu ri es
o f s y s tem a tic O pp res s i on to e x e rt th e right o f s elf
de fen c e or to s ucces s fully a pp ea l to a rms in a n a g e o f

a n a rchy a n d vi o l en c e I n S icily u n der th e N orm a n s
.
, ,
an en ligh ten e d public s en tim en t dic ta te d th e m ea s u re s
pu rs u ed in th e trea tmen t Of an en terpris in g b u t u n

fortun ate p eo ple Th eir u s e fuln es s to th e s tate w a s
.
re c o g n iz e d by th e immu n i ti es th ey e n j oy e d F or .
g en era tion s n o b a dg e o f in fa my o r s ervi tud e m a d e

,
th em c on s picu ou s i n th e c ro wde d s tre ets ; n o o n erou s

ta x e s w ere la i d up o n th em a s a cl a s s ; th ey s h a re d i n ,
la rge mea s ure th e rights an d priv ileg es o f oth er citi

,
z en s ; n o tribun a l w as p ermitte d to di s crimi n a te a g a in s t

th em i n th e di s p en s a tio n o f ju s tic e ; th ey w ere n ot
prohibi te d fro m ex erci s in g th e pro fes s i on o f b an kers ,
bu t th e rate O f i n teres t th ey might ex a ct w as limi te d

to ten p er c en t .
Th e lu s tre Of S ara c en civili z a ti on w a s rath er he ight

en e d th a n ta rn i s h e d by th e N o rm a n c on qu es t Th e .
s ta bility a n d c o n fid en c e which th e rule O f th e victo rs
pro duce d more th an c omp en s a te d f o r th e d a m a ge i n

ev i ta b l y res ulti n g f ro m th ei r milita ry Op era ti o n s Th e .
s up rem a cy O f l a w w as e v erywh ere es ta bli s h e d T riba l .
a n im o s ity which h a d b e en th e cu rs e O f M os l em s o
,
c i ety w a s s uppres s e d if n ot en ti re ly e ra di ca te d
, ,
Th e .
s ea p o rts i n c reas e d ra pidly i n e x ten t a n d O pul en c e .
P a la c es O f e qu a l dimen s i on s an d b ea uty bu t m ore ,
s ub s ta n ti a l i n th e i r c on s truc ti o n re pl a c e d th e a i ry a n d
,
pictures qu e villa s which h a d di s pla ye d th e tas te O f th e

M oo ris h prin c es M a s s ive s ta i rwa ys a ff orde d a cc es s
.
to th e b roa d s to n e qu a y s en cumb ere d with th e m er

c h a n d i s e o f th e M e di terra n ea n Th e n a rro w a n d to r
.
tu on s th o roughfa res o f th e O ri en t g a v e w a y to wid e

a n d w ell p a v e d a v en u es a d a p te d to th e c o mm erci a l
-
n e c e s s i ti es o f a n um erou s tra di n g p o pul a ti o n As .
formerly un der Greek a n d M o s lem P a lerm o ex

, ,
h i b i te d in th e high e s t d egre e th e i n flu en c e a n d p ro g
, ,
res s O f th e a rts Of civiliz a ti on I ts cita d el d e f en d e d

.
,
by every res ourc e o f military s ci en c e w as o f s uch ,
e xten t a s to m e ri t o f i ts e lf th e a pp e ll a ti o n O f a ci ty .
H ere were s itu a ted th e wa reh ou s es th e b a z a a rs th e , ,
ba th s th e ma rkets th e chu rch es a n d th e m o s qu es

, , , .
Above i t ros e th e c a s tle rea re d by th e N o rm an s th e ,
s o lid bl o ck s which c omp os e d i ts w a ll s b e in g c o vere d
with a ra b es qu es a n d i n s cripti on s Th e res iden c e s Of

.
th e m e rch a n ts a n d th e n o bili ty w ere c o n s picu o u s f o r

th ei r n umb er a n d el eg a n c e ; th e ro y a l p a l a c e w a s i n
its elf a ma rvel o f a rchite ctura l gran d eu r an d s yb aritic
luxury B u t th e edific es which s truck th e im a gin a
.
ti on O f th e s tra n g er m o s t forcibly w ere th e tw o g rea t

s h rin es res p ec tive ly a ll otte d to C h ri s ti a n a n d to M os
l em w ors hip S e cta ri an rivalry h a d e xh au s te d its elf

.
m oti n g th e e duca tio n o f th e m as s es w a s i n a ugu ra te d .
Th e J ewi s h a n d S a ra c en s ch oo ls h o w e ver s till s ur

, ,
v i v ed ; th e y w ere Often th e re cipi en ts o f ro y a l g en er
os i ty a n d w e re res orte d to by s uch Ch ri s ti a n s a s w ere

,
des i rou s o f pro fitin g by th e va lu a ble i n s tructi on they

a ff ord e d . A s els ewh ere i n Ch ri s te n do m , th e cl ergy
were th e gen era l d ep o s ita rie s o f k wl dg
n o e e — an a d ,
van ta ge which th ey tho roughly u n d ers too d a n d were ,
by n o me an s willin g to v olun tarily reli n qui s h I n one .
res p ect a lon e th ei r p o wer w a s s eri o u s ly curta iled .
Th e s puri o u s m edicin e o f th e tim e a s p ra c ti s e d un d er

,
th e s a n c ti on o f th e H o ly S ee h a d ra i s e d up a h erd
,
o f ig n o ra n t a n d m erc e n a ry e ccl es i a s tic a l Ch a rl a ta n s .
Th es e o p era te d by m ea n s O f ch a n ts relic s a n d in c en s e ;
, ,
a n d th e i r e n o rm o u s g a i n s w ere o n e O f th e chi e f s ou rc es
o f re v en u e to th e p a ri s h a n d th e m o n a s tery an d a ,
c orres p on din g bu rden on th e p eo ple Kin g Ro ger .
a b oli s h e d thi s a bu s e a n d re qui re d a n e x a min a ti on by

, ,
e xp eri en c e d phy s ici a n s o f a ll c a n did a tes f o r th e p ro

,
f es s i on o f m e dicin e a n d s u rg ery re s tric tin g th o s e ,
wh o s e s up ers titi on w a s i n era dic a ble o r wh os e lea rn in g

w a s d e fici en t to th e cl a n d e s ti n e min i s tra ti o n s o f th e
s hri n e a n d th e c on f es s i on a l .
I n th e s u b j ug a te d ra ce which h a d i n h erite d th e
,
wi s do m a n d e xp eri en c e O f ma n y a g es a n d p eo ples i s ,
to b e di s c ern e d th e p ri n cip a l a n d in d e e d th e i n d i s p en
,
s a ble f a c to r O f N orm a n p ro s p e ri ty a n d civiliz a ti on

, .
I ts ch a ra cteri s tic s h a d b een d e e ply imp res s e d up o n th e

v a riou s regulati on s which c on tro lle d th e d es tin i es O f
th e i s l an d ; th ey rea pp ea re d i n th e mili ta ry org a n iz a
ti on i n th e civil p o li ty i n th e s o ci a l cu s to m s i n th e
, , ,
a rchi te c tu ra l d e s ig n s e ven i n th e re ligi ou s c erem o n i a l

, ,
o f th e c on qu ero rs . Th e in va d ers w ere b u t a h a n dful

in n umb e r ; bu t th e m o ra l in flu en ce th ey wi eld e d ,
th rough i n vi n cibl e v a lor p ro digi o u s p ers o n a l s tren g th

, ,
a n d i n fl e xibl e ten a ci ty O f pu rp o s e a t o n c e g a v e th em
,
a lm o s t un di s pu ted a s c en d en cy T h es e qu a li ti es h ow
.
,
e ver c ould n o t un a id ed foun d or ma in ta in a fl ouri s h

, , ,
i n g s ta te emin en t i n tho s e a rts which co n tribute to th e

welfa re an d O pulen ce o f n a ti on s O ri en ta l cra ft .
,
re fin e m en t a n d l ea rn in g were a bl e h o w e ve r to s upply
, , ,
th e de fici en ci es o f wh o s e exi s ten c e th e rud e a n d un

p oli s he d Wes tern a dventurers were th oroughly cog
n i za n t. Th e M o s le m s too d high in th e c o n fid en ce a n d
fa vor O f th e N orma n prin c es Quick to a pp reci ate .
an d m eet th e e xig en ci e s O f eve ry o cc as i o n h i s p ro w es s ,
w a s in va lu a ble i n th e s uppres s i on o f a n a rchy a n d th e

es ta bli s hm en t o f o rde r S ara cen c a va lry were en rolled
.
by th ou s an d s i n th e N orma n a rmi es S a ra cen coun .
c i ll o rs s to o d i n th e s h a do w o f th e th ron e S a ra cen s .
c olle cte d ta xe s a n d a dmin is tere d th e public reven u es .
Th ey c o n ducted with th e a rtful diploma cy ch ara cter

,
i s ti c o f th eir ra ce imp o rta n t n eg o ti a ti on s with fo re ign

,
powers Thei r religiou s a s s emblies were prote cte d

.
fro m in tru s i o n a n d in s ult with th e s am e s olicitude

which as s ure d th e in vi ol a bility o f Chris ti an wors hip .
Th e un o b s truc te d en j oym en t a n d di s p o s a l o f rea l a n d

p ers on al p ro p erty w as a ccorde d to them by th e la ws .
Their imp res s on th e cu s toms o f s o ci a l a n d dom es tic

life w a s d ee p a n d p erma n en t Th e preva ilin g l an .
gu a ge o f co urt an d city a like w a s Ara bic Eun uch s .

,
i n flo wi n g ro b es a n d s n o wy turb a n s s wa rme d i n th e ,
p a la c es o f ki n g n oble a n d bi s h o p, , D a rk eye d .
-
beau ti es o f M o o ri s h lin ea g e fille d th e h arems o f th e

marti a l a n d licen tiou s a ri s to cra cy Th e ka di reta in .
,
in g th e i n s ign i a a n d a u thority o f hi s o rigin al Offi ci al

emplo ym en t w a s a n imp o rta n t m e mb er o f th e S icili a n
,
j udici a ry H e n ot on ly determin e d th e c a u s es o f h i s
.
c oun trymen b u t w a s frequ en tly th e tru s te d a dvi s er

,
Of th e mon a rch F rom th e s umm its O f a hun dred

.
min a rets which s e eme d to pi erc e th e s ki es th e muezzin , ,
s hrilly i n to n in g th e p res c rib e d v ers e s o f th e K o ra n ,
s ummo n e d th e f oll o w e rs o f M oh a mm e d to p ra ye r A s .
28 H I ST ORY OP TH E
w as P a lermo s uch were th e oth er S icili an citi es

,
,
M es s in a S yra cu s e E n n a A g ri gen tum

, , ,
.
M o s le m i n s tituti on s with th e p owe rful in fluen c e s

,
res ultin g from th e i r un iv e rs a l a d o p ti on thu s m a in

,
ta in ed a n o v erwh elmin g p re p on d era n c e th rough out

th e p ro vin c e s o f th e N orm a n ki n gd o m Even in .
Apuli a a n d C a la bri a th e origin a l s eat o f th e n ew

,
dyn a s ty th e s a me c on diti on s pre va ile d Th e c en tre

,
.
o f th e P a p a l p o wer a n d o f th e v a ri o u s s ta tes s ubj ect
to i ts imme di a te j u ri s dic ti o n — a j u ri s dicti on a lrea dy

imp orta n t b u t n ot a s y et ex erci s e d wi th un di s puted
,
a uth o ri ty— c ould n o t f a il to b e p ro f oun dly imp res s e d
by th e pro x i mi ty o f th i s a n om a lou s e mpire ; wh ere

Chri s ti a n s y mbols a n d K o ra n ic le g en ds w ere blen ded
i n th e emb elli s hm en t o f c a th e dra l s ; wh ere th e cruci
fix ion a n d th e mottoes o f M oh a m m e d a n rul ers w ere
impre s s ed to g eth er up on th e c o in a g e o f th e rea lm ;
wh ere emin en t prel a tes owe d i n ve s titu re ren d ered ,
h o ma g e a n d p a id tribute to th e s e cular po wer ; wh ere

,
M os lem dign itari es n ot i n fre qu en tly to ok p re c e den ce

o f P a p a l en v o y s ; a n d th e h ere dita ry en emi es Of
Chri s ten d o m fought va li an tly un der th e s tan d a rd O f
th e C ro s s . No r w a s th e e ff e ct Of thi s o mi n o u s ex
a mpl e c on fin e d to l o c a li ti es wh ere da ily f a mili a ri ty
h a d c a u s e d i t to lo s e i ts n o v elty . Th e tra d ers wh o

vi s ited th e remo te a n d s emi b a rb a rou s c o u rts O f Eu
-
ro p e th e C ru s a d e rs w h o fro m tim e to tim e e n j oy e d

,
th e h o s pita li ty o f th e S icili a n citi es th e retu rn e d a d

,
ven tu rers wh o h a d s erve d in th e a rmi es o f th e pri n c ely

H o u s e O f D e H a ute ville a ll s p rea d f a r a n d wide ex
, , ,
a g g e ra ted a n d ro m a n tic a cc ou n ts o f th e s tra n g e a n d
s a c ril egi ou s cu s to m s o f th e N o rm a n m on a rchy Ec .
c l es i a s ti cs c ro s s ed th em s elves wi th di s m a y wh en th ey
h ea rd o f th e ho n o rs la vi s h ed up on i n fid el s wh os e co ,
religi on i s ts h a d p ro f a n ed th e H o ly S e pulch re e v o ki n g ,
giga n tic exp editi on s which h a d d e p o pulate d en tire

provin ces a n d dra in e d th e wea lth o f credulo u s a n d
fan atic Eu ro p e O th ers wh om s tudy a n d re fle cti on

.
,
h a d m a d e wi s e bey on d th e a g e i n which th ey live d ,
s a w wi th O p en i n di ff e re n c e a n d c o n c e a l e d d elight i n
, ,
this de fia n c e a n d c o n tempt o f P o pi s h tyra n n y th e ,
da wn Of a brighter era th e pros p ect O f th e ultimate

,
em a n cip a ti o n o f th e hum a n mi n d Th e p ro gres s o f.
th e m en ta l a n d m ora l ch a n g e s which a ff e cte d Eu

ro p ea n s o ci ety a c tin g th rough th e i n terven ti on o f
,
N orman i n flu en ce in th e p olitic a l an d religi ou s life

o f th e c on tin en t w a s gra du a l i n d etermi n a te a n d l on g
, , ,
imperc eptible b u t in c es s an t an d p owerful Th e u n i

, .
vers al de fici en cy o f th e mean s Of in fo rm ation th e ,
dea rth o f e duc a ti on a l fa cilitie s which p ro mote d th e

,
de pen den c e O f th e mas s es up on th e on ly clas s c a p a ble

o f in s tructi n g a n d imp ro vi n g th em th e te rribl e p e n ,
al ti es vi s ite d up on h eres y d e ferre d f o r n ea rly th ree

,
hun dred yea rs th e in evita ble o utbre a k o f an in tell ec

tu a l revo luti on Th e p rin cipl es on which th a t rev olu
.
ti on w a s b a s e d a lth ough a t firs t di s cu s s ed furtively

,
a n d in s e c ret i n tim e b e c a m e s o p o pul a r as to en d a n g er

,
th e empi re o f th e Chu rch a n d to s eri o u s ly imp a i r i ts

pres tige .
Th e in flu en c e o f th e ro ya l H o u s e Of D e H a uteville
w as exten d ed m a gn ified p erp etu a te d by th e i mp eri a l
, , ,
H ou s e o f H oh en s ta u f en Th e tra diti on s o f th e Ara b

.
,
inh erite d by th e N o rm an were tran s mitte d to a n d b e

,
ca me th e in s pira ti on o f th e Germa n Th e gen iu s o f .
Frederick II impres s ed its e lf in delibly up on th e en

.
ti re T euton ic ra c e I t mu s t n ot b e fo rg otte n tha t th e

.
mos t formid able revo lt a ga in s t P a p a l tyra nn y a n d

corrupti on broke ou t in S a x on y Th e n ew G erm a n .
Empire o wes la rgely its c omman din g p o s ition in Eu

ro p e a n d i ts e x a lte d ran k i n th e s ca le o f civiliz a ti on
to th e ta l en ts th e en ergy a n d th e tra n s c en d en t wi s do m
, ,
o f th e g re a te s t m on a rch o f me diaeva l tim e s .
Th e fi erc e s truggl e b etween th e P a p a cy a n d th e

E mpi re f or un ivers a l rule began with th e a s cen den cy
30 HI ST ORY OF TH E
“
Of H ou s e o f H oh en s tau f en i n th e b eginn in g o f
th e ,
th e tw elfth c en tu ry Th e p ri n c es Of th at H ou s e enn
. ,
n en t f or v a lor an d diplo m a cy e a rly di s pl a ye d a s pi ri t

,
o f in s ub o rdin a tion to w a rds th e H o ly S ee which a u
u re d ill f o r th e p o litic a l s up re m a cy whi ch h a d b e g un

g
to b e th e lea di n g Ob j ect o f i ts a mbiti on Th e P a p a l .
p ower n ot y et con s olid a te d n or ev en fully de fin ed

, , ,
w a s un a bl e to s u cc es s fully O pp os e to th e en cro a ch
m en ts o f th e h aughty G erm an s o vereign s th os e me a s
ures which a fterwa rd s p ro ve d S O eff e ctive a ga in s t th e
re c a lci tra n t m on a rch s o f Eu ro p e i n th e s ettl e m en t Of
dis putes i n volvin g i ts do c tri n es a n d its a uth ori ty .
Th e ch a otic s ta te O f Euro p ea n p oli ti c s m a de i t i m p o s

s ible f o r th e P o p e to en li s t th e a i d Of a n y p oten ta te
a bl e to wi th s tan d th e tyran ts O f th e N o rth wh os e a m ,

’
biti ou a imed a t th e a bs orpti on o f S t P eter s p atri .
m on y a s their in s olen c e h a d a lrea dy m en a c ed th e i n

,
de p en den ce Of h i s thron e Diplomati c n e g oti ati on h ad

.
pro ve d o f n o a va il Th e on c e formid abl e wea p on o f

.
e xc ommu n ic ati on w a s trea te d with c on temp t No .
o th e r res ou rce rem a i n e d Th e in fluen c e o f th e Empire

.
a tta in e d i ts m a ximu m duri n g th e reig n o f H en ry
VI ; an d th e P o p e s urroun de d on e very s ide by

.
,
p o werful an d determin e d en emi es s eeme d a bo ut to ,
b e d e gra d e d to th e ra n k o f a n im p eria l va s s a l when ,
th e s udd en d eath Of th e Emp e ror a n d th e el ec ti on O f ,
on e o f th e g rea tes t o f th e S u p rem e P on ti ff s ev er
ra i s e d to th e ch a ir o f th e H o ly S ee rev ers e d th e p o ,
li ti ca l an d e c cl es i a s tic a l c on diti on s to a ll a pp ea ra n c es
,
firml y e s tab li s h ed a n d u p on wh os e m a in ten a n ce s o

,
much d ep en ded an d O p en e d th e w ay f or a tra in o f

,
c a l amiti es un equ a lle d in th eir atro ciou s ch ara ct er by

a n y a cts o f tyrann y th a t h a v e e ver s tifle d i n d e p en den t
th o ught or retard e d th e pro gres s Of h um an civiliz a

ti on .
I nn ocent I II wh en ele cte d to th e P a p a l dign ity

.
, ,
w a s a l rea dy a m an o f m a ture y ea rs wi d e e xp eri en ce , ,

a n d e s ta bli s he d reputati on H i s a biliti es as a s ch ol ar

.
a n d a dipl o m a ti s t h i s fa mili a ri ty wi th th e p ri n cipl es

,
o f th eo l o gy a n d l a w h a d m a d e h i s n a m e k n o wn a n d
,
re s p e cte d th rough o u t Eu ro p e while th e in flu en c e h e ,
ex e rte d i n th e c ou n cil s o f th e Church l on g b e f o re h i s ,
e x a lta ti o n to i ts high es t Ofli ce ren d ere d him emin en tly ,
c on s picuou s in th e e ccles i as tic al a ff a i rs o f I ta ly With .
h i s exten s ive erudition a n d ve rs a tili ty o f ch a ra cter

were un ite d ta len ts f or in trigue a n d a dmin is trati on
e qu a l to th e m os t e x a cti n g requi re m en ts O f s ta te s m a n
s hip a n d c o mm a n d .I n s in u ati n g i n a ddres s j o vi a l i n ,
c on vers atio n by tu rn s h aughty a n d a ff a ble i n man n er

, ,
hi s un riva lled a cqu a in ta n c e with huma n n a ture a n d ,
hi s d elic a cy o f ta ct en a ble d him to re gul a te hi s con

,
duct a n d his d emea n or a ccordin g to th e circums tan c es

o f h i s p o li tic a l o r re ligi o u s en vi ron m en t C on s ci ou s .
O f his c omm a n din g g en ius h i s in s ati a ble a mbiti on w a s

,
n ot c o n ten t with th e en j oym en t o f th e tra di ti on a l
hon ors an d m a teri a l a dvan ta ges o f P a p a l s overeign ty ;

i t a ime d a t th e es ta bli s hm en t o f a n a uto cra cy fre e ,
fro m th e i n terferen ce o f e arthly poten tates n o min ally ,
s ub j e ct to c e les ti a l p o w er a l on e bu t i n fa ct a b s o lutely , , ,
i rres p on s ible a n d des p otic .
S uch w as th e formid a ble a n ta gon i s t wh o at th e

, ,
clo s e O f th e twelfth c en tury co n fron ted th e m a j es ty ,
o f th e G erm a n Empi re re p re s en te d by a n i n f a n t l e s s
,
th an fou r y ea rs o f a g e Th e min ority o f th a t i n fa n t

.
,
a fterwa rds F red e rick II w a s o n e o f d eg ra din g d e

.
,
p en d e n c e a n d con s ta n t hum ili a ti on H i s m other w as .
c omp elled to a ckn o wledge th e s uz era in ty o f th e P o pe

in ord er to reta in even n o mi n a l a uth o rity i n h er own
here ditary domin ion s H er death le ft h er child the
.
wa rd O f th e H oly S ee in a dditi on to bein g its vas s a l

, ,
a n d i n co n s e qu en c e th e en ti re e ccl es i a s tic a l p o lity o f

, ,
his kin gd o m w a s ch a n g e d ; th e clergy were d ecl a re d

in de p en dent o f th e s ecula r p ower ; gran ts o f rea l
pro p erty c on fis c ated by p re c e din g emp ero rs an d
,
32 H I S T ORY OF TH E
con fir med b y lon g p res cripti on were revoked a n d

, ,
th e l an ds res to re d to th e Chu rch ; qu a rrels a m on g th e

tu rbulen t n o bl es w ere in du s tri ou s ly fo m en ted to ,
a ff ord a p retex t f o r P a p a l i n terferen ce a n d a n ex
ten s i on o f e ccles i a s tic a l j u ri s dic ti on f or th e n o min a l

,
purpo s e o f re c on cilin g en miti e s an d p re s ervin g order ;

th e J ews a n d M o s lem s l e ft wi th ou t a p rotec tor a n d
,
s ubj e cte d to h o rribl e p e rs e cuti on w ere driv en to th e

,
des perate a ltern a tive o f exile or brig an d a ge A s a .
res ult o f th e s e imp o li tic m ea s u res S icily be c a me Op

,
pres s e d by an a rchy f a r more d e plora ble a n d ve x atio u s

th a n th a t p ro duce d by th e c rim es a n d fo lli es o f S a ra
cen mi s g o v ernm en t . I ts p o pula ti on dimin i s he d ; i ts
pro s p eri ty de clin e d ; i ts c o mm erc e a lmo s t di s a pp ea red .
With th e return in g a s c en den cy o f th e p ries tho o d th e ,
evil s i n s e p a ra bl e fro m th a t c o n diti on — ig n ora n c e i n ,
to lera n c e p riva te c orrup ti on org a n iz ed hyp o c ri s y

, ,
on c e m ore b e c a m e p re d omi n a n t . Th e i rruptio n o f a

h o rde o f gree dy a n d in s ati a ble e ccl es i a s tics i n to th e
rich S icili a n b en efic e s b rought wi th i t a ll th e a b u s es
o f P a p a l I ta ly
. S imon y w a s O p en ly pra c ti s e d S o me .
prie s ts len t mon e y a t ruin ou s ra tes o f i n teres t ; s ome

ke pt ta vern s ; oth ers derive d en ormo u s in c om es from
even m ore qu es ti o n a ble pl a c es o f public en te rta in m en t .
Th e im puri ty O f the i r lives a n d th e bl a s ph e mies in

which th ey o ften in dulg ed s oon ca u s ed th em to f or
feit th e res p e ct o f th eir p a ri s hi on ers as h a d lon g been
,
th e c a s e a t Ro m e . Th ey were s o c a rele s s o f th e ou t
wa rd Ob s erva n c es an d dutie s en j oin e d by th ei r pro fes
s i on a s to n e gl e c t th e s ervice o f th e a lta r u n til th ei r
c on duc t b e c a m e a s c a n d a l . I t w a s a m a tter Of c om
m on c ompl a in t th a t th e s a cred ves tm en ts w ere ra gg ed
a n d fil thy ; th e ch a lic es un p oli s h e d ; th e s a cra m en ta l
wi n e s our ; th e H o s t th e vi s i ble s y m bol o f G o d u n

,
,
p rotected from in s e c ts an d c overe d with du s t Th e .
h a bits o f th e cl ergy were in c redibly vile Th e m o re .
ex a lted th e ra n k a n d th e m ore con s pi c uo u s th e p rel

a te ,
34s H I S TORY OF TH E
o f n at on a l progres s ; an d th e p a rti al return to th e

i
b arb a rou s con diti on s o f form er a ges in du c ed b y th e
rel en tl es s s trife o f Gu elf a n d Ghib ell in e I t i s n ot th e .
Ob j ect o f thi s w ork to min u tely s et forth th e even ts

o f th at migh ty s truggle Th e rela ti on s o f th e H oly
.
S ee a n d th e Empire a re on ly imp orta n t a s th ey m ay

h ave a ff ecte d in di re ctly th e in flu en ce o f th e re form s
i n s tituted b y th e grea t Emp eror ; re form s wh os e
foun d a tion h a d b een l a id by two precedi n g dyn as ti es
Of widely di ff eren t cha ra cter a n d wh os e prin ciples d e
,
rive d th ei r origin fro m th e c o loni z a ti on o f S icily b y a
n a ti on u tterly f o re ign to th e l a w s a n d tra di ti on s Of
c on temporan eous Euro p e .
B orn un d er a s outh ern s ky a ccu s tom e d from chil d f

,
h ood to d a ily in terc ours e with th e m os t i ntellectu al

s o ci ety Of th e a g e F re d e rick II reta i n ed to th e l a s t
,
.
a d ecid ed p redil e c ti on f o r S icily th e l a n d o f h i s b i rth

, .
Th e cla s s ic m em ori es a n d ro m an tic hi s tory o f th at

fa mou s i s l a n d ex erte d o v er hi s a ctive min d a mos t
p oten t a n d la s tin g i n flu en c e H e h ad n o s ymp athy
.
with a n d les s in clin a ti o n f o r th e rud e a n d b arb arous

, ,
cu s toms th e co ars e fes tiviti es th e fero ci ty d run ken

, , ,
n es s, a n d b es ti a li ty o f th a t c oun try which w as th e
origi n a l s ea t o f h i s ro y a l H o u s e th e rea l m wh en ce ,
h e d eriv ed th e p ro ud e s t a n d mo s t gra n dilo qu ent Of

h i s nu m erous ti tles Educ a te d by tw o M oori s h p re
.
cep tors un d er th e s up e rin ten d en c e o f a c a rdi n a l —a

, ,
cu ri ou s circu ms ta n ce which in dic a tes th at in fidel lea rn

i ng h a d n ot y et entirely s uccumb e d to e ccl es i a s ti c al
‘
rej ud i ce — h e i n tim e b e c a m e p ro fici en t i n all th e a rts

p ,
a n d a c c ompli s hm en ts p os s es s e d by th a t rem a rk a b l e
p eople wh os e eru di ti on a n d i n du s try were a dmired

a n d f e a re d b y th e d omi n a n t ra c e wh os e m em b ers th e
fortun e o f arms h a d m a de th e d e p o s itari es Of power

a n d th e in terp reters o f o rth o d oxy This early inti .
,
mate a n d c on s tant a s s o cia ti on with M oh ammed ans

,
a n d G reek s i n e a ch o f wh o s e s ys tem s Of g o v ernm ent

,
th e temp ora l piritua l fun cti on s were ves ted in

an d s
on e in dividu a l un d oub te dly s ugg es te d to th e min d o f

,
th e Emp eror th e s tup en do u s pro j ec t o f mergin g th e

P a p a l Offi c e i n th e imp eri a l dign ity — a c ombin ati on o f ,
tw o des p oti s ms u n d er a s in gle h e a d wh os e p ow ers o f , ,
un certa in a n d in d efin a bl e exten t c ould n ot b e qu e s ,
ti on ed with out in cu rrin g th e p en a lti es o f b oth trea s o n

a n d s a c rile g e a n d wh o s e ju ri s dic ti on w ould eventu a lly
,
embra c e th e h a bi ta ble w o rld Th e p olitica l a n d j u

.
d i ci a l s ys tem s in s titute d a n d p erfe cted by F red erick

II rem arka ble i n th ems elv es b e c ome a lmos t m arvel
.
, ,
lou s wh en con s idere d i n rela ti on to th e era o f their

es ta bli s hmen t th e difficul ti es en c oun tered i n th eir
,
a pplica ti on , a n d th e a n ta g on i s m o f th e p rivil e g e d
clas s es wh os e d es ign s th ey in terfere d with a nd whos e

a bu s e s th ey w ere i n ten de d to co rrect a n d res tra in .
Tw o qu es tion s O f p a ra m ou n t imp ortan ce en g a g e d

th e a tten ti on o f thi s e n lighten e d prin c e qu es ti on s ,
con ta in ing i n th ems elves th e s olu ti on o f ev ery a dmin

i s tra tiv e a n d every s o ci a l p ro bl em — th e p romulg a ,
ti on o f l a w a n d implicit o b edi en c e to i ts m an dates a n d ,
th e a d op ti on o f m ea s ures which might s e cure th e

greates t a tta in a ble h a ppin es s o f th e p eople To th e .
a cco mpli s hm en t o f th e s e n o bl e a n d p ra i s ewo rthy e n ds
th e ta l en ts an d en ergy o f th e great ruler w ere c on

s ta ntly d evoted — i n h o urs O f triumph an d i n h ours O f
,
hum ili ati on ; wh en en gros s ed with th e c ares Of a va s t

a n d s e diti ou s empi re ; i n th e de s erts O f S yri a ; i n th e
very fa ce o f d eath ; in th e bittern es s o f Spirit in duc e d

by s hattered drea m s o f lon g n ou ri s h ed a mbition
\
-
.
Th e evils in cident to a p ro tra cte d min ority h a d

man ifes ted them s elves with more th a n ordin ary p romi
n emc e i n th e Ki n gdo m o f S icily Th e s up ervi s i o n o f
.
th e P o p e h a d a s u s u a l b een un iforml y e x erci s ed f or

, ,
th e b en efit o f th e e ccl es i as tic a l o rd er a n d th e a g g ra n

dizement o f th e H oly S ee A fierce a nd ra p a cious
.
a ri s to c ra cy imp a ti en t o f re s tra int an d ea g er f or i nn o

,
v ation d e fie d th e la ws an d wrea ke d th eir h ere dita ry

, ,
ven g ea n c e up on ea ch o th er wi th every circums ta n c e o f

m ercil es s a tro city Th e m a s s O f th e p o pula ti on p ro b
. ,
a bly c o mp os e d O f m o re div ers ifie d e l e m en ts a n d n a
ti on a li ti e s th a n a n y c o mmu n i ty o f e qu a l n umb ers i n

th e w orld u n a ble to p ro s p er a n d s c a rc ely a ble to liv e
,
,
en d ea v ore d to O b ta i n by di ff eren t m eth o d s e x e mp ti o n

, ,
fro m th e i n tol era ble p ers e cutio n o f th eir en e mi e s .
Th e G reek with th e cra ft o f hi s ra c e a tta ch e d him

, ,
s elf to th e f a c ti on which f or th e tim e b e in g en j o y e d

, ,
th e b es t p ro s p e ct O f s ucc es s Th e J ew purch a s e d a
.
te mp ora ry immu n i ty by th e v olu n ta ry s u rren d er O f

th e g rea ter p a rt o f h i s p os s e s s i o n s Alon e a mo n g h i s
.
c o mp a n i on s th e S a ra c en to ok up a rm s H i s m a rti a l
,
.
s pi ri t a n d the n umb e rs o f h i s c o un trym en O b ta i n e d
fro m hi s turbulen t a n d di s orga n iz ed a dv ers a ri es a ta cit

rec o g n iti on O f i n d e p en d en c e which th e rugg ed n a ture
,
o f th e c ou n try th a t c on ta i n e d hi s s tron gh o ld s did n ot
a li ttl e to c on firm I n th e e ff o rt to re e s ta bli s h th e

.
-
ro y a l a u th o rity th e S a ra c en s ren d ere d i n v a lu a bl e a s

,
s i s ta n c e ; th ey w e re a m o n g th e firs t to a s s e mbl e a roun d
th e imp eri a l s ta n d a rd ; wi th o u t th ei r co O p era tio n th e -
res ult wo uld h a v e b e e n u n c erta i n ; a n d th e i r v a l or a n d
fide lity pre s erve d th e e mpi re o f F red erick a s th at Of ,
th ei r f a th ers h a d c on s o lid a te d th e p o w er o f th e No r
m a n d o min a tio n .
Th e j uri s p rud en c e o f th e Emp e ror w a s b a s e d up on

a n d i n clud e d th e s y s te m e s ta bli s h e d by th e N o rm a n s .
I ts rule s w ere m o difi ed a n d im p ro v e d a s e xp eri en c e

h a d s ugg es te d w ould b e exp e di en t a n d p ro fita bl e Th e .
m a i n O bj e cts o f th e la ws were th e e xtin cti on o f feu da l

tyra n n y a n d th e e n j o ym en t o f p riv a te lib erty s o f a r
,
a s i t w a s n ot i n c on s i s ten t wi th th e p rero g a tive s o f th e
crown NO mon a rch o f a n cient or mo d ern tim e s w a s

.
mo re s olicitou s f or th e h a ppin es s Of h i s s ub j e cts a n d ,
n on e e ve r m o re fully a pp re ci a te d th e f a c t th a t th e tes t
o f a n a ti on s g re a tn e s s i s th e b e n e fit d e riv e d by m a n
’
kin d fro m i ts works i ts hi s to ry i ts e x a mple Th e , , .
diffi culti es en c oun tered i n th e formatio n o f a u n ifo rm

c o de which c ould b e en fo rce d in s uch a co s mo polita n
s o ci ety a s th a t O f S icily s e em e d in s up era bl e F eud a l .
righ ts a n d e ccl e s i a s tic a l e x emp ti on s ; th e p rivil eg es O f
th e J ews a n d S a ra c en s fou n de d on p res c rip ti on a n d,
con firmed by tribute ; th e j ea l ou s con ten ti on s o f m a n y

forms o f religi ou s b elie f ; th e p erp etu a l en cro a ch
men ts a n d u s urp ati on s o f p on ti fic al a uth ority ; th e
s k e p tici s m o f M o s l em phil os o ph ers a n d th e f a n a tic a l ,
ra g e o f p ers e cutin g z ea l ots — a ll o f th e s e a n ta g on i s tic

,
righ ts cla ims p rej udices a n d p rero ga tiv es i t w a s

, , ,
n e c es s a ry to c orre ct rea rra n g e a m en d a n d emb o dy

, , ,
i n on e p ra ctica l effi cien t a n d h a rm on i ou s s ys tem

, , .
Th e tas k though s tup en dou s w a s n ot b eyo n d th e

, ,
a biliti es a n d c o n s tructive g en iu s o f th e g rea t l a w
giver Th e turbulen c e O f th e n obles w as firmly re

.
s tra in e d Al l membe rs o f th e cleric a l orde r were

.
ren dere d a m e n a bl e to th e l a ws O f th e rea lm i n c a s es
which c on c ern ed th e dign ity a n d tra di ti on s o f th e em

pire I n ma tters rela tin g to ma rri a ge a lon e th ey were
.
permitte d to ex erci s e j u ri s dicti on o ver tho s e wh o h a d

n ot ta k en th e to n s u re ; th e a s s en t o f th e Emp eror w a s
n e c es s a ry to th e v a lidity o f a n ele cti o n ; th e p rel a te a s
well a s th e la ym an w a s co mp elled to a s s i s t in de fra y

in g th e exp en s e s O f th e go vern m en t ; n o r i n a n y w a y , ,
could h e es ca p e th e dis ch a rg e O f duti es en j oin e d by th e

Imp eri a l C o d e or plea d immun ity from burd en s n ec es
s a ry to th e s e cu rity O f th e s ta te o r th e en forc em en t o f
order . Th e l a w o f mo rtm a in fra me d u n der th e d i rec ,
ti on o f th e Emp eror p re c e de d th e f a mo u s s ta tute o f

,
Edwa rd I o f which i t w a s th e prototyp e n ea rly a

.
, ,
c en tury Up o n every i n dividua l th e ma xim w a s con

.
ti n u a l ly imp re s s e d th a t th e s ove re ign w a s th e foun ta i n

o f ju s tic e a uth o ri ty a n d m ercy
,
Th e crimin a l p ro
, .
c e d u re foun de d on N orma n pre c eden ts w a s s in gu

, ,
l a rly free fro m th e leg a l a tro citi es g en era lly p res cribed
by feu d a l reg ulati on s ; th e p en a lty o f death w as only

in fli cted f or th e mo s t h ein ou s o ff en ces ; mutilation wa s
s el d om p ermi tted e xc e p t i n th e c a s es o f in c orrigi b l e
crimin als ; torture while re c o gn iz e d w a s on e o f th e

, ,
ra res t o f p uni s hm en ts Th e c o urts w ere in v es te d with

.
ev ery Outw a rd ci rcum s ta n c e o f offi ci a l p o m p a n d dig
n i ty
. F ro m th e de ci s i on o f th e s upreme trib un al there
wa s n o a pp ea l ; even i n th e m on a rch v ex a ti o us li tig a
ti on w a s s ys tema tic a lly di s c ou ra g e d ; judici al bri b ery
w a s c on s id ere d a crim e o f p e cul i a r in fa my ; and th e
p ra ctice o f h oldin g th e ma gis tra te res pon s ible f or the
ma inten an c e Of p ea ce in hi s dis trict wa s a mos t effi c i en t
che ck upon th e vi o len c e a n d d ep reda ti on s o f p rof es
s io u a l m a l e f a c tors .
I n th e s tatutes rel atin g to th e d ete cti on a n d pun i s h

m ent o f h eres y th e ch a ra c ter o f F re derick a pp ea rs to
,
s in g ul a r a n d m a n if es t di s a dv a n ta g e H i s lon g w ars
.
with th e P o p e h i s clo s e i n tima cy wi th in fid els h i s Op

, ,
pres s ion o f e ccles i a s tics th e re pea te d a cts Of s a crilege

,
o f which h e w a s guilty th e bl a s ph em o u s s p eech es con

,
s ta n tl y u p on hi s ton gu e th e p ro f a n e a n d my s teri ous

,
s tudi es i n which h e d eligh te d h i s e mplo ym en t o f a n d

,
c on fiden c e in wiz a rd s a n d a s tro lo gers dem on s trate ,
b eyon d co ntra dicti on th e we a kn es s O f hi s fa ith or the

p ro foun d n es s o f h i s hypo cri s y B ut th e l atitu de o f
.
Opin i on a n d c on duct which h e a l lo we d hims e lf wa s i n

a n i n v ers e ra ti o to th a t which h e v ou ch s a f ed to others .
NO fa mili a r o f th e I n qui s ition ever p urs u e d h eretic s

with g rea ter z ea l or p ertin a city th a n the fa mous mon
a rch whos e n a m e i s c o n s ta n tly a s s o ci a te d wi th a ll th a t
i s lib era l enli ghten ed a n d p ro fita bl e in th e a nn a l s o f

, ,
h um an p rogres s a n i n c on s i s ten cy a l l th e m ore gl arin g

,
i n a p ri n c e wh os e f a vo ri te s en tim ent w a s Th e g lory ,
o f a ru l er i s th e s a fe a n d c o mf o rta bl e c on diti on Of th e
”
s u b j ect
. H i s tory h a s n ever b e en a bl e to a dvan ce a
s ati s f a c tory or ev en a pl a u s ibl e e xpla n ati on o f thi s
a n om a ly ; i ts c a u s e a t thi s di s ta n c e o f ti me mus t re
, ,
m a in forev er u n kn own a n d m a y b e a s crib ed f o r w a n t

, ,
o f a b ette r s olu ti on to th e i n n a te p erv e rs ity o f th e

,
huma n mi n d which o ften by a s in gle gla rin g de fe ct

,
o b s cu re s th e b rilli a n t lu s tre o f a ch a ra cte r e min e n tly
c on s picuo u s f o r every prin c ely qu a lity f o r ev ery g en ,
erou s impul s e an d f or every litera ry a n d a rti s tic

,
e xc ell en c e .
H i s co mm erci a l regul a ti on s were a m on g th e prin ci

p a l s o urc es Of F red erick s p o wer a n d g rea tn e s s H is
’
.
gen iu s p erc eived a t a gla n ce th e va s t a dva n ta ges which

mus t res ult fro m an in tercha n ge o f co mmo di ti es with
ma ritime n a tion s ; a n d in th e a pplic a ti on o f thi s p ri n
,
ci p l e
, e v e ry f a cility w a s a ff ord e d th o s e b old s pi rits
who s e en ergy th e exp ectati on o f g a in o r th e l ov e o f

a dven ture di re cte d in to th e ch a n n el s o f tra de T reati es .
mo re libera l in thei r pro vi s i on s a n d more p ro fita ble in

th ei r eff e c ts th a n a n y which h a d h e reto fo re b e en
a do p te d by th e p ow ers o f th e M e di te rra n ea n w ere c on
clude d with th e greates t m erc an tile c ommun iti es o f

Eu rop e — C on s ta n tin 0p l e Ven ic e G en o a —a s w ell a s
, , , ,
with D a ma s cu s a n d Al ex a n dri a a n d th e M ooris h

pri n cip a li ti es O f Afric a a n d S p a in .
Th e in tim a cy ma in ta in ed by F re d erick with M O

h a mm e d a n s o ve re ign s c on tribute d g rea tly to th e p ro s
p eri ty o f h i s d omin ion s Th e S ulta n o f Egypt w a s
.
h i s fri en d Th e Emir O f Tun i s w a s h i s tributa ry

. .
With th e oth er M o s lem p ri n c es h e w a s on th e b es t

o f term s T reati es o f c omm erc e fra m e d f or mu
.
,
tua l a dva n ta g e were fre qu en tly n e g o ti a te d wi th th e s e

,
p oten ta tes wh o were on ly too willin g to di s crimin a te

,
a g a in s t oth er Eu ro p e a n m o n a rch s i n f a v o r o f th e
Emp eror O f G erm a n y I n 1 2 4 1 on th e a rri va l o f th e

.
,
Imp eri a l a mb a s s a d ors C a iro w a s illumin a te d i n th eir

,
hon or Th e tra de o f S icily exten d e d to I n di a Th e

. .
luxuri es o f th e O ri ent were brought to th e p orts o f

P alermo a n d M es s in a I n th e ir ma rk ets th e a rms th e
.
,
j ewel s th e s tuff s th e p orcela in o f c ountri es remote

, , ,
H I ST ORY OF TH E
from civi li zati on foun d a rea dy s a le I n return i m . ,
m en s e qu an tities o f gra in a n d man u fa ctured arti c les

were exp orted I t h a s b een es ta b li s h ed u p on un
.
doubted auth ority th a t whi te female s laves Of C h ri s

ti an bi rth form e d n o in c on s idera bl e p orti on o f th e
c ommoditi es dealt in by th e s ubj e cts o f F red eri ck I I .
Th e f orti m a te g eo g ra phic a l s itu a ti on o f S i cil y h er ,
m agni ficen t h a rb ors th e pro ductiven es s Of h er s oil th e

, ,
ex c ell en ce an d va ri ety O f h er m a n u fa c tures h a d in , ,
a ll a g es b een f a ctors o f p a ra m o un t imp ortan c e i n h er

,
comm erci a l d evelo pment Th at de velop men t was n ow

.
m ateria ll y a ide d by th e re cipro ca l Ob s ervan ce o f h u

m an e an d courteo us regul a ti on s hi th erto un recogni zed
,
in th e i ntercours e o f n a ti on s durin g th e Mi dd l e A g es .
M erch ants i n foreign p orts were received with l avi s h

h os pi tali ty ; dis tru s t o f s tran g ers g ra du ally s ub s ided ;
a n d un f ortun a tes c as t a wa y a t s ea were n o lon g er
, ,
com p elled to en dure b oth th e vi olen c e o f th e elements

an d th e h ea rtl es s ra p a city o f fe ro ci ou s outl a w s or
a m a teu r freeb ooters I n th e wid e ly di s tri bu te d com

.
m erce of th e mon a rchy th e cro wn en j oye d n o i n s i g

n i fica n t s h a re Th e s hip s o f F re d erick were a n ch ored
.
i n every h a rb or ; h i s wa re ho u s es w ere fill ed wi th th e

ch oi ces t an d m os t co s tly fa bric s o f e very coun try ; an d
hi s a g ents c on s pi cu o u s f o r th eir enterp ri s e a n d d a ri n g
, ,
collected in th e di s tan t a n d al mos t un kn own regions

,
o f th e O ri en t a rticles wh os e s a l e wo uld m os t c on tri bute

,
to th e b en e fit o f th e ro ya l trea s u ry Th e prin ciples o f

.
free tra de s eem to h a ve b een firs t pro mul ga ted in the

ma ri time co de o f S ici ly Th e Emp eror h ow ev er in
.
, ,
th e a pp lic ati on o f th o s e p ri n ciples evi n c ed n o relu e,
tan c e in di s crimi n atin g a g a in s t hi s own s ubj ects wh os e ,
ves s el s w ere n ot p ermitte d to clea r f or foreign p orts

un ti l th os e o f th e crown h a d b een a c erta in ti me at s ea .
Every bran ch Of c omm erce pa id tribute to th e im

p eri a l m erch ant H i s s hip s c a rri ed pilgrim s to th e
.
H oly L a n d Th e g ra in h e a nn u a ll y s ent to A fri c a

.
lation by a n y govern ment Agricultu re s till la rgely

. ,
i n th e h a n d s o f th e Ara b s w a s c a rrie d to th e high es t

,
p erfe cti on Ev ery pl an t or tree wh o s e cultu re w a s

. ,
kn o wn to b e pro fita ble a n d which c o uld a da pt i ts elf

to a s o il o f ph en o m en a ' fertili ty w a s to b e fo u n d i n
,
th e g a rd en s a n d pla n ta ti on s O f S icily Th e re gul a .
ti on s o f th e ki n gdo m c o n c ern i n g th e ru ra l e c o n o my Of
its p eo pl e w ere min ute a n d s p e cific ev en p a tern a l in , ,
th e i r ch a ra c te r. Th ey w ere es p e ci a lly ex a ct i n deta ils

wh en dire ctin g h ow th e roya l de me s n es Sh ould b e a d
min i s tere d R ec ord s w ere ke p t O f th e c ro p s p ro duc e d
.
i n ea ch di s trict I n ven to ries o f a ll th e s to ck p o ultry

.
, ,
gra in a n d frui t were m a de ea ch ye a r ; th e meth o ds o f

,
th e i r di s p o s i ti o n a n d th e p ric es th ey b rought w ere

n o te d o n th e publi c re gi s ters .Th e v ery u s e s to which
e ve n th e f e a th ers o f th e do m es tic fo wl s w e re d es tin e d
w a s a m a tte r o f offici a l i n quiry Th e b ree d s o f h o rs es

.
,
as s es a n d c a ttl e w e re imp ro v e d ; th e g rea te s t c a re w a s

,
ta k en o f th es e a n im a l s F oo d which a fter exp erim en t

.
,
w a s fou n d to b e th e m os t n u tri ti o u s w a s a d o p te d ; a n d
,
th e Emp eror wh os e in teres t i n th e s e m a tters w a s s tim

,
ul a ted by th e p ro fit h e d erive d fro m h i s s ta bl e s p er ,
s o n a l l y s cru tin iz e d th ei r m a n a g em en t wi th th e m os t
a s s idu o u s c a re . Th e s up ervi s i o n ex erci s e d by g o v e rn

m en t Offici a ls over a ll o ccup a ti o n s w a s m o s t p re ci s e ,
a n d mu s t h a v e o ften p ro v e d v ex a ti o u s W eights a n d .
me a s u res w ere p res cribe d by l a w a n d a n y d e p a rture

,
fro m h on e s t dea li n g in thi s re s p e ct w a s vi s i te d with

th e s e ve res t p en a lti e s . Offic ers were a ppo in te d in
e ve ry to wn f o r th e d ete cti on o f f a l s e w e igh ts a n d
th e s a le o f s pu ri ou s m erch a n di s e Th e l a w s O f h y
.
g i en e w ere un d ers to o d a n d en fo rc e d wi th a d e g ree o f

i ntelligen c e u n kn o wn to m an y Eu ro pea n c omm u n iti es
ev en a t th e p re s en t d a y . Un wh ol es om e pro vi s i on s
c ould n ot b e expos e d f or s a le in th e m a rkets T ra des .
O ff en s ive to th e s en s es or in j u ri ou s to publi c h ea lth

were prohi bited within th e wall s o f citi es A dep th .
w as pres crib ed f or gra ves th at th e e xha l a ti on s p ro

,
c eed in g fro m th e m migh t n ot c on ta mi n a te th e a i r NO .
c arri on w a s p ermitted to b e le ft on th e highwa ys .
I n ques ti on s o f legi s l a ti on a s w e ll a s i n tho s e re

,
latin g to politic a l ec on omy th e kin gd o m o f S icily

,
w as f a r i n a dv a n c e o f i ts c o n temp o ra ri e s Th e con .
s ti tu ti on o f E n gl a n d a n d e s p e ci a lly th e o rg a n iz a ti on
,
o f th e H o u s e o f C o mm o n s o w e much to th e S icili a n
,
P a rli a men t While th e duti es o f i ts m emb ers were

.
o rdi n a rily c on fin e d to th e re gi s te rin g O f ro y a l e dic ts
a n d th e imp os i ti on o f ta x es i t p re s en ts th e firs t ex
,
a mpl e O f a truly e l e ctive re p re s en ta tiv e a s s e mbly th a t

,
i s m en ti on e d i n hi s to ry F ro m th e i n s titutio n s o f
.
F red erick h i s rela tive Alfon s o X o f C a s tile a ppro

, , .
,
p r i a te d m a n y o f th e l e gi s l a tiv e a n d j udici a l p ro vi s i on s
o f L a s S i ete P a rtida s — a c o mpil a ti on f o r which th a t

,
mon a rch i s p rin cip a lly en titled f o r h i s fa me F ra n ce .
a n d G erm a n y a l s o ultim a te ly exp eri e n c e d th e imp er
cep tib l e b u t p oten t impul s e c o mmu n ic a te d to s o ci ety
by th e s up rem a cy o f l a w o ver th eolo gy which h a d its ,
beginn i n g in S icily durin g th e thi rteen th c en tury .
Exten s ive a n d im p orta n t a s were th e re form s o f

Fre derick i t w a s fro m th e mu n i ficen t an d di s cern in g
,
pa tron a ge e xten ded to s ci en c e a n d litera ture tha t i s

derive d h i s mos t en du rin g cla im to th e gra titude a n d
c ommen da tio n O f p os terity Th e impres s io n s im .
p a rte d by M os l em ta s te i n th e pro s e cuti on o f ea rly

,
s tudi es , du rin g th e fo rma ti o n o f h i s ch a ra cter n ev er ,
los t th eir p ower H i s c ou rt w a s frequen te d by th e

.
mos t a ccompli s h ed J ews a n d Ara bs o f th e a g e Th ey .
were th e fa vorite i n s tructors o f y outh The ir o pin .
i on s dra wn fro m th e s ou rces o f clas s ic a n d O ri en ta l

,
lea rn in g were hea rd with res p ect a n d a w e even by

, ,
th os e wh o di s s en te d from th ei r c re e d s a n d d e p re c a te d
th eir i n flu en c e They fil le d th e mo s t res p on s ible a n d
.
luc ra tive offi c es o f th e gov ern men t Admitte d to .
fri en dly an d c on fiden ti a l a udi en ces wi th th e s over

ei g n , hims elf a n exc ellen t m a th e ma tici a n d e

w h o, ,
lighte d to po s e th em with a bs tru s e problem s i n

g eo metry a n d a lg ebra th e ir philos o phy w a s re g a rded
,
with s ign a l di s fa vo r by di s ti n gui s h e d prela tes th a t

d a ily in h a lls a n d a n tech a mbers imp a ti en tly a w a ited
, ,
th e pl eas u re o f th e Emp eror . S O fo n d w a s F re d erick

o f th es e i n tell e c tu a l div e rs i on s th a t h e s en t c erta in
,
qu es tio n s f or s olu tion to th e M o h a mm e d a n c o un tri es

o f Afric a a n d th e E a s t ; b u t n o o n e w as fo u n d c om
p eten t to a n s wer th em un til th ey rea ch e d th e c ou rt o f

o n e o f th e p ri n c e s o f M o o ri s h S p a i n On e o f th e m os t
.
a cc o mpli s h e d o f li n gui s ts , F re d erick s e dulou s ly e n

c ou ra g ed th e s tudy o f l a n gu a g e s th ro ugh o ut h i s d o
mi n i on s Ar a bic H ebrew a n d G reek were un d er

.
, ,
s too d a n d s p ok en by a ll wh o m a d e a n y p re ten s i o n s
to th o ro ugh e duc a ti on . N a ple s a n d S a lern o w ere th e

mo s t fa m ou s s eats o f lea rn in g i n th a t e p o ch —a t th e ,
former w a s th e Un iv ers ity es ta bli s h e d by th e Em

p ero r ; th e M edic a l C o ll eg e o f S a l ern o i s j u s tly c el e
b ra ted a s o n e o f th e m o s t ex tra ordin a ry a c a d emic a l
in s tituti on s th a t h a s ever exi s te d Th e F a culty o f .
th e Un ivers i ty w a s c omp os e d o f th e m os t e mi n en t
s ch o l a rs wh o c o uld b e a ttra cte d by a mpl e s a l a ri es th e ,
pros p e ct o f litera ry di s tin c ti on a n d th e c erta in fa vor

,
o f a n e n ligh ten e d m on a rch Th e res ou rce s o f a ll

.
coun tri es were dilig en tly la id un d er c on tributi on to

i n s ure th e s ucc es s Of thi s n oble foun da ti on Th e .
p o pula rity o f Fre d erick with th e M o s lem pri n c es o f

th e E a s t g a v e him exc e p ti on a l f a cili ti es f o r th e a c
qu i rem en t o f litera ry trea s ures Th e c ollec ti o n s o f

.
Egypt a n d S yri a a n d Of th e mon a s teri es o f Eu ro p e

were ra n s a cke d f or ra re a n d cu ri ous vo lu me s with
which to fu rn i s h th e libra ry o f th e gre at N ea p olita n
c o ll ege NO city w a s b etter a d a p te d to th e n e c es s i ties
.
o f a l a rg e s ch o l a s tic in s ti tuti on th a n N a pl es I ts s itu

.
a ti o n i n th e c en tre o f th e M e di terra n ea n th e s alu

,
bri ty o f th e c lima te th e ch ea p n es s a n d va ri ety o f i ts

,
ma rkets o ff ere d un u s u al in duc emen ts to p oor a n d

,
a mbi ti o u s s tud en ts d es i rou s o f a n e duc a ti on Th eir .
in teres ts were protected a n d th eir s ecu rity a s s ure d by

s p e ci a l a n d rig orou s l a w s Extra ordin a ry pre c a ution s
.
were ta k en to preven t their b ein g mo les te d du rin g

th e i r j o urn eys to a n d f ro Th e p rice s which might
.
b e ch a rg ed f or l odgin g were cl ea rly a n d d e fin itely

es ta bli s h e d . P ro vi s i on w as m a d e f o r loan s a t a ,
n o mi n a l in teres t to s uch s ch o l a rs a s did n ot h a v e th e

,
fun ds requi s ite to s ucces s fully pros e cute their s tudies .
Th e p re p a ra tory s cho ol s o f th e kin gdo m were con

ducte d with e qu a l c a re a n d p ruden c e a n d n owh ere ,
e l s e i n th e w o rld i n th a t a g e c o uld e duc a ti on a l a d

, ,
v an ta ges O f a s imil ar ch a ra cter b e en j oye d a s in th e

S icili an domin i on s o f th e Emp eror .
Gre at a s it w a s th e re puta tio n o f th e Un ivers ity

,
O f N a ples h a s b een eclip s e d by th e s up eri or ren o wn

o f th e M e dic a l C o ll eg e o f S a lern o Th ere th e s tudy .
o f s u rg ery a n d m e dici n e w as purs u e d un der th e ey es
o f th e m o s t l e a rn e d a n d di s tin gui s h e d p ra c titi on e rs
O f every n a ti on fa mili a r with th e h ea lin g a rt I gn o .
ra n c e o f a n y l a n gu a g e c oul d s c a rc e ly b e a n imp e di
men t to th e s tuden t f or in s tructi on w a s given i n

,
L atin Greek G erma n H ebrew Ara bic S ci en tific

, , , , .
metho ds were in va ri a bly O bs erve d i n its cu rriculum .
Th e preva len t s up e rs titi on s which en c oura g e d by th e

, ,
clergy a ppea le d to th e credulou s fea rs O f th e vulga r

, ,
were c on te mptu ou s ly ba n i s h ed from its h a ll s While i

.
th e S choo l o f S a lern o h a d e xi s te d s in c e th e eigh th

c entu ry an d fro m i ts o rigin chi efly owe d i ts fa me
, , ,
a n d s ucc es s to Ara bic a n d J ewi s h i n flu e n c e i t a tta i n e d ,
its gre a te s t p ro s p erity un d er th e fo s terin g c a re o f

F red erick II Th e writers p ri n cip a lly relied on by
.
its p ro fe s s o rs were H ipp o cra tes a n d G a len wh o s e ,
wo rks h a d b een pres erve d fro m b a rb a ri a n d es truction

or O blivi o n by th e S a ra c en s o f Egyp t a n d S p a i n B ut .
while th es e ven era ble a uth orities were a lwa ys qu o te d

46 HI ST ORY OF TH E
with reveren c e n o obs tin a te a dh eren c e to tra dition n o

, ,
d evoti on to errors c o n s e cra te d by th e u s a g es Of c en

turi es ch ara cteriz e d th e C olle g e o f S a lern o
,
I ts .
s pi rit w a s emin en tly p ro g re s s iv e i n qui s i tive lib era l , ,

.
Th e m on k th e ra bbi th e im a m th e a th ei s t w ere nu m
, , , ,
bere d a mon g its te a ch ers a n d ea ch m a i n ta in e d a p os i

,
ti o n a m on g h i s f ello w s i n a di re ct ra ti o to h i s i n tell ec
tu a l a tta i n m en ts Thi s a n o ma lo u s c on di ti on th e mo re
. ,
c on s picu ou s in a n era o f gen era l ign ora n ce a n d fl ou r ,
i s hi n g u n d er th e v ery s h a d o w o f th e P a p a cy i ts elf ,
i nimic a l to a ll pu rs uits which ten d e d to m en ta l p ro g

re s s a n d i n terf eren c e wi th i ts s pi ri tu a l e m olum en ts ,
ren d ere d th e e xi s ten c e O f s uch a n i n s ti tuti o n a ll th e
mo re rem a rk a ble To its res e a rch es a re to b e a ttrib

.
u te d m a n y m a xim s th eo ri e s a n d m eth o d s o f p ra ctic e

, ,
s till re c o g n iz e d a s c orre ct by m o d ern phy s ici a n s I ts .
i n ves tiga ti on s w ere tho roughly philo s o phic a l a n d

b as ed l a rgely up on e xp erimen t I n fo rm a ti on w a s .
c ommun ic a te d by le ctu re s ; a n a to mic a l d emon s tra

ti o n s a s i n m o d ern times w ere c on s id e re d a m on g th e
, ,
mo s t u s e ful a n d v a lu a ble me a n s o f in s tructi on M e di .
aev a l p re j udic e s till O pp o s e d th e mutil a ti on O f th e
huma n fo rm which with th e s e cta ri a n pro hibition

, ,
o f c ere m on i a l un cl e a n n e s s h a d l on g b e f ore b een o v er

,
c om e by th e M oo ri s h s urge on s Of C ordo va ; a n d in ,
th e S a l ern i ta n cli n ic a n a to mi s ts w ere fo rc e d to b e

,
a pp a ren tly c o n ten t wi th th e di s s e cti o n o f h o g s a n d
mo n keys I n s ecret h owev er hum an b odi es w ere n ot

.
, ,
i n frequ en tly d elivere d to th e s c a lp el a n d th e Offic es o f ,
ma n y in tern a l o rg an s were Obs erve d a n d determi n ed .
by th e a id O f vivi s ecti on ~—a pra ctic e in dis p en s a ble to

,
a p ro p er u n d ers ta n di n g O f s u rg ery y et re p ro b a te d , ,
e ven i n ou r a g e o f s ci en tific i n qui ry by a cla s s o f ,
n o i s y b u t w ell m e a n in g
,
-
fa n atics Th e u n s a ti s f a c
, .
to ry m em o ri a l s o f th e S ch o ol o f S a l e rn o which h a ve
d es c en ded to u s — s om e o f doubtful a uth en ticity ,
oth ers o f u n k n ow n d eriv a ti o n — n e v erth e l es s di s clos e

th e e xtrao rdin a ry di s c overi es its pro fes s ors h a d m a de

i n a n a to my ; a mo n g the m th o s e o f th e fun cti on s o f
th e chyle duc ts o f th e lymph a tic s ys tem O f th e c a p il
, ,
l a ri e s which th en re ce ive d the i r n a m e ; o f th e di ff eren t

,
coa ts a n d humors o f th e ey e ; o f th e ph en omen a o f

diges ti on to g ether with deta ile d des c ripti on s o f th e
,
Offi c e o f th e ova ri es a n d thei r tub es which a n ticip ate d ,
th e res ea rch e s o f F a ll o ppio by mo re th a n fou r hu n dred

ye a rs S p eci a lis ts then a s n o w d evote d th eir ta lents
.
, ,
to th e imp ro vemen t a n d p erfe cti o n O f c e rta i n b ra n ch e s

o f m e dic a l s ci en c e Th ere were ma n y celebra ted ocu
.
li s ts an d lith o tomi s ts a n d pra ctiti on ers w h o w ere ,
highly s ucc es s ful in th e tre a tmen t O f h ern i a o f m e ,
ch a mica l in juri es o f ev ery kin d a n d o f th e di s ea s es o f ,
women Th e rules o f hygi en e th e pro p erti es o f th e

.
,
va ri o u s s ub s ta n ces o f th e M ateri a M e dic a th e prin ,
c i p l es O f p a th o l o gy a n d th era p eutic s a s l a id d o wn by ,
th e fa culty o f S a lern o h a ve b een tra n s mi tted to u s ,
i n a le n gthy a n d curi ous p o em en titl ed F lo s M e di ,

”
c i n ae S ch ol m S a l ern i p o pula rly kn own a s R egimen ,
S a n ita ti s .
Thi s e xtra ordi n a ry pro ducti on n on e O f which i s ,
p rob a bly la ter th a n th e twelfth c en tury a n d who s e ,
o rigi n i s u n kn o wn h a s b een a s c rib e d by S p ren g el to

,
I s aa c b en S ol om o n a fa m o us J ewi s h p ra ctiti o n er o f
,
C ord ova w h o di e d in 9 5 0 C a re ful e x a min a ti on h o w

, .
,
e ve r di s cl o s e s th e f a c t th a t i t i s n o t th e w o rk o f a
,
s in gl e h a n d b u t a c ompil a ti on o f v a ri o u s m e dic a l
, p re
ce p ts a n d O pi n i o n s b e lon gi n g to di ff e ren t e p o ch s In .
i ts pro lo gu e th e p re emin e n t v a lue o f temp era n c e i n

,
-
a ll thi n g s i s dilig en tly in culc a te d :
Si vi s i n c ol um em, s i vi s te vive re s a n um :
C u ra s li qu g v
n e ra es , i ra s c i c re d p f e ro an u m .
P a rc e me ro, c oen a to p a rum ; n on s it i bi

t vanu m
S urgere p os t ep u l s s omn um fuge m e ri d i a n um a .
S i ti bi d efic i a n t Me dic i m e dic i tibi fia n t ,
H aec tr i a ; m en s l aeta , re q u i es , mo d e ra ta d i azta .

It l c on ta in s hints on di a gn os i s a n d pro gn os i s ; in
a so
forma tio n i n dic atin g n o s ma ll d egree o f a n ato mic a l

a n d phy s i o lo gic a l kn o wl e dg e ; fo rmu l a s f o r a n tid o tes
O f p o i s on s ; a dvic e f or th e c are O f th e b o dy durin g

e ve ry m on th i n th e y ea r ; a n d a s tro l o gic a l in dic a ti on s
o f th e f a vo ra bl e or m a lign i n flu en c e o f th e s ig n s o f
th e z o di a c a n d th e s ta rs F ro m th e fo ll owin g c ouplet
. ,
des ign a tin g th e S even A ges o f M a n ,
In f an s , in d e p u d
e r, a ol e s cen s , j uven i s vi r,
D i c i tur i d
n x p
e s en e ,
o s te a d ec rep i tu s ,
s ee m s to h a v e b een derive d th e i n s pira ti on o f th e

fa mili a r lin e s o f S h aks p ea re .
Th e vi ti a te d ta s te O f a n a g e n ot y et fully a cqu a in ted

wi th th e p ro p erti es o f c orre ct litera ry c o mp os itio n
c a u s e d th e i n c orp o ra ti on o f v ers es in to m a n y o f its
mo s t s eri ou s a n d dign ifie d p ro ducti on s Th es e di .
d a cti c p o em s s eem s in gul a rly ou t o f pl a c e i n a m e di

ca l tre a ti s e a n d es p e ci a lly s o wh ere a s i s u s u a lly th e
, ,
c as e th e p o etry i s i n b oth ma tter an d h a rmon y o f

, ,
n um b ers b e l o w m e di o c ri ty
,
.
Ap othe ca ri es a n d ch emi s ts o f who m a c o mp eten t ,
kn o wledg e O f drug s w a s require d were s ub j e ct to th e ,
c orp s o f phys ici a n s wh o were fo rbidd en to j o in i n

th e i r e n terp ri s es o r s h a re th e i r pro fits ; th e y w ere
s w o rn to O b ey th e C o d e ; th e n umb er o f ph a rm a ci e s
w a s limi te d ; a n d th ey w ere li a bl e to th e vi s i ta ti o n o f
imp eri a l in s p ectors res p on s ible f o r th e purity o f th eir
m erch a n di s e a n d th e Ob s erva n c e o f th e l a w Th e p re .
c a u ti on s re qui re d i n th e s a l e O f p o i s on s ; th e dire cti on s

f o r c o mp oun din g el e ctu a ri e s a n d s y rup s ; th e m o s t
a pp ro ve d m eth o d s f o r th e p re p a ra ti on o f th e l o ve
p oti on s b eli eve d to b e s o effi c a ci ou s by m e d i mva l cre

d u l ity ; th e fa b ric a tion o f ch a rm s f o r th e p rev en tion
o f di s e a s e a re a ll s et fo rth i n th e S a l ern ita n C o d e with
,
min ute a n d tedi ou s ex a ctn e s s .

phys ici a n o f F re derick II a ll g ra du a te s Of th e .

,
S ch oo l o f S a lern o a re c on s picu ou s i n th e an n a ls o f
,
me di aeva l s urgery a n d me dicin e Th en firs t a pp ea re d .
th e p a tron ym ic o f F a rra gu t— a fterw a rd s d es tin e d to

s uch ren o w n in th e n a v a l hi s tory o f th e New W o rld
— b orn e by a J ew o f M es s in a wh o w a s e duc a te d a t ,
S a lern o a n d M o n tp ell i er a n d wh os e tra n s la ti on o f th e

,
C on tin en t o f R h a z es ma d e i n th e la tter p a rt O f th e
”
,
thi rte en th c en tu ry w a s d e dic a te d to C h a rl es o f An j ou

, ,
bro th er o f L oui s IX Kin g o f F ra n c e .

,
.
S tuden ts o f both s e xes were p ermi tte d to en j oy th e

ra re a dv a n ta g es a ff o rd e d by th e S ch o o l o f S a l ern o ;
n o p re j udic e h a mp ere d th e a cqui s i ti on by w om a n Of
m e dic a l kn owledge i n wh os e a pplic ati on h er n atu ral

,
a cuten e s s a n d s ymp a thy ren d ere d h er re m a rk a b ly p ro
fici en t a n d s ucc es s ful M a n y fem a le phys ici a n s ro s e

.
to g rea t emi n en c e i n th e di ff eren t d e p a rtm en ts Of th e i r

pro fe s s ion a s le ctu rers che mi s ts O p erato rs : a mon g
, ,
th e m th e n a m es Of R e b e cc a wh o w rote on fe v ers a n d
,
th e embry o ; Ab ell a on g en era ti on a n d p ren a ta l life ;

,
T ro tu l a on th e M a teri a M e dic a h ern i a a n d Ob s tet

, , ,
ric s ; M erc u ri a d e on g en era l s u rg ery ; a n d C o s ta n z a

,
C o l en d a wh o s e s ci en tific a cc omplis hmen ts a s w ell a s

, ,
h er b ea u ty m a d e h er fa m ou s i n Euro p e h a v e d e
, ,
s c e n d e d to ou r tim e A c o lle g e o f midwife ry e xi s te d

.
a t S a l ern o wh os e g ra du a tes w ere s ubj e cte d to ex a m i

,
n a ti on s fully a s s trict a s th o s e re qui re d o f c a n did a tes
f or m edic a l h on ors a n d w h o s worn to fid elity en

, , ,
j o ye d a lucra tive pra ctic e in th e Opulen t fa milie s o f

N a ples a n d M es s in a Al tho ugh a lo fty s en s e o f p ro
.
f e s s i on a l etiqu ette dis tin gui s h e d th e f a culty o f S a

lern o imp eri a l s up ervi s i on which un der F red erick
, , , ,
foun d n othi n g too min ute f or i ts a tten ti on c a re fully ,
prote cte d th e public fro m extorti on F e es were fix e d .
by l a w ; th ei r a moun ts were re gula ted by circum

s ta n c es. Even th e ordin a ry n um b er Of vi s its re qui re d
in a giv en time wa s defin e d ; a nd a tten da n ce w a s
a cco rd ed with out ch arg e to th e p o o r I n ou r a g e .

,
s o p ro lific O f p ro fe s s i on a l i n c o mp eten c e th e e x a lted ,
ra n k a n d p ro fo u n d a tta in m e n ts o f th e g ra du a tes o f
th e S a le rn ita n s ch oo l m a y well e xcite a s ton i s hm en t ;

a mid s t th e d a rkn e s s o f m ed i mv a l ig n o ra n c e i t w a s th e
e duc a ti on a l a n d li tera ry ph en om en on o f Eu ro p e .
A g en erou s p a tron O f every a rt a n d o ccup a ti on

which c ould emb ellis h hi s d oma in s b en e fit hi s s ubj ects , ,
or enrich h i s treas u ry th e Emp ero r g a ve a l s o much

,
a tten ti on to gre a t public w ork s — th e fo rtific a ti o n o f

,
cities th e improv emen t o f h a rb ors th e c on s tructi on

, ,
o f highw a ys H i s p a l a c e s di s clo s e d a m a rk e d p a rti

.
a li ty f o r M oo ri s h cu s to m s a n d M oori s h a rchite ctu re .
S ome o f th es e b ea utiful e dific es h a d c ome do wn from

th e S a ra c en do mi n a ti on b u t ma n y we re c o n s tructe d
,
a fte r th e pl a n s o f th e ro y a l a rchite c t w h o p ers on a lly ,
s up e rin ten d e d th e i r ere cti o n They were fin i s he d with

.
co s tly m arbles a n d a d orn e d with b as relie fs s tatu es -

, ,
a n d p a i n ti n g s Th e ea gles O f G erma n y were s culp

.
tu re d over th ei r p orta l s O utwo rk s o f va s t exten t

.
d e fen de d their a ppro a ch es I n a ll were courts a n d

.
ga rden s O dorou s with th e blo s s om s O f j a s min e a n d

ora n g e a n d s urro un d e d by s e clud ed a p a rtm en ts d e s
tin e d f or th e o ccup a n ts o f th e imp eri a l s era gli o At .
ta ch e d to s o me o f th es e d el ightful retrea ts were e x ten

s ive m en a g eri es a vi a ri e s
, a n d min i a ture l a k e s fil l e d
,
with go ld a n d s ilver fis h Th ere w a s n o a ppl i a n ce o f

.
O ri enta l luxury n o mea n s which c ould c on tribu te to

,
th e gra tific a ti o n o f th e s en s es th a t w a s n ot to b e fo un d
,
i n th e S icili a n p a l a ces o f F re derick II I n th e foun .
d ati on o f n ew citi es exten s ive dis tricts were d ep o p u

,
late d to p ro vide th em with inh a bitan ts Thi s a rbitra ry .
pro cee din g w a s o ften a mea s ure o f pro foun d p olicy ,
which in s ure d th e g oo d beh a vi or o f a turbulen t p op u

lati on th at remove d fro m th e in flu en ce Of former
,
a s s o ci a ti on s,tra n s pl a n te d a mo n g s tra n g ers a n d re ,
ga rded by their new n eighb ors with s us pici on a n d h os

52 H I ST ORY OF THE
ti lity , were ren dered in c a p a ble o f s eri ou s mi s chi e f I n .
thi s m a nn er w a s e s ta bli s h e d th e S a ra c en c olon y of

Luc era wh os e m emb ers c o mp o s e d o f reb elli ou s M u s
, ,
s u h n a n s o f S icily b e c a m e s oon a fter th e i r s ettlem en t

, , ,
th e m os t fa ithful s ubj e c ts o f F re d erick a n d th e chi e f

s upp ort o f th e imp eri a l th ro n e .
Th at city w as built o n th e mp e o f th e Ap enn i n es ,
i n a l o c a ti on m os t a dv a n ta g eo u s f or b oth th e purp o s es
o f c omm erc e a n d d e f en c e I ts cita d e l w a s a mil e in
.
circuit a n d pro te cte d by fortific a ti on s o f en ormo us

s tre n g th . I n th e cen tre s to o d a lo fty to wer a t o n ce ,
th e p a l a c e a n d th e tre a s u ry o f th e Emp eror Fred .
e rick n e gl e c te d n o O pp o rtun i ty o f g ra tifyi n g th e p rid e
a n d c on firmi n g th e a tta chm en t o f hi s S a ra c en s ub
j ects Th e s p o ils o f th e P a p a l s ta tes were la vi s h ed

.
upo n th em Th e tra de o f th e c olon y w a s en c o ura g ed

.
by every a va il a ble mea n s A rmo rers a n d workers i n

.
th e p re ci o u s m eta l s w ere imp o rte d fro m S yri a F rom .
Egypt c a me la b orers highly s kille d i n h orticultu re .
Great orch a rds were pla n te d i n th e en viron s Th e .
s o ldi ers o f th e imp eri a l b o dy gu a rd w ere M o s l em s o f

-
Luc era S plen didly un iform e d a n d mou n te d th ey

.
,
were c on s ta n tly on duty at th e p a la c e o n th e m a rch , ,
in th e c a mp C on s picu o u s in th e fun era l es c ort o f th e

.
dec ea s e d mon arch th ei r du ties were on ly relin qui s h ed

,
a t th e g ra v e .
Th e m a in ten a n c e o f thi s in fid el s tro n gh o ld i n th e

h ea rt o f Chri s ti a n Euro p e w a s a s tan din g re pro a ch to
th e P a p a cy ; a n d th e h orro r o f th e clergy w a s a g g ra
v a ted by th e kn o wl e dg e th a t chu rch es h a d b een d e
m oli s h ed to s upply it with bui ldin g m a teri a ls ; tha t

th e reven u es o f rich a n d p o pul ou s di s tricts w ere di
verte d through i ts a g en cy fro m th e c o ff ers o f th e
ca th e dra l an d th e mon as tery ; th a t i t en j oye d exclu
s iv e a n d v a lu a bl e c omm erci a l p rivileg es ; a n d th at ,
wors t o f a ll it w a s a ble a t a mo m en t s n otice to furn i s h

,
’
more th a n tw en ty th ous a n d well equi pp e d va li a nt -

, ,
an d in co rruptible so ldi ers to th e ar mi es O f th e Em

p eror .
Th e p a tro n a g e o f letters which di s tin guis h ed thi s ,
a cc ompli s h ed s o v ere ign i s n ot th e l ea s t o f hi s ti tl es to

,
ren own NO prin c e eve r s ought o u t b ook s a n d m an u

.
s crip ts wi th g re a ter a s s idui ty o r m ore s tren u o u s ly ,
en dea vo re d by th e b e s tow a l o f s ch ol a s tic h on o rs a n d

,
p e cun i a ry emolumen ts to a ttra ct th e learn e d to h i s ,
c ou rt N a tion a lity cre ed p a rtis an s hip feuda l en

.
, , ,
mity priva te g rudges were a like fo rgo tten in th e

, ,
frien dly con tes t f or litera ry p re emi n en ce I n th e -

.
ro ya l a n te ch a mb ers i n th e h a ll s o f th e Un iv ers ity n o

, ,
s tuden t w a s en ti tl e d to p re c e den c e s a ve on ly th rough ,
hi s es ta bli s h ed cl a im to m en ta l s up eri ority Th e i n .
c es s an t riv a lry o f ma n y a cute a n d highly cultiva ted

in telle cts s timula te d by rewa rd s an d unh a mp ere d by
,
res tricti o n s w a s p ro ductive o f res ul ts m os t imp orta n t

,
f o r th e re viva l o f l etters a n d th e fu ture b en efit o f

huma n i ty Great a dvan c es were m a d e in a ll d ep art
.
men ts o f kn owledge ch emi s try n atura l hi s tory ,

-
, ,
bota n y p oetry ma them a tics Th e fa mou s s ch ola r

, , .
,
Mich a el S cott wh o s e ra re a tta in m en ts co n tem p ora n e

,
ou s ig n o ra n c e a ttribute d to m a gic a n d wh os e s imple ,
tomb in M elros e Abb ey a wa k en s to d a y th e v en era ti on -
o f ev ery e duc a te d a n d a pp re ci a tiv e tra v ell er w a s em ,
ploye d by th e Emp eror a s a tra n s la to r o f th e cla s s ics ,
a n d c a rri e d to P a l erm o v a s t s to res O f l e a rn i n g a o
qui red in th e s ch o ols o f th e S p a n i s h M os lems Th eo .
”
dore c a lle d Th e P hilo s o pher publi s h ed trea ti s es o n
, ,
geo metry a n d a s tro logy ; Jo hn O f P a l ermo wrote on

a ri thm etic a l p ro bl em s ; L eon a rd o F ib o n a cci b ro ught
to th e gen e ra l n o tic e o f Euro p e th e s ci en c e o f a lg ebra

a s kn own a n d u s e d i n m o d ern s ch o o l s ; th e ve rs a tile
P i etro d e Vin ea s ta tes ma n j uri s t ora tor a mu s ed h is

, , , ,
lei s ure in th e c omp os iti on o f th e firs t I ta li a n lyric

poetry a n d o f e pis tola ry c orre s p on d en c e un s u rp as s e d
, ,
i n a n y a g e f o r p ers picuity ea s e a n d el eg a n c e o f
, , ,
dicti on F re derick hims elf wrote a morou s s on n ets

. ,
a n d publi s h e d i n L a ti n a w ork on h a wkin g a n d bi rd s
o f p rey which i s even n o w a n a uth ority o n th e s u b

,
j c et Th e a p o cryph a l b ook D e T ribu s I mp os toribu s

.
, ,
a n a ll e g e d c o mp en dium o f bl a s ph e my a n d vil en e s s ,
a ttri b u ted to him by th e cl e rgy o f th e Middl e Ag es ,

O
i s n o w kn o wn to h a v e b e en a n i n ve n ti o n O f e ccles i as ti
ca l m a lic e to bl a ck en a ch a ra cte r o n ly to o vii l n e ra b l e
to s uch a tta ck s A t th e S icili an c ourt w a s form e d th a t

.
melo di ou s a n d gra ce ful idi o m a fterwa rd s emplo ye d

with s uch s ucc es s by P etra rch D a n te a n d B o cc a cci o , ,
.
Th e p o litica l s o ci a l a n d litera ry revo luti on s o f s ev en

, ,
c en turi es h a v e n ot m ateri a lly a ltere d th e gra mma tica l

co n s tructi on or ortho gra phy O f th e b ea utiful la n gu a ge
s p ok en a n d s u n g by th e k n ights a n d l a di es o f P a
lermo Th e en du rin g fa m e o f s uch a n a chi e vement

.
f a r exc eed s i n v a lu e a n d utility th e temp ora ry a n d

b a rren di s tin ctio n s Obta in e d by th e g a in i n g O f b attles ,
th e s a ck o f ci ti e s th e plu n d er o f b a ro n i a l s tron gh old s

, ,
a n d th e humili a ti o n o f p o p es .
S uch w a s th e Emp ero r F re d erick II a n d s uch th e .

,
civ iliz a tion which in s pire d by M os lem pre c e pt tra di

, ,
ti o n a n d ex a mple hi s c o mm a n di n g g en iu s es ta bli s h ed
, ,
i n S ou th ern Eu ro p e No t o n ly w a s h e th e m o s t i n tel
.
lig en t bu t h e w a s th e m o s t p o we rful a n d illu s trio us

,
s o v ere ig n o f h i s a g e I n a ddition to th e imp eri a l dig

.
n it
y h e p o s s es s e d th e titl es o f Ki n g o f N a ples a n d
,
S icily o f L omb a rdy o f P ol an d o f B o h emi a o f H un

, , , ,
g a ry o f D en m a rk o f S a rdin i a O f A rle s a n d o f
, , , ,
J eru s a lem I n birth a n d a ffin ity h e w a s firs t a mon g

.
th e g rea t p oten ta tes O f th e ea rth H e w a s th e gra n d .
s on o f th e f a m o u s B a rb a ro s s a a n d o f Ki n g R o g er o f
S icily H e w a s th e un cle O f J a im e I o f Ara gon L o

. .
,
C o n qu era d or H e w a s th e fa th er i n l a w o f th e G reek
.
- -
Emp eror o f N ic ea H e w a s th e s on in l a w o f th e
.
- -
L a tin Emp eror o f C on s tan ti n o ple H e w a s th e .
broth er in l aw o f th e Kin g o f E n gl an d
- -
H i s rela .
ti o n s with th e S ulta n o f Egyp t dicta ted in a mea s , ,
u re by s ta te p o licy b u t f o r th e m o s t p a rt p ro mp te d
, ,
by p ers o n a l a dmira tio n were o f th e mo s t s o ci a l a n d

,
fri en dly ch a ra cter H e exch a n ged gifts wi th th e

.
chie f o f th e ex ecra te d I s ma ili a n s ect kn own a s th e

O ld M a n o f th e M o un ta in ”
C ommun ity o f ide a s.
,
ta s tes l a n gu a g e s a n d merc a n tile i n tere s ts which h e

, , ,
s h a re d with M o h a mm e da n rul ers con firme d th e i n ti ,
ma cy a lrea dy lo n g exi s tin g between th e Ki n gd om o f

S icily a n d th e fra gmen ts o f th e H i s p a n o Ara b em -
pi re H i s a uth ori ty w a s res p ected fro m th e M ed iter

.
ra n e a n to th e B a ltic ; hi s m a trimo n i a l c onn ecti on s

ma d e h i s in fluen c e felt fro m th e b a n ks o f th e N il e to
th e P illa rs O f H ercule s I t w a s thi s p o wer ex e rci s ed
.
,
o ver a te rri tory O f va s t e xten t a n d u n limite d res o u rc es ,
a dd e d to a c on s ci ou s n e s s o f re —emi n en t a bili ty th a t
p ,
s ugg e s te d to F re de rick a ren ew a l o f th e a n ci en t C a r
l ovi n g i a n ju ri s dicti on a n d th e d a rin g b u t imp rud en t

,
a ttemp t by u s u rpi n g th e p re ro g a tive s o f th e P a p a cy

, ,
to rea liz e a d rea m o f mo re th a n imp eri a l a mbi ti o n .
Tha t drea m c on templa te d th e fo un d a tion O f a n a

ti o n a l s chi s m a tic a l chu rch o f which h e w a s to b e th e
, ,
h ea d a n d P i etro d e Vin ea th e vic a r Th e P o p e w a s .
to b e res tricted to th e e x erci s e o f s pi ri tu a l fun c ti o n s ,
a n d fin a lly d e p o s e d I n th e Emp eror w ere to b e

.
cen tred all th e glory th e ma j es ty th e s a n ctity o f a n

, , ,
omn ip o ten t rul e r p re s um a bly res p on s ibl e on ly to th e

,
Almighty ; rea lly th e s o le a rbiter o f th e religiou s

pro fes s i on s a n d th e a cti on s o f m an kin d H o w th e .
dem a n d s O f s uch a s ys tem which mu s t n e c es s a rily ,
b e m a in ta in ed to a c erta in ex ten t by in tell ectu a l

, ,
c oerci on could b e re c on cile d with th e bro a d an d

,
equi ta bl e to l era n c e which w a s f o r th e m o s t p a rt th e
dis tin gui s hin g cha ra cteri s tic o f th e p olicy o f Fred

erick do e s n ot a pp ea r
,
Th e cla im w a s a s h a s a l re a dy
.
,
b een m en tion ed th a t e ccles i a s tica l s uprema cy w a s

,
ves te d i n th e s ecular p ower o f th e empire a n d da ted ,

56 H I ST ORY o r TH E
from th e time o f th e R oma n emp erors Th ey w ere .
th e S up reme P on ti ff s fro m wh o m th e P o p e d erive d

hi s title b u t n ot hi s a uth o rity Th a t offic e w a s m erg e d
,
.
in to an d w a s in feri or to th e im p eri a l dign ity I ts

, ,
.
in h eritan c e by th e mon a rch o f I ta ly res te d u pon a

more s e cure ba s i s th a n th e a mbigu ou s a n d di s puted
c omm i s s i on a l le ge d to h a ve be en con ferre d u p on th e
fis h erma n o f G a lile e I ts va lidity h a d b een s tren gth
.
en e d by c en tu ri es o f p res crip ti on I t h a d b een ex er .
ci s e d by m a n y g en era ti o n s o f s ov e re ign s Th e m in is .
tra ti on s o f th e chi e f p ri es t o f a s e c t e mb ra ci n g milli on s

o f w o rs hipp ers th e rev ere d i n term e di ary b etw een th e
,
de votee a n d H ea ven a re on ly too ea s ily c on foun ded

,
w ith th e a ttributes o f divin ity Th es e a dvan ta ges .
were ea rly re c o gn iz ed a n d diligen tly im pro ve d by

C o n s ta n tin e Th e Byz a n tin e emp eror w a s th e h ea d
.
o f th e Gre ek Chu rch I n M o h am med temp ora l an d

.
s pi ri tu a l fu n c ti on s w e re u n ite d S uch e x a mples con .

,
s ta n tl y p re s en t to th e min d o f F re d erick e x e rted n o ,
s m a ll i n flu en c e i n d ete rmin i n g h i s c o urs e I n th e eyes .
o f hi s S icili a n s ubj e cts th e cl a im o f th e I m p eri al

,
C rown to religio u s s upre ma cy w a s re g a rde d as a royal

prero g ative which h a d b een s u s p en de d bu t n ever re
,
li n qu i s h ed . Th e u s urp a ti o n o f th e P a p a l p o wer w a s
a fa vo rite p ro j e ct o f Eu ro p e a n m on a rch s i n s ucc ee d
i n g a ges . I t w a s s eriou s ly me dita te d by P hili pp e l e

B el in F ra n ce durin g th e f ourteen th c en tu ry It .
w a s e ff e c te d by H en ry VII I i n E n gl a n d du ri n g th e
.
s ixteen th c en tu ry . Th e d e fia n ce o f th e P o p e by th e
great G erm an Emp ero r w a s e ven at th e di s ta n c e o f ,
th ree h u n dre d y ea rs o n e o f th e i n s pirin g c a u s e s o f

,
th e R e fo rm a ti on .Th e s pirit o f in telle ctu a l lib erty ,
o pp res s e d a t firs t w a s victo ri o u s i n th e en d

, .
Th e g en iu s o f F re d erick II w a s fiv e c en turies in .
a dv a n c e o f h i s tim e H i s m o s t in tellig en t con te mp o

.
ra ri es w ere i n c a p a bl e
gi nn d ers ta n d i n g hi s m otiv es
or o f a pp re ci a ti n g h i s e ff or ts f or th e reg en era ti on o f
was e ff e cte d by a ra bble o f p ea s an ts a nd women w h o

a tta ck e d hi s c a mp whil e h e w as a b s en t o n a hu n ti n g
e xcurs io n .
Th e g org eou s c ourt o f P a l ermo wi th i ts s ta tely ,
c eremon i a l i ts h eterod o x O pin i on s i ts in telle ctu a l at

, ,
m o s p h ere a n d th e p re domin a n t M o s l e m in flu en c e
,
which con tro lle d i ts p olicy p res crib e d i ts cu s toms an d, ,
c on tribute d la rg ely to i ts imp orta n c e w a s a t on c e th e ,
en vy a n d th e s c a n d a l o f Ch ri s ten d o m Th e bul k .
o f th e imp eri a l a rmi es w a s c o mp o s e d o f S a ra c en s .
P hilo s o ph ers a n d s ta te s men o f th e l atter n a ti on a lity

o ften en g ros s e d to th e exclu s i o n o f a ll o th ers th e
, ,
con fid en c e a n d i n tim a cy O f th e Emp eror H i s dif .
f e ren t co n s o rts i n turn s ubj e cte d to O ri e n ta l re s tric

, ,
ti on s w ere a tte n d e d by gu a rd s o f Afric a n e u n uch s

, ,
c o los s a l i n s ta tu re hid eou s in f ea ture s pl en didly

, ,
a pp a rell e d H i s h a re m s luxuri a n t e s ta bli s hm en ts

.
, ,
n ot c o n fin e d to P a l erm o b u t s c a ttere d th ro ugh th e

,
citi es o f S o uth ern I ta ly were fil le d with M o ori s h ,
be a uti e s fro m S yri a Egypt M oro cc o an d S p a in A

, , ,
.
n um b er o f th ei r o ccup a n ts a lw a y s fo rm e d p a rt o f h i s
reti n u e i n b oth p ea c e a n d w a r Th ey j ou rn eye d a fter .
th e f as hi on o f th e E a s t i n clo s e d litte rs b o rn e by
,
ga yly c a p a ri s on e d c a mels Ara b la di es a s rem a rk a ble

.
,
f o r w i t a n d lea rn in g a s f o r th e ir p ers on a l ch a rm s ,
mi n gle d freely with th e brilli a n t s o ci ety o f th e c a pita l .
Am on g th e divers i on s o f th e c o urt were th e d a n ces

o f th e E a s t f e a ts o f j uggl ers a n d bu ff o o n s a m a tory
, ,
imp rovi s a tio n s o f min n es in g er a n d troub a dou r g a mes , ,
fa l con ry litera ry c on te s ts m a gn ific en t b a n qu ets I n

, , .
th es e m e rry a s s embli es wh ere pl ea s u re reig n ed s u

,
p reme th e s en s u a l w a s h o wever n ever p ermitte d to

, , ,
preva il over th e in telle c tu a l ; th ey w ere en liv en e d bV

philo s o phic a l di s cu s s i on s by th e a pplic a ti on o f pro v
,
e rb s, by th e s to ri es o f tra vellers by th e re cita ti on o f ,
b a ll a ds .
Th e p ers on a l a s p ect o f F red erick did n ot c o rre

s p on d to th e
xp ectation s o f th os e w h o h a d fo rmed
e
a n id ea l fro m th e f a m e o f h i s ta l en ts a n d th e e x ten t
o f hi s e ruditi o n H i s s tature w a s s h ort hi s s h oulders

.
,
b en t his fo rm un g a in ly a n d c orpulen t H e w a s b a ld
, .
a n d n e a r s ighte d
-
H i s re ddi s h b e a rd in dic a te d th e
.
lin ea ge o f th e H o h en s ta u f en s S o in s ign ifica n t w a s

.
hi s a pp ea ra n ce th a t a n Ara b writer w h o s a w him

, ,
a t J e ru s a l em a s s erts with a s ton i s hm en t a n d c on tem pt

, , ,
th a t if h e h a d been e xp os e d f o r s a l e as a s l a v e h e
would n o t h a ve bro ught tw o hun dre d dra chms o f
s ilv er Th e g en era l lu s tre o f hi s ch a ra cter w a s ma rre d
.
by ma n y s eri ou s a n d fa ta l de fects H e w a s tyra n n i.
c a l p e rfid i ou s hyp o c ritic a l s up ers ti ti o u s a n d i n o rd i

, , , ,
n a tel
y di s s o lute e v en in a lic en ti ou s a g e Th e d o m e s tic
, .
re l a ti on s o f th e g rea tes t o f m e di aev a l emp ero rs w ere
th e re p roa ch o f th e P a p a cy a n d th e h orror o f Chri s

ti a n Eu ro p e Lik e th e in fa mou s M a rqui s d e S a de
.
,
h e con s idere d tea rs a n d s u ff e ri n g th e m o s t d e s ira bl e

prelud e to li bidin ou s plea s ures Th e fes tiva ls o f th e
.
imp eri a l p a la c e o f P a lermo were en liven e d by th e

p erforma n ces o f th e s i n gin g a n d da n ci n g girls o f th e -
E as t Euro p ea n fem a les o f th e s a me p ro fes s i on

.
,
durin g th e Crus a d e tra v ell ed i n th e ro ya l tra in to

,
Acre where th e n ovelty o f th eir a pp ea ra n ce a n d co s

,
tume a mu s e d th e idl e mo men ts o f th e M o s le m p rin c e s

o f Egyp t a n d S yri a N o thin g i n th e c a reer o f F re d
.
e rick p ro v oke d th e i re o f th e cl ergy m o re th a n thi s
con c es s i on to i n fid el curi o s ity Th e gig a n tic Nubi a n s

.
wh o wa tch e d o v e r th e Emp re s s a n d wh o s e fa c e s were

,
”
comp a red to an ci en t ma s k s a wa ken e d th e a ma z e
,
men t o f fo reign tra vellers a t th e S icili a n court .
Th e m o s t frightful to rmen ts wh o s e in g en io u s ,
cruelty w a s lo n g remembere d wi th fea r a n d h a tred ,
were i n fli cte d on h is victims M a n y were d is m em

.
bere d by wild h ors e s ; s o m e were crus h e d by p on der

ou s cl oa k s o f l e a d ; oth e rs w ere s l o wly ro a s te d by fire
a pp l ie d to b ra z en h eh n ets i n which th ei r h e a ds h a d
b een en c a s ed The s p e ci a l obj e cts o f th es e p un i s h

.
men ts were th e p a rti s a n s o f th e P o p e wh o w ere ,
ch a rged with th e o ff en ces o f both h eres y a n d reb ell i on .
I n th e ord ers i s s u e d to h i s a gen ts h e Sho we d tha t h e

,
w a s a n a d e pt i n th e a rts o f d ec e p ti on D evote d to .
th e forbidd en s ci en c e o f a s tro lo gy h e b e c a m e th e ,
dup e o f Ch a rla tan s ; a n d ev en th e c o n s umm ati on o f

h i s m a rri a g e with th e P ri n c e s s o f E n gla n d w a s d e
ferre d un til th e p o s iti on o f th e plan ets w a s decl a re d
to b e f a v o ra ble H i s g en iu s w a s es s en ti a lly I ta li a n
.
.
F ro m ea rly childh oo d h e h a d been fa mili a r with th e

a rts th e s ch e m es th e c a s ui s try o f u n p ri n cipl ed p ri es ts
, , ,
a n d p o li tici a n s I n th e fo rm a ti on o f h is ch a ra cter
.
thes e a s s o ci a ti on s h a d e x erci s e d a m os t p ern ici ou s in

fl u en ce . H i s e duc a ti on a n d e xp eri en c e h a d l ed him
to d o ub t th e exi s ten c e o f th e vi rtu es o f truth p atri ot ,
i s m i n teg rity
, .H e n ever f org a ve a n in j ury to him
s elf o r a n in s ult to hi s dign ity H e s a c rific ed without
.
,
c ompun cti on min i s ters wh o h a d lon g s erve d him i n

,
th e m o s t re s p on s ible e mplo ym en ts wh o h a d p ro fited ,
by hi s g en ero s ity w h o h a d s h a re d hi s c on fiden c e H is

, .
utte r wa n t o f feelin g i s rev ea le d by a s a y in g a ttrib

u te d to h im which i s m o re rem a rk a bl e f o r i ts en ergy
th a n i ts e le g a n c e I h a ve n ev er fa tten e d a h og
,
e xc e p t to o bta i n i ts l a rd .
H i s philo s o phic a l i n di ff eren ce to re ligi on did n ot

preven t him fro m p os in g a s th e re p re s en ta tive o f th e
orth o d o x f a ith a n d th e re s torer o f p rimi tiv e Ch ri s
ti a n ity .H e c o mp a re d hi m s elf to Eli a s a n d to C hris t .
H e humbly s olicite d en rolm ent a m on g th e m on k s o f

C a s a m a ra . I n a c omm un ic ati on to th e s ucc es s or o f
S t F ra n ci s o f A s s i s h e d e cla re d h i s b eli e f i n th e
.
,
S c riptu res a n d his h o p e o f etern a l s a lva ti on H e .
p res ide d over im p orta nt religi ou s fes tiva ls a n d a s

s um e d th e m o s t p ro mi n en t p a rt i n th e c el eb ra ti o n o f
th e ir c erem o n i es On h i s d ea th b ed h e wi s h e d i n
.
-
, ,
token o f h i s p reten de d re v eren c e f or th e hum b les t

min i s ters o f th e G os p el to b e cloth e d with th e c owl

,
o f a C i s te rci a n fri a r P olicy c a u s ed him to thu s p ro

.
fe s s a llegi a n ce to th e Church b ut th ere i s little do ubt ,
th at h e w a s a n u n b eli e v er p erh a p s a n a th ei s t ,In .
un gua rde d momen ts h e s c o ff e d a t a ll reli gi on On e .
o f h i s fa v orite j es ts w a s i n ridicul e o f th e Euch ari s t .
H e critici s e d D ivin e Wi s do m f or th e s ele cti on o f th e

b a rren la n d o f P a les tin e in s tea d o f th e rich a n d fer
,
tile S icily a s th e a b o d e O f th e ch o s en p eo ple

, I n th e .
very cra dle o f Chris ti a n ity at th e s p ot on c e s a n ctifie d

,
by th e pres en ce o f th e S a vi our h e ed i fied hi s M os lem ,
ho s ts by c omp a rin g th e thron gs o f pilgrims wh o

crowde d to th e s hrin e to dro ve s o f th e mo s t s tupid an d
un clea n o f an i ma ls H i s un flin chin g a n ta gon i s m to
.
th e P a p a cy c a u s ed th e clergy a n d th e ra bbl e to reg a rd

him a s An tichri s t H e w a s de p os e d by th e C o un cil
.
o f Lyo n s ; w a s fo ur time s e xc o mm un ic a te d by th e
P o pe ; a nd w a s re pea tedly dis ciplin e d by in feri or
prela tes I n th e impla ca ble c on tes t which broke h i s
.
p ower a n d des troyed hi s h ou s e th e e ccles i a s tic a l a u ,
tocra cy o f Ro m e f o r th e m om en t triumph e d
, Th e , .
civiliz ation h e h ad fos tere d w a s ch e cke d a n d oh

s cured . H i s treas u re s w ere s ca ttere d H i s libra ries .
di s a pp ea re d Th e la s t o f h i s ra ce p eri s h e d i g n omin i
.
Ou s ly o n th e s ca ff old B u t th e s pirit o f in d ep en dent

.
th ough t which b e p ro m ote d a n d wh os e e x erci s e h e ,
b equ ea th ed to pos terity s urvive d th e a tta ck o f in tol er

,
a n ce a n d tyra n n y to b e re vive d i n a b etter a n d a m ore

,
au s pici ou s a g e .
Th e S o uth o f F ran ce n ot a s y et in co rp ora te d in to

,
th e mon a rchy b ut e xi s tin g a s a s emi i n de p en d en t

,
-
s ta te a n d g o v ern e d by th e C oun t o f T oulo u s e on e

, ,
O f th e mos t p o werful feudato ries in Euro pe w a s th e ,
s c en e o f a n oth er g re at m e di aev a l re volt o f th e hum a n
min d a ga in s t P a p a l des potis m an d in telle ctu a l s ervi

tud e . F ro m a peri o d s o remote th at its b eginn in g i s
los t in tra diti on tha t region h ad been th e s eat o f a
,
s plen did civiliz a ti on a t o n c e the ex em pl ar an d th e

,
pride o f anti quity Th e P h oen ici a n s h a d early es tab

.
l is h ed tra din g p os ts o n i ts Sh ores a n d h a d intro d u c ed

-
, ,
with th e c omm erci a l p o licy a n d en terpri s e o f th ei r

ra c e th e a rts th e l ea rn i n g a n d th e cultu re which h a d
, , ,
la id th e foun d a ti o n o f th e w ea lth an d ren o wn of

C arth a ge To th e P hoen ici a n s s uccee d ed th e G reeks
.
o f P ho caea th a t fl ouri s hin g I on i a n s ea p ort which f or

, ,
digni ty el e g an ce o f m a nn ers a n d eru diti on ra n ked

, , ,
a m on g th e m o s t fam ou s citi es o f th e G re ci a n n a me .
I ts p rin cip a l c o lo n y M a s s ili a e x erci s e d d omin i on o ver

, ,
n ea rly a ll o f th e territo ry s o u th o f th e L o ire ; a ter
ri to ry a l re a dy rich a n d p o pul o u s and conta in in g , ,
a m on g th e tw en ty fiv e imp orta n t c iti es s u bj ect to i ts

-
j uri s dicti on s uch gre a t a n d o pul ent c o mmun iti es a s

,
M on a c o N ic e Arles N imes B eziers A vign on Un

, , , , , .
a id ed by extra n e ou s s upp ort th e p eo pl e o f M as s ili a , ,
in Spite o f th e e ff o rts o f b a rb a ri a n n eigh b ors an d

j ea lous riva ls p res erve d th eir p o litic a l an d mercan tile
,
imp ortan ce u n til th ei r c on qu es t by C aes ar d e gra ded

th eir c omm on wea lth to a s ub o rdin a te ra n k a mon g th e
provin c es c omp os in g th e gig a n tic fa b ric o f th e R O
m an Empire Th e p o licy o f th a t g rea t s oldi er d e
.
s p oil e d th em o f th e ir d e p en d en ci e s crippled their ,
res ou rces a n d turn e d to l etters a n d th e a rts th e res tles s

,
s pi rit which h a d form e rly b een en g ro s s ed b y th e

p ur
s uits o f c om m erc e a n d th e e x erci s e o f a rm s B e fore .
i ts p olitic a l a nnih ila ti on th e co lon y o f M a s s ilia in , ,
e x ten t in p o pul a ti on
, in w ea lth a n d in i n tel ligen ce
, , ,
ra n k e d higher th a n a n y Gre ci a n re pu b lic th a t h a d e ver
exi s ted s a ve A th en s a l on e
, I ts p o s s es s i on s w ere n ot
.
a cqu i re d b y c on qu es t Th ey were gra du ally a b s orb ed

.
throu gh th e im p erce p tibl e i n flu en c e o f s u p eri or k nowl

e dg e ,th e ex a m pl e o f p ro s p eri ty a n d luxu ry th e ,
a cuten es s o f s a g a c i ou s a n d a gg res s ive ru l ers th e ex ,
h ibiti on o f ma g n ific ent m on um en ts o f a rti s ti c g en ius .
Un der th e Rom an s this regi on d es ignated as Narb on

, ,
n es e G a ul w a s o n e o f th e m os t flouri s hin g pro vin c es

,
o f th e empi re I ts litera ry culture w a s p ro verbi a l I ts

. .
s ch oo l s w ere f a m o u s I t i s men ti on e d by Livy as

.
h a vin g pres erve d without con ta min a ti on th e a rts th e ,
m a nn ers a n d th e la ws o f Gree c e Th e a n ci en t p olity

, .
o f M a s s ili a i s e ul o giz e d by Cic ero a s a s ch em e o f

.
a lm o s t idea l p erf e c ti on Th e philo s o ph ers o f th a t city

.
e n j oy e d s uch a re puta ti o n f o r l ea rn i n g th a t th e
pa ,
tro n a g e o f s uch o f th e R o m a n y outh a s were a mbiti o u s

o f th e m o s t fin i s h e d educ a ti o n w a s e qu a lly divid ed
b etween it a n d Ath en s Th e firs t three pro fes s o rs o f

.
L a tin rh etoric at Rome were Ga uls e duc a te d at M as

s ili a . I ts in tell ectu a l pro g res s w a s g rea tly a s s i s te d
by th e merca n tile s pi rit o f i ts citiz en s who s e fa culti es ,
were develo p ed a n d en la rge d by c on s ta n t a n d fa mili a r

in tercours e with oth er n ati on s I ts n a viga tors p os .
s e s s e d a ll th e s kill a n d a ctivi ty o f th ei r P hoen ici a n
a n c e s to rs Th ei r ves s els w ere s een on th e wes tern

.
c oas t o f Afric a in th e Euxin e i n th e B a ltic in th e

, , ,
di s tan t fj o rd s o f N o rwa y Th eir fa ctori es a n d thei r

.
a g en ts were es ta bli s h ed in G erman y a n d B rita in .
Th e ir in tern a l tra d e w a s mo s t exten s ive an d imp or

ta n t . Th ey tra vers e d th e c ou rs e o f th e Rhon e a n d
th e L o i re fro m th ei r s ou rc e s to th e s ea Every trib e .
in c o mmun ic a ti on with th o s e w a te rwa y s p a id tribute

to th ei r s hre wdn es s a n d s h a re d th e b en efits o f th eir
e xp eri en c e Th e Greek la n gu a g e w a s fa mili a r to th e
.
inh a bi ta n ts o f G a ul ; it w a s e ven a do p te d a n d u s ed
by th e D ruidica l pri es thoo d an d e ven tu a lly b eca me ,
th e g en era l me dium o f c omm erci a l a n d s o ci a l in ter

c ou rs e Th e d a rk a n d cru el s up ers titi on s a n d legen ds
.
o f th e c oun try w ere s uppl a n te d by th e e le g a n t a n d
gra ce ful ficti on s o f P a ga n i s m ; by th e s on g s th e ,
d a n ces th e fl ora l ga mes th e p omp o f s a crific e th e

, , ,
j o you s fes tiva ls which cha ra cteriz ed th e religi ous

,
ceremon i a ls o f Gree c e a n d I ta ly Th e e xi s ten c e o f .
s uch c on diti on s c oul d n ot f a il to e x ert a m arke d

6 4: H I ST ORY OF TH E
eff e ct u pon th e m in ds o f a p eo ple b arb a rou s in d ee d

, ,
y et highly s u s c e p tibl e to imp res s i o n s which a pp ea l e d
e qu a lly to i ts im a gi n a ti on a n d i ts i n teres t Na rb on .
n es e G a ul un de r th e emp erors m a in ta in e d th e li tera ry

, ,
a n d a rti s tic r e e mi n en c e which h a d f ro m tim e im

p
-
,
m emori a l dis tin gui s he d i t a mon g th e provin c es of

,
We s tern Euro p e Th e m o s t cOp i ou s ele gan t a n d

. , ,
euph on ic o f l a n gu a g e s w a s s till s p ok en th ro u gh o ut
th e va ri ou s mu n icip a liti es th a t fo rm erly a c kn o wle dg ed

th e j u ri s dic ti o n o f th e M a s s ili a n R e public Th e c a pi .
ta l w a s es p e ci a lly ren o wn e d f or i ts philo s o ph ers a n d

phys ici a n s ; f or i ts p a tron a g e o f l etters ; f or th e re
fin emen t o f i ts s o ci ety ; a n d f o r th e n umb er a n d
e xce ll en c e o f i ts e duc a ti on a l i n s tituti on s which i n th e , ,
es tim a ti on o f m a n y di s tin g ui s h e d R o m a n s to ok p re ,
ce d en ce o f th e s ch o ols o f G ree c e Imp eri a l fa vor

.
bes to we d upon th e Narb onn e s e pro vin c e m on um en ts

wh os e p erfe ctio n w a s emin en tly worthy o f th e ta s te
a n d s pl en do r o f th e Augu s ta n a g e I ts c iti es were
.
a d orn e d wi th b ea utiful templ es p o rtic o s a n d th ea tres

, , .
I n th e g a rden s w ere p eri s tyle s o f p re ci ou s m a rble ,
mo s a ic p a ve men ts s up erb foun ta in s va s es filled with

, ,
flow ers an d s ta tu es o f gilded bron z e

, S um ptuou s
.
ba ths a dmin i s tere d to th e luxury o f th e p o pul a ce I n .
th e ci rcu s th e ch a ri o t ra c e di s pla ye d a p omp bu t l i ttle

,
in ferio r to th a t exhibited by th e im peri a l Sp ectacles o f

Rome Aqu edu cts o f c o lo s s a l di men s i o n s brou ght
.
,
f or a di s ta n c e o f m a n y lea gu es th e w a ter d ema n d e d

,
by th e re qui rem ents o f a n i m m en s e po pul a tion I n .
n o p orti on o f th e R o m a n w orld h a ve s uc h a v a ri ety
of th e a rchite c tura l m emori a l s o f cl as s i c elega n ce

s u rvive d a s i n th e di s tric t o f P ro ven c e a n d L an g ue
d oc . F rom th e ma gn ificen t rui n s th at s till rema i n ,
w e a re en a bl e d to form a g ran d b ut i n a de qu ate id ea

o f th e s tructures create d by i m p eri a l mu n i ficen ce a n d
G reci an tas te which h a ve p eri s h ed by th e n e glect a n d

th e vi o len c e o f thi rteen cen turi es A fter th e Roma n
.
tures . Th e p o pular d a n c es an d o th er a mu s em en ts o f
S outh ern F ra n c e a re a ls o s trikin g remin i s c en c es o f
th e M o s l em a s c en d en cy While Ara bic literature
.
mu s t h a ve e x erci s e d a n imp orta nt in flu en c e up on th e

public min d o f P ro ven c e a n d L a n gu e do c n o b i s to ri ,
c a l i n f orm a ti o n h a s b e en tra n s mi tte d to u s rel a tiv e to
i ts ch a ra cter a n d ev en i ts exi s ten c e durin g thi s p eri o d

,
i s l a rg ely a m a tter o f c on j e ctu re Th ere i s n o do ubt .

,
h o wever c on c ern in g th e e ff e cts s ub s e qu en tly p ro

,
d u ced by f a mili a rity wi th M oo ri s h civiliz a ti on es ta b ,
li s h e d by c on qu es t a n d p erp etu a te d by th e a i d o f m er
ch a n ts an d tra vell ers Th e le a rn in g th e e le g a n c e th e
.
, ,
re fin e m en t a n d th e i n fid elity o f th e c o u rt o f C ord ov a
,
were c a rri e d beyon d th e P yren ees Th e writin g s o f .
Averroes a n d oth er Ara bi a n philo s o ph ers were s tudi ed

wi th plea s u re by th e s ch ola rs o f S outh ern F ra n ce .
Th a t en ti re regi on w a s more M o h a mm e da n th a n
Chri s ti a n an d m ore in fidel th a n e ith er Th e n obles .
a d o p te d p olyg a m o u s h a bits a n d m a i n ta i n e d h a re ms
fille d with c on cubi n es A th rivin g tra de i n eun uchs

.
w a s c a rri e d on wi th th e S p a n i s h Ara b s wh o s e p ro fits , ,
i t w a s n oto ri o u s w ere p rin cip a lly en g ro s s ed by e ccle

,
s i a s ti cs
. A p a s s i on a te lo ve o f p oetry de ve lo p ed th e
tro ub a do u r a m o s t imp o rta n t f a ctor o f Eu ro p ea n i n
,
te ll ectu a l p ro g re s s a n d th e c o un terp a rt a n d rep re

,
s en ta ti ve o f th e Ara b b a rd wh o s e imp ro vi s a ti on s h a d
, ,
fro m tim e i rmn em o ri a l been th e delight o f th e em o

,
ti on a l trib es o f th e D e s e rt A la n gu a ge i n fin itely
.
s we eter a n d m ore m e l o di ou s th a n m o d ern F ren ch a n d ,
ex hibi tin g a s tro n g Simil a ri ty to th e I ta li a n f o rm ed
a t th e c o u rt o f F re d erick I I b ec a m e th e v ehicle o f
.
,
ch a rmin g p oeti cal c ompo s i tio n s which s atiriz e d th e ,
li ves o f th e pri es th o od re c o un te d th e a chi ev ements

,
O f th e tourn a m en t a n d th e fo ra y a n d c elebra ted in , ,
gra c e ful a n d rhythmic hyp erbo le th e bea uty an d ,
fa s cin a ti on s o f woma n Thi s ton gu e kn own a s th e

.
,
L an gu e d Oc while in di re ctly derive d from th e L a ti n

’
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UROPE 67
o wed i n fa ct n othin g to clas s ic a s s o ci ation s o r in fl u

, ,
en c e
. I t w a s th e firs t o f th e n um ero u s fa mily o f
lan gu a ges a n d di a lects o f Rom an origin which durin g ,
m ed i eeva l times a tta in ed to a n y m a rke d d e g ree o f

,
p erfe cti on i n gra mma tic a l c on s tructi on o r in eleg an ce

o f exp res s i on I t i s a s ig n ific a n t fa ct tha t i t o n ly
.
o b ta i n e d a p e rm an en t footh o ld i n c oun tri e s o n c e s u b
j cet to Ara b domin a ti on I t Sprea d ev en tu a lly a ll .
o ver th e S ou th o f Eu ro p e I t w a s s p ok en i n V a l en ci a
.
,
B a rc elon a a n d th e B a lea ric I s les wh os e di a le cts are

, ,
n ow c o rrup ted f o rm s o f th e a n ci en t Lim ou s in Th e .
pro ducti on s o f which it fo rme d th e m edium were rea d

i n I ta ly G erm a n y S icily a n d E n gl a n d
, , I t a d a pte d
, .
i ts elf with s uch c a s e to th e purp os es o f th e p oet th a t

i t a lm os t s eemed c on s tructe d e s p e ci a lly f o r th a t v a
ri et
y o f co mp os iti o n I t e a rly in curred th e h os tility
.
o f th e Church on a cc ou n t o f th e Albig en s i a n h e re s y ;
a n d i n 1 248 I n n o c en t IV
, by a s p e ci a l bull forb a d e
.
, ,
i ts s tudy to a ll g oo d C a th o lic s Th e ra pidity with .
which it wa s p erfected th e e xten t o f its di s tributi on

, ,
th e n umber o f pro vi n ci a l di a le c ts to which i t g a ve ri s e ,
th e richn es s o f th e li tera tu re which a do pte d i t a n d ,
th e s udden n es s a n d c ompl eten es s o f its e x tin cti on con

s ti tu te on e o f th e m o s t i n te re s ti n g a n d e xtrao rdi n a ry
phen omen a in th e a n n a ls o f lin guis tics .
Th e litera ry a n d s o ci a l c on diti on o f S outhern

F ra n c e w as with th e s in gl e exce pti o n o f S icily which
, ,
bore to it a rema rk a ble res embla n ce a n o ma lo u s a mon g ,
th e c oun tri es o f civiliz ed Eu ro p e I ts p o pula ti o n w a s .
s in gul a rly c os m o p o li ta n ; h a lf a s co re o f ra ces h a d

con tribute d to i ts form a ti on ; i t h a d in h erite d th e cult
u re o f th e G reek th e Ro m a n th e Ara b ; mix tu re o f
, ,
bloo d a n d c omp a ri s on o f creeds h a d p roduce d un i

vers a l to lera tion o f belie f a n d wid es prea d a n d u n
c ompro mi s in g s ke ptici s m I n i ts c o urts i ts s cho ol s.
, ,
i ts lea rn ed p ro fes s ion s S emitic idea s tra di tion s a n d

, , ,
in flu en ce pre pon d era ted Not a f ew M os l ems h a d .

es ta bli s h e d th ems elves i n th e ci ti es o f Ni mes Nar ,
bonn e an d T oulou s e a n d th e Jews a b ou n de d i n e very

, ,
c omm un ity which a ff ord ed en co u ra g emen t to s ci en

ti fic a tta in m en ts o r f a cili ti es f o r tra fii c Th e s y s tem .
o f public in s truc ti on w a s e s s en ti a lly H e b re w ; th e

fa culty o f th e fa mou s me dic a l s ch oo l o f M on tp elli er ,
th e s ucc e s s ful c o mp etito r o f th a t o f S a l ern o w a s a t ,
firs t prin cip a lly c omp os e d o f J ews a n d M o h am me

da n s a n d reta i n ed f or c en tu ri es a mids t foreign con
, ,
qu es t a n d d om es tic co n v uls i on th e imp re s s d erived ,
fro m th e ch a ra cter o f its fou n d ers Th e clo s es t rela .
ti on s w ere m a i n ta in ed b etween th e a c a d e mi es o f
L a n gu ed o c an d th os e o f im p eri a l S icily a n d M oori s h
S p a i n Thi s in tim a cy w a s s tren gth en e d by th e multi
.
p l i c i ty o f m e rc a n til e tra n s a c ti on s a ri s in g f ro m a con
s ta n t i n terch a n g e O f c o mm o diti e s de p en d en t up on a
va s t a n d pro fita ble tra d e Th e c a pita ls o f C o rdova

.
,
S eville a n d P a lermo were b etter kn own to th e peo ple

,
o f P roven c e th a n a n y o f th e M e di terra n ea n citi es to
th e i n l a n d to wn s o f c on ti n en ta l Eu ro p e ; n o w g rea t ,
c entres o f wea lth c o mmerc e a n d civiliz a ti o n ; th en

, , ,
d es pi s e d a s s emi b arb a ro u s a n d ra rely vi s ited Th e

-
.
c on tin u a n ce o f this fri en dly i n terc ours e with M o h a m

m e d a n c oun tri es c on firm ed a t on c e by c on gen i al p ur
,
s ui ts a n d by th e p o w erful i n flu en c e o f p e cun i a ry
a dv a n ta g e w a s p o rte n to u s i n i ts e ff e c ts a n d b od ed
, ,
ill to th e pro p a g a ti o n o f Ch ri s ti a n i ty a n d th e ma in
te n a n c e o f e ccles i a s tic a l di s cipli n e Th e s ucc es s i on o f
.
n um erou s f o rm s O f w o rs hip di s tin ct i n th e i r origin , ,
un l ik e i n th ei r c erem on i a l i rre c on cila bly h o s tile in

,
th ei r p oli ty e a ch a s s ertin g divin e i n f a lli bili ty y et

, ,
ea ch i n tu rn o v erth ro wn by a n ew a n d m ore p o pul ar

, ,
beli e f w a s n ot fa vo ra ble to th e exi s ten c e o f a ny

,
re ligi o n S tron gly a tta ch e d to th e ch eerful fes tivals

.
o f P a g a n i s m th e i n h a bi ta n ts o f S o u th ern F ra n c e h a d
,
e mb ra c e d th e p re c e p ts o f th e G o s p el with in s i n c erity
a n d reluc ta n c e Th eir di s po s ition their tra diti on s th e

.
, ,
so uven i rs o f cla s s ic ma gn ific en ce a n d b eau ty which

s u rroun d e d th em a ll c on tribute d to c on fi rm th e d ee ply
,
groun de d a ff e cti on th ey en terta in e d f or th e cre e d o f

th ei r f a th ers N owh ere els e i n Ch ri s ten d om w a s s uch
.
a s p e cta cl e p res en te d o f a ll th a t i s a ttra ctiv e to th e
lux uri ou s an d a ll th a t i s a dmire d by th e in telle ctu a l

, ,
a s th a t di s cl o s e d by th e lif e o f th e p o li s h ed a n d c o r
rup t s o ci ety o f S o uth e rn F ra n c e Th at en ti re regi o n .
w a s s ubj e cted to th e high es t culti v a ti o n o f which th e

s o il n a tura lly f ertil e a n d imp ro v e d by eve ry re s o u rc e
,
o f s ci en tific a gricultu re w a s s u s c ep tibl e Th e citie s

, .
,
la rg e a n d p o pulous en j oye d every a dva n ta ge o f ,
wea lth which could b e deriv ed from a n exten s ive

tra ffic . B ézi ers h a d s ix ty th ou s a n d inh a bita n ts a ,
la rger n umber th a n a n y to wn in E n gla n d N imes .

,
Arles C a rca s s onn e were b ut little in feri or in s ize an d

, ,
gra n deu r Every comm erci a l d evi ce w as fa mili a r to

.
th e p eopl e Th eir s hrewdn es s w a s proverbi a l Th eir

. .
tra de w a s en orm ou s A kn o wle dg e o f ba n ki n g a n d

.
bill s O f exch a n ge with ma n y impo rta n t fis c a l regu

,
l a ti on s h a d b een in tro duc ed by th e J e ws o f B a rc e

,
lo n a .
T oulo u s e on e o f th e mos t b ea u tiful a n d lic en ti ou s

,
o f m e di aev a l c a pita l s w a s th e fo cu s o f thi s s plen did

,
civiliz a ti on I t w a s th e s ea t o f th e Mu s es th e h ome
.
,
o f chi v a lry th e g oa l o f e v ery d ev o tee o f lo ve a n d

,
o f a mbi ti on Th ere th e kn ightly a dven turer s ought

.
di s tin cti on in th e tourn a men t a n d th e tilt o f reeds ,
ma rti a l a mu s emen ts b orrowe d from th e M oor .
Thither j ou rn eye d th e troub a dour a n d th e j on gleu r ,
s u re o f h o s pi ta lity a n d re w a rd in p a l a c e a n d c a s tl e ,
in th e c omfo rta ble h o me o f th e m e rch a n t i n th e ,
humble dwelli n g o f th e la b orer There w as cro wn e d .
th e p oet s ucc es s ful i n th e litera ry c on tes t tw o h u n

, ,
dred ye a rs be fore th e la u rel w as pla c ed up on th e bro w

o f P etra rch i n th e C a pi to l a t R o m e Th ere were held .
th e C o u rts o f L o ve wh ere wo men a rgu e d a n d d eter

,
70 H I S TORY OF TH E
min e d with a l l th e gra ve im p a rti a li ty o f a j udicia l

,
tribun a l qu es ti on s in v olvi n g th e la w s o f g a ll a n try

, ,
th ei r ob s erv a n c e a n d th e ir vi o l a ti o n Th e p o ten ta te .
,
w h o un d er th e m o d es t title o f c oun t g o vern ed thi s

, ,
g reat a n d o pulen t rea lm en j o ye d a la rg er mea s u re

,
o f a u th o ri ty th a n m os t re p res en ta tiv es o f th e roy a l
h ou s es o f Euro p e H i s fa mily w a s o f high an tiqui ty

. ,
a n d its ra n k d a te d b a ck f o r m a n y c en tu ri es Th e rich .
fie f s o f B ézi ers F o ix Qu ercy M o n tp elli er a n d Na r

, , , ,
b on n e wi th th ei r n um erou s impo rtan t de p en den cie s

, ,
a ckn o wl e dg e d h i s a u th o ri ty a s s uz era i n W ea lthier .
th a n a n y o f h i s Ch ri s ti a n c o n te mp o ra ri es h e w a s mo re ,
p owerful in a l l th e a ttributes o f m on a rchic a l dign ity

th a n th e Ki n g O f F ra n c e H i s do min i o n s i n clude d th e
.
grea ter p a rt o f th e terri tory s o uth o f th e L oi re a n d ,
emb ra c e d th e fertil e a n d fl o u ri s hi n g di s tric ts b oun d ed
by th e G a ro nn e th e I s ere th e M e di terra n ea n a n d th e
, , ,
Alps H e h a d a chi eve d ren own in th e C ru s a des H is

. .
s w o rd h a d w on f or him th e p rin cip a lity o f T rip o li .
H e h a d b een a n u n s ucc es s ful bu t p ro mi n en t c omp eti

tor f o r th e th ro n e o f J e ru s a le m I n hi s public rela .
ti on s h e w as th e s oul o f chiv a l ric c ou rtes y ; i n h is

p ers o n a l h a bits a fa s tidi ou s vo luptu a ry ; i n b eli e f a
s k e p tic ; i n ta s te s a M o h a mm e d a n Th e c o n s picuous .
va lor h e di s pl a ye d on th e field s o f P a le s tin e w as in ,
s o m e d e g ree n e u tra liz e d by a m ora l c o w a rdic e which

,
i n s tin ctively s h ran k fro m a c on flict in vo lvi n g th e

d ea res t p rivileges f o r which hum a n ity ca n c onten d ,
— th e p res erva ti o n O f p o li tic a l in te g rity a n d th e ex er

ci s e o f th e right O f i n te lle ctu a l fre ed o m B ra ve i m .
,
p etu o u s s en s u a l v a cill a ti n g a n d in s in c ere s uch w as

, , , ,
R a ym on d VI C o u nt o f T o ulo u s e th e re p res en tativ e

.
, ,
o f th e m o s t p o li s h e d a n d di s s o lute s ta te i n Eu ro p e .
Th e p o litica l o rg a n iz a ti o n o f th e v a ri ou s citi es a n d
pro vi n ces c omp os in g th e C oun ty o f T oulou s e p re
s en te d a s tra n g e a n o m a ly S o me were i n a ll but
.
,
n a m e re public a n ; th ei r m a gi s tra te s
, un der th e title ,
of con s uls a dmi n i s tere d th e a ff a irs o f go vern men t

, ,
a n d w ere el e c te d by th e public v o ic e o f th e p eo ple .
Th e civil re gul a tio n s o f o thers p a rtoo k ra th er o f th e

n a ture o f feud a l ten u re s in which th e m o s t o pp re s s ive
p rivileges h a d been rela x e d o r en tirely dis cha rg ed .
B u t n e ith er th e fee ble co py o f th e in s tituti o n s o f

a n ci en t R om e n or th e b a rb a rou s l a w s o f m e diaev a l
ty ra nn y were s uffici en t to c omp el th e o b edi en c e o f

s uch a h etero g en e ou s p o pul a ti o n Th e a uth ority o f
.
th e e le c tive m a gi s tra cy w a s fre qu en tly d e fie d Th e .
fea lty o f th e great va s s a ls w a s bu t n omin a l Th e .
j uri s diction o f th e s uz era in w as un der va ri ou s a n d

, ,
s o m etim e s u n d e r frivo l ou s p rete x ts qu e s ti on e d or i g

, ,
n ore d . There w a s n o org a n iz e d milita ry p ower to

en f o rc e th e m a n d a tes o f th e rul i n g a uth ori ty E n er .
v a te d by plea s u re th e p eo ple o f L an gue d o c a n d

,
P rov en ce p a s s e d th ei r exi s ten ce in a c on s ta n t ro un d

o f in tell e ctu a l divers i on s a n d refin e d s en s u a li ty
“
Th e .
ma rti a l s p orts o f th e cha s e a n d th e tourn ey did little

b u t re c a ll th e p ro fe s s i on o f a rms on c e th e o n ly occ u
,
p a ti on wo rthy o f th e dign ity o f th e me diaeva l c a v a

li er Thu s broken up in to s emi in de p en den t com
.
,
-
m u n i ti e s d e s titute o f milita ry re s o urc e s a n d in c a p a ble

, ,
o f s ys tem a tic d e f en c e o r un i te d a c ti on th e p ow er o f
,
th e C ou n t o f T oulo u s e w a s re a dy to c rumble a t th e
a pp roa ch o f th e firs t res olute a gg res s or Th e ci vili.
z a ti o n re p re s en te d by th a t p o we r l a ck e d th e i n d i s p en
s a ble e s s en ti a l s O f eve ry p erm a n en t g o ve rnm en t ,
loya lty a n d reli gi on W a n t o f c en tra liz a ti on a n d a

.
,
multiplicity o f rul ers wea ken e d th e p a tri o tic a tta ch

,
men t o f th e p eo ple a n d di s coura ge d th e growth o f a n

,
en lighten e d a n d h ea lthy public s en tim en t N a ti on a l .
pride c ould n ot e xi s t wh en th ere w a s n o ro ya l p er

s on a g e to wh o m a ll c o uld a pp e a l n o c o mm on c oun try
,
to e x a lt a n d d e fen d . I n a dditi on to th es e s eri ous i m

pedimen ts to du ra bility a n d pro gre s s w a s a dde d a n
a b s o lu te w a n t o f rel igi o u s f ee lin g Numerous c a u s es
.
h a d c ombi n ed to p ro duc e thi s c on diti on C omp a ris on s

.
o f m a n y fo rm s o f f a i th h a d e xp os e d th e i r d e fe cts a n d
in c on s i s ten ci es , a n d l e d to a gen era l rej e ction Of them

a ll . Th e C ru s a d ers h a d f a mi li a riz e d a l l E uro p e, a nd
e s p e ci a lly F ra n c e wi th th e m a nn ers a n d religi on o f
,
th e Mu s s ulm a n s H un dre ds o f en terp ri s in g mer

.
ch a n ts h a d a s s umed th e cros s much les s f or th e pi ety

,
i t w a s p res u m e d to in dic a te a n d th e s a cre d p rivile g es .
i t co n ferred th a n f o r th e worldly a dv a nta g es to b e

,
pro cure d by tra ffic with di s ta n t and oth erwi s e i n ,
a cc es s ibl e re gio n s
,
Th eir glowin g re ports o f O rienta l
.
civiliz a ti on h a d di s s ipa te d th e rema in in g prej udic es o f

a p eo ple wh os e i n te rc o urs e wi th th e M o s l em ki n gdom s
b eyo n d th e P yren ees h a d lon g pre di s p os e d th em in

fa vo r o f a ra c e h eld i n p e cu li a r a bhorren ce by th e S ee
o f R om e Th e s ilk s a n d go ld o f S yri a a n d E gypt
.
a pp ea l e d f a r m ore e l o qu en tly to th e p as s i on s o f th e
multitude th an th e g en u fl ex i on s o f th e pri es t or th e
ro s a ry a n d c owl o f th e fri ar Even th e s a cre d p ro
.
fes s io n w a s in va de d by th e preva ilin g Spi rit o f tolera

ti on its e lf d e p en d en t o n m a teri a l i n tere s ts ; th e in
,
feri or clergy dea lt a s brokers in th e m on ey o f th e

E a s t a n d from th e m in ts o f bi s h o p s a n d metro p oli tan s
,
were i s s u e d c o in s im p re s s e d with M oh a mmed an te xts

a n d s ymb o ls I n a dditi o n to thi s e x tra o rdin a ry p a rti
.
a li ty f o r i n fid e l cu s to m s a n d th e p ra ctic a l ren un ci a ti on
,
o f th e vo w o f p o verty which w ere c a lc u l a te d to a ro u s e

, ,
es p eci a ly a m o n g th e vulg a r a s u s pici on o f h etero d o xy

, ,
th e en ti re b o dy o f th e P ro v en ca l cl ergy h a d b ec o me
th o roughly d eb a s e d a n d p rofli g a te Th o s e o f high
.
ra n k vi e d wi th th e n obl es i n pro dig a l a n d o s ten ta ti ou s
luxu ry P rela tes c on s tan tly a ban d on e d th e du ti es o f

.
th ei r Offic e f o r th e f a s cin a ti on s o f th e ch a s e a n d th e
lic en ti ou s plea s ures o f i n trigu e Th ey tra vell ed i n
.
s tate with n um ero u s tra i n s o f l a di e s a n d a tten d a n ts ,
th e richn es s o f wh o s e a pp o i n tm en ts riva lle d th at o f a

roy a l equ ip a g e Th e Ar chbis ho p o f N a rb onn e ke pt
.
qui s ites , were forced to s ele ct a s c an di d ates f or holy

o rders th e m o s t ig n oran t a n d d e g ra de d o f th ei r d e
p en den ts an d s laves Th e rude m an n ers an d vicious

.
tas tes en g en dered by a d e ba s e d a n d pleb ei a n origin

in crea s ed th e h atre d a n d con temp t o f th e s coffin g
mul titude I n s ome p a rts o f L an gu ed o c p ubli c feel
.
in g ra n s o high a g a in s t th e clergy th a t p ri es ts to a void , ,
p ers on a l vi olen c e were fo rc e d to c on c eal from th e

,
p a s s ers b y all ou tward e viden ce s o f th eir callin g

- .
Th e P o p e l on g a w a re o f th e in s u lts O ff ere d to h i s
,
di gn i ty a n d o f th e e vils which th reaten ed th e fa i th

O f R o me h a d fre qu en tly con d emn ed in u n meas ure d
,
te rms th e c on diti on s which imp erill e d th e e xi s ten ce o f

a ll re ligi on i n th e S o uth o f F ra n c e E ccl es i as tica l .
fulmi n a tion s h ow ev er p os s es s e d n o terrors f or th e

, ,
blith e a n d c areles s i nh a bita n ts o f P roven c e an d L an

g u e d oc Th e P a p a l bulls on ly furn i s h ed a n oth er
.
a mu s i n g th em e f or th e s a rc a s m o f th e p o et I nter .
dicts el s ewh ere s o p oten t in th at lan d a lon e o f all

, , ,
th o s e s ubj ect to C h ri s ti a n a u th ori ty were trea ted wi th ,
d eri s i on Th e p reten s i on s o f th e legate o f th e A p os

.
to lic S ee were ridicul e d in h i s v ery p res en c e an d e ven ,
th e H o ly F a th er hims e lf w a s n ot a b l e to es c a p e th e
ra ill ery a n d c en s u re o f th os e wh om exp eri en c e h a d
ma de a cqu a inte d with th e s h o ckin g ven ali ty an d li cen s e

o f th e R o m a n c ou rt Every ves tig e o f m oral in fluen ce
.
up o n whi ch res ted public c on s ideration f or th e clergy

h a d di s a pp eared Th e chu rch es w ere a ll b ut d es erte d
. .
L ati n th e lan g ua ge o f th e a lta r h a d been di s c a rd ed

, ,
f or th e L a n g ue d O c th e idio m o f th e s k e p tic a l a n d
’
th e dis s o lute I n m an y p a ri s h es b ells h a d c ea s e d to

.
a n n o un c e th e h our o f w ors hip f or no on e h e ede d ,
th em . Th e p ri es t i n ten t o n h i s pl ea s ures wa s o n ly
, ,
to o rea dy to a b an don th e du ti es en j o in e d by hi s c a ll
in g es p ec i a lly when there w ere f ew to li s ten a n d s till
,
fewer to c ontribute Th e re ven u es o f th e C hurch

.
,
grea tly dimin i s h ed were di verte d in to ch ann els en

,
ti rel y foreign to th e purp os e f or which th ey h a d n o mi

n a lly b een c o ll e c te d . S o me were a ppro pria ted by th e
n obl e s , wh o s e v as s a ls h a d been pres en ted to livin gs .
Vas t s ums w ere s qu a n dered by lic en ti o us prela te s in

vices whos e en ormity a pp a lle d every s in c ere Chri s ti a n .
Th e g rea tes t p ro fits which en ure d to th e ben efit o f

th e clergy were d eriv e d fro m th e un c an on ic a l a n d p ro
h ibi te d p ra ctices o f Sim o n y a n d u s ury N o e ff ort w a s
.
ma d e to c on cea l th e exi s ten c e o f th es e abu s es a n d th e ,
e ccl e s i a s tic a l re s id en c e w a s g en era lly re c o g n iz ed a s th e
hea d — qua rters o f brokera ge i n bills an d b en efices .
Thus h a d th e Rom a n C a tholic Church by th e co r ,
rup ti o n a n d e ff ron te ry o f i ts min i s te rs fo rfeited th e

,
res p e c t o f m a n kin d . I ts edic ts w ere di s reg a rd ed I ts .
les s o n s were un h ea rd Th e pi ous turn e d with lo a thi n g

.
fro m th e hypo c ritic a l e xh o rtation s o f religi o u s tea ch

ers wh o s e live s w e re s ta i n e d wi th ev ery crim e an d
,
whos e c on duct p res en ted ex a mpl es o f fla gra n t in

i qu i ty which fo rtun a tely h a d f ew p a ra llels o uts id e
,
o f th e i r p ro f es s i o n . Th e reveren ce on ce a tta chin g to

th e Va tic a n w a s s en s ibly imp a i re d . While its p olicy
en c o u ra g e d th e p ro m o ti o n o f th e hum bl e i ts a u th ority
,
n e c e s s a rily s u ff ere d thro ugh th e e n rol m en t in to th e
pri e s th o od o f m en wi th out e duca ti on re fin emen t , ,
hon or de c en cy or i n d ep en den c e P ublic res p e ct

, , .
c ould n ot b e reta in ed by a cla s s degra d ed by s ervile

a s s o ci a ti on s a n d s till s ubj e ct to th e a rbitra ry c a p ric e s
o f a s e cul a r l ord . A s i n every c omm un ity a re to b e

foun d man y in dividu a ls to who m religi on i s a n eces
s i ty, s o i n th e P ro v en ca l ci ti es a n d v ill a g es d evo ut
p ers on s tu rn e d fro m th e a n cien t a n d di s cre dite d

hi era rchy to oth er qu a rters f or th e in es tima ble con
s o l a ti on s o f fo rgiven e s s a n d h o p e . S uch c on diti on s
in fa llibly gen era te heres y an d th e ea gern es s a n d
,
u n a n i mity with which hetero d ox O pin i on s were

a d o p te d i n th a t p o pul ou s re gi on demo n s tra ted a t
on c e th e e xten t o f th e e vil a n d th e n e c es s ity f or th e

ra di cal meas ures by which i ts re mo v a l wa s a ccco m

p li s h ed .
Th e c en trein tellectu a l cu lture i n S o uth ern

of
F ran ce was the Un ivers i ty o f M on tp elli er I t h as .
b een well s aid th a t th e his tory o f th e fa culty o f th at

fa mous in s tituti on i s to a grea t ex tent th e hi s tory of
medicin e i n E urOp e D urin g th e early p art o f th e
.
twelfth c en tury M on tp e ll i er w a s th e m os t i m p ortant

,
emp ori um o f F ran c e Th e tra de o f th e en ti re country

.
con verg ed to that p oin t I ts co mmerci a l es tab li s h .
ments were u p on a c olo s s a l s ca le I ts p o pul a tion was .
co s mo p oli tan Th e con qu es ts Of F erdin an d and

.
J a ime th e occu p a tion o f C ordova S evill e M aj orca

, , , ,
a n d Va l en c i a h a d a ttra ct e d to L a n gu edo c a n d es p e ,
c i all y to i ts m os t th rivin g city ten s o f th o u s an d s o f ,
M oh amm edan re fugees Th e J ews h ad lon g b een

.
n um erou s i n th a t re gion a n d w ere a lrea dy con s p i cu

,
ou s f or wea lth in tel lig en c e a n d p o w er

, , .
From th a t ep o ch dates in rea li ty th e foun dation , ,
o f th e Un iv ers ity A s ch oo l o f m e dici ne h a d exi s ted

.
th ere f or n early a c en tu ry b u t to th e in fl u x o f M oori s h

,
a n d H ebrew l ea rn i n g mu s t b e a ttri buted th e re p uta
ti on s oon ob ta in e d by tha t in s ti tuti on th rou gh out E u

ro p e . Th e m a j ority o f i ts pro fes s ors b el on g ed to
th os e two n a ti on a liti es Th ey bro ught with th em th e
.
exp eri en c e th e m eth o ds th e re m edi e s a n d th e in s tru

, , ,
men ts o f th e most emin ent a n d s u cces s fu l pra ctiti on ers

o f th e P en in s ul a M an y o f them from time to time
.
vi s ite d th e colleges o f Gran a da an d T oledo f or th e

purpos e of a ddi n g to th eir s to ck Of in form ati on and ,
Of profitin g b y th e s up eri or fa cili ti es th os e s ch ool s

a ff ord ed A broa d a n d c ath oli c s pirit con trolle d th e
.
org ani z a ti on an d th e p olicy o f th e Un ivers ity S ec .
ta ri an p rej u di c e w a s un kn o wn T ea ch er a n d s ch olar .
were free to wors hip a cc ordin g to thei r beli e f or to ,
ent erta in a n d exp res s th e m os t ra dic a l phi los o phi c al
o pin i on s I ntellectua l atta inmen ts an d marked ab ili ty

.
were th e prin cip al qu ali fication s f or a dmi s s i on to th e

F a cul ty .
Th e L ord s Of M on tp ellier a n d s ub s e qu en tly th e

,
Ki n gs o f F ran ce were th e p atron s o f th e s ch ool

,
.
Th ey c on ferred up on i t a t di ff eren t times great an d

e xtraordi n a ry p rivil eg e s . Th e rights i t h a d en j oy e d
un der th e C oun t were c on firme d by th e s overeign .
P hilip o f Va lo i s in 1 33 1 by a s p e ci al edict pla ced

, ,
i ts d o cto rs un d er th e ro y a l p rote cti on . Ch a rles VI .

,
in 1350 g ra n te d i ts b e a dle s p ermis s i on to ca rry s ilve r

,
ma ces as s ymb ols O f i ts dign ity Th e D uk e o f Ara

.
g on i n 1 36 4 ex emp te d i t fro m ta x a ti on Th e p a ten ts

, , .
o f Ch a rl es VIII .
,i n 1 48 4 tra n s ferre d al l c a u s e s in
,
whi ch th e pro fes s ors an d s tuden ts were in teres ted to

th e j uri s dic ti on o f th e G o vern or o f M on tp ellier Th e .
e x e cuti on o f l e g a l p ro c e s s c ould on ly b e m a de i n th e
pres en ce o f th e Cha n c ellor To th e offic ers o f th e

.
F a culty were co mm itted th e s up ervi s i on an d i n s p ec

ti o n o f th e a p oth e c ary s h o p s o f th e ci ty i n orde r to
,
in s ure th e pu rity o f th e m edicin es di s p en s ed .
A t M on tp e lli er were p erfo rme d th e firs t public a n a

tom i ca l d em on s tra ti on s o f Ch ri s ti an Eu ro p e Th e .
s urgic a l i n v es tig a ti on s o f th e S ch ool o f S al ern o h a d
been prin cipa lly con fin ed to th e lo wer a n ima ls M o or .
i s h a n d H ebrew O p era to rs c a rri e d in to F ra n c e th e

a dva n c e d id e a s o f M o h amm e d a n S p a in which i n
, ,
defian ce o f a n cien t prej udice an d mediaeva l s u p ers ti

ti on s ough t f o r th e kn o wl edg e o f th e l o c a ti o n a n d
,
fun ction s o f th e hum an orga n s in th e i ntelligen t a n d

s y s te m a tic di s s e cti on o f th e hum a n b o dy I n th e
.
thi rtee n th c en tu ry th e c orp s e o f a c rimin a l w as every

,
yea r given to th e F a culty o f M o n tp elli er f or thi s

purp o s e Tw o hun dre d yea rs ela p s ed b e fore s imila r
.
demon s trati on s were a uth oriz ed by th e Un ivers ity o f

P ari s .
Th e M ed i c al Ac a d emy o f M on tp elli er in herited th e

en erg e tic a n d p ro gres s iv e s pi rit o f i ts p ro totyp e th e ,
Un ivers ity o f C ordo va I t a bs o rbe d all th e a va ila ble

.
lea rn i n g o f an tiquity I t a do pte d th e m a xims a n d th e

.
meth o d s o f th e great Ara b s u rg eon s a n d phys ici a n s o f

th e P en i n s ul a .Amon g i ts mo s t c elebra te d p ro fe s s ors
w ere gra du ates o f th e S ch ool o f S a lern o I t utiliz ed .
th e ta len ts a n d exp eri en c e o f f a m o u s p ra ctiti on ers o f

e very c oun try a n d o f e v ery c ree d Th ere th e wo rks
.
o f H ipp o c ra tes a n d G a l en w ere tran s l a te d fro m th e
Ara bic in which idi o m th ey h a d b een p re s erved in to

, ,
th e L a tin by which th ey w ere to b e tra n s mi tte d to

,
p os teri ty Th ere th e l ea rn ed di s qui s iti on s o f Aver

.
ro es,
Avicen n a Rh a z es a n d Abulc a s i s were en rich e d
, ,
with volumin o u s a n d i n va lu able c o mm en tari es .
A lon g a n d th o ro ugh co u rs e o f s tudy w a s re qui red

to o bta i n th e title o f D o ctor Th e offic e o f Ch a n c ell or
.
w a s o n e o f g re a t dig n i ty a n d c a rri e d wi th i t m an y
,
privilege s I t m a y well b e im a gin e d th at e ccl es i a s tical

.
impos ture c ould n ot fl ou ri s h i n th e s h a do w o f s uch a n

in s ti tuti on S uch w as its in flu en c e e ven wi th a cl a s s
.
,
n a tura lly h o s til e th a t a s e a rly a s th e l a s t h a lf o f th e

,
twelfth c en tu ry th e F i rs t a n d S e c o n d C o u n cils o f
M o n tp ellier p rohibite d all m emb ers o f th e clergy from
tea chi n g m e dicin e un d er s ev ere p en a lti es
, Th e s ci en .
tific ch a ra c te r o f th e s tudi e s pu rs u e d i n th a t city a n d ,
th e s ucc es s o f th o s e w h o p ro fite d by th e m di s cre di te d ,
th e p ra c tic e o f Sh rin e cu re a n d th e imp o s i ti on o f relic s

-
.
Th e th eol o gic a l o dium a tta chin g to th e Un iv e rs i ty w a s

n o t l e s s th a n th at which h a d s tigm a tiz e d ki n d re d s ea ts
o f l ea rn i n g a m on g th e Ara bi a n i n fid el s M a n y works
.
o f i ts p ro f e s s o rs w ere publicly bu rn e d by th e I n qui s i
ti on.
A n d y et n o cla s s o f m en w a s m o re highly e s teemed

by th e o rth o do x s o vereign s o f Ch ri s ten d o m th a n th e
g ra du a tes o f th e Un ivers ity o f M o n tp elli er Th ey .
were th e fri en ds a n d con fid a n ts o f p o p es a n d kin g s .
Th ei r h eretic a l p rin ciple s w ere forg otten a t th e b ed

s id e o f th e s ick a n d th e affli cte d Arn old d e Vil l an ova
.
wa s th e phys ici a n o f Clem ent V o f P eter III Kin g .

,
o f Ara g on o f F re d e rick II
, Emp ero r o f German y .
Guy d e Ch auli a c w a s th e regul ar me dic al a dvis er o f

Clemen t VI o f I n n o cen t VI o f Urban V While
.
, .
, .
i ts greates t re puta ti on i s d e rive d fro m its in flu en ce on

medicin e th e la b ors o f th e S chool O f M on tp elli er
,
were n ot c on fin e d to th at s ci en ce Th ey ga ve ri s e to .
ma n y va lu able con tributi on s to v a ri ou s bra n ch es o f

literature Th e as tron o mica l res ea rches o f th e S pa n
.
i s h J ew P ro fa tiu s i n l 300 — hi s ta bl e s o f lon gitud e ;

, , ,
hi s c a lcul a tion s which es ta bli s he d th e d eclin a tio n o f

,
th e s u n a n d th e i n clin a ti o n o f th e ea rth s a xi s by
’
mean s o f which terres tri a l motion w a s c on clu s ively

demon s trate d ha v e n ot los t thei r a uthority i n ou r
,
tim e .
Th e tre a ti s e s o f G ord on iu s on Di s ea s es o f th e Kid

n eys , o f G era rd d e S o lo on H ygi en e o f R a ym on d ,
d e Vin a ri o o n th e P l a gue in dic a te to th e m e dic a l ,
s ch o l a r th e extra ordi n a ry a cc o mpli s hm en ts o f th e
m emb ers o f th e F a culty o f M on tp elli er Th e grea t .
work o f Guy d e Ch a uli a c on G en era l S urgery w a s th e

ma in reli a n ce o f Euro p ea n o p era tors f o r tw o hun dred
a n d fifty yea rs .
Th e m a d e xtra v a g a n c e o f th e P ro v en ca l n o bility ,
th e i r l a v i s h e xp en di tu res th e p o mp o f th eir reti n u e s

, ,
th ei r e ff o rts to s u rp a s s i n pro diga lity a n d luxu ry th e

s pl en did f es tiv a l s O f i mp eri a l Ro me a rou s e d th e ,
won d er o f Euro p e Th ei r ch a rgers were s h o d with.
s ilve r . Th eir do gs wo re colla rs s et with pre ciou s

j ewels I t w a s a n o rdin a ry o ccurren ce f or a wea lthy
.
lord to s c a tter grea t s ums to b e s cra mbled f or by th e

p o pula c e On e s o we d l ike s ee d thirty thou s a n d gold
.
crown s in th e n eighb o rh o o d o f his c a s tle An other .
en rich e d hi s n o ble gue s ts by th e b es to wa l o f gifts o f
in ca lcul a ble va lu e A third s a crificed up on a fu n e ra l

.
pyre in th e pres en c e o f an imm en s e a s s embla ge thi rty

, ,
o f hi s fin es t h ors es There w a s a pp a ren tly n o li mit to

.
th e intoxic ation pro duc e d by th e p ri de th e op ul en ce ,

.
an d th e v olu p tu ou s n es s O f P ro v en ca l s o ci ety I n th at.
s o ci ety d i ff eren c es i n ra n k w ere n ot s o s h a rp l y defin ed
a s i n th os e o f oth er c oun tri es Th e s erf in deed re

.
, ,
tain ed h i s d egra d ati o n ; b u t th e ordin a rily i n term edi

a te cl a s s o f burgh ers were p ra ctic a lly th e e qu a l s o f th e
feu d a l ari s tocra cy M an y o f th em boa s te d a p urer

.
a n d a m ore di s tin g u i s h e d lin e a g e T hey u s ed c oats

.
o f a rm s . T h ey h a d th eir m an s i ons th e ir emb attled

,
ca s tles th eir bo dies o f orga n iz e d reta in ers

,
T hey .
e xcell e d in m a rti a l e x e rci s es a n d i t w as n o u n u s ua l

,
o ccurren c e f or k n ights wh o h a d c ros s e d s wo rds with
th e i n fid el s o f P a l e s tin e to b e w ors ted b y th em in th e

tourn a m en t Th e titl e to n obl e ran k w a s thu s to a con
.
s id erab l e e xten t c onn e c ted wi th m uni cip a l re s i d en c e .
I n th e c iti es all w a s s pl en d or g a y ety c ourtes y Out

, , .
s id e o f th em th e i n h a bita n ts w ere f or th e mo s t p art

,
c on d emn ed to villein a ge I n th e C o urts o f L ove

.
,
wh os e a b s u rdity h a s c a u s ed th em to b e re g arded as
mythic al by m an y s ubs equ en t writers j u dici a l d eci ,
s i on s w ere ren dere d on ev ery p oi n t Of a m orou s c a s u
i s try. Th e m o ck s o lemn i ty with which s uc h m atters

were pro p oun ded a n d d etermin e d w a s on ly e x ceeded
by th e di s s olute ten den cy o f th e cu s to ms th at govern ed
th e p ro c e edin g s o f th es e e x tra ordin a ry tri bun a l s No .
greater proo f of th e preva len t la xity o f mora ls coul d

b e d es i re d th an th a t furn i s he d by th eir c anon s T hey .
en co ura g e d th e vi o l a ti on o f th e m a rri a g e vow They .
defin ed with mi n ute an d c uri o u s p a rti cul a rity th e rul es

o f i n trigue Th e n a ture o f th e qu es ti on s d eb ated by
.
high born l a di es i n th e pres en c e o f a n um erou s a ud i

-
tory w a s s uch a s c a nn ot b e e v en d es ig n ated s till l es s ,
des crib ed in a m odern b o ok Th e bra z en coars en es s

, .
whi ch ch ara cterize d th es e ridiculou s c on trovers i es

a ff ord ed a rem a rk a b l e c o n tra s t to th e refin em ent o f
m ann ers oth erwi s e di s pla ye d by th os e wh o p arti ci

p ated in th em Th e p o pul a rity o f this uni qu e s ys tem
.
qu a rrels o f th e C hri s ti a n Chi e fta ins ; th e events i n

which were di s playe d th e dign ity th e v alor th e n oble , ,
g en ero s ity of S a la din Th e tra der j us t fro m th e

. ,
M oori s h ci ti es o f S p ain —then in d ee d s a dly fa llen

, , ,
fro m th e ir firs t es ta te b ut s till exhib itin g i n th eir

,
fa din g s plen d or n o un worthy i m a ge o f th eir former

gra n deur a n d power —d es crib e d i n glowi n g lan gu a ge
,
th e b ea u ti es o f C ord o va V a len ci a a n d S e ville

,
Be ,
.
tween c a va li er a n d mi s tres s c o mmun i c ati on w a s c on

s ta n tly m a i n ta in e d u n ob s erve d through th e s ilen t a n d ,
p a n tomimic me dium o f th e la n gu a g e of flowers .
I n thi s b rilli ant c omp a n y th e trou b a d ou r w a s p re

emin en tly c on s picu ou s A l th ou gh o ften th e butt o f
.
th e e quivo c a l s p eeches a n d pra c tic a l j o k es o f hi s com

p an io n s o f b oth s e x es — a tten tion s which h e di d n ot
,
fa il to re p a y with in teres t in th e cuttin g s a tire o f

h i s v ers e — hi s o pin i on s g en era lly a uth ori tativ e were
, , ,
a lw a y s h ea rd wi th res p e ct H e d etermin ed p o in ts o f
.
p re ce d en c e an d etiqu ette H e g a ve wh oles om e a dvic e

.
to y o un g l a di es on th e c a re o f th eir p ers on s on th ei r ,
b eh a vi or a t table on th eir trea tm en t o f lovers H i s

, .
p rin cip a l duti es were h owever th e glori fica ti on o f th e

, ,
fa mi ly o f h i s p atron an d th e celebration o f th e ch a rms

o f h i s mi s tres s Al l courte d hi s fa vor F ew were ras h
. .
en o ugh to p ro v ok e hi s en mity I n th e s o ciety o f .
L a n gu e do c wh eth er th e dep en d ent o f a n oble h ous e

,
or a c a re l es s wa n derer fro m c ourt to co urt h e w a s ,
a lw a ys th e c en tra l figu re .
Am on g th e in mates o f th e b aron i al p a la c e if an ,
in trigue e xi s ted i t w a s con cea l e d b y th e m as k o f d e

,
c en c y . Th e p oet in th e burnin g vers es which enu m er

,
a te d th e ch a rm s Of h i s l a dy lo ve n e ver m en ti on e d h er-
,
n a m e or b etra y ed th e s lightes t i n di c a ti on o f h er iden

,
ti ty. H i s atta c h men t h e reg a rd e d i n th e s a m e l ight as

th e tribu te p a id b y a P a g a n w ors hipp er to h i s tutel a r
y
g o dd es s Th e la ws O f hi s c o de deman d ed im p en e
.
tra bl e res erv e Th e obj e ct o f hi s d evoti on wa s to a ll

.
,
a ppea ra n ces a n ima gin a ry p ers on a ge a n idea l o f

, ,
femin in e perfection .
Th e high es t d ev elo pm en t o f s plen d or ta s te i n telli , ,
gen ce a n d luxu ry w a s to b e foun d i n th e feuda l ca s tle

, .
I n th e citi es i t i s tru e g rea t p o mp a n d e xtra va g a n c e

, , .
th e res ults o f th e a ccumul a ti o n o f i n c re dible wea lth ,
were c on s ta n tly dis pla yed Th e ma n s i on s o f ma n y

.
o pul en t m erch a n ts f a r s urp a s s e d i n th e m a g n ific en c e
o f th ei r i n teri ors th e p a l a c e s o f th e Ki n g o f F ra n c e .
On o cc a s i on s o f fes tivity pric eles s h a n gin g s o f b ro

c a d e an d velvet o f s ilken ta p es try a n d cloth o f gold
, ,
were s u s p en de d o ver th e s treets Th e h ou s eh olds o f .
thes e p owerful ci tiz en s were on a s c a le c ommen s u ra te

with th e dign ity o f th eir ma s ters H u n dred s o f .
reta i n ers o b ey e d th e ir biddin g Th eir a p a rtmen ts

.
were full o f s in g ers d an cers bu ff oon s an d eun uch s

, , , .
There w a s n o delic a cy n ot to b e foun d up on the ir

ta bles ; n o m ea n s o f s en s u a l en j oym en t which did n ot
c ontribute to th e s timula tion o f their blun ted a p p e
ti te s ; n o vic e wi th which th ey were n o t fa mili a r .
Thus i n th e c ourts o f th e n umerou s pri n cip a liti es

o f S o uth e rn F ra n ce a mid s t th e d e lights o f a s o ci ety
,
g ay
, s k e p tic a,l lic en ti o u s th e,tro ub a d ou r w a s th e
a rbiter o f ta s te th e o ra cle o f th e p o pul a c e th e id o l
, ,
o f w om en . P ublic o pin io n w a s f a r from di s cou r

a gin g th e p ra ctic e o f g a ll a n try i n a n a g e which s c o ff e d
a like a t th e m a xim s o f s o ci a l m o ra li ty a n d th e cere
moni es Of reli gi on Th e mi s tres s o f th e va gra nt b ard

.
w as a lwa ys th e wife o f a n o ble n o t i n frequ en tly a ,
prin ces s o f th e high es t dign ity To h er w a s a ddres s e d

.
hi s p a s s i on a te h om a g e O ften i n s tra in s who s e e xpres

,
s i on s a re too b old a n d a rd en t f o r tra n s l a ti o n i n to a
mo dern la n gu a ge Th e a do ration they c on vey u n s u r

.
,
p as s ed in ferv en cy by a n y vows ever o ff ere d a t th e

s h rin e o f a c el e s ti a l divin ity a ff ord s a k ey to b oth th e
,
in flu en c e o f th e p oet a n d th e rela x a ti on o f man n ers .
Th e life o f th e l a tter w a s p a s s e d i n a n in to xica tin g

at mos ph ere o f mu s ic fl attery a n d a morou s in trigu e

, ,
.
H i s p ower o ver s o ci ety w a s n ot l es s imp orta n t th a n

th a t f orm erly e x erci s e d by th e re pudi a te d cl ergy an d ,
w as m o ra lly Sp ea kin g ful ly a s p ern ici o u s

, ,
Th e a d u .
.
la ti on h e la vi s he d upon th e O bj e ct o f h is a ff e c ti on s ,
re p res en ted a s th e p ers on ific a ti on o f ev ery phy s ic a l
gra ce a n d every m en ta l a cc o mpli s hm ent c ould n ot fa il ,
to fire th e rom a n tic im a gi n a ti on o f th e g o dd es s i n

wh os e vein s c ou rs ed th e h ot blo o d o f th e S outh an d ,
wh o s e va n ity c a u s e d h er to re co gn iz e i n thi s ex trava

g a nt fl attery a n d d evoti on th e high e s t tribute to h er
ch a rms Aroun d th e b a rd in th e brilli a n t circles o f
.
,
Arles or C a rc a s s onn e w a s g roup e d a mi rthful an d

,
a pp re ci a tive a udi to ry — ~ l a di es i n b ro c a d e s a n d j ew el s
, ,
kn igh ts in burn i s h e d a rmor p a g es i n s ilk a n d g old

,
.
I n th a t a n im a te d a s s embl a g e th e res tra in ts o f ra n k ,
n e v er ren d ere d i rk s o me by th e e x a cti on s o f p omp ou s
c eremon i a l were f o r th e mo men t en ti rely s u s p en de d

, .
Th e c on v ers a ti on s p a rkle d with e pig ra m e quivo ca l ,
a ll u s i on s a n d g oo d h um o red s a ti re
,
-
I ts ch a ra c ter .
,
fo rme d by th e dis s olute cu s toms o f th e a g e o ften ,
tran s g res s ed th e rules o f p ro p ri ety which g o vern

m o d ern s o ci a l i n terc ou rs e I n s pi re d b y s uch s ur
.
ro u n di n g s th e troub a d ou r a ro s e a n d b e g a n th e re cita l
,
o f a n im p ro mp tu a m a tory o d e Yo un g s l en d er an d .
, ,
h a n ds ome h is phys ic a l a pp ea ra n c e a lon e might well

,
elicit fem a le a dmi ra ti on H i s l on g d a rk l o ck s fell

.
,
in ri n glets up o n hi s s h ould ers A g old en ch a in hun g

.
a b o ut hi s n e ck H i s fin g e rs glittere d with g em s
. .
F rom h i s belt a n en amelled p on i a rd w a s s u s p en d ed .
H i s pictures qu e c o s tum e o f b rilli a n t c o l ors hi s s ilk en ,
doublet hi s velvet clo a k s et o ff to th e b es t a dva n ta ge

, ,
th e gra c es o f hi s p ers on a n d rev ea le d th e p o p u l a rity

,
which h e en j o yed with h i s p a tron s All eyes were .
tu rn e d up on him f or hi s ta len ts w ere o f th e high es t

,
o rd er a n d th e obj ect o f h i s a d mi ra ti on w as p re s ent

, ,
p erch a n c e in th e p ers on o f th e ch a tela i n e h ers elf A s .

he ch a n ted hi s vers es in a cc en ts n ow a rden t n ow , ,
p athetic n ow humorou s th e en ra ptured a udien c e

, , ,
s w a ye d by c on flic ti n g em oti on s bro ke forth a lter ,
ma te ly in to te a rs a n d l a ughter H i s a mbiguous ex .
pres s i on s h i s licen ti ou s ima g es — who s e b oldn es s th e

, ,
s everi ty o f m o dern c ri tici s m w ould rej e ct a s o ff en s ive
to d e c en cy — w ere re c e ive d with every m a n ife s ta tion

,
o f a pp ro v a l by hi s d eligh te d h e a rers Th e n a ture o f .
th e en terta i n m en t w as o ften va ri ed by th e p erform

a n ces o f th e j on gl e u r Th a t pers on a g e w h o a s a
.
, ,
reta i n er o f th e tro ub a d ou r o ccupi e d a p o s i ti on a n a lo

,
gou s to th a t o f es quire to kn ight un ite d in hi s ca llin g ,
th e offic e o f min s trel j uggler s tory telle r a n d buf

, ,
-
,
foon . S ometimes h e a cco mp a n i e d th e s on g o f th e

po et up o n th e h a rp or th e guita r ; s o metimes with ,
e xp re s s iv e g es ticul a ti on h e re c ou n te d th e leg en d s th e
, ,
ma rti a l e xplo its a n d th e p o pula r ro ma n ces who s e rela

,
ti on w a s a fa v o ri te div ers i on o f m e di aev a l s o ci ety H is .
ra n k w a s ordin a rily f a r b en ea th th a t O f hi s co mp a u
i on ; y et it w a s n ot u n u s u a l f o r th e tw o p ro fe s s ion s
to b e c o mbi n e d ; a n d th ere were in s ta n c es wh en th ei r
p os iti on s w ere revers ed through th e vicis s itudes o f
s ucc e s s o r mi s fo rtun e .
Th e ex tra o rdin a ry p rivil eg e s en j oye d by th e s e v a

gra n t s on n eteers were by n o m e a n s en ti rely a ttribu
ta ble to th e a mu s e men t which th ei r ta l en ts a ff o rde d .
Their co mp os iti on s were th e s ole m edium by which

public O pi n ion c o uld b e a rou s e d a n d th e a bus e o f
p ower a n d th e exc es s es o f s o cia l de pra vi ty res tra in e d .
Th e in flu en ce o f th e pulpit lo n g o mn ip o ten t i n th e ,
regul a ti on o f m o ra l s h a d d ecli n e d ; i n s o m e l o c a liti e s

,
i t h a d wh o lly di s a pp e a re d C en tu ri es were d es tin ed

.
to ela p s e b e fo re th e pres s th e mo s t fo rmida ble wea p on

,
o f p o li tic a l c en s ure could b ecome a v a ila ble Th e

, .
s a ti re o f th e p oet wh o s e v ers es
, c a rrie d fro m pla c e ,
to pla c e i n a f ortn ight b e c a me fa mili a r to a hun dre d

,
c ommun ities w as recogn ize d a s th e i n s trument o f

,
mora l c o rrecti on th e drea d o f th e ty ra n t th e s c o urge

, ,
o f th e s h a m el es s ly di s s o lute I ts p oten t e ff e cts w ere

.
fea re d by wron g do ers o f every cl a s s a n d by n o n e s o

-
,
much as by th o s e O f e x a lte d p os iti on .
Th e fiercen es s a n d ra n c o r di s pl a ye d by th e trou b a
dou rs i n th eir atta ck s up on o bn oxi o u s p ers on a ges in ,
a n a e o f i rres p o n s ibl e a uth o ri ty c a n on ly b e ex

g ,
pla in e d up on th e hyp othe s i s th a t th ey were en cou ra ged

a n d p ro te cte d by th e fo rc e o f o v erwh e lmin g public
s en tim en t Th e ir p oem s w ere c o mp os ed in th e L an

.
g u e d O c th e firs t p erfe cte d a n d th e mo s t imp orta n t

’
o f th e R o m a n c e l a n gu a g es —a n idi o m o f grea t com

,
p a s s a n d p o w er a n d b eyon d th e L oire u s e d by th e
,
e duc a te d a n d p o li s h e d m emb e rs o f s o ci ety a l on e Th e .
fin es t o f th es e producti on s fre qu en tly o wed the ir

o rigin to a u th o rs d e s titute o f litera ry cul tu re ; m a n y
tro ub a d ou rs c o uld n ot ev en rea d Th ey evi n ce d n o .
a dmi ra ti on o f th e b ea u ti es o f n a tu re Th e s tan z a s .
w ere i s ola te d o ften a bs olu tely with out c on tin uity A

, .
c omm on s imi la ri ty o f typ e a n d res e mbl an ce o f idea s

p erva de d a ll I t i s a s in gula r ci rcum s ta n c e th at in
.
,
fo rm a n d metric a l a rra n gem en t th e la s t p o em o f a

tro ub a d o u r w a s n o t i n a n y imp o rta n t p a rticul a r s u
, ,
p eri o r to th e o ld es t a t p res en t kn own ; th ere w a s n o

, ,
imp ro vemen t i n tw o hun dre d yea rs I n delic a cy o f .
s en tim en t in vig o r o f expres s i on i n s w eetn es s o f

, ,
melo dy th es e co mp o s i ti o n s a re n ot e xc elle d by th e
,
lyrics o f a n y n a ti on Th ei r a n a lo gy to th os e o f th e
.
S p a n i s h M oh a mme d an s i s s trikin g a n d s elf evident -

.
Th ere i s th e s a me pla y O f wo rds th e s a me p red o mi ,
n a ti n g cl a s s o f s ubj e cts th e s a me f a r fetch e d a nd

,
-
e x tra va g a n t s i mi l i es th e s a m e i n c es s a n t o btru s i o n o f
,
th e a u th or s p ers on a lity Th e L a n gue d Oc con ta in s

’ ’
.
a g rea ter n umb er o f rhymi n g termin a ti on s th a n a n

y
oth er l a n gu a g e e xc e p t A ra bic ; a c o in cid en c e to b e
a ttribute d to imita ti on or a c o mm on p o etic tas te a n d ,
c erta in ly n ot th e re s ult o f a cciden t I n th e pro du c .

ti on s of
bo th idio ms th e preva ilin g rhym e i s by d i s
tich s a n d o ccu rs th rough ou t th e en ti re p o em th e s ec
, ,
on d v ers e o f ev e ry di s tich a lw a ys en di n g wi th th e
s a m e s o un d ; a n d th e m ea n in g i s O ften ob s cure d o r
s a c rifice d to p res erve c on ti n u ou s h a rm o n y o f v e rs ifi
c ati on .
Th e ta s te f o r letters w a s in tro duc ed i n to F ra n ce

p a rtly a s a con s equ en ce O f th e M os lem o ccup a tion ,
bu t p rin cip a lly by th e J ews w h o rem a in e d a fter th eir

,
a lli es h a d b een driven b a ck o v er th e P y re n ee s Th e .
s imil a rity o f ta s te a n d e xp re s s i o n e xi s ti n g b etw een th e
poets o f the s e tw o bran ch es o f th e S emitic ra ce i s

a pp a ren t to ev ery o n e w h o h as c o mp a red th e Bibl e
a n d th e K o ra n . M a n y o f th e H ebrew c olon i s ts o f
N a rb onn e a n d M a rs eilles h a d b een e duc ate d a t C or
dova a n d a ll s p oke th e Ara bic lan gu a g e with flu en cy
, .
Not a f ew were s chol a rs o f m a rke d a bil i ty gifte d with ,
p oetic ta len ts th e p o s s es s ors o f la rge libra ri es Th es e

, .
s up e ri or a dv a n ta g es h a d g rea t w eigh t with a s emi
ba rb a rou s peo ple s te ep e d in ign ora n ce wi th n o men ta l

,
res o u rc e s e xc e p t th e i n terch a n g e o f g o s s ip a n d th e
,
exh orta ti on s o f a p ri es t wh o o ften c o uld n ot u n d er

,
s ta n d hi s b re vi a ry Th e fero ci ou s a n d i n to l era n t s pi rit

.
with which th e J ew w a s gen era lly re g a rd ed co un ter ,
a cte d i n a m ea s u re th e e ff e ct o f hi s in flu en c e b u t th e
, , ,
p ower O f in telle ct a n d culture fin a lly p re va ile d Th e .
H ebrews fa milia riz e d th e p o pula ti o n o f L a n gu e do c

a n d P ro ven c e wi th th e a rt th e s ci en c e a n d th e li tera
, ,
tu re o f th e Ara b s Th rough th e ir a g en cy a n a cqu a in t

.
a n c e wi th th e Ar a bic l a n gu a g e a n d li tera tu re b e c a m e
i n S ou thern F ra n ce a n d in S icily in di s p en s a ble to th e

educ a ti on o f a s ch o l a r An oth er fa cto r o f grea t im
.
porta n ce i n th e i n telle ctu a l d evelo pmen t o f S outhern

Euro pe w a s th e n umb er o f M os lem re fugees wh o
s ought s a f ety i n fo re ig n l a n ds fro m th e i n flux o f
Africa n b a rb a ri s m a n d from th e p erils in cid en t to con

s ta n t revo lu ti on A la rge pro p ortio n o f thes e were
.
philos o ph ers whos e high a tta in men ts h a d ma de th em

,
d an gerou s ly c on s picu ou s an d wh o s e h eretic a l d oc ,
trin es were obn o xi ou s to th e s tern f a n a tici s m o f th e

Al mora vi des S uch an imm igration c ould n ot fa il to
.
pro duc e a pro foun d im pres s i on up on th e m en ta l ch a r

a c teri s ti cs a n d li tera ry h a bi ts o f a n y p eo pl e .
Th e in terc ours e o f a ll cl a s s es o f th e p o pul a ti on in

S outh ern F ra n ce w a s di s tin gui s h e d by every m an if es
ta ti on o f c ourtes y Th e d egrees o f p re c ed en c e th e
.
,
s tyl e o f d res s th e o rd er o f a mu s e m en ts th e a rra n g e

, ,
m en t o f th e ba n qu et were g overn ed by es ta bli s h ed

,
rul e s o f etiqu ette .
N or w a s thi s life by a n y m ea n s devo te d to frivo lou s

purs uits Th e grea t h a ll o f th e c a s tle w a s o ften th e
.
s c en e o f d eb a te b etw e en f a m o u s s ch o la rs a n d e ccl e
s i a s ti cs
. Th ere too were p erforme d th e bu rles qu e
, ,
mira cle pla ys o f th e a g e An exp en s iv e libra ry w as

-
.
th e p ride o f th e c oun t Th e philo s o ph er w a s f re

.
qu en tly th e a s tro lo g er a lm o s t in va ria bly a me mb er

, ,
o f h i s h o u s eh old I n th e s ecre t v a ults o f th e l a b o ra

.
tory s urrou n d e d by c rucibl es a n d a l embic s th e a d ept

, ,
s ough t f o r th e s e c ret o f p ota bl e g old ; fro m th e s um
mi t o f th e k ee p th e a s tron om er h eld n ightly c om

mun i on wi th th e s ta rs .
A n i n clin ati on to di a le ctic a l c on tro vers y in h erite d ,
from th eir Greek a n ce s try ; th e s ubtle a rgumen ts o f

Ara b m eta phys ici a n s an d n a tura l philo s o ph ers ; com
m erci a l in terc ours e with th e O ri en t which f a mili a riz ed ,
th e m wi th th e re ligi ou s th eo ri es a n d p ri n ciples o f v a ri
o u s h ere tic a l b eli e fs ; a n d th e c o rrup t a n d d e b a uch ed
live s O f th e clergy which e xcite d th e u n ivers a l a bho r

,
ren c e o f a ll ,predi s p os ed th e pi ou s ly i n cli n e d to th e

a cc e p ta n c e o f n ew f orm s o f f a i th Amon g th e h eter
.
o d o x s e cts which a ros e i n th e ea rly a g es o f C hri s
ti a ni ty th a t o f th e P a uli ci a n s w a s th e m o s t n um erou s
, ,
th e m o s t p o pul a r a n d th e m o s t e n du ri n g
, I ts ten ets .
were p a rtly b orrowe d from tho s e o f th e G n o s ti cs but ,

ti on man y o f them exc e e d e d th e di s ciplin e o f th e m o s t

e x a c tin g o f th e m on as tic o rd ers Th ey den o un ce d a s
.
on e o f th e m os t gri e vo u s o ff en ces a g a i n s t m ora lity th e
pra ctic e o f e very fo rm o f lyin g a n d de c ei t I n th eir .
cree d th e s a cerd ota l offic e a n d th e c erem on i a l o f th e

C hurch were in ve s te d with n o s an c tity a n d c ould ,
c on fer n o b en e fits if n o t as s o ci ate d wi th h on es ty o f

,
purp o s e a n d purity o f life Th ei r v ery e xi s ten c e w a s

.
a p rote s t a g a i n s t P a p a l i n fa llibility a n d a n a s s erti on
o f th e right o f i n dividu a l j udgm en t Th e ir liberal .
o pin i on s th e i r ch a rity th e p ers u a s iv e e lo qu en c e wi th

, ,
which the y promulga te d thei r d octrin es o bta in e d f or ,
th em th e re s p e c t o f th e n o bili ty a n d th e a rd en t d evo
ti o n o f th e multitud e . Th e n a m e o f th e Obn o xio u s
s e ct w a s to e v ery c o n s i s ten t m emb er o f th e C a th o lic
commun i on a term o f p eculi a r i n fa my a n d re proa ch .
Through out th e regi on ta in te d wi th thi s h eres y ,
which derived its n a me fro m th e dio c es e o f Albi wh ere ,
i ts p ro fes s ors w ere m os t n um e ro u s th e a uth o rity o f,
th e V a tic a n w a s u n d ermi n e d or en ti rely d e s tro y e d .
Th e h a bits o f th e cle rgy h a d p rej udic e d a l l cl a s s es

a g a i n s t th e m Th e church es w ere emp ty
. P a ymen t .
o f tith e s h a d c e a s e d . V a s s a ls s ubj e ct to e ccles ia s tic a l

j uri s dicti on re fu s e d o b e di en c e a nd with h eld th ei r trib
u te . I n c erta i n di s tricts it w a s un s a fe f or a p ri e s t to
a pp e a r up on th e highw a y . Th e public exh o rta tion s
o f fri a rs wh o s e e x tra o rdi n a ry i n flu en c e w a s n ow f or
,
th e firs t time di s cl os ed w ere in terrupte d by s h o uts o f

,
d eri s i on a n d flyin g mi s s iles A t T oulou s e th e c en tre

.
,
o f th e Albig en s i a n d o ctrin es a ren e g a d e p re l a te

, ,
u s urpin g th e fun ctio n s o f th e P o p e c on vo k e d a t in ,
terv a l s c ou n cil s o f h eretic bi s h o p s Th e re c a lcitra n t

.
s e cta ri e s p os s es s e d h ou s es o f w o rs hip e ccl es i a s tic al

,
res id en c es c emeteri es Th e pi ety or fea rs o f the

,
.
de vout b es towe d up on th eir clergy va lu a ble e s tates

a n d g rea t s um s i n le g a ci es Th a t p ortio n o f th e
.
co mmun ity which did n ot a cc e p t th e n ew beli e f

which pro b a bly equ a lle d th e res t in n umb ers a n d ,
c erta i n ly s urp a s s e d i t i n wea lth a n d s o ci a l imp ortan c e ,
in fe cte d with th e th eori es o f Ara bic philo s o phy— w a s

th oroughly in fid el . Ag a in s t s uch rebel s th e thun ders
o f th e Va tic a n a v a il e d n othi n g .Apo s tolic a d m on i
ti on s were tre a te d wi th ridicul e .I n terdicts h a d los t
th ei r p o wer Ev en th e P a p a l le g a te w a s tre a te d wi th
.
s c a n t c ou rtes y . Th e mi s s i on a ry e ff o rts o f D o mi n ic ,
wh o s e fiery z ea l n o w b e ga n to ra i s e h im to emin en ce ,
m et with s ig n a l a n d ign o min iou s fa ilure Th e Church .
— men a ce d a t th e s a m e tim e by this s eri ou s d e fe ction ,
by reb elli o n i n h er o w n tempora l d ep en d en ci es a n d ,
by th e a s pirin g gen iu s o f th e youthful emp ero r F red ,
erick II — w a s i n g re a t di s tre s s
. A t n o time i n h er
.
his to ry h a d s h e b een con fron te d with s uch p o werful

en emi e s o r b ee n e xp o s e d to m ore d ea dly p eril s And.
y et thi s b ea utiful la n d n ow un d er th e b a n o f th e
,
P a p a l S ee h a d s c arc ely a cen tury be fo re b een re

,
g a rde d a s on e o f th e bulwarks o f th e Chri s ti a n fa ith .
I t w a s a t Clermon t th a t th e firs t C ru s a d e w a s p ro
cla ime d by th e L a n gu edo ci a n Bi s ho p o f P uy a s th e ,
re p res en ta tiv e o f th e P o p e . A hun dre d th ou s a n d p er

s on s fro m S o uth ern F ra n c e f o ll ow ed P eter th e H er
m i t to P a le s tin e Th e fa m ou s O rd e r o f H os pita llers

.
w a s a P ro ven ca l i n s tituti on . A la rge pro p orti on o f

i ts Gra n d M a s ters w ere n a tiv es o f L a n gu e do c Th e .
trea s u re c on tribute d by i ts p eo pl e to th e pro s e cution

o f th es e chim e ric a l e xp e di ti on s o f Ro m e w a s f a r fro m
in c on s idera ble S uch a ra dic a l ch a n ge h a d in crea s ed

.
in tellig en ce a n d th e un tra mmelled ex ercis e o f rea s on

wrought i n th e min d s o f th e in h a bita n ts o f th e mos t
civiliz e d coun try o f Chri s ti an Euro p e .
Th e m a lign a n t g en iu s o f I nn o cen t III w a s h ow .

,
e ver e qu a l to th e e m erg en cy
,
. I n s pite o f th e fa ct
th a t e ccl es i a s tic a l c o rrupti on w a s pri n cip a lly res p on
s ible f o r th e wid es p re a d re v olt a g a i n s t P a p a l a u
th ori ty th e C ou n t o f T oulou s e a n d h i s f eu d a tori es

,
were in e xqui s ite i ron y a ppo in te d th e min i s ters o f

, ,
a p o s toli c ven g ean c e Th e m a n d ate w a s i s s u e d by th e

.
V atic a n th a t th e P ro ven ca l n obility s h ould b e c o m e th e

p ers e cu tors o f th eir va s s a ls a n d l ay w as te th e ir own
p os s es s i on s with fire a n d s word No fa mily ti es n o . ,
c on s id erati on s o f fri en ds hip o r i n tim a cy n o h ere di ,
ta ry c onn e cti on s w ere e x e mpte d fro m th e o p era ti on

,
o f thi s a tro ci o u s d e c ree Wh en i t h a d fa ile d a s i t

. ,
w a s c erta i n to d o a s a l as t d e ci s ive e xp e di en t a h ul l
, ,
w as p romulg a te d a n n oun ci n g a cru s a d e a g a i n s t th e

i n fid el s o f F ra n c e Th eir la n d s a n d th ei r liv es were
.
d e cla re d forfeite d f o r th e crim e o f h eres y ; a ll go od

C a tho lic s were c a lle d to a rms ; a n d th e p ro p erty o f
th e reb elli o u s s e cta ri es w a s p romi s e d a s a rew a rd to
th e fa ithful ch a mpi o n s o f th e H o ly S ee Every re .
s ou rc e o f P a p a l i n g en ui ty a n d p o we r w a s i n v ok e d .
F ro m twelve hun dre d m on a s teri es b a n d s o f fa n a tics ,
i s s u e d to pre a ch th e c ru s a de i n a ll th e s tates o f C hri s

ten d om . P len ary in dulg en c e w a s gran te d to th e
wa rri or wh o d on n e d h i s a rmor i n th e c a u s e o f th e
Church Exco mmun ic a ti on a n d th e wi thdra wa l o f
.
e ccl es i as tic a l p ro te cti on w ere d en oun c e d a g a i n s t a n y
gui lty o f h es ita ti on or luk ew a rmn e s s I n a ddi ti on to .
th e g en era l a b s olu ti on a u th oriz ed by th e P o p e th e ,
C ru s a ders were duri n g the c on tin u an c e o f thi s H oly

W a r relea s ed fro m th e p a ymen t o f a ll p ecun ia ry o bl i
g a ti on s c on tra cte d p ri or to their en li s tm en t a c on c es ,
s i on which w a s p ra ctic a lly e quiv a l en t to th e re pudi a
ti on o f th e ir d ebts Th e a n s wer to th e s umm o n s o f

.
th e V a tic a n w a s rea dy a n d u n a n imou s Every ah .
s o rbi n g p as s i on a n d e v ery ig n o bl e impul s e— l o ve o f
fa me religi ou s z ea l n ati on a l p rej udic e d es ire o f

, , ,
n o v elty in s a ti a bl e cupidity p riv a te m a lic e— a ttra cted

, ,
th e rovi n g th e lic en ti ou s a n d th e u n p ri n cipl e d to th e

, ,
s ta n d a rd o f th e C ro s s A t th at time Euro p e s w a rmed

.
with mil itary a dven turers s o me o f wh om h a d s erved

,
in P a les tin e i n th e tra in s o f emi n en t p ers on a g es ;

,
forf eitu res th e c erta in ty o f a fea rful retributi on en

,
ta ile d by reli gi o u s erro rs a n d impi ou s d e fi a n c e o f th e

a dm o n iti on s o f th e P o p e H o p e o f th e un b ridled
.
in dulgen c e o f every bruta l p a s s io n a pp ea le d to th e

b a s er a n d more s elfis h in s ti n cts o f th e r a bbl e — th e ,
be gg a rs th e robb ers th e s oldi ers o f fo rtun e Th e

, ,
.
p o pula rity o f th e en terpri s e i s s h o wn by th e n um b ers

w h o a s s um ed th e c ros s I t i s es tim a te d th a t fro m
.
th ree hun d re d th ou s a n d to h a lf a milli on e n g a g e d i n

th e w a r o f wh om n ea rly a hun dre d th o u s a n d w ere
,
fightin g m en w h o h a d s een mili ta ry s ervic e Th ere .
w a s n o t a g o vern m e n t i n Eu ro p e a t th a t tim e a ble to

with s ta n d th e o n s la ught o f s uch a forc e App alled .
by th e frightful pro s p e ct o f imp en din g d es tructi on ,
th e C o un t o f T o ulo u s e c on s en te d to o b s erv e u n con d i

ti on a ll y th e requirem en ts o f th e H oly S ee i n th e ,
delu s iv e h o pe o f a vertin g fro m hi s do mi n i on s th e tem

p e s t which mu s t in vo lve a ll h i s s ub j e cts i n on e c o mm on
ruin . H i s p un i s hmen t w a s in flicte d with every cir
c um s ta n ce o f public ign o mi n y a n d p ers on a l d e g ra d a
ti on. H i s e xc omm un ic a ti o n l o n g s in c e p ro n oun c ed

,
f o r h eretic a l O pin i on s which h e did n ot en terta i n w as ,
n ot re v ok e d S um mon e d b e fore a n e ccles i a s tic a l coun

.
cil a t Va len c e h e a ckn o wledge d h i s s in s a n d p ro mi s ed

,
future o b e dien ce S tripp e d n a k e d to th e girdle h e

.
,
w a s c o n ducte d i n th e p res en c e o f a g rea t multitud e

, ,
to th e fro n t o f th e p ri n cip a l chu rch wh ere h e a b j u red ,
h i s erro rs a n d h i s h a n d s pl a c e d i n th os e o f th e L e g a te
, , ,
h e s wore a lle gi a n c e to th e P o p e H e c on v ey e d to th e.
clergy a s s ecurity f or hi s oblig a ti o n s s e ven o f th e

, ,
s tron g es t c a s tles i n hi s d o min i on s — a f a ta l s te p which , ,
ren d ere d h i s d o wn f a ll hith erto s c a rc ely d oub t ful n ow

, ,
a m a tter o f a b s olute c erta in ty Then a ro p e h a vin g

.
,
b een p a s s e d a b out hi s n e ck h e w a s dra gge d through

,
th e a i s l e to th e a lta r wh ere h e w a s s c ou rg e d l ike th e

,
viles t c rimi n a l H i s re c a nta ti o n w a s re p ea ted an d

.
,
a b s o luti on w a s fin a lly p ro n o un c e d un d er c o n diti on o f

implicit s ubmi s s ion an d wi th th e promi s e th at h e

,
would a s s i s t i n th e pro s e cuti on o f a w a r which i n

vo lved th e d eva s ta tion o f hi s c oun try a n d th e exter
min ati on O f h i s s ubj e cts Thes e humili atin g s a crific es
.
,
ma de with th e impli e d u n d ers ta n din g th a t futu re im

mun i ty would b e gran ted hi s va s s a ls i n c a s e th ey s ub
m itted to p on tifica l a uth ority p ro ve d un a va ilin g Th e
, .
clergy pla ce d thei r ow n c on s tructio n up on ma tters

in which they were a t o n ce p ros e cutors a n d judg es .
Al though th e C oun t o f T oulou s e o bs erve d a s f a r as

p o s s ible th e d egra din g c on diti on s through whos e p er
form an ce h e bec a me re con cile d to th e Church i t w a s ,
n ot th e p o licy o f I nn o c en t to d ea l len i en tly with th os e
w h o h a d di s o b ey ed h er c a n on s qu e s ti on e d h er i n s pi ra
,
ti on o r i n terc e p ted h er reven u es

, P retexts were ea s ily
.
foun d un der which R aymo n d w a s a ccu s e d o f h a vi n g

vi ola te d h is c oven an ts . H i s c a s tle s w ere de cl a red
e s ch e a te d to th e P a p a cy . H i s a ctio n s were c a re fully
o b s erv e d a n d i t b e c a m e e vid en t th a t hi s p re s en c e with
,
th e C ru s a d ers w a s en fo rc e d ra th er th a n volun ta ry .
Th e grea t a rmy which h a d a s s embl ed to vin dica te th e

o utra g e d m a j es ty o f th e Vic a r o f Ch ri s t n ow cl a m
o re d to b e l ed to b a ttle . Their i rres i s tible n umb ers

d a rken e d th e pla in s o f Lyon s a n d s prea d c on s tern a
ti on a m on g th e p ea s a n try wh o s e wo m en th e y i n s ulte d
,
a n d wh o s e s ub s ta n c e th e y c on s um e d Th e emin en t
.
prela tes o f th e F ren ch hi era rchy s a n cti on e d by th eir

pres en ce a n d th eir ex a mple th e mo s t a wful o f ou t
ra g e s on hum a n rights a n d i n te ll e ctu a l lib erty Th e
.
religi o u s ch a ra cter o f th e en te rp ri s e w a s i n dic a te d by
th e p red o min a n c e o f th e s a ce rdo ta l order ; by th e om

n i p res en ce o f h o ly embl em s —cros i ers cen s ers b an
, , ,
n ers reli c s ; by th e mitre o f th e metro p olita n ; by th e

,
s c a ll o p s h ell o f th e pilg rim ;

-
by th e c owl a n d th e
kn otte d c ord o f th e fri a r ; by th e ta ttere d ga rb an d
em a ci a te d f orm o f th e h ermi t Th e cl ergy w ere
.
h ea ded by Arn old Abbot o f Citea ux th e P a p a l L eg

, ,
a te .F o ur a rch bi s h o p s a n d ten bis h o p s in th e ir o ffi ci a l ,
ves tmen ts were c on s picu ou s in th e v a n M o n ki s h

,
.
z ea lots wh os e un ta ught elo qu en c e h a d in fla me d th e

,
wo rs t p a s s ion s o f th e ign ora n t p o p ul a c e o f Euro p e ,
bra n di s hin g c rucifix an d s word a n d c all in g f or ven ,
g e a n c e a g a in s t th e a bh o rre d s e c ta ri es wh o m divi n e
ju s tic e h a d delivere d a s a p rey to th e ele ct fo a min g ,
a t th e m o u th a n d u tterin g m a l e dic ti on s a n d i n a rti c u

,
la te cri es ru s h ed to an d f ro th ro ugh th e m a ddene d

,
a n d tum ultu o u s th ron g Al l wo re th e cro s s emb ro id

.
ere d up on th e b rea s t i n c on tra di s tin cti o n to th e Cru

,
s a d e rs o f P a le s ti n e w h o w o re i t up on th e s h o uld er
,
.
I n th e tra in o f th e higher cl ergy w ere n um erous

p ri es ts a n d th ou s a n d s o f de p en den ts an d reta in ers .
Th e Archd e a c on o f P a ri s a di s tin gui s h e d m emb er o f

,
th e church mili ta n t w a s p re s en t i n th e c a p a ci ty o f
,
chi e f en gin eer D e s pite his p a cific c a llin g h e pro ved

.
,
h im s elf in th e di s ch a rg e o f th e s eemi n gly in c on g ru

,
ou s duti es o f h i s n ew p ro fes s i on o n e o f th e mo s t ,
ta len te d s oldi ers o f th e a g e Th e s h re wd a n d p olitic

.
P hili p Augu s tus while a n xi ou s to s e cu re f or th e

,
C ro wn o f F ran c e th e s ubs ta n ti a l b en e fits c erta in to

res ult fro m th e c on qu e s t a n d s p o l i a ti on o f th e g reat
feu d atori es o f th e S outh y et u n willin g to s h a re th e ,
ign omin y a tta chin g to th e un derta kin g promo te d it ,
in s e cret b u t re fu s e d to O p en ly empl oy th e res ources

,
o f h i s ki n gd o m I n s uch a c a u s e Th e F ren ch n obility.
a l s o f o r th e m o s t p a rt h eld a l oo f ; b u t th e n a m es o f
, ,
th e D uke o f Bu rgun dy a n d th e C o u n ts o f N eve rs an d

S t P ol h a ve c o m e d own to u s a s in s trum en ts o f th e
.
a p o s to lic w ra th which ex tirp ate d th e Al big en s ian

h eres y .
O f all th e lea ders s piritu a l or s e cular S imon d e

, ,
M on tfort E a rl o f L eice s ter w as th e mos t z ea lous and

, ,
di s tin gui s h e d An E n gli s h a dven turer o f an ci en t and

.
,
ill u s tri ou s lin ea ge h e h a d l on g foll owe d th e e x citin g

,
c areer o f a s o ldi er o f fortun e an d h ad w on a high ,

th e in va d ers h a d b een a s s um e d by h i s n e ph e w R ay
, ,
mon d Roge r Th e la tter relyin g up on th e s tren gth

.
,
o f hi s p ri n cip a l citi es B ézi ers a n d C a rc a s s onn e tw o

, ,
o f th e b es t f o rtifie d
-
fo rtres s es i n Euro p e a wa ite d ,
.
th e a pp ro a ch o f th e en e my wi th th e c a lm in tre pidity
bo rn o f th e c on s ci ou s n es s o f right a n d th e res oluti on
o f d es p a i r
. While th e C ru s a ders were pitchi n g th eir
c a mp th ey w ere s u rp ri s e d by a s a lly o f th e be s i e g ed
,
.
O ve rwh elme d by n umb ers th e l a tter w e re driven ,
ba ck ; th e ga tew a ys ch oke d by th e fugitiv es p er

, ,
m i tte d th e i n gre s s o f th e en e my a n d a lm o s t i n a n ,
i n s ta n t th e fa te o f th e po pulo u s a n d th rivin g city o f

B ezi ers w a s d e cid e d I n th e h o rrible bu tch ery tha t
.
e n s u e d n o qu a rter w a s s h o w n Th e o l d a n d th e y o u n g
.
,
th e s tro n g a n d th e w ea k p e ri s h e d a lik e u n d er th e
,
we a p o n s o f th e i n fu ri a te d a s s a ila n ts C a th o lics oh .
ta i n e d n o immu n i ty by re as o n o f th ei r b eli e f b u t fell ,
by th e s id e o f th ei r Albigen s i a n n eighb o rs Wh en th e .
s o ldi ers i n th e h ea t o f th e m a s s a c re d e m a n de d o f th e
, ,
P a p a l L eg a te h ow th ey migh t di s tin gui s h th e o rtho dox

b eli ev er fro m th e h ereti c th a t pi ou s m on s ter re pli ed
, ,
”
Kill th em a l l ; G o d will kn ow H i s o w n ' I n the
R o ma n C a th olic c a th ed ra l s ev en th ou s a n d c orps es
were c oun te d a fter th e a s s a ult P ri es ts cl a d i n th eir .
,
s a c re d v e s tm en ts fell a t th e v ery foo t o f th e a ltar

, .
Th e p o pula ti on o f th e city h a d b een g re a tly in crea s ed

by th e n eighb o ri n g p ea s a n try w h o h a d s ought p ro ,
tecti on b ehin d i ts ra mp a rts O f a ll this multitude n ot

.
,
a s i n gl e p ers o n es c a p e d a live Th e es tim a te s o f tho s e

.
thu s d e v o te d to s l a ugh ter a re v a ri o u s ly giv en by dif

feren t writers a t fro m twelve to Six ty th o u s a n d Th e .
city w a s pilla ge d a n d s et on fire a n d even th e church es ,
a n d m on a s teri es b el on gin g to th e S ee o f R o me d i s
a pp ea re d i n th e i n di s c rimin a te d e s truc ti o n Th e i n .
va din g a rmy flu s h e d with trium ph a n d n ot y et s ati

, ,
a te d wi th bl oo d n e x t i n v e s te d C a rc a s s on n e
, wh o s e ,
fortific a ti o n s s till s tron ger th a n th os e o f B ézi ers

, ,
o ff ere d
m e h Op e o f s ucc es s ful re s i s tan c e I ts re
so .
s ou rc es h o w eve r w ere s eri ou s ly imp a i re d by th e n u m

, ,
b er o f re fug ees w h o h a d fl e d thith e r f o r s a fety In .
a f ew d a y s th e w a te r g a ve o u t D e fe ctive s a n ita ry .
c on dition s in crea s e d by grea t m as s es o f huma n b ein g s

,
crowd e d to g eth er in a limited s p a ce produc ed a p es ti ,
len ce A s urren d er w a s a greed up o n by which th e

.
,
inh a bita n ts w ere p ermitte d to de p a rt le a vin g b ehin d ,
th em a l l th ei r e ff e c ts I n con s e quen c e o f the s e rig o r

.
ou s mea s ures th e en ti re co un try w a s fil le d with

,
s ta rvin g b e gg a rs m a n y o f wh om b u t a w eek b e fo re
, , ,
h a d b een livin g i n a fflu en ce a n d luxury Th e V i s .
c oun t Raymon d Ro ger who s e s a fe con duct h a d b een

, ,
-
erfid i ou s l y vi o l a ted w a s imp ri s on e d a n d di e d s u d

p ,
d en ly pro b a bly o f p o i s on
,
.
Th e ex a mples o f B ezi e rs a n d C a rca s s o n n e were n o t

los t up on th e terro r s tricken p eo ple o f L a n gue do c
-
.
S tron gho lds a n d vill ag es s ubmitte d by th e hun dred

without res is ta n ce ; th e ga rri s on s o f tho s e c a s tles which
h eld ou t were m a s s a cred to a m a n ; th e la n ds o f th e
heretic were p a rcelle d ou t a mo n g th e cru s a d ers un d er ,
th e s uz era i n ty o f th a t fa ithful a n d c o n s i s ten t s erv a n t

o f th e P a p a cy th e E a rl o f L e ice s ter
, Th e e s ta bli s h .
men t o f th e I n qui s iti on un der th e a u s pices o f th e

,
D omin ic a n o rd er O f fri a rs c o mplete d th e ruin o f th e ,
c oun try who s e civiliz a tion h a d lon g b een a s hin in g

,
bea co n a mid s t th e i ntelle ctu a l da rkn es s o f Chri s ten

d om . Th e cla s s ic m on um en ts which h a d es c a p e d th e
vi olen ce o f former a ges were broken to pi e ces or d e
fa c ed Th e de s tructi on o f grea t citi es th e drea d o f
.
,
mys teriou s tribun a ls wh o s e victims imm u red i n fil thy

, ,
dun geon s o r d ev ote d in th e n a me o f religion to a wful

, ,
tortures a n d a lin g erin g d ea th n ev er s a w a ga in th e ,
light o f d a y th e i n s a ti a ble ra p a city o f th e clergy th e

, ,
tyra n n y o f a li en m as ters d e p o pul a te d en ti re di s tricts

,
a n d tu rn e d th e c o mm e rc e up o n which th e p ro s p erity
o f S ou th e rn F ra n c e p ri n cip a lly de p en d e d i n to fo reig n

1 00 H I ST ORY OF TH E
ch ann els wh ere th e pro p erty an d p ers on o f th e m er

,
ch ant could b e rea s on a bly s ecure Th e be a u tiful a n d .
melodi ou s la n gua ge o f th e troub a dours th e p a ren t o f ,
th e m o d ern idi oms o f L a ti n d eriv a tio n which s e em ed ,
a b out to b e a do p te d by a ll th e p eo pl e o f F ren ch
ex tra c ti on w a s a b a n do n e d a n d d e g ra d e d to a p a to i s
, ,
which much co rrupted i s s till s p oken by th e G as con

, ,
an d C ata la n p ea s a n try Th e g a y div ers ion s th e

.
,
da n ces th e litera ry c ontes ts th e mu s ic a l ch a n ts o f

, ,
th e j on gleu r th e p a s s i on a te a n d s a ti ric a l ve rs es o f th e
,
p o et th e b a n qu ets th e C o u rts o f L ove th e hu n tin g

, , ,
p a rti es th e to u rn a men ts dis a ppea re d fo rev er

, ,
.
Th e Albigen s i a n c ru s a d e i s on e o f th e d a rk es t bl ots
upo n th e religi ou s hi s tory o f R ome I t g a ve ri s e to .
th e i n fa m o u s m a xim th en firs t o ffici a lly p ro mulg a ted

,
by P a p a l a uth o rity th a t n o c on tra ct m a de wi th h ere

,
tic s w a s bi n din g up on a m emb e r o f th e Rom a n

C a th olic fa ith Th en th e civil p ower w a s f o r th e firs t
.
tim e e mplo y e d i n th e s y s tem a tic a n d u n relen ti n g s u p

pre s s ion o f in de p en den t th ough t Th en w a s organ .
i zed a n d s et i n m o ti on th e m o s t gig a n tic a n d e ff e ctive

en gin e o f p ers e cu ti on th a t th e w o rld h a s e ver kn own .
Th en w a s p erfecte d th a t gra n d a n d imp os in g fa bric

o f g ov ern m en t which b egun a n d imp ro ve d by th e
,
g en iu s o f m a n y s ucc es s i v e p on ti ff s ro s e to s uch a ,
to weri n g h eigh t du ri n g th e a dmi n i s tra ti on o f I nn o

c en t III — a s ys tem i n wh o s e p o licy th e religi o us a n d
.
,
th e s e cul a r p o wers while th e o retic a lly s e p a ra te w ere

, , ,
i n f a ct cl o s ely co o rdin a te d a n d co mbi n e d ; which

,
-
,
while d ra in in g o f its reven u e s e very kin gdo m within

i ts g ra s p ex tolle d b ey on d a l l vi rtu e s th e m erit o f eva n
,
eli c a l p o v erty ; which while di s c o ura gi n g

g ,
p hil os o p hi
c a l s tudi es en d ea v ore d to s e cu re a m on o p o ly O f l e a rn
,
i n g thu s a ddin g to th e s up eri ori ty a tta chi n g to a

,
s a c re d ch a ra c ter a n d p ro f e s s i on th e in flu en c e d erive d
from men ta l atta in m en ts a n d un u s u a l eruditi on ; which

fa s ten ed up on Eu ro p e a n i n to lera ble d es p oti s m un der ,
Ara bic lan gu a ge w a s a lmos t un iv ers a lly u s e d by th e

n o bili ty a n d th e m erc a n til e cl a s s es ; i n P ro v en c e a n d
L a n gu e do c in terc ou rs e with th e M o o ri s h prin cip a li

,
ti es o f S p a in ren d ere d i ts a d o p ti on n e ce s s a ry to a la rg e
p ortion o f th e comm un i ty ; i n b oth c ou n tri e s i ts s tudy
fo rm e d a n es s en ti a l p art o f a le a rn e d e duc a tio n Th e .
g en era l tren d o f s ci en tific th ought a n d i ts p ra ctic al ,
a d a p ta ti on to th e in tell e ctu a l re qui rem en ts o f th e
p eo ple i s di s clo s e d by th e es ta bli s hm en t o f th o s e two

,
gre a t litera ry foun d a ti on s th e m e dic a l c olleges o f ,
S a lern o a n d M on tp elli er I n th e curriculums o f th es e

.
ma gn ific en t s ch oo ls which were by n o m ea n s c on fin ed

,
to in s tru c ti o n i n th e a rt o f h e a li n g Ara bi c a n d ,
H ebre w litera ture ta ugh t by pro fes s o rs o f th os e

,
n a ti o n a liti e s p re do min a te d Th e R om an c e idiom

,
.
,
mo re widely di ff u s ed th a n a n y o th er to n gu e s poken
i n Eu ro p e s in c e th e di s s olution o f th e R o m an Em
pi re h a s i n a m ea s ure s urvive d th e c a l a mi ti es o f con
, , ,
qu es t a n d revo luti on ; s till in dic a te s i ts Ara bic deriva

ti on by wo rd s d a ily h e a rd up on th e b a n k s o f th e S ein e
a n d th e D a n ub e ; a n d f o rm s n o in c o n s id era b l e p orti on
o f th e l a n gu a g e o f th e E n gli s h s p ea kin g w o rld In

-
.
I ta ly it ma d e grea ter pro gres s th a n i n a n y oth er

,
c oun try a dva n ci n g Simulta n eo u s ly through th e N orth

,
fro m F ra n c e a n d thro ugh th e S outh fro m S icily s u ,
p ers ed in g th e un fo rme d di a l e cts o f th e L a tin P en in

s ul a a n d th ro ugh i ts a d o pti o n by th e p oten ta tes o f
, ,
F erra ra a n d M on tferra t it rea ch e d even th e Greek ,
p ri n cip a lity o f Th es s a lon ic a ; i ts impres s i s to d ay -
a pp a ren t i n P ortugu e s e i n C a s tili a n a n d i n th e n u

, ,
m erou s s o ft a n d guttura l di a le cts o f S p a in .
F rom M oori s h s ou rc es through in terc o urs e with the

,
H i s p a n o Ara bs a n d th e m e dium o f F ren ch an d

-
S icili an c on qu es t were d erived th o s e ma xims o f

,
chiva lry which mo difie d th e tu rbulen t b a rba ri s m o f

feud a l Europ e th e c o urteou s g a ll a n try o f th e tourn a
,
m ent idola trou s de voti on to th e fema le cha ra cter a

, ,
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 1 03
high s en s e o f h on o r a n d pers o n a l dign ity a n d th e ,
re fin in g a m en iti es o f s o ci a l life .
F rom th es e origin a ls s pra n g th e germ o f mo d ern

litera tu re a n d th e e a rli es t mod els o f mo dern p oetry .
Th e Ara b s w ere u n riva lle d m a s ters o f improvi s a tio n ,
a n a rt which a tta i n e d a n e xtra o rdi n a ry d eg ree o f
p o pula ri ty in th e Middle Ages ; a n d th e employmen t

o f rhym e th e mos t imp o rta n t a n d s trikin g ch a ra c
,
teri s ti c o f mo d ern v e rs i fic a ti o n w a s fa mili a r to th e

,
B ed ouin c en tu ri es b e fo re th e a pp ea ra n ce o f M oh a m
m ed Th e v a gra n t b a rd Of th e D es ert w a s th e lite ra ry
.
progen itor o f th e troub a dou r a s w a s th e Ara bi a n

,
bu ff oon a n d s to ry te ller th e pro to typ e o f h i s com

-
p a n ion th e j on gleur wh os e bro a d pl ea s a n try a n d s u g

,
g es ti v e a n tics dive rte d th e a ppre ci a tive a n d n ot o v er

delic a te a s s embli es o f th e P roven ca l a n d S icili a n
cou rts . Thro ugh th e s cho o ls o f M o n tp ellier a n d
S a lern o con tempo ra n eou s s ea ts o f le a rn in g a n d b oth
,
d omin a ted by Ara bi a n in fluen c e th e philos o phy o f ,
Averro es th e b ota n y o f I bn B eith a r th e s urgery o f

,
-
,
Abulca s is th e a griculture o f I bn a l Awa m th e h i s

,
- -
,
to ri e s o f I b n a l —Kha tib b e ca m e fa milia r to th e b e

-
,
n ighte d a n d p ri e s t ridd en p e o pl e o f Eu ro p e
-
.
I t w as h o we ve r i n th e imp etu s it g a ve to th e a s s er
, ,
ti o n o f th e right o f p riva te in terp reta ti on i n reli gi ou s

matters th a t M oori s h in flu en c e w a s mo s t ma rk e d a n d
perma n en t On e o f th e prin cip a l ten ets o f th e M os
.
l em cree d w a s to le ra ti o n On th e other h a n d th e firs t

.
,
duty o f th e Chri s ti a n w a s un qu es ti on in g obedi en ce to

hi s s piri tu a l a dvi s e rs Th e ra pid a n d a lmo s t m i racu
.
lou s d evel o pmen t o f th e hu m an min d du rin g th e thir

te en th c en tu ry w a s th e in evita bl e c o n s e qu en c e o f a
p olicy b a s e d up on tho s e prin ciples wh os e a pplica tion
h a d p ro mo ted th e won d erful p ro gre s s O f ev ery n a tio n
rul e d by th e en lighten e d s ucc es s o rs o f M o h a m m e d .
Th e p a ra llel e xi s tin g b etwe en th e S icili a n a n d

L an gu edo ci a n civiliz a tion s i n origin i n progres s i n , ,
th ough t, i n duc ation i n s k eptici s m in th e re pudi a ti on

e , ,
o f e ccl es i a s tic a l i n terf eren c e i s c on ti n u e d e v en i n th e

,
d a te a n d th e m eth o d o f th ei r e xtirp ati on B oth .
re a ch e d th e i r clim a x du rin g th e p on ti fic a te o f I n n o
c en t III th e ex empla r o f P a p a l a uto c ra cy th e ruth

.
, ,
les s f o e o f reli gi ou s freed om th e evil g en ius o f th e ,
thi rte en th c en tu ry . E a ch w as des troye d by a crus a de

which un d er th e m a s k o f piety a pp ea led to th e mos t
s o rdid impuls es a n d d e g ra di n g i n s ti n cts o f hu m an ity .
B oth were follow e d by c on flicts s editi on s an d p ers e , ,
en ti on s which en du re d f or c en tu ri e s B u t th e fires .
,
while a pp a ren tly qu en ch e d s till s m o uldere d u n d er th e

,
a s h es o f th ei r vic tim s Th e p rin cipl es a dvo c a te d by

.
philos o phic a l thin kers a t th e c ou rts o f R a ym on d a n d

F red erick forme d th e b a s i s o f th e c ree ds o f L ollard ,
H ugu en ot P u ri ta n All o f th e bles s in g s o f civil a n d

,
.
religi o u s lib erty n ow en j o y e d by th e en lighten e d n a
ti on s o f th e e a rth a ll o f th e w o n d erful m e ch a n ic a l
,
c on triva n c es which lighten to il dimin i s h s u ff eri n g , ,
fa cilitate c omm u n ic a ti on en c ou ra g e c omm erc e p ro

, ,
mote ma n ufa cture s a n d c on duc e to th e g en era l h a p

,
in es s o f th e hum a n ra c e a re i n di re c tly d e rive d f rom

p ,
th e impuls e giv en to phil o s o phic a l in quiry a n d s ci en

tific p ro g res s by th e N o rm a n ki n g s O f S icily th e Em ,
p ero r F re d erick I I a n d th e C oun ts o f P ro v en c e a n i

.
, ,
m a te d by th e s pirit a n d e mulou s o f th e a chi evements

o f Ara b civiliz a ti on Th es e i n e s tim a ble b en e fits a re
.
in s ep a ra ble from th e i nn a te right o f e very i n dividua l

to fre ely e x erci s e a n d p ro fit by hi s m en ta l f a culti es .
Th a t right th e Church h a s a lw a ys deni e d a s s ubv ers ive

o f h er a ll e g e d p res c rip tiv e ti tl e to u n iv ers a l s over
ei g n ty o v er th e o pin i on s o f m a n ki n d I n Euro p e i t .
w a s firs t publicly a s s erte d up on th e b a n k s Of th e

Gu a d a lqu ivir a n d th e a dva n ta g es i ts u n tra mm elle d
,
p ra ctic e a ff ord s th e p res en t g en era ti on a re a p ric eles s

lega cy o f th e foun d ers o f th e M o s lem e mpi re i n S p a in .
th e Middle Ages wh o s e tyra n ts a n d i n qui s itors p l u n

,
d ere d an d O ppres s ed th e H ebrew b an kers a n d m er

ch an ts o f Euro p e do wn to ou r time wh en th e J ew i s
, ,
n o t on ly th e p os s es s or o f a l a rg e p ro p orti on o f th e
wea lth o f th e glo be b u t a ls o a d o mi n a tin g forc e in

,
th e bu s i n es s c o mmun i ty o f e v ery city a n d vill a g e o f

th e O ld a n d New W o rld s th e en terp ri s i n g g en iu s o f
,
th e S emi tic ra c e h as b een p a ra m oun t i n i ts c o n tro l ov er

th e mi n d s a n d th e fo rtu n e s o f m en An d n ot m erely
.
in a m erc a n tile b u t i n a reli gi o u s p o i n t o f vi e w i s this

i n flu en c e m a n ife s t Th e S criptu res a n d th e Ko ra n
.
mo n o p o liz e th e pi ou s rev eren c e o f th e civiliz e d world .
Th e s ucces s o rs o f M o h a mm e d i n H i n du s ta n a lon e
ch a n ge d th e fa i th o f fo rty on e milli o n s oul s Th e
-
.
mos t imp o rta n t do gm a s o f th e Chu rch th e lea din g ,
ma xims o f kin gly g o vern men t a re o f S emi tic origin ;

,
th e m a j o ri ty o f th e p o pula r l e g en d s a n d ta le s which
c o mp o s e th e folk lo re o f F ra n ce G erm a n y S c an
-
, ,
d i n a v i a a n d B ri ta in a re in dig en o u s to th e V a lley o f
,
th e N ile o r th e pl a i n s o f Ara bi a As i a tic id ea s which

.
,
d o min a te d th e c o mp a ra tively i n s ign ific a n t g eog ra p h i

ca l a re a o f th e c on tin en t O f E u ro p e wh o s e a reci a
p p
ti on o f th e a d v a n ta g e s o f li tera ry a n d s ci en tific in
v es ti a ti on m a d e i t s o c o n s picu o u s a mid s t m e di aeva l
g
ign ora n c e h a v e m a in ta in e d th ei r p ower u n s h a ken
,
th rough m a n y c en tu ri es TO th e im puls e thu s i m

.
p a rte d to letters mod ern s o ci ety o we s a debt which it

,
lon g re pudi a ted a n d which it i s even n o w lo ath to

,
a ck n o wl e dg e . Am on g tho s e ra c es which h a ve ex er
c i s ed th e g rea te s t i n flu en c e on hum a n de s ti n y th a t O f
th e H eb rew s i s p re emi n en tly di s ti n gui s h e d

-
From .
th e e a rli es t tim es o f which hi s tory m a k es men ti o n the ,
Jews h a ve o ccupie d a n ex a lte d pla c e a mo n g civiliz ed

n a ti on s . Th ey were a m on g th e firs t o f tra de rs mer ,
ch a n ts n a vig a tors N e ighbors o f th e P hoen ici a n s th ey

, .
,
imbib ed th e c o mm erci a l s pirit o f th at a dv en turous

p eople a cc om p an i e d th eir exp edi ti on s p a rticip ate d in
, ,
the i r p ri s es s ha red th eir pro fits a n d with them

en te r , ,
o v e rca m e th e o b s ta cl e s which i n v es te d th e n a vig a ti o n
o f un k n o w n a n d my s teri ou s s ea s .Th ey w ere n ot s low

to re c o gn iz e th e imm en s e c ommerci a l a dv a n ta g e s to
b e o bta in ed from th e d evelo pm en t o f th e b oun dle s s
re s ou rc es o f th e S p a n i s h P en i n s ul a wh en c e th e Ty ri a n
,
an d S idon i a n ma rin ers brought s uch qu a n titi es o f

s ilve r th a t th ei r ve s s el s c o uld s c a rc e ly tra n s p o rt i t ,
n o twith s ta n di n g th a t th e a n ch o rs th e mo s t c o mmon
,
uten s ils a n d even th e b a lla s t were compo s ed o f th at

, ,
pre ci ou s meta l .
Th e a cc oun ts O f th e reign o f S o l om on a ff o rd a bun

dan t eviden ce o f th e wea lth a n d pros p erity o f th e
H ebrews Th e ir a bilities a n d s e rvice s were highly
.
a pp re ci a ted by th e m o s t e n ligh ten e d g o vern m en ts o f
a n tiqui ty Th ey were in vite d by th e P to lemi es to

.
es ta bli s h c o lon i e s on th e b a n k s o f th e N il e They were

.
o ften in tru s te d by th e R o m a n e mp ero rs wi th th e col
le cti o n a n d dis burs emen t o f th e imp eri a l reven u es .
Th e Emp eror H a d ri a n d ecl a red th a t du rin g h i s

tra vel s i n Egypt h e h a d n eve r m et a J ew o f th a t
coun try w h o w a s n ot a n e xp ert m a th ema tici a n I n .
th e f a r O ri en t wh ere th ei r a n c es to rs h a d on c e b een
,
deta in ed in ign omin i ou s c a ptivity th ey ro s e to b e th e

,
con fiden tia l fri en ds o f po werful m on a rch s Th ey

.
were kn own a n d welc omed in every s ea p o rt o f th e

M editerra n ea n a n d th ei r thirs t f o r ga in e ven in duced
,
th em to b o ldly en c o u n ter th e p erils o f th e b a rb a ro u s

cou n tries o f Euro pe I n a ll thei r s o ci a l a n d p o litic a l
.
rel a ti on s th ey m a in ta i n ed th e i r re pu ta ti on f or th a t
,
men ta l s up eri ority which i s s till on e o f th e m a rk ed

ch a ra cteri s tic s o f th e H ebrew ra c e All o f th e kn o wl
.
e dg e e xta n t a m on g c on te mp o ra n eo u s n a ti o n s th e
s e c ret l o re o f th e Egyp ti a n s imp a rted i n my s teri ou s
,
templ es un der th e s h a do w o f th e P yra mid s ; th e h o a ry

tra diti on s o f th e M a gi ; th e rich i nh e rita n c e o f cl as s ic
a n tiqui ty ; th e a rgu men ta tiv e s kill a cqui re d in th e
Mu s eum o f Al exa n dri a a n d th e philos o phic a l s ch ools

o f A th en s — w a s th e p a trim on y o f th e J ew H i s cu .
ri o s i ty w a s a w a k en e d by tra vel a n d b y c o n ta ct with a
hun dre d di ff eren t p eo ple s in cluded within th e s ph ere

o f hi s c omm erci a l a ctivi ty ; h i s g en iu s w a s d ev e l o p e d
a n d m a ture d by s tudi o u s i n du s try ; a n d th e a fflu en c e
res ul tin g from hi s s h rewdn es s en a bl e d him to p ro fit to
th e u tm os t by h i s u nriv a ll e d o pp o rtun iti es N o fa c t .
i s b etter es ta bli s h ed th a n tha t th e i n telle ctu a l imp ro ve

men t o f a n a ti on i ts pro gres s i n th e arts i ts s ci en tific
, ,
a cqui rem en ts i ts litera ry cultu re h a v e a di re c t a n d

, ,
a b s o lute d e p en d en c e up on i ts m a teri a l p ros p eri ty a n d
th e i n d e p en d en t p e cun i a ry ci rcum s ta n c es o f i ts s ch o l
a rs a n d l ea rn e d m en While p o verty i s o ften a n in
.
cen ti v e to th a t p ers e vera n c e which i n s u res s ucc es s it ,
i s a con diti on which on ly a ff e c ts i n d ividu a l a n d n ot

n a ti on a l d ev e l o pm en t With out lei s u re th ere ca n be
.
,
n o s tudi e s ; with out s tudi es n o a dv a n c e An oth er

, .
fa c tor o f p a ra moun t imp orta n c e i n th e ev oluti o n a n d

m a in ten a n c e o f civiliz a ti on a n d o n e to which th e
,
H ebre w w a s dee ply in d ebted w a s th e wide an d va ried

,
e xp eri en c e d erive d f ro m c o s m o p oli ta n h a bi ts a n d a s s o
c i a ti on s Thi s in terc ou rs e w a s fa cili ta ted by th e eas y

.
a n d ra pid m ea n s o f i n te rn a ti on a l c o mm u n ic a ti o n a t
th e di s p os a l o f th e J ewi s h tra d er Th e M ed i ter

.
ra n ea n which w a s h e d th e s h o res o f th ree g re a t c on ti

,
n en ts p res en te d n o o b s ta cl es to th e en terp ri s e o f th e
,
P hoen ici a n s wh o s e in tima te c onn ecti on s with th e J ews

,
ga ve th e l a tter a dva n ta g es en j oye d by n o oth er p eo ple ;

a n d th e f a bl e d m on s ters i n v en te d by th o s e a s tu te n a vi
g a tors to d a mp th e a rdo r o f oth er m a ritime a d ven tu

rers , a n d which s u rviv e i n th e tra di ti on s o f cl as s ic
myth ology p os s es s e d n o terrors f or th e a lli es an d

,
fri en ds o f th e Tyri an m erch a n ts a n d s a ilo rs No a rea .
O f e qu a l exten t i n th e wo rld o ff ered s o divers ified a n d

in s tructive a s p ec ta cle o f huma n life a n d m a nn ers as
th e win di n g c o as t o f th at grea t i n l an d s ea With its .
of th e c omm u n ity idlen es s w a s c on s idered on e o f th e

,
mo s t d es pic a ble o f vic es . Wh oev er s a y th e le arn e d

,
ra bbi s ,
d oes n o t tea ch h is s on s o me tra d e rea rs him
,
f o r a li fe o f b rig a n d a g e ; a n d th e s e dul o u s in culc a ti on

o f thi s p ri n cipl e l e d to i ts un iv ers a l a d o p ti on a n d p ra e
tic e u n til i ts e ff e cts a re to d a y di s c ern ibl e i n th e h a bi ts

,
-
o f ev ery i n dividu a l o f H eb re w ex tra cti o n . I n a n ci en t

tim es th ere w as n o i n du s tri a l o ccup a ti o n wh o s e re qui re
men ts were u n fa mi li ar to th e J e wi s h a rtis a n n o p ro ,
f es s i on i n which th e s ch ol a rs o f th a t n a ti on did n o t
e xc e l . Th e ta l en ts o f th e l a tter were o ften u n p ro fit
a bly e mpl oy e d i n c om m en ta ri e s on th e T a lmud a n d
whim s ica l in terp reta ti on s o f th e S criptu res wh o s e ,
tex ts w e re a t tim es di s to rte d to s upp o rt s o m e a b s u rd

a n d e x tra va g a n t c on c e p ti o n which th e f ruitl es s i n
g en u i ty o f th e d o cto rs o f th e l a w d ev ote d to m eta

,
phys ic a l s ubtl eti es h a d i n v en ted Th e T a lmud w as

,
.
re g a rd e d wi th e v en g rea te r re v eren c e th a n th e P en ta
teuch . I ts dilig en t p erus a l w a s require d a s a duty ;

child ren w ere fa mili a r with its m a xim s l on g b e fore
th ei r min d s w ere s u ffici en tly d e v el o p e d to th oro ughly
co mpreh en d th em ; a n d th e ma s te ry o f thi s volumi
n o u s a n d i n c o n g ru o u s c o mpil a ti on w a s re g a rd e d a s
th e ra res t a n d m o s t d e s i ra bl e o f m e n ta l a cc o mpli s h
m en ts F rom th e s tudy o f this wo rk w a s derive d th e
.
p a rti a lity f o r mys tici s m m a gic a n d on ei ro ma n cy

, , ,
to pic s which fo rme d s o l a rge a p ro p o rti o n o f a n ci en t

H ebre w litera tu re a n d which fre qu en tly dis s ipa ted
,
th e e ff o rts o f g en iu s which migh t h a v e b een ex erci s e d

i n m o re p ra ctic a l a n d a dv a n ta g eo u s e mpl o ym en ts In.
th e T a lm ud h o w e v er a re a l s o to b e fo u n d th e g erm s
, ,
o f m e di c a l s ci en c e i n which fro m th e re motes t a n

,
ti qu ity th e J ew s we re di s ti n gui s h e d a n d wh o s e p u r
, ,
s ui t
, thu s s a n cti on e d by a n a u th o ri ty re g a rd e d a s
divin e b e c a me th e fa vo rite pu rs ui t o f th a t ex tra ord i
,
n a ry p eo pl e . S o me o f its id ea s a n d p rin ciples h a d

b een le a rn e d fro m th e M a gi O f P ers i a ; o th ers were
b orro we d fro m th e E gypti a n pri es th oo d Th e more .
n um e ro u s , a n d by f a r th e m o s t va lu a bl e pre ce pts ,
o f th a t s ci en c e h owever were a portion o f th e i n

, ,
h erita n ce tra n s mitte d by th e n o bl e s ch o ol o f th e

P tolemi es Wi th a ll w ere min gl ed n o t a f ew pu erile
.
s up ers titi on s which e x a lte d th e vi rtu es o f ch a rm s a n d
a mul ets . Th e Bible gi v es m a n y in s ta n c es o f di s e a s es

a n d th e i r tre a tm e n t which i n th a t a e w a s th e
, g p e cu
li a r p rov in c e o f th e L evite s Th e ta len ts o f th e H e
.
brew thu s e a rly di rected to m e dicin e a n d bota n y

a rri v e d e v en tu a lly a t a n e x tra o rdi n a ry d e g ree o f d e
vel o m en t ; a n d h i s a d a p ti v e i n g e n ui ty w a s re v e a l e d
p
i n th e di s c o ve ry a n d a pplic a ti o n o f m a n y in d i s p en
s a bl e drug s o f th e M a te ri a M e dic a a n d i n th e i n tell i ,
gen t u s e o f th e in s trumen ts a n d c a u s tic s o f th e s ur

'
g eon I n a n ci en t Ch a lde a a n d B a bylon i a th ere w ere

.
n o phy s ici a n s Th e p ri e s th o o d a s i n th e Middle Age s

.
, ,
e n j o y e d a m o n o p o ly o f l ea rn in g which s o f a r a s th e
, ,
p ra ctice o f me dicin e w a s co n c ern ed res ted up on n o ,
mo re s ubs ta n ti a l foun d a ti on th a n th e imp os ture o f th e

ch a rla ta n Th e cure o f di s e as e w a s e ff e cte d by th e
.
ex o rci s m o f evil s pi ri ts ; a n d s uch i s th e ten a ci ty o f
v en era ble ide a s a n d th e l a men ta bl e c redulity o f th e

huma n min d th a t th rough th e i n flu en c e o f a c erta in
,
cla s s wh o s e p e cun i a ry i n teres ts a re dire ctly i n volv ed ,
thi s s up ers ti ti ou s b eli e f with oth ers e qu a lly a b s u rd

, ,
s till p re va il s a m on g th e m emb e rs o f e duc a te d c o m m u
n i ti e s e v e n i n ou r en ligh ten e d a e Th e di ff eren ce

g .
between th e feti chi s m o f th e Afric a n s a va g e th e m ed ,
i aeva l relic cu re a n d th e s o c a lle d Chri s ti a n S ci en ce o f

-
,
-
mo dern d a ys i s o n e o f d egree a n d n o t o f kin d I n .
th e in fa n cy o f civiliz a ti o n e v ery ma la dy w a s a ttrib

u ted to d em o n i a c a l p o s s e s s i on Th e J ew s were th e
.
firs t to d ete ct th e tru e n a ture o f di s e a s e a n d to rea liz e

th e n e c es s i ty f or th e emplo ymen t o f phys ic a l rem e di e s ,
where h ereto fo re through th e medium o f s p ells a n d

,
in c a n ta ti on s th e a i d o f th e s up ern a tura l a lo n e h a d
,
b een in vo ked By th e a do pti on a n d a ppl ic ati on o f

.
ra ti on a l p rin cipl e s th e y rev oluti o n iz e d th e th eo ry a n d

,
p ra ctice o f me dicin e Th ei r a ttempts to thu s p a rti ally

.
e m a n cip a te th e hum a n mi n d fro m th e d e g ra din g th ra l
d om o f s up ers titi on b ro ught up on th e m th e a n a th em a s

o f th e p ri es th oo d wh ere v er th es e i nn o v a ti on s w ere
a tte mp te d . Th e w on d er w o rk ers o f P a g a n temples

-
a n d th e m on ki s h cu s to di a n s o f Ch ri s ti an s h ri n es s a w
with di s ma y th eir i n c o mes d e crea s in g a s a c on s e qu en ce

o f th e s ucc e s s ful mi n i s tra ti o n s o f th e H e b rew p rae
titi o n er. I t w a s n ot with o ut re a s on th a t th e la tter

b e c a me a n Obj e ct o f cleri c al a n im a dvers i o n f o r th e ,
o ff eri n g s a n n u a lly b e s to w e d by g ra te ful c re dul i ty
up on th e cu s to di a n s o f s om e a p ocryph a l relic o f im
a g i n a ry vi rtu e s n ot i n fre qu en tly e xc ee d e d i n v a lu e th e
re v en u es o f a ci ty . Much o f th e prej udic e e verywhere

e xi s tin g a g a i n s t th e J ewi s h n a m e i s th u s a ttribu ta bl e to
s a c e rd o ta l m a l e v o l en c e o rigi n a lly exci te d by i n terf er

,
en c e with m a te ri a l i n te re s ts . B u t ev en i n a n a g e O f
ign oran c e h om a g e w a s p a id h o we ver re lucta n tly to
, ,
th e a s c en d en cy o f i n te ll e c tu a l p o wer ; a n d th e J ews
flou ri s h e d in c oun tri es wh ere th e la w s did n ot tolera te
th e i r p res en c e a n d s o v ereign s w ere pl e dg e d by th eir
c oron a ti on o a th s to th ei r d es truction P olitic a l n eces
.
s i ty p ro v e d s tron g er th a n p o pul a r O dium ; a n d th e
s tra n g e a n o m a ly o f a p ro s c rib e d ra c e wh o s e e xi s ten ce

,
w a s c on d emn ed by th e civil a n d e ccl es i a s tic a l co d es

a lik e fl ou ri s hi n g i n th e mid s t O f impl a c a bl e en emi es
,
w a s ex hibi te d i n ev ery c o u n try o f m edi aev a l Eu ro p e .
Thi s p e culi a r c on diti on w a s d u e to th e d omin atin g

fo rc e o f in tellect a lon e I t i s tru e th at tolera tion wa s
.
fre qu en tly purch a s e d with g old ; bu t th e J ews w ere

th e s ol e d e p os i ta ri es o f rea l k n o wl edg e a n d with out
,
th e i r wi s e a n d p ra c tic a l c o u n s els th e wh eel s o f g ov

e rn m en t c o uld n ot b e k e p t i n m oti on Thi s i n d i s p en
.
s a bl e n e c es s i ty o f m a in ta in i n g i n p o s iti o n s o f h on or
a n d p o w e r a cl a s s wh o s e n o mi n a l di s a biliti es d eg ra d ed
cu s to m s o f th e c oun try s h a v e d th e ir h ea d s ven era te d

, ,
th e im a g es o f th e K a a b a a n d m a d e th e ci rcuit o f th a t
,
s h rin e up on th ei r kn ees Th e id ea o f th e R e s u rrec

.
ti o n which with th a t o f th e T rin i ty f o rm e d n o p a rt

, , ,
o f th e p rimi tiv e b eli e f o f a n y S e mi tic ra c e b u t i s a ,
pu rely Ar ya n c on c e pti on th ey lea rn e d duri n g th e

,
la tter p a rt o f th e B a bylon i a n c a ptivi ty I ts a do pti on .
w a s f a r fro m un a n im o u s h o w ev er f or i t w a s a lwa ys
, ,
re pudi a te d by th e S a dduc ees re pu te d th e m o s t o rth o

,
d o x a n d p re ci s i a n s e ct o f th e H e b re w n a tio n Th ey .
s o ld th e i r child ren i n to s l a v e ry Th ei r p ers on a l h a bits

.
w ere i n de s crib a bly filthy I t w a s b e li ev e d by th e

.
Afric a n Ch ri s ti a n s th a t a pe culi a rly o ff en s ive o dor ,
a n e vid en c e o f D ivi n e w ra th p ro vo k e d by th e tra g e dy
o f th e c rucifixi o n , a n d wh ich c o uld o n ly b e re m o v e d
by b a pti s m e ma n a te d fro m th em H a tre d o f ev ery

,
.
thi n g n on J e wi s h w a s a rulin g p rin ciple O f th ei r

-
n a tu re a n d c o n duct a n d e ve ry c o u n try i n which th ey

,
were d omiciled th ey b etra ye d i n turn to th e in v a der , , .
Th e m ora l a n d phys ic a l c on diti on — th a t o f a ra ce

o f p a ri a h s in f e cte d wi th fo ul di s te mp ers — which ch a r
a cte ri ze d th e m i n a n ci en t tim es p res e n ts a s i n gul a r
c on tra s t to th a t un d er which th ey a ctu a lly exi s ted

s ub s e qu en tly an d
, u n d er which th ey exi s t to d a y -
.
Th ey were n ot a ff e cte d by th e grea t e pidemic s which

s w e p t with d ev a s ta ti n g f o rc e o v er Eu ro p e du ri n g th e
Middle Age s a lth ough the y were a s fully e xp os ed to

,
c on ta gi on a s a n y o f th e n a ti on s which w ere d ecimate d

by th em Th eir immu n ity to m a n y o f th e m o s t s eri ou s
.
a ilm en ts which a ffli c t m a n ki n d i s dem on s tra te d by

e ve ry ta bl e o f m e dic a l s ta ti s tic s Th ei r lon g evity u m .
,
qu e s ti on a bly d u e to a s tron g co n s tituti on i s p rov erbi a l , .
Th ei r a v era ge a nn u a l dea th ra te i n b oth Eu ro p e a n d

-
,
Am eric a i s les s th a n on e h a lf th a t o f p ers on s o f oth er

,
-
n a ti on a liti es s ub j e cte d to th e i n flu en c e o f s imil a r
con diti on s O f climate foo d a n d o ccup a ti on Th eir

, , .
free do m fro m crimin a lity a n d p a uperi s m i s on e o f

th ei r mo s t m a rka ble cha ra cteri s tic s Every l a wyer

re .
kn o ws h o w ra rely a J ew i s s een in c ou rts o f ju s tic e ,
ei th e r a s a li tig a n t a m a l e f a ctor o r a witn es s

, , .
Th e p ro p a g a ti o n a n d i mp ro v eme n t o f a p eo pl e
un d er ci rcum s ta n c es which in dic ate d th ei r s p eedy a n d
i n evi ta ble ex ti n c ti o n i s o n e o f th e mo s t cu riou s p ro b
lems i n th e a n n a l s o f ethn olo gy Not o n ly i s i t a n om .
a l o u s b u t i t i s a b s o lu te ly i n e xplic a bl e u n d e r a n y s c i en
,
ti fic a n d l ogic a l hyp oth e s i s which c a n n o w b e a d v a n c e d .
I t wo uld o rdin a rily b e c on c ed e d th a t a ra c e a ff e cte d

wi th c on gen ita l le pro s y wh o s e h a bits were un clea n ly
, ,
a n d wh o s e m e mb ers con s ta n tly in term a rri e d mus t ,
c erta i n ly p eri s h i n a f ew gen era ti on s I t would a ls o .
n o t b e d e n i e d th a t s uch a ra c e w o uld b e e s p e ci a lly
li a ble to vi s i ta ti o n s by epid e mic s a n d th a t its re duc ed

,
c a p a city f o r res i s ta n c e would in duce a n e xtra o rdin a ry

fa ta li ty N ot s o however with th e J ews Th ey grew
.
, , .
s tron g er by i n te rm a rri a g e Th ey threw o ff th e di s ea s e

.
which h a d on c e m a d e th em o dio u s i n th e s ight o f m en .
Th e pl a gue a n d th e typhus which d e s o l a te d th e h o m es

o f th e i r n e ighb o rs p as s e d th e m by They n o t on ly .
s urvi v e d b u t th ro ve u n d e r p e rs e cu ti o n which w ould

,
h a v e e xtermin a te d a n y o th er b ra n ch o f th e huma n
fa mily Th eir ten a city o f life th e p ers i s ten ce o f th e ir
.
,
i n s titu ti on s th e b oun dles s p o wer th ey wi eld i n th e

,
c omm erci a l wo rld th ei r vers a tility o f ch a ra cter th ei r

, ,
s ucc es s i n th e mos t di fficul t u n d erta ki n g s th ei r n a ,
ti on a l a n d religi o u s o rg a n iz a ti o n m a i n ta i n ed i n th e
fa c e o f a pp a lli n g o b s ta cles ten d to c o n firm th e a n
,
cien t tra diti on th a t they a re th e Cho s en P eo ple o f

G od .
Th e H e b rew w h a tever hi s c a p a city o r e xp eri en c e

, ,
w a s in th e ey e o f th e l a w immea s u ra bly i n fe ri o r to th e
mos t humble a n d ign o ra n t o f tho s e wh o ruled him H e .
p a id high er ta x es th a n a n y on e els e H i s tes timon y .
w a s n ot co mp eten t i n a co u rt o f j us tic e H e w a s ex .
clud ed fro m th e en j o ymen t o f o ffice I f, h a vin g b e .

co me a n a p o s tate through fo rc e o rpo licy h e a ddres s e d ,
a w ord to on e wh o w a s l o y a l to th e f a ith a n d tra di
ti on s o f hi s p eo pl e e v en th ough o f hi s o w n bl oo d h e
, ,
w a s c on d emn ed to Sl a v ery H e w a s n ot p ermitte d to

.
a b s ta i n fro m f o o d which h i s o rdi n a n c es d e cl a re d u n
clean Th e pra ctic e o f th e ri te o f ci rcumci s i on a rite

. ,
p ro n oun c e d by th e ra bbi mo re m erito ri ou s th a n a ll

oth ers a n d en j o i n e d by th e T a lmud b ro ugh t wi th i t
, ,
c on fis c atio n an d death Th e a n ci en t n a tio n a l re c ords

.
— th e b oo k s o f th e L a w th e ch ron icl es o f byg on e ,
dyn a s ti e s th e tre a ti s es o f H ebrew phys ici a n s a lrea dy

,
promin en t i n th e world o f s ci en c e— were diligen tly

s ough t f o r a n d d e s troy e d Ev ery e ff o rt w a s m a de to
.
s e p a ra te wiv e s fro m th ei r hu s b a n d s a n d s l a ve s fro m
th e i r m a s ters by th e e dic t th a t th e c ere m o n y o f b a p

,
ti s m wh en s o licite d by c o n s o rt o r b on d s m a n p ro duc e d
, , ,
a cc ordi n g to ci rcum s ta n c es ip s o fa cto div orc e or , ,
e m a n cip a ti on All J ews were en rol le d up on th e

.
public regi s ters a n d a t s ta te d tim es were mu s tered

,
by th e bi s h o p Th ey w ere a ls o re quire d to re port

.
to th e m a gi s tra te a t ev ery to wn th ey vi s ite d to be ,
e x a min e d a s to th ei r bu s i n es s a n d d es tin a tion Th e .
S e ven teen th C oun cil o f T o le do by a s we e pin g d ecree , ,
s e iz e d th e p ro p erty o f a ll th e J e w s i n th e kin gd om a n d
s en ten c e d i ts o w n ers with ou t e xc e pti on to a b s o lute

, ,
s e rvi tud e Th ey were a ccu s e d o f p ra ctices a like re

.
vol ti n g to hum a n i ty a n d s ubv ers ive o f m o ra l s — O f ,
po i s on in g th e s a cra men ta l ele m en ts o f th e to rtu re o f ,
children O f c rimes a g a in s t n a tu re o f c a n n ib a li s m
, ,
.
Th e e ccl es i a s tic a l d en un ci a ti on s o f o ff en c es c o n cern

i n g religi o n s uch a s th e bl a s ph e my o f im a g es a n d
,
re lic s th e ridicul e o f orth o d o x ten ets th e p ro mulg a

, ,
ti on o f th e d o ctri n es o f th e T a lmud a n d th e s o liciti n g ,
o f p ro s ely tes were n ot les s vi olen t th a n th o s e which

,
re p ro b a te d th e g re a tes t en ormi ti e s o f which hum a n
fra ilty i s s u s c e ptible Every ra n k o f s o ci ety vi ed with

.
th e oth ers in m a n if es ta ti on s o f h os tili ty to w a rd s th e

a s ti cs ofmin ent ta len ts a n d re puted s an ctity were

e
n ot a s h a m ed to a cc e p t h i s gifts an d i n return to , , ,
s ecretly a n d e ff e c tu a lly p rote ct h i s p ers on a n d h i s i n
teres ts No eff o rts were s p a re d to imp res s th e s over

.
ei g n wi th th e e x ten t o f h i s a tta in m en ts a n d th e v a lu e
o f h is s ervic es Th e p e o ple d es pi te th ei r p rej u di c es

.
, ,
looke d with a w e a n d re s p e ct up on th e m emb ers o f a

ra c e wh o h a d vi s ite d l a n ds wh os e v ery n a m es w ere
un kn o wn to th em w h o con v ers e d flu en tly in s tra n ge

,
a n d g uttura l ton gu e s a n d w h o s p rea d b e fo re th eir

,
won derin g an d d e lighte d ey es preci ou s a rticles o f

m erch an di s e o f whos e e xi s ten ce th ey h ad hitherto re
ma in e d in ign ora n c e .
Un der s uch circum s ta n ces h ow ev er d i s a d v an ta ,
e ou s t h e J ews s c a ttere d th ro ugh out th e c oun tri es

g , ,
Of Euro p e m a in ta in e d fro m c en tu ry to cen tury the

,
i n te g rity o f th ei r s o ci a l a n d religiou s org a n iz ati on .
Th eir i s ola ti on w a s in m a n y res p e cts pro duc tive o f

p ers on a l s a fety an d fin a n ci a l b en e fit Ex emp ted by .
th ei r civil di s a bili ti es fro m e xp o s u re to th e d a n g ers o f

revo luti on th e y es c a p e d th e p en a l ti e s o f u n s ucc es s ful
,
tre a s on a n d p ro fite d by th e n e c e s s i tie s o f ev ery f ac

ti on . Th ey a lon e o f a l l cla s s es fl o u ri s h e d a mids t th e
p eril s o f i ntern a l di s o rd er By th e l ibera l an d j u di
.
cion s employmen t o f mon ey th ey s e cured th e fa vor ,
o f th e p a rty f or th e m o m en t in p o w er M ea n while .
th e c o mm erc e o f e v ery c o u n try w a s a lm o s t e xclu

s i vel y u n d er th e ir c on tro l N o co mp etition o f a ny
.
,
imp orta n c e interp os e d to dimin i s h th e ir en ormous

,
p ro fits There w as n ot a city s ca rc ely a h a mlet wh ere

.
, ,
th e H eb rew w as n ot s ure o f s ymp a thy a n d a s s i s tan c e

from hi s c oun trymen Wi th th em h is g oo d s were
.
s ecu re Th ey a ff ord e d him va lu a bl e i n form ati on

. .
Th eir exp eri en c e en able d him to o bta in th e highes t

p ric es f or h i s wa res a n d th e s ec ret in tellig en c e a t th eir
,
dis p o s a l g a ve him timely w a rn in g o f th e p res en ce of

d an ger an d fa cili ta te d h i s e s ca p e H i s c os m o p oli tan .
h a bits preven te d n a ti on a l a ffili a tion s a n d p ermitte d ,
him to imm edi a tely ch a n g e h i s res id en c e wh en ever i t

w a s re qui re d by p ers on a l c on s id era ti o n s o r c o mm erci a l
in teres ts H e b o ught a mb er o n th e B a ltic H e s o ld
. .
s l a ve s i n C on s ta n tin o pl e H e exch a n g e d th e c om
.
m o d i ti es o f S p a i n f or th e furs o f Ru s s i a a n d th e
p ea rls a n d i n cen s e o f Yemen I n F ra n c e h e fou n d
.
a p ro fita bl e m a rk et f o r j e we l s s pic e s a n d c o chi n e a l

, , .
H i s in tim a te a n d exten s ive rel a ti on s with th e g re a t

emp orium s o f th e O ri en t were o n e o f th e m os t im
portan t fa ctors o f h i s s ucc es s I n th a t qu a rter o f

.
th e wo rld en j o yin g th e p rote c ti on a n d c on fid en c e o f

,
th e rul ers o f P ers i a B a bylon i a S yri a a n d Egypt

, , , ,
were to b e foun d th e mo s t p o werful an d wea lthy co m

m u n i ti e s o f th e H eb re w n a ti on Th e o mn ipre s en t
.
J ew h a d e s ta bli s h e d a ch a i n o f tra din g s ta ti on s a cro s s

e ve ry c on tin en t a n d ev en f a r b e yon d th e m o s t di s ta n t
,
limi ts o f civiliz a ti o n Thi s immen s e a dv a n ta ge w a s

.
hi s a lo n e ; n o c o mp e tito r p o s s es s e d or c o uld ever h o p e,
to Obta i n s uch e xtra o rdin a ry m erc a n tile fa cili ti es

, .
F ro m th e d e pth s o f th e mys teri ou s E a s t ca m e th e ra re

products which comma n d e d f a bulou s pric es i n th e
Eu ro p ea n ca pita ls — co s tly ti s s u es gems dyes a ro
, , , ,
ma ti es p orc ela in —a rticl es which o ften brought f a r

, ,
.
more th an th ei r we ight i n go ld Th e m on o p oly en .
j oy ed by th e s hrewd imp orters en a bl ed th em to re ceive

f or th eir co mmo diti e s s um s which f a r e xcee d e d th e ir
in tri n s ic va lu e an d pla c e d them b eyon d th e rea ch o f
,
an
y exc e pti n g th e mo s t O pul en t .
B u t th e en terpri s e o f th e J ew w a s n o t c on fin e d to
th e imp orta ti on a n d di s tributi o n o f luxu ri e s He .
furn i s h ed s o ci ety wi th every s pe ci es o f m erch a n dis e ,
from th e cro wn o f th e mon a rch to th e s a n d a ls o f th e

be gg a r Th e l a w forba d e him to b e s ea ted by a n
.
e ccl e s i a s tic wi th o ut th e l a tter s i n vita ti on b u t th e

’
bi s h o p w a s c omp elled to pu rch a s e o f him th e s a c er

dota l ves tm en ts in which hi s ra c e w as an a thema tiz e d ;
an d th e c d fu rn iture o f th e a ltar in clu di n g ev en

s a re ,
th e c rucifix th e Sig n ific a n t embl em o f th e P a s s i on w a s

, ,
s old to th e c ath e d ra l ch a pter by th e d es c en d a nts o f
tho s e wh o h a d en a cte d th e tra g e dy o f G o lg oth a an d ,
h a d tra ffick ed in th e b o dy a n d bl oo d o f ou r S a vi our .
Th e J ews o f P ro v en c e p a id th eir tribute to th e C h urch

i n wa x a n d p rovid e d th e ta p ers u s e d in th e c erem on i es
,
o f g rea t religi ou s f e s tiva ls Th e ves s el s d es tin e d f or

.
th e c el ebrati on o f th e ma s s were frequ en tly di s p os ed

o f to J e wi s h merch a n ts by di s h on es t c us to dia ns ;
an d thi s s a crile gi o u s tra d e b e c a m e a t on e time s o
n otori ou s a n d s h a m e l e s s in F ra n c e a s to c all f orth th e
i n dign an t den un ci a ti o n o f th e H oly S ee Th e p a .
i n g o f o bj ects c on s e cra te d to Ch ri s ti an wors hip f or

loan s os ten s ibly c on tra cte d f o r th e b en efit o f th e
C hurch w a s on e o f th e m o s t fl a grant a bu s es o f eccl e
s i as ti c al a u th ority i n m ed i wv a l tim e s Th e s e pledges
.
,
o ften f orf eited b ec a me th e p ro p erty o f th e len der

, ,
a n d th e cl ergy w ere c on s ta n tly s ub j e c te d to th e s c a n d al
a ri s in g fro m th e i r exp os ure f o r s a l e i n th e s ho p s a n d
pub lic m ark ets I t w a s n o un u s u a l circums tan ce in

.
th os e d a y s f or th e g rea ter p a rt o f th e s a cre d p l ate o f

a n en ti re di o c es e to b e temp o ra rily i n th e h an d s o f
J ewi s h u s urers I t w a s moreo ver a m atter o f com

.
, ,
mon n otori ety th a t th e fa mili es O f w ea lthy J ewi s h

brok ers d aily dra nk fro m go lden cha lic es in which once
h a d b een o ff ered th e h o ly s a cra me n ta l win e o f th e
mas s .
Th e c on fiden ce re p o s e d by a l l cla s s es i n th e H e
brews des pi te th e un i vers a l a n d i n era dic a ble p rej u
,
dic e en terta in ed a g a in s t th eir n a ti on a li ty a ff ords n u ,
d en i a bl e p roo f o f th ei r i n tegri ty Thei r fin an ci al

.
c a p a city an d exp eri en c e p ro cu re d f o r th em th e office

o f re c e iv er o f roy a l ta x es i n c o un tri es wh ere pu b li c
s en tim en t w as a b s o lu te ly o pp o s e d to th eir to l era ti on .
T h eir fitn es s f or thi s imp orta n t a n d res p on s i ble p os t

w a s emph a s i z ed n ot on ly by th e ir a b i l iti es but b y th e ,
guida n c e an d th e evil in flu en c e o f th e Church w as

,
e very wh ere s ig n ific a n tly di s cl os e d by th e c ro wd s o f
s tupid a n d f a n a tic a l d ev o tees w h o li s ten e d with a w e
a n d ra p ture to th e i n c o h eren t h a ra n gu e s o f m o n ki s h
z ea lots or b o we d up on th e i r fa c es gro v elle d i n th e

, , ,
mire be fore th e ido la trou s Shrin e o f s o me s pu ri ou s

s a in t .
I n th e mid s t o f th e d a rk n es s which o b s cu re d th e
fa c e o f th e me diae v a l wo rld H ebrew lea rn in g emitted
,
a s m a ll b u t b rilli a n t ra y o f light P ri e s tly tyra nny

.
a n d p o pul a r O diu m p re v en te d th e re g en e ra ti on o f th e
ma s s e s wh ich un der di ff eren t a u s pic es might rea dily

, , ,
h a ve b een a cc o mpli s h e d Th e eruditi o n o f th e e a rly

.
ra bbi s re m a rk a bl e e v en a t th e p res e n t tim e w a s

,
in , ,
th e a g e i n which th ey fl o u ri s h e d a b s o lu te ly p h en om e
,
n al. Th eir s up eri o r in tellig en c e a n d e xten s iv e ac

qu i rem en ts c a u s e d th em to b e un iv ers a lly b ra n d e d a s
wiz a rds an d en ch a n ters M en s hunn e d a ll i n terc ours e
.
with th em a n d even fea re d to en c oun ter th e m up on

,
th e highw a ys No greater tribu te c ould b e p a id to

.
th ei r kn o wl e dg e a n d a bili ty th a n th e e c cl e s i a s tic a l d e
crees l au n ch e d a g a in s t th e J ews a t th e v ery time when
th ei r ta l en ts w ere emplo ye d i n di re c ti n g th e fin a n ci a l
a ff a i rs o f th e Chu rch I n s pite o f h i s i n dis p en s a ble
.
us e fuln es s to go vern m en t a n d s o ci ety th e p ro s cribed ,
H ebrew w a s a lwa ys un d er th e b a n o f th e l a w a n d
live d in a s ta te o f c on s ta n t a pp reh en s i o n P rin c es .
cla ime d a n d e x erci s e d th e p rivile ge o f a b s olu te o wn er

s hip o f a l l th e J e w s a n d th e i r p ro p erty i n th e i r d o /
min i o n s Even s uch a n e n lighten e d s o vereign a s th e

.
Emp eror F re d erick II publi s h e d a s wee pin g e dict

.
re ducin g th e J ew s o f hi s re a hn s to s ervi tud e and ,
de cl a rin g th e ir wea lth fo rfe ite d to th e s ta te I n E n g .
l an d n ea r th e en d o f th e thirteen th c en tu ry e very
, ,
J ew i n th e kin gd o m w a s a rre s ted a n d h e ld i n du ra n ce

un til a ran s o m o f twelve th ou s a n d p o un d s h a d been
e xtorte d Three yea rs a fterwa rd s a l l th e i r pro p erty
.
w a s ta ken , th ey
were exp elle d fro m th e c oun try
and .
Th e bi s h o p o f ten re c e iv e d a s a tok en o f roy a l es te em

, ,
th e p res en t o f th e J ews o f h i s di o c es e Thi s s in gul a r .
prero ga tive which w a s n eith er ba s e d up on p res criptive

,
cus to m former en s la v emen t n or a n y cla im e xce ptin g

, ,
th a t O f fo rc e w a s firs t e x erte d i n F ra n c e ; a n d th e
,
en orm o u s p ro fits re s ultin g fro m i ts a pplic a ti on l e d to
its g en era l a do p tio n by a ll th e Chri s ti a n s o v ere ign s o f

Euro p e Th e J ew by th e s trin g en t re s tricti on s o f
.
,
s a va g e la w s w a s d eg ra d ed b elo w th e l ev el o f h u
,
ma n ity Th e o wn er o f a b ea s t w a s e n ti tle d to fixe d

.
le ga l c o mp en s a ti on f or its dea th bu t n o p en a lty w a s ,
e n a cte d a n d n o d a m a g e s c ould b e cl a im e d f or th e
mu rder o f a J ew If m a ltrea ted n o evid en ce c ould

.
,
b e re c e iv e d a g a i n s t h i s a s s a il a n t Th e J ew s o f Tou .
lou s e w h o tra diti on decla red h a d s u rren dere d th e

, , ,
city to th e M oors were c on d emn e d e a ch yea r on th a t

,
a n n ive rs a ry to fu rn i s h on e o f th e i r n umb er to re c e ive
a b o x on th e ca r a t th e c a th e dra l d o o r On e o f th e .
Oldes t a n d mo s t res p ecta ble o f th e c ommun ity w a s

a lw a y s s el e cted ; th e bl o w w as u s u a lly giv en wi th a
ma ile d h a n d a n d th e victim n ot i n fre qu en tly di e d

,
from th e e ff e cts o f it Du rin g P a s s i on We ek th e .

,
a c ti v e p e rs e cuti o n o f th e a ccu rs ed s e ct w a s c o n s ide re d
s o m e rito ri o u s as to b e a lm o s t e qui v a l en t to th e
p er
f orma n c e O f a religi ou s duty A t th a t time n o H e
.
brew c ould a pp ea r in th e s tre et wi tho ut en d a n gerin g

hi s li fe On G oo d F rid a y in th e y ea r 1 01 6 a n e a rth
.
, ,
qua ke des tro ye d m a n y O f th e ho us es i n R ome P o p e .
B en e dict VIII h a vin g le a rn ed tha t a t th e time o f i ts

.
,
o ccu rren c e th e J e ws w e re w o rs hippi n g i n th ei r s yn a
go gue a n d a ttributin g th e c a ta s tro ph e to th ei r in fl u

,
en c e c a u s e d a g rea t n umb e r to b e m a s s a c re d
, A t a ll .
times th ey were e xp os e d to th e c on tum ely o f a dults

a n d th e p etty p ers e cuti on s o f childre n Th e i s ol a te d .
qu a rter in e very co mmun ity to which their res id en ce ,
w a s res tricte d a n d s e p a ra ted from th e dwellin g s o f

,
ort o h d o x C h ri s ti an s to p rev en t c on tam in ation i s to ,
d a y i n n ea rly a ll th e citi es o f E uro p e s till k no wn by

, ,
i ts on c e di s tin ctive n a me ; a l th o ugh in m os t in s tan c es , ,
i ts J e wi s h p o p ul a ti on h a s dis a pp ea re d I t w a s a ls o a .
comm on p a s tim e o f th e mob to s ton e th e h ou s es o f

th e J ews a n d as th e la tter were n ot p ermi tte d to d e
, ,
fen d th ems elves all la rge to wn s res oun ded with tu

,
mul t a n d di s order durin g th e c elebra ti on o f th e m o s t

s a cre d f es tiv a l o f C h ri s ten do m U p on every o cc as i on
.
,
th es e un f ortun a tes w ere pu rs u e d a n d b a i ted li k e wild

a n im a l s ; a lw a ys wi th th e ta cit c onn iv a n c e o f ten wi th ,
th e o p en e n c o ura g e m en t o f th e a u th oriti es
, Th eir .
in tim a te rela ti on s with th e c oun tri es o f th e E a s t

O ff ere d s ubs tan ti a l groun ds f o r th e b eli e f th a t they
in tro duce d lepro s y in to F ra n ce S p ain a n d E n glan d
, , ,
— a di s ea s e wh os e g en era l di s s emin a ti on h a s ordin a ril y

b een cre dite d to th e C ru s a d es b ut wh os e exi s ten ce in
,
F ra n c e a s ea rly as th e s ixth c en tury mu s t b e a ttrib

u ted to s o m e an teri or a g en cy Th e un doubte d Ori
.
en ta l o rigin o f thi s m a l a dy p oi n te d s tro n gly to th e
itin era nt J ewi s h m erch a n ts a s res p on s i b le f or i ts ap

p ea ra n ce i n W e s tern Euro p e ; while i ts loa th s om e a n d
i n cura ble ch a ra cter ten d e d to in creas e th e p o pul ar
Odi u m with whi ch thos e s u s p e cted o f in fe ctin g a p or
ti o n o f th e hum an ra c e hith erto e x em p t fro m thi s
a fflic ti o n w ere un ivers a lly re g a rd ed .
Every pre c a uti on which c ould h a ve a ten den cy to

m a in ta in th e s oci a l a n d d om es tic os tra ci s m th a t p Op u
l a r in to l eran ce h a d pl a c e d up on th e J ew w as en forced
by civil an d ec cles i a s tic a l a uth ori ty H e coul d n ot .
leg all y m arry a C hris ti a n in h eri t rea l pro p erty h old

, ,
s l a v es . I n roya l don a ti on s wh ere witho ut w a rra n t o f

, ,
right o r p reten c e o f a n ci en t cu s to m h e w a s d e rive d

p ,
o f hi s li b erty a n d h i s p o s s es s i o n s hi s p ers on wa s th ere

,
a fter a tta ch ed to th e gl eb e H e w a s forb idden th e

.
e x erci s e o f m a n y o f th e m o s t p ro fita b l e m ech a n ic a l
a rts in which h e e xcell ed . C hri s ti an s c oul d n ot eat

ti on of myth s e xta n t d es crib es th e ir migra ti on s Th ey .
were n um erou s i n Chi n a du ri n g th e third c en tu ry

b e fore Ch ri s t P ro foun d ly s up ers titi o u s implicit b e
. ,
l i ev ers in o m en s ido l a ters while p ro fes s in g m o n o

,
th ei s m th e f a cile dup e s o f wiz a rd s a n d m a gici a n s

, ,
th e s impl es t ph en o men a o f n a tu re w ere a lwa y s i n ,
th e i r e ye s in v es te d wi th a mys teri ou s o r a n a s tro lo gi ca l

,
s ign ific a n c e Even th e ir divi s i on in to trib es h as b een

.
tra c e d by D o zy to a c a b a li s ti c a s s o ci a ti o n wi th th e
twelv e s ign s o f th e z o di a c .
Th e I s ra elites a re fi rs t n o tic e d i n hi s to ry a s a h ord e

o f v a g a b on d h e rd s m en i n M es o p ota mi a O ppre s s ed .
by p o werful n e ighb ors re p ea tedly en s la v e d a n d re

, ,
d u ced to th o s e d e p th s o f m o ra l d e g ra d a ti on in cid en t
o n ly to l o n g c on ti n u e d s e rv i tud e th ey s till s ucc ee d e d
-
,
i n p res erv i n g in vi o l a te th e p rin ciples o f th e i r religi ou s

a n d s o ci a l o rg a n iz a ti on Th ey were a lmo s t u n iver
.
s a lly c on s ide re d a s o u tc a s ts with wh o m i t w a s c o n ta mi

,
n a ti on to a s s o ci a te B u t i n a ll th e i r a dv ers ity th eir

.
p e culi a r th eo cra tic be li e f c o n firm ed th ei r res oluti on

a n d s u s ta i n e d th ei r h o p e s Th ey w ere th e Cho s en
.
P eo pl e o f G o d H i s S pirit w a s ev er wi th th em
.
,
s p ea ki n g th ro ugh th e vo ic e s o f th e i r tea ch e rs direct ,
i n g th e c o u n cils o f th ei r rul ers illumi n a tin g th e H oly ,
o f H o li es o f th e T a b e rn a cl e h o v e ri n g a b o u t th e A rk
,
wi th its go ld en ch erubim Th e y h a d th e Divin e a s s ur

.
a n c e th a t on e d a y th ei r tro ubl es w o uld en d th a t th e ,
s c a tte re d m e mb e rs o f th e i r ra c e w o uld b e a g a i n u n ite d ,
th a t th ey wo uld i n h eri t th e kin gd om s a n d p o s s e s s th e

rich es o f th e ea rth Th ei r a rro ga n t e xclu s i v en es s w a s
.
u n c on s ci ou s ly b u t n on e th e l es s dilig en tly fo s tered

, ,
by th e p rej udice s a n d re gula ti on s o f th e c oun tri es

within wh o s e b ord ers th ey fix e d th eir res id en c e I n .
e a ch city th ey w e re c o n fin e d to a c erta i n qu a rter ,
wi thin wh o s e p re cin cts Chri s ti a n m en were li ttle d i s

p os e d a n d Chri s ti a n w o m en a b s o lu tely fo rbidd en to
, ,
en ter . Th e u s e o f a di s ti n ctiv e c o s tum e p o pul a rly ,

reg a rd e d as ab a dg e o f ign omin y wa s imp os e d up on

,
th em Th ey were n o t a llowe d to ma rry outs ide their

.
s ec t
. Th e min ute a n d in n umera ble res tricti on s o f
H in du ca s te were n o t mo re rigid o r vexati ou s than
th os e ordin a n c es which regul a te d th e i n terc ou rs e o f
J ew a n d Chri s ti a n durin g th e Middle Ag es Th e en .
forcem en t o f th es e s o ci a l di s ti n cti on s as well a s th e

,
in ex ora ble re quiremen ts o f th e la ws in crea s e d th e i s o

,
lati on o f th e J ews i n e very c ommun ity I n thi s ma n .
n er th e i r un ity w a s p re s e rv e d a n d th e extrao rd in ary

,
vita lity which cha ra cteriz e d th eir exi s ten ce i n al l its

pha s es w a s promote d .
I n n o p a rt o f Euro pe h a d th eir in flu en ce exhibited

s uch co n s tan t m a rk e d a n d p erm a n en t e ff e cts a s in
, ,
th e S p a n i s h P en in s ul a On i ts c o a s t with which
.
,
th ei r a n c es tors h a d l on g b een f a mili a r a n d wh ere ,
a rch a ol og i ca l re s ea rch h a s pl a c e d th e T a rs hi s h o f
H oly Writ th e es ta bli s hmen t o f th e H ebrew i s o f

,
s uch high a n tiqui ty th a t hi s to ry h a s f a il ed to rec ord
it ; a n d i t m a y n ot un rea s o n a bly b e as s um ed th a t i t
a n te d a ted th e Ch ri s ti a n era by a t l ea s t a th ou s a n d
years Th e tu rbul en t a n d p erfid i ou s ch a ra cter o f th e

.
H ebrew s ecta ri es c a u s e d th em to b e rega rde d with

a pp reh en s i on by th e R o ma n s .I n th e tim e o f H a
dri an th e ir ol d a n d po werful fa milies were d i s trib
,
u ted a s a m eas ure o f public s a fety a m on g th e mo s t

, ,
widely s e pa ra te d pro vi n ces o f th e empire Th e fa ct i s .
well a s c erta in e d th a t th e S p a n i s h J ews were rich a n d

n um e ro u s i n th e fifth c en tury a n d th en p ra c tic a lly
,
con tro lled th e c omm erc e a n d th e fin a n ci a l res ou rces Of

th e co un try . Even a t th at e a rly p eri od th ey w ere
ren own e d f o r th ei r i n tell e ctu a l a cc o mpli s hm en ts th ei r ,
ex ten s ive litera tu re th e i r d e xterity i n th e m e ch a n ic a l

,
em pl oym en ts th e a s s idui ty wi th which th ey pu rs ue d

,
th e mos t a b s tru s e b ra n ch es o f s ci en c e a n d th ei r p ro
,
fici en cy i n thos e p ra ctica l a rts which ten d to th e ame

li ora ti on o f th e co n diti on o f th e hum a n ra ce a nd th e
p rolon g a ti on o f th e term o f h um an life A s h a s b een .
m en ti on e d in a p revi ou s ch a pter a lth o ugh o cc a s i on

,
a lly pu rs u e d by ro y a l a v a ric e a n d cl eric a l a n im o s i ty ,
th e J ew s did n ot e xp eri en c e i n S p a i n th e full e ff e cts

o f th a t h a tre d which s ee m e d to b e th e i r unh a ppy birth
right u n til th e a cc es s i on O f R ec c a red th e firs t orth o d o x

‘
s o v ere ig n O f th e Vi s ig othic dyn a s ty F ro m th e latter

.
p a rt o f th e s ixth c en tury th e m a lic e a ccumul ate d i n

,
th e chu rch a n d th e cl o i s ter th rough a g e s o f a ltern a te

res tra in t a n d fo rb ea ra n c e w a s u nm e rcifully wrea k ed
upon th em Th e Vi s igothic C o de i s la rg ely ta ken u p

.
wi th th e s ta tem en t o f th ei r di s a biliti es th e den un ,
c i a ti on o f th ei r cu s to m s , th e en um era ti on o f th e i r
o ff e n c e s
, a n d th e d es c rip ti o n o f th e p en a lti es to b e
in flicte d by th e a ven gi n g m a gi s tra te Th e p a tern al .
ch a ra cter o f th e e ccle s i a s tic a l legi s la ti on th en a n d ,
lon g a fterwa rd s in th e a s c en d a n t i n th e C oun cils ,
s c ru ti n iz e d with j e a l o u s vigil a n c e n o t o n ly th e publi c
a cti on s o f th e o ff en s ive s e c ta ri es ,b u t in v a d e d with

bruta l vi ol en ce th e s a cre d p riv a cy o f d o me s tic life .
Th e c e l eb ra ti on o f a ll n a ti on a l religi o u s fe s tiv a ls w as
p rohibite d A J ew c ould n ot b e a wi tn es s a g a in s t a
.
Chri s ti a n ; i n term a rri a ge o f th e tw o ra c es w a s d e cl ared

n ull a n d v o id a n d a l l i s s u e o f s uch u ni o n s w e re s ub j e ct
,
to s eizu re by th e cl ergy to b e rea re d a n d e duc a te d

,
i n m o n as tic i n s tituti o n s ; circumci s i o n w as d e cl a red

ille ga l ; a n d th e gro te s qu e c ru elty o f th e l a w which
en f o rc e d th e u s e o f p o rk a s f oo d vi o l a te d with out
c au s e o r excu s e a ra tion a l p rej udic e o f th e J ew ,
e s ta bli s h e d by Divin e c omm a n d a n d c on firm e d by th e
un broken p ra ctic e o f c oun tles s gen era ti o n s o f h i s kin s

m en . Th e o b s erv a n ce o f th es e s a v a g e a n d u n re a s on
a bl e re gul a ti on s w a s en fo rc e d by p en a l ti e s O f c orre
s p on d i n g s e v e ri ty. Th e culp ri t w a s u s u a lly bu rne d

a liv e ; i n c a s es wh ere i t s eem e d th a t l en i en cy migh t b e
p ro p erly ex erci s ed h e w a s s ton e d to d ea th Th e c on

, .
s ta n t a n d s y s tem a tic evas i on o f th e s e l a w s which e ven ,

from C entral Ara bi a to th e we s tern extremity of the

A fric an con tin en t B e fo re i ts i rres i s tib l e force th e
. ,
a c tivi ty o f th e B erb er s a va g e a n d th e di s c ip l i ne o f th e
Rom an veteran h a d a like b een humbled i n th e du s t .
Th e da n g erou s p ro ximity o f th e M os lem o utp o s ts at

th e s ou th h a d m ore th a n on c e a rou s ed th e a p p reh en
s i on s o f th e p roud a n d lux uri o u s s o v erei gn s o f S p a in .
B u t th eir eff orts h a d b e en dire cte d rath er to th e in

d ul g en ce o f their p a s s ion s a n d th e e xtirp ati on of
h eres y th an to th e fortifica tion o f th e fron tiers o f th e
kin gdo m a ga in s t th e a mbitio n o f a n un kn own and
un derrated f oe Th e J e ws ho we ver fully reali zed
.
, ,
th e g ra vi ty o f th e s itu a ti o n a n d were o n ly too wi lli n g

,
to p romote th e d es ign s o f a n en emy wh os e s u cc es s ,
th ey w ere c on vi n c ed w ou ld e n u re to th ei r ow n a d van
,
ta g e an d s ecurity . N um erou s c on s iderati on s o f p ro

fou n d s ign ific an c e imp ell e d th em to th i s c ours e T h ey.
th em s elv es an d th e Ara bs w ere d eriv e d from a com

mon origin . B oth s p ra n g from th e s am e bran ch of
th e g re at h um an fa mily .M a n y o f th eir cus tom s were
identic al ; th eir tra diti on s d en o te a s imila r s ource ; their
lan gu a g es va ry b ut little in c on s tructi on an d p romun
ci a ti on a n d h a v e b e en s o s li ghtly m o difi e d b y th e vici s
,
s i tu d es o f c en tu ri es th a t th e H e b re w ra b b i a n d the
B e doui n s h eik of tod a y c a n rea di ly comm u nicate with

ea ch oth er b y m ea n s o f the ir res p e ctive idi oms . B oth
n a ti ons h a d f or c en tu ri e s b een a ccu s to me d to a p a s tora l
li fe on th e va s t pl a in s o f As i a where th e il li mi ta ble
,
mon oton y o f th e la n ds ca p e th e un broken s tillnes s of

,
imm ens e s oli tudes th e m a gn ific en t s p e cta cle of th e

,
un clouded h ea ven s glo wi n g w i th th e m os t g org eous

con s tellati on s o f th e firma men t h a ve al ways im pres s ed
,
up on th e n ati on s s ubj e ct to th e s e p oten t and omn i

pres ent in fluen ces th e c on viction o f th e un ity o f G od .
Th e c ara va n s th at i s s u e d fro m th e D es ert exch an ged

th e p re ci ou s c omm o diti es o f th a t re gi on f or th e wares
manufactured an d imp orted by th e H eb rews o f Al ex
an dri a D a ma s cu s a n d An ti o ch Al th ough i n th e
, ,
.
ea rly a g e s o f I s l a m th e J e ws w ere o ften h a rs hly
trea ted th e Ara b s were quick to p erc eiv e th e a d v a n

,
ta g es to b e ob ta in e d fro m th ei r c o mmerci a l e xp eri en c e

a n d li tera ry k n owl e dg e A s H eb rew en terp ri s e w a s
.
in s trum en ta l i n O p en in g to th e world th e lucra tive a n d

im p ortan t tra d e o f th e Ara bi an P en in s ula s o H ebrew ,
g en iu s di s clos ed to th e des cen d an ts o f I s hma el th e

c a pa city o f their own to n gu e which u n til th en h a d ,
fo un d n o p erma n en t mo de o f expres s ion Th e firs t .
b ook which a ppe ared in th e Ara bic lan gu a ge w as

written by J a v a i ch a S yri a n J ew I t w a s th e tra n s
, .
lati on o f a medica l work by a fa mou s pra ctiti on er o f

Al ex an dri a a n d th e p ra ctic a l ch ara cter o f th e s ub j e ct
,
n ot o n ly i n dic a te s th e s erio u s n a ture o f e a rly H eb re w
res ea rch b u t a l s o b e c ome s a ma tter o f curi ou s S i g n i fi

,
c an ce when th e s ub s equen t in teres t an d pro ficien cy o f

Ara b s cho l a rs i n everythin g c on c ern in g th e s ci en tific
a cqui rem en ts o f th a t p ro f es s i on a re c o n s ide re d .
Th e im pul s e thu s e a rly ex e rte d by J ewi s h culture

upon th e Ar ab in telle ct w a s e ven tu a lly pro ductiv e o f
th e m os t e xtra o rdi n a ry res ults Th e s ch o la rs s oon
.
s urp a s s e d th ei r in s tru cto rs i n th e ex ten t a n d p ro
f un d ity o f th eir kn o wl e dg e Th e Ara b min d a s s imi

.
late d with won derful e a s e a n d i n s ati a ble a vidity th e

, ,
u s e ful a n d va lu a ble in fo rmati on a ff orde d i t while i ts ,
critic a l fa culty en a ble d it to re j ect wh a t i t in tuitively

perceived to b e s puriou s I n a ll th e c oun tries s ubj e ct
.
to th e Kh a lifa te s o f M e cca a n d D a ma s cu s th e H e ,
brew o p en ed to th e M o s lem con qu eror th e a ven u es o f

li terature a n d s ci en c e H e w a s tre ate d by th e M oha m
.
med a n p rin c es with f ar more con s idera ti on a n d j u s tic e

th a n h e h a d eve r exp eri en c e d u n d er P a g a n o r Ch ri s
ti a n d o min a ti on H i s s yn a g o gues were e recte d in th e
.
s h a d o w O f M os l em min a rets H i s a c a demi es b e ca me

.
fa mou s a s c en tres o f l earni n g Th e works o f Greci a n

.
philo s o phers th e fra gmen ta ry treas ures o f Al exan

,
dri a n udi ti on were through h i s e ff o rts ma de fa mil

er , , ,
i a r to th e s tudio u s o f th e g rea t M o h a mm e d a n c a pita ls .
I n th e di s tribu ti on o f litera ry p a tron a g e th e J ews

were th e mo s t di s ti n gui s h e d re cipi en ts o f ro ya l m un i fi
c en c e I n pro p orti on to th e emi n en c e th ey a tta i n ed in
.
th e p ro vin c e o f letters th ei r p o li tic a l p o wer a n d fin an

,
c i a l p ros p erity i n c re a se d Th ey en j oy e d th e fa mi li ar
.
c on fid en ce O f th e mon a rch wh en h i s fa v o rite c o ,
c il l o rs d a re d n o t v en tu re wi th o u t a s umm on s i n to h i s
p res en c e Th ey a m a s s e d g rea t fo rtun e s in th e va ri ou s

.
bra n ch es o f tra de a n d in du s try Th ei r m erc an tile .
o ccup a ti on s b ro ugh t th em fre qu en tly i n c on ta ct with
th eir fe llo w s e cta ri es w h o i n oth er p a rts o f th e world

-
, , ,
m a in ta in e d un der th e weighty s c e p tre o f cru el a nd

bigote d s overe ign s a n e xi s ten ce fra ught wi th d a n ger
a n d h a rd s hip .
Th es e fa cts were w ell kn o wn to th e S p a n i s h J ews

wh o h a d a mid s t th e multipli e d c a ta s tro ph e s a fflictin g
,
th e i r ra c e s u rviv e d th e e ff e c ts o f Vi s igothic tyra n n y

,
.
N o twi th s ta n din g th e s ucc es s ive p ers e cuti on s o f which

th e y h a d b een th e o b j ect th ey w ere s till n um erou s in ,
th e P en i n s ul a Th e phen o m en a l vita lity o f a p eo ple

.
which fro m tim e imm em ori a l h a s pres erve d its in teg

, ,
rity u n d er th e m o s t a dv ers e c on di ti on s e n a bl e d i t to ,
de fy th e m a lic e o f c ourts a n d th e e dicts o f c ou n cils

wh os e o ffic e a n d p a s time w a s th e pitiles s e xtirp a ti on
O f h eres y Th e J ews fl ou ri s h e d i n d e fia n c e o f bloo d
.
thi rs ty l a w s I n m a n y wa y s th ey ev a d e d th e e ff e cts
.
o f p ro s c rip ti on Th ou s an d s a p o s tatiz ed Multitudes

. .
s e c re tly pu rch a s ed im mu n ity by m ea n s o f th e a rts o f
c o rrupti on O f th o s e w h o h a d gon e i n to exile the

.
,
m a j ority quickly retu rn e d a n d to o k up th ei r res iden ce

i n oth er p rovi n c es wh ere u nkn o wn to th e p o pula c e
, , ,
a n d o ften with th e v en a l c on n iv a n ce o f civil o ffici a l s
a n d p rel a te s th ey w ere p ermi tte d to pu rs u e th ei r a v o

,
c a tio n s in c o mp a ra tive s e curity Th e I s ra e liti s h ele .
men t w a s s o pre p on dera n t i n T o le do Lucen a and , ,

ruthles s , ppres s or were c erta in o f tra n qui lli ty only

o ,
i n th e s il en c e a n d oblivi o n o f th e gra ve .
Th e a dv en t o f M o s l em s up rem a cy which p ro mi s e d ,
a n ew a n d s pl e n did c a re er to th e d o wn tro dde n ra c e -

,
w a s wel come d by th e J ew s o f Afric a wi th a ll th e

en thu s i a s m o f a n im pul s iv e a n d e xcita bl e p eo ple .
A l— M a gh reb h a d s c a rc ely b een c on qu ere d b e fo re th e

M o s lem g en era ls we re more c on vers an t with th e d e
ta ils o f Vi s ig o thic wea k n e s s a n d d e m o ra liz a ti o n th a n
th e c o un cill o rs o f Ro d erick hims e lf Th e min ute a n d
.
s e c ret ra mific a ti on s o f J e wi s h so ci ety u n i te d in a
c o mm on c a u s e th e wi d ely di s tribute d c o mmu n iti es o f

Afric a a n d S p a in ; th e i n telligen ce a n d res oluti on o f
th e c on s pi ra to rs wh o s e h os tili ty w a s in c rea s e d by th e
,
bitte rn es s o f s e c ta ri an h a tre d ren dere d th ei r enterp ri s e

,
a n d a c tivity th e m o re d a n g ero u s ; a n d a p ro piti ou s
Opp ortun ity a lon e w a s a wa ite d to p ou r up o n th e fer

tile a n d d e f en c el es s pl a i n s o f th e P e n in s ul a th e res i s t
les s torren t O f M o s l em in v a s i on Th at o pp ortun ity
.
s oo n a rrive d . Th e fortres s o f C euta l o s t by tre a s on , ,
fell in to th e h a n d s O f th e Ara bs ; th e Vi s ig othi c p o wer ,
crus h ed i n on e grea t b a ttle s uccumb ed to th e s uperi or

,
va lor o f a n en terpri s in g en emy ; a n d wi thin th e s ho rt

p eri o d o f fou rteen m on th s th e s c e ptre o f e mpire
p a s s ed fro m th e feeble h a n ds o f a b a rb a ri a n dyn a s ty
to th e c o n trol o f a fo re ign ra c e wh o s e m en ta l c a p a city
,
a n d i n telle ctu a l a mbiti on , a s y et u n tri ed were s ub ,
s e qu en tly fo un d to b e e qu a l to th e m o s t ex a cti n g d e
ma n ds o f a refin e d a n d highly de velo p e d civiliz ation .
I n th e s e even ts wh os e c on s e qu en c es p ro duc ed s uch

,
ra dic a l m o dific a ti o n s i n th e re ligi o u s p o li tic a l a n d

, ,
do mes tic c on dition s o f Euro p ea n s o ci ety H ebrew ,
en ergy a n d cra ft w ere em i n en tly c on s picu o u s On e .
o f th e p rin cip a l divi s i on s o f Ta ri k s a rmy w a s c om

’
m a n d ed by a J ew Durin g th e i n va s i on J ewi s h gui d es

.
,
c on ducte d th e M os lem s qu a dron s a lon g th e highwa ys

o f a n u n k n o wn c o un try furn i s h e d i n f O
, rm a ti on o f th e
’
en e my s mo vements dis clo s e d th e where a b outs o f mili
,
ta ry s uppli es a n d hidd en wea lth Wh en th e s len der .
n umb ers o f th e A ra b f orc es w ould n o t a dmit o f th e i r
dimin ution f o r g a rri s on duty th e J ews volun teere d

,
th ei r s ervic es to d e fen d th e c on qu e re d ci ti es a n d fa ith

fully di s ch a rg e d th e i mp o rta n t tru s t Th e obliga tion s .
thu s in cu rre d by th e M oo ri s h i n v a d ers to th e ir a l li e s

were o f th e mo s t imp orta n t ch a ra cter Th e l atter n ot .
on ly f a cilita te d a n en terp ri s e wh o s e difficulty wi th out ,
th ei r co O p era ti on w o uld h a ve b een en ormo u s ly i n

-
,
crea s ed if n o t a ctu a lly ren dere d impra ctic a ble bu t

, , ,
th e c oun try on c e s ubdu e d th ey di re cte d th e a tten

,
tio n o f th e Ara bs to ele g a n t purs ui ts o f wh o s e n a tu re ,
a n d v a lu e th e y h a d hi th erto rem a in e d i n ig n o ra n c e .
M o s lem civiliz a ti on in E uro p e owe d a n in ca lcula ble

debt o f gra titude to th e J ews Th ey were its rea l .
foun ders Th ey in culc a te d a ta s te f o r letters Th ey

. .
promote d th e i n v es tigation s O f s cien ce th e develo p ,
men t o f i n du s try a n d th e a rts Th eir re fin ed ta s tes

.
a n d i n tell e c tu a l empl oymen ts a rou s ed a n o bl e em u
la tion in th e min ds o f their pupils a n d imitato rs which , ,
i n tu rn rea cte d up on their o wn ta l en ts a n d as pi ra tion s

, .
H ebrew gen iu s a n d a mbiti on were n o lon ger h a mp ere d

by th e ma licio u s i n terferen ce o f roya l c oun cils a n d
e ccl e s i a s tic a l s yn o ds Th e J ewi s h merch a n t a n d th e
.
J ewi s h b a n ker purs u e d th ei r w a y to o pulen c e a n d

di s tin ction u n mo les ted by th e extortion a te d ema n ds
,
o f c orrup t o ffici a l s a n d tyra n n ic a l f a rm e rs o f th e
re ven u e . Th eir s ch ola rs were n ot i n s en s ible to th e

a dva n ta g e s to b e d eriv e d fro m th e s tudy o f a n ci en t
lea rn in g a n d th e Greek a n d L a tin cla s s ic s were thor

,
oughly f a mili a r to th e S p a n i s h J ew wh o s e com ,
men ta ri es up on th em w ere o f co n s ide ra bl e e xten t a n d

o f un qu es ti o n a bl e a uth ori ty .
Un der a go vernm en t fa vo ra ble to th ei r exi s ten c e

a n d p ro s p erity th ei r n umb ers ra pidly i n crea s e d
, Th e .
de po pula ti on res ul tin g from th e c on ques t o f a n

l
a rea dy imp o veri s he d a n d e xh a u s te d territo ry re qui red
a n e x tra o rdin a ry a n d imm e di a te re m e dy P ublic a.
ti on w a s e v erywh ere m a d e th ro ugh ou t th e O ri en t

in vi tin g th e s ettlemen t o f imm igran ts in S p a i n .
L a n ds a n d h ou s es were p ro mi s e d to a ll w h o were
willin g to ch a n g e th ei r d omiciles f o r n ew h o mes i n
th e di s ta n t a n d re c en tly foun d e d M oh a mm e d a n em
pire I n th e multi tude th a t re s p on d e d w ere i t i s s a id
. , ,
fifty th o u s a n d H ebre w fa mili es a m oun ti n g to n ot les s

,
th a n a qu a rter o f a milli on in dividu a l s Th es e with

.
,
th ei r f ell o w s e cta ri es a lre a dy e s ta bli s h e d i n th e P en in

-
s ul a c o mp o s e d a m os t imp o rta n t e l e m en t o f i ts p o p u
,
la ti on H ighly fa vo ra ble s o ci a l a n d d ome s tic c on di

.
ti o n s a m on g which mu s t b e c o n s id e re d th e p rev a len t

,
i n s tituti on o f p o lyg a my c au s e d i n a fter y ea rs a p ro

,
d i g i ou s multiplic a ti o n o f th e ra c e Th e co lon i s ts
.
brought with th em th e d evoti on to l ea rn in g which

th ey h a d imbib e d i n th e p res en c e o f th e g rea t m e
m o ri a l s o f a n ci en t civiliz a ti on o n th e b a n k s o f th e
N ile a n d th e Euph ra tes a n d ma n y vo lum e s o f n ative
,
a n d f o re ign l o re which were d es tin e d to f orm th e
n ucl eu s o f th e m a g ni fic e n t lib ra ri e s O f M o ori s h S p a in .
H i s to ry h a s re p ea tedly men ti on e d th e tireles s a s s iduity

wi th which th e J ews s e cure a n d tra n quil u n der th e
,
to l era n t a dmi n i s tra ti on o f th e kh a lifs d e vo te d th em

,
s elv es to th e cul tiva ti o n o f l ette rs Th e ir diligen ce

.
w a s on ly exc ee d e d by th e m a rv ell o u s p ro fici en cy th ey

a tta i n e d i n e ve ry b ra n ch o f u s e ful k n o wl e dg e Th ey .
ma s tere d with e a s e th e m o s t a b s tru s e a n d p erplexin g

m a th ema tic a l p roblem s Th e rabbi s w ere grea t l in
.
gui s ts ; th ere w ere f ew o f th em n o t th oroughly con

vers an t wi th th e n umerou s idi o ms o f Eu ro p e a n d
A s i a M e dicin e a n d a s tron o my th eir fa vo rite p u r
.
,
s uits un d er th e ir di re c ti on s o on a cqui re d a n u n rece

, p
den ted a lm os t a m a gic a l dev elo pmen t
, , .
Th e ten th ele v en th a n d twelfth c en tu rie s re p res en t

, ,
th e e p o ch o f th e g rea te s t f a m e a n d i n flu en c e o f th e
1 38 H I STORY OF TH E
ra n k i n th elitera ry s o ci ety o f th e a g e E n c o ura ge d .
by th e in flu en c e which they wi eld ed a n d p res umin g ,
up on th e fa vo r o f a lib era l a n d in dulg en t s o vereign ,
th e J ews o f th e M o o ri s h e mpi re f orm e d a n org a n iz a

ti o n m o de ll e d a fter th e i n s tituti on s o f th e i r a n c es tors
which c ould s c a rc ely h a ve b een tolera te d un der a s e vere
a n d j ea l o u s d e s p oti s m. Th e y e le cte d a s th eir kin g a
p rin c e o f th e h ou s e o f Juda h wh o while n ot o p en ly
, ,
in ves te d with th e i n s ign i a o f roya lty re c eiv e d th e ,
h o ma ge a n d th e tribute o f h i s s ub j ects Un der thi s .
po ten tate j udges an d pri es ts w ere ch o s en wh o ex er ,
c i s ed th e fu n c ti o n s p erf orm e d c en tu ri e s b e fo re i n th e
d a ys o f th e i n d e p en den c e a n d ren o wn o f th e H ebrew

n a ti on . Th e M o o rs c o un ten a n c e d a n d e ven a pprove d
,
O f th e es ta bli s hm en t o f thi s a n oma lou s s ys tem I ts

,
.
Offici a l s d es pite th ei r g ra n dilo qu en t titles w ere s trictly

, ,
s ub o rdi n a te d to th e a u th ority o f th e kh a lifa te They .
were s u ff ere d h o wever to a dmi n i s ter th e a ff a irs o f

, ,
th o s e wh o a ckn o wl e dg e d th e i r j u ri s dicti o n ; th ei r d e
c i s i on s i n th eo l o gic a l m a tters limi te d to th e i r f a i th
were un qu es ti on e d ; a n d th e y w ere in tru s te d with th e

co lle ction o f ta x es wh os e a mo un t a n d a pp orti on m en t
,
h a d b e en p re vi ou s ly d ete rmi n e d by th e regula r o ffic ers

o f th e im p e ri a l trea s u ry .
Th e emi n en tly p ra ctic a l ch a ra cter o f th e J ewi s h

mi n d did n ot c on fin e i ts elf to s p e cula ti o n s up on th e
tra diti o n s o f th e T a lmud o r di s qui s i ti o n s c on c ern i n g
a b s tru s e p o i n ts o f phil o s o phy Th e H e b rew s a g es
.
emb ra c e d wi th th e g rea tes t a rd o r th e f a s ci n a tin g

p ur
s ui ts o f m e ch a n ic a l in ven ti on a n d s ci e n tific di s c o very .
I n m e dicin e a n d s u rg ery th ey p a rticul a rly e xcelled .
Th ey wrote tre a ti s es on th e a pplic a tion o f hyd ra ulics

a n d th e c o mp a ra tiv e m erits O f v a ri o u s s y s tem s o f i rri
g a ti on . They tho roughly un ders too d th e p rin ciples

o f h o rticul tu re . Th e e xcellen c e o f th e m a n ufa ctures
f o r which th e Kh a lif a te o f C o rd o v a w a s f a m o u s w a s ,
to a c on s id era ble e x ten t i n d e bte d to J ewi s h ta l en ts

,
an d in du s try I n ma n y in s ta n c es th e n a tion a lity o f

.
H ebrew s cho la rs w a s obs cured thro ugh th e s imila rity

O f the ir n a me s a n d o ccup ati on s to th o s e o f th eir d i s
ti n g u i s h ed a s s o ci a te s in th e g rea t M o s l em c en tres o f
learn in g M a n y J ewi s h do cto rs receive d Ara b a pp el
.
l a ti on s a n d wro te a lmo s t e xclu s iv ely i n th e Ara bic

lan gu a g e Am on g th es e w a s I bn Zohr w h o f o r thes e
.
-
, ,
rea s on s h a s b een g en era lly co n s idere d a M oh a mm e

,
d a n b u t wh o s e p a ren ta g e religi on a s s o ci a ti on s a n d
, , , ,
e duc a ti o n w ere en ti rely H e b re w .
Th e ten th c en tury witn es s e d th e culmin a tio n o f

Jewi s h grea tn es s in Eu ro p e I n i ts ra pid a dva n c e .
men t i t h a d ke pt p a c e wi th th e e ver p rogres s ive m a rch

,
-
o f M o s l e m p o w er a n d cultu re Wh erever th e S a ra .
cen s es ta bli s he d the ms elves th e J ewi s h po pula ti on in,
creas e d Th e h armon i ou s co o p era ti o n o f th e tw o

.
-
ra c es — on e o f which while n om in a lly tribu ta ry to a n d

,
dep en den t up o n th e oth er w a s i n rea lity up on a foot

,
i n g o f fri en dly in tim a cy with i ts a ckn o wl edge d s up e

ri o r— p ro v e d o f imm en s e a dv a n ta g e to b oth i n th e ,
promoti on o f every mea s u re which co uld en ure to th e

s ub s ta n ti a l b en e fit o f hum a n i ty I n th e c o n s id era ti o n
.
which th ey en j oye d a n d i n th e pros p erity a n d d i s

,
ti n cti on which were th e rewa rd o f i n tellig en t a n d u s e

ful eff o rt th e J ews lo s t th e memo ry o f th e c a la mi ti es
,
which h a d b een th ei r l ot f o r s o ma n y c en turies I n .
common with all p eo ples w h o h a v e atta in ed th e high es t

civiliz ation th ey a b a n don e d thems elves to luxury
,
.
Th e m en w ere clo th e d i n th e riche s t o f s ilk en f a brics .
Th e j e we l s o f th e w om en equ a lled i n brilli a n cy a n d

va lu e th e cho ic es t trea s ures o f th e imp eria l h a rem s .
Th e g rea t H e b rew fun cti on a ries o f s ta te w h o p os ,
s e s s e d th e c o n fid en c e o f th e s o v e re ig n a pp e a re d i n ,
public gu a rde d by retin u es o f a rme d a n d m ag n ifi

,
cen tl y a tti re d e un uch s Th eir ma n s ion s exhibited a ll

.
th e luxu ri ou s a pp o i n tm en ts o f th e fa s tidi ou s s yb a rite .
Th e R a bbi H a s da i b en S ch a p ru t w a s on e o f th e p rin
- -
c i p a l mi n i s ters o f Abd a l R a hm a n III

- -
A l H a k em .
-
I I en lis te d th e s ervic es o f Jewi s h a mb a s s a dors i n

.
im p orta n t emba s s i e s H i s ch em II o rdere d a tran s l a

. .
ti o n o f th e T a lmud to b e m a d e i n to Ara bic a n d c a u s ed ,
i ts li tera tu re to b e in tro duc e d a s a bra n ch o f s tu dy i n

th e M o s l em c o lleg es Th e e duc a te d M oo rs trea ted
.
with th e g re a te s t h on or a n d res p e ct th e p ri n c es a n d
offici a l s o f th e hi era rchy ch os en by th e a s s embli e s o f
th e S yn a g o gu e . Th e b egin n in g o f th e ten th c en tu ry
witn es s e d th e d e s tructi o n o f th e ren o wn e d a c a demi es
o f P e rs i a ,
wh o s e members by th e p ro mulg a ti on o f
,
lib era l do ctrin es h a d ren d ere d the ms elves o bn o xi ou s

,
to O ri en ta l des p o ti s m Th ei r s o ci eti es di s s olve d th es e

.
,
le a rn e d m en were fo rc e d to s eek s e curity in exile .
S o me o f th e mo s t fa m ou s in cludin g th e R a bbi M o s es
, ,
o f th e Ac a de my o f P um b ed ita w ere ta k en by Afric an,
c o rs a irs a n d e xp os ed f o r s a le in th e s la ve ma rket o f -
C o rd o va S uch w as th e emin en t re puta tion o f this

.
d o ctor th a t a s s oo n a s h i s iden tity w a s di s clos ed h e

, , ,
w a s un a n im ou s ly e l e c te d p ri n c e o f th e H i s p an o H e -
brew n a tio n .
Th es e O ri en ta l s cho la rs we re n o t th e on ly e xiles wh o
en rich e d th e u n iv e rs iti e s o f S p a i n wi th th e i r a ccu m u
l a te d s tore s o f wi s do m F ro m ev ery c ou n try wh ere

.
th e h a n d o f p ers e cu ti o n w a s ra i s e d a g a in s t th e J ew
re fug e e s fl o ck e d by th ou s a n d s i n to th e P en i n s ula u n til ,
th e Omm ey a d e kh a lif i n clud e d a mo n g h i s s ubj e cts a

la rger p ro p ortion o f th e p eo pl e o f thi s ra c e th an an y
o th er s o v ere ig n o f th e a g e Th e li s t o f ra bbi s wh o
.
illumin a te d wi th th e ir gen iu s a n d lea rn in g th e reign

o f th e C o rd o va n p ri n c e s i s b oth i n s tru c tiv e a n d i n ter
es tin g es p e ci a lly wh en w e c on s id er th e b en ighte d con

,
diti on o f c on temp ora n eou s Euro p e I n F ra n c e d ur .

,
i n g th e n in th c en tu ry a Ch ri s ti a n bi s h o p d e cl a re d th e
,
ra bbi s p re a ch e d b etter th a n th e p ri es ts .
Th e a cti ve mi n d s o f th e s e gifte d s ch o la rs en a bl ed
th e m to m a s ter a t th e s a m e tim e th e m os t c o mplic a ted
li ke M os es b en M a imon a n d B en Ezra wh o s e ta len ts

- - -
,
illu s tra te d a n d emb elli s h e d every s ub j e c t within the

rea lm o f hum a n kn o wl e dg e Not l es s n oted w ere th e
.
J e wi s h phys ici a n s w h o did n ot h owe ver e xi s t a s a

, , ,
dis tin c tive p ro fes s i on th ei r c om m a n din g a biliti es

,
be in g a ls o di s pl a ye d i n oth er de p a rtm en ts o f litera

tu re an d s ci en c e .
M o s t p romin en t a mon g th e n a mes which immorta l

i ze th e g o ld en a g e o f H ebrew e ruditi o n i s th a t o f
M o s es b en M a i mon p o pul arly kn o wn a s M a imon id es
- -
, .
A n a tive o f C o rd o va a n d s p run g fro m a fa mily which

,
h a d fu rn i s h e d m a n y l ea rn e d a n d di s tin gui s h e d mem

bers o f th e J ewi s h hi era rchy h e en j oye d from h i s ,
ea rli e s t y o u th th e un riva ll e d e duc a ti o n a l a dv a n ta g es
o f th e g rea t M o s l e m c a pi ta l H i s min d w a s form ed .
a n d h i s ta s tes deve lo p e d u n d er th e m o s t a ble in

s tru cto rs o f th e Un iv ers i ty o f C ord o va a n d it h a s ,
ev en b een s ta ted up on di s pute d a u th o ri ty h owever

, , ,
th a t h e w a s th e pupil a n d fri en d o f th e f a m ou s phi

l o s o p h er Av erro e s Th e p ro fe s s i on o f m edici n e which
.
h e a d o p te d a n d i n which h e a fterw a rd s s o grea tly ex

,
c elle d h e re ga rd e d ra th er a s a n i n s trum en t with which

,
to o b s erv e th e s e c ret ch a ra c teri s tic s a n d i n cen tive s o f

hu m a n n a tu re th a n a s a m ea n s o f liv elih oo d A t th e .
a g e O f thi rty hi s re puta ti o n f o r p ro digi o u s eruditi on

,
h a d s p rea d f a r b eyo n d th e limits o f th e M os l em em

pi re o f th e We s t Th e fa n atic a l p olicy o f Ab d al
. -
M ui n en fou n der o f th e A lmo h a de dyn as ty d e man ded

, ,
th e c on v ers i on o f th e J ews ; th o u s a n d s u n d er th e fea r ,
o f d ea th ren oun c e d th eir religi on

, a n d a m on g th em ,
w a s M a im on id es wh os e res olution w a s n ot proo f

,
a g a i n s t th e p ro s p e ctiv e s u ff eri n g s of m a rtyrdom .
E s c a pin g s oon a fter to Egypt wh ere his ren own h ad ,
pre c ed e d his a rriva l h e be c a m e th e fri en d a n d a dvi s er

,
o f th e S ulta n I t i s s a id th a t wh en e ve r h e le ft hi s
.
h ou s e h e w a s c omp ell ed to p a s s through lin es o f

peo ple s o m e o f wh o m des ire d h is o pin ion on meta
,
phys ica l qu es ti on s an d oth ers wh o were a fflicted with

, ,
va ri ou s a ilm en ts th at s ought th e a i d o f h is me dica l

,
kn owle dge S uch wa s hi s devoti on to hi s pro fes s i on

.
,
th a t i n th e c a re o f h i s p a ti en ts h e de prive d hims elf o f

s l ee p a n d m a n y tim es f a in te d fro m s h e er exh a u s ti on
, .
I n th e mid s t o f hi s a rduo u s du ti es h e foun d time f or

th e c omp o s iti on o f m a n y vo lumin ou s trea ti s e s — on ,
biblic a l a n d ra bbin ic a l li teratu re ; on th e a ction o f

re me di es ; on th e duti e s a n d res p on s ibiliti e s o f m a n as
in culca te d by th e high er philo s o phy H i s prin cip a l .
work M o re H a n ebu s h im
,
-
Th e Guid e o f L o s t
,
S pi rits , i s on e o f th e m a s terpi e c es o f H ebrew

litera ture Th e lea rn in g it di s pla ys th e pro foun d
.
,
kn o wle dge o f m an kin d i t revea ls th e origin a lity o f ,
i ts c on c ep ti o n s th e i n g en uity a n d l o gic a l forc e o f th e

,
a rgu m en t th e s ubl ime mora l m a xims i t i n culc a te s

, ,
a n d th e ele g a n c e a n d b ea u ty o f th e s tyl e o win g littl e ,
to th e n a tive h a rs hn e s s o f th e idi o m in which i t i s

wri tten s ta mp i t a s on e o f th e mo s t rem arka ble p ro
,
d u c ti on s o f th e hum a n min d Th e g en iu s o f thi s

.
grea t writer rega rde d as divers i on s un dertakin gs

which would h a ve a pp ea red formid a ble tas k s to m en
o f i n feri o r c a p a city H i s m e dic a l w ork s fo urteen
.
,
in n umb er a n d es p e ci a lly hi s l ea rn e d co mm en ta ry on
,
H ipp o crates were lon g th e guid e o f th e pro fes s ion

, ,
a n d to thi s d a y m a n y o f h i s p re ce p ts f or th e trea tm en t
o f di s ea s e a re empl o ye d by th e i n tellig en t p ra ctition er .
H e w a s on e o f th e firs t to reco gn iz e tha t men ta l d e

ra n g em en t i s o ften th e re s ult o f phy s ic a l i n di s p os iti on .
M a imon ides w a s mo re fa mili a r with th e do ctrin es o f

Chri s ti an theology th a n th e ma j ority o f th e prela tes
whos e duty it w a s to in culca te th em H i s un ders ta n d .
in g re j e cte d with c on tempt th e a llurin g a n d prev a len t

delu s i on s o f th e a ge which too fre qu en tly con ta mi
,
n a te d th e wi s d o m o f th e s ch ol a r with th e mu mm eri es
o f th e imp os tor H i s con d emn ation O f j udici a l a s tro l

.
ogy i n which h e e xp o s ed by i rre futa ble a rgumen ts th e

,
a bs urditi es a n d dan g ers o f th a t pu erile bu t fa s cin atin g

s ci en c e w a s a d o p te d a n d p ro mulg a te d a s a u th o ri ta tive
,
by both P o p es S ixtu s V a n d Urba n VIII While h e

. .
c ri tici s e d wi th u n c omp ro mi s i n g s ev eri ty th e f a ults o f
h i s s e ct a n d th e w ea kn e s s a n d in co n s i s ten cy o f m a n y
of i ts tra diti on s M a im o n id es n ev er i n ten ti on a lly
,
s w e rve d fro m th e p a th o f o rth o d o x J ud a i s m H is .
s u rro u n di n g s a n d a s s o ci a ti on s w ere h o w ev er o n th e , ,
wh ole n ot fa v ora ble to th e m a in ten a n ce o f a rcha ic

th eo lo gic a l s y s te m s Th e i n telle c tu a l s o ci ety o f Cor
.
dova w a s dee ply i n fe cte d with i n fidelity Th e in .
s tru c to rs o f y o u th th e p ro fe s s o rs o f th e Un ivers ity

, ,
were di s ciples o f Averro es R eligi o u s c omm enta ry .
h a d lo n g b een s uppl a n te d by philo s o ph ic a l s k e p tici s m .
Even th e p o pul a ce a lwa y s th e la s t to a b a n don th e

,
o b s o l e te o pi n i o n s o f th eol o gic a l in fa n cy w e re imbu ed ,
with th e s a me ico n o cl a s ti c idea s Th e s ublim e c on cep .
ti on s o f I n di a th e d o c tri n e o f E m a n a ti o n a n d A b
,
s o rp ti on h a d b een l a rg e ly a d o p te d by th e e duc a ted

,
c o mmun iti es o f M oo ri s h S p a in Th e e xp o s ure o f th e .
H ebre w do gm a s to th e mo ckin g a n d s a rca s tic ra il lery

o f h i s l ea rn e d c o mp a n i on s p ro duc e d n o e ff e c t up on
th e f a i th o f M a im on id es H i s p rin ciple s w ere too

.
firmly groun de d to b e Sh a k en by th e j e ers o f p o li s hed

a th e i s m .While h i s prog res s ive idea s c a u s e d him to
b e f o r a tim e reg a rd e d with s u s pici o n by th e s tricter
o f th e H eb re w s th e y e v e n tu a lly c on ten d e d wi th ea ch
,
o th er in p a yin g tribu te to h i s l o fty g en iu s a n d in ,
th e i r ex tra va g a n t a dmira ti on s tyl e d him Th e E a gle

” ”
o f J e wi s h Li te ra tu re Th e Guide o f th e R a bbi s
, ,
Th e Light o f th e O ccid en t Th e lib era l ch a ra cter

.
o f h i s d o ctrin e s m a y b e i n fe rre d fro m th e f o ll o wi n g
p as s a g e ta ken from th e pre fa c e to h i s w orks : Th e

e n d o f religi on i s to c o n duct u s to p erf e cti on a n d to ,
te a ch u s to a c t a n d thin k i n c o n fo rmi ty wi th rea s on .
I n thi s c on s i s ts th e di s tin ctiv e a ttribute o f hum an

”
n a tu re .
th e hi s to ry o f h i s ra c e Th en i t rea ch ed th e high es t
.
p o in t o f in telle ctu a l di s tin cti on bu t a mon g i ts s a ges ,
n o n e ra n k e d wi th th e di s tin gui s h e d ra bbi I n a dditi on .
to h i s v a s t s tores o f un iv ers a l kn o wl e dg e h e h a d ,
pro fite d by th e pra ctic a l b en e fits o f tra vel H e h a d .
v i s i te d F ez M o n tp el li e r C a i ro
,
B a gd a d J eru s a lem
, , , .
H e w a s th e c ourt phy s ici an o f S a l a din H e re fu s ed .
a Simil a r e mpl o ym en t ten d ere d by R ich a rd L Kin g ,
o f E n gl a n d H e w a s ra i s e d to th e imp o rta n t office

.
o f Chi e f R a bbi o f a ll th e H e b re w c o mmu n iti es o f
Egypt F ro m th e E a s t a n d W es t h i s c ou n trymen
.
,
s o ugh t hi s O pi n i o n on a b s tru s e qu e s ti on s o f re ligi on
a n d phil os o phic a l d o c tri n e a n d a cc e pte d hi s a n s wers

,
a s i n fa llibl e H i s in fluen c e w a s by n o m e a n s c on fin ed
.
to m e mb ers o f h i s o w n s e ct H i s w ork s tra n s la ted

.
,
in to L a tin were diligen tly s tudi e d by C h ri s ti a n p o

,
l em i cs a n d furn i s h e d a rgum en ts to s ucc es s iv e g en era

,
ti o n s o f s ch oo lm en D i ff u s e d th ro ugh ou t th e S outh
.
o f F ra n c e th ei r ra ti on a li s t o pi n i on s pl a y e d n o s m a ll
,
p a rt i n th e p ro moti on o f th e Albigen s i a n h eres y .
B u t while th e in telle ctu a l s up re m a cy o f M a imo

n id es pl a c e d him f a r i n a dv a n c e o f h i s c on te mp ora ri es ,
h e w a s by n o m ea n s th e o n ly di s tin gui s h e d s ch o l a r o f
h i s e p o ch B en Ez ra equ a lly p ro fici en t I n th e d e p a rt
.
-
,
ments o f m edicin e litera tu re a n d a s tron o my en j oyed

, , ,
a re pu ta ti on s e c o n d on ly to th a t o f th e G rea te s t o f
th e H eb re w s H i s in qui s itive min d s timul a te d by

.
,
ye a rs o f a s s idu ou s a pplic ati on s ought i n th e s c en es ,
o f fo re ig n l a n d s th e v a lu a bl e e xp eri en c e a n d i n tim a te
a cqu a i n ta n c e wi th hum a n lif e which a re n o t to b e Ob
ta in e d by th e p eru s a l o f b ook s a l on e Th e re m a rk a bl e .
a bili ti es o f B e n Ezra w ere e x erci s e d a lik e i n th e s olu

-
ti o n o f m a th e m a tic a l p ro bl em s a n d i n th e c o mp os i
ti o n o f s a c re d p oe m s I n h i s kn o wl e dg e o f a s tron
.
o my h e s u rp a s s e d th e m os t a ccu ra te o b s erv ers o f a n

,
a g e e s p e c i a l y d e v ote d to th e cultiva ti on o f th e g ra n d
es t a n d m o s t f a s ci n a tin g o f s ci e n c es I n h i s m o m en ts .
of men ta l rela xa tio n h e emb odi e d in vers e th e rules O f

th e g a m e o f ch es s ; a n d th e p re fa c e to thi s p o em i n ,
which th e rea d er i s wa rn ed a ga in s t th e evils o f ca rds

a n d dic e p ro v e s c on clu s iv ely th a t g a mi n g impl e m en ts
,
s upp os e d to h a ve b een i n v en te d hun d re d s o f y e a rs
a fterw a rd s w ere f a mili a r to th e S p a n i s h J e w s a n d
M o o rs in th e ea rly p a rt o f th e thirteen th c en tury .
Not un worthy ri va l s o f B e n Ez ra i n th e c on tes t f o r

-
litera ry p re c ed en ce were Na ch m a n i d es w h o at th e a g e ,
o f s ix teen w a s th e h on ore d a s s o ci a te o f th e m o s t
lea rn e d o f th e J ewi s h n a ti on a n d who s e pre co cio u s,
ma turity a cquired f o r him i n e a rly m a n h o o d th e title

”
o f Abu H a ru s hm a
-
Th e F a th e r o f Wi s d om ;
, JO
s e p h H a da i n wh o s e ch a rmin g v ers e s w e re th e de light
,
o f th e p eo pl e o f C ord o va ; S o l o m o n b en G a b i ro l a n d - -
,
Abra h a m b en D a v id H a levi di s tin gui s h ed p hil o s o

- - -
,
p h ers in wh o s e writin g s w ere illus tra te d th e p rin ciples

,
o f th eo l o gic a l re fo rm a n d i n de p en d en t cri tici s m d e
m a n d ed by th e b o ld a n d p ro g re s s ive s pirit o f th e a g e .
Amo n g th e J ews o f S p a in w ere a l s o ma n y o rigin a l

p o ets fa buli s ts a n d writers o f ro ma n ce S uch were
, , .
th e mo s t emi n e n t s ch ol a rs wh o s e a tta i n m en ts refle cted

hon o r on th e H ebrew n a me un d er th e b en efic en t rule
,
o f th e M o s l e m p ri n c es o f th e W e s t a n e ra c o in cid en t ,
with th e d a rkes t p eri o d o f Eu ro p ea n hi s tory B e .
s ides th e s e th ere w ere o th e rs i n e ve ry c o mmu n i ty ,
s om e o f ra bbin ic a l ra n k s o me o f humbl e s ta ti on wi th
, ,
ta len ts th a t els ewh ere wo uld h a v e ra i s e d the m f a r

a b o ve me di o c ri ty b u t w h o were o b s cu re d a n d o v er
,
whelme d in th e d a zzlin g gla re o f litera ry e xc ellen c e .
Th e co mm erci a l p ro s p e rity o f th e J e ws ; th e un iv er
s a li ty o f e duc a ti on wh os e i n s tituti o n s a ff o rd e d fa cili
,
ti es n o wh ere e l s e a tta i n a ble i n th e wo rld ; th e n a tu

ra lly i n qui s i tiv e b e n t o f th e H e b re w mi n d wh os e ,
a cuten es s s eem e d c a p a bl e o f s o lv i n g qu e s ti on s wh en
a ll oth ers h a d fa il e d a n d wh o s e vers a tility w a s e qu a l

,
to th e m o s t v a ri ed a n d ardu ou s un d erta ki n g s ; th e
s u p erhum an in dus try which s h ra n k from n o tas k ,
h owever difficult ; th e c o n s idera ti on with which th ey

were treated by s ov ere ign a n d pl eb e i an a like g a ve full ,
s c o p e to th e c a p a bili ti es o f a ra c e o f men w h o n ever
p revi ou s ly even in th e da ys o f Ju d ea s s plen dor h ad

,
’
,
b een a ff orded s uch o pp ortu n itie s f o r d evelo pment .
Th e g en erou s e mul a ti o n p ro vo k e d by th e in tell ectu al

e ff orts o f th ei r S a ra c en riv a l s w a s ex erte d b y th e J ew s
i n every bra n ch o f lea rn in g a n d e very d ep a rtm ent of

s ci en tific res ea rch . Th rough th e literary p ro ducti on s
o f th es e two n a ti on s a l on e w a s th e w a y o f k n o wl edg e
a cces s ible .A thorough a cqu a in ta n ce with Arab i c and

H ebrew w as in di s pen s a ble to th e a mbitiou s s tu dent .
L atin wh os e corru pte d idio m w a s th e lan gu a g e o f the

,
C hu rch w as th e v ehicle o f pries tly in terc ou rs e a nd

, ,
th e m edium th ro ugh which w e re tra n s mi tte d P a p al

decrees an d eccles i a s tic a l tra diti on . Th e a n ci ent
cla s s ics o f G ree c e a n d Ro me were pra ctic ally un
kn own outs id e th e P en in s ula ; a n d th ere i s good
rea s on to b eli ev e th a t a m a j o ri ty o f th e f a m ou s p rel
a te s o f th e tim e w ere ig n o ra n t th a t th ey h ad ev er
e xi s te d . Th e a ccu ra te retra n s l a ti on s o f th es e w ork s

into L a tin from th e Ara bic i n to which th ey h a d b een
,
origin a lly tra n s crib ed firs t rev ea le d th e ir merits to

,
Wes tern Euro pe a n d p a ve d th e w a y to th e reviva l

,
o f l ea rn in g Th e impul s e imp a rte d by thi s mea n s to

.
literary cu ri os ity a n d in ve s tig a ti on foun d i ts culmin a

ti on i n th e e p o ch which pro duc e d A reti n o P etra rch , ,
B occ a cci o a n d D a n te Th e I ta li an Ren a i s s an ce th e

, .
,
da wn o f mo dern Eu ro p e an in telligen c e a n d pro gres s ,
rec eiv e d i ts in s pi ra ti o n fro m th e civilizin g in flu en c es
an d cu ltiva te d tas tes b rought to ex tra ordi n a ry p erf ec
tion i n th e grea t ci ti e s o f S o uth ern S p a in .
Th e di s s olution o f th e M o s l em empi re i ts s ub s e ,
qu en t divi s i on a n d g ra du a l c on qu es t n atura lly ,
eff e c ted g rea t ch a n g es i n th e p o li tic a l rel ati on s a n d
ulti ma te des tin y o f th e H ebrew ra ce Un der th e .

in ci te d to des troy A S th e P eni n s ul a yi eld e d by d e

.
grees to th e s tea dy en croa chmen ts o f Ch ri s ti an p ower ,
th e s up eri or a biliti es o f th e J e w s p ro ve d a p o ten t s a fe

gu a rd a g a in s t O ppres s ion I n s pite o f th e fu riou s
.
protes ts o f fa n a tic s th ey e x erci s e d th e mos t imp or

,
ta n t public emplo ym en ts Kin g s o f irre p ro a ch a ble

.
o rth o do xy h a bitu a lly a v a il e d th em s elves o f th eir

un riva lle d me dic a l a tta in m en ts Th e phys ici a n s o f .
Alfon s o X P edro el C ru el H en ry III Ju a n II o f

.
, ,
.
, .
C a s tile o f J a ime I o f Ara gon o f D u a rte a n d J u an

, .
,
I o f P ortug a l were a ll m emb ers o f th e d etes te d

.
,
s e ct
. Th eir ta ct a n d di s c ern men t c a u s e d th ei r s ervices
to b e en li s ted i n th e s ettl em en t o f p erplexi n g qu es
ti on s o f dipl o m a cy Th e e a rly ti m e s o f th e R e con
.
qu es t were f a r fro m ex hibitin g th e vin dictive a n d

in tolera n t s pirit which m a rk e d i ts termin a ti on Th e .
H ebre w c olon y a t T ole do n umbe re d twelv e th o u s an d

s oul s . I ts a c a demy s to o d firs t in ra n k a m o n g s imila r
in s tituti on s in Euro p e A va s t s um w a s a n n u a lly p a id
.
by thi s tributary po pula ti on in to th e ro ya l trea s ury

o f C a s til e .
Th e ki n g th e n o ble a n d th e s ch o la r trea ted th e

, ,
J ew with f a vo r O f ten with th e high es t c on s idera ti on

, .
Th e clergy a n d th e m ob were e ver h i s bitteres t e n emi es .
H i s extrao rdin a ry in flu en ce w a s d a ily m a n ifes te d i n

de fia n c e o f s ava ge l a ws which public s en timen t en
a cte d a n d a ppl a ud e d b u t w a s un a bl e to en f o rc e
, Th e .
h a te d s e cta ry p ro s crib e d by b oth th e e ccles i a s tic a l an d

,
civil p owers purs u e d h i s w a y in di ff eren t to th e e dicts

, ,
o f e i th er th e a lta r or th e th ron e H e dicta ted th e .
p olicy o f th e g o vern men t H e m a de tre a ties with .
foreign n ati on s H e fl a un te d hi s w e a lth i n th e fa ces

.
o f th e ra bbl e With s tra n g e in c on s i s ten cy members

.
,
o f th e p ri es th o o d s o ld him Ch ri s ti a n s erfs wh o m th ei r ,
o wn d e cre es d e cl a re d i t w a s ill e g a l f o r him to o wn .
Th ey pledge d with him th e con s e c ra te d ves s el s o f their

c all in g f o r mon ey with wh ich to in dulg e i n forbidden
plea s u res H i s Opulen c e wa s h i s mo s t s eri o u s off en ce

. .
I n th e thi rte en th c en tury on e third o f th e en tire rea l ,

-
pro p erty o f C a s tile w a s i n th e po s s es s i on or un der th e

con tro l o f th e H ebrews A t th e dea th o f P edro II . .
o f Ara g on th e y h a d a cqui re d p o s s e s s i on o f a l l th e
,
demes n es o f th e cro wn by th e purcha s e o f cla im s ,
a g a in s t th e s ta te A t on e tim e th ey own ed n ea rly a ll

.
th e city o f P a ri s The ir p omp a n d i n s olen ce a rou s e d

.
th e en vy a n d h a tred o f th e n o bles m a n y o f wh om ,
were virtu a lly th eir p ri s on ers f or de fa ult in th e p ay

men t o f debts Durin g th e reign o f P edro c l C ruel
.
,
J os ep h b en Ephra im th e roya l tax gatherer rod e in

- -
,
-
,
a m a gn ific en t c o a ch gu arde d by a retin u e o f fifty

,
a rme d a tten d a n ts H i s cl erk s were th e s on s o f S p a n

.
i s h gra n d ees I t w a s lon g a p o pul a r s a yin g i n Eu ro p e

.
th a t Th e C a s tili a n s h a d th e pride a n d th e d evotion ,

”
th e J ews th e ta len ts a n d th e m on ey .
Th e S p a n i s h c a va li ers wh o h a d exp eri en c e d th e

prowes s a n d courtes y o f th ei r M oori s h a dvers a ri e s ,
a s a rul e ch eri s h e d n o bittern es s a ga in s t th e J ews

, .
Tho s e w h o in th e cours e o f even ts were a bs orb ed

, ,
with th e territory o f th e gro win g kin gdo m O ften ,
elicite d a dmi ra ti on a n d res p ect by rea s on o f th eir
comm a n din g ta len ts a n d erudition Th e p olitic a l a d .
min i s trati on o f C as tile a n d L eon un d er Al fon s o ,
VIII w a s co mmitte d to a J ew ; an d h i s phys ici a n

.
, ,
w h o w a s o f th e s a me ra c e a n d en j oye d th e roya l
con fiden c e w as ch o s en by th e n obles a s a n in terme di
,
ar
y between th ems elve s a n d the i r s o v ere ign i n a tra n s
a cti on which re qui re d th e e x e rci s e o f th e gre a te s t
a bility a n d di s creti on A bea utiful Jewes s w a s f o r

.
ma n y ye a rs th e mi s tres s o f Al fo n s o IX ov er wh o m .
,
h er empire whil e un b o un d ed w a s n ev er a bus e d ; un til

, ,
a t l as t th e cl ergy s c a n d a liz e d ra th er by th e n a ti on a lity

,
o f th e f a v o rite th a n by th e g ra vi ty o f th e s in c au s e d ,
h er to b e s a crific e d to public res en tm en t I t re quires .
bu t a gla n ce a t th e writin g s o f th e f ew mediae va l

f m ers to in fer h ow much c on s i s ten cy th ere w a s

re o r
i n this s im ul a te d in dign a ti on Th e wo rk s o f th es e
.
a l on e a re s u ffici en t to e s ta bli s h th e e xi s ten c e o f un i
vers a l s a c erd ota l d e pra vi ty a mon g th os e c en s ors o f

public mora ls wh os e s c ruples were excite d by th e i n
fl u en ce a s crib e d to th e ch a rm s o f a l o v ely i n fid el .
Un d er Alfo n s o el S a bi o th e J ews rec e iv e d g rea ter

,
c on s idera ti on tha n u n d er a n y o th er Ch ri s ti a n mon a rch

o f S p a in Th e fa m o u s Al ph on s in e T a bl es d ra wn up
.
,
un d er th e dire cti on o f H eb re w a s tro n o mers were th e ,
m os t m emora ble s ci en tific a chi e vem en t o f th e e po ch .
Th e i r c o s t which e xc ee d e d th e en o rmo u s s u m o f four

,
hun dre d th ou s a n d duc a ts i s in dic a tiv e n ot on ly o f th e

,
i n teres t o f th a t prin c e i n u n d erta kin g s wh os e imp or

ta n c e w a s n e ith e r u n d ers too d n o r a pp re ci a te d e ls e
wh ere b u t o f th e va lu e a tta ch e d to th e s ervices o f
,
gre a t s ch o la rs wh os e kn owledg e h a d been imp a rted

,
by a civiliz a ti on which th ei r ro y a l p a tron c o n s id ere d i t

hi s p o litic a l a n d re ligi ou s duty to e ra dic a te .
Th e in dulg en t p o licy o f D o n P e dro e l C ru el to

w a rd s hi s H ebre w s ubj e cts w a s on e o f th e mos t re
ma rk a bl e p e culia ri ti es o f h i s s a n guin a ry reign H is .
fin a n ci ers a n d hi s c o n fid en ti a l a dvi s ers w ere m e mb ers

o f th a t p ros c rib ed ra c e Th e trea s u rer o f th e m on
.
a rchy S a mu e l L e vi wh os e p o s i ti on a n d fa v o r en a bl e d
, ,
him to a ma s s a prin c ely fo rtun e i s re m emb ere d by ,
J ewi s h tra diti o n a s on e o f th e g re a t b en e fa ctors o f

huma n ity Th e extra ordin a ry p o w er h e wi elde d ; th e
.
s pl en d o r o f hi s re tin u e ; th e s ump tu ou s a pp o in tm e n ts
o f h i s p a l a c e ; h i s p a tro n a g e o f l etters ; th e p ro dig a l
g en ero s ity h e di s pl a y e d i n th e reli e f o f th e un f o rtu

n a te a n d th e d es ervi n g o f e v ery n a ti o n a li ty h a ve ,
e x a lte d p erh a p s e x a gg e ra te d h i s m e ri ts i n th e m em
, ,
o ry o f hi s c o un trym en H i s g rea tes t cl a im to d i s ti n c

.
ti o n h o we v er c on s i s ts i n th e ere cti o n a t hi s o wn ex
, , ,
p en s e o f a s up erb s yn a go gu e a t T o led o Thi s e difice

, .
,
un iqu e o f i ts ki n d w a s bui lt by th e m o s t s kilful M oor

,
a boli s h e d A s y et h o wever th e s o vere ign w a s un a ble

.
, ,
to di s p en s e e ith er wi th th e ta x es th ey p a id which were ,
th e m o s t imp orta n t p a rt o f th e roy a l re ven u es o r with ,
th e fin a n ci a l ta l en ts a n d s terli n g h on e s ty which i n
s u re d th ei r p ro p er di s burs em en t I t w a s n o t un til th e
.
reig n O f F erdin a n d a n d I s a b e ll a th a t f a n atici s m w a s
a ll o w e d to p rev a il o v er th e wi s e a n d p rud en ti a l con
s id era ti on s o f p o licy which th ough fre qu en tly i n ter

,
ru ted by s c en es o f h orro r a n d c a rn a g e h a d i n p ra o
p ,
tic e ign ore d f o r c en tu ri es th e f u hn in a ti o n s o f e ccle

s i a s ti ca l s y n o d s a n d c ou n cil s A s th e ri s e o f H e brew
.
grea tn e s s i n th e P en i n s ula da tes from a n d i s a ttrib ,
u ta bl e to th e M os lem c o n qu es t in lik e m a nn er i ts
, ,
d e c a y progres s e d wi th th e d e clin i n g fortun es o f th e

S a ra cen s a n d i ts des tructi on w a s co in ciden t with th e
,
di s a ppea ra n ce o f th ei r empire .
S c a ttere d through o ut Euro p e th e J ews a lon e p re ,
s erv e d f o r futu re g en era ti on s th e p re ci ou s h erita g e o f
Ara b s ci en ce a n d cultu re ; a n d h a d th ey n ot proved

c a p a ble o f reta in in g an d tra n s mittin g i t th e d is ,
c o v eri e s o f M oo ri s h g en iu s ,b an i s h e d with tho s e wh o

m a de th em woul d h a ve b een fo rever lo s t to p os terity
, .
Th e e ff e cts o f civiliz a ti on wh os e a rts di s tributed

, ,
th ro ugh th e a g en cy o f th e H e bre ws were p ro duc tive ,
o f s uch g rea t res ults w e re p ri n cip a lly m a n if es te d a s

, ,
mi ght rea dily b e c on j e ctu re d i n th e c ou n tri e s c on tigu

,
-
o u s to o r m o s t i n tim a te ly c on n e c te d wi th th e P e n in
s ul a. Th e tide o f H eb rew emigra ti o n a n d tra d e ro lled

s tea dily i n to F ra n c e P o rtug a l I ta ly
, Th e s ta tes o f
, .
P ro ven ce a n d L a n gu e do c un der th e G othic n a m e o f

,
S ep tim a n i a ea rly o v errun by th e c on qu erors o f S p a in

, ,
were lon g p ri or to th a t time s ubj e ct to H e brew i n

, ,
fl u en c e . Attra cted by th e s a lub ri ou s clim a te an d th e

e xc e ll en t c o mm erci a l f a ci l iti e s o f th e c o a s t th e J ew s
,
s ettl e d th ere i n g re a t n umb ers Th e o verthro w o f th e

.
M oh a mm e d an p o wer i n th a t re gi on wa s n ot fo llowed
by th e imm e di a te a b oli ti on o f th e s o ci a l a n d edu ca
ti on a l ys tems which it h a d i n a ugura ted an d whos e

s ,
p erp etu a tion wa s in s ure d by th e mo s t fa vorable cli

ma tic a n d ethn olo gic a l c on diti on s At Ly on s th e .
,
J e ws a t on e time were h eld in s uch e s teem th a t th e

ma rket d a y w a s ch an ge d from S a turd a y to S un da y
in d e fere n c e to th eir religi o u s p rej udices I n P rov .
en c e pra ctic a lly free fro m th e hum ili a tin g d i s tin c

,
ti on s o f c as te th ey en j oye d th e s a me p rivile g e s a n d
,
were en title d to th e s a me pro tecti on a s oth er citi

z en s At B ezi ers C a rc a s s onn e Avign on M o n tp el
.
, , ,
li er a n d N a rb on n e th e H ebre w e lemen t p red omi

,
n a ted I t h a s a l rea dy b een s ta te d tha t th e fa mo u s

.
s ch oo l o f M on tp elli er o we d i ts o rigin to th e Ara b s
a n d th e J ews Th e M o s le m c on qu e s t v a s tly in crea s ed

.
th e H eb rew p o pula ti o n which h a d a lre a dy b een n u

,
merou s i n S o uth ern F ra n ce f o r mo re th a n e ight

hun dre d years Th e mys tery which in times o f medi
.
aev a l d a rkn e s s e n velo p e d e v erythi n g d eriv e d fro m
H ebrew a n d Ara bic s o urc es th e p eculi ariti es o f th e

,
written th e in c ompreh en s ibility o f th e s p oken idio ms

, , ,
in which e duc a tio n w a s imp a rted th e metho dica l ,
tre a tmen t o f di s ea s e s o th oro ugh i n a pplic a ti on s o

, ,
s ucc es s ful i n re s ults purs u ed by i ts gra du a tes an d

, ,
imm ea s u ra bly s up eri or i n every res p e ct to th e mu m

m eri es o f p ri es tly s up ers titi on in ve s te d th e Un ive rs ity
,
o f M on tp elli er with a re puta ti on which a cqui re d a t ,
th e exp en s e o f s a c erdo ta l i n flu en c e w a s a ttribu te d by

,
th e ign ora n t to th e in vo c a ti on o f in fern a l s pi ri ts Th e .
in fidel phys ici a n s o f th a t in s tituti o n were s hun n e d by

th e d evout a s s o rc erers Th e Church exco mmu n ica ted
.
a ll w h o h a d re c o urs e to th e m Not on ly i n th a t city

.
,
bu t thro ugh th e gre a ter p a rt o f Chri s ten d o m i t w as ,
con s idere d f a r better to p ermit a n i n va lid to p eri s h

tha n to s e cure h i s re c ov ery by th e a i d o f pra ctiti on ers
wh os e meth od s were den oun ced from every pulpit a s
di a b olic a l a n d in fa mous Chri s ti an women o f ten di ed
.
i n childb ed ra th er tha n s um mo n a J ewi s h midwife ,

wh os e pro fes s i on w as ex erci s e d with s ign a l a bility a n d ,
wh os e e duc a ti on w a s littl e les s th o rough a n d pro foun d

th a n th a t o f th e d o c to rs o f th e m e dic a l s ch oo l S uch .
s a c rific es w ere re g a rd e d a s p e culi a rly m erito ri o u s as ,
e s ta bli s hin g b e y on d d o ub t th e c on s i s ten t pi ety o f th e
victim Un d er e xi s tin g ci rcum s ta n c es th ere w a s n o

. ,
reli e f f or th e p ri es t ridd e n s u ff erer f o r th e p ra ctic e

-
,
o f m e dicin e w a s c o n fin e d to th e J ew s Th e a pplic a .
ti on o f relic s e ven wh en s tren gth en e d by th e m o s t

,
e difyi n g e xhibiti o n o f fa ith c o uld h a rdly prev a il

,
a g a i n s t a f a ta l di s te mp er On th e o n e h a n d w a s th e
.
terrifyin g p ro s p e ct o f imp en di n g di s s o lu ti on ; o n th e
oth e r th e a s s u ra n c e o f divin e di s pl ea s ure a n d th e cer
,
ta i n ty o f s a c erd o ta l c on d e mn a ti on I n th e mid s t o f
'
thi s g en era l i n to l era n c e th e L o rd s o f M o n tp e lli er

s to o d firm . Th ey were pro ud o f th e i r city — proud ,
o f i ts w e a lth i ts en terp ri s e i ts i n tellig en c e i ts re pu

, , ,
ta ti o n . Th ey th oroughly a pp re ci ate d th e c on diti on s

un d er which th a t re putati o n h a d b een crea te d Their .
Jewi s h s ubj e cts were th e wea lthi es t th e m o s t lea rn ed , ,
th e m o s t l a w a bidin g o f ci tiz en s
-
Th e y h a d more th a n
.
o n c e di s ch a rg e d wi th cre dit imp o rta n t public employ
men ts Th ey h a d th ei r e xch an g e th ei r b a n ks thei r

.
, ,
s ch o o l s ,th e i r c e meteri es ev en th e i r o w n w e lls f or

,
purp os es o f a bluti on Th ey wo rs hipp e d i n a m a gn ifi

.
c en t s yn a go g ue which in richn es s a n d b ea uty vi ed

,
wi th th e mo s t Splen did mo s qu es a n d from wh o s e c eil ,
i n g o f a ro m a tic w oo d s w ere s u s p en d e d hun d re d s o f

g o lden la mp s N ot o n ly h a d th ei r h ere ditary com
.
m e rci a l in s tin cts m a d e M on tp elli er a g rea t a n d p ros

e ro u s e mp oriu m b u t th e ir in g en ui ty w a s exhibite d i n
p ,
th e e s ta bli s hm en t o f m a n y i mp orta n t b ra n ch es o f
man ufa cture s Th e cloth s e xp orte d by th em were
.
es p e ci a lly n ote d f o r d eli c a cy o f fin i s h a n d te x tu re In .
th e g o ld s mi th s s h o p s w a s p ro duc e d e l e g an t j e we lry
’
o f cl a s s ic d e s ign Not a f ew o f th e s a cre d ves s els

.
u s ed f or th e ce lebra tio n o f th e m a s s i n th e c ath edra ls

bre w m a n u s cripts were des troyed wh en ev er fo un d .
A t S a l a m a n c a a lon e s i x tho u s a n d w ere c on s um e d i n

,
a s i n gl e b on fire I n P a ri s i n o ne d a y tw en ty four -
.
, ,
c a rt loa d s O f li tera ry trea s ures we re c o mmitte d to

-
th e fl a m es . M on ki s h in tolera n c e ra g e d e verywh ere

a g a in s t th es e d a n g ero u s c o mp eti tors f o r p o pula r
fa vo r a n d p ecun i a ry g a in Thi s p rej udic e e x ten ded
.
to th ei r l a n gu a g e ; i ts s tudy w a s fo rbidd en un d er
p en a lty o f exc omm un ic a ti on ; a n d i t w a s c on s ta ntly
p ro cla imed fro m th e pulpit th a t wh oe ver a cquire d i t
b e c a m e fro m tha t mom en t to a l l in ten ts a n d purp os es
a J ew . Gra du a lly e xclude d fro m a ll m e ch an ical
tra d e s a n d lib e ra l p ro fes s i on s th e un h a ppy p eo ple ,
we re d riven to th e bu s in e s s o f brokera g e To thi s u n .
p o pul a r c a llin g wh o s e c o mmerci a l n e c e s s ity w a s a s

,
y et u n rec o gn iz e d by Eu ro p ea n ign ora n c e H ebrew ,
en terp ri s e w a s ul tim a tely fo r th e m o s t p a rt res tricte d

, , .
Th e p ra ctic e o f u s u ry re p ro b a te d by th o s e wh os e i m
,
p ro vid en ce o r vic es fo rce d th em to h a ve re co urs e to

i t f o r temp o ra ry reli e f h a d exi s te d i n Eu ro p e lon g
,
be fore th e s tigm a a ris i n g fro m i ts a bu s e a tta ch e d to

th e Je wi s h n a me . Th e L o mb a rd s a n d F lo ren tin es ,
wh os e u n feelin g ra p a city b eli e d th ei r cla im to h u

ma n i ty were th o s e wh o firs t ren dere d i t o diou s ; a n d
,
th e Ap os to lic S ee re p ea te dly s o ld to c omme rci a l or
g a n iz a ti on s th e p rivil e g e o f fin a n ci a l o pp re s s i on Th e .
s m a ll a m o u n t o f c a s h i n ci rcul a ti o n a u th o riz e d th e
impo s iti o n o f en ormou s ra te s o f in teres t I n S p a in .

,
un d er Ch ri s tia n do min a ti on th e ra te w a s lim ited to

,
thi rty th re e a n d a thi rd p er c en t a n d i n oth er coun

-
.
,
tri es i t w a s e v en m ore e x orbita n t b u t re gul a te d a s , ,
s uch m a tte rs a lw a y s a re by th e n a tu ra l la ws o f
,
s upply a n d d em a n d . Th e I ta li a n b ro k ers wh o plied ,
th e i r c a lli n g in F ra n c e n o t i n fre qu en tly e x a cte d on e

,
hun dre d a n d twen ty p er c en t p er a n n um Th e edicts . .
o f kin g s a n d th e a n a th em a s o f c o un cil s were in

e ff ectu a lly di re cte d a g a in s t thi s e vil which th rea ten ed ,
th e impo veri s hmen t o f e very n e c es s itou s p ers on o f

credit pro duc ed un s p ea ka ble s u ff erin g a n d s eriou s ly
, ,
reta rde d th e p ro g res s o f n a ti on a l p ro s p erity Thos e .
loudes t in th eir d en un ci a tion s were g en era lly th e firs t

to a pply f o r p e cun i a ry a dv a n c e s to th e obj e cts o f
th ei r s imula ted wra th C atho lic s o vere ign s s ecretly
.
pledge d th e roya l j ewels wi th H ebrew u s urers ; a n d

it w a s th e public b o a s t o f th e l a tter tha t th e s a cre d
ves s els o f c a th e dra ls a n d religi ou s hou s es were th e
greater p a rt o f th e time a t th eir a b s o lute o r co n di
ti o n a l di s p o s a l Th e gl a rin g in c on s i s ten cy which
.
ch a ra cteriz ed every ph a s e o f J ewi s h p ers e cuti on w a s

thu s u n u s u a lly c o n s picu o u s i n th e c on demn a ti o n o f
th ei r u s u ri o u s p ra ctice s .
I n P ortug a l whos e p ro ximi ty to a n d o rigin a l in

,
corp ora ti on wi th th e H i s p a n o Ar a b empi re h a d a t -
tra cte d a la rg e H e brew immigra ti o n th e J ews a s el s e , ,
wh ere a v a ilin g them s elves O f th e s up eri or a tta in men ts

,
a cqui re d un de r M o s l em i n s tituti o n s s p ee dily g re w ,
rich a n d p o w e rful Th ere a ls o in a n ign oran t s o ci ety

.
, ,
deb a s ed by th e p re d omin a n c e o f a n a rro w a n d d es

poti e e ccles ia s tic a l s ys tem th ei r tol era ti on b e c a me f o r
,
a tim e a p oli tic a l n e c es s i ty Th ei r s ervice s were s o

.
in dis p en s a ble to a ll o rders o f th e s ta te th a t th e d i s

a biliti e s imp o s e d up o n th e m w ere re g a rd e d a s m e re ly
n omi n a l a n d th e l a w s re gul a ti n g th ei r i n terc o u rs e

,
with ea ch oth er a n d wi th th e Chri s ti a n s rema in e d f o r

th e mo s t p a rt i n o p era tiv e .
I n I ta ly th e h a n d o f th e J e w w a s vi s ible i n th e
,
en ergy a n d en terp ri s e o f th e m a ri tim e s ta te s of
Ven ice G en o a L egh orn an d N a ples A les s in tol e r

, , , .
abl e e xi s ten c e w a s i n s ure d to him u n der th e s h a d ow
o f th e P a p a l th ron e Th e e xil es o f W e s te rn Euro p e

.
,
exp ell e d by th e s h ort s ighte d p o licy o f i rra ti on a l

-
fan atic s were c oldly welcomed o n th e b an ks O f th e

,
P o a n d th e Tib er a n d o n th e s un n y s hores o f th e
Adri a tic Th e in dus try a n d cultu re inh erited from
.
th e g o lden a ge o f M o s lem d omin a ti on b e c a me s ou rc es

o f w ea lth m erc a n tile imp o rta n c e a n d litera ry d i s
, ,
tin cti on to th e I ta li a n s wh os e relucta n t h os pita lity

,
w a s e v en tu a lly re p a id a hu n d re d fo ld by th e pro fit -
deriv ed from th e la b ors o f th es e re fugees a n d th e re

s u lts o f th e emul a ti on exci te d by th ei r e x a mple It .
w a s thu s th a t a fter th e l a p s e o f five cen tu ri e s a n d a t

,
a di s ta n c e o f a th o u s a n d mil es th e civiliz a ti on o f th e
,
M o s l em empire i n S p a i n p ro duc ed th rough th e ,
a g en cy o f a n a li en a n d e xil e d ra c e th e gl o ri ou s reviva l
,
o f a rts a n d le tte rs i n I ta ly Th a t th e J ew s s hould

.
b e c redite d with th e di s s emin a ti on o f Ara b s cien ce

a n d li te ra tu re i s d e m o n s tra te d by th e f a c t th a t i n
wh a tever c ou n try th os e o f S p a n i s h extra cti on o r th eir ,
d e s c en d a n ts es ta bli s h e d th em s elv es th e p eo ple o f that

, ,
c o un try quickly exp eri en c e d a n in telle ctu a l impuls e

un kn o wn to oth ers n ot e xp o s ed to s imila r a s s o ci a ti on s .
M o dern ci v iliz a tion h a s ill re quite d th e p ric eles s ben e

-
fits i t h a s re c e iv e d fro m J e wi s h l ea rn i n g a n d J ewi s h

s kill .
Th e te n a city o f th e min d o f th e I s ra e lite w a s

a m a zin g I t n ever rel a x e d i ts h o ld up on a va lu a ble
.
idea o n c e within i ts gra s p Much a s it co mmun icated

.
,
i ts s e cre tiv e ch a ra cter i n duc e d i t a lw a y s to s upp res s

f a r m o re tha n i t imp a rte d a h a bit which in cre a s ed i ts
,
mys teri ou s i n flu en c e I t h a d th e p e culi a r qu a lity o f

.
imme di a te ly quick en i n g i n to life th e m o re s luggi s h

men ta l n a tu res o f a l l with wh o m i t w a s brought in
c on ta ct NO di s p o s iti o n h owe ver h a rs h o r a s cetic w a s
.
, ,
pro o f a g a in s t th e e x erti o n o f its p o wer Th e J ewi s h .
c ol on i es tra n s pla n te d i n to th e mids t O f a n ign o ra n t

,
p o pula ti on b e c a me a t on c e foei o f lea rn in g Bigotry

, .
i ts elf re ga rd e d wi th a w e a n d res p e ct th e i n telle ctu a l

s up eri o ri ty which a n ticip a te d a n d ch e cke d h o s tile
me a s ures dire cte d a g a i n s t its c on tin u a n c e a n d with , ,
ou t th e e mpl o ym en t O f fo rc e n ullifie d l a w s es p e
,
ci a ll y en a cte d f o r i ts re p res s i on I t w a s n o t s tra n g e

.
un fa vo ra ble to fem a le e duc ati on Th ey were p ra cti .
c a lly th e Sla ves firs t o f th eir fa th ers th en o f th ei r

, ,
hu s ba n ds . I n public th ey a lw a y s a pp ea re d ve il e d
fro m h ea d to fo ot I n s o little e s teem were th ey ordi
.
n a ily h e ld th a t i t w a s n ot c on s id ere d n e c es s a ry to
,
in s truct th em e v en in th e do ctrin e s o f religi on VVh a t .
e v e r ta l en ts th ere f o re J e wi s h fe m a l e s p o s s es s ed w ere
, , ,
un til th e S a ra c en do mi n a ti on i n Eu ro p e u n kn own an d ,
un de vel o p ed .
Th e e duc a ti on a l fa ciliti es a ff o rd e d th e M o o ri s h
wo men un der th e b en eficen t s w ay o f th e Omm ey a d e
kh a li fs a n d th e p ro min en c e a tta in e d by m a n y o f
,
th e m i n th e w o rld o f letters did n ot fa il to e x erci s e

,
its i n flu en c e up on th e h a bits a n d th e c a re e r o f th eir

J e wis h s i s ters Thi s fa ct i s o f th e greate s t imp or
.
ta n c e i n vi ew o f th e s trict s ub o rdi n a ti on en forc e d

,
up on H e bre w wo men i n all p eri o ds o f th eir his tory ,
a re gula ti on la rg e ly d u e to th e ir n a tu ra lly d e p en d en t
c o n dition a n d the ir a lle g e d in telle ctu a l in feri ority .
I n th e cultiv a ted s o ci ety o f C o rdo v a th e s tubb orn ,
ten a city O f lon g es ta bli s h e d p rej udic e v a n i s h e d b e fore

-
th e en li gh ten e d a n d p ro g res s iv e s pirit o f th e a g e .
Un d er s uch ci rcum s ta n c es even th e s e vere a uthority

,
o f th e ra bbi s b e c a m e i n a m ea s u re re l a x e d ; a n d whil e
, ,
th e n a m e s o f n o J e wi s h wo m en p re emi n en tly di s tin -
g u i s h ed f o r l ea rn in g h a v e c o m e d o wn to u s i t i s a n ,
un qu es ti on a ble fa ct th at th ey were a llow e d to en j oy

to a n e x ten t hith erto un p re c e d en te d th e li te ra ry a d ,
va n ta g es wh o s e p os s es s i on w a s g en era lly a d mi tte d to

con s titute a n e xclu s ive privile g e o f th e ma s culin e s ex .
A s th e p oli cy a n d tra diti on s o f th e S y n a g o gu e d is

c ou ra e d s uch inn o v a ti on s i t i s n ot s tra n g e th a t n o
g ,
re c o rd o f th ei r res ults h a s b een p res erve d Th e ex .
h a u s tiv e re s ea rch es o f K a y s erli n g h a ve b rought to

light th e n a m e o f a s in gle H e brew p oete s s X emo s a , ,
o f th e era o f th e kh a lif a te ; b u t a l l p a rticul a rs o f time

MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROPE 1 63
an d lo ca li ty , of litera ry c areer a n d o f th e ch a r
h er ,
a cte r o f h e r w ork s a re mi s s in g .
Th e m o s t rem a rk a ble p e culi a rity o f th e H e brew

ch a ra cter w a s i ts vers a tility I n every pu rs uit i n
.
which h i s ta len ts were employed th e J ew o f S p an i s h

origin ro s e to u n riv a ll e d di s tin cti on Th e ma rve ll o u s
.
eru diti on a n d divers ifie d a cco mplis hmen ts o f th eir

s ch ol a rs w ere n ot in fe ri o r to th os e o f th e M o o ri s h
philos o ph ers o f C o rd ova i n th e mo s t glori ou s d a y s o f

M os lem do min ion Th ey b eca me e qu a lly pro fici en t i n
.
ma n y bra n ch es o f a b s tru s e s ci en ce a n y on e o f which ,
w as s u ffici en t to exh a u s t th e men ta l res ou rc e s o f a n

ordi n a ry s tud en t Th eir emin en ce i n th e pra ctic e o f
.
medicin e g a ve ri s e to th e p o pula r beli e f th a t a n a d

mi xture o f Je wi s h blo o d w a s a b s olute ly e s s en ti a l to
s ucc es s i n th a t p ro f e s s ion a n O pi n i on n ot c on fin e d to
,
th e vulg a r bu t s eri o u s ly di s cu s s e d by a l ea rn e d I ta li a n
,
hi s tori an Th e fa ct tha t th e s tudy o f a s tron o my

.
Should h a v e b een a lmo s t a lwa ys co mbin e d with th a t

o f m edici n e i s o n e o f th e m os t s i n gul a r i n ciden ts i n
th e a n n a l s o f li tera tu re I t might b e e xpl a in e d by a

.
pre dile cti on f or a s trolo gy if H ebrew in tellig en c e h a d

,
n ot l on g o utg ro w n th e b eli e f i n th a t d elu s i on s o p re v ,
a l en t i n th e i n f a n cy o f kn o wle dg e I n fa m ih a ri ty .
w ith th e vi s ible h ea v en s wi th th e m o ti o n s o f th e
,
plan ets an d th e rela tive p os ition o f s ta rs i n a ccura cy

, ,
o f m a th em a tic a l c a lcul a ti on i n d extero u s u s e o f th e

,
a s trol a b e a n d th e a rmill a ry s ph ere th e y s urp a s s e d a ll

,
oth er O b s e rv ers e xc e p t th e Ara b s S o p o pul a r w a s

.
thi s s ci en c e a mon g th em i n S p a in du rin g th e thi rteen th

century th a t th e J ewi s h a s tron omers o f T o led o a lon e
e xc ee de d i n n u mb ers a ll th e oth ers o f Ch ri s ti a n Eu
ro p e c omb in e d Th e in v a lu a ble s ervice s th ey ren d ered

.
to lea rn in g w ere n ot in fe ri or to th e in g en i o u s meth o d s

by which th ey fa cilita te d in tern ati on a l commu n i ca
ti on a n d p ro m ote d th e c on ven i en c e a n d s e curity o f
tra d e. Wh en s udden ly e xp elle d fro m Fra n c e by
P hilip Augu s tu s th ey le ft wi th Ch ri s ti a n s i n wh o m
,
th ey c o uld c on fid e the i r p ers on a l p ro p erty which , ,
fro m i ts bulk o r its va lu e th ey were un a ble to c a rry

,
wi th th em After th ei r a rriva l i n I ta ly th ey drew

. ,
th rough L o mb a rd m e rch a n ts up on th e cu s to di a n s o f
th ei r ch a ttel s e ith er f o r th e g o o d s th em s e lv es o r f o r
,
th e c as h re a liz e d fro m th e i r s a l e I n thi s w a y Eu

.
ro p e b e c a m e i n d eb te d to th e J e w s f o r th e g e n era l i n
tro d u c ti o n o f bill s o f exch a n ge p revi o u s ly i n v en te d

,
by th ei r c o u n trym en a t B a rc elo n a which fro m a ,
ben e fit to m erc a n tile tran s a cti on s i n th e s ettle men t o f

fo reign O blig a ti on s h a ve n ow grown to b e a c om
m e rc i a l n e c e s s i ty .
P o pula r p rej udice a g a in s t th e H ebrew n a ti on a lity

w a s a gg ra v a te d n ot on ly b ec a u s e O f th e emi n en t
,
a bili ty i n m a tters o f li te ra tu re a n d fin a n c e implyi n g ,
s up e ri ority which i t di s pl a y e d b u t o n a cc o un t o f i ts
, ,
co n tro l o f th e m a rk ets o f th e wo rld a n d o f i ts p o s

s es s i on O f th e g rea te r p a rt o f th e m o n e y i n ci rcul a ti on
we s t o f th e B os ph o ru s F ro m th e ten th c en tu ry wh en
.
,
th e M oo ri s h p o rts o f S o u th ern S p a i n h a d b e c o me th e
e mp orium s o f th e M e diterra n ea n to th e s ix te en th
, ,
wh en th e di s c o very o f C o lum bus a n d th e p a s s a g e o f

th e C a p e o f G oo d H o p e h a d o p en e d a n e w fi eld to
th e cupidi ty a n d a mbiti on o f Eu ro p e th e tra d e o f ,
th ree g re a t c on ti n en ts w a s s ub s ervi en t to th e en ter

p ri s e o f th e J ews Th e c o mm erci a l h erita g e b e
.
qu e a th ed to th eir a lli e s by th e P hoen ici a n s h a d en du red

th ro ugh ch a n g e s o f e mpi re th ro ugh th e w reck s o f
,
s ucc es s iv e dyn a s ti es through p ers e cuti on s o f i n

,
cre di ble a tro city for mo re th a n twen ty c en turi es

, .
Th e p ers i s ten cy which i s a m a rke d ethn ol ogic a l

p e culi a ri ty o f th e J ew s i s a t on ce th e c a u s e a n d th e
e ff e c t o f th eir cl a i m to Divin e f a v or Th e more .
i n te llig en t o f th a t p eo ple h a ve n ever e xp ecte d the

a pp ea ra n c e O f a p ers o n a l M es s i a h Th ey re ga rd th e
.
po pul a r myth o f hi s co min g a s s ymbo lizin g th e

e v erywh ere All trea ti s es i n Ara bic o f pra ctica l o r

. ,
s ci en tific v a lu e w ere tra n s l a te d in to H e b re w

,
Th eir .
fa mili a rity with e very bra n ch o f cl a s s ic a l litera tu re i s

a pp a ren t in th e i r writin g s ; ev en th e F a bl es o f Z E S Op
were re pro duc e d i n th ei r la n gu a g e P u rity o f dicti on .
a n d e l eg a n c e o f s tyl e w e re s trikin g ch a ra cteri s tic s o f
a l l th e li te ra ry p ro ducti on s o f th e S p a n i s h J e w s Th e .
mos t emin en t Chri s ti a n p rela tes o f S p a in durin g th e

tw elfth a n d thirteen th c en tu ri es w ere a p os ta te ra bb i s .
Th e p ro fici en cy o f th eir m edic a l p ra ctiti on ers h a s

a lrea dy b een re p e a te dly a llud e d to F o r y ea rs a fter
.
th e b a n i s hm en t o f th e J ews fro m th e P en in s ul a e n tire ,
di s tricts rema in e d w i th out th e b en e fits o f m edi ca l

trea tm en t S uch a s w ere a ble res o rte d to foreign
.
c oun tri es a t g rea t e xpen s e a n d in con ven i en c e ; th e

va s t ma j ority o f in va lid s s u ff ere d with ou t reli e f .
Th e re puta ti on o f th e H ebrew w a s s o g rea t e v en i n ,
th e s ix tee n th c en tury th a t F ra n ci s I s en t to th e Em
,
.
p e ror Ch a rl es V f o r a J ewi s h phy s ici a n ; a n d on e

.
wh o h a d b een c on v erted to C h ri s ti a n i ty h a vi n g u n d er
ta k en th e j o u rn ey to P a ri s th e F ren ch ki n g re fu s ed
,
to re c eive him a s s o on a s h e l e a rn e d th a t h e w a s a n
a p o s ta te H ebre w eruditi on ex erci s e d n o s ma ll i n fl u
.
e n c e o n b o th M o ori s h a n d S p a n i s h li tera ture M a ny .
o f th e trea ti s es o f th e J e wi s h phil o s o ph ers w ritten i n ,
Ara bic en j oy e d a wi de circul ati on i n th e cultiva ted

,
s o ci ety o f th e kh a lif a te a n d o f th e p ri n cip a l iti es which
s ucc eed e d i t Th e firs t bi o gra phy o f th e Cid w a s

.
written by I b n Al fa n g e a J ew -
,Th e c o lle cti o n o f
.
ta l es en titl e d El C on d e L u ca n o r by D on J u a n ,
M a n u el i s b orrowe d from a c o mpo s iti on o f s imilar

,
ch a ra cter by M os e s S e ph ardi a H eb rew fa b u li s t

, .
I n th e w o rk s o f a ll th e di s tin gui s h ed J ewi s h writers

w h o h a d e i th er di re c tly or rem ote ly b een s ubj e c te d to
th e i n flu en c e o f th e M os l em a c a d e mi es o f S p a in Ari s ,
to teli a n a n d N e o P l a ton ic Opi n i on s p re v a il

-
O rth o do x .
Jud a i s m c ould n ot s urvive in th e a tmos ph ere o f th o s e

in fidel in s titu tion s Th e ra bbi s were with out ex cep

.
,
ti on to a g rea ter o r l es s d egre e i n fe cte d wi th p a n th e

, ,
i s ti c idea s Th ey were firm b eli evers i n th e h eretic a l

.
do ctrin e o f Em a n a ti on a n d Abs o rpti on I n co mm on .
with thei r Ara bic a s s o ci a tes wh o h a d lon g s in c e repu

,
d i a ted th e l e g en d s o f th e K o ra n th e y a cc e pte d i n a ll
,
i ts p orten to u s s ign ific a n c e th e a ph ori s m S cien ce i s ,

”
re ligi on.
N o thin g i s mo re rema rk a ble in th e hi s tory o f th e

J ews o f th e Mid dl e Ag es th a n th eir s urviva l un der
p ers ecuti on Th e mo s t a wful ca la mi ti es fa iled to i m
.
p a ir th eir o rga n iz a tion or de s troy th e ir fa ith Th ey .
were n a tura lly a reb elli ou s p eo ple Th eir a n ci en t .
hi s to ry i s a ta le o f brea ch es o f fa ith trea s on a n d , ,
s e diti on
. Th ey were en s la ve d in a bo dy by E gi za ,
Kin g o f th e Vi s igo th s f o r a c on s pi ra cy which a ime d

,
a t th e o v e rth ro w o f th e mo n a rchy Th e C ru s a d ers

.
,
in fla med by th e h a ra n gu es o f th e clergy on the ir ,
ma rch to P a les tin e butch ered th em wh ereve r foun d .
I n F ra n ce a l o n e a hun dre d thou s a n d w ere m a s s a cred

by th e truculen t s oldi ers o f th e C ro s s Th e Almoh a de .
fa n a tic s dro ve th em ou t o f S p a in P hili pp e l e B el

.
co n fis ca te d the ir pro p erty an d exp elle d th em from h i s

kin gd o m H en ry III o f E n gl a n d s old all th e J ews
. .
, ,
in h i s d omin i o n s to hi s b ro th er R ich a rd f o r a la rg e
s u m o f mo n ey Th e Emp eror L o ui s IV p a wn ed th e
. .
H ebrew c o lo n y o f th e city o f S pire s like s o much ,
me rch a n di s e to th e Bi s h o p a s s ecurity f o r a d ebt I n

,
.
Ara gon a t th e clo s e o f th e fifteen th c en tu ry fifty

, ,
th ou s a n d we re p u t to d eath a n d doubl e th a t n umb e r

comp elled to ren oun c e th eir religi on Th e p o p es a lter
.
n a tel y trea ted th em wi th s e ve rity a n d i n dulg e n c e a s ,
th e fin a n ci a l c o n diti on o f th e H o ly S ee w a s p ro s
p erou s or n e c e s s itou s Thu s while gri ev ou s ly Op

.
,
p res s ed i n oth er cou n tri es o f Euro p e they o ften en ,
j oye d temp o ra ry immun ity i n I ta ly P os s es s e d o f n o.
civil rights exi s tin g on ly by s u ffe ra n c e th ey were

, ,
th e p rey o f ev ery o n e cl oth e d f or th e mo men t with

p o wer Church a n d S ta te a lik e re g a rde d th em a s
.
, ,
a m o s t v a lu a bl e s o u rc e o f i n c o m e Th e m o n e y a n n u
.
a lly e xto rte d fro m th e J e wi s h p o pul a ti on o f a ki n g
d om w a s fre qu en tly f a r i n e xc es s o f a ll o th er reven ues

c o mb in e d .
Th e H eb re w w ork s o f m e d i mv a l a n tiqui ty con ta i n

th e g erm s Of s ci en tific di s c o v eri es which m o d e rn p rid e
i s plea s e d to d e s ig n a te a s o f c o mp a ra tiv ely re c en t
o rigi n . I n th e Zo h a r a c o ll e cti o n o f tre a ti s e s b elon g
,
in g to th e K a bb a l a a re emb o di e d highly philos o phic

,
c o s mo lo gic a l idea s a n d ra ti on a l c on ce pti on s rela tin g

,
to th e vi ta l p ri n ciple o f N a tu re a n d th e s ci en tific ,
trea tm en t o f di s eas e which w ere s ub s e qu en tly a ppli e d

,
to public i n s tructi o n a n d p ra ctic a l u s e in th e f a mou s

s ch oo l s o f S a lern o a n d M on tp elli er Th e v ari ou s .
phys io gn o mic a l ch a n g es wrought up o n th e lin ea ments

o f th e hum a n c o un ten a n c e by th e cultiva ti o n o f b e
n ev ol en t i n s tin c ts o r th e i n dulg en c e o f e vil p a s s i on s
a re th ere d es c rib e d wi th a f a i thfuln e s s which p o in ts
to a n e xtrao rdi n a ry i n s ight i n to th e i n c en tives a n d

d es i res which c on tro l th e a c ti on s o f m en I n thi s .
rem a rk a bl e c o mpil a ti on o f H eb re w l e a rn i n g th e d oc ,
tri n e o f P a n th e i s m a s s ugg es te d by th e time h on o red

,
-
philos o phy o f I n di a i s s et fo rth ; th e glo bul a r fo rm o f

,
th e e a rth its diu rn a l rev oluti on o n i ts a xi s th e v a ryin g

, ,
ph a s e s o f th a t pla n et th e di ff eren ce i n th e len gth o f

,
d a y a n d n ight a t th e e qu a tor a n d th e p o l es a n d th e ,
s ci en tific re a s o n s f o r th e e xi s te n c e o f th e s e ph en om en a ,
a re a ll d e s crib e d with a n a ccu ra cy which i s w o n d erful
wh en th e g en era l ign o ra n ce o f th e e p o ch du rin g which

th e s e Opi n i o n s s o f a r i n a dv a n c e o f th e tim e w ere
, ,
promulg a ted i s re memb ere d I n th e thirteen th cen

tu ry J e d ed i a h b en —
.
,
, Abra h a m o f B ézi ers a dva n ced

-
, ,
th e hyp o th e s i s th a t a l l o bj e c ts imp ell e d i n Opp os i te

dire cti on s an d u n di s turbe d by oth er fo rce s m ove i n
, ,
s tra igh t li n es — th e e s s en ti a l e l e m en t o f o n e o f th e
,
a p o werful in flu en c e on th e ir min d s i n s pi re d th e ir ,
e ff o rts p ro v o k e d th ei r riv a lry c on firm e d th ei r re s o lu

, ,
ti on I n thi s re s p e ct a s i n n um ero u s o th ers p o s terity

.
, ,
o wes much to th e d e s pi s e d I s ra eli tes o f th e m e di aev a l
e ra .A va s t i n terv a l o f tim e divid es th e a g es o f Abd

a l R a hm a n I a n d Lu th er ; th e citi es o f C ord o v a a n d
-
.
W o rm s a re s e p a ra te d by m an y hun dre d lea gu es ; b ut

th e i nh eren t id eas o f p ers o n a l lib erty a n d p riv a te righ t
re c o g n iz e d on th e b a n k s o f th e Gu a d a lquivi r ul ti
ma tely p reva il e d in th e c en tre o f G e rm an y on ce th e ,
m os t un lettere d o f c oun tri es Thu s th e inh erita n ce o f.
b a rb a ri s m ren d ere d p o s s ible by R o m a n d ec a den ce

, ,
tra n s mi tte d by G o th H un a n d V a n d a l a n d p erp etu

, , ,
a te d f o r th e m a teri a l i n teres ts o f th e C hu rch was ,
s uppl a n te d by th e l a b o rs a n d th e e x a mpl e o f ra bbin ic a l
in du s try a n d le a rn in g Th e e p o ch o f ign oran c e d u r

.
,
i n g which m en f ea re d to b e e n lighten e d by a p eo ple

wh os e tra n s cen d en t kn o wle dge w a s b eli eve d to b e o f
in fern a l origin w a s p a s t ; b u t th ei r di s a bili ti es were
,
n e v e r e n ti rely rem o v e d a n d J e w b a i ti n g i s u n f ortu

,
-
,
n a tel y s till a p o pul a r div ers i on i n s o m e o f th e c oun

,
tri e s o f Euro p e .
Th e im p o rta n c e o f th e in ven ti on o f p rin tin g w a s

a t o n c e u n d ers too d a n d a pp re ci a te d by th e J e w s Ten .
yea rs a fter i t b eca me kn o wn th ei r p res s es i n I ta ly ,
pro duce d typ o gra phic a l w orks o f e xtra ordin a ry

b ea u ty a n d exc ellen c e Th e ir p ro min en ce i n every
.
mo vem en t di re cte d tow a rds th e wea k en in g o f s up er

s ti ti on a n d th e e m a n cip a ti on o f th e hum a n i n tell ect
did n ot p rev en t them fro m s u s ta i n in g i n tim a te a n d

c on fiden ti a l rel a ti o n s with th e H o ly S ee Th e P a p a cy .
w a s a s a rule n ot u n fa v o ra bly i n cli n e d to w a rd s th em ;

, ,
i t b o rro w e d th eir m on ey a n d a v a ile d its elf o f th eir

,
ta le n ts i n th e c on duct o f public a ff a i rs M an y J ews .
o f R o m e a tta i n e d to g re a t p oli tic a l di s ti n c ti o n J eh id .
w a s th e fin a n ci a l min i s ter o f Al ex a n d er III ; a n d th e .
s o n o f a w e a lthy H e bre w m erch a n t n a m e d P i etro il ,

Bu on o i s kn o wn to p o s terity a s th e a n tip o p e A ma cl e
,
tu s. S uch were th e H ebrew s o f th e Middle Ages ,
whos e s ucc es s i n li tera ture art s cien ce commerce

, , , ,
politics a n d diplom a cy i s to b e a ttribute d to th e im

,
pul s e origi n a lly imp a rte d to th ei r gen iu s a n d to th e ,
privile ge s en j o ye d by their an ces tors u n d er th e g en ,
ero u s a n d to l e ra n t p olicy o f th e Kh a lifs o f C ord o va .
Th e expul s io n o f th e S p a n i s h J ews i s o n e o f th e
s a dd e s t a n d m o s t de pl o ra bl e tra g e di es i n hi s tory Th e .
ro y a l e dict which d e cide d th e i r f a te a n d wh os e ex ec u,
ti on h a d b een de f erre d u n til th e M o ori s h wa rs w ere

en d e d w as publi s h e d M a rch 3 1
, 1 49 2 Th e ch a rge
, .
bro ught a ga in s t th em o f h a vin g m en a ce d th e s e curity

o f th e S ta te a n d th e tra n quillity o f th e Church by ,
pro j e cted c on s pi ra cy i s to o a bs u rd to b e s eri ou s ly

,
con s idere d To s tren gthen th es e un fo un ded a ccus a

.
ti on s th e th rea db a re fa bl es rel a tin g to th e s a c rific e o f

,
Chris ti a n i n fa n ts at E a s ter a n d th e re p ea te d s olicita

,
ti on o f C a th olic s to a p os ta s y were o n c e mo re u tiliz ed

,
to in fl a me th e p a s s i o n s o f th e fa n a tic a l multitude .
Three mon ths on ly were a llowe d f or th e di s p os a l o f

th eir p ro p erty a n d th e c o mpleti o n o f th e i r p re p a ra
tio n s f or de p a rture ; a n d if th a t te rm we re e xc ee de d
, ,
th e p ro cl a m a ti on m a de th em li a ble to th e s eizu re
o f th eir ch a tte l s a n d e v en to th e p en a lty o f d ea th
,
.
They were p rohibited fro m removin g from th e kin g

d om m on ey o r ve s s el s o f g old o r Silve r ; a n d th e o n ly
Obj e cts s p e cified i n th e roya l o rdin a n c e which th ey
were p ermitted to reta in were bills o f e xch a n ge a n d
p orta bl e e ff e cts which c ould ea s ily b e tra n s p orte d .
Th e Gra n d I n qui s itor T o rqu em a d a rev e re d i n th e

, ,
a nn a l s o f th e Chu rch a s o n e o f h e r m o s t fa m o u s
ch a mpi o n s a n d th e c on fe s s o r o f Qu een I s a bella to

, ,
whos e credit s tan d th e tortu res o f a hun dre d thou s an d

heretics a n d th e grie f a n d mi s ery o f o th er u n n u m
b ere d mul titud es w a s th e i n s pirin g s pi rit o f this a tro
,
c i ou s c rim e a g a i n s t hum a n ity H i s in flu en ce n eu

.
tra li zed th e s upplic ati on s pe o pl e ; th e

of an en t re i
rem on s tra n c e s o f th e f e w s ta tes m en w h o wi th s ta n din g ,
th e p o pul a r cl a m o r fo re s a w th e c erta i n de cli n e o f c om

,
m erci a l p ro s p eri ty in cid en t to th e en force m en t o f thi s

mea s u re ; th e in s idi ou s a n d hith erto o mn ip oten t a gen cy
o f v a s t s um s o f g o ld Accoun ts di ff er ma teria lly a s
.
to th e n u mb er o f J e ws e xp elle d fro m S p a i n ; i t w a s ,
h o wever n ot les s th a n fou r hu n dre d th o u s an d an d w as

, ,
pro b a bly n ea r a mil li on Th ei r s u ff erin g s equ a lled

. ,
if th ey did n o t s u rp a s s th o s e o f th e M ori s c oe s a fter

, ,
wa rds c on d e mn ed by a s im il ar pro s cripti on Th e a ir .
w as fil le d wi th thei r l a m en ta ti on s M a n y re ma in ed .
f o r d a y s i n th e c em ete ries w e e pin g o v er th e gra ves ,
o f th e i r a n c es to rs Th e m a j o rity w h o tra v ell e d by

.
la n d wen t o n fo o t With th e e xiles de p a rte d th e

.
gre a ter p o rti on o f th e le a rn i n g th e s kill th e wea lth , , ,
th e i n du s try a n d th e p ros p erity o f S p a i n

,
Thei r .
es ta tes w e re c on fi s c a te d by th e c ro wn Rigid p ers o n a l .
s e a rch w as m a d e o f e v e ry i n dividu a l f o r c o n c ea l ed
va lu a bles which imp elle d m a n y to s wa llo w th eir gold

,
.
B rig a n d s s tripp e d th em on th e highwa y S a ilors .
ro bb e d th e m o n th e s ea Th ei r wive s were ra vi s h ed
.
,
th ei r child ren d es p a tch e d b e fo re th e i r e ye s M a ny .
p eri s h e d fro m wa n t o f foo d A p es tilen c e d e cim ate d .
a n en ti re c o mp a n y a n d th e s u rviv ors w ere a b a n d on e d

,
to d i e o n a d e s ert i s la n d wi th o ut w a ter or s h elter

,
.
G reat n umb ers were s o ld by th e ir b a rb a rou s cu s to di an s

to s l a v e tra d ers Th e i n a d ve ren t di s cl o s ure o f wea lth
.
w as fa ta l to i ts p o s s es s o r ; h e w a s a t on ce th ro wn o v er
bo a rd a n d hi s p ro p erty b e c a m e th e s p o il o f th e mur
,
d erer Th o s e w h o l a n de d in M o rocco were n ot p er

.
m i tted to e n ter th e citi es a n d a f a min e which a t th at

,
ti m e w a s d es o la tin g th e c o u n try m a d e i t imp os s ible

f o r s uch a n i n crea s e d p o pula ti o n to o bta in s ub s i s ten ce .
E n c a mp e d in th e a rid d es ert th ey were c o mp elled to ,
h a ve re cou rs e to un wh o le s o m e roo ts a n d h erb s in a

d es p era te e ff ort to s u s ta in life Th ou s a n ds die d o f .
fa vorite a n d a bs olute mi ni s ter o f th e s o vereign s o f

P ortug a l S p a in a n d N a pl es h e s h are d th e fate o f
, , ,
h i s c oun trymen a n d d e p rive d o f hi s Offices a n d h om e

, ,
i n ea ch o f th es e kin gd o m s w a s th ree tim es d riven i n to

,
e xil e. S uch w a s th e res p ec t which h i s ta len ts in s pi red ,
th a t th e p rin c e s wh o h a d b een fo re m o s t i n p ers ecutin g

h i m w ere gl a d to a v a il th em s elv e s o f h i s e xp eri en ce
i n s ettl em en ts o f im p orta n t qu es ti on s o f diplom a cy .
H i s litera ry a bility w a s s o g re a t th a t hi s a dmirers h a ve

cl a s s ed h im wi th M a imo n id es I n philo s o ph y h e wa s
.
mo s t lib era l ; i n religion a p o lemic ; i n p o litics s tran ge ,
to s a y a re public a n
, I n p riv a te o r in public life n o
.
s ta i n o r di s h on o r e ve r a tta ch e d to hi s n a m e .
Th e s ce n e s witn es s e d du rin g th e e xpul s i on o f th e

J ews fro m P o rtuga l w ere e ven m ore s h o ckin g in thei r
ba rb a rity th a n th os e th at ch a ra cteriz e d th e ir e xp atri a
ti on fro m a n y o th er c o u n try o f Ch ri s ti a n Eu ro p e .
O n ly tw o m on th s w ere a ll o w e d th em to s ettl e th eir

a ff a i rs ; if a n y re m a i n e d b ey on d th a t ti m e th ey w ere
c on d emn e d to s l a v ery All ma l es un d er th e a ge o f

.
fou rteen were to b e s e p a ra te d fro m th e i r rela tive s th at ,
th e y migh t b e b ro ught in to th e p a l e o f th e C hu rch ,
which a imed a t th e a nn ih ila ti on o f th eir ra c e Th e .
latter p a rt o f th e i n ex ora ble s en ten c e w a s th e firs t to

b e e x e cuted Th e s crea mi n g b o y s w ere to rn from
.
th e a rm s o f th eir p a ren ts w h o were b ruta lly clubb e d

,
un til th ey rele a s e d th eir h old ; m an y dis tra cte d moth ers ,
un a ble to s u s ta i n th e los s o f th ei r children c ommi tted ,
s ui cide or kill e d th e ir o ff s p rin g ; o f th e l a tter s om e
were c a s t i n to wel l s o th ers were s tra n gled Every

, .
o b s ta cl e w a s th row n i n th e w a
y o f th e de p a rture o f
th e J ews un til th e limi te d time h a d e xpi re d a n d th en ,
n ea rly th e en tire n u mb er w a s en s l a v e d Ap o s ta s y wa s
.
n ow th e on ly re m e dy f o r th ei r di s tre s s e d c on di ti on a n d
,
thi s m a n y emb ra c e d Th ei r s o ci a l s ta tu s w a s thereby

.
imm en s ely im prove d at th e e xpen s e o f th eir con

s ci en c e .Th ey c on tra cte d di s tin gui s h e d a ll i an ce s with
th ei r c
re en t o pp res s o rs an d th ei r children w ere
,
a do p te d in to th e f a mili e s o f th e n o bili ty .
Th e S p a n i s h J ews by re a s on o f th e p e culi a riti e s O f

,
th eir s itu a ti on th e h o s tili ty o f th ei r rul ers

,
—which ,
th eir p e cun i a ry re s o u rce s a n d n a tu ra l a cuten e s s o f ten

b a ffle d y et n ever entirely o verc a m e — a n d th eir s u c
, ,
ces s i v e d o min a ti on by ra c es o f di ff e ren t orig i n f a i th , ,
a n d l a n gu a g e w e re imp re s s e d with m en ta l ch a ra c ter

,
i s ti cs a n d p e culi a riti es n ot to b e m et with i n th eir

brethren o f o ther coun tri es Th eir rigid forma li s m .
w as p ro verbi a l a n d th e H ebrew o f T o ledo ob s erved

,
more con s ci en tiou s ly th e pre c e pts o f th e P en ta teuch

a n d th e Ta hn u d th a n th e H eb rew o f D a m a s cu s o r
J eru s a lem B ut the ir tra diti on a l res erve did n o t p re

.
ven t th em fro m s oli citin g pros elytes ; a n d it i s s ta ted

th a t th e ra bbi s ign o ri n g th e p rohibitory i n j u n c ti on s
,
o f th e n a ti o n a l C o de up on on e o cc a s ion ch a llen ge d
,
th e bi s h o p s to a d eb a te in pres en ce o f th e thro n e up on
, ,
th e merits o f thei r re s p e ctiv e s ys tem s ; a n a c t o f

a uda ci ty which d oes n ot s eem to h a ve e xcite d e v en th e
s urp ri s e o f th e p re la te s o f th a t a e Th e S p a n i s h
g .
gra n dee prid es hims elf up o n hi s G othic a n ces try th e ,
s a n g re a zu l wh o s e p res en c e i s p res um e d to in dic a te

,
con clu s ively th a t i n th e a s c en din g lin e ca n b e foun d

n o p ro g e n itor o f th e de s pi s e d S emi tic ra c e Th e f a l .
s i ty o f thi s pres umpti on w a s h o wever es ta bli s h e d by

, ,
th e c oun cils c on vo ke d by roya l a uth o rity a t Bu rg o s ,
Va lla d olid a n d M a drid du rin g th e s ixteen th a n d

,
s even teen th c en turies to s ettl e th e qu es tion o f pu rity

,
o f bloo d . Acc o rdin g to th e s tatutes a do pte d by th es e

I n form a ci on es d e N o bl ez a a s th ey were c a lled d e
, ,
s cen t from a J ew i s h a n c es to r w a s s o lemn ly de cl a re d
to b e n o ble mi s h up on a n o ble es cutch eon a de ci s i on ,
which a ff e cted n ot a f ew o f th e old es t a n d h a ughti es t

fa mili es o f C a s tile a n d Ara gon .
There a re to d ay f ew o f th e great h ou s es o f P or
-
tug a l a n d S p a in which h a ve n ot a n a dm ixture o f

H e brew bl oo d W o rks h a v e b een publi s h e d by e ccle

.
s i a s ti cs tra cin g thi s c on ta min a te d li n ea g e to i ts s ou rc e ,
which a ll th e a uth ori ty O f a de s p otic g overn m en t w as

n o t a bl e to s upp res s .I t i s s a id th a t th e P ortugu es e
Kin g J os e ph I on c e o rd ere d e very m a l e o f J ewi s h
.
d es cen t in h i s d o min i on s to wea r a yello w h a t Th e .
M a rqui s o f P omb a l a pp ea re d with th ree ; a n d on b ein g

a s k e d by th e Ki n g f o r wh a t u s e h e i n ten d e d th e m h e ,
a n s w e re d I n o b e di e n c e to th e roy a l d e cree I h a v e
“
, ,
bro ught on e f o r Yo ur M a j e s ty o n e f o r th e Gra n d

,
I n qui s ito r a n d on e f o r mys elf Thi s a n e cdo te wh os e

,
.
,
a u th en ticity i s w ell es ta bli s h e d , s h o w s th e e xten t to
which th e blo o d o f a on c e p ro s crib e d a n d p ers e cuted

p eo ple des pite a ll a ttempts a t its a nn ihila ti on h a d
, ,
be en in fu s e d in to th e vein s o f th e pro udes t a n d mo s t

e xclu s iv e a ri s to cra cy i n Eu ro p e .
feeli n g s o f s orro w an d vex ation th at th ey re fer to th e

wides p re a d d e fe ction fro m th e a n ci en t fa ith Ev en .
a m on g th os e wh o s e c on s ta n cy w as un s h ak en th e ,
z ealots were in a mi n ori ty I t i s n ot s tran ge th ere

. ,
fore th a t the Arabs Sh ould h a ve c on s idered th e latter

,
a s i rres p on s ibl e p ers on s wh os e o ff en ces un p ardon

, ,
a bl e un d er th e C o d e o f I s l a m w ere p un i s h e d b ec a u s e
,
th e l a w p ermitte d th e e x erci s e o f n o di s cretion on th e

p art o f th e m a gi s tra te I t i s evident th at th o s e wh o
.
s olicite d th e h on ors o f m a rtyrdo m w ere n ot reg a rd ed
a s re p re s en ta tive s o f e ith er th e i r s e ct or th e ir n a ti on
a lity . Th e M oori s h hi s tori a n s recou nt th e vo lun ta ry

s a crific e o f tho s e en thu s i a s ts wi th e v ery m a n if es tation
o f w on der a n d pity . I t w a s n ot until th eir ob s tin a cy ,
p ro vokin g dis s en s i on a n d revo lt b eg an to men a ce th e

,
s a fety o f th e g ov ern m en t th a t th ei r l a n gu a g e rev ea l s

,
a f eelin g o f vi n dictiv en es s a g a i n s t th eir mi s g u ided
tributa ri es .
On th e oth er h an d little in forma ti on of va lu e i s

,
to b e glea n e d fro m th e Ch ri s ti a n chron icl ers T h os e .
wh o h a v e rel a ted th e ev en ts o f th ei r tim es w ere all

memb ers o f th e p ers e cute d fa cti on B oth c ontem p o .
ra ry a n d s ub s e qu en t writers we re b lin d ed b y p rej u di c e
a n d a c tu a ted by e very m otive o f s e cta ri a n big otry to
th e p ervers i on Of th e tru th P rol ix in th ei r en umera

.
ti on o f th e s u ff eri n g s o f ma rtyrs th e i r a cc oun ts o f ,
a ll o th er o ccu rren c e s a re re m a rk a b l e f or extreme

mea gren es s o f deta il No d es cription s a re given o f
.
th e s o ci a l rel a ti on s o f th e d o min a n t a n d s ubj ect ra c es ;

n o di re c t m en ti o n i s e v er m a d e o f th e th ou s an d i n c i
d en ts c on s tantly tra n s pi rin g i n th e i nterc ours e of th e

tw o p eo l es trivi a l i n th em s elve s y et m os t i m p ortant
p , ,
i n formi n g a c orrect id ea o f th e ch a ra cter th e a s pira ,
ti on s a n d th e life o f a n a ti on
, S u ch matters s o in
.
,
teres ti n g to p os teri ty a s d e pic tin g th e m ann ers o f a

cl as s durin g a p eri o d c on s picu ou s in hi s tory were too ,
in s ign ific ant f or th e p en O f th e mon kis h a nn a li s t an d ,

mu s t n ow ga th ere d a t ran dom from th e n a rra

be
ti ves o f oth er ev en ts i n th e elucida ti on o f which th ey
,
h a ve b een c a s u a lly an d un des ign edly men ti on ed Th e .
works o f thes e e ccles i a s tica l writers a re fil le d with

e rro rs . Th e y a re a s u s u a l overloa d ed with a b s urd
, ,
legen d s a n d s pu riou s mira cles I t i s a pp a ren t ev en

.
,
from a s up erfici a l p eru s a l th a t n ot on ly th e s u ff erin gs

, ,
bu t th e vi rtu es o f th e s a in ts wh os e liv e s they de s c rib e

a re l a rg e ly fictiti ou s a n d o f ten e x a gg era te d To s uch .
a uth o ri ti es th e re f ore li ttl e cre dit ca n b e give n by th e

, ,
hi s tori a n .
No p eo pl e m en ti on e d i n hi s tory e ver a tta in e d to a

high ra n k i n th e s c a l e o f civiliz a tion wh os e p olicy w a s
foun de d o n th e s ys tema tic re pres s i on o f religi ous
o pin i o n s. Th eo lo gic a l i n to lera n ce i s th e mo s t s eriou s
o f ob s ta cl es to i n tell e ctu a l p ro g re s s Amon g th e great.
n a ti on s o f a n tiqui ty fre e do m i n re ligi o u s m a tte rs w a s

,
gen era lly c on c e de d a s a ma tte r o f right Wh ere in .
v a s i on s o f th a t righ t o ccu rre d th e y m a y a l mo s t i n

,
vari a bly b e tra ce d to i n terferen ce with th e es ta bli s h ed

governm en t Th e in tim a te c on n e ction o f p o litica l a n d
.
re ligi o u s in s titu ti on s in th os e tim es will rea dily a cc ou n t
f o r o cca s i on a l ex a mple s o f a pp a ren t p ers ecuti on Th e .
mos t emin en t Ath en i a n s ta tes men n ot i n fre qu en tly

p erfo rmed th e fun cti on s o f p ri es t i n th e c eremon i a l
o f public w o rs hip .Th e title O f P on tife x M a ximu s
w a s on e o f th e m os t h o n o ra bl e a n d c o v ete d o f th e
dign ities o f th e R epublic o f Rom e a n d u n der th e ,
Empire it c on ferre d a dditi on a l di s tin ction up o n th e

a ttribu te s a n d th e ex e rci s e o f imp eri a l p o w e r Un der .
th a t wi s e a n d p o litic di s p en s a ti o n th e g o ds o f fo reign
,
c oun tri es w ere a dmi tted i nto th e n a ti on a l p a n th eon on

a n equ a l footin g wi th th e d o m es tic divi n iti es a n d n on e ,
could cla im a n exc es s ive a n d un du e p re emin en c e in -
th e n a ti on a l s y s tem I t w a s n ot un til th e Chri s ti a n s

.
pro fa n cd th e a lta rs a n d excited mutin y i n the a rmy

, ,
th a t th eir p rivil eg es were curta ile d a n d th e i r reli gi ou s

c eremon ies in terrupted Th e c on dition s f o rm erly

.
p re va ili n g were th en rev olu tion iz e d I n dulg en ce w a s .
fol lo we d by p ers ecuti on P ers ecuti on di s clo s e d a n d

.
pro duce d ten s o f th ou s an ds o f pro s elytes Th e ex

.
.
e r i en c e o f th e Ch ri s ti a n s e ct s ugg es te d th e p erp etu a

p
ti on i n i ts religi o u s c o n s titu ti on o f th e in comp a ra ble
p olitica l s ys te m o f th e empire a me a s u re which in th e
,
en d c on tribute d s o l a rg ely to i ts s ucc e s s i ts di s cipli n e , ,
a n d i ts p erm a n en c e I n n o co un try s ubj e ct to th e

.
a u th o ri ty o f th e P a p a cy w ere th e e ff e cts o f th es e
a dv a n ta g e s o f imp eri a l o rg a n iz a ti o n m o re a pp a ren t
th a n i n th e S p a n i s h P e n i n s ul a .
Durin g th e era o f Vi s ig othi c s uprema cy th e i n fl u

e n c e o f th e Chu rch w a s p a ra m o u n t in e very de p a rt
m en t o f th e civil a dmin is tra ti on I ts c oun cils re gu .
l a te d th e s ucc es s i on fra m e d th e la w s ch os e th e s over

, ,
ei g n . I ts s erv a n ts dicta te d e v e ry m ea s ure o f n a ti on a l

po licy I ts s an cti on imp a rte d a s a c re d ch a ra cter to th e
.
ro y a l e dicts Emin en t p rela tes w h o even i n trivi al

.
,
ma tters n ev er p ermitte d th e preten s ion s o f the ir o rder

to b e s ub ordi n a te d to th e i n tere s ts o f th e c ro wn c on ,
s ti tu te d i n rea li ty th e s up rem e p o we r o f th e s ta te .
Th ey n eg o ti a te d trea ti es Th ey p a rticip ate d i n cam

.
p g a i ns Th. e y imp o s e d a n d c o ll e c te d ta x es I n re .
p ea te d c on tes ts wi th th e n o bility th ey g en erally

e m erg e d victo ri ou s Th ei r i n telle ctu a l a cquirements
.
,
s up erfici a l a s th ey w ere g a ve th e m a d e cid e d a d va n

,
ta g e ov er th e ir illi tera te a n d o ften b ruta l a n ta g on i s ts .
Th e a uth o rity the y o b ta in e d by s up erior k n o wl e dg e ,
c ra ft a n d en ergy w a s i n time c on firm e d by h a bit a n d

,
s tren g th en e d by p re s crip ti o n Th at a uth o rity bas ed

.
,
up on public ven era ti o n a n d e xten din g th rough count

les s gen era ti on s h a s o ften been Sh a ken but n ever
, ,
a b oli s h e d Th e dis a s trou s e ff e cts o f its a bu s e a re

.
a pp a ren t i n ev ery p eri o d o f S p a n i s h hi s to ry f o r m ore
th a n a th o u s a n d y ea rs .
A t th e time o f th e A ra b in va s i on th e Vi s igo thi c ,

e xhibite d i n th eir n oble p ro p orti on s a n d h a rmon i ous ‘
de c ora ti on th e expirin g e ff orts o f cla s s i c ta s te a n d

g en iu s Th e s up erb e difices o f imperi a l p o wer vi s
. ,
ible on every s ide h a d been a t on c e th e in s pi ra tion

,
a n d th e m o d el s o f th e e ccl e s i a s tic a l a rchi te ct Th e .
church es a n d cath edra ls o f th e s even th a n d e ighth

c en tu ri es a ff o rde d th e b es t ex a mple s o f th e a mbiti on
a n d o pul en c e o f th e o m n ip oten t hi era rchy Th ei r .
pla n w a s u s u a lly th a t o f th e b as ilic a Th ei r walls .
were in c ru s te d wi th p re ci ou s ma rbles Th ei r floors .
were o f mo s a ic I n th e a p s e where s to o d th e a lta r

.
, ,
th e s kill o f th e a rti s t e xh a u s te d its elf i n e l a b o ra te

c a rvi n gs p a in tin gs a n d s culpture Th e s a cre d ves
, ,
.
s el s w ere o f s o lid g o ld a n d s ilver O ff erin gs o f u n .
told v a lu e th e tribu te o f gra te ful co n v a l es cen ts

, ,
were s u s p en d e d b e fore th e s hrin e Th e a cc es s i on o f .
ea ch s o v ereig n w a s m a rk e d by th e d on a ti on o f a
ma gn ific en t vo tive crown to th e C a th e dra l o f T o ledo .
Th e p o mp o f wo rs hip i n th e Vis ig othi c m etro p o li s

e xc ee d e d th a t O f a ll oth ers e xc e p ti n g C on s ta n ti n o ple
,
an d Ro me I ts religi ou s pro c es s i on s e qua lle d in

.
s pl en d or th os e which a w a k en e d th e pi o u s en thu s i a s m
o f th e de v o ut i n th e m etro p o lita n chu rch es o f thos e
tw o fa mo u s c a pita l s Th e g rea tes t d e feren ce w a s

.
p a id to th e s a c erdota l dign ity Th e c on grega tion .

,
wh en n ot kn eelin g s too d du ri n g th e s ervic e

, Th e .
wom en a lwa ys ve ile d o ccupi e d ga lleri es by th em

, ,
s e lv es
. N o p ri es th o o d i n Chri s ten do m w as treated
with mo re res p e ct en j o ye d m ore e x ten s ive p rivileges
, ,
o r li v e d in g rea te r luxu ry th a n th e G o thic cl ergy o f
S p a in
.
With th e Ara b o ccup ation thi s imp o s in g fa b ric O f

s pi ri tu a l a n d temp ora l g ra n d eu r fe ll to th e g rou n d .
Th e p o w er o f th e hi era rchy fo rm erly un limi te d v an

, ,
i s h e d in th e twin klin g o f a n ey e I ts s a cre d edific es

.
we re s eiz e d a n d devote d to th e s a crilegi ou s u s es o f

th e c on qu ero r Th e p re ci ou s fu rn itu re o f i ts a lta rs
.
was de p o s ited in th e trea s u ry o f th e kh alif I ts reve .
n ue s w ere c on fis c a te d M an y o f i ts members fell

.
victim s to th e ra ge o f O ppres s ed a n d in j ure d va s s a ls .
Th ou s a n ds o f oth ers fl ed a hn o s t p enn il es s to Chri s ti a n

la n d s M on ks were en s la v ed a n d c on d emn e d to th e
.
p erfo rman c e o f th e mo s t a rdu ou s a n d e xh a u s tin g

la bo rs Multitude s o f n un s p a s s e d from th e s o li tude
.
a n d m e di ta ti on o f th e cl o i s te r to th e revel ry a n d d e
lights o f th e s era gli o I n vi ew o f th e po pula r O pin

.
i on s a n d prejudic es o f th e time i t is n ot s in gula r th at ,
thi s s udd en a n d tremen d o u s revo lu ti on Sh o uld h a v e

been un ivers a lly a ttributed to th e ven g ea n ce o f G o d .
Wh en th e firs t s ho ck o f c on qu es t h a d p as s ed th e ,
ov erp o werin g terror in s pire d by th e p res en c e o f th e
in v a ders s ub s ided Th ey pro ve d to b e s omethin g very

.
diff eren t from th e in c a rn a te demon s which a di s to rte d

ima gin a ti on h a d p a in ted them Th ey were foun d to .
b e len i en t g e n erou s hum a n e

, , Th e l a w o f M o h a m
.
med h a d s p ecifica lly d es ign a te d th e p rivil eg e s o f vic

tory a n d th e rights o f th e v a n qui s h e d Th e l a tter .
were n ot s lo w to re co gni z e a n d a cce pt th e a dva n ta ges

a ri s in g from a s p e e dy a n d un re s e rv e d s ubmi s s i o n a n d ,
were thu s en a ble d to pa rticip a te in th e ben e fits o f th e

civiliz ati on a lmos t from th e very b egin n in g i n au g u
,
ra ted by th e ir rul e rs .
Th e civil o rg a n iza tio n o f th e Chri s ti a n s u n d er

M os lem domin a tion di ff ere d little from th a t un der
which they h a d b een g overn e d by th e prin ces o f Vi s i
gothic blo o d Th e a mou n t o f tribute which p ermitte d
.
th e free e x erci s e o f religi ou s wo rs hip th e j u ri s dic ti on ,
o f th ei r o wn tribu n a l s a n d th e term s c on f e rri n g th e

,
pre s erva ti on a n d en j oymen t o f th eir n a tion a l cu s tom s

were defin itely fix e d by l a w E a ch bi s h o pric w a s a s
.
s es s e d a t th e s u m o f on e hun dre d o un c es o f s ilve r
a nn u a lly mo n as teries a t fifty church es a t twen ty fiv e

-
, , .
I n dividu a ls were cla s s ified a cco rdin g to thei r ran k a n d

p o s s es s i on s Th e rich p a id fo rty eight dirh ems o r
.
-
,
thi rty - tw o doll a rs p er a n n um ; th e middle cla s s

, ,
twen ty — five dirh em s ; th e l a bo rer twelv e F ro m ,

.
o wn ers o f l a n d a ta x up on i ts p ro duc ts o f tw en ty
e c t c ll d th K h ad j w a s c oll e c te d Ap os
p r en .a , e e a r ,
.
ta s y w a s re w a rd e d by th e remi s s i o n o f th e f o rm e r ; th e
la tter h owe ver w a s n ever a bro g a te d W o men ch il
, ,
.
,
dren cripples b egg a rs a n d mo n ks were ex e mp t fro m

, , ,
a ll en forc e d c o n tribu ti o n s Exc e pt in c a s es o f ob s ti

.
n a te re s i s ta n c e p riv a te p ro p erty w a s un to uch e d

,
Th e .
wea lth o f th e church es e xc e pt th a t o f s uch as w ere

,
e xp re s s ly m en ti on e d i n trea ti e s w a s l egi tim a te s p o il ,

.
Un d er th e rule o f th e Vi s igo th s th e o wn e rs hip o f ,
ch a ttels w a s o n ly c on ditio n a l a n d th ey c o uld n ot b e ,
a li e n a te d ; u n d er th e M oo rs th a t o w n ers hip w a s a b s o
,
lute Th e c on di tio n o f th e s erfs th a t cultiva te d th e

.
roy a l d em e s n es — wh os e a rea w a s s o v a s t th a t th ey
e mb ra c e d th e fifth p a rt o f a ll c on fis c a te d territo ry
w a s g rea tly a m eli o ra te d Th ey s till s u rren dere d

.
thi rty three p er c en t O f th e c ro p s a s un d er th ei r

-
.
,
fo rmer m as ters ; bu t th ey were free d from th e f re

qu en t a n d a rbitra ry im po s iti on s which o ften d e p rive d
th em o f th e en ti re frui ts o f th e ir l a b or Th e c o n qu es t .
h a d c a u s e d th e divi s i on o f th e ex ten s iv e e s ta tes h eld

by th e privil ege d cla s s es a n d obta i n e d by cen turi es
,
o f e x to rti o n a n d cru e lty i n to in n u m era bl e f a rm s

, a ,
c on dition which fa cili ta te d cultiva ti on a n d i n crea s ed

a g ricultu ra l w ea l th M an y o f th es e la n d s formerly
.
,
de vote d to p a s tura g e a n d to th e s p orts o f th e n obility ,
were n o w i m p ro v e d a n d un der th e s kilful e ff o rts o f

,
M o ori s h in dus try yi eld e d imm en s ely p ro fita ble re

tu rn s .
E a ch C hri s ti a n c o mmun ity w a s rigidly i s o late d

fro m its M o s le m n eighb o rs I n th e la rg e citie s th e .
,
qu a rter inh a b ite d by th e tribu ta ri es w a s wa lle d a n d ,
a t s un s et th e g a tes w ere cl o s e d A c ou n t o f their own .
s el e cti on w h o w as g en era lly o f n o bl e bl o o d d is

, ,
ch a rg e d th e fu n cti on s o f go v ern o r a n d c olle cted th e

h on or o f c an on iz ati on Al l th ere fo re th a t w a s re
.
, ,
quire d o f th e Chri s ti a n s l ivin g u n der M os lem j uri s

dicti on w a s th a t th ey s h ould p a y tri bute reg ula rly a n d
o b e y th e l a ws o f th e l a n d .
To in s u re th e p rote cti on to which th ey were en title d ,
a n d to s e cure th em fro m i n s ult a n d o pp res s i on a ,
s p e ci a l m a gi s tra te w a s a pp o in te d un d er th e kh a lif s
, ,
to w a tch o ver th e i r in tere s ts a n d s up erv i s e th e ir con

duct Thi s offici a l wh o s e title w a s th a t Of katib o r
.
, ,
s e c reta ry w a s in v e s te d with e xtra ordin a ry p o w ers a n d

, ,
w a s u s u a lly a n o bl e o f di s tin gui s h e d ra n k a s w el l a s a

p ers on a ge o f high c on s id era ti on in th e D iva n .
A t th e tim e o f th e C on qu es t a c erta in n umb er o f

,
chu rch es were s et a s ide f o r Ch ri s ti a n wo rs hip ; bu t th at

n um b er c ould n ot b e in crea s e d n o r c ould a dditi on s b e
,
e v en m a d e to th e a n ci en t e dific es I n c a s e re co n s tru e
.
ti on o r re p a i rs w ere n e c e s s a ry th e id en tic a l old m a

,
te ri a l s w ere re qui re d to b e u s e d Th e s trin g en cy o f

.
th es e rul e s w a s h o w ev er o ften re la x e d by th e g en
, ,
erou s i n dulg en c e o f th e a uth o riti es Th e l a w which .
fo rb a d e th at a buildin g e re cte d by a Chri s ti a n s hould

b e o f g re a ter h e ight th a n th a t o f a M o s le m w as a l s o
frequ en tly ev a de d I n S p a in an d S icily th e towers o f
.
church a n d c a th e dra l o ften o verto ppe d th e min a ret o f

th e mo s qu e a n implic a ti on o f s up eri ority which i n
, ,
o th er c o un tri es o f th e M o h a mm e d a n w orld would ,
h a ve c a u s e d th e ir i n s ta n t de mo lition I n th os e two .
kin gdom s o f I s la m a lon e th e u s e o f b ells w a s to ler

a te d . Els ewh ere b oa rd s s u s p en de d by c ords an d
,
b ea ten with ma llets too k th ei r pl a ce a n d a n n oun c ed

th e o p en i n g o f C h ri s ti a n s ervic e Th e grea tes t lib erty
.
w a s p ermitte d i n th e ex erci s e o f public w ors hip Th e .
clergy wore th ei r s a cre d ve s tmen ts Th ey di s ch a rged .
th e du ti es o f th ei r h o ly c a llin g in p ea c e a n d s e curity ,
a n d th o s e w h o v en tu re d to in terfe re with th em w ere
li a ble to s evere pu n i s hm en t Th ey c ele bra te d mas s

.
with a ll th e p omp o f th e a n ci en t Vi s ig othi c c ere mon i al .

Th e pri e s t c a rri e d th e v i a ti curn to th e dyin g in s olemn ,
pro c es s ion thro ugh th e crowd ed s treets Th e bo di es .
o f th e d ea d en v elo p ed i n th e s m ok e o f t a p e rs a n d
,
in cen s e a n d pre ce d ed by cha n ti n g cho ris ters were

, ,
b orn e to th e c a th e dra l f o r th e p erforma n c e o f th e fin a l

rites o f th e Chu rch Th e to l era ti on o f th e S p a n i s h
.
M o s lems even wen t to th e exten t o f permi ttin g th e

u s e o f im a g e s — ex e cra ted a s ido l a tro u s by eve ry f o l
lower Of th e P ro ph et— i n Chri s ti a n temples E ffig i es .
o f s a i n ts w ere by n o m e a n s ra re I n th e C a thedra l o f
.
S a n ta M a ria a t C ordova w a s a s ta tu e o f th e Vi rgin .
H er s h ri n e w a s fa mo u s f or its s a n ctity a n d mo re , ,
a cces s ibl e th a n th a t o f S a n ti a g o y ea rly a ttra cte d mul

,
ti tu d e s o f de vout pilgrim s from ev ery p a rt o f Eu ro p e .
I n e a ch church w a s p res erv e d th e b o dy o f th e ma rtyr

to wh om th e s a c re d e dific e w a s d e dic a ted a n d fro m ,
whom it derive d i ts n a me Th e grea t city o f C ord ova

.
con ta in ed s i x Chris ti a n h ou s es o f wo rs hip b es ides th e

ca th edra l Eleven mon a s teries a n d con v en ts o ff ere d
.
a re fug e to th os e w h o s ough t th e dev oti on a l retiremen t
o f clo i s tere d l ife O f the s e thre e w ere i n th e city a n d

.
,
eigh t up on th e w oo d e d s l o p es o f th e S i erra M oren a .
S ome in s titute d prob a bly with a vi ew to th e a cqui s i

,
tion o f in crea s e d me rit by re s i s ta n c e to con s ta n t temp

ta ti on were o ccupi ed by b o th s e x e s un der a s in gl e
,
a bb ot .Th e mo n k s a pp ea red i n co wl a n d to n s ure ; th e

n un s w ere c on s ta n tly ve il e d Al l memb ers o f th e
.
mon as tic orders a s well a s th os e o f th e s e cula r pri es t

,
hoo d tra vers e d a t will a n d un moles te d th e s treets o f

,
th e c a pi ta l S t E u l o g iu s Cyp ri a n S a m s on a n d
. .
, , ,
oth er c on temp ora n e ou s e ccl e s i a s tic a l writers b ea r re
p ea te d a n d v o lu n ta ry tes timon y to th e in dulg en t f o r
b eara n c e e xten de d to Chri s ti an s by th e Kha lifs o f

C ordo va .
I n S icily p ra ctica lly th e s a me c on diti o n s p rev a il ed

,
.
A s h owever th e i n dig en ou s p o pul a ti on ov erw h eh n

, ,
i n gl y e xcee d ed in n umb er th a t o f th e in va ders to lera ,

ti on w a s y f or th e m a in ten an c e o f public tra n

n e c es s a r
quilli ty a n d w a s in fa ct a mea s u re o f e xp edi en cy a s

, , ,
well a s o f j u s tic e Th e civil org a n iz a tio n o f th e

.
Byz a n ti n e Empi re w a s c on tin ue d Th e m a gi s trates .
reta in e d th e s a m e titl es a n d e x erci s e d th e s a m e j u ri s
dicti on a s fo rm erly s ub j ect a lw ays to th e s up ervi s i on

,
o f th e offici a l s o f th e Div a n Th e p ro c edu re o f th e.
a n ci en t tribun a l s w a s b u t s lig h tly m o difie d Th e .
rights o f p ers o n a n d p ro p erty w ere fully re c o g n iz e d .
F ree do m o f wo rs hip w a s gu a ra n tee d to a ll l a w

a bidi n g tribu ta ri es T a x ati on w a s un ifo rm an d
.
re gul a r ; th e le g a l imp os i ti o n s w ere f a r l es s o n erou s
th a n th o s e e x a c te d by th e tyra nn ic a l ra p a city o f th e
Gre ek a dm in i s tra tion Un d er th e M oors a ll p ers on s
.
,
wh os e c on di ti on o r in firm iti es prev en te d th em from

Obta in in g a liv elih oo d were ex emp t ; th e Byz a n tin e
fis c a l a gen ts c a rri e d th eir merciles s p erquis ition s into
th e a b o d es o f h elples s n e s s di s ea s e a n d d es ti tuti on
, ,
.
Th e M o s l em l a w regul a tin g th e di s tributi on o f e s tates

a n d th e righ ts o f h e irs w a s s o a dm i ra bly a d a p te d to
th e pu rp o s e th a t i t w as c o n ti n u e d with triflin g m o di
, ,
fic a ti on s by th e N orm a n s a fter i t h a d b een in forc e

, ,
f o r n ea rly tw o c en tu ri es No l a n d s w ere c o n fis c a te d
.
b u t th o s e whi ch h a d b e en a b a n d o n e d by th ei r o wn ers .
Th e n um b er o f th es e w a s s o g rea t th a t th ey a ff o rded
a mple s p a c e f o r th e s ettl em en ts o f th e S a ra c en c o lo
n i s ts wh o o ccupi e d th e m os t va lu a bl e p ortion s o f th e
,
S ta tes o f T ra p an i P a lermo an d A grig en tum

, , .
Th e re s tricti o n s i mp os e d up on th e S icili a n C hri s

ti a n s w ere more h a rs h th an th e re qui rem en ts e x a cted
O f the i r S p an i s h breth ren Th e g en e ra l p ro vi s i on s o f
.
th e M oh a mme d a n c o d e re lati n g to th e p ro hibite d a cts

o f mi s b eli ev ers w ere o f c o u rs e rigidl y en fo rc e d
, Th e , .
Chri s ti a n pri es ts o f S icily like th o s e o f S p a in were

, ,
c o mp elle d to p erform th e ri tes o f th eir religi on b ehin d

clo s ed doors Lik e th e m a ls o th ey w ere forbidden
.
,
to publicly di s cu s s th e m erits o f thei r cre ed or to a t

I n th e S p a ni s h P en in s ul a th e g o vernm en t o f th e
,
C hu rch p res en te d a s tra n g e an d p orten to u s a n o ma ly .
A s th e re pres en tative o f I s l a m w a s a m emb er o f th e

fa mi ly o f th e Omm ey a d es which h a d i n th e b egin
, ,
n in g e x erted a ll th e in flu en ce o f a p o w erful c as te to
,
ov erwh eh n i ts f ou n d er a n d ren d er hi s tea chin g s o di ou s ,
s o n o w th e i n teres ts o f Ch ri s ti a n ity w ere d eli vere d
o v er to th e ten d er m erci es o f i ts h ere dita ry a n d m os t
u n re l en tin g f oe . Th e Vi s ig othic s o vereign s ch os en ,
by e ccles i a s tic a l c ou n cils were by vi rtue o f th eir ele c

, ,
ti on cl oth e d wi th a c erta i n d e g ree o f s a n c ti ty a n d

, ,
en j o ye d a n a mpl e mea s ure o f s pi ritu a l p o w er Th e .
mon a rch p ra ctic a lly c on trolle d th e p o licy o f th e

Church . H is d e ci s i on w a s fin a l in a ll m a tters n ot
imp orta n t en ough to b e s ubmitte d to th e a s s e mbled
wi s do m o f th e grea t e ccle s i a s tic a l dign ita ri es o f th e
kin gdo m H e c o n s e cra te d bi s h o p s H e e x ercis ed
. .
with ou t qu es ti on th e s a c erdota l rights o f pre s en ta

ti on tra n s l a ti on i n v es ti tu re
, , H e c on vo k e d c oun cil s
. .
Th e fa te o f every m emb er o f th e hi e ra rchy from ,
a c olyte to a rchbi s h o p , w a s in h i s ha n ds Even th e .
metro p o lita n s e e o f T oledo th e p rim a cy o f S pa in

, ,
c ould n o t b e fille d with out hi s s a n cti on H e could .
a pp o in t th e m o s t u n w o rthy c a n did a te to th e m o s t
e x a lte d s ta ti on i n th e p ri e s th o o d H e c ould a rbitra rily

.
d e po s e min i s ters wh o s e lives h a d e xhibite d th e p ra ctice

o f e very Chri s ti a n vi rtu e . H e i nterp rete d a n d d ie
ta te d th e a ppl ic a ti o n o f i n tric a te p oin ts o f e ccles i as ti
cal l aw . N otwith s ta n din g th e a pp a ren t a s c en den cy
o f th e s a c e rd ota l o rd er in th e te mp o ra l a ff a i rs o f th e
go v ern m en t on th e on e h an d it w a s la rg ely n eutra l

,
i zed on th e o th er by th e i n flu en c e o f th e C ro wn o ver
th e fo rtun e s o f th e C hu rch an in flu en c e a lwa ys
,
weighty a n d o ften p re domi n an t .
Th e s e p rero g atives d a n g erou s to reli gi o u s li berty

,
a n d li a bl e to a bu s e e v en i n th e h a n d s o f a n o rth o d o x
s o vereig n w ere tra n s mi tted i n a ll th ei r f orc e to th e

, , ,
Ara bi a n kh a li fs a s th e lords o f th e los t h erita ge o f

,
th e Vi s ig othic kin g s Th e p rin ciple up on which s uch

.
a u th ority c ould p a s s to th e h ea d o f a h o s til e s ect ,
wh o s e s worn purp os e w as th e a n n ihila ti on o f th e very

re ligi o n which h e w as p re s ume d by vi rtue o f hi s ,
ofli ce , i n duty b oun d to p ro te ct h a s n ot b een a n d , ,
n ev er ca n b e , expl a in e d by a n y c o n s id era tion s o f

h on or c on s i s ten cy or equ ity I t w a s pra ctic a lly a
, , .
fla gra n t u s urp a tio n o f privil ege s f or which th e M os

lem s o ve re ign co uld n o t a lle g e ev en a s ha do w o f right .
I t w a s n ot c on ferre d by co n qu es t I t c o uld n o t b e .
a cc oun te d f o r u n d er th e c o l o r o f a l e g a l ficti on Su .
p rem a cy i n e ccl e s i a s tic a l go vern men t wh ere th e p ra e ,
tic e o f public wo rs hip w a s gu a ra n tee d by trea ty a n d ,
th e cl ergy pu rch a s e d by tribute th e ma n a ge men t o f

th ei r a ff a i rs a n d th e en fo rc em en t o f di s cipli n e c er ,
ta in l y w a s n o t im pli e d by th e fa ct th a t i t h a d b een
en j oy e d by th e rulin g p ri n c e O f th e v a n qui s h ed f a i th .
I ts p ea ce ful ex erci s e f or cen tu ri es — f o r i ts v a lidity

do es n ot s eem to h a ve been qu es tion ed i n th e writi n g s
o f even th e m os t big o te d e ccl e s i a s tic s — i s o n e o f th e
mos t s i n gula r pro blems o f religi ou s hi s tory .
Th e co n s equ en c es o f thi s a n om a l ou s co n diti on were ,
a s m a y rea dily b e c on j e ctu re d fa ta l to th e dign ity

,
a n d ord er o f th e C a th olic hi era rchy Th e kh a lif w a s .

,
to a ll in ten ts a n d pu rp o s es th e s pi ritu a l h e a d o f tw o
,
hos tile religio n s — on e o f which it w a s h i s duty a s well

, ,
a s h i s i n clin a tio n to e x a lt ; th e oth er o f which h e w a s

,
prompte d by th e pre j udic es o f ra c e inh erita n c e a n d , ,
belie f to des tro y Th ere were f ew H i s p a n o Ara b

.
-
mon archs wh o did n ot con tribute th eir Sh a re to th e

degra d a ti on o f Chri s ti an ity Th e h igh es t offices o f
.
th e Chu rch w ere p u t up a t a ucti on Th e o rtho do xy .
a n d fitn e s s O f th e c a n did a te w ere n eve r c on s id ere d ; h i s
qu a lific atio n s were ign ore d ; a n d h i s s ucc es s w a s d e

p en den t up on th e a mo un t h e w a s willin g to dis burs e
f or th e c o vete d dign ity I n thi s s ca n d a l ou s tra ffic th e
.
women of h a rems a n d th e e un uch s were th e re c og

th e
n i zed a g en ts o f th e pu rch a s er Th ere w a s n o s ecrecy
.
a b o ut th es e tra n s a cti on s Th e p ra ctic e o f Sim on y w a s

.
s o u n iv ers a l th a t e v en th e g rea tes t o ff en d ers m a d e n o
a tte mp t to c on c ea l i t A p rofli g a te c an on n a m ed
.
,
S a ul en tere d in to a written oblig a ti on to p a y th es e

,
c orrupt in termedi a ri es four hun dre d o un c es o f s ilver

f o r th e bi s h o pric o f C ord o v a S ome o f th o s e ra i s ed
.
to th e rich es t s e e s o f th e P en in s ul a we re h eretic s or
in fid el s . I t w a s n o t un u s u a l f or a p rel a te even d u r ,
i n g H o ly W eek to a b a n d o n th e s ervic e o f th e a lta r

,
a n d i n dulg e i n th e m o s t s h a m el es s e xc es s es o f d run k
e nn es s and d eb a uch ery Th e o rdin a n c e s o f th e

.
Church were in terp rete d by m en ign ora n t o f th e firs t

rudim e n ts O f e ccl e s i a s tic a l l a w P ri es ts wh os e a th e
.
,
i s m w as n otorio u s a dmin i s te re d th e s a cra men ts with

,
mo ck hum ility a n d imp a rte d hyp ocri tic a l c on s ola ti on

to th e de v o u t I f a n y o f h i s flo ck elude d th e s ea rch
.
o f th e ta x c o ll e cto r th e bi s h o p m o re f a i thful to th e
-
, ,
p o wer to which h e owe d h i s a uth ority th a n to th e in

teres ts o f th e c on g re g a ti on o ver which h e p res id e d ,
s too d rea dy to fu rn i s h th e d e s i re d i n f o rm a ti on fro m
th e re gi s ters o f th e di o c es e a n d to a s s i s t i n th e pu n i s h
,
men t o f th e d elin qu en ts Wh en a p rela te di s re g a rd ed

.
th e s umm on s to a c ou n cil th e v a c a n cy w a s fille d by th e

,
a pp o i n tm e n t o f a Mu s s ul m a n o r a J ew S uch circum .
s ta n c es a s th es e w e re n o t p ro piti o u s to e ith er s a cer
d ota l w elfa re o r s ucc es s ful pro s elyt i s m .
N or we re a bu s es o f p o we r c on fin e d to th e eccl es i
a s ti ca l s y s te m Th e dig n ity o f c o un t th e m os t emi
.
,
n e n t O ffic e o f th e C h ris ti a n m a gi s tra cy w a s a l s o a s u b ,
j ect o f n ego ti ati on a n d b a rter Th e o pp o rtun i ti es it .
a ff o rd e d f o r e xtortion a n d p e cul a ti on m a d e i t o n e o f
th e m os t luc ra tiv e e mplo ymen ts i n th e gift o f th e

kh a lif I t w a s o rdin a rily b es towe d up on a m emb er
.
o f th e Vi s ig o thic n o bili ty b u t th e ra p a city o f th e

,
eun uch s l o o k e d ra th er to th e m ea n s th a n to th e birth

tun i ti es d d by th e grea t Ara b in s tituti on s o f

a ff o r e
learn in g I n s ome Of th es e religi ou s h ou s es were ex

.
ten s iv e li bra ri es c om p os e d f or th e m os t p a rt h o wev er

, , ,
o f trea ti s es o f p a tris tic s ci en c e p ol emi c s a n d h a g i ol

, ,
o gy . To S t E ul o gi us a la rm ed b y th e i n creas in g i n
. ,
fl u en ce o f th e Mu s s ul m a n a c a d emi es which O ff ere d ,
irres i s tible attra cti on s to th e Chris ti an y outh i s d u e ,
th e cre dit o f h a vin g in tro duc e d to th e n otic e o f h i s

c oun trym en th e work s o f H ora c e Virgil Ju v en a l an d , , ,
oth ers o f th e L a tin cl a s s ic s c o pi es o f which h e ob ta in ed

,
du rin g a vi s it to N a varre .
I n S p a in a s in S i cily th e in flu en ce o f th e H o ly
, ,
S ee di s a pp ea red with th e a dven t o f M os l em s uprem

a cy . Th e clergy o f th e kha li fa te b e c ame in d e p en d en t
o f th e P a p a cy a n d did n o t e ven rec o gni z e th e a u
,
th ority O f th e A s turi an pri e s th oo d wh o s e me mbers ,
h eld c oun cils a n d promulg a te d c a n on s with a n omi n al ,
a ll e gi a n c e to R o m e I n th e a b ey a n ce o f P a p a l re p re
.
s e n ta ti on th e M etro p o lita n o f T ole do w a s th e s u

,
p re me h ea d o f th e S p an i s h hi erarchy Th e C hri s ti an s .
o f S icily a ckn o wl edg e d th e j u ri s dic ti on o f th e P a tri
a rch o f C on s tan tin o pl e D urin g th e M ooris h o ccupa

.
ti on o f S o uth ern F ran c e th e exi s tin g religi on w a s

,
s c a rc ely in terf ered with No counts were a pp o inted

.
to g o vern or o pp res s th e c on qu ere d N o un worthy .
prela te s were as s ign e d to rich s ees a s th e res ul t o f

in trigu e or c orru pti on F ew ch urch es w ere tra n s
.
fo rme d in to mos qu es Th e on ly attem pt to res tra in

.
th e C h ri s ti an trib u ta ri es w a s s h own b y a di s p o s ition

to i s o la te as f a r as p os s ibl e th e cl ergy o f th e p ro
, ,
v in c i a l s ettl emen ts fro m th o s e o f th e l a rge r to wn s .
Th e to le ra n ce o f Mu s s ul ma n rule i s di s clo s e d by th e
gre a t prep on deran ce o f th e s u bj e ct ra ce ex i s tin g at
N a rbonn e whi ch w a s a lwa ys rath er a C h ris ti a n th an
,
a M o s l e m c a pital .
Th e l on g in d ep en d en c e O f th e S p a n i s h C hurch e x
erte d n o i n c on s idera b l e i n flu en c e up on its s ub s e qu en t
hi s tory .I ts i s o la ti on en a ble d it to pres erve un con

tami n a ted th e a n ci en t fo rm s a n d di s ciplin e tra n s mitted
by ec cles i a s tic a l tra diti on from a p os toli c times Th e .
a uth ority o f i ts c oun cil s or th e va li dity o f th eir c an on s
w a s n e v er ques tion e d by th e mo s t ex a ctin g digu i

ta ri es o f th e R o ma n hi era rchy a fter i t h a d a g a in a c
kn owledge d th e j u ri s diction o f th e P a p a l S ee I ts .
ort oh doxy w a s n ever imp ea ch e d While Euro pe w as

.
di s tra cted by h eres y n o da rin g religi ou s inn ova tor

,
threa ten e d th e in te grity or di s pute d th e p o wer o f th e

e ccl es i a s tic a l g o vern m en t o f th e P en in s ul a I ts p olicy
.
was in imica l to ch a n ge in org a n iz a tion i n ceremoni a l

, ,
i n do ctrin e O f a ll th e reli gi ou s c eremo n ia ls i n Chri s

.
ten d om i ts litu rgy s h o we d th e l eas t a ltera ti on n ot ev en ,
exc ep tin g th a t u s e d i n S t P eter s at R ome Wh en

’
. .
i n 1 067 Kin g Alfon s o O f L e on s ubmitte d th e riva l

cla ims o f th e G othic a n d Rom a n ritu als firs t to th e
wa ger o f b a ttle an d then to th e ordea l o f fire th e ,
Chris ti an s o f Ara bi a n S p a in res olutely a dh ere d to th e

a n ci en t an d time h on ore d fo rm u l a ry
-
Th e o nly
.
s chi s m s re c ord e d we re th o s e which s p ra n g from th e
con flictin g a mbiti on o f riva l prelates Un der th e

.
iron rule o f th e kh a lifs n o i rre gula r coun cils a s s emble d

to di s turb th e h a rmon y o r e xcite th e doubts o f th e
Fa ithful Th e prin cip a l a bu s e th a t e xi s te d w as th e
.
fra u dulen t man ufa cture o f cha rters a n d th e multi

,
tud e o f th es e pi ou s fo rg eri es who s e s pu ri ous ch a ra cter

h a s b een expos ed in dica te a t o n ce th e ea s e with which
s uch do cum en ts c oul d b e i s s u e d a s w ell a s th e p ro fit
,
th at mu s t h a ve a tten d e d th eir fa bric a tio n Th e g en

.
erally u n di s turb e d c on diti on o f th e M o z a ra b es un d er
th e s wa y o f th e H o u s e o f Omrn ey ah i s th e b es t evi
den c e o f their en j oymen t o f th e bles s i n gs o f civil a nd
religi ou s lib erty .
Th eir s ocia l cu s to ms a n d mo de o f life Sh ow in

man y p a rticula rs a clo s e a ffili a tio n with their ma s ters .
Th ey h a d fo rgo tten th e rud e idi o m o f th eir fa thers .

Ar a bic w a s th e lan gu a g e in c omm on u s e a mon g a ll

cla s s es o f th e tributa ry p o pul ati on both J ew a n d ,
Ch ri s ti an I t w as a n in di s p en s a ble re qui s ite o f offi

.
c i al p o s i ti o n th a t th e in cumb en t s h ould p o s s es s a c om
p eten t kn owledg e o f th a t ton gue S t E ul ogiu s re . .
t dl d pl o res th e f a ct th a t i ts p rev a l en ce w a s
p ea e y e
u ni v ers a l in th e P en i n s ul a . I ts p o p u la ri ty in crea s ed
w ith tim e a n d w a s s o g rea t durin g th e do min a tio n o f
,
th e Al m o ra vid es th a t th e A rchbi s h o p o f S evill e c a u s ed

th e Bibl e to b e tran s l a te d in to A ra bic in ord er that ,
i t mi gh t b e in telligible to th e p ri es ts o f h i s di o ces e .
Th e p e culi a r ph ra s es o f M os l e m interc ou rs e s uch a s ,
G o d pres erve y ou ' M a y y o u res t i n h ea ven ' con

” ”
s ta n tl y on th e lip s o f th e re veren t M oh a mm e dan ,
forme d p a rt o f th e da ily gre etin gs o f every Chri s tia n .
Th ey g a ve th eir children Ara bic n a mes Th eir a ttire .
a n d th e ir fu rn i tu re w ere s imil a r to th o s e o f th e d omi
n a n t ra c e . Th e c on s picu o u s tok en s o f d eg ra d a tion

im p os e d u p on the M oz a ra b es o f S icily w ere un kn own
i n S p a in e ven un d er th e Al m o ra vid e b ig ots Th e con .
fid en c e rep o s ed i n th ei r fid e lity a n d th e res p e ct with

,
which th eir c o ura g e w a s re g a rde d were evin ce d by ,
their co n s ta n t en rol men t in th e b o dy gu a rd o f th e -
kh a lifs . P a rtly fro m a des ire to pro piti a te th e fa vor

o f th e i r ru l ers a n d p erh a p s th rough c on victi on o f th ei r
,
phys i o lo gic a l b en e fits th ey a b s ta in ed from pork and

, ,
a d o p te d th e rite o f ci rcumci s i on — c o n c es s i o n s which

, ,
On c e gra nted pra ctic a lly le ft th e re p etiti on o f th e

,
M os l em formu la th e s ol e re m a in in g b arri er b etween

th e foll o wers o f C hri s t a n d th e s e cta ri es of M oh a m
m ed . Th es e pra ctices e ls e where unk n o wn to th e
,
Chri s ti a n commun iti es o f Euro p e excite d th e won der

,
a n d a bh o rren ce o f th e s to ut O ld m on k J oh n d e G orz a , ,
a mb a s s a d or o f th e G erm a n Emp ero r to th e c o u rt o f
Ab d al R a hm a n H e den ou n c ed th em in un m ea s ured
- -
.
term s to th e Ar chb i s h o p o f C o rd o v a wh o e xcu s e d th eir

,
O bs erva n ce un der th e plea o f n eces s ity a n d a s cu s toms ,

a lly employe d Chri s ti an p rela tes in mi s s io n s re qui rin g

th e ex erci s e o f th e gre a te s t ta ct a n d a bility . R a bi ,
Archbi s h o p o f C ordova w a s s en t on di ff eren t o cc a

,
s i on s a s en v oy to th e c o urts o f G erm a n y a n d C on
s ta n tin o p l e
. I t w a s h e w h o w a s in tru s te d with th e
con v eya n c e o f va lu a ble gifts fro m th e Emp ero r o f
th e E a s t to th e Kh a lif a m on g the m th e fou n ta in s
,
o f th e p a l a ce o f M e din a a l Z a h ra
- -
. Th e Bi s h o p o f
Gra n a d a w a s s ele cted to s e cure th e withdra wa l by th e
G erma n Emp ero r o f th e s currilou s letter wh ich th e
fa n a tic J o hn d e G orz a w a s ch arg ed to deliver a tas k ,
o f g rea t res p o n s ibili ty a n d on e which f ew w ere e ith er
c o mp eten t o r willin g to un d erta k e An oth er p rela te

.
o f e pi s c o p a l ra n k w a s a l s o de s p a tch e d by Abd a l R a h
- -
m a n to c on gra tul a te O th o o n h i s victo ry o ver th e

H un g a ri a n s Th e pre dil e cti on o f Ali f o r members
.
o f th e n o mi n a lly p re s c rib e d s e ct c on s ta n tly a rou s e d th e
i n dign a ti on a n d a la rm o f th e Ah n ora v id e z ea lots .
Chri s ti a n s were n ot exclud e d fro m th e mos t re s p on

s ibl e p os ts o f th e M oo ri s h fi s c a l a dm i n i s tra ti on Th ey
.
di s ch a rge d with s kill a n d fideli ty th e duti es c on n e cted

wi th a ll th e va ri ou s e mploym en ts o f th e reven u e To .
memb ers o f th eir s e ct w a s in v a ri a bly c omm itted th e

co ll e ction O f th e tribute d u e from th eir c oreligi oni s ts .
Th ou s an d s o f th e m s erve d i n th e M u s s u h n an a rmi es .
Wh en B a rc elon a w a s b es ie g e d by th e F ran k s th e ,
Chri s ti an res id en ts o f th a t city fought s ide by s ide

with th e M os lem s a ga in s t th e orth o do x Kin g o f Aqui
ta in e. O f a ll n a ti on a liti e s th e S p a n i s h C hri s tian s
,
were c on s idere d mo s t worthy to gu a rd th e s a cred p er

s on O f th e kh a lif . A t n o p eri o d o f th e Ara b domin a
ti on w e re th ey a b s o lutely e xclud e d fro m c ou rt . Un der
th e a dmi n i s tra ti on o f th e Almo ra vid e s ulta n Ali wh o
, ,
w a s c on s picu ou s a mo n g th e f a n a tic a l p ri n c es o f hi s
li n e f or th e s trictn es s o f h i s o rth o do xy a n d th e au
s teri ty o f h i s m a nn ers , th e M o z a ra b es w ere i n high
fa vo r , and ex erted a n a h nos t p rep on d eratin g in flu en ce

in th e g o vern men t .
Al th ough i n th eory b elon gin g to an in feri or c as te ,
in fa ct th e tributa ry c ould n ot by th e un pra cti s ed ey e , ,
b e di s tin gui s h e d fro m th e vo ta ry o f I s l a m H i s li f e .

,
hi s h a bits hi s l a n gu a g e w ere th e s a me
, , H i s h ou s e .
w as a n ex a ct c ou n terp a rt o f th a t o f hi s M oori s h n eigh

b o r ; his g a rmen ts were cu t a fter th e p a ttern o f th e
Ori en t H i s ma nn ers we re n o lon ger s ugges tive o f th e
.
ruden es s o f h i s G o thic a n c e s to rs Wh en hi s mean s .
permi tted h e wen t to grea t len gth s in th e gra tifica tion

,
o f p ro p en s i ti es c en s u re d by th e c a n on s O f hi s Church ,
— en terta in e d ca ta mi te s in dulg ed in p o lyg a mo u s p ra e

,
tic es a n d fil le d hi s h a re m wi th fe m a le s l a ve s gu a rd ed
,
by retin u es o f eun uch s .
B u t while th e lin e o f d ema rca ti on b etween M os lem

a n d Chri s ti a n w a s thu s fa i n tly dra w n a n d th re a te n e d , ,
in th e c o urs e o f tim e to en tirely dis a pp ea r thro ugh th e

,
fus i on o f th e tw o ra c es there s till exi s te d in th e min ds

,
n ot onl y o f th e z ea l ots o f th e h o s tile s ec ts b u t a ls o ,
i n tho s e o f th e ma s s e s a p ro fo un d a n d irre c on cil a ble

,
a n tip a thy Thi s prej udic e w a s s e dulou s ly a n d s u c

.
c es s f u ll y n ouri s h e d by th e M oh a mm e d a n fa u i s a s
q
well a s by th e Chri s ti a n clergy Th e tributa ri es while .
,
a pp a ren tly on th e p o in t o f m ergin g i n to th e b o dy o f
th e c on qu ero rs were in rea lity i s ol a te d fro m th em by

,
th e m os t p o werful e mo ti on s th a t c a n in flu en c e th e
huma n h ea rt N o c on c es s io n s could th oroughly era d i
.
cate th e p rej udi ces a ri s in g fro m di ff eren ce o f religi ou s

beli e f No fa m ili ariti es o f s o ci a l i n tercours e c ould
.
ban i s h th e humili a tin g remembra n ce o f con qu es t NO .
p olitica l hon o rs co uld c omp en s a te f or th e i n j uri es i n

fli cted by ra cia l a n imos ity Th e a ctu a l c on diti on o f
.
th e S p a n i s h Ch ri s ti a n s w a s th e re fo re th e rev ers e o f
, ,
th a t exh ibi te d by th e i r d a ily lif e I n th e p re s en ce o f.
a mutu a l a n ta g on i s m a ll th e m ore vi o l en t f or b ei n g
,
re p re s s e d th ere co ul d b e n o th o ro ugh a m a lg a ma ti on
,
o f ra c es Th e e x a lte d s p i rit o f religi ou s en thu s i a s m

.
which c ould v o lun ta rily s o lici t th e tortu re s o f m a rtyr

d om w a s n o t p ro piti o u s to n a tio n a l a p o s ta s y .
An d y et th e circum s tan c e s which a pp ea r mo s t con

S p i cu o u s a n d vi ta l in th e c on s id e ra ti on o f thi s e th mo
lo gic a l p a ra d o x wo uld s e em to p o i n t to a n o pp os ite

c on clu s i on A c omm un ity o f cu s toms g en era lly ex
.
i s te d in which th o s e o f th e Ara b a lw a y s pre d o min a te d .
Th e h a rem s O f th e M o s l em s w e re fill e d with C hri s

ti a n m a id en s wh o h a d wi th o u t h es i ta n cy o r com p en
,
s a ti on ren oun c e d th e f a ith o f th e i r f a th ers

,
Th e cor .
ru p te d L a tin di a l e ct o f th e Vi s ig o th s pro s crib ed by ,
H i s ch em I w a s a hn os t ex tin ct Th e l a w fo rb a de i t
.
,
.
to b e e ith er wri tten o r s p ok en ; a n d i t s u rviv e d o n ly

i n th e m a s s ive v o lum e s o f th e F a th ers o r i n th e
s e clud e d in terc o u rs e o f th e o ccup a n ts o f m o n a s teri e s
a n d c o n v en ts By th e s a me de cree o f th e K h a lif ed u
.
,
c a ti on i n th e Ara bi a n s ch o o ls w a s m a de c o mpuls o ry .
A l v a ru s w h o wrote a b ou t th e middl e o f th e n in th
,
c en tury d e cla res th a t n o t o n e Ch ri s ti a n c ould b e fou n d

,
a m o n g a th o u s a n d w h o c o uld c o mp o s e a l e tter i n L a tin .
On th e o th e r h a n d th e p o pula ri ty o f th e Ara b w riters

, ,
a n d th e en th u s i a s m wi th which th ei r c o mp o s i ti on s w ere
p e ru s e d by p ers on s o f a ll a g es were i n th e eyes o f ,
pi o u s e ccle s i a s tic s a n a tion a l s c a n da l Th e growin g .
in clin a ti on to a p o s ta s y th e n a tura l res ult o f thes e

,
a s s o ci a ti on s w a s a l s o on e o f th e c ro w n i n g g ri e v a n c es
,
o f th e S p a n i s h cl e rgy A s h ereto fo re s ta ted i t i s a

.
,
fa ct well e s ta bli s h e d by th e relucta n t tes tim on y o f th e

,
F a th ers th ems elve s th a t th e grea ter p a rt o f th e con

,
qu ere d n ati on h a d fa llen a wa y from Chri s ti a n ity .
M a n y c a u s es h a d c on s pire d to p ro duc e thi s l a men t

a ble c on di ti o n o f a ff a i rs Th e g eo g ra phic a l i s o l a ti on
.
o f th e P en i n s ul a which h a s a lwa ys h a d a ten den cy

,
to p re s erve u n a ltere d th e m en ta l a n d phy s ic a l ch a r

a c teri s ti c s o f i ts p eo ple h a s a l s o h a d n o un imp o rta n t
,
in flu en c e up on th e n ation a l fa ith Th a t co u n try even .

,
p e culi a r force T en s o f th ou s a n ds o f thi s o ppres s ed

.
a n d d e gra d e d ca s te h a d b een tra n s f erre d a t a s in gl e ,
s tro ke by th e fo rtun es o f w a r fro m th e h a n d s o f on e ,
m a s ter to th o s e o f a n oth er A h os t o f c a ptiv e s h a d

.
b een ta ken i n b a ttl e I n th e mi n ds o f b u t f ew o f

.
th e s e un fo rtun a tes th e o bli g a ti on s o f re ligi on were

d ee ply fo un de d While em an cip a ti on did n ot in va ri
.
a bly f o ll o w th e p ro fe s s i on o f th e f a ith o f I s l a m i t ,
u s u a lly did ; a n d th e co n ditio n o f th e s l a ve w a s a lwa ys

greatly im pro v e d by thi s c on c es s ion to th e prej udic es
o f him w h o re gul a te d hi s c on duct a n d c o n tro ll e d h i s
des tin y I n vie w o f thes e fa cts th ere i s little won der

.
,
th a t multitud es o f s l a v es emb ra c e d th e M u s s u hn a n
do ctri n es .
Th e re ligi o u s free d o m o f th e Ch ri s ti a n s u n d e r M o s
l em rule w a s m a in ly d e p en d en t on th e p rej udic es o f
th e ir o w n cl ergy th e ch a ra cte r o f th e d o mi n a n t fa c
,
ti on a n d th e temp er o f th e s o v ere ign

, Th e p ro vi s ion s .
o f th e tre a ti es which gu a ra n tee d th e i r p rivil e g es w ere
a t firs t s trictly o b s erv e d Th e g en era l in flux o f

.
fa n a tic a l fo re ign ers in time h o wever crea te d a s tron g

, , ,
public s en timen t a g a in s t th e pros c rib e d tributa ri es .
Th ey were s ometimes de p rive d o f th eir h o u s es o f

wors hip Arbitra ry c on tributi on s were frequ en tly
.
e x a c te d fro m th em On on e o cc a s i on th e Ch ri s ti a n s
.
,
o f C o rd o va w ere c o mp ell e d to p a y i n to th e trea s u ry
th e s u m o f a hun d re d th o u s a n d pi e c e s o f g o ld n ea rly ,
a milli on a n d a qu a rter d o ll a rs Th e re v en u es o f th e .
Chu rch w ere s o imp a ire d by th es e gri evo u s imp os i

ti on s th a t e ccl e s i a s tic s w ere o ften fo rce d to en g a g e
,
in c om merci a l pu rs uits to p ro vid e f o r th e p res s in g

n e c es s iti es o f th e i r ord er S o me c a rri e d th e ma n u
.
fa ctures o f C ordo v a to G erma n y O th ers j ourn eyed .
a s p e ddl ers th rough F ra n c e Th e tra din g p ri es t o f

.
M oo ri s h S p a in w a s well kn o wn in th e m a rkets o f
G en o a a n d C on s ta n tin o pl e P ers on s i n clerica l ga rb
.
were n o lo n g er s a fe in public pla c es I n th e time o f .

th e Alm o ra vides wh en a Chri s ti a n p a s s ed through th e

,
s tre ets, th e c ro wd s h ra n k fro m con ta c t with him a s

from on e s tricken wi th th e pla gu e Religi ou s p ro c e s .
s ion s w ere p elte d by m o b s o f h o otin g child ren an d ,
th os e w h o to ok p a rt i n th em were fortu n a te if th ey
e s ca p e d with out s eri ou s p ers on a l i n j ury Th e rin g .
in g o f th e church b ell s p ro vo k e d th e lo ud threa ts a n d

-
curs es o f in temp erate z ea lots Th e brea kin g up o f a

.
con greg a ti o n duri n g H o ly We ek w a s o ften th e s ign a l

f or a ri ot Th e v en g ea n c e o f All a h up on th e ido l ater
.
wa s i n vok e d by th e s c o ffin g bys ta n d ers wh en th e co rp s e

o f a Ch ri s ti a n w a s c on s ig n e d to th e g ra v e .
Th e clergy a g a in s t who m th es e i n s ults were p rin

,
c i p a ll y a im e d w ere n a tu ra lly e x a s p era te d by th e in

,
dign i ty s u ff ere d by th e ir cree d a n d th e ir p ro fe s s i on .
Their ign o ra n ce i n s pite o f th e ex a mple a n d th e b en e

,
fits o f M os lem civiliz a tio n e v e r b e fo re th e ir ey es w a s ,
n ot l e s s d en s e th a n th a t o f th e i r b reth ren o f C a th o lic
Euro p e Wi th every o pp ortun ity to fa mili a riz e th em

.
s elve s with th e ten ets o f I s l a m a n d th o ro ughly c on

,
vers an t with Ar a bic th ey s tea dfa s tly de clin e d to h on or

,
th e a lle g e d rev el a ti on s o f th e P ro ph et w i th th ei r a tten

ti on o r p eru s a l . Th eir O pin io n s on thi s s ubj e ct th ey
ob ta in e d fro m th e wri ti n g s o f fa n a tic a l m o n k s f u ll v ,
a s ig n o ra n t a s a n d e v en m o re big o te d th a n th em s elve s
, ,
.
Th e s a g e co n clu s i o n which th ey a rrive d a t fro m the s e

res ea rch es w a s th a t th e d o c trin e s o f th e m o s t u n com
promi s in g o f mon o thei s ts a n d ima ge brea kers were -
P a ga n a n d idol a trou s .
Appreh en s ive o f vi olen c e if they ven tured to Sh ow

th em s e lve s i n public th e y rem a in e d a h n o s t c on s ta n tly
,
in th e s e clu s io n o f th ei r dwellin gs Ev en th e s a cre d

.
ca lls o f duty rema in e d un a n s wered O ften f or weeks .

, ,
m a s s w a s n o t celebra ted Th e pulpit a n d th e con

.
f es s i o n a l we re des erte d Th e dyin g p a s s ed a wa y

.
un s hriven M a dden e d by ra g e a n d terror th ey w ere

.
,
s c a rc e ly a cc es s ibl e e v en to th e i r s ymp a thizi n g p a ri s h

i o n ers w h o th em s elv e s in curre d th e ri s k o f ill trea t -

,
men t fro m th e p o pula c e in th ei r vi s its to th e e pi s c o p al

p a la c e a n d th e p a rs on a ge B roo din g o ver th eir .
wron g s en c oura g e d by th e pro mi s es a n d ex h ortation s

,
o f th e F a th ers o f th e Chu rch wres tin g th e te xts o f ,
S c ripture to th ei r pu rp o s e fa s tin g ma n y c on s ecu ,
tive d a y s pra yi n g f or h ou rs a t a tim e e xh a u s te d by

, ,
p en a n c e th ei r en thu s i a s m b e ca me wro ught up to th e

,
high es t pitch F ro m s uch a c on diti o n th e p ro gres s to

.
ma rtyrdo m i s e a s y .
Th e p ers e cuti o n o f th e Ch ri s ti a n s o f S p a in w a s i n
fl i cted f o r th e m o s t p a rt un d er th e reig n s o f Abd a l
, ,
-
R a hm a n II a n d M oh a m m e d Th e a n n o y a n c es to
. .
which th e y were s ubj e cte d w ere by n o mea n s s o s eri

o u s a s th ey s ub s e qu en tly b e ca m e wh e n th e i n flu en c e ,
o f th e Af ric a n s p re p on d era te d Th e w o rd p ers ecu .
ti on implyin g a s i t d o e s th e tyra n n ic a l a bu s e o f s u
,
p erio r p o wer i s n o t a pplica ble to th e ci rcums ta n c es

,
u n d e r which th e M o z a ra b e s w e re s en t to th e s c a ff o ld .
Th ey w ere ra th er crimi n a l s th a n m a rtyrs Th ey v ol .
u n ta ri l y o ff e re d th e m s e lv e s f o r th e s a c rific e They .
d en oun c e d th e religi o n o f I s la m a s fa ls e a n d idola

tro u s . Th ey revile d th e n a m e o f th e P ro ph et They .
ru s h e d i n to th e m o s qu e s Wh en th e vo ic e o f th e mu ez .
zi n re s o un d e d from th e m i n a ret th ey cro s s e d th em ,
s e lv e s a n d c ri e d o u t
, S a ve u s 0 L o rd from th e c all
, , ,
”
o f th e E v il On e b oth n o w a n d i n etern i ty '
, I n their
e a g e rn es s to c ou rt de s truc ti o n th e y pu s h e d th eir w a
y ,
i n to th e tribun a ls an d i n th e p res en c e o f th e j udge

, , ,
g a ve uttera n c e to th ei r bla s phemi es Even th e m a .
j e s ty o f th e th ron e w a s n o t res p e cte d by th e s e fra n tic

e n thu s i as ts S t P el a y u s c a lle d th e Kh a lif a d o g to
. .
h is f a c e S t I s a a c n o t c on ten t wi th h e a pi n g a bu s e on
. .
,
M oh a mmed gros s ly i n s ulte d th e Gran d K a di o f C or

,
do va S uch o ff en c e s were c a pita l un der th e l a w an d

.
,
a dmi tte d o f n ei th er e xten u a ti o n n or p a rd on .
A t firs t th e m a gi s tra tes m o ve d by a s ton i s hm ent

, ,
p romote d th e in c rea s in g ma dn e s s b y
'
In s e ret,c th ey
pra yer a n d v eh emen t exh orta ti o n Th e i mpuls e to .
th e s pi rit o f Sp on ta n eo u s m a rtyrd o m w a s n o t a little

s tim ul a te d by th e h on ors p a id to th e victi m s I n de .
p en den t o f b oth R om an a n d As tu ri a n in flu en ce th e ,
An da lu s i an hi era rchy c on ferre d with o ut d ela y th e

di s tin cti on o f c a n on iz ati on up on ea ch a s pira n t f or
c eles ti a l glory T h ei r rem a in s were c on v eye d to th e
.
chu rch es wh ere th ey a t o n c e b eg an to di s clos e th eir

,
s up ern a tura l p o w e rs by res p on s e to p ra y e r by th e ,
cure o f di s ea s e by th e workin g o f p orten tou s a n d

,
a s to n i s hin g mi ra cl e s .
Th e M o s le m a uth o ri tie s w ere a pp a ll ed by th e

s tra n g e c on duc t o f th e i r tributa ri e s in s en s ible ali ke ,
to th e i n duc e m en t o f cle m en cy or th e dre a d o f p un

i s h m en t I n th e h o p e o f a b a tin g th e e vil by s umm a ry
.
mea s ures Abd a l R a hma n II a u th o riz e d by public

,
- -
.
,
e dict a n y o n e to kill o n th e i n s ta n t a Ch ri s ti a n wh o
,
w a s guilty o f bl a s ph emy T h i s de cree while n o t fully

.
,
a cc o mpli s hi n g i ts o bj e ct l es s e n e d th e n u mb e r o f a p
,
l i c a n ts f o r m a rtyrd o m a n d p ro duc e d a g rea t i n crea s e

p
o f a p o s ta te s a n d fugitiv e s .
B u t th e m a n i a which imp ell ed th e m o s t f a n a tic a l to

s e lf s a c r
-
i fic e w a s f a r fro m in f e ctin g th e en ti re Chri s
ti a n p o pul a ti on o f th e c a pita l Th ere were m an y wh o .
loo ke d with di s a ppro va l up on a c ou rs e which mu s t

e ven tu a lly res ult in th e o pp res s i o n o f th eir s e ct i n th e ,
in crea s e o f i ts burd en s in th e cu rta ilmen t o f its privi

,
leges Th ey fore s a w th a t th e a cts o f a f ew i rres p on

.
s ibl e in dividu a l s w o uld e re long b e re g a rde d by th e
M o s lem go vern men t a s th e a uth oriz e d p o licy o f th e

Church M a n y Chri s ti an s h eld o ffic e un der th e a d
.
min i s tra ti on I t w a s on ly a qu e s ti on o f tim e if th es e

.
,
di s turb a n c es c on tin u e d wh en th ey would b e di s mi s s ed

,
fro m th eir emplo ymen ts Th e kh a lifa te w a s th en at .
th e h e ight o f i ts p o w er I f a n upri s in g pro vok ed by

.
th e cl ergy s h ould o ccu r a s s ee me d n ot imp ro b a bl e th e

, ,
i tributa ry s ect might b e e xtermin a te d ; a n d i n

en t re ,
deed thi s m ea s u re h a d a lrea dy been veh emen tly urge d

,
by th e i n to lera n t Afri ca n ma ra bouts I n a n y e ven t .

,
th ere would b e a rbi tra ry ta x a ti on c o n fi s c a ti o n v i o , ,
len ce e xile I n their ex tremity th e more s o b er

, .
,
min de d o f th e Chri s ti a n s p etition ed th e Kh a lif to

s umm o n a c o un cil wh o s e de ci s i o n migh t b e a u th o ri
,
ta ti ve a n d fin a l i n d ete rmi n in g th e duty o f th e p eo pl e

in th e p re s en t em erg en cy .
All th e prela tes in th e j uris dicti on o f th e kh a lifa te

were a cc o rdi n gly c on voked Abd a l R a hman a p
.
- -
p oin ted a s hi s repres en ta tiv e a n offici a l n a me d G omez ,
promin en t in th e a dmin i s tra ti on n omin a lly a tta ch e d to

,
th e Ch ri s ti a n c omm un i on b u t o f s u s pici ou s m ora l s a n d

,
O f more tha n s u s pici ou s ortho d oxy H e w a s a m a n o f .
fin e educ a ti on co n s picuo u s ta l en ts p oli s he d m a n n ers

, , ,
in s u ff era ble p ride a n d en ormou s w ea lth Th e h ea d

, .
o f th e fa c ti on whi ch h a d i n va in en de a v ore d to ch e ck
, ,
\
th e in crea s in g di s p o s itio n to m a rtyrdo m which m en

a c e d th e d e s tructi on o f hi s s e ct h e h a d i n curre d th e
,
unm ea s ured h a tre d o f th e clergy R ea lizin g fully .
th e fa ta l c on s e qu e n c e s o f th e in s a n e a cts o f hi s co
religi on i s ts if u n res tra i n e d h i s i n tere s t c on cu rre d wi th
,
h i s in clin a tion to repres s th e da n g ero u s m a n ifes ta

ti on s o f th ei r in te mp era te z ea l b e fo re it b e c a me to o
la te.
With grea t a bility an d elo qu en c e h e pre s en te d hi s

vi ews to th e c o un cil Th e a s s embl e d prela tes a wed
.
,
by th e go vernm en t a n d po s s es s in g little s ymp a thy f or

tho s e w h o w ere des tro yi n g th e c re di t o f th e ir o rd er ,
were n ot di s in clin ed to c on d emn the s e fa n a tic a l s u i

cides . B u t h ere a s erio u s difficulty a ro s e Th e .
martyrs h a d been c a n on iz e d Th eir relics h a d a lrea dy

.
demon s tra te d th eir s a n ctity by th e pro ducti on o f

mira cles Th eir b odi es were en s hrin e d in th e Sha do w
.
o f th e a lta r ; th e i r d ee ds a n d th ei r s u ff erin g s we re
no w a p a rt o f th e hi s tory o f th e Chu rch I t w a s th ere .
fo re ma ni fe s tly im p oli tic a s well a s s a crilegiou s to , ,
a tte mp t to d e p riv e th e m o f th e ra n k i n th e c e l es ti a l
hi era rchy which h a d b een c on ferre d by th e in fa llible

wi s d om o f G o d A mi ddle c ours e w a s p o s s ible Th e
. .
c oun cil Silen t up on p a s t m a rtyrdo ms pro hibite d th em

, ,
i n th e future Lik e a ll temp oriz in g m ea s ure s i n ten ded

.
to c o rre ct d ee ply roo te d a bu s es thi s ev a s i on o f th e ,
i s s u e le ft m a tters wo rs e th a n b e fore Th e e xtremi s ts .

,
h e a de d by S t E u l og iu s de cla re d th a t th e re a l s en ti
.
,
men t o f th e c oun cil m a n ife s tly ra n c oun ter to th e on e

i t e xp re s s e d a s i t did n o t p ron o un c e d es erv in g of
,
c en s ure th e a cts o f th o s e wh o h a d s u ff ere d f or th e

F a ith . Th e p ri es ts c on tin u e d to a ro u s e th e z ea l o f
th ei r mi s guid e d p a ri s hi o n ers ; en thu s i a s ts c on tin u e d to
o utra g e th e s a n ctity o f th e m o s qu es a n d th e dign ity
o f th e tribun a l s a n d th e e x e cuti on s w en t rel en tl e s s ly

,
on . R eca f red Archbi s h o p o f C o rd o v a ex a s p era ted

, ,
by th e c on tempt wi th which th e d e cree o f th e c oun cil

h a d b e en re c eiv e d h ea rtily c o o p era te d with th e M o s
,
-
lems in th e pu n i s hmen t o f th e o ff en ders n ow un der ,
th e b a n o f b oth th e g o v ernm en t a n d th e Church .
M a n y re c a lcitra n t p ri e s ts were s e iz e d a n d th ro wn in to
p ri s on O th ers elude d wi th th e grea tes t difficulty th e
.
s e a rch o f th e a uth o ri ti e s Am on g th e l atter w as S t. .
E u l o g i u s with wh o m a s w ell a s wi th m a n y o f hi s h oly

, ,
brethren th e merits o f m a rtyrdo m s eem e d mo s t glori

,
o u s wh en o b ta in e d by th e s u ff e rin g s o f o th ers Thes e .
vig orou s mea s ures fille d th e s o uls o f th e ele ct with

terror . A f ew es c a p e d to th e A s turi a s A c on s ider .
a bl e n umb er i n cludi n g s o m e w h o h a d b een l o ud es t in

,
th e i r p ra i s e o f th e s a i n ts a n d a pp a ren tly m o s t ea ger

to e mul a te th ei r e x a mple a p os ta tiz e d , .
Th e s o c a ll e d p ers e cu tio n b egun un d er Ab d a l

-
,
-
R a hma n II a n d c on tin u ed un de r M o h a mm ed la s ted

.
,
eight y ea rs Th e wo rks o f c on temp ora n eo u s eccl es i

.
a s ti ca l writers c o n clu s iv ely e s ta bli s h th e f a ct th a t i t
w a s p ro v ok e d by th e vi ol en c e o f th e C h ri s ti a n s them
Th e M o z a ra b es o f th e kin gdo m o f G ra n a da en j oyed

th e la rg es t lib e rty In . S icily du rin g th e en tire p eri od
,
o f M o s l em s up rem a cy , m a rtyrdo m s w ere exc ee din gly

ra re .
C on s id eri n g th e widely e xten d e d a p o s ta s y which

fo llow e d th e Ara b con qu es t it i s rem a rk a bl e if vi ewed
, ,
on ly fro m a w o rldly s ta n d p o i n t th a t th e en tire Ch ri s

-
,
ti a n p o pul a ti o n o f th e P en in s ula did n o t b e c om e M o

h a mm e d a n . Th ere i s n o do ubt th a t th o s e wh o re
m a i n e d c on s i s ten tly s tea dfa s t i n th e fa i th were in a
d e cid ed min o rity No in c o n s idera ble n um b er o f p ros e
.
lytes w a s re c rui te d fro m th e p a trici a n cl a s s Amon g .
th e g rea t b o dy o f s e rfs a n d s l a v es th ere w ere f ew wh o

,
were n o t willin g to ren o un c e th ei r re ligio n f or th e

c erta i n en j o ymen t o f lib erty a n d th e fl a tterin g pro s
p eet o f future c a s e o r dis tin cti on Th e m a s s o f th e .
tribu ta ri e s o f th e p ro v in c e o f S e vill e h a d ea rly a b a n

d o n ed th e Ch ri s ti a n c o mmun i on a n d du rin g th e reign
,
o f Abd a l —
-
R a hm a n II a m a gn ificen t m o s qu e w a s built
.
f o r th ei r es p eci a l a cc o mm o d a ti on Th e m a j o rity Of
.
th e p ri s o n ers ta ken i n w a r e mb ra c e d wi th o u t h e s i ta ti on
th e d o ctrin e s o f I s la m L ea vin g ou t o f c o n s iderati on
.
th e i n flu en c e o f th a t Divi n e P o w er which mu s t h a ve
pre s erve d its s erva n ts u n de r th e s e ve re s t tria ls cir ,
c um s ta n ces o f a p o litic a l o r s o ci a l ch a ra cter m a y h a ve
a ri s en to p re ve n t th e wh o l es a l e a p o s ta s y O f a n a ti on .
A n d s uch w a s i n dee d th e c a s e Th e trea tmen t to

.
which th e ren eg a d es were s ub j e cte d i s a s in gle in s ta n ce

o f m a n y m os t imp orta n t i n d e termi n i n g th e c a u s es o f
,
th e d e cli n e o f p ro s elyti s m I n thi s cl a s s th e freed m en

.
,
la rg ely p re p on dera te d i n n umbers N o twith s ta n din g .
th e n o mi n a l e qu a lity o f th e ren eg a d e g ra n te d by h is
fo rm er ma s ters i n th e b e gin n in g thi s e qu a lity w as ,
n o w n e v er c on c e d e d Th e s tigm a o f s ervitud e which

.
a tta ch e d to th e m a j o ri ty b e c a m e th e u n j u s t re p roa ch
o f th e c a s te .While ma n y w ere s in c ere in th e ir b e

li e f oth ers to ok s ma ll pa in s to di s gui s e th e i n teres ted
,
mo tives wh ich h a d pro mpte d th eir c on vers i on Th e .
kn o wledge O f this fa ct imp elled th e M o s lems to trea t

a l l co n v e rts with th e g rea tes t i n dign ity Th ey were .
publicly in s ulte d O ppro briou s e pithets were h ea p ed

.
up on them Even th o s e whos e a n c es to rs h a d ra n ke d

.
with th e m o s t di s tin gui s h e d o f th e G othic a ri s to cra cy

were n o t exempt fro m th e s n eers o f th e Mu s s ulma n
ra bbl e P o s s es s i o n o f v a s t we a lth re puta ti on f or
.
,
geni u s ta s te o r lea rn in g a ff ord ed n o immun ity from

, , ,
o utra g e by th e vil es t o f m a n ki n d I t w a s ra re th a t a .
ren e g a d e n o m a tte r h o w c on s picu o u s h i s a biliti es Ob

, ,
ta i n ed a res p on s ibl e o fli ce i n th e g o v ern me n t Even .
th e Ch ri s ti a n s too d a f a r b etter ch a n ce o f o ffici a l p ro

motion by th e follo wers o f th e P ro ph et th a n th e rec ent
pro s elyte to I s l a m I t w a s n o t i n th e n a tu re o f a
.
n um ero u s a n d p o w erful c a s te s m a rti n g u n der u n

,
merited humili a tion a n d con s ci o u s O f its s tren gth to ,
ca hn l y s ubmi t to s uch i n j u s tic e N o r w a s i t l on g b e

.
fore thi s d es tructiv e p olicy which lik e m a n y o f th e , ,
evil s th a t a fflicte d th e M u s s u h n a n do mi n a ti on h a d i ts ,
origin i n Ara b p rid e p roduce d mo men tou s po litica l

,
re s ults I t en c ou ra g e d tre a s on a ble c orre s p on d e n ce

.
wi th th e Chri s ti a n s o f th e N o rth I t ra i s e d up s pies .
i n every c ommun ity I t p ro v o k e d th e blo o dy revo lt

.
o f th e s o u the rn s ubu rb o f C o rdo va duri n g th e re ign
o f Al H a k em I
-
I t re c ruited th e a rmi e s o f I b n H a f
.
-
s u n w h o f or thi rty y e a rs d e fi e d th e p ow e r o f th e kh a li
,
fa te Th e ren ega de s w h o outn umbere d a ll o ther

.
,
cla s s es combin ed la ck ed o n ly o rg a n iz a ti o n a n d lea der

,
s hip to h a v e dri v en th e i r h a ughty O pp res s ors i n to th e
s ea. Wh en th e p o wer o f th e Ara b fa cti on w a s d e

s troy e d th e i r c o n di ti on w a s imp ro ve d b u t th e a rdo r
, ,
o f p ros elyti s m h a d v a n i s h ed S uch exp erien ces ten d e d

.
ra th e r to c o n firm th a n to w ea k e n th e fa ith o f th e h e s i
ta tin g .
O th er c a u s es c o n tributed to th e preva len t a p athy .
Th e s emi th eo cra tica l cha ra cter o f th e M o s lem c on s ti

-
tu ti on impli e d to a ll b eli evers th e a ctive ex ertio n o f

s up ern a tura l p o w er Th e h ea d o f th e g o v ern m en t w a s
.
a t th e s a m e time th e S ucc e s s o r a n d th e R e p re s en ta tiv e
o f th e P ro ph et A s ys te m which cla ims divin e s upe

.
ri ori t
y s h o uld by a ll m ea n s b e free fro m tu rm o il fro m ,
vices fro m s chi s m ; i ts in f allib il ity s h ould b e de mon

,
s tra ted by th e p re e mi n en t wi s d o m o f i ts d e cre es ; i ts

-
ba nn ers s h ould n ev er b e lo were d Y et I s l a m w a s rent .
by fa cti on a n d c on tro vers y Riv a l prin c es on e very . ,
s id e a s s erte d th e i r c on flictin g p reten s i on s

,
I n th e con .
fu s io n o f wa rrin g s e cts it w a s a lw a ys imp o s s ible to ,
di s ti n gui s h th e h eretic fro m th e orth o do x Th e M u s .
s u h n a n a rmi e s h a d O ften re ti re d i n di s g ra c e from
b e fore th e h a lf s a v a g e a n d ill e quipp e d As turian

- -
mo un ta in e ers T ri e d by th e s ta n d a rd s o f me diaeva l
.
ign ora n c e s ta n d a rd s fou n d e d up on u n ity o f purp os e

,
a n d i n vi n cibility i n w a r I s l a mi s m w a s n o b etter th an
,
th e c ree d s it h a d s uppl a n te d .
Aga in th e res ults o f M os l em civiliz ati on wh os e

, ,
b en e fits w ere a pp a ren t to th e lea s t di s ce rn in g were ,
n o t d erive d fro m th e e ff orts o f th e d ev o ut Th e .
th eo l o gi a n s wi th ou t exc e p ti o n w ere o b s tructi on i s ts

, ,
.
Th ey de cri e d lea rn in g Th ey den ou n c e d philo s o phy

. .
To th em th e el e g a n t purs uits o f litera ture w ere an

a b omi n a ti o n A s a rul e th ey h a d n othin g in common
.
,
w ith th e s ch o la rs o f C o rd o v a ren o wn e d f o r th eir wit , ,
th e i r p o li ten es s th ei r cultu re , Th ei r p e rs on s were .
n e gl e c te d th e i r ma n n ers u n c o u th th e ir l a n gu a ge
, ,
co ars e u n gra mm a tic a l an d i n s o len t I n th e ir o pin i on

, , .
a m a dm a n w a s in s pire d a n d a s ci en tific i n s trum en t 3

,
de vic e o f S a ta n .
No t s o h o we ver with th e emin en t in s tructo rs wh o

, ,
di re cte d th e public min d o f th e n a ti on w h o i mp a rted ,
kn owl edg e to e a g er pilgrim s fro m fore ign l an ds I t .
w a s to th ei r le c tu res th a t th e yo u n g C h ri s ti a n s d e
lighted to re p a ir Th ere w a s n o s ub j e ct on which they
.
were n o t c o mp eten t to di s c ou rs e ; n o to pic which th eV

u n riva l le d a chi evem en ts o f M o s lem g en iu s th e s tern ,
in to leran c e o f P a tri s tici s m could n o t s tan d be fore th e

libera l p olicy o f I s la m an d th e d a ily a pplic a ti on o f th e
lo fty s en tim en t o f its P ro ph et Wh o s o purs u es th e ,
roa d o f k n o wl e dg e G o d will dire ct h im to th e ro a d

,
o f P a ra di s e Verily th e s up eri o rity o f a lea rn e d man

.
,
o ve r a m ere w o rs hipp er i s lik e th a t o f th e full m oon

”
o v er a ll th e s ta rs ' Th e ex h ibiti on o f un iv ers a l
ch a rity o f b ro a d phil a n thro py o f e duc a ti on a l a d v a n
, ,
ta g es imp a rti a lly b e s to w e d a s c o n tra s te d wi th th e

,
n a rro w m a xim s o f th e i r ow n c omm u n i o n ; th e ov er
wh elmin g s uperi o rity o f M u s s u h n a n civiliz ation ; th e

p o we rful in flu en c e o f d a ily i n terc o u rs e a n d ex a mple ;
th e p ro digi o u s a ugm en ta ti on o f c o mm e rci a l p ro s p erity
a n d wo rldly g ra n d e u r ; th e a llu ri n g p ro s p e c t o f c a rn a l
ple a s ures whil e th ey migh t n o t c o n duce to pros ely

,
ti s m n e v erth el e s s u n d ermi n e d th e fa i th a n d c on s tan cy

,
o f th e Ch ri s ti a n yo u th .
Th e te a chin g s o f th e phil os o ph ers o f C ord o v a were

n ot p ro pitio u s to th e m a i n ten a n c e o f e i th er e s ta bli s h e d
do gma o r e ccles i as tic a l s up eri ori ty ; a n d th e clergy

s a w wi th u n di s gui s e d di s m a y th e g ro wi n g p re va l en c e
, ,
o f luk ew a rmn es s a n d s k e p tici s m Th e p red o min a n ce

.
o f th e S p a n i s h Ara b s i n e ve ry b ra n ch o f li tera ry cul
tu re th ei r e min en t s ucc es s i n a rm s th ei r i n tellig en ce

, , ,
th ei r v a lo r th ei r c o u rtes y th e s e ductiv e p ow er o f
, ,
th ei r s ple n d or a n d th e i r O pul e n c e h a d f a r m o re e ff ect

up o n th e min d s o f th e ri s in g g en era tion o f C hri s ti a n s
th a n th e d e lu s iv e p ro mi s es a n d i mpo ten t a n a th ema s
p ro cl a ime d every w eek fro m a th ou s a n d pulpits A n d .
,
i n deed th e c on tra s t p res en te d by th e tw o riva l re

,
li g i o n s w a s m os t s trik in g to th e u n p rej udice d s eek er

a fter tru th On th e o n e h a n d w a s th e chu rch with
.
,
i ts res oun din g v a ults a n d its gl oo my a n d s e pulchra l

cryp t ; th e mon a s tery wi th i ts p riva ti on s ; th e reli qu a
,
ri e s with th e ir o ff en s iv e h o a rd s o f wi th ere d fle s h a n d
,
mould erin g b on es ; th e in co n s is ten ci es o f a s ys tem

which in culc a ted ch a rity a n d c omm a n d ed p ers ecution ;

th e i n e x ora ble tyra n n y o f th e p ri es th oo d ; th e s y s
tem a ti c di s c ou ra g emen t o f l ea rn in g ; th e con fe s s i on a l
with its en fo rc ed re vela ti on o f s ecrets ; th e ma s s with
i ts mon oto n o u s s e rvic es a n d i ts ritu a l i n a n un kn o wn
ton gu e ; th e p e n a n c e with i ts s u ff eri n g s a n d humili a
ti on. On th e oth er h a n d ro s e th e mo s que light a iry
, , ,
bea utiful ; i ts gra c e ful min a ret p o in tin g towa rds th e

hea ven s ; its c ourt s h a de d by p a h n a n d o ran g e trees -
,
re do l en t with th e mi n gl e d fra gra n ce o f a th ou s a n d
e x otic s, mu s ic a l with th e pla s hin g o f crys ta l waters ;

its wa ll s co v ered with a ma z e o f in tric a te a n d b rilli a n t
s tucc o e s ; i ts c e ili n g embl a z on e d with th e g o ld en te xts
o f th e K o ra n ; i ts s a n ctu a ry s p a rkl i n g with m o s a ic s ,
who s e exqui s ite tra c ery riv a lle d th e fa ble d crea ti on s

o f th e g en ii ; th e s ermon in telligible to th e m o s t
,
humble a n d u n tuto re d li s ten er ; th e pra yer rema rk ,
a ble f or ea rn es tn es s , s implicity ,re v ere n c e .On thi s

s ide w ere exhibi te d th e f ac ti ti o u s v i rtu e s a n d re v olt
in g l icen s e in s ep a ra ble fro m th e u nn a tura l c on diti on

o f c elib a cy ; th e s a c rific e o f e v ery divers i o n th a t ren
ders h ea lth a tta in a ble or e xi s ten c e a ttra ctive ; th e

moro s e a u s teri ty o f mon a s tic s olitude ; th e ill con -
ce a l ed e xc es s es by which hum a n n a tu re a tte mp ts to
in demn ify its elf f o r th e re s tra in ts im p o s ed by orga n

i zed hyp o c ri s y ; th e s o licite d ma rtyrd o m o f th e h a lf
cra z ed z ea lot ; th e s a v a ge purs uit o f in fid el s a n d
s chi s m a tic s ; th e s a n ctifie d e x a mpl e o f e ccle s i a s tic a l
ign o ra n ce mo ra l a b a s em en t a n d phys ic a l irn p u ritv
, ,
.
On th e oth er we re th e d elights o f th e h a rem ; th e

phy s ic a l a n d men ta l vigo r derive d from c on s ta n t
ex e rci s e o f th e mu s cul a r s ys te m a n d th e in te ll e ctu a l
fa culti es ; th e b en e fits ari s in g from th e pra ctic e o f

fre qu en t a blu ti on ; th e pa lati a l a pp oin tmen ts o f th e
public b ath ; th e in n um era bl e c on v en i en c es i n ven te d
or a do pte d by a s o ci ety e v er a le rt to gra s p ev ery n ew
idea to pro fit by e very p as t e xp eri en c e ; th e a d va n

,
ta g es of a meth od of e duca ti on un p ara lleled in ex cel

len c e an d un a pp roa ch e d by e ven th e wi s es t tea ch ers
o f a n ti quity ; th e va s t lib ra ri es fill e d with th e s tores
,
o f an ci en t l ea rn in g ; th e l e ctu res o f th e ly c eum ; th e
curi ou s exp erim en ts o f s ci en tific ob s ervers ; th e en ter

ta ini n g s cen es o f s o ci a l fe s tivity ; th e a n im ated di s
p utati on s o f l ea rn ed a s s embli es .
Th e j uri s p ru den ce o f th e orth o dox b eli ever w a s

b a s ely s ubs ervi en t to th e cl a i ms o f s u p ers titi on H i s
.
ca u s e wa s determi n ed by th e un c erta in res ul ts o f j u

d i ci a l c omba t by th e o a ths O f p rej udice d c o mp urg a
,
tors b y th e frivo lous o rd ea l s o f wa ter a n d fire

,
.Th e
s e cta ry o f M o h a mm e d w a s tri e d by th e k a di a m a gi s
,
tra te g o vern e d by es ta bli s h e d prin ciples o f l a w an d ,
boun d by religiou s a s wel l a s by temp ora l con s idera

ti on s to a n imp a rti a l a dm in i s tra ti on o f j u s ti ce.
Wh en a C hri s tian b e c a me ill a ttempts were ma de

,
to ex orcis e th e evil Spi ri t to which h i s s u ff erin g s were

attrib uted b y bin din g h i m to th e a lta r by th e in voc a
,
ti on o f s a in ts b y th e a pplic a ti o n o f reli c s a n d con s e

’
cra ted a mu lets Th e M os lem w a s con veyed to the

.
h os pita l provided a n d m a in ta in ed by roya l b enefi

c en c e ; th e c a u s e o f h i s c ompl a int w a s a s certa in ed ;
a n d durin g h i s s ta y h e re c e ive d g ra tu i tou s ly th e a s s id
n ou s a tten ti on s o f th e n u rs e a n d th e in telligen t ca re
o f th e s u rg eon .
Whil e th e pri es t ridd en p ea s a n try o f th e P yren ees

-
a n d th e R h on e d en oun ce d th e S a ra c en as a f oe o f G od
a n d a s cou rg e to hu m a ni ty th e C hri s ti an wh o li ve d
,
in s ecu rity un d er h i s g overn m en t en j o y ed h i s fa vor

, ,
s h a re d his h os pita li ty p ro fite d b y h i s in s tru cti on k n ew

, ,
bu t too w ell th e c a lumn y o f th es e a s s erti on s a n d th at

,
th eir m a lign ed ob j e c t exhibi te d up on o cc a s i on all th e

n obl e a ttributes o f a f a ithful fri en d an d a b ra ve an d
chiva lrou s en emy Th e di s s en s i on s o f th e A ra b s an d

.
,
th e ir un g en ero u s tre a tm en t o f th os e wh o v ol un ta ril y

em b ra c ed th eir f a i th were l a rg ely i n s tru men ta l i n
, p re
1 49 2 —1 609
S ta te of Ki gd m ft r th C n qu s t— S u p ri ity f th e
th e n o a e e o e e or o
M oors P li y f th e C wn I t du ti n f th H ly
o c o ro n ro c o o e o
Ofli — Admi i tr ti n f T l ve r — H i P p u l ity— H e i s

ce n s a o o a a a s o ar
s up d d by Xim n — Th Tw Gr t Sp n i s h C di ls
e rs e e e es e o ea a ar na
— Th i Opp i t Ch r t — I fl u n
e r os e n Th i Age a a c e rs n e ce o e r h
Vi l o en c e f Xi m s — H e bu
o th A b i M n u ri p t
en e rn s e ra c a sc s
I u
ns ti
rre c f th M is c
on o
— R ut i th S i rr B e mej
e or oes o n e e a r a
— B ig t y f I b ell — Th M
o r o u d
sa Ch rl e V a e oo rs n er a s .
P e uti by th C l gy n d th I qu i iti u der Philip

e rs c on e er a e n s on n
II —W i n th Al p uj
ar s— Ib — Omm ey h — Op
e ti n f
a rra n a e ra o s o
D on J h f Au t i — R mov l f th M o s f G n d
o n o s r a e a o e o r o ra a a
D e th f I bn —
a o Omm y h — I b — Ab u b m Kin g— S i ge of
e a n ec o es e
G l — At iti
a e ra f th e C mp ig — F t
ro c es f I bn —
o Abu a a n a e o
C diti
on f th e M i s
on o s i n Sp in — T h y r E x il e d by
or c oe a e a e
P h ili p I I I — Th i S u ff i gs — E ff c t f th ir B n i s hment
. e r er n e o e a
up on th P r p ity f th Ki gd m
e os er o e n o .
T H E clo s e o f th e R e c on qu e s t le ft th e S p a n i s h mon
a rchy i n a c o n diti o n o f phy s ic a l a n d fin a n ci a l c o ll a p s e .
Th e m a i n ten a n c e o f a g rea t a rmy f o r ten y ea rs , with

th e res ulta n t c a s u a lti e s o f b a ttle , e xp o s u re a n d d i s ,
ea s e, h a d s en s ibly dimi n i s h e d th e p o pul a ti on Th e .
tre a s u ry h a d lo n g b e en d e pl ete d Th e Qu een h ad .
p a wn e d h er j ewels to th e b a n k ers o f Va len ci a a nd

B a rc el on a W e a lthy s ubj e cts h a d been in duc ed to
.
a dva n c e fu n d s to th e g o v ern m en t by m eth o d s equ iv a
len t to co n fi s c a ti o n a n d which h eld ou t b ut s len d er

,
h o p es o f ultima te re imbu rs emen t N a ti on a l credit .
w a s p ra ctic a lly d es tro ye d Th e a b s en c e o f th e more .
in du s tri ou s citiz en s in m ilita ry s ervic e th e i n c o rri gible ,
idl en es s o f th o s e wh o rema in e d h a d imp a ire d th e p ur ,
s uit o f a g ricultu re up o n which th e re s o u rc es o f th e

,
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN EUROPE 219
kin gdom d e p en d ed H a d it n ot been f or th e ta xes

.
a n d e xtraordi n a ry c on tribu ti on s l evi ed u p on th e J e w
i s h a n d M os l em tributa ri es th e wa r c ould n ot h a ve
,
b een p ro s ecuted to a s ucces s ful c on clu s i on Th es e .
two s e cts which o ccupi e d a n a n oma lou s p os iti on in th e

,
body po litic n umbere d o ver two mi llion Al tho ugh

, .
s o in fe ri o r i n n umb ers th ey ehg ros s ed th e tra d e a n d

,
co n tro ll e d th e p ers on a l p ro p erty o f th e P en in s ul a .
Th e J ew wh o p ra ctis ed with en ormou s p ro fit th e c on

,
gen ia l b ut un p opula r pro fe s s i on o f u s u ry c on verted ,
h i s g a in s in to mon ey a n d j e wels Th e M u dej a r w h o

.
, ,
a fter th e C on qu es t g a v e pl a c e to th e M o ri s c o mi n d
, ,
ful o f th e Kora n ic p re ce pt which in cul c ates in du s try

as a vi rtu e a n d s tigm a tiz e s idl en es s as a crim e w a s th e ,
mos t la borious an d s ucces s ful o f a griculturi s ts th e ,
mos t s kilful o f a rti s a n s R epres en tatives o f th es e

.
two cl a s s es dire c te d th e O p era ti on s o f th e l a rg es t m er

ca n til e h ou s es i n th e p ri n cip a l citi es a n d th e c o mm e rc e
,
o f th e en ti re c ountry w a s p ra ctic a lly i n th e i r h a n d s .
Th eir pro s p erity w a s re ga rde d with a n evil ey e by

th ei r C a s tili a n m as ters a n d th e M os lem w a s e s p e
,
ci a ll y th e obj e ct o f thi s a n im a dvers i on F o r gen era

.
tion s th e fo rmer h a d pu rs u e d th e glo ri ou s b u t bruta l

izin g ca ll in g o f a rms With them every o ccupa tion
.
,
th a t impli ed o r n e ces s ita te d th e perfo rm an c e o f m an

u al l a b or w a s c on s idere d u n d ig n i fied a n d d eg ra di n g .
C en turi es o f u nremittin g wa rfa re h a d impres s ed upon

th e wh o l e n a ti on a milita ry ch a ra cter wi th i ts in evi
,
ta bl e c on co mita n ts o f p rid e tyra n n y a n d i n s ol en c e ;

—
, ,
a n d th e s e s en tim en ts we re i n te n s ifi e d a hun dre d fo ld

by ra cia l h atred a n d s e cta ri a n prejudic e Fro m th e .
ea rli e s t tim es th e M oo rs h a d b e en re g a rd e d a s in te r
lo pers s c a rc ely entitle d to th e o rdin a rily in dis puta ble
,
rights o f c on qu es t . Th e a cqui s iti on o f th ei r d om a in

by S p a n i s h prowes s w a s a lwa ys con s id ered a s th e re
covery o f f ormer in a li en a bl e p o s s es s i on n ot as n ew ,
territory wres ted from a n a dve rs a ry by di n t o f s up e

i
r or s tren g th a n d va lor Th e es ta bli s hmen t o f th e
.
C a th oli c fa ith w a s in th e Opin i on o f a droit ca s ui s ts

, ,
a n a ddi ti o n a l a rg um en t in fa vo r o f th ei r titl e f or i t .
,
w a s h eld th at th e c on s ecra ti on o f a lta rs to C hri s ti a n ity

c on ferre d rights which c ould n ever b e a bro g a te d
th ro ugh o ccup a ti on by i n fid el s With th e i n con s i s t
.
e n cy o f ig n o ra n c e th e C a s tih a n s a s s erte d th e ir ti tle

,
b oth by i nh erita n c e a n d pres cripti on Th e y forgot .
th a t S p a in h a d e ver b een th e rich priz e f or which

a h n o s t e very w a rli k e n a ti on o f th e a n cien t w o rld h a d
c on ten de d Th e Vi s igoth s overra n a n d ra v a g e d it in

.
th e fifth c en tu ry a n d th ei r o ccup a n cy d erive d s o lely

, ,
from con qu e s t la s te d three h un dre d yea rs

, Th en .
c a me th e S a ra cen s wh o s e domin a ti on obta in e d in p re

, ,
c i s el y th e s a me m a n n e r re qui re d a b o ut th e s ame
,
len gth o f tim e f o r th e c on qu es t bu t en du re d f o r more

,
th a n twic e a s l o n g I t w a s ev id en t there fore to

.
, ,
e very min d n o t o b s cu re d by p rej udi c e th a t th e title ,
o f th e M o s l e m s ev en fro m th e S p a n i s h p o in t o f vi ew
, ,
w a s b etter th a n th a t o f th ei r con qu ero rs I n more .
th a n on e re s p e ct i n d ee d h a d th e follo wers o f M oh a m
, ,
m ed cl a im s up on th e c oun try o f th e ir a do pti on a s well

a s up on th e g ra titud e a n d a dm i ra ti o n o f m a n ki n d .
Th e ir in du s try a n d en terpri s e h a d deve lo p e d b eyon d

a l l p re c e d en t th e w on derful res ou rc es o f th e P en in
s ul a . I ts p ro s p erity h a d n e v er b een s o grea t i ts p eo ,
p l e s o h a ppy i ts s o v ereig n s s o ren o wn e d a s a t the

, ,
meridi a n o f th e M os le m p ower I n in tell e ctu a l at .
ta i n m en ts a n d th e s ki lful a d a p ta ti on o f s ci en tific
,
p rin cipl es to th e pra ctic a l a ff a irs o f life th e s ubj e cts ,
o f th e kh a lifa te f a r s u rp a s s e d a ll th ei r c o n temp o
ra ri es . Th e civili z a ti on — if i t i s wo rthy o f th e n ame

— which th e S a ra cen s o verthrew w a s in fin itely in ferior
to th e on e th a t th ey c rea te d Th e Vi s ig o th s h a d
.
s c a rcely e m e rg e d fro m b a rb a ri s m Th eir mon a rchs .
a ttemp te d to e mul a te i n th e ir m a gn ific en c e a n d l ux

,
u ry th e b rilli a n t c ou rt o f th e E a s te rn Empi re a n d to
, ,
pri n c es O f th e bloo d I n a rms i n m a n n ers in cos

.
, ,
tum e i n a mu s e m en ts th e d es pi s e d i n fid e l fu rn i s h e d
, ,
mo dels to th e pro ud a n d boo ris h d es cen da n ts o f P e

la yu s a n d h i s moun ta in eers Even th e lan gu a ge wa s .
c on ta min a ted Th ou s a n d s o f term s fa mili a r to th e

.
re a d er o f th e K o ra n w ere i n c orp o ra te d u n ch a n g e d
in to its c omp reh en s iv e vo c a bula ry a n d th e n o ble a n d ,
s o n o ro u s C a s tili a n idi o m re m a i n s to d a y a lm o s t o n e -
thi rd Ara bic Th e s ys te m o f w a rfa re th e e v o luti on s

.
,
o f c a v a lry th e a d o p ti on o f ligh ter a rm o r a ll e xhibi te d

, ,
th e e ff e c t o f th e p e rva di n g M o o ri s h i n flu en c e Archi .
te ets fro m G ra n a d a w e re e mplo ye d by C a s tili a n m on

a rch s i n th e c on s tructi on o f p a l a c e s a n d e v en by o r ,
th o d ox p re l a te s i n th e o rn a m en ta ti o n o f c a th e dra ls .
I t w a s th e cu s to m o f m a n y s o vereign s in th os e tu rbu
len t times to i n tru s t their s a fety to a bo dy gu a rd o f -
S a ra cen m erc en a ri es w h o c ould n eith er b e i n timida ted

,
n o r c orrup te d Th e h on o rs p a id to d e c ea s e d C a s
.
tili a n ro ya lty by th e M o s l e m s were n o t in feri or to

th o s e wi th which th e o b s e qui e s o f th e g rea tes t emi rs
were c el ebra ted Th e c ou rt o f Gra n a da wen t in to
.
m ourn i n g f o r F erdin a n d III a n d a gu a rd o f M oor .

,
i s h n o bles es c orte d h i s re m a in s to th e to mb H enry .
IV g a ve a udi en c e to a mb a s s a d o rs s ea te d up on a divan
.
a n d s upp o rte d by cu s hi o n s i n th e tra di ti o n a l S a ra c en

,
fa s hi on Th e tilt o f reed s a n d th e bull figh t th e ex

.
-
,
e rc i s e s o f th e g ra n d a ren a which re qui ri n g th e g rea t

, ,
es t a dd res s a n d a gility w ere s o po pula r with the

,
S pa n is h chiva lry s up ers ed e d th e ruder a n d mo re

,
da n gerou s e xhibi ti on s o f th e tou rn a men t I n in nu .
m era bl e e x a mpl e s i n e ve ry ph a s e o f th e public a n d

,
do me s tic life o f th e Chri s ti a n s th e in flu en ce o f ,
M oh a mm e d a n a s s o ci a ti on w a s m a n ifes te d I t i s a .
curi ou s fa ct a s a lrea dy s tate d th a t in s pite o f this

, , , ,
th e d ee p s e a te d p re j udic es o f th e tw o ra c e s s o f a r
-
,
from bein g era dic a te d we re s c arc ely e ven perc eptibly

,
mo difie d N otwi th s ta n din g in terma rri a ge s th e f or

.
,
ma l an d e a l b ora te dis pla y o f public c ourtes y th e f re ,
qu en ey o f a ppe a ls to roya l a rbi tra tion th e a do p tio n ,
o f offici a l c erem o n i a l s by o n e p e o pl e th e v o lun ta ry ,
s o lici ta ti o n o f p rote cti o n by th e o th e r a l l a pp e a ra n c es

,
o f a mity w e re fa ll a ci ou s a n d a feelin g o f i rrec o n

,
c il a ble h o s tili ty c on s ta n tly p re v a ile d b etwe e n th e tw o
ra c e s
.
B o th re duc ed th ei r p ri s o n e rs to s la very a c o n ,
di tion which gen era lly implie d th e mo s t in huma n

trea tm en t Th e c a p tiv e s ta k en by th e C a s tili a n s w ere
.
bran d ed up o n th e fo reh ea d a m a rk o f de gra d a ti o n

,
which c ould n e ver b e e ra s e d ; th e s la v es o f th e M o s

lems were c on fin ed in da mp a n d u n wh o les ome d un
geon s a n d co mp elle d to la bo r da ily i n th e c on s truction
,
o f m o s qu e s a n d f o rtific a ti on s I t w a s n o u n u s ua l oc
.
curren c e wh en a pla c e h a d provoke d th e a n imo s ity o f

,
e i th er by a n o b s ti n a te res i s ta n c e f o r th e e n ti re
, p op u
lati on i rre s p e ctive o f a g e or s ex to b e ruthles s ly p u t
, ,
to th e s word I n th e h ea t o f c on fli ct qu a rte r w a s s el
.
,
d om exp e cted D es pite th e omn ip res en t a n d i rre

.
f u ta bl e evid en ce s o f s up e ri or kn o wle dg e re fin e men t , ,
a n d cultu re th e a rro g a n t a n d c on c e ite d C a s tili a n s

,
a lwa y s s tigm a tiz e d th e i r a dv ers a ri e s a s b a rb a ri a n s .
With th em implicit b eli e f i n a n d a tta chm en t to th e

,
Roma n C a th olic fa ith w a s th e in fa llibl e touch s to n e

o f civiliz a ti o n Wh a tever th ey did n o t un ders ta n d
.
they a ttribu te d to m a gic Th e mys te ri o u s a cce n ts o f

.
th e Ara bic l a n gu a g e a n d th e i n tric a te m a nn e r in

,
which i ts ch a ra cters were c o mbin e d i n th e i n s crip tio n s

which a do rn ed th e public e dific es a rou s e d in th e mi n ds ,
o f th e ig n o ra n t s u s pici on s o f s o rc ery with i ts a e c om ,
i m n ts o f ta li s m a n s a mul ets ch a rm s a n d in ca n
p a n e , , ,
ta ti on s . Th e m a gn ifice n t a rchite ctura l wo rk s o f Ara b

gen iu s were a ttribute d to i n fern a l a gen cy as beyo n d ,
th e e ff orts o f u n a ide d hum a n p o we r ; a n o pin io n s till

en te rta in e d by th e S p a n i s h p e a s a n try w h o n o t on ly ,
firmly beli eve th at th e M o s lem p a la ces were con

s tructe d by evil s piri ts b u t a l s o a s c rib e th e o rigi n O f
,
th e gig a n tic a n d a pp a ren tly etern a l m on um en ts o f

, ,
cla s s ic a n tiquity to th e h a n ds o f th e de vil him s elf .
B es ide s th e in vetera te p rej udic es a ri s in g fro m a n

ta g oni s ti c f a i th s a n d p rotra c te d w a rfa re o th er c ir,
c um s ta n c es in te rv en e d to p re clud e th e fu s i on o f th e
tw o ra c es a fter th e C on qu es t Th e S p a ni a rd with
.
,
ch a ra cteri s tic p ride a s s erte d th e s up eri ority a n d p re

,
do min a n c e o f h i s ra c e a n d origin a n d th e s lightes t

,
s u s pici on of M o ori s h bloo d con s ti tute d a blemi s h

which n o p o litic a l or milita ry di s tin c ti o n w a s e ver a ble
to e ra dic a te Th e i n du s try o f th e Mud e j a res th eir
.
,
fruga lity th ei r clan n i s hn e s s th e s e clu s ion o f thei r

, ,
wo men a ro u s ed un fa v ora ble c ommen t a mon g a p eo

,
p l e wh o s e p rej udic es a s s o cia te d th es e p ra c tices with

th e n a m e o f a n h ere di ta ry a n d im pl a c a ble en emy It .
h a d l on g b een a s ubj e ct o f un ivers a l c o mpl a in t tha t

th e l a rg er p ro p o rti on o f th e w ea lth o f th e kin gd om
w a s p os s es s e d by thes e u n p o pul a r tribu ta ri es Th e .
idle C a s tili a n wh o s e a n c es tors h a d f or twen ty three

,
-
gen era tio n s s ubs is te d by ra pin e c ould n ot rega rd with

,
in di ff eren c e th e plo ddin g in du s try th a t con ferred

up o n a s ubj uga ted a n d mi s b e li evin g ra ce th os e s ub
s ta n ti a l b en e fits which h e h a d a lw a y s b een ta ught to
re g a rd a s th e bi rth righ t o f a Chri s ti a n I t wa s a ls o

.
publicly s ta ted to th e prej udice o f th e tributary

,
M oo rs th a t e ven wh en th ey ren oun ce d th eir fa ith th ey

,
s till a dh ere d to th e i r fo rm er l a b o ri ou s h a bits ; th a t

n on e o f th em e v er en tere d c on v en ts o r m on a s teri es ;
a n d th a t th e i r c on tribu ti on s to th e C hu rch w ere n ot
o f th e v a lu e to b e e xp e cte d f ro m th e z ea l a n d g en eros
i ty o f s in c ere p ro s elytes Th ei r c on v ers i on did n ot

.
brin g wi th i t th a t in dulg en c e a n d th o s e p rivileges to

which th eir gh o s tly in s tructors a s s ure d the m they
would b e en title d ; i t did n ot ev en c on fer immun ity
fro m in s ult Un til th e reign o f H enry II th e Mude
. .
j a re s were e x empt fro m th e in con ven ien c e o f wearin g

a dis tin ctive m a rk in dic ative o f th eir s o ci a l c on diti on ,
law . p ecu li ar cas ui s try which dedu c ed from

Th e ,
Biblic a l pre c eden t an d th e extermi n atin g wa rs o f th e

J e ws a n a lo gi es who s e a pp l ic ation wrought s uch h a vo c
a m on g th e c on qu ere d n a ti ons o f S p a i n a n d th e N ew
r
W orld foun d n o difficul ty i n th e ac ce ptation o f th e

,
bro a der a n d c on s equ ently even more a troci ou s prin

, ,
c i p l e th a t n o f a ith wh a te v er w as to b e k e p t wi th i n
fid el s . Eccles i a s tic al in g enu ity h as n ever in v en ted

more p oten t wea pon s f o r th e atta in men t o f a bs olu
ti s m th a n th es e tw o m a xims which rig orou s ly a p
, ,
pli e d demon s trate d th ei r tempora ry a n d a pp arent

,
effic a cy by th e utter e x termi n a ti on o f mi lli o n s o f
n o min a l en emi e s o f th e S p a n i s h m on archy .
By th e un i on o f C a s til e an d Ara go n a n d th e Con

ques t o f G ra n a da n a ti on a l un ity h ad b een s ecu red ;
i t n o w rem a in e d to pla c e th e re ligiou s es ta bli s hm en t
o f th e kin gdo m up on th e s a m e a dva n ta g eo u s fo otin g .
Th e I n qui s iti on a n en gin e o f tre m en do u s p o wer

, ,
wh o s e Op era ti on s were a tten de d by th e mo s t gra tify

in g res ults h a d f or m ore th a n tw o c en turies b een
, , ,
e mpl o y e d i n s ubduin g re c a lcitra n t h eretic s procurin g,
c on vers i on s a n d re plen is hin g th e e xh a u s te d c o ff ers

,
o f Chu rch a n d S ta te F i rs t i n tro duc e d in to Ara gon

.
fro m F ra n c e i ts e ff orts were m a in ly di re cte d a g a in s t

,
th e J e ws wh o s e wea lth h a d bro ught up on th em a c on

,
ven i en t s u s pici on o f h ere s y Th e m a in o bj e cts o f th e

.
I n qui s ition were in rea lity s e cula r a n d p o li tic a l That .
hideou s in s tituti o n a ime d at th e es ta bli s hmen t o f nu

qu es ti on e d s o vereign ty by th e in s trum ents Of p ers e
c u ti on .R e ligi ou s d o gma s while n omin a ll y o f vital
,
im p ortan ce i n i ts pro ce dure were b ut pretex ts by

,
which th e c lergy an d in directly th e orth o do x mon arch

, ,
pro fite d in th e a cquirement an d con s oli da ti on o f irre

s p on s ible a uth ori ty Th e s tiflin g o f hum an th ou ght
.
,
th e s upp res s ion o f e very b ra n ch o f kn o wle dg e th e ,
prohibition o f th e ex erci s e o f priva te j u dg ment the ,
in fin ite mul ti p lic ati on Of O ff en ces a g a in s t rel i gion the ,

min ute gra da tion o f pen an ces man y o f them o f b ar

,
b a rou s a n d in cre dible s everity were a l l mea n s to th e

,
a cc ompli s hm en t o f o n e b a s e a n d ign o bl e en d Th e .
th eolo gic a l a s p e ct o f th e I n qui s i tio n h a s en gros s e d th e

a tten ti on o f hi s tori a n s to th e e xclu s i on o f i ts g en ui n e
b u t c on cea le d ob j e cts Th at th e pun i s hmen t o f h eres y

.
w a s n o t th e re a l mi s s i on o f i ts tribun a l i s p rov e d by
th e fa ct th a t i ts s en ten ces w ere frequ en tly s u s p en d ed ,
c ommute d or a brog ated by th e s overeign con dition a l

, ,
on th e p aym en t o f m on e y . Th e rich were th e e s p e ci a l

obj ects o f i ts h os tili ty ; th e d en un ci a ti on o f a we a lthy
p ers on w a s equiva len t to con victi on ; a n d if a H ebrew

or a M o s l e m h e c ould h a rdly es c a p e th e e x trem e p en
,
a lty. Th e mys tery o f i ts o rg a n iz a ti on i ts un exp ecte d,
a rres ts, i ts s ecret pro ce du re its fright ful dun g eon s

, ,
th e fien di s h c ru elty o f th e to rtu re s i t i n flicted a n d th e ,
a tro citi es o f i ts publi c exhibiti o n s — which p a rto ok o f
th e n a tu re o f religi ou s fes tiv a l s a n d wi th s h ock in g

, ,
in con s i s ten cy were s upp o s ed to b e devoted to po pul a r

,
re c re a tion — s truck terro r in to every c omm un ity a n d
every fa mily .
Th e s ucce s s ful p ros ecution o f h eres y by th e I n qui s i

ti on a s well a s th e fin a n ci a l a dva n ta g e s i t p ro mi s e d
, ,
a n d th e in c re a s e o f e ccl es i a s tic a l a n d ro ya l p ow er
which fo llo we d its es ta bli s h ment a pp ea le d fo rcibly

,
to th e big o te d a n d a rbitra ry min d o f th e S p a n i s h

Qu een Not s o ho wever with F erdin a n d wh os e ex
.
, , ,
eri en ce with th a t drea d tribu n a l h a d c a u s ed h im to

p
reg a rd i ts O p era ti on s wi th di s fa v or a n d w h o h a d ren
,
dere d h i s orth o do xy lia ble to s u s pici on by intru s tin g

to J ewi s h b a n k ers th e a dmi n i s tra ti o n o f th e fin a n c es
o f th e C rown o f Ara g o n H i s remon s tra n c es were
.
,
ho wever un h ee ded by h is o bs tin a te an d d es p otic con

,
s ort. Th e K in gdo m O f C as tile h a d a lwa y s en j oye d

a n u n qu es ti on e d p re p on dera n c e o f a uth ori ty a n d p res
tige i n th e a ff a i rs o f th e P en in s ul a Th e comp a ct
.
which con s olidate d th e tw o great reahn s in to on e em

pi re expres s ly con ferred up on I s a b ell a th e e x clu s ive

c on trol o f a ll ma tters relatin g to e ccles i a s tic a l j uri s
dicti o n Th e right o f pres en ta ti o n to b en efices — lon g
.
a s s erte d by C a s til i a n p rin c es as a ro y a l p rero g a tive ,
a n d wh o s e ex erci s e d en ou n c e d by th e P a p a cy a s a n
,
u s urp a ti on h a d re p e ate dly brought up on th em th e

,
c en s ures o f th e H oly S ee— i n ve s ted th e Qu een with a

p o wer o f va s t a n d i n d e fin a bl e e xten t o ver th e mem
bers o f th e R oman C a th o lic hierarchy w h o o we d th eir ,
office s to h er g en ero s ity a n d wh o s e re v en u es w ere

,
la rg ely di s p en s e d i n a cc ord a n ce with h e r a dvi ce H er .
p o licy a n d h er a pp a ren t in teres t in duc e d h er th ere ,
fo re to c on s en t to th e i n tro ducti on o f th e H oly Office ;

,
a n d i ts tribu n a l w a s es ta bli s h e d a t C o rd o v a u n de r th e
,
dire cti on o f T o ma s d e T orqu em a d a firs t I n qui s itor

,
G en era l o f th e kin gdom a n a me o f a wful p romin en ce

,
in th e hi s to ry o f S p a n is h p ers e cu tion .
Th e c a pitula ti on o f G ra n a d a h a d b een c o n clud ed

with e very in dic ati on o f s in c erity a n d with th e mos t
,
s o l em n a s s ura n c es wi th wh ich i t i s p o s s ibl e to i n ves t
th e p ro vi s i o n s a n d con firm th e fa ith o f treati es Th e .
un s u s p e ctin g M os lems did n ot lon g rem a in i n i gno

ra n c e o f th e duplicity o f th e ir c o n qu e ro rs Exces s es
.
we re publicly c omm itte d by lic enti ou s c a va li ers wh o , ,
i n s tea d o f un dergo in g th e p en a lty o f d ea th a dj udged

f o r s uch o ff en c es e s c a p ed with a g en tl e rep rima n d
, ,
a n d w ere e ven c on s picu o u s ly di s tin gui s h ed by the
fa vo r o f th e ir roya l mi s tres s Th e s eclu s ion o f domes

.
ti c life s o j ea l o u s ly gu a rd e d by M oh a mm e d a n cus
,
tom w a s u n c erem on i ou s ly in va d e d u p on th e mos t

,
frivolou s pretexts by th e rude a n d in s olent s oldiery .
Th e mo s qu es wh o s e p os s es s i on h a d b een es p e ci a lly
,
gu a ra nteed by th e a rticles o f th e treaty w ere one ,
a fter a n o th er s eiz e d a n d c o n s e cra ted to th e C h ri s ti an
wors hip F or th es e fl a gra nt bre a ch es o f tru s t th e

.
,
s tupid a n d re mo rs e l es s big otry o f I s a b ell a w as la rg ely
res p on s ibl e Th e city h a d h a rdly p a s s ed in to th e

.
ar bitra ry an d in de fen s ible p ro c eedin gs followin g th e

s urren d er Th e c a pita l fa ll en in to n egl ect a n d d ec a y
.
,
durin g yea rs o f in s urrecti on a n d w ar w as re p a ired ; ,
n ew s treets w ere Op en ed s a ni ta ry re gula ti on s w ere

,
en f orc e d th e m a rk ets were a g a i n cro wd e d with

,
tra d ers ; th e Veg a lon g th e s c en e o f de s o la ti on b eg a n

, ,
to b l os s o m o n c e m ore un d er th e p a ti en t h a n d s o f th e
in du s tri o us l a b o rer Whil e a high s en s e o f h on or a n d
.
a n u n u s u a l diplo m a ti c ta c t o b ta in e d f o r th e C o un t o f
T en dill a th e res p e ct o f h i s de p en den ts it w as up on ,
th e di s p os iti on o f th e Archbi s h o p th a t th e s e c u rity o f

th e go v ernm en t a n d th e p aci fic a ti on o f th e M o s lems
p rin cip al ly de p en de d Th e firs t grea t difficulty w as
.
,
in rea lity n ot with th e l a tter b u t wi th th e C hri s ti an

, ,
co lon is ts wh o h a d re c eive d i n re c o mp en s e f o r rea l or

, ,
fictiti ou s s ervic es es ta bli s hm en ts in th e city a n d wh os e

, ,
lic en ti ou s con duct pro vo ke d th e a n imos ity o f th e v a n

qu i s h ed a n d ren d ere d th e s treets un s a fe a t ni ght f or
,
wa yfa rers o f ev ery de s cripti on .
Th e con duct o f th e Archbi s h o p w a s b eyon d a ll

pra is e H e en dea vore d by e very c on c e iva ble mean s
.
to im p ro v e th e c on diti on o f hi s dio c es e to revive d e ,
c ay i n g in du s try a n d to p ro m ote th e fri en dly rel a ti on s

,
o f th e tw o ra c es wh os e p re vi o u s tra diti o n s m a d e com
p l ete fu s ion imp o s s ibl e H e dis p en s e d a t a l l times

.
th e m os t un b o un de d a n d di s c ern i n g ch a rity He .
c a u s ed public wo rks to b e in a ugurated by which the ,
n ee dy p oo r were p ro vid e d wi th empl oym en t H is .
a p os to lic z ea l n ev er s too p e d to th e vi o l en c e o f p ers e
c u ti o n ; hi s a pp e a l s we re m a d e to rea s on a l on e ; a n d
h is s ub ordin a te s f or th e e ff e ctu a l p erform a n c e o f

,
th e i r duti es were c omp elle d to l ea rn th e Ara bi c l an

,
gu a g e in which h e him s elf a lth ough f a r a dva n ced in

, ,
years b e c a me s uffici en tly pro fici en t to e mplo y i t s uc

,
c es s f u l l y f o r th e n o bl e pu rp os es o f religio u s in s tru c
ti on . F rom th e p rin ti n g p res s es e s ta bli s h e d by hi s

-
,
mun ificen ce i s s u ed s ump tu ou s vo lumes p ri nted in

,
C as tili a n a n d A ra bic who s e p eru s a l might n ot on ly

,
a rou s e th e i n teres t o f Old b eli ever a n d re cen t p ro s e
lyte bu t c ould n ot fa il to a like c on firm th e fa ith a n d

,
fa cili ta te th e i n terco urs e o f both C hri s ti an a n d M o s

l em Un d er h i s di rection s choo ls were foun de d ; rit
.
n al s an d w ork s e mb o dyi n g th e do ctr i n es a nd di s ciplin e

o f th e Chu rch tra n s l a te d ; a n d re gul a r c on f eren c es
org a n iz e d wh erein
, , a t s ta te d i n terv a l s th e c o mp a ra
,
tive m erits o f th e C h ri s ti a n a n d M oh a m med a n c ree ds

were publicly di s cu s s ed by lea rn e d th eo lo gi a n s o f both
rel igi on s .
Thi s exc ellen t prelate wh os e vi rtu es a re th e more

,
con s picu ou s a n d a dmi ra ble wh en c on tra s ted with th e

gen era lly dis s olute ch ara cter o f th e e ccles i as tic s o f th e
S p an i s h c ourt vo lun ta rily ren oun ce d th e la rg er p or
,
tion o f th e emolu m en ts o f hi s O ffic e res ervin g on ly ,
wh at w a s s uffici en t f or hi s imm e di a te n e c es s iti es a n d ,
dis pen s i n g with th e pomp which th e digni ta ri es o f

th e hi era rchy were a ccu s tome d to a s s um e i n th e ex
erc i s e o f th ei r c a llin g Tw o hun dre d a n d fifty p er
.
s on s s h a re d d a ily th e h os pita lity o f h i s ta bl e ; hi s

boun ty w a s en j oye d a like by offici a ls o f th e highe s t
ra n k by M oors o f ev e ry d eg ree by pilg r m s a n d tra v
, i
,
ell ers s o lici tin g a lm s . I n h i s vi s its to th e s ick an d th e

un fo rtun ate h e p erman en tly im p a ire d hi s h ea lth .
Recogn izin g th e imp orta n c e o f a con s is ten t ex a mple ,
h e in s titute d exten s ive re form s a mon g th e cl ergy .
Th eir luxury wa s re pres s ed thei r in temp era te z ea l

,
res tra in e d th e s ys tem a tic o b s erva n c e o f th ei r duti e s

,
comp elle d a n d th o s e vices which h a d lon g b een th e

,
s c a n d a l o f th e pi o u s w ere e i th er en ti rely ch e ck e d or , ,
driven from public view were fo rc e d in to s e clu s i on

,
f o r th eir in dulg en c e I n every p os s ible m a n n er h e

.
a ttemp te d to reliev e th e o pp res s i v e bu rde n s im p o s ed
up on h is p a ri s hi on ers by th e fis c a l regula ti on s H i s .
n ota ri e s w ere f orbidd en to c o ll e ct th e fees which

,
fo rme d a n imp ortan t pa rt o f th e reven u es o f th e

ar chi epi s c o p a l s ee H e in terp os e d h i s a uth o rity to

.
preven t illeg a l a n d o ppres s iv e e x a cti on s by th e ta x

c o ll ectors I n hi s s ermon s a n d by th e e x erti on o f his
.
,
a uth o ri ty h e di s c o ura g e d th e p ra ctic e o f p ro f es s i on a l

,
m en dicity th e s courg e a n d th e di s gra c e o f b oth C a th

,
o lic a n d M u s s u h n a n c o u n tri es .
Wi th th e s ecula r a n d th e e ccles i a s tic a l p o wer ves ted

in th e h a n d s o f s uch m en as th e C o un t o f T en dill a a n d
H e rn a n do d e T a la vera th e grea tes t res ults c o uld n ot
,
fa il o f a cc o mplis hmen t Th e ma n n ers o f th e S p an

.
i a rd s w ere in s en s ibly re f orm e d S uch w a s th e public

.
tra n quilli ty th a t a m ere h a n dful o f s o ldi ers s u ffic ed

,
f or th e g a rri s on o f th e Alh a mbra a n d th e gu a rd o f

th e c a p ta i n g en e ra l
-
Th e pi o u s a n d un s elfi s h ex a mpl e
.
o f th e Archbi s h o p s oon b o re f rui t Grea t n umb ers

.
o f M o o rs v o lun ta rily s ig n ifi e d th e i r d es i re to b e c om e
Chri s ti a n s I n on e d a y three th o u s an d were b a ptiz ed

.
,
n o t o n e o f wh o m e ve r a fterw a rd s re c a n te d Thes e
.
co n v ers ion s were n o t ob ta in ed th ro ugh s ugges ti on s o f

temp o ra l a dv a n ta g e o r th e i n flu en c e o f fea r ; n o r were
th e p ro s elytes a dmitte d to c o mmu n i o n with out p re
v i ou s i n s truc ti on i n th e d o c tri n e s th e y w ere e xp ecte d
to p ro fes s o r th e duti es th ey wo uld b e re qui re d to p er

fo rm Th e a ff e c ti on a n d res p e ct o f th e M os lem s f or
.
th e i r i n s tructo r a n d fri en d w ere u n b o un de d They

.
c a lle d hi m th e H o ly F a qu i o f th e C h ri s ti a n s Th e .
chu rch es were fo un d un a ble to a cc om m o d ate th e in

crea s in g n umbers o f c on verts a n d a lta rs a n d pulpits
,
were e re cte d in th e three p ri n c ip a l s qu a res o f th e city ;

th e n igh tly b ra wls e xcite d by th e tu rbulen t s o ldi ers o f
fo rtun e do micile d by th e C on qu es t i n th e M oo ri s h
,
c a pita l b ec a me more an d m ore in frequ ent ; a s en s e

,
o f s e cu rity b e g a n to p re v a il i n th e c o mm u n ity ; th e
rel a ti on s o f n o bl e a n d v a s s a l w ere m o difi e d to th e
,
de cide d a dva n ta ge o f th e l a tter ; a n ci en t prej udices ,
c on firm e d by th e enm i ty o f c en turi es were s o ften ed ;

,
a n d th e p o l i tic a l un i on o f th e tw o p eo pl es which c ould

,
234 H I ST ORY ,
OF TH E
in to lera n t s pirit o f th e a ge With out in dulg en c e f o r

.
th e inh eren t w ea kn es s o f hum a n n a ture with o ut p a ,
ti en ce to a wa i t th e e ff ect o f th e d elib era te a n d rati on a l

meth ods o f di s cu s s i on which promote religi ou s c on vi e
ti on a b s olu tely de v oid o f g en ero s ity Of ten d ern es s o f
, , ,
s ymp a thy h e re g a rd e d u n qu es ti on in g ob edi en ce to th e

,
Church a s th e mos t imp era tive o f a ll obliga ti on s and

mortifica ti on o f th e fles h as th e m os t m eritori ou s o f
vi rtu es H e h a d re cen tly s e cu re d th e a pp o in tmen t o f
.
D i e g o d e D ez a on e o f h i s creatures to th e pla c e o f
, ,
I n qui s itor G en era l which g a ve him a bs olute c ontrol

-
,
o f th e o p era ti on s o f th e H o ly O ffic e .
Th e ch a ra cters o f th e tw o grea t churchm en wh o in

s ucc es s i on dicta te d th e p o licy o f th e c ro wn th ough ,
w id ely di ff eren t in m a n y res p e cts in g en era l fa ith ,
fully re p res ent th e pre va len t idea s a n d as pirati on s o f

e very cl a s s o f s o ci ety in th e k in gdo m Th e a im o f .
b oth wa s religi ou s un ity which du rin g th e lon g cru

,
s a d e a g a in s t th e i n fid el h a d u s u rp ed th e pl a c e a n d d e
p reci a ted th e wo rth o f p a tri o ti s m B oth g o vern e d th e.
s o ve re ign an d
, with th e s overeign th e mon a rchy .
B oth fille d th e high es t e ccles i a s tic a l offic e i n th e P en in

s ul a a n o ffic e s e c on d i n dig n ity a n d p o we r o n ly to th e
,
P a p a cy B oth were z ea lous p a tron s o f th e I n quis i

.
ti on . On e re co mm en d e d th e expuls i on o f th e J ews .
Th e oth er in a ugu ra ted th e p ers e cu ti o n o f th e M ori s

co es B oth c omman de d a rmi es B oth foun de d in s ti
. .
tuti o n s o f l ea rn in g B oth were reg arde d a t Rome as

.
th e m o s t v a lu a bl e s erva n ts o f th e H oly S e e H ere .

,
h owever a ll re s emblan c e en ds M en doz a b elon ged to

, .
th e h a ugh ti es t o f th e C a s tili a n a ri s to c ra cy ; h e tra c ed

hi s li n ea g e in a di re ct fin e to R o m a n p a trici a n s on on e
s id e a n d to th e G othi c D uk es o f C a n ta b ri a on th e
o th er ; th e C id w a s h i s a n c e s tor a s w ere a l s o th e L ords

,
o f Bi s c a y ; th e b l o o d o f ro y a l ty c o u rs e d i n hi s v ein s ;
h e w a s th e c o u s in o f F erdin a n d a n d I s a b ell a ; h e wa s
n ea rly rel a te d to th e p rin c ely h o u s e o f I n f a n ta d o ,
wh os e duk e to o k pre ceden c e o f al l S p an is h gran dees ;

more th a n s even ty titles o f n obility were i n hi s fa mi ly ,
which w a s th e firs t in th e P en in s ula a n d on e o f th e

mo s t c elebra ted in Euro p e .
Ximen es s pra n g fro m th e p eo ple H i s a n c es try .

,
while res pe cta bl e a n d d es ervin g re c o gn iti on a s o f th e

hid a lgo clas s w a s n ot n oble H e ren oun ce d h i s b a p
, .
ti s m a l n a me f or th a t o f th e fo u n d er o f h i s o rder th e ,
F ra n ci s c an s H e h a d n o relative s a fa ct which a fter

.
,
wa rds obta in e d f or him th e R eg en cy .
Th e dig n iti es o f M en do z a were th e m o s t e min en t i n

th e hi era rchy a n d th e ki n gdo m a n d were a ll c o n ferre d
,
be fore h e h a d rea ch ed th e m eri di a n o f life H e w as .
Bi s h o p o f C a l a h orra a n d S igu en z a Archbi s ho p o f ,
S eville a n d T o le do P rima te o f S pa in a P ri n ce o f th e
, ,
Church P a tri a rch o f Alexa n dri a L ega te o f th e

, ,
P o p e H e b e c a m e Ch a n cello r o f C a s til e H e w as
. .
a pp o in te d C a p ta in G en era l un der b oth H en ry IV

-
.
a n d I s a b ell a H e w as mos t p romin en t in a ll th e

.
e v en ts o f th e civil a n d th e M oori s h w a rs H e w on th e .
ba ttle o f Oh n ed o f o r Ju a n II H e de fea ted th e Kin g

.
o f P o rtug a l o n th e field o f T o ro A t tw en ty fo ur
.
-
h e w a s p ra ctica lly m in i s ter o f s ta te A t s ixty f ou r .

-
h e pla n n e d th e l as t ca mp a ign b e fore Gra n a d a as com

ma n der in chi e f o f th e b es i egin g a rmy H i s h a n ds
- -
.
ra i s ed up on th e T o w er o f C om a res th e a rchi e pi s c o p a l
cro s s o f h i s di o ces e th e s ymb ol o f Chri s ti an s uprem

,
a cy a n d e ccl e s i a s tic a l p ow er .
I n h a bits ta s te s d emea n or a n d p ers on a l a pp e a r

, , ,
a n c e a m a rk e d c on tras t exis te d b etwe en th e tw o m os t
fa mou s prelates o f th e fifteen th cen tury M en do z a .
w a s e picurea n Xi men es a s cetic

,
Th e ta bl e o f th e
.
Grea t C a rdin a l w a s furn i s h ed with every luxury .
H i s g a rmen ts were o f th e fin es t qu a lity a s b efitted ,
hi s ra n k . J ewels s p arkle d up on h i s fin gers H i s .
clea n lin es s excite d th e won der a n d o ften th e d is a p p ro

b ati o n o f th e pi o u s a s s a vo rin g o f here s y N ori e b u t
,
.
youth s o f di s tin gui s h ed b irth were a d m itte d to hi s

h ou s eh old H i s m ora ls p arto ok o f th e la xity o f the
.
ti m e . Th e l a di es h on ore d with hi s a tten ti on s w ere

memb ers o f th e a ri s to cra cy da ughters o f n oble ,
hou s e s ma ids o f h on or to th e Qu een H i s three s on s

,
.
w ere le gitim a tiz e d by P o p e I n n o c en t VIII i n 1 48 6 .
a n d by I s a b ell a i n 1 48 7 Th rou gh th ei r m atri mo ni a l

.
c onn ecti o n s th e bloo d o f thi s fa mou s e ccles ia s tic al

,
gran dee h a s b een min gle d with th at o f ma n y o f th e

p ro ud e s t fa mili es o f C a s tile .
While th e p romotio n o f M en do z a to th e highes t

Offic es o f Chu rch a n d S ta te w a s d u e p a rtly to hi s illus
tri o n s a n c es try a n d p a rtly to h i s e mi n en t ta len ts th a t ,
o f Ximen es w a s d eriv e d en tire ly fro m h i s re pu ta ti on
f o r pi ety a n d wi s d o m H o n o rs were litera lly thrus t

.
upon h im With rea l or a ff e cte d h umility h e at

.
,
te mp te d to ev a de th e s ea rch a n d di s ob ey th e c o mm a n ds
o f th o s e w h o wi s h e d to ra i s e him to a b s o lu te p o w er .
H e l o udly p rotes ted h i s un wo rthin es s H e d ecl a red .
hi s p re feren c e f o r th e du ties a n d th e s e clu s ion o f a

priva te s ta ti o n Even while a t th e h eight o f hi s g reat
.
n es s h e n e v e r a b a n d on e d th e h a bits o f th e m o n as tery
,
.
H e c a rri ed i n to th e s pl en did a rchi e pi s co p a l s ee o f To

l ed o th e high es t p o s t in th e e ccles i as tic a l s ys tem o f
,
Euro p e th e p ra ctices o f th e p en iten t a n d th e a n chor

,
ite. Un d er h i s c a rdin a l s ro bes o f s c a rl et a n d go ld

’
h e wo re c on s ta n tly th e c o wl a n d kn otte d girdl e o f th e

F ra n ci s c a n fri a rs A h a i rclo th s hirt which w a s n ever
.
,
ch an g e d irrita te d hi s fl es h H i s di et w a s fruga l to
, .
”
exc es s . H e on ly a te en ough s a ys h i s bi o gra ph er , ,
”
to s u s ta in th e li ttl e life th a t p en a n ce h a d l e ft h im .
H i s fo o d c on s i s ted p rin cip a lly o f h erb s hi s on ly drink ,
w a s w a ter H i s vi rtu e w a s imp regn a bl e —

. e ve n S t ,
.
An th on y him s elf might h a ve en vi e d him hi s c on s tan cy

un der tempta ti on To him w a s n ever impu te d th e re
.
p ro a ch o f frequ en t a bluti on th e s tigma o f th e Mos ,
l em h eretic Th e con s ta nt u s e o f a h a i rcloth un der

.
m an ca , from rea liz in g h is h o p es H i s a p

w a s far .
ea ra n c e di s cl o d hi s o b s cu re li n ea g e an d hi s pleb ei an
p s e
a ss o ci a ti on s H i s fo rm w a s b en t h i s fa ce e ma ci ated
.
, ,
hi s m a nn ers s h y a n d a wkwa rd H e p os s es s e d n on e o f
.
th a t winn i n g g ra ce which i s th e c om m on bi rthright o f

his c oun trymen I n th e a dm i n is trati on o f h i s Ofli ce h e
.
w a s a rbi tra ry a n d i ras cibl e H i s ob s tin a cy w a s on ly

.
e xc e ed e d by th e s ev eri ty wi th which h e en f orc e d h i s
d ecrees ; h i s pu rs u it o f h eres y a n d mo n as tic licen s e ,
o n ly by th e vig or wi th which h e en c o u n tere d a n d
cru s h e d all O pp os iti on H i s re pu tati on f or a bility f or

.
,
lea rn in g f o r s a n ctity f o r e very a ttribute th a t e vokes

, ,
th e a dm i ri n g a ppl a u s e o f m a n kin d f a r s urp a s s e d th at

,
o f hi s p re d e c es s o r a m on g a ll ra n k s o f hi s c on temp o
ra ri es .
S uch w ere th e two churchm en both o f wh om h ad ,
o bta in e d th e fin es t e duc a ti on a ff ord e d by th e i r a g e a n d
c oun try ; both fou n ders o f grea t c olle ge s ; both gifted

with e xtrao rdi n a ry ta len ts ; both cloth e d with des p otic
p ow er ; to wh o s e a gen cy i s to b e p ri n cip a lly attributed
th e a b s olu te a n n i hil a tio n o f J ewi s h an d M o s l em s ci
en c e a n d li tera ture i n th e S p a n i s h P en in s ul a .
I t i s imp os s ible f or u s a t thi s dis ta n ce o f time to

fully a ppre ci ate th e en ormou s in flu en c e wi elde d by
a p rel a te w h o di s p en s e d th e w ea lth a n d p atron a g e o f
th e e ccl es i a s tic a l es ta bli s hm en t o f th e S p a n i s h mon

a rchy . H i s c a p a city f o r g oo d or evil w as p ra cti cally
un l imite d H e w a s th e k ee p er o f th e ro ya l c on s cien ce
. .
Th e s en tim en ts o f e v ery co mmun ity th e d e cis i on o f ,
imp ortant qu es ti on s o f diploma cy th e a do ption of ,
mea s ures vi ta l to th e perma n en ce o f n ati on a l exi s t

en c e th e p ro s e cuti on o f w a r th e n eg oti a ti on o f p ea c e
, , ,
a ll d e p en d e d up on th e Opin i on s a n d a dvic e which ema
ma te d fro m th e thro n e o f th e m etro p o li tan s ee of

T ol edo Wh en to th e pres tig e an d rev en u es o f th e
.
prim a cy w ere a dde d th e mys teri ou s procedure and

drea dful en ergy o f th e In qu i s iti on th e formi da ble ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE EUROPE 2 39
’
IN
cha ra cter o f th e p ower p o s s es s ed by Ximen es m a y b e

c on j ectu red H is wi ll w a s l a w in every p ari s h i n th e
.
kin gdom Th rough th e fea rs a n d mis taken devoti on

.
O f a s up ers titiou s qu een h e w a s a lrea dy th e vi rtu a l

ru l er o f C a s til e H i s z ea l w a s th e m ore d a n g erou s
.
fro m th e fa ct th at i t w a s s in cere ; n o elemen t o f

hyp o cri s y dis cre dite d th e motives or imp a ire d th e
s up rem a cy o f thi s un c o mp ro mi s in g fa n a tic Th e .
s w ee pi n g re form s h e in s titute d a m on g th e cl ergy a n d ,
th e rig or with which a l l di s ob edi en c e w a s pun i s h e d ,
a w ak en e d th e res en tmen t o f every e ccl es i a s ti c wh o s e
l a x m ora lity or religi ous in di ff eren ce h a d ren de re d

him th e o bj e ct o f offici a l a dmon iti on or di s ciplin e .
Th os e wh o a pp ea le d to th e P o pe were thrown in to
pri s on P etition s f or in dulgen c e were trea te d with
.
c on tempt R emon s tra n ces were ch as tis e d by s us

.
pen s ion fro m fun ction s a n d d epriva ti on o f b en efices .
Th e en ergy o f h i s m e a s ures th e ruden es s o f h i s m a n

,
n ers th e a rbitra ry a h n o s t bru ta l d e fia n c e o f p re ce

, , ,
den t a n d cu s tom with which h e treated hi s in f eriors ,
hi s well kn o wn c on tro l o ver th e i n fa mou s tribun al

-
wh os e public s a crifices i n th e n a me o f religiou s u n ity

h a d a lrea dy terroriz e d th e kin gd o m h i s in c orru p ti ,
bih ty a n d s elf m o rtific a ti on in v es te d th e o ffic e o f

-
,
Ximen es with more th a n imp eri a l a uthority I s a bella .
c on gra tulated h ers elf on h er dis c ern men t H er pi ous .
a mbition w a s e xcite d I n th e h a n d s o f thi s a ctiv e

.
prelate th e M oors o f Gra n a da might b e s p eedily

Chri s ti a n iz ed Th e s low an d p a cific meth o ds o f T a la
.
vera h a d fre quen tly a rou s e d th e di s plea s u re a n d in

v oked th e cen s ures o f th e imp a ti en t Qu een H er .
parti a lity f or th e e ccen tric a n d determin ed church

m a n whos e en fo rc emen t o f lon g n e gle cte d mon a s ti c -
re gul a ti on s a n d wh os e c on demn a tion o f th e luxuri ou s
ha bits o f h i s s ub ordin ate s h a d pro cure d f or him th e

o p en h om a g e a n d s e cret e x e c ra ti on o f bi s h o p a n d fri a r
a lik e wh os e inflexi b le d e ci s i on
,
whos e dis regard o f
,
hum a n i ty a ndju s tic e wh en e ver h e c on c eived th e in

te res ts o f th e Ch urch w ere i n vo lv e d ren d ere d him s o ,
o ff en s iv ely con s picu o u s s ugg e s te d him a t on c e a s a

,
p re emi n en tly s uita ble i n s trum en t f or th e ex termin a

-
ti on o f M o s l em h eres y a n d th e ra pid p ro p a g ati on o f

th e F a ith . H e w a s th ere fore ordere d to Gran a da
, , ,
n o mi n a lly a s th e a dvi s er o f T a l a v era i n th e w ork o f
s pi ri tu a l re g en era ti on wi th th e s e cret u n d ers ta n din g

, ,
h o w ever th a t h i s s up erio r ra n k would e x empt him

,
from even th e a pp a ren t e x erci s e o f o ffici a l duti e s i n

a s ub o rdin a te c a p a ci ty H i s fi rs t s te p a n d o n e o f
.
,
which it i s s c a rc ely p o s s ible th a t I s a b ella co ul d h ave

been ign ora n t w a s to pro cu re a form a l a uth o riz ati on
,
fro m th e H o ly O ffic e to i n ves tig a te a n d pun is h th e

crim e o f h ere s y .
Arme d with thi s d o cumen t a n d c on fiden t in th e ,
s upp ort o f th e Qu een Xim en e s a rriv e d a t Gran a d a

,
i n O cto b er 1 49 9
, H i s c on duct fro m th e b egin n in g
.
w a s m a rk e d by u n flin chin g a ud a ci ty an d res olu ti on .
Th e p re s tig e o f hi s dig n ity a n d th e a rro g a n ce o f hi s

m a n n ers a t on c e o vera w ed th e g en tl e Archbi s h op ,
w h o re n oun ci n g th e mea n s which h a d a chi e ve d s uch

,
grea t s ucc es s h en ce forth a b a n do n e d hims elf blin dly

,
to th e m erciles s impul s es o f h i s di s tin gui s h e d s up e

ri or. Th e l a tter w a s n o t l on g i n p ro fitin g by the
a s c en den cy h e h a d o b ta in ed H e cl a ime d f o r hims elf
.
s up rem e a n d dic ta to ri a l a uth ori ty i n m a tters n ot on ly
e ccles i a s tic a l b u t i n qu es ti on s o ften a ff e ctin g th e

,
j uri s dicti on o f th e civil p o wer H i s firs t mea s ures .
e vin c e d n on e o f th e u n rel en ti n g s ev erity o f th e i n
qu i s i tor ; they w ere c orrupt p o liti c c on cilia tory , Th e , .
fa qui s a n d s a n ton s wh os e in flu en c e with th eir co un

,
try m en w a s s upp os e d to b e th e g rea tes t a n d wh os e

merc en a ry ch ara cter h a d b een n oto ri ou s i n th e evil
da y s p re c edin g th e s u rren d er were en li s ted in th e ,
s ervic e o f c o n v ers i on b y m a gn ific en t gifts o f s ilk en
g a rmen ts j ewels a n d go ld With th eir zea l quick

, ,
.
m a n y in Gra n a d a th e cours e o f their p erfidi ou s

,
brethren w a s reg a rded with un c on cea le d a bh orren c e .
Th e mo re ea rn es t a n d d evout o f th e s e en d e a vore d to
c oun tera ct th e g ro win g in cl in a ti on to reli gi ous d ef cc
ti on by publi c ex h ortation s a n d rem on s tra n c es It .
w as n o t in th e imp eri ou s n a ture o f th e P rim a te to

broo k s uch o pp os iti on Th e o ff en din g fa qui s were.
th ro wn in to p ri s on H i s tory h a s n ot reveale d th e n a
.
tu re o f th e a rgumen ts e mploy e d to s h a k e th ei r con

s ta n c y , b u t th e p ers e cute d M o s l em s were evid ently
n ot o f th e s tu ff o f whi ch m a rtyrs a n d s a in ts a re m a de .
On e a fter a n oth er re c a n ted a n d w ere b a ptiz e d ; m a n y

o f th ei r fe ll o w s e c ta ri es p ro fite d by th e ir e x a mple ;
-
re s i s ta n ce w a s f o r th e ti m e eff e c tu a lly s upp res s e d ;
a n d Xim en es pu rs u e d with o ut m o l es ta ti on hi s fa v or
, ,
ite a n d i n ex o ra ble m eth o d o f who les a l e c on vers i on .
To h i s n a rro w a n d a rbitra ry min d th e emplo ymen t

o f th e m o s t ra dic a l m eas u re s s eem e d to p ro mi s e
th e g rea tes t a s s u ra n c e s o f s ucc es s I n th e fu rth er.
a n c e o f thi s id ea a n d wi th a Vi ew to era dic a ti n g th e

,
a pp a ren t c a u s e o f th e evil h e n o w pl a n n e d wh a t h e
,
c on s idere d a ma s ter s troke o f p o licy Wi th out p re

-
.
vi ou s n otic e a dilig en t s ea rch w a s m a d e o f e very

,
hou s e th ro ugh out th e en tire city an d e very man u s cript ,
in th e Ara bi c l an gu a g e which c ould b e foun d w a s

s eiz e d
. Th e n umb er thu s s e cu re d a m o un te d to n ea rly
a milli on A m on g th em w ere n o t on ly s up erb c o pies
.
o f th e K o ra n b u t re lic s o f th e g rea t Or
, mn ey a d e b ody
o f li tera tu re which h a d b een th e p rid e o f th e imp eri a l
,
c ou rt o f C ordo va an d h a d been ch eri s h ed a s p ricel es s

,
th rough m a n y g en era ti on s ; th e c on ten ts o f th e public

li bra ri es wh o s e pres ervation an d in crea s e h a d b een th e
,
es p e ci a l c a re o f th e en lighten ed A lh a m a re s ; trea ti s es
on hi s tory a n d s ci en c e which d es cri b ed th e e v en ts a n d

,
pictu re d th e in telle ctu a l a dva n c emen t o f wh at h a d

b een th e mos t lea rn ed a n d p oli s h e d o f n a ti on s ; an d
th e litera ry trea s ures o f ev ery s ch o l ar an d phi los op h er
in th e ca pita l .works on chemi s try b ota n y a s

Th e , ,
tron omy a n d m e dicin e s ubj e cts which h a d a lwa ys

, ,
en g a g e d th e di lig en t cu ri os ity o f th e S p a n i s h Ara b ,
pre do min a ted Th ere too were doubtles s to b e foun d

.
, ,
ma n y tran s la ti on s o f th e cla s s ics i nh erita n ces fro m ,
th e G re ci a n s ch oo l o f Ale x a n dri a — h en c e forth for ,
ev er l o s t — which h a d f o un d th ei r w a
y i n to th e P en in
.
,
s ul a fro m th e di s ta n t b a n k s o f th e N il e Th es e v ol .
u mes e xhibi te d i n th e b ea u ty o f th ei r c a lligra phy a n d
th e m a gn ificen ce o f th ei r a do rn m en t a ll th e p o mp th e ,
pride th e luxury o f S a ra cen a rt B ea utiful ara

, , .
b es qu es in g o ld s ilv er a n d ma n y c olo rs e mb ellis h ed

, , ,
p a ges written with a delica cy a n d regula rity which

e qu a ll e d th a t O f th e fin es t typ e Th e bin din g s were .
o f i n l a id l e a th er ; s om e w ere e mb ro id ere d ; o th ers we re
in crus te d with torto i s e s he ll moth er o f p ea rl ivo ry

-
,
- -
, ,
a n d j ewel s ; th e cl a s p s w e re o f s olid g old Al l o f .
th es e in es tima ble s tores o f lea rn in g were h ea p e d i n

on e im m en s e pil e i n th e c en tre o f th e P l a z a d e l a B a b
a l R a mbl a
-
s et o n fire a n d c on s um e d
, , Th e impo r .
tan ce o f thi s s a c rific e to big o try m a y b e i n fe rred fro m

th e fa ct th a t th e re w a s p ro b a bly i n th e en ti re wo rld
n o c olle cti on o f e qu a l exten t a n d v a lu e a s th a t d e
s troy e d by Xim en e s in thi s hi s to ric s qu a re wh ere i n , ,
th e tim e o f th e emirs n a ti on a l fes tiva ls h a d b een c el e

,
bra ted a n d th e e mula ti on o f di s tin gui s he d w a rri ors

,
in th e m a rti a l s p orts o f th e to urn a m en t e xcited by

th e pres en c e o f th e b ea uty a n d th e g a ll a n try o f th e
Mos lem court ; wh ere th e di ff eren c es o f C a s tilian
prin ces h a d been s ettle d by a chiva lric a pp ea l to a rms ;
wh ere cultured a udi en c es h a d witn es s ed th e fri en dly
riva l ry o f M o ori s h p o ets a n d troub a d ou rs a n d th e re ,
wa rd o f th e victor h a d been bes to we d by th e h an d o f

roya lty a ll li ttl e s u s p e cti n g th a t on th e s c en e o f th ei r
,
plea s ures would on e d a y b e e xhibite d s uch a melan

ch ol y s p ecta cl e .
Th e p e cun i a ry lo s s en tailed by thi s van da li s m w a s

of its elf imm en s e but th e des tru ctive e ff ect it p ro

,
d u ced up on s o ciety w a s in c a lcul a bl e . By i t p eris h e d

un iqu e li tera ry monum en ts which it w a s i m p os s i ble to
re pl a c e ; i t o ff ere d a p remi u m up on ign o ra n ce ,f or
thro ugh s uch d ee d s a l on e w a s th e f a v o r o f th e a ll
p owerful s a c erdo ta l o rder to b e s ecure d ; i t di s cour
a g e d l e a rnin g to s uch a d eg ree th a t fro m th at time
forth n o M o s lem wri ter o f di s tin ction a pp eare d to

illu s tra te th e a nn a ls o r de pi ct th e m a n n ers o f hi s race ;
a n d i t a n n ihil a te d in a s in gl e h o u r th e p re ci ou s a ccu
m u l a ti on o f a g es from which th e mo d ern hi s to ri an

,
might h a ve c o lle cte d d a ta rela tive to M o ori s h civili

za ti o n el s ewh ere un a tta i n a bl e in th e w o rld o f l etters .
Th e i n telle ctu a l d e g ra d a tion re s ultin g fro m this in

to lera n t a ct o f Xim en e s w a s m os t d e pl ora ble . Al l
kn o wle dge w a s th erea fter fil tere d th rough th e n arrow
ch an n els o f e ccles i a s tic a l in s pe cti on a n d th oroughly
clea n s ed o f e very s u s pici on o f h eres y ; th e mi s s a l a n d
th e b revi a ry s uppla n te d th e wo rk s o f Ara bic a nn a li s ts
a n d philo s o ph ers ; a n d th e en du rin g re s ults o f thi s
c rim e a g a i n s t l e a rn i n g a n d o f i ts p ern ici ou s e x a mple
a re s till a pp a ren t i n th e rem a rk a b ly illiterate an d
fan a tic a l ch a ra cter o f th e inh a bitan ts o f Gran a d a .
Th ree hun dre d vo lum es o n th e s ci en c e o f m edicin e

were s a ve d fro m th e fl a mes f o r th e libra ry o f th e
,
Un i v ers ity o f Al c a la; bu t n o en treati es o r remon

s tra n ces fro m hi s c omp a n i on s c oul d m o v e th e f ero
ci ou s big ot to e x e mp t fro m th e s a cri fic e vo lum es
wh o s e j ewelle d co v ers a n d cla s p s o f g old re pre s en ted

i n them s elv es a p rin c ely fo rtun e .
Th e d es tructi on o f Ara bic m an u s cripts w a s th e firs t

s te p to w a rd s th e empl o ym en t o f vi o l en ce . With
ch a ra cteri s ti c en ergy th e P rimate a va ile d hims elf
,
o f th e a uth ority wi th which h e h a d b een a rme d b y th e
H oly O ffice P ers on s s u s p e cted o f h eres y were s um

.
ma rily s eiz e d im pri s on e d tortured ; an d th o s e wh o

, ,
for th e m omen t e s c a p e d exp eri en ced a ll th e i n dign iti es

con s e quen ce o f th e difficulti es o f th e groun d o f th e ,
boldn es s an d a ctivity o f th e in s u rg en ts o f th e in c a ,
a c i ty o f th e C a s tili a n c omm a n d ers a n d o f th e p ro

‘
p ,
v erbi al w a n t o f di s ciplin e a n d f a ta l re ckl es s n es s o f
th e C hri s ti a n s o ldi ery .Th e g en era l di s a rm a m ent o f

th e M o ors h a d d e p rive d th em o f th e grea ter p art
o f th ei r w ea p on s b u t thi s di s a dva n ta g e w a s ev en tu a lly
,
re p a i re d by th e Sp o il s o f b a ttl e a n d by th e en terp ri s e
o f Ara g on es e a n d C a s tili a n tra ders wh o u n di s m a y ed

, ,
by th e pros pect o f dete cti on an d pun is hm en t were ,
a lw a ys rea dy , f o r a n ex tra va g a n t co mp en s a ti on to ,
furn is h th e en emi e s o f th eir kin g with a rm s o f th e

mo s t a pp rove d p a ttern a n d wo rkma n s hip Th e o p er .
a ti on s O f th e c on ten di n g fo rce s w ere p ro s e cu te d with
a c ru e lty h i th erto u n k n own ev en i n th e blo o dy a n n a l s

,
O f th e P en i n s ula ; an d th e ultim ate triumph o f th e

S p an ia rd s w a s s ign a liz e d by a cts o f s uch merciles s
ven ge an ce th a t th e foreign s oldi ers o f fortu ne en li s ted ,
f or plun d er a n d l on g s ea s o n e d by bloo d s h e d w ere a p ,
p a lle d by th ei r drea dful a tro city Th e m a s s a cre o f

.
th e p o pul a ti on o f a pl a c e ta ken by s to rm w as th e rule

a n d n ot th e e xc e p ti on ; th e w oun d e d re m a i n in g on
fields o f b a ttle were e xtermin ate d ; p ri s on ers were
s ubj e cte d to h o rribl e to rtu re s ; e v ery crime s ugg es ted
by th e in cen tives o f lu s t ra pin e an d h ere dita ry a ver

, ,
s i on w a s p erp etra te d ; a n d th e m o s t d es ira b l e f a te o f
a c a p tive w a s to b e c on s ig n e d f or life to th e tyra nn y
o f a n un f eelin g m a s ter d omi n a te d b y every vic e i n ,
a cc es s ibl e to m ercy a n d un res tra i n e d by a n

, y l a w e ith er
of G o d or m a n .
An a rmy o f n ea rly a hun dre d th o u s an d men as s em

bl ed at th e s umm on s o f th e S p an is h s overe ign s f or
, ,
th e s upp res s i o n o f th e i n s urre cti on a t Alh en din n ea r

,
Gra n a da F ormida ble i n n um b ers a lon e , thi s great

.
h o s t w a s c ompos ed o f m a teri a l s v ery di ff eren t from

th e s oldi ery th at h a d a chi ev ed th e C on qu es t I t was .
i n di ff eren tly e quipp ed , un org an iz ed a n d a bs olute ly ,

de ficien t in dis ciplin e Th e flower o f th e C a s tili an

.
youth i n s pi re d by th e di s co veri es o f C o lumbu s h a d

, ,
s ought n ew s c en e s o f a dventu re on th e s h ores o f m s

y
teri ou s la n ds b eyon d th e oc ea n C ommerci a l purs uits.
h a d wea ken e d th e milita ry s pirit ; a p ea c e o f m a n y

years h a d imp a ire d th e en ergy o f th e n a tion an d in c a
p aci ta ted f or th e exp o s ure o f a p erilo u s s ervic e a
, ,
p eo ple wh o h a d been rea re d a n d n u rtured a mid s t th e

d in o f a rm s Th e ble s s in g s o f i n tern a l tra n qu ill ity
.
,
a lm o s t forg otten i n th e c on fl ict o f c en tu ri es h a d on c e ,
more p ermitte d th e un moles ted ex ercis e o f th e m e

ch a n i c a l a rts a n d th e p ra ctic e o f a g ricul tura l in du s try .
Th e better cla s s o f citiz en s i n th e ful l en j oymen t o f

,
s e cu rity w ere lo a th to res um e f o r th e s a k e o f a re

, ,
li g i ou s p rin ciple wh o s e en fo rc em en t p ro mi s e d much

,
dan ger a n d trifli n g a dva n ta ge th e h a z a rd s o f th e uh ,
certa in g a me Of w a r Th e a rmy w a s th ere fo re ma in ly

.
c omp os e d o f th e reta i n ers an d va s s a ls o f th e n obility ,
whos e duty require d th eir pres en ce a n d a n inn u m er ,
a bl e h ord e o f p enn il e s s a dv en tu rers w h o s o ugh t i n , ,
th e excitem en ts a n d vici s s i tudes o f a c a mp a ig n a g a in s t

th e in fid el a n o pp ortun ity f or th e imp ro v emen t o f
,
th ei r d e s p era te fo rtun es Aided by a s ma ller forc e

.
O p era tin g fro m Al meri a th e rebellio n w as a fter s ome

, ,
fightin g a nd much c ru el reta li ation p u t down ; th e ,
in s urgen ts im pelle d by th e p ro mis e o f immun ity o r

,
th e m en a c e o f d ea th c on s en ted to emb ra c e th e C a th
,
o lic fa ith ; th e a n ci en t ch ron icl ers rel a te with b e c o m in g
pride th a t durin g a s in gle d ay ten th ou s an d pros elytes

were b a ptiz ed in th e S i erra d e F ila bres a lon e ; an d
th rough m a teri a l i n duc e men ts o r from th e c on ta gi o n ,
o f e x a mple th e inh a bi tan ts o f B a z a a n d Gu a dix o f

, ,
th e Al puj a rra s a n d o f th e m oun ta in re gi on s to th e

,
s outh a s f a r a s th e s ea were re cko n e d a m on g th os e

,
wh o a ckn o wl e dg e d th e a uthority o f th e Church a n d

a cc epte d th e d o c trin es o f Ch ri s ti a n ity .
With th e a dven t o f the Sixteenth century a roya l ,

decree wa s p romulg a ted es ta bli s hi n g a t Gran a da th e

,
s a m e civil j uri s dic ti on which o b ta in ed in th e oth er p ro
vi n ci al c a pi ta l s o f th e kin gd o m Th e ma g i s tra cy w a s
.
n o min a lly divid ed b etw een th e S p a n i a rd s a n d th e
M oors but th e e qu a l ity w a s only a pp arent an d th e

, ,
prep on dera n ce o f p o wer vi rtua lly rem ain ed with th e

c on querors A llure d by th e d elu s ive p ros p ect of a
.
voic e in th e aff a irs o f th e go vern m en t an d des p a irin g ,
o f a s s i s ta n c e from th e ir brethren i n A fri c a whos e ,
goo d offices th ey h a d re p ea te dly but va in ly s olicited ,
th e M oors o f th e A l b a y cin fin a ll y con s en te d to b a p

ti s m . T h ey re qui red a s a con dition o f their compl i
,
a n c e p ermi s s ion to w e a r th e ir n a ti on a l cos tum e a n d

,
to u s e th e Ar a bi c l an gu a g e p rivil e g es whi ch w ere s ub

,
s equ en tly m a de p rete x ts f or o pp res s i on I t w a s al s o.
a g ree d th at th e H oly O ffic e s h oul d n ot b e es ta bl i s h ed
a t Gra n a d a f or th e s p a c e o f forty y ea rs ; a p ro vi s i on
which e ccles i as tic a l a cumen rea di ly eva de d by pla ci ng

th at city un der th e j u ri s dic ti on o f th e I n qui s it ori al
trib un a l o f C ord o va .
S till di s s ati s fied with th e s lo w p ro g res s m a d e b y h er

min i s ters in bri n gin g th e Obdurate M oors within th e
p a le o f C h ri s ti an ity I s a b ella a s e c on d tim e ordered
,
Xim en es to G ra n a d a I n s tru cted b y hi s prior ex p e

.
ri en ce h e c on ducte d him s e lf with m ore di s creti on th an

,
be fore ; but hi s pros elytes d riven in to th e C hurch by

,
h un dred s without previou s in s tructi on rema ined like

, , ,
th e ir p re de c es s ors pro fo un dly ign o ra n t o f i ts d oc

,
tri n es a nd o f th e res p on s ibi l iti es i m p os ed up on them

by th ei r en forc ed con vers ion This tim e th e s tay o f
.
th e P rim ate w a s s h ort ; h i s a s c eti c h a b i ts h a d im p a ired

a c on s ti tuti on n ev er e x tre m ely ro bu s t ; a n d a p ulm o
n a ry a ff ecti on o f a s eri o u s ch a ra cter wh o s e s ym p toms

,
were a gg ra vated b y un re mittin g e xcitemen t an d toil ,
s p ee dily dev el o p ed . Th e a v a ila ble res ourc es o f medi

cal s ci en c e w ere un a bl e to reli e ve h is m a l a dy and , ,
a b a n d on e d as h o p el es s by re gul a r p ra ctiti on ers in th e ,

cree s th ey p ra cti s ed m an y s u s pici o u s c eremoni es n ot

,
re c og n iz e d e v en by o rth o d o x M os l em s p erf o rm e d i n ,
c a n ta ti o n s w ore ta li s m a n s a n d ch a rm s
,
A c on c ea le d .
s ys tem o f c ommun ic a ti on w a s e s ta bli s h ed b etw e en
th em a n d th eir b reth ren i n th e p rovi n c es ; an d ea ch

imp orta n t e ven t th a t took pl a c e i n th e ci ty w a s kn o wn
within a f ew ho urs to e very i n h abita nt o f th e Si erra s .
Th e M oors o f th e S erra n i a o f R on d a did n ot re c e iv e

th e G o s p el with th e s a me d o cility a s th e i r ki n s men o f
th e Alpuj a rras wh os e d oubts h a d b een s p ee dily re
,
mo ve d by th e c o gen t a rgum en t o f a h un dre d th ou s an d

a rm e d m en Th e mi s s ion a ri es w h o trie d to c a rry ma t
.
,
ters wi th a high h a n d w ere m a ltrea te d a n d d riv en

,
a wa y . Th e m ou n ta in eers ros e ; th e c oun try w a s s wept

by b a n ds o f merciles s brig a n d s ; th e co rs a i rs o f Afric a
re p a i red i n l a rg e n um b ers to th e s c en e o f b ooty a n d
a dv en tu re ; th e p a s s es w ere b a rric a d e d ; a n d th e re
gi on in th e vici n ity o f Ron da a s s um ed th e a pp ea ran ce

o f a fo rtifi e d c a mp O ff ers O f a mn es ty c on diti on a l
.
,
o n b a p ti s m w ere re c e iv e d wi th s c orn
, A n a rmy un der.
D on Al on s o d e Aguil a r th e C ou n t o f Cifu en tes a n d

, ,
th e C ou n t o f Urena th en en tere d th e m ou n ta i n s Th e .
M oo rs e va cu a tin g their vill a g es s lowly retire d to th e

, ,
S i erra B ermej a wh ere th ey ma de a fin a l s tan d Th e

, .
imp etu o s i ty an d wa n t o f di s ciplin e o f th e C hri s ti an s

lu re d them i n to a dis a dva n ta g eo u s s itu ati on wh en c e ,
th ere w a s n o e s c a p e After a d ay o f fightin g they

.
,
were s u rro un de d in th e da rkn es s a n d route d with

frightful s laughter D on Al on s o d e Agu ila r F ra n
.
,
cis c o R ami rez d e M a drid chi e f o f ordn a n c e o f the

,
S p a n i s h a rmy a n d man y oth er c a v ali ers were killed ;

, ,
a n d th e m ou n ta in s l o p es w ere s trewn with th e b o di es
o f s o ldi ers w h o h a d b e en b utch ered a s th e y fl ed Th e .
victory o f th e S i erra B ermej a wa s th e on ly imp ortant

on e g a in e d by th e i n s urg en ts i n th e l on g c o u rs e o f th e
M ori s co wa rs I t w as pro ductive o f n o s ub s tan tia l

.
a dv a n ta g e ; a n d i ts on ly p erm a n en t e ff e ct w a s to ex
as p era te th e Qu een wh o n ow rega rdin g h ers elf a s

, ,
th e i n j u red p a rty d evote d h en ce fo rth a ll h er en ergy

,
to th e O pp res s i o n o f a h eretic ra c e wh os e e xi s ten c e s h e

c on s idere d a blemi s h up on h er pi ety a n d a s c an d a l to
h er d omin io n s .
Th e s ubmi s s io n o f th e M o ors durin g th e g ra du a l

,
s ubj ug a ti on o f th e P en in s ul a h a d le ft l a rg e n umb ers

,
i n di ff eren t c on diti on s o f life s ca ttere d through th e

pro vin ce s o f th e va riou s kin gdoms A f ew h a d e a rly
.
a p os ta tiz ed ; m a n y were h eld i n a s ta te o f s ervitud e ;
bu t by f a r th e l a rg er p ortio n en j oy e d a n o min a l free

d om a n d purch a s ed imm u n i ty fro m m o les ta tion by
,
th e p a ymen t o f tribu te Al l w h o c ompli ed w ith th e

.
laws regula tin g th ei r res p on s ibiliti es to th e go vern

men t were a llowe d th e p ea ce ful ex erci s e o f th eir re
li g i ou s ce rem on i e s . Th e p rin cip a l wea lth o f th e C a s
tili a n n obility c on s i s te d i n th e i n du s try o f th es e thei r
i ntelligen t an d l a bo ri ou s de pen den ts On wh at a re .
n ow kn o wn a s th e d eh es as a n d d e s p obl a d os p as
tures
”
an d d es erts — o f C as tile a n d E s trema dura
”
,
th e M oori s h a g ricultu ri s ts p ro duc ed fro m a n un g ra te

ful s o il th e wh eat which s uppli ed th e p o pula ti on o f
th e en tire P en in s ula . Th es e in va lu a ble tributa ri es o f
th e S p a n i s h C ro wn h a d n ever evi n c e d th e s lightes t
con c ern f or th e fa te o f their fellow s ecta ries c on ten d
-
i n g f or lib erty a n d re ligion on th e di s ta n t b a n k s o f th e

G en il N ot on ly h a d they fa il ed to man ifes t the ir
.
s ymp a thy b u t th e ex traordin a ry c on tributi on s f o r th e

,
pros ecuti on o f th e w a r levi ed upo n th e pro ducts o f

th ei r th rift la rg ely c on tribute d to th e s ucc es s ful ter
min ati on o f a s truggle i n whos e res ult th ey n a tura lly
mu s t h a ve felt a m ore th an p a s s in g in teres t H a d .
th e ir f e elin g s b e en s uffici en tly a rd en t to h a ve i n duc ed

a ctive a n d a rm e d co o p era ti on th e di fficulti es o f th e
-
,
Rec on qu es t mu s t h a ve b een va s tly in crea s ed A s it .
w as th ei r a p a thetic an d s elfis h c on duct w as f a r from

,
s ecu rin g th em immun ity from p ers ecuti on .

Th e m a lign a nt big otry o f th e Qu een , flin g in g to

th e wi n d s ev ery s en tim en t o f j u s tic e, pi ety, an d hu
man ity, h ad n ow u s u rp e d over h er better n ature an
im p eri ous an d un di s puted do mi ni on ; an d on th e
twelfth o f F eb ru a ry 1 5 02 s h e pu b li s h e d an edi ct or
, ,
d erin g th e b an i s hm ent o f a ll th e M oors o f L eon a nd

C a s tile Th e e xtra ordi n a ry la ck of p oliti cal d i s cern
.
men t di s clos e d by s uch a s te p a ff ords p a i n ful evid en ce

to wh at di s h on ora bl e a n d in j uri o u s e xp e di en ts a m in d
o f m ore th a n o rdin a ry c a p a ci ty ma y b e i m p ell ed b y
th e f ury o f religi o u s p a s s i on Th es e obj ects o f h er

.
a n ima dvers i on w ere a s a cl a s s h er m o s t f a i thfu l ob e

, , ,
di ent a n d va lua ble s ubj e cts Th ey h ad a lways ob

,
.
s erv ed th e l a ws w i th s cru p ul o u s fid el i ty T ho s e m os t .
prej udi c ed a g a in s t th eir bloo d an d th eir b elie f h ad

n ever imp uted to th em th e crim e s o f s a cril eg e o f con ,
s p i ra cy o f trea s on
, Un der th e i r p ati ent an d s kilful
.
h an d s th e mos t u n pro mi s i n g re gi ons h ereto fore a ban

, ,
d on ed b y n a tiv e ig n o ra n c e a n d s loth a s tota lly un p ro

d u ctive n ow bl os s o m e d with un s urp a s s ed fertility
, .
Th ei r in du s try fille d th e gra n ari es o f th e kin gdom ;

th ere was n o oth er a v a il a bl e s ou rc e o f s u pp ly and ,
with th eir expuls i on a fa min e w a s immi n en t ; in the

future as was s u bs e qu en tly demon s trated th ere were
, ,
n on e c omp eten t or willin g to ta k e th eir p l a c e The .
s l a v es o f h er p o werful va s s a l s s erf s wh o re p res en ted

,
in fin ite bloo d a n d trea s ure e xpen ded i n th e s erv ice of

th e crown were n ot origin a lly e x emp te d fro m th e
,
forc e o f thi s s weepin g d ecree a n d th e i n frin gement ,
o f p riva te rights res ul tin g fro m th e a rb i trary c on fis
cation O f this p rop erty with o ut excu s e or recom p ens e

, ,
promi s ed di s as trou s p oli tic a l c o mpli cati on s T hes e .
c ons iderati on s h a d how ev er n o weight i n the min d of

, ,
th e ob s tin ate I s ab ell a Th e f a ct th at in th e m id s t

.
o f a C hri s ti an p o pul a ti o n a n i n fid el c ommun i ty wa s
s u ff ered to exi s t es p e ci a lly a fter th e M os lems o f G ra

,
na da h a d de cl a red th ei r a dh eren ce to th e F a ith wa s ,

clergy ; th e p rej udic es en gen dere d by yea rs o f o p p res

s i o n w ere p erp etu a te d by h er s ucc es s o rs a n d a d o p te d
, ,
by th eir min i s ters a s a n es s enti a l p a rt o f th e p olicy o f

th e cro wn . Th e rev eren c e wi th which h er m em ory i s
reg a rd e d i s to b e a ttribute d n ot s o m u ch to th e g re a t
,
n e s s o f h er a bili ti es em in en t a s th e y w ere b u t to th eir

, ,
mi s a pplic ati on ; n o t to th e mi lita ry a chi evemen ts o f

h er a rmi es bu t to th e s a n gu in ary rev en g e th ey in
,
fl i cted up on va n quis h e d en emi es ; n ot to th e bl e s s i n g s

of a wi se a
,
j u s t a nd
, a s ta bl e g o v e rn m e n t — th e mo s t ,
s ub s ta n ti a l fo u n d a ti on up on which th e f a m e o f a m on
a rch c a n b e e re c te d — b u t to th e i n a ugura ti o n o f m ea s
'
ures which ev en tu a lly purg e d th e kin gdom o f mis

believers wh o were th e s ource o f i ts m ateri a l wea lth
,
a n d o f i ts c omm erci a l a n d a g ri cu ltura l p ro s p erity A .
p ri n c es s wh o c ould d elib era tely repudi ate th e o bliga

ti on s o f n a ti on a l h on or ca n s c a rc ely b e re g a rd ed in th e
light O f a public b en e fa cto r Th e p a tron es s o f th e
.
I n qui s iti on h a s b u t a s len der cla i m to th e a dmira tion

o f p o s teri ty Th e p o pul a rity o f I s a b ell a i s b as ed
.
up on th e fa ct th at s h e w a s th e re pres en tative o f c on
temp o ra n eou s p o pul a r s en tim en t I n th e fifteenth
.
a n d Six teen th c en turi es n o p ro c ee din g w a s s o m eri to
ri o u s a s th e to rtu re o f h eretic s Al l qu e s tion s o f p o

.
liti ca l exp edien cy w ere rigidly s ub ordin a te d to th e

cl a ims o f wh a t w a s un iv ers a lly re ga rd e d as a p a ra
m oun t religi ou s du ty Th e pro gres s ive de ca den ce o f
.
S p a n i s h p owe r d ates from i ts very e s ta bli s hmen t a n d ,
i s di re c tly tra cea ble to th e in c es s a nt i n terv ention o f

e ccl es i a s tic a l a uth ority i n civil a ff a i rs a n d to th e a wful
,
c on s equ en c e s res ultin g from th e un limi te d a pplication

o f th e a tro ci o u s p rin cipl e th a t n a ti on a l fa i th a n d pub
lic h on o r mu s t b e a lways s a crific ed to th e in teres ts o f

th e R om a n C a th olic religi o n .
Th e di ff eren t a s p ects un d er which th e s a me thin g s

a pp e a re d du ri n g th e s ixteen th c en tury to p eo pl e o f
, ,
a c omm on n a ti o n a lity livi n g un d er the s a me l a ws and

,
pro fes s in g th e Same do ctrin es a re rema rka ble D u r ,

.
in g th e bitter p ers e cution s in C a s tile th e Ara go n es e ,
M o s lems reta in e d thei r privil eges u n imp a ired Not .
on ly th a t b u t while th e s pi rit o f f a n a tici s m w as

,
drivin g th e tributa ri es o f I s a bella by th ou s an d s to s im

u l a ted c on vers i on F erdi n a n d i s s u e d a d e cree g ra n tin g
,
to th e M oors o f V a l en ci a th e en j oymen t o f th ei r re
li gi ou s a n d s o ci a l rights i n p erp etui ty On th e o n e .
h a n d there fo re w a s th e mo s t ra dic a l s uppres s i on o f

, ,
in dividu a l thought an d a cti on ; on th e oth er a to lera ,
ti on worthy o f th e m os t en l igh ten e d s ta te s m a n s hip ,
a nd ,i t mu s t b e a dded littl e to b e a n ticip a te d un d er

,
th e circums ta n ces B u t th e s a g a city o f F e rdin a n d

.
n e ver willi n gly c oun ten a n c e d th e empl o ym e n t o f forc e
i n ma tters o f religio n H i s j ea lou s y o f p ower c a u s e d

.
him to res en t th e en croa chmen ts o f th e p ri es th oo d ;

a n d h e s e c retly di s c ou ra g ed th e o pp res s i on o f a ra c e
which h e re c ogn iz e d a s co n trolli n g th e ma teri al re

s ou rc es up on wh 0s e ma in ten a n c e d e p en de d th e p res er
vati on o f his dign ity a n d pres tig e .
D urin g th e twelve yea rs tha t in terv en ed between

th e d ea th o f I s a b ella a n d th a t o f F erdi n a n d th e ,
M oo rs en j oye d comp a rativ e p ea c e a n d immu n ity ; a n d

th e a dven t o f Ch a rles V bro ught a t firs t n o un fa vo r
.
a bl e ch a n g es i n th e i r p o litic a l or s o ci a l c on di ti on s .
Th a t prin c e w a s s c a rcely s ea te d up on th e th ro n e which

h e h a d i nh erited a n d by who s e a cc epta n c e there d e
,
volve d upo n him res p on s ibiliti es o f th e grea tes t m o

men t a n d th e g overn men t o f a p eo pl e o f wh o s e di s po
s iti ou a n d ch a ra cter h e w a s p ro f ou n dly ign o ra n t wh e n ,
s eri ou s in tern a l di s tu rba n ces b eg an to men a ce hi s

a u th ority . I n C a s til e th e C o mun eros a c on s pira cy
, ,
o f n o bl es a n d mu n icip a liti es a ros e to a s s e rt th ei r a n

.
,
cien t p rivileges imp a i re d by fo reign in flu en ce ; a n d

, ,
a t th e s a m e time th e Va len ci a n p o pul a c e b a n de d

,
to g eth er un der th e n a me o f G erm a n i a or B ro th er ,
ho od to re pres s th e growin g in s olen ce o f th e aris toc

,
ra cy . Th ec chmen ts o f th e la tter h a d lon g b een

en roa
a s eri o u s g ri e v a n c e i n th e kin gd o m o f V a l en ci a I ts .
me mb ers ever s in c e th e C on qu es t h a d m a in ta in e d a n
, ,
in s ul tin g d ep ortmen t wi th th e ir in f eri ors which h ad ,
e x a s p era te d th e l a tter b ey o n d a ll en d ura n c e Th ey .
b orro we d mon ey o f wea lthy merch a n ts a n d re p a id

th em wi th cu rs es a n d ridicul e Th e es ta bli s hm en t o f a
.
re g en cy h a d w ea k en e d th e a dmi n i s tra ti o n o f th e l a w s ;
th e n o bl es w e re n ot s l o w to o b s erv e th e a dv a n ta g es
which a vi rtu a l in terre g n um a ff o rde d th e d ev elo pmen t
o f p riv a te a mbiti on ; a n d i n th e a s s erti on o f o b s o l ete
,
feud a l privil eg es every w ron g which a va ric e o r h a tred

,
co uld s ugg es t w a s i n fli cte d up on th e citiz en s o f a rich

a n d d e f en c e l e s s c o mm u n i ty Th e M oors w h o w ere
.
,
th e v a s s a l s o f th e V a len ci a n n o bl e s were n ot i n f re ,
qu en tly th e in s trum en ts o f th ei r m a l evo len c e a n d ,
s h a re d with th e ir m a s ters th e g en era l o bl o quy which
a tta ch e d to th e ir c o n duct Th e o rg a n iz a ti o n o f th e
.
G erma n i a h a d a n imp o rta n t a n d di s a s trou s e ff ect

up on th e fo rtun e s o f th e fo rm er Th ei r l ot w a s c as t .
with th e ir lords a n d th e p re domi n a n ce tempo ra rily

,
a cqui re d by th e re b e l s th rough th e i n c a p a ci ty o f th e
Vic eroy prove d fata l in th e en d to th e lib erti es o f th e

va s s a l Th e p o pul a r cry o f in fid el w a s ra i s e d by th e
.
in s urg en ts w h o n umb ere d m an y e ccl es i a s tics in th eir

,
ra n k s a n d Six teen th o u s a n d M o s l em s s ubmitte d to th e

,
in fli c ti on o f c o mpuls o ry b a pti s m Th e Emp eror wh o .

,
s ee m s to h a v e i n h e ri te d with hi s d o min i on s a ta s te f or
p ers e cuti on w as n ot s a ti s fied while a s in gle M oh a m

,
me da n re m a in ed withi n th e j uri s dicti on o f th e S p an i s h

C rown With grea t difficulty h e exto rted a bull from
.
th e P o p e which a b s o lv e d him from th e o ath h e h a d

ta k en to O b s erve th e a n ci en t l a w s a n d tre ati es o f th e
ki n gdom a n d expre s s ly a uthoriz in g th e re ducti on to
,
Sl a very o f e very Mu s s ulm an wh o s e s cruples or ob s ti

n a cy migh t p re ven t him fro m ren ou n cin g th e b eli e f o f
h is fa th ers S ecure o f P a pa l s an cti on C ha rles n o w

.
,
gle with th e combi n ed res ou rces o f th e mon a rchy .
O vercome a t las t two th ou s an d o f th e in s urg ents with

,
th ei r l ea der p eri s h ed i n a s in gle b attl e ; a n d a g en era l

a mn es ty w as d ecl a re d un der th e s ole c on diti on by
,
which a n y M os lem w a s n ow p ermi tte d to retai n life or

liberty Th e M oors o f C ata lon i a a n d Ara gon w ere
.
ten d ere d th e s a me a ltern a tiv e With out h es ita tion

.
th ey p re f erre d hyp o c ri s y to m a rtyrd o m ; a n d by th e

yea r 1 5 2 6 th ere n o lon ger rem a in ed withi n th e limi ts
o f th e S p a n i s h P en i n s ul a a s i n gl e in dividu a l wh o
da re d to Op en ly a ckn o wle dg e hi s b eli e f i n th e cree d

o f M o h a mm e d .
Thi s fl atterin g res ult h a vin g b een fin a lly a ecom

li s h ed i t w a s n o w c on s id ere d a dvi s a bl e to re form th e
p ,
p ros elytes I n n ea rly all lo caliti es wh ere th e M ori s

.
c oes p red o min ate d th ey o ccupi ed a n a n oma lou s p os i

ti on s o f a r a s th ei r s pi ritu al w e lfa re w a s c on c ern e d
, ,
f or th ey were p ra ctic a lly livin g wi th out a n y reli gio n .
Th ey n e glecte d to c on form to th e ordin a n c es or to

o b s erve th e c an on s o f th e C hu rch wh o s e p a l e th ey h a d
en tere d u n d er c o mpul s i on Th e e va s i on o f th eir

.
duti es w a s conn ive d a t by th e pri es ts wh o s o lon g as , ,
th ei r p a ri s hi on ers w ere qui et a n d re gul a rly p a id th eir

c on tributi o n s clo s e d th eir eyes to all form a l i rregul a ri
,
ti es a n d n ev er trou ble d th em s elves wi th th e in s tru c

,
ti on s which i t w a s th ei r offic e to imp a rt Thi s i n d ul

.
g en c e w a s furth er s ecured b y don atives th at ex empte d

u n willin g s in n ers from p en a n ce wh os e vex atiou s p er
,
fo rman c e might a lwa ys b e comm uted f or a p ecun i ary

c o n s ide rati on I n th e s ight o f th e c lergy s pi ritu a l
.
,
duti es were thu s en tirely ob s cure d by th e m ore p al

p a bl e a dva n ta ge s to b e d eriv ed fro m w orldly b en e fits
a n d th e m a i n ten a n c e o f th eir fl o ck s i n ig n o ra n c e —a ,
p olicy which a t th e s ame time con firm ed th ei r a uth or

i ty a nd in crea s e d th ei r reven u es B ut th e M o ri s c oe s
.
,
while they s hunn e d th e ma s s coul d n ot with s a fety

,
res ort to a ny other s ou rc e o f reli iou s cons ol ati on

g .
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UROPE 2 59
Th ey w ere more th an s u s p e cted o f pra cti s in g th e rites

o f I s l a m i n s e c ret ; b u t th e j ea l ou s y with which th ey
gu a rde d th e p riva cy o f th ei r domes tic life preven te d

th e v erific a tion o f thi s s u s pici on I n th e eyes o f d e
.
vou t Chri s ti a n s wh o did n ot f a il to n otic e a n d re p ro

,
bate th eir s h o rtcomin gs they were re ga rded a s s ome

,
thi n g wo rs e th a n P a ga n s Alth ough they p os s es s ed

.
a ll th e re qui s ites o f g oo d ci tiz en s hip a n d th e ir in ter ,
c ou rs e with th eir n eighb ors w a s ma rke d by every evi

den ce o f h on or an d probity th es e qu a litie s were i g ,
n ore d wh en th ei r religi o u s c on s i s ten cy w a s c a ll ed i n
qu es tion .
Th e vi s it o f Ch a rl e s V to Gra n a da i n 1 52 6 w a s
.
ma de th e o cc as i o n f o r a s tren u ou s a pp ea l f or th e re
form o f th e M ori s c o es P etiti on s a n d remon s tra n ces
.
wi th out n um b er rein fo rc ed with a ll th e a rts o f s a cer

,
dota l elo qu en ce were pres en ted to th e Emp eror

, ,
urgin g th at ra dic a l mea s ures b e taken to co rrect an

e vil which w a s s e ri ou s ly a ff e ctin g th e cre dit a n d th e
di s ciplin e o f th e Chu rch A c om mi s s ion o f thirteen

.
memb ers mo s t o f them high e ccl es i a s tic a l dign itari es

, ,
a n d p res id e d o ve r by D on Al on s o M a n riqu e Gra n d ,
I n quis itor o f S p a in w a s th ere fo re a pp oin ted a n d

, ,
began a n in ves tiga ti on The re w a s n o difficulty i n

.
a n ticip a ti n g th e de ci s i on o f s uch a tribun a l Th at i ts .
decrees might b e pro p erly e x e cuted th e H oly O ffice ,
w as b rought fro m J a en a n d fo rm a lly es ta bli s h ed i n

on e o f th e p a l a ces o f th e ci ty Ten s es s ion s s uffice d to
.
determin e a qu es ti on in which were in volve d ma tters

o f th e g re a te s t c on s e qu en c e to th e we lfa re o f th e kin g
d om th e m a in ten a n c e o f n a ti on a l ho n or a n d th e j u s
, ,
tice a n d in teg ri ty o f th e c ro wn Every a ccus ation .
a g a i n s t th e M ori s c o e s w a s rec e ive d a n d c o n s idere d b u t ,
th ey w ere n o t p e rmitte d to b e h ea rd i n th ei r own d e

fen c e Th e determin a ti on o f th e comm i s s i on w a s pub
.
li s h ed i n a ro y a l e dic t which pro hibite d th e M ori s co es

,
th e u s e o f th ei r fa mily n a mes th ei r dre s s th ei r l a n

, ,
gu a g e ; which c omp elled th e e xp os ure o f th e fa c e s o f

th ei r wo me n to th e in s ultin g g a z e o f th e lo u n g ers in
th e s tre ets ; which re qui re d th e a b a n d on m en t o f th e
p e culi a r c eremon ies employe d in th e s la ugh ter o f an i
ma ls f o r foo d ; which s a n ctio n e d by domicili a ry vis its
in va s i o n o f th e p riv a cy o f th eir h o mes ; a n d forba de
th em to e v er l os e s igh t o f th e I n qui s i tori a l p a l a c e ,
who s e o ffici a ls were dire c te d to h en c e forth e x erci s e

c a re ful s upervi s io n o ver th ei r c on duct a n d to pu n i s h
,
wi th th e ir cu s to ma ry rigo r a ll in fra cti on s o f religiou s

dis ciplin e .
Th e terro r e xp e ri e n c ed by th e vic tim s o f thi s a tro

c i ou s d e c ree ,
which n o t on ly vi ola ted th e c on diti ons
upo n which S p a n i s h s uprema cy de p en de d b u t d el ib ,
e ra te l y s a c rific e d e v e ry c on s ide ra ti on o f j u s tic e f or
which n a tio n a l h on or h a d s olemn ly ple dge d i ts fa i th ,
c a n h a rdly b e im a gi n e d B u t th e M o ri s c oes wh o s e
.
,
e xp eri en c e with th e i r s pi ri tu a l a dvi s ers h a d ta ught
th em th e effic a cy o f c erta i n m eth o d s in a v erti n g i m

p en din g evil h a d re c ou rs e to a n e xp edien t which on
, ,
a s m a ll er s c a l e h a d re p ea te dly p ro ve d s ucc es s ful

'
, It .
w a s n o s e c ret th a t th e ro y a l trea s u ry w a s e mpty ; an d

i t w a s s u s p ected th a t th e d e p re s s e d c on diti on o f th e
n a ti on a l fin a n c es w a s l a rg ely res p on s ibl e f or th e p ro s e
lytin g z ea l s o un exp e cte dly e x erte d a g a in s t a pea ce

a ble a n d i n o ff e n s ive cl a s s I n c on s id era ti on o f a
.
”
gift o f e igh t thou s an d duc ats th e e x e cuti on o f the
,
o bn o xi o u s d e c ree w a s s u s p en d e d du ri n g th e pl eas ure

,
o f th e Emp ero r as s o o n a s it h a d b een s ig n e d ; b ut

,
thi s i n dulg en c e i t w a s e xp re s s ly d e cl a re d did n ot

, ,
a ff e c t th e j uri s dicti on o f th e H o ly O ffi ce Th e p a ra
.
s i tes w h o s u rro u n d e d th e th ron e d e m a n de d a n d re
c e i v e d a n e qu a l a m ou n t f o r a n i n flu en c e th e y cl a ime d
to p o s s e s s b u t which w a s p ro b a bly n ev er e x erted

, .
Thu s a mon a rch wh o p os e d a s th e s e cul a r re pres enta

,
tive o f R o m a n C a th olici s m c on s en te d to s a c rific e th e

,
religi o u s in tere s ts o f a l a rg e b o dy o f hi s s ub j e cts a n d

c omp a ct wi th th e Emp eror by which th ey h a d b een

,
c on firme d f or th e time in th e en j oymen t o f th e i r cu s

tom s w a s broken
, Th e ir p ro p erty w a s c on fis c ate d
. .
Th ey w ere s ubj e cte d to th e di a bo lic a l to rture s a do pte d

by th e dires t o f tribun a ls f o r th e pro ducti on o f tes
timon y a n d th e c o n fe s s i on o f guilt I n th e fa m ou s .
P la z a d e l a B a b a l R a mbla th e s c en e o f m an y
- -
,
kn ightly en co un ters a n d o f th e d es truction o f M os lem

lea rn in g by Ximen es th e c on d emn e d un d erwen t th e
fin a l p en a n c e th e s a c rific e o f th e a uto —
,
,
d a fé Th e -
.
a n n o yin g res tra in ts imp o s e d up on th em by p ries tly
i n tolera n ce were th e lea s t o pp res s ive o f th e m an y evils

th e M o ri s c o es w ere c o n d emn e d to en du re I n th e fre .
qu en t c on tro vers i e s which a ros e c on c ern in g th e in ter

p reta ti on o f imp eri a l e dicts a n d c a n on ic a l d e crees th e ,
a u th o ri ty o f th e l a tte r a lw a ys p re v a il e d E very offi .
c i a l civil religi o u s o r milita ry a s s erte d th e p rivileg e

, , , ,
o f m a gi s tra cy a n d cl a im e d th e right to co mp ou n d a n
,
o ff en c e or to imp o s e a p en a lty I n th e a rt o f e xtort

.
in g m on e y as in th e dire cti o n o f a l l m a tters p erta in in g

,
to civil a n d e ccl es i a s tic a l j u ri s dicti o n th e s erv a n ts o f ,
th e Chu rch di s pla y e d a n e x tra o rdi n a ry a p titud e Th e .
re gul a r ta x es imp o s e d up o n th e M ori s c o es a g rie vou s ,
burd en i n th ems elves were a ugmen te d a hun dre d fold

,
-
by imp os iti on s u n a uth oriz e d by l a w a n d which h ad no ,
o th er fo un d a ti on th a n th e d em a n d s o f O ffici a l ra a c
p
i ty. Th e s um s obta in e d fro m th e s e e n fo rce d con tri
bution s were en ormo u s A n id ea m ay b e forme d o f
.
th e p ro b a ble a mo un t th ey yi eld e d wh en i t i s remem

bere d th a t th e legi timate ta x p a id a nn u a lly by th e s ilk
ma rkets o f Ah n eri a M a la g a a n d G ra n a d a a dded
, ,
more th an a milli on do lla rs to th e roya l trea s ury Th e .
i rre gula r m ean s employe d were f a r mo re p ro fita ble in

th ei r res ults th a n th o s e c o u n ten a n c e d by l eg a l a u th o r
i ty ; a n d th ere w ere f ew d em a n d s h owe v er in iquitou s , ,
which a M ori s c o d a red re fu s e wh en c o n fron ted with

th e m en a ci n g p o wer o f th e I n qui s iti on .
In Va len ci a als o th e H oly O ffice s upp orted by ,
P a p a l s a n ction an d imperi a l duplicity foun d a rich ,
a n d m os t frui tful field f o r i ts n e fa ri o u s O p era ti on s .
I t w as in this kin gd om s o rema rka ble f or i ts n a tura l

,
a dvan ta g e s a n d th e i n du s try o f i ts p eo pl e th a t th e ,
”
S p an i s h pro verb Qui en ti en e M o ro ti en e o ro h a d
, , ,
its o rigin . Th e re l a ti on o f v a s s a la g e which th e M o o rs

o f th a t ki n gdo m i n g en era l s u s ta in e d to th e n o bility
w a s f a r fro m s u ffici en t to p ro te ct th em a g a i n s t th e
eff e cts o f s e cul a r a n d eccles i as tic a l p re j udic e Th e .
un qu es ti on e d orth o doxy o f th e lord hi s gen ero s ity to

,
th e Chu rch th e a n tiquity o f hi s fa mily th e p res tige

, ,
o f hi s n a m e hi s s ervic es to th e c ro wn w e re s we p t a s id e
, ,
wh en th e ques tio n o f di s ciplin in g his reta in ers w a s i n

volved Th e s lightes t s us pici on atta chin g to a M os
.
l em w a s en o ugh to in vite th e d es cen t o f a h orde o f

fa mili a rs a n d a lgu a zils w h o n ever fa ile d to di s co ver
,
evid en c es o f irre gula rity s u ffici en t to ren d er th ei r
ex a mi n a ti on pro fita ble Th e vi s ita ti on s o f th e s e

.
fun ction a ri e s were doubly o ff en s ive by rea s on o f

th e u n feeli n g a n d in s o len t m a n n e r i n which th ey
were con ducte d They le ft n o c orn er o f a dwe llin g
.
un s ea rch e d ; th ey d es tro y ed p ro p erty i n s ulte d w o men

, ,
an d with out c o l o r o f righ t or p reten c e o f c on c ea l
men t a ppro pri a te d s uch j ewels a n d trin k ets as s truck

th ei r fa n cy . S pies o f th e H oly O ffice s wa rme d i n th e
M oori s h qu a rter ever a lert f o r s ign s o f h eres y F o r
,
.
th es e o utra g es th ere w a s n o p o s s ibility o f re d re s s a n d ,
th e trembli n g victim gla dly pu rch a s e d by th e con fis ca ,
ti on o f hi s e ff e c ts temp ora ry s e cu rity from g re a te r

,
mi s fortun es which if his worldly p o s s es s i o n s were

, ,
s u fli ci en t to w a rra n t fu rth er in terferen c e h e w a s cer ,
ta in s oo n er o r l a ter to u n de rg o . Th e in to lera ble

n a tu re o f th es e p e rs ecuti on s imp elle d th o u s a n d s o f
M o ri s co es to s eek by flight th e on ly a va ila ble reli e f

fro m o ppres s i on Th e H oly F a thers o f th e I n qui
.
s i ti ou were h o rrifie d by th e reta li atory mea s ures

a d opted by th e fri en ds o f th os e wh o f o r th e wel fa re ,
o f th eir s oul s w ere s ub j e cte d to th e s a lu ta ry re s tra in ts

,
of e ccl e s i a s tic a l di s ciplin e Eve ry tim e th a t th e

.
M o ors c on demn ed by th a t tribu n a l expi a te d th eir

h eres i es i n a n a uto d a fé in forma ti o n w a s p ro mptly
- -
,
s en t to B a rb a ry a n d a n e qu a l n um b er o f Chri s ti a n
,
c a p tives p eri s h ed by fire .
Th e Africa n c o rs a i rs un d e r th e c orrrm a n d o f th e
,
rel en tl es s B a rb a ro s s a , a t th a t tim e h eld th e empi re
o f th e M e diterra n ea n ,a n d by th ei r a i d mul ti tud es
o f M o ri s c o es s ucce e d e d i n es c a pi n g to M o ro cc o In .
va in th e n o bles protes te d a g a in s t a p olicy which d e

p reci a te d th e va lu e o f th e i r e s ta tes d e p o pul a te d th eir
,
villa g es an d d a ily de p riv e d th em o f la bo rers whos e

,
s e rvi ces c o uld n ot b e di s p en s e d with a n d wh o s e l os s
c oul d n ot b e re pla c e d ; b o th roya l p o wer a n d p o pula r

s e n tim en t s a n c ti on e d th e c o u rs e o f th e C hu rch and ,
th e m a teri a l p ro s p eri ty o f a s i n gl e p ro vi n c e w as n ot
wo rthy o f c on s id era ti o n wh en weigh e d with th e p er
i s h in g s o uls o f th o u s a n d s o f s u s p e cte d h e retic s P ecu .
n i a ry a rgum en ts w ere th en e mpl o y e d a n d a fter s ev ,
e ra l yea rs o f n e g o ti a tio n th e o p era ti on s o f th e H o ly
Ofli ce were s u s p en d e d up o n th e p a ym en t o f a y ea rly

don a tive o f twen ty fiv e hun dre d duc a ts O n ce mo re
-
.
free fro m th e p erils o f I n qui s itori a l vi s i ta ti on a n d

pu n is hmen t th e M o ri s co es a t on c e rela p s e d in to their
,
fo rm er religi ou s in di ff eren ce ; th e clergy vi ewe d with

un c on c ern th e un mi s ta k a ble evid en c e s o f a p os ta s y
a m on g th ei r p a ri s hi o n ers ; th e n o ble s w elc o m e d wi th
un dis gui s ed s a tis fa c ti on th e reli e f o f th ei r v a s s a ls th e ,
in creas e o f th eir reven u e s an d th e in dic ati on s o f re

,
tu rn i n g p ro s p e ri ty ; while th e in qui s ito rs wh os e trea s ,
u ry h a d b een fill e d to o verfl o wi n g with th e g o ld wrun g
by fin es a n d con fis c a ti on s fro m th e w ea lthies t s ubj e cts

o f th e ki n gdo m s o ught i n o th er qu a rte rs n ew m a te
,
ri a l f or th e s ta k e a n d th e du n g e on to b e con d emn e d
,
h a bi t o f th e va ri ou s mon a s tic orders within

s i a s ti ca l
wh os e j uris dicti on th ey w ere en rolled F rom M ori s c o .
s emi n a ri es mi s s i o n a ri es w en t fo rth to i n s tru ct a n d rec
on cil e th ei r d o ub tin g c ou n trym en I n imita ti on o f

.
th eir p a tron s th ey f oun d e d a n d s upp o rte d religi ou s

,
bro th erh oo ds Th ei r pro fes s i on s w ere a pp a ren tly s in

.
c ere ; th ey b eg a n to p erform th eir duti es with s c ru p u

l ou s regula ri ty ; a n d i t s eemed a s if at la s t th e hith erto
de lu s ive h o p e o f M o s lem c on v ers i on w a s a b out to b e
re a liz e d B u t th e s pi rit o f fe ro cio u s in tol era n c e ever
.
,
p re do min a n t i n th e S p an i s h ch a ra cter a n d which in ,
th e s ix te en th c en tu ry a m o u n te d to a fren zy reg a rde d ,
with a n ythin g b u t c o mpla c en cy th e in dulgen t con

s ide ra ti o n e xten d e d to w a rd s th e un h a ppy o bj e cts o f
h ere di ta ry a vers ion With thi s s en tim ent g en era lly

.
p reva l en t fres h p rete xts f o r en croa chmen t were ea s ily

,
in ven ted I n 1 5 60 th e as s i s ta n c e o f th e g overn ment

.
w a s i n vo ke d by th e Ch ri s ti a n s o f G ra n a d a to res tra i n
th e pu rch a s e o f s l a v es by th e M ori s c oe s wh o i t w a s , ,
s ta te d w ere i n th e h a bi t o f i n s tructin g th e ir s erv a n ts

,
s e c re tly in th e do ctri n es o f I s l a m a n d th ereby multi
plyin g th e n um b er Of its a dh eren ts to th e s c a n d a l o f

,
th e Chu rch a n d th e p re j udic e o f th e ro y a l a u th ori ty .
No a ttempt w a s ma de to a s c erta in th e truth or fa l s ity

o f thi s a ccu s a ti on a n d th e M ori s c o es w ere d e p riv ed
, ,
by roya l de c ree o f th e right o f p o s s es s in g s la ves a

, ,
m ea s u re s eri ou s ly a ff e ctin g th e rura l a n d domes tic

ec on o my o f th e en tire p o pul a ti on o f G ra n a d a which ,
w a s d e p en den t up on th e cultiv a ti o n o f th e s o il by a
multi tud e o f n e groes h eld by th e M oori s h farmers in
s ervitud e .
I n a dditi on to thi s vi rtu a l c on fi s c a tion o f p ro p erty

f o r n o v a li d c a u s e a n d w ith ou t i n d emn ity th e M oors ,
were c omp elle d to pro duc e th e arms wh o s e po s s es

s i o n h a d a lrea dy b een lic en s e d i n o rd er to h a v e th em
,
s ta mp e d by th e g o vern m en t a n d thu s c on tri bute s till

,
fu rth er to th e gra tifica tio n o f offici a l g ree d Th e .

p en a lty i n curre d f o r th e po s s es s ion o f a we a pon with

ou t p e rmi s s i on w a s s i x y e a rs i n th e g a ll ey s ; th a t f o r
coun terfeitin g th e ro ya l s ta mp w a s de a th Th e eu .
forcem en t o f th es e regulati on s th e firs t o f which

,
threa ten e d to p a ra lyz e a gricultura l l a b o r th e pri n ci ,
p a l o ccup a ti o n O f th e M ori s c oes a n d th e m a i n d e p en d

en c e o f th e reven u e s o f th e c rown ex as p era ted b ey on d
,
en dura n c e th o s e a ff e cte d by th e i r en a ctme n t Th e .
los s o f the ir s la ves imp overi s h ed ma n y S ome s urren .
dered th eir a rms a n d pro cure d o th ers cla n des tin ely .
Oth ers en li s ted in th e orga n iz ed b a n ds o f outla ws w h o ,
un der th e n a me o f m on fis ro a me d through th e Si erra s

,
a n d l evi e d a t will c on tribu ti on s up o n th e w ea lthy
S pa n i a rd s o f th e Vega M a n y o f th es e briga n d s
.
,
through th e c on n iva n c e o f th ei r s ymp a thiz ers en tered ,
th e c a pita l by n ight i n fo rc e b ore a wa y th e wive s a n d

,
children o f their en emi es a n d l e ft i n th e s qu a res a n d

,
highwa ys th e mutila te d c orp s e o f every Ch ri s ti a n th ey

en c o u n te re d
. Th e n umb ers o f th e m on fis in cre as ed
with a la rmin g ra pidity Th ei r i n curs io n s b eg a n to
.
res e mbl e th e o p e ra ti on s o f a n o rg a n iz e d a rmy ; p re p
a ra ti on s f o r a n i n s u rrecti o n w ere s e cretly in s ti tute d ,
a n d th e a s s i s ta n c e o f th e rul ers o f F ez Algi e rs , an d ,
C on s ta n tin o ple w a s e a rn e s tly s olicite d in b eh a lf o f

th os e w h o re p re s en te d th ems e lv es a s p ers ecute d M O
h a mm e d a n s a b a n d on e d witho ut a n y other re s o u rc e to
,
th e tyra n n y o f Ch ri s ti a n a v a ric e a n d p ow e r .
Un ta ught by exp eri en c e a n d re ga rdles s o f c o u s e

u e n ces th e offici a l s o f th e v a rio u s ci v il a n d e ccl e
q ,
s i a s ti ca l tribu n a l s purs u ed th ei r e xtorti on a te p o licy
without pity o r res tra in t Th e comp etiti on exis tin g

.
betwe en th em a n d th e a dvers e cla im s i n vo lvin g con

,
tes te d j u ri s dic ti on a n d di s pu te d plu n d er which c on

s ta n tly a ros e o ften c a u s e d s eri o u s c o n flicts o f a u th or
,
i ty fro m which th e re p res en ta tives o f th e Church a n d

,
th e I n qui s i ti o n g en era lly eme rg e d victo ri o u s Thes e .
qua rrels between thes e tw o cla s s es o f O ppres s ors em

bittered th em both a ga in s t th eir co mmon vi ctim s and ,
di s s en s ion in creas ed i n s te a d o f a lle vi atin g the s u ff er

i n gs o f th e latter To ma k e the i r s i tu ation even more
.
d es perate th e de cree o f C h arles V promulg ated i n

,
.
,
1 5 2 6 w a s n ow p u t in f o rc e by th e Kin g
,
Th e M ori s .
c oe s un a ble lon ger to s u s ta in th e gri evou s ex acti ons

,
which th ey wel l u n ders to o d were but prelimin ari es to

th e exp u l s i on o f th e ir ra c e n o w ra pidly m a tured th eir
,
pla n s o f reb ell i on I n th e a cc o mpli s hment o f thi s

.
th ey di s pl a ye d ex tra ordin a ry ta ct a n d s hrewdn es s A .
c on s id era ble es ta te h a d b een gra n te d to them in th e

n e ighb orh oo d o f G ra n a d a f o r th e ere ct i on o f a h os
pita l Un der preten ce o f s o licitin g fun ds f or i ts com

.
p l eti on tru s,ty em i s s a ri e s o f re vo lt w ere d es p a tch e d to
e v ery M oori s h c o mmuni ty o f th e kin gd o m Th e col .
le c to rs employe d in this d a n g erou s s ervic e vi s ited in

th ei r j ou rn ey o n e hun d re d a n d ten th ou s a n d f a mili es .
Th e in corrup tible f a ith o f th e M o ors a n d th ei r loy

a lty to th ei r ra c e w ere u n p re c ed en ted ; f o r a m o n g th e
multitudes intru s te d with a s e c ret f or whi ch a trai tor

w ould h a ve rec eiv ed a fortun e n ot a s in gle in dividu al
a bu s e d th e c on fid en c e o f h i s c o un trym en Th e entire .
s u m o b ta i n e d by thi s me a n s i s n o t k n o wn ; i t mu s t ,
h owever h a ve b een a mply s uffici en t f or th e contribu

, ,
ti o n s o f th os e wh o were fit f o r mi li ta ry s ervi c e a lon e

a m ou n te d to forty fiv e th o u s a n d pi e c es o f g o ld
-
.
M es s en g ers were n e xt d es pa tche d to Africa to p ur

ch a s e arms S e cret a n d well o rga n iz ed c ommun ica
.
-
ti on w a s p erf ec ted Th e el e cti on o f a lea d er n ow

.
b ec a me im p erative I n th e ol d M oori s h c a pita l there

.
lived a youn g ma n o f a mi a ble di s p os i ti on an d ex cel

len t menta l c a p a city bu t o f pro diga l a n d lic en ti ous
,
ha bits n amed D on F ern a n d o d e Va lor in wh os e veins

, ,
c ou rs ed th e bloo d o f th e fa mou s Ommey a d e dyn as ty

o f C o rd o v a A p rin c e by bi rth an d en j oyin g th e
.
,
g rea tes t p o p ul arity a s a citiz en hi s p romin en ce in the

,
commun ity h a d s e cured f or h im a pl a ce a mon g the

ven t o f a s overeign an d th e welc ome pros p e ct o f w a r

an d de preda ti on Th e temp es t o f reb ell i on burs t
.
forth a t on ce i n every s ettlemen t o f th e Si erra s Th e .
e xc es s es c omm itte d by th e i n s u rg en ts a re i n cre dib le i n
th e i r a tro city a n d wo rthy o f a ra c e o f s a v a g es Th eir

.
a n im o s i ty w a s e s p e ci a lly di re c te d a g a in s t th e p ri es ts ,
wh om they c on s idered a s th e i n s tig a tors a n d th e in

s tru m en ts o f th e i r mi s f ortu n es .S o me h a d th eir
mouth s s tu ff e d with gun p owd er a n d the ir h ea d s blown
to a to m s . O th ers were c omp elled to s it b e fo re th e
a l ta r whil e th e i r fo rm er p a ri s hi o n ers to re ou t th e h a irs
o f th ei r h ea d s a n d e yeb ro w s o n e by o n e a n d th en
s l a s h e d th em to d ea th w i th kn ives a n d ra z ors Oth ers

.
,
s till w ere s ub j e cte d to in g en i o u s to rtu re s a n d b a rb a r

,
ou s mu til a ti on ; c o mp ell e d to s w a ll o w th e ir ow n ey es ,
which h a d b een torn fro m th e s o ck ets ; to b e gra du a lly

di s me mbe re d ; to h a ve the ir ton gu e s a n d h ea rts cut ou t
an d th ro wn to d o g s .H u n dred s o f mon ks were
s eeth e d in b o ili n g o i l . Nun s were s ub j e cte d to s h ock
i n g in dign iti es a n d th en to rture d to d ea th Th e .
gla ri n g hyp o cri s y i n which th e M o ri s c o es h ad been

livi n g w as di s clos ed by th eir c on duct a s s oon a s they
b eli eved th ems elv es ema n cip a te d from th e res tra in ts
un der which th ey h a d ch a fed s o lon g Th ey exu lted .
i n e v ery fo rm O f s a cril eg e . D res s e d in s a c erdota l

h a bilimen ts th ey tra ve s tie d th e s olemn c eremonies o f
,
th e m a s s . Th ey d efil ed an d tra mple d up on th e H os t .
Th e chu rch e s w ere fil le d with l a ughin g j eeri ng ,
cro wd s th at po llute d e very po rti on o f th e s a n ctu a ry .
S a cre d ima ges don a ted by pi ou s mon arch s an d

,
bl es s e d by fa mou s p relate s were brok en to pi eces a n d

,
burn t Eccl es i a s tic a l h atre d h a d a s a n in di s p en s a ble

.
,
Sign o f reg en eration forc e d a ll M o s lem c o n verts to

,
e a t p ork a ki n d o f fo o d d o ubly o ff en s ive fro m i nh er

,
i ted p rej udic e a n d K o ra n ic p ro hib iti on I n reta li a

.
ti o n f o r thi s a n n o yin g re qui re m en t th e in s urgents

,
.
with mo ck s o lemn i ty a nd in ves ted with all the para

,
p h ern a li a o f C a tho lic wo rs hip , s a crifice d h o g s up on

th e Ch ri s ti a n a lta rs Every fo rm o f v i olen ce every
.
,
o utra g e wh ich n e wly f oun d fre e do m e x a s p era te d by

-
th e m em ory o f lon g c o n tin u ed i n j u ry c ould d evi s e ,

-
w a s p erp etra te d by th e en ra g e d M ori s co es S o un .
bridled w a s th e ir fury th a t even th e c omm o n u s a g es

o f w a r w e re c on s ta n tly vi ol a ted ; pris on ers ta ken in
b attle were p u t to d ea th with out mercy, a n d it w a s
publicly de cla re d th at n ot a Chri s ti an s h ould b e l e ft
a live withi n th e i n s u rg en t te rritory Thi s res oluti on .
,
promulga te d with out hi s kn owledge w a s d i s c ou n te ,
n a n ced by I b n Omm ey a h -
a n d h e de p o s e d th e com
,
ma n ders wh o h a d by th eir a rbitra ry con duct a n d i m

p oli tic cruelty in s ulted th e h on or o f hi s crown bu t n ot ,
un til i rre p ara ble wron g h a d b een c ommitted .
Th e n ews o f th e i n s urrection th e e x a gg erati on o f,
i ts exten t a n d th e h orrors which f ollo we d i n i ts tra in

,
p ro duc ed a gen era l p an ic in Gra n a d a Al l Ch ri s ti an s .
w h o c ould d o s o took re fug e in th e Alh a mb ra Th e .
M o ris c o es in v a in protes tin g th eir i n n o cen c e b a rri

, ,
ca d e d th em s elve s i n th ei r h ou s es a n d s uch a s i m p ru
,
d en tl y ven ture d in to th e s treets p eri s he d a t th e h an ds

o f th e i n fu ri a te d m ob Th e c on te s t o f j uri s dicti on
.
which h a d s o lon g exis te d between th e civil a n d mili

ta ry a uth oriti es ea ch o f wh o m cla ime d th e s upre m a cy
, ,
a n d n e i th er o f wh o m w a s willin g to s a c rific e h i s p re
ten s i on s , even i n th e f a c e o f a cu nn in g a n d d a n g ero u s

en emy a dd e d to th e p erpl e xiti es o f th e s i tu a ti o n
,
.
Th oro ughly a cqu a in te d wi th th e di s cord o f their m a s

ters th e M ori s c o e s a lrea dy e l a ted by th e e xpl o its o f
, ,
th e ir c oun trym en o f which th ey h a d e a rly a n d a ccu

,
ra te in tellig en c e b egan to m a n ife s t a s u s piciou s a c

,
tiv i ty Th e p ros p e ct o f w a r c a lled to a rm s th e tu rb u

.
len t a n d di s s o lute s pi rits o f th e kin gdom Th e feud a l .
la ws which were s till in forc e in th e P en in s ula p re

, ,
ven te d thro ugh th e dis putes o f th e n oble s f or pre c e

,
d en c e th at s ubmi s s i on to a u thority requi s i te f o r s u c

,
c es s f u l p erati on s With thes e in de p en den t ba n ds

o .
th e re w a s n o qu es ti on o f p a tri oti s m ; th e n a ti on a l
s ta n d a rd w a s m erely a ra llyi n g p oin t f o r pill a g e a n d ,
th a t c o mm a n d er w as th e m o s t p o pul a r wh o s e n eglect
o f di s cipli n e a ff o rd e d th e g rea tes t o pp o rtu n i ti e s f o r
un boun d e d lic en s e Th es e tr00 p s were c o mm an ded

.
by th e M arqui s d e M o n d ej a r G o vern or o f Gran a da

, ,
a n d th e M a rqui s d e l o s Ve l e z b oth o f wh o m were i n

,
debte d ra th er to th e ir n a m es th an to th e ir qu a li fic a
ti o n s f or th e p ro mi n en c e th e y en j oye d f o r th e on e ,
w a s witho ut di s c reti on a n d th e oth er with o ut e x p e

ri en c e .
I n th e c a mp a ign th a t en s u e d e very c on s idera ti on o f

milita ry vi rtu e o f pi ty o f hum a n ity w a s c a s t as ide
, , , .
Th e Ch ri s ti a n s fo ught wi th a n en ergy dicta te d by

fa n a ticis m an d ra p a city th e M oo rs with all th e re ck
,
les s c oura ge o f d es p a ir Th e C a s tilia n Offic ers s o f ar

.
,
from res tra in i n g th e e xc es s es o f th e s o ldi ery en c ou r ,
a g e d th em i n o rd er to i n c re a s e th ei r f ero city a n d ren
d e r re con cili a ti on imp o s s ibl e till a ll th e a v a il a bl e b ooty

c oul d b e s e cured Th e M o ors o f Gra n a da p a id dearly
.
f o r th e a p a thy with which th ey h a d rece iv e d th e over

tu re s o f th ei r m o re da rin g c oun trym en Th e l a wle s s
.
ra bbl e o f th e S p a n i s h c a mp which rec o gn iz e d n o re

‘
s tra in t b u t th a t o f s up e ri o r fo rc e w as qu a rtered up on
,
th e w ea lthy ci tiz en s o f th e Al b a y ci n I t i s n otoriou s

.
th a t ev e n th e pla i n s p ok en ol d chro n icl ers o f th e time

-
blu s h e d to re c ord th e o utra g es in fli cte d by th es e s av

a g e vo lu n te e rs, c a llou s to e very a ppea l o f de c en cy or
h on o r An extra o rdin ary ta x o f s ix th ou s a n d duca ts
.
w as imp os e d up on th e A lb a y cin f o r th e purp o s e of

pro vi s io n in g th e a rmy ; a n d th e M oori s h fa rmers o f
th e Ve g a we re c omp elle d u n d e r h ea v y p en a lti es to
fu rn i s h ev ery d ay twen ty th o u s a n d po un d s o f brea d
a t a p ric e a rbi tra rily fix e d by th e a uth o ri ties Thus .
th e u nh a ppy M o ri s c oe s o f th e c a pita l too timorou s to ,
s e c on d an a ttemp t to re g a in th e i r in d e p en den ce w ere ,

and i rre c o n cila ble o pini o n s preva ile d a mon g th e offi

c i a l s o f th e cro wn a s to th e p o l icy to b e a d o p te d ; o n e
p a rty a dvo cate d a mn es ty a n oth er e x termin a tion I n

,
.
th e m ea n tim e while th ei r s up eri o rs w ere wra n glin g

, ,
th e s oldi e rs pu rs u e d wi th o ut in terrupti o n th e a g reea ble

divers i on o f ra pi n e Al tho ugh h o s tili ti es h ad c ea s ed
.
,
s m a ll b a n d s o f mili ta ry brig a n d s ro a m e d ev erywh ere
with ou t c on tro l robbin g h ou s es de s troyin g p ro p erty

, , ,
ra vi s hin g w o m e n I n o ff en s iv e p ea s a n ts w h o h a d
.
,
n e ve r b orn e a rm s were s e iz e d c a rri e d to G ra n a da

, , ,
a n d publicly s o ld a s s l a ve s i n th e m a rk ets o f th e
city by th es e o u tla ws with th e kn o wle dg e a n d con

,
n i v a n ce o f th e a u th o ri ti es Th e l a tter qu a rrelle d o ver

.
th e divi s i on o f th e s p o il a n d th e qu e s ti o n a bl e d i s tin c
ti on a cqui re d by c on fl a g ra ti o n a n d m a s s a c re No .
fa ith w a s ke pt with th e va n qui s h e d S a fe co n ducts .

-
s ig n e d by th e high es t O ffici a l s w ere n o t re s p e cte d No .
M ori s co w a s ex empt from m o les ta ti on a n d vi olen ce ;

n o h ou s e w a s s e cure fro m th e i n tru s i on o f p rowlin g
a n d bl o o dthi rs ty ru ffia n s Wh en a bo dy o f C hri s tian

.
tro o p s p a s s e d th ro ugh a M oo ri s h c o mm u n i ty e very

thi n g p o rta bl e d e p a rte d wi th i t th e re s t w a s bu rn e d , .
Th ere w a s d elib erate meth o d in thi s wh oles ale d es tru c

ti o n o f p ro p erty Th e a rmy d es i re d n othi n g s o littl e
.
a s p ea ce . W a r h a d b een p ro fita ble even b eyo n d ex

p ecta tio n . Th e b o oty a lrea dy s e cure d w a s imm en s e ,
bu t th e g re a ter p orti o n h a d a s y et e s c a p e d th e a va ric e

o f th e c o n qu e ro r Th e g en era l a n d th e c omm on s ol
.
di er a lik e c a s t lon gin g gla n ce s up on th e wealth o f th e

A l b a y c in ; up on th e p ro ductive es ta te s o f th e V eg a ,
s till cultiv a te d by M o o ri s h i n du s try ; up on th e u n to ld
wea lth i n go ld a n d j ewels kn own to b e h o arded by

th e res id en ts o f Gu a dix B a z a an d A h n eri a
, ,L ea vin g .
a ll el s e ou t o f c o n s id era ti o n th e M o ri s c o e s th em s elve s
, ,
w h o n umb ere d m ore th a n h a lf a milli o n if c o n d emn ed ,
to s l a ve ry wo uld rea liz e a p ro digi o u s s u m

, Th es e .
were th e s in i s ter motives which u rg ed a n i n defin ite

pro s ecuti on o f th e w a r an d i t w a s n ot lon g b e fore th e

,
des ire d obj e ct w a s a tta i n e d Th e M ori s co es driven

.
,
to d es p a ir by th e duplici ty o f th ei r en emi e s wh o s e
violen ce th ey c ould n ot res i s t a g a in fl ed to th e moun
,
ta in s a n d s ough t th e s ta n d a rd o f I b n Omm e y a h -
Th e .
S p a n is h m o b o f Gra n a da excited by ru mors o f con

,
s p i ra c y a t o n c e m a s s a c re d th e d e fen c e l e s s M oo ri s h
,
o ccup a n ts o f th e p ri s on s to th e n u mb e r o f s e v e ra l h u n
dre d Th e ir p ers o n a l e ff e cts were a ppro pri a te d by th e

.
go vern o r ; the ir la n d s were c o n fis c a te d f o r th e ben e fit

o f th e c ro wn ; a n d th ei r wido w s a n d orph a n s w e re
re duc e d to b egg a ry A j udgmen t o f th e cou rt s u b s e '
quen tly obta in ed co n firme d thi s a rbitra ry a ct s ta tin g ,
th a t i ts de ci s i on w a s b a s ed up o n th e f a c t th a t while ,
s om e o f th e p ri s on ers w e re a c tu a lly guilty a l l w ere ,
guilty in in ten tio n . Th e a ff a ir w a s reg a rd ed a s a

s ugg e s tiv e w a rn i n g a n d i n th e futu re th e in s u rg en ts
,
did n ot re c eive o r e xp ect a s s i s ta n c e fro m thei r fri en ds

i n Gra n a d a .
O n c e more th e fla me s o f w a r w ere kin dl ed i n th e

Sierras a n d th e s cen es o f in di s crimin a te bu tchery were
,
res um e d Th e p ow er o f I b n Omm ey a h s tren g th e n ed

.
-
,
by th ou s a n d s o f d es p era te m en fle ei n g from p ers e

c uti on by th e m o n fis by th e c ors a i rs a n d by n um b ers
, , ,
o f s a v a g e a dv en tu rers fro m th e n o rth e rn c oa s t o f
Afric a n o w bec a m e more fo rmid a ble th a n ever Th a t

,
.
p ower h e ex erci s e d with fero ci ou s s ev erity Th e d is .
c i li n e o f h i s t roops w a s imp ro ve d M a ra udin g

p .
pa rties o f Ch ri s ti a n s fro m th e prin cip a l citi es were

s u rp ri s e d a n d c u t to pi e c es P ro min en t o ffici a ls w h o
.
h a d ven tu re d to a dvo c a te s urren d er were p ro mptly

ex ecu te d f o r tre a s on Th e di s c ou ra gin g a n d hith erto
.
ho pele s s ta s k o f en lis tin g th e s ymp a thy a n d a id o f

th e M oh a mme d a n p rin c es o f F ez a n d Algi ers w a s
re s um e d b u t with n o b ette r p ros p e c t o f s ucce s s th a n
,
be fo re .
P hilip fully in fo rmed o f th e i n ca p a ci ty a n d mu

,
tu a l di s trus t o f th o s e hitherto ch arge d wi th th e go v

e rnm en t o f G ra n a d a n ow d etermi n e d to c omm it th e
,
s ub j e c ti on o f th e reb el s to a g en era l wh os e ra n k a n d
ta l en ts wo uld c omm a n d th e o b e di en c e a n d ch e ck th e
in s ubordi n a ti on o f th e ill di s ciplin e d b a n d s compo s in g
-
th e bul k o f th e S p a n is h a rmy D on J ohn o f Au s tri a

.
,
hi s h a lf b roth e r th e n a tu ra l s o n o f Ch a rles V a y o uth

-
,
.
,
who s e Oppo rtun iti es h a d a s y et give n li ttle in dic ati on

o f th e mili ta ry g en iu s h e p os s es s e d b u t i n wh o m d i s ,
c ern in g eyes h a d a lre a dy p erc eive d th e e xi s ten c e o f

th o s e b rilli a n t qu a liti es s ub s e qu en tly di s pla y e d with
s uch lu s tre a t L e p a n to w a s a s s ig n e d to th e c o mm a n d
,
.
Th e grea tes t en thu s i a s m w a s a ro u s e d by thi s a p .
p o i ntmen t N o bles a n d p ea s a n ts a like a mbitio u s o f

.
,
s ervin g u n de r a p ri n c e o f th e bl oo d fl o ck e d by h un ,
d re ds to th e ro y a l s ta n d a rd Th e n ew c o mm a n der
.
,
a lth ough i n e xp e ri en c e d p erfe cte d hi s a rran g ements

,
with all th e c a uti on a n d s kill o f a vetera n Th e a rmy .
w a s th o ro ughly reo rg a n iz ed D i s o rder w a s che cked

. .
O u tl a w s a n d b egga rs w ere expelle d fro m th e ca mp .
A s f a r a s th e a nn oyin g fe ud a l regul a ti on s would

p ermit dis cipli n e w a s en fo rc ed
, Lic en s e d brig.
a n d a e which h a d d on e s o much to d es tro y th e effi

g ,
c i en cy o f th e troo p s w a s pun i s h e d with imp a rti al

,
rig o r . Un d er th e s e imp ro ve d c on di tion s th e a rmy ,
which h a d hith erto res emble d a di s o rderly m ob n ow ,
a s s um e d th e a pp ea ra n c e o f a c o mp a ct a n d f ormid a bl e
fo rc e M ean while th e in s u rg en ts h a d n ot b een idl e

.
,
.
I n s truc te d by e xp eri en ce an d a dvers i ty I b n O mm e ,

-
y a h in tro duc e d m a n y n e c es s a ry re fo rm s i n to h i s civil

an d milita ry a dmin i s tra ti on ; purch a s e d a rms in
Africa ; in vi te d th e pres en c e o f c ors a i rs ; pro cured
s uppli es ; an d dividin g hi s terri to ry i n to di s tricts
,
wh os e a rra n g em en t fa cili tate d mutu a l s upp ort an d

de fen c e a wa ite d wi th res olution a n d c on fiden c e the
,
a pp ro a ch o f th e en e my Th e firs t o p era tion s o f the

.
c a mp a ign were favora ble to th e M ori s c oe s wh os e ,

ra t h er to s a crific e th eir p ers on a l pro p erty ; a n d then

, ,
di vide d in to s e vera l c omp a n i es ea ch es c orte d by a ,
s tron g g u a rd th ey b eg a n th e ir j ourn ey to w a rd s c en
,
tra l An d a lus i a E s trem a dura a n d C a s til e whith er f o r

, , , ,
purp os es o f s ecurity it h ad b een d e cide d to c on duc t

,
th em .
Th e e xiles were a b out el ev en th o u s a n d in n u mb er .
Th ey i n clude d th e des c en da n ts o f th e wea lthi es t a n d

n o bl es t M oo ri s h f a m ili es o f G ra n a d a a n d in d ee d o f , , ,
th e en tire P en in s ul a M a n y o f th em tra c e d th eir

.
a n c es try b a ck to th e p ri n c ely f a mili es o f th e kh a li fa te .
e mi n en t a li k e f o r in tell e c tu a l a cc o mp l i s hm en ts a n d
mili ta ry ren own .I n th e i r k e ep in g were th e a n ci en t

tra di ti on s o f th e i r ra c e ; th e ra re m e mori a ls o f th e
M o s lem c on qu es t a n d d omin ati o n ; th e re mn a n ts o f
Ar a bic li tera ture which h a d e s c a p e d th e des tru ctive
z ea l o f Xi m en es a n d th e exh a u s tive s ea rch of pryin g
a lgu a zil s a n d in qui s ito rs Th eir h o u s es s till di s pla ye d
.
th e s plen did d e c ora ti ons p e culi a r to th e p a h n y d a ys

o f th e emi ra te ; ma rbl e h a ll s a n d a l a b a s ter f oun ta in s ;
h a n gi n gs o f emb os s e d a n d gilde d lea th er ; s tucc oes

th a t in e l eg a n c e o f d es ign a n d d e lic a cy o f e x e cuti on
e qu a ll e d th o s e o f th e Al h a mb ra I n th e V eg a were .
ma n y e s ta tes cul tiva te d by th ei r de p en d en ts which

, ,
re turn e d e a ch y e a r a l a rg e a n d p ro fita bl e in c o m e All .
O f th es e la n d e d p o s s es s i on s were un c eremo n i o us ly
a pp ro p ri a te d by th e S p a n ia rd s a n d th e p ers on a l ,
e ff e c ts s old by th e e xi l es yi eld e d s c a rc ely a tith e o f
th ei r va lu e. D riven by fo rc e from th ei r h omes a n d ,
des p oile d o n e very s id e th e M ori s c oes pu rs u e d th eir

,
s orrowful w a y . R ea re d in c o mfo rt a n d a fflu en c e a n d

a ccu s to m e d to lux u ry th e y w ere ill fitted f o r a l o n g
,
-
a n d to il s o m e j o u rn ey F ew o f th e multitud e th a t
.
s ta rte d a rriv e d a t th e i r d es ti n a ti on Th e h a rd s hip s .
in cid en t to tra vel a n d e xp os ure to th e bu rn in g h eat

p ro ved fa ta l to hun dre ds M an y expired fro m grie f.
,
fro m hu n g er fro m di s ea s e O th ers were wanto n ly

,
.
killed by th eir gu ards wh o plun dered with out h es i

, ,
ta n ey o r c o mpun cti o n b oth th e livin g a n d th e d ea d

,
.
Wh en this s ource o f pro fit w a s e xh a u s ted th e s tron g ,
es t m en a n d th e m o s t a ttra ctiv e wo men w ere s o ld a s
Sla ves Th e c on diti on o f th e f ew s urvivo rs wh o a r

.
rive d a t S evill e w a s s o d e pl ora bl e th a t e ven th e com
pas s i on o f e ccles i a s tics whos e h ves h ad b een pas s ed

,
i n th e i n flicti on o f p ers e cuti on a n d to rture w a s ex ,
cited Th e greater p ortion o f th e in h a bitan ts h ow

.
,
ever reg a rd e d th es e victim s o f tyra n n y with in di ff er

,
en c e o r cu ri os ity Th e s u ff e rin g s o f ten d er y o uth o f

.
,
de cre pit a ge o f bea uty i n di s tres s a wa ken e d n o s y m

, ,
p athy ; an d if a n y fe elin gs were exhibite d by th e

thron gs th a t l i n e d th e highwa ys a lon g which un d er ,
a s c orchin g s un th e fa in tin g e xile s s ta gg ered th ey

, ,
were th os e o f bitter en mity a n d o f e xultati on at th e

mi s fo rtun es o f heretic s w h o h a d fo rfeite d all title to
hum a n i ty through th e i nh erited blo o d o f a des pi s ed
a n d c on qu ere d ra c e .
No b en e fici a l con s equ en ce s res ulte d from thi s m ea s

u re as cru el a s i t w as un wi s e
, Th e in s urg en ts con
.
ti n u ed th ei r d e p re d a ti on s Ev ery s tra ggl er w a s kille d ;

.
a n d n o fo ra gin g p a rty wh o s e fo rc e w a s l es s th a n th a t
o f a re gim en t c ou ld h o p e to retu rn Th e M ori s coes

.
by d egrees b eca me more da rin g a n d it w a s n o lon ger

,
s a fe f o r in dividu a l s to ven tu re b ey o n d th e limits o f
th e c a mp Th e en c o un ters were a ll to th e a dva n ta ge

.
O f th e reb els ; a n d th e great city o f Alm eria by th e ,
meres t a cciden t e s ca p ed fa llin g in to thei r h a n d s Th e

,
.
la tter h o wever were n ot on ly un a ble to co p e with th e

, ,
en ti re p ow e r o f th e S p a n i s h mo n a rchy b u t w ere e ve n
,
un pro vide d with th e mean s n e c es s a ry f o r th e reten

ti on o f th ei r p a ltry con qu es ts Even i n a s itu a ti on
.
wh ere un ity w a s more th a n ever in di s p en s a ble to s elf

pres erv a ti on th e i rre pres s ible ten den cy o f th e Ara b
,
min d to fa cti on a l di s turba n ce b eg an to ma n ifes t its elf .
N i n e c en tu ri es o f n a tion a l di s a s ter h a d b een in s uffi

ci en t to re p res s th e trib a l h a tre d a n d th e thirs t f or

p riva te ven g ean c e which h a d s a pp e d th e vita l ity a n d
fin a lly to rn in to fra gm en ts th e rea h n o f a v a s t a n d
s plen did e mpire Th e M oo r w a s in c a p a bl e o f p ro fit
.
i n g b y e xp eri en c e Th e l a w o f re p ri s a l th a t a ccurs e d
. ,
le g a cy o f hi s B e douin fo re fa th ers h a d n ever b een ,
los t s igh t o f e ven a mid s t a ll th e culture a n d a l l th e

wi s do m o f hi s civiliz ati on I t w a s th e mo s t p o werful
.
a n d e ff e c tive w ea p on th a t h i s en emi es p o s s es s e d a n d ,
i t w a s etern a lly u s e d to h i s p re j udic e To i ts a i d th e .
R e con qu es t w a s f a r mo re in d ebted th a n to th e en ergy

o f Al f on s o VI or to th e c ra ft o f F e rdi n a n d th e
.
C a tho lic I t w on more b attles th an a l l th e c on qu er

.
in g s o ve re ign s fro m P el a y u s to I s a b ell a No C as .
tili a n p ri n c e h a d ev er fa il e d to re c o g n iz e i ts im p o r
ta n c e o r to p ro fit by i ts emplo ym en t A n d n ow i n .
,
th e rem ote Al p u j a rras th e l a s t res ort o f M oori s h

,
va lor a n d ambitio n i t w a s a g a in to b e wi e lded with

,
e ven m ore f a ta l a n d d em o ra lizin g e ff e c ts th a n h a d
e v er m a r ke d i ts u s e s in c e th e tro ublou s e p o ch which

foll ow ed th e d e clin e o f th e Omm ey a d e s up rem a cy .
Th e p o pula rity o f I b n Omm ey a h h a d o f l a te

-
grea tly s u ff ere d thro ugh th e s tric tn es s o f th e d is

c i p l i n e which h e h a d i n a ugu ra te d a n d th e o pp res s ive
a cts o f hi s a dvi s ers f or th e m os t p a rt m en o f ob s cure

,
li n ea ge a n d g ra s pi n g a va ric e Th e s oldi ers a ccu s

.
,
tom ed to th e e x erci s e o f th e gre ate s t free d o m i n th eir

c on duct a n d in th ei r treatmen t o f th e en emy viewe d ,
wi th un con c ea le d di s gu s t th e re s tra in ts to which th ey

were s ubj e cte d I n th e c ou n cillors o f th e ir kin g th e
.
,
rich M ori s c oes w h o h a d fo rfe i ted th e ir liv e s a n d ex

,
p en d e d th eir trea s ure in s u s ta in in g h i s p reten s i on s .
s a w a b a n d o f robb ers w h o a bu s e d th e o pp o rtu n iti es

,
o f th ei r p o s iti on s f o r th e i r o wn p ecu n i a ry b en efit .
E s p eci a lly w ere th os e wh o s e w ea lth m a d e th e m con

s p i cu ou s th e Obj e cts o f th e s e lfi s h a n im a dve rs i on o f
th es e b a s e b orn Offici a l s
-
No p ers o n o f emi n en c e
.
,
d en tl y dis cl os ed by h er ma s ter a ro u s e d th e curi o s ity

,
a n d in fl a m e d th e d es i res o f I b n Omm ey a h C o n s id -
.
e ra ti on s o f p oli cy o r j u s tic e were o f trifli n g m o m en t
wh ere th e un go vern a ble p a s s i on s o f th e M oo ri s h kin g

were c on cern e d ; th e s la ve w a s rudely a ppro p ri ated
with ou t a p o lo gy o r c o mp en s a ti o n ; a n d thi s a rbitra ry
in v a s i on o f th e rights o f a s ubj e ct ra i s e d u p f or I bn
Omm ey a h a n impl a c a ble en emy Th e a mbi ti on o f .
th e b ea u tiful Za h ra w h o a s pi re d to th e p o s iti on o f
,
S ulta n a w a s di s a ppo in ted by h er c o n tin u a n c e in a n

,
in feri or ra n k a n d h er h o p es thu s blas te d Sh e foun d

, , ,
i n h er fo rm er m as ter a pli a n t a n d s ervic ea ble i n s tru

men t o f rev en g e Th e s upport o f o th er ma lc onten ts
.
,
di s s a ti s fie d wi th th e cruelty an d a rro ga n c e o f thei r

ki n g w a s rea dily s e cu re d ; th e fea rs o f th e royal
,
gu a rd o f s i x hun dre d Tu rks were e xcited by a n i n

g en i ou s bu t di s cre dita bl e s tra ta g em ; a n d I b n Om
-
, ,
meya h to rn fro m th e a rm s o f h is wo men a n d thrown

,
in to pri s on p eri s h e d mi s era bly b e fore morn i n g a t the

,
h a n ds o f th e e x e cuti on er H i s d ea th s ee me d n o t en
.
ti rel y u n j u s tifi a ble f o r h e p ro cl a ime d with h i s las t

,
brea th his s e cret a n d u n s h a ken belie f i n th e Chri s ti a n

re l igi on Th e hyp o cri s y which f o r th e s a k e o f lux
.
, ,
u ry a n d p o we r c o uld f e ig n a tta chm en t to a cree d th a t

,
up on th e s lightes t pretext it w a s rea dy to b etra y w as ,
n o t u n w o rthily pu n i s h e d by th e trea che ry o f a s l a ve .
I b n Abu a c ou s in o f I b n Ommey a h s ucc e e d ed to th e

-
,
-
,
e mp ty h o n o rs a n d d a n g ero u s res p on s ibiliti e s o f a to t
terin g th ro n e Th e treas ure s o f th e p a l a c e a n d th e

.
s era gli o were divid e d a m o n g th e c on s pi ra tors Th e .
gu a rd s wh o s e fidelity to th e n ew a dmin i s tration w as

,
s u s p e cte d were di s b a n de d ; th e un p o pul a r offici a ls

, ,
d e prive d o f th e p o wer which th ey h a d a bu s e d a n d th e

wea lth which th ey h a d a ccumula ted b y e xtorti on a n d
p erfid y w ere d es p oil e d a n d exile d ; a n d th e n ew Kin g
, ,
cro wn e d a t L an j a r with a ll th e p o mp which th e lim

i ted res ou rc es th a t a fugitiv e c o urt a n d a n im p over
i s h ed trea s ury c ould co mm a n d a s s um e d with a n a p , ,
p ea ra n ce o f c on fiden c e th e di re cti on o f a g o ve rn men t

,
divide d a ga in s t its elf a n d c on fron ted with th e c om

b i n e d a n d res is tles s p o wer o f th e S p a n i s h mo n a rch y .
I bn Abu wh en i n v es te d with th e ro ya l dign ity o f

-
, ,
wh o s e pre ca ri o u s cha ra cter h e w a s p erfectly a wa re ,
b u t wh o s e a cc ep ta n ce h e w a s a fra id to re fu s e w a s f a r ,
p as t th e p rime o f life I n th e c ours e o f a n ev en tful

.
a n d ro m a n tic c a reer h e h a d u n derg o n e m a n y e xciti n g

,
a n d h a z a rd o u s e xp e ri en ces Fro m his youth iden

.
ti fie d wi th th e p a rty h os tile to th e Ch ri s ti a n s hi s ,
fid elity to th e M o s lem c a u s e h a d b een s everely tes ted

o n n um ero u s o cc a s i o n s Implic a te d with th e m on fis
.
,
h e h a d s ubmitte d to torture a n d h a d b e en s en t to th e
galleys rather th a n b etra y h i s c omra des Aga in f or .
,
re fu s i n g to di s cl o s e th e hidi n g pl a ce o f hi s s o vereig n
-
,
h e w a s s ubj e cted to a s h o ckin g a n d in d es criba ble mu

til a ti o n. H i s s u ff erin gs h a d con firm e d h i s lo ya lty a n d
in ten s ifie d hi s h a tred ; th e n obl e qu a lities with which
h e w as en d o we d e n d ea red him to his c oun trymen ; b u t
hi s in d e ci s io n h i s la ck o f en e rgy a n d hi s i n a bility to
, ,
pro fit by th e mea n s a t hi s di s p os a l in th e pre s en c e o f

an
y s udden e xigen cy u n fitted him f o r th e p o s iti o n o f
res p on s ibility to which h e h a d b e en s o u n exp ecte dly
promoted I n s pite o f th e di s a dva n ta ge s un der which

.
h e la bo red h e ho wev er s oon pl a c ed hi s fo rc e s up on a

, , ,
more e ff e ctive footin g a n d h i s p o s ition w as greatly

,
s tren g th en e d by th e di s co rd o f h i s en e mi es .
Th e re fo rms i n a ugura te d by D o n J o hn o f Au s tri a

p ro ve d imp ra ctic a bl e when th eir full imp ort be ca me
kn own to th e s oldiers a n d th ey bega n to e xp eri en ce
th e in c on v en i en c es a tten d a n t up on mili ta ry res tra in t .
F eud a l cu s toms a l s o in terfered wi th th e en forc emen t

o f di s ciplin e ; a n d th e lo rds fea rful o f a retren ch
,
men t o f the i r own privil eges i n dulged thei r vas s als ,
i n a cts o f ra pin e p rejudici a l to th e well b ei n g o f th e -
en ti re a rmy Th e qu a rre l s a n d recri rn in a ti on s o f th e

.
M a rqui s d e M o n dej a r a n d th e M a rqui s d e l os Ve lez ,
s o f a r from b ein g ex ti n gui s h e d by th e a pp o in tm en t
o f a c om m a n d er i n chi e f - -
b e c a me mo re a ggra va te d
,
a n d vi o l en t th a n ev er Th e p o w er o f th e l a tter w a s
.
h a mp ere d by c on tra dictory o rders from M a drid and ,
th e p ro s e cuti on o f en erg etic m ea s u re s w a s preven te d

by in c es s a n t a n d a crim on i ou s di s putes A s s o on a s .
th e p ro s p e c t o f b ooty w a s dimin i s h ed th e a rmy w a s ,
th rea ten e d wi th di s s o luti on D es erti on s were s o c om

.
mon a n d th eir e ff e ct w a s s o de m ora lizin g th at all re

vi ews were a ba n don e d i n order th a t th e en emy mi ght
,
n o t b e c o m e a cqu a i n te d with th e di mi n i s h e d n umb ers
o f th e i r a n ta g o n i s ts S c o res o f offic ers were c a s hi ere d

.
f o r p e cul a ti on ; b u t th eir s ucc es s o rs un in ti mid a te d by

,
th e p en a lty fo llo w e d wi th out h es ita ti o n th e ir d i s

, , ,
gra c e ful e x a mple I n th e m a rk ets o f th e ci ty th e

.
,
go vern men t s upplies were publicly e xpo s e d f or s ale

by th e c om mi s s a ri es Th e c a mp w a s fil le d with s pi es
. .
No t o n ly h a d m an y M oris co es en li s te d with th e ob j ect

o f b etra yi n g th e i r c o m ra d es b u t th e S p a n i a rds th em
,
s elv es c on s ta n tly s o ld b oth o ffici a l s e crets a n d a rms to
th e reb el s .E n ti re g a rri s on s mutin i e d b e c a u s e o f th e

n e c es s a ry p re c a u ti on s in s ti tu te d by th ei r co n un a n d ers ;
a n d i t w a s n ot un u s u a l f o r p a rti es o rg a n iz e d f o r rob
b ery to lea v e th eir p o s ts in vi o la ti on o f th e e xpres s

ord e rs o f th e g en era l O f th e s e m a ra uders f ew re
.
turn ed b u t th ei r f a te fa il e d to d eter oth ers ; th e l ov e

,
o f plu n der p re v a il e d o v er e v ery other in c en tive ; a n d
th e s a fety o f th e tro o p s w a s o ften j eo p a rdiz e d by th e

mi s c on duct o f un prin cipled a dven turers wh os e in s o ,
len c e a n d i n s ubordin ati o n e ven th e high es t a uth ority

s ee m e d un a bl e to re s tra in Th es e brea ch es o f o rder
.
a n d di s ciplin e w ere by n o m e an s c o n fin e d to th e ra n k s ;
ev ery g ra d e o f th e mili ta ry w a s a ff e c te d ; a n d n o l es s
a p ers on a g e th a n th e M a rqui s d e l o s V ele z him s e lf
a s s um e d th e righ t to a c t i n d e p en d en tly o f th e c om
m an d er in chie f an d to di s re g ard a ll orders from

- -
,
d omin a n t prin ciple which a ctua te d th e min d s o f th o s e

w h o di re cte d th e c a mp a ig n Tha t to wn s itu a te d upon
.
,
a n i s o l a te d ro ck w a s on e o f th e m o s t s tron gly fo rtifie d

,
pl a ce s in S pa in I n a dditi on to i ts p o s iti on its fa cili

. ,
ti es f or d e fen c e w e re e xc e ll en t I ts g a rri s on w a s com

.
p os ed o f three th ou s a n d veteran s I ts s uppli es were .
a mple a n d th e p rud e n ce o f I b n A b u wh o fully a p -

, ,
ec i a t d i t v lu h a d l o n g b e fo re fill e d to ov erfl ow
p r e s a e ,
i n g i ts m a g a zi n e a n d i ts a rs en a l Tw o fa lc on ets .
,
o n e o f which h a d b een c a p ture d fro m th e M a rqui s
d e l os V elez d e fe n d ed th e c a s tl e a n un u s u a l a d v a n
, ,
ta g e f o r th e M o ri s c oe s we re g en e ra lly u n p ro vi ded
,
e v e n wi th s uch i n s ig n ific a n t a rtill ery A c on c ea led .
g a llery cu t thro ugh th e m oun ta in a n d ex ten din g ,
belo w th e b ed o f th e river a t its b a s e p rovide d th e ,
in h a bita n ts wi th wa ter wh o s e ex i s ten c e un kn own to

, ,
th e en emy m a d e i ts d es tructi on imp o s s ibl e

,
I n a ddi .
ti on to th e g a rri s on th e w a ll s o f G a l era s h e ltered a

,
p o pul a tion o f fiv e th ou s a n d in cludin g res id en ts an d

,
re fug ees .
E very pre c a uti on th a t s kill a n d exp erien c e could

s ugg es t h a d b ee n a d o p te d to s tren gth en th e d e fen c e s
o f a pl a c e re g a rde d a s a l rea dy imp re g n a ble B a rri .
c a des were ere cte d a t fre qu en t in terva l s i n th e s treets ,
a n d b etw een th e m th e h o u s e s w ere pi e rc e d wi th o p en
i n gs to fa cilitate c ommun ica ti on a n d a ff ord mean s

,
o f re trea t Th e to wn built i n terra c e s up on th e

.
,
s l o pin g ro ck o ff e re d a n a s c en di n g s eri es o f li n e s o f
,
re s i s ta n c e .Th o s e o rdin a rily c on s idere d a s n on com -
b a ta n ts we re a n im a ted by a s pirit o f d etermin a ti on

e qu a l , if n ot s up eri o r to th a t o f th e ga rri s on and
, ,
th e i r p res en c e p ro mi s e d to b e a n imp orta n t a id rath er

th a n a d ra wb a ck i n th e imp en di n g c o n tes t .
Twelve th ou s a n d m en co mma n de d by D on J oh n
,
o f Au s tri a i n p ers on in ves te d G a lera o n th e eigh

,
teen th d a y o f J a n u a ry 1 5 70 Th e a pp ro a ch es to th e
, .
to wn were d e fen d ed with s tubb orn res olu ti o n Wh en .

fo rce d behi n d th e wa ll s i t b ec a me evid en t tha t th e

,
po s ition o f th e M oris co es w as s o s tron g tha t o rdin ary

meth o ds o f a s s ault mu s t pro ve u s eles s Min in g w as .
th e re fo re res o rte d to ; a n d a p as s a g e termi n a tin g ,
u n d er th e cita del w a s cu t with i n fin ite troubl e through

,
th e s olid ro ck A s s oon a s it w as c o mplete d a s to rm

.
,
i n g p a rty w a s d eta ile d f or th e a tta ck a n d th e e x p l o ,
s i o n o f fo rty fiv e b a rrel s o f gun p o wde r a n n ou n c e d

-
th a t th e mi n e h a d b e en s p ru n g Little d a ma ge w as
.
d o n e to th e c a s tle however ; th e wa ll s rema i n e d in

,
ta ct ; a n d th e S p a n i a rds were d riv en b a ck wi th h e a vy

lo s s Tw o o th er mi n es were o p en ed a n d e xplo d e d
.
,
a n d th ree a s s a ul ts w ere m a d e s imulta n eo u s ly On e .
expl os i on e ff e c te d s om e in j u ry b u t th e ruin s ra i s e d
,
by th e o th er c oun tera cted it ; th e lo s s o f th e i n s u r

g en ts w as triflin g ; a n d a ga in th e S p a n i a rd s s u s ta in e d
a bl oo dy a n d s eri ou s re pul s e .
An oth er ch arge i n which th e b es i eg ers — i n fu ri a te d

,
by th e fa ll o f th eir g en era l wh o w a s s truck by a

,
bullet which h i s a rmo r o f p roo f fo rtun a tely de fle cte d

— s uccee d e d i n p a s s in g th e ra mp a rts p ro cure d f or ,
th em a dmi s s i on i n to th e s treets H ere th ey were m et

.
by s c arc ely l es s formida ble o b s ta cl es a n d the ir a d ,
va n ce w a s foot by fo ot c on tes ted

, , Am id s t th es e .
frightful s c en es th e p eo ple o f G a lera vi ed i n g a l

,
la n try with th e s o ldiers o f th e ga rri s on O ld m en .
fought bra vely in th e fo remo s t lin e f or th e pres erva

ti o n o f th e i r h o mes Th e woun d e d a n d dyin g re
.
ce i ve d th e g ra te ful mi n i s tra ti on s o f de lic a te wo m e n ,
wh o fea rl e s s ly e xp os ed th em s elve s to fire i n th e d i s

ch arge o f th e Offic es o f mercy Even children o f
.
ten d er yea rs u n di s ma ye d by th e s mok e a n d d i n o f

,
b a ttle c a rried mi s s iles to re p el th e en emy Th e co n

,
.
tes t s oon a s s um e d th e ch a ra cter o f a h a n d to h a n d - -
en co un te r. Th e b a rrica d e d s treets th e b a ttl emen ted ,
hou s es — built o f s ton e an d wi th f ew O p en in gs

ch eck ed a t ea ch s te p th e progres s o f th e a s s a ilan ts .
F or n n e ho u rs with in c es s an t fury th e b attle ra ged

i .
A t l en gth th e s u rvi vors w ere driven in to a n a n gle o f

th e fo rtific a ti on s fro m wh en c e th ere w a s n o es c a p e .
H ere in th e fa c e o f a relen tles s f o e th e M ori s coes

, ,
m a de th ei r fin a l s tan d wi th out th e h o p e o f clemen cy

,
o r th e fe a r o f d ea th Youn g girls di ed s ci meta r in

.
,
h an d with a res olu ti on foreign to th ei r a ge a n d s ex

,
.
F a th ers d elib era tely kille d th eir wives an d children ,
a n d th en ru s h e d fo rw a rd to p eri s h on th e w ea p on s o f
th e S p a n i a rd s Even th e v etera n s o f I ta ly a ccu s

.
,
tom e d to th e a tro ci ti e s ch a ra c teri s tic o f th e w a rs o f

th e s ix teen th cen tu ry were s icken e d by th e frigh tful
,
c a rn a ge Th e p o pula ti on w a s a lmo s t a n n ih ila ted

. .
O f eight th o u s a n d p ers on s w h o h a d c omp os e d it ,
fifteen hu n dre d women a n d children a lo n e s urvived

th e fin a l a s s a ult which n o t i n clu s iv e o f th e los s es o f
, ,
th e b e s i e g ers c o s t thi rty s i x hun d re d liv e s

,
-
Th e a v a .
ric e o f th e vic to rs h a d s p a re d f o u r hu n dre d h elpl es s
c a ptives wh om D on J ohn o f Au s tri a en ra ge d a t th e

, ,
c a s u a lti es which his a rmy h a d s u ff ere d c a u s e d to b e ,
butch ered in h i s pre s en c e I n thi s di a bo lica l ma s s a cre

.
th e h a lb erdi ers o f th e ro y a l gu a rd took a c on s picu ou s

p a rt en c oura ge d by th e a ppro vi n g g es tures o f their
,
c omm an d er wh o rega rde d with pi ou s c ompla c en cy

,
th e e x termin a ti o n o f th e s e reb elli ou s in fid el s .
Th e s i eg e o f G a l era i s m em o ra bl e n ot on ly on a c ,
co un t o f th e g a ll an try o f th e d e fen c e b u t a ls o from ,
th e fa c t th a t i t i n dic a tes th e tru e b egin n in g o f th e

milita ry c a reer o f th e future h ero o f L e p a n to While .
i n rea lity re fle cti n g b u t little c re dit up on th e rep uta

ti on o f th a t p rin c e th e p o pul a rity h e a cquire d by th e
,
a chi ev e m en t di s cl o s es th e m o ra l p ervers ity o f th e p ub
lic min d in th a t fa n a tic a l a g e Not a word w a s uttered .
i n c en s u re o f th e s a va ge vin dictiven es s dire cte d a g a in s t

th e a g e d a n d th e h e lpl es s a cl a s s wh os e c on diti on
,
a pp ea l s to th e m o s t g e n ero u s im pul s e s o f m a n kin d ,
bu t wh o s e fate w a s u n iv ers a lly a ppl a ude d by bigots

in e very di o ce s e wh os e memb ers by th e purch a s e of

, ,
i n dulgen c es c ould thu s perfo rm a s ervic e o f s ign al

,
merit to th e C hurch a n d a t th e s a me ti me s e cure , ,
a b s o lu ti on f o r th ei r s in s Th e s ch eme p ro ve d rem a rk
.
a bly s ucc es s ful ; a n d l a rg er s um s w ere e v en tu a lly
c o llecte d th an th os e yi elde d by th e s a le o f Similar

c on c es s i on s i s s u e d f or thi s pu rp os e dire ctly from the
H oly S ee .
P a p a l in fluen ce a t th at tim e p redomi n an t in E u

,
ro p ea n p o litic s h a d ,
immedi a tely a fter th e s tormi n g
,
o f G a l e ra ten de re d to th e Au s tri a n p rin c e th ro ugh

, ,
P hilip th e pla ce o f g en era li s s imo o f th e H oly

,
L ea gu e a ga in s t th e Turk s Th e v a s t in tern ationa l .
in tere s ts which d e p en d e d up on th e p ro p er e x ercis e o f

thi s o ffic e c ould n ot b e n e glecte d or th ei r p rotecti on
de ferre d u n til a fter m a n y mon th s h ad b een c o n s um ed
in s upp res s in g th e rev olt o f a f ew th ou s a n d reb els .
By th a t time th e O ttoma n fleet wo uld h a ve obta i n ed

th e s up rem a cy o f th e M e diterra n e a n a n d a n i nn u~ ,
m era bl e h o rde o f bloo dthi rs ty fa n a tic s h a ve d e s c en ded

upon th e c on tin en t o f Euro p e While military pres .
tige w a s p res um a bly e s s en ti a l to on e a cc e ptin g a p os i

ti on o f s uch res p on s ibili ty a n d p o w er th e ri s k s were ,
too g rea t a n d th e field too n a rro w to s eek i t in a c a m
p a i g n o f s uch do ubtful res ults a s th a t a g a in s t th e

M ori s c oe s P ere mptory orders were s en t D on J ohn
.
to h a s ten by dipl om a cy wh a t i t h a d b een d emon s tra ted

wo uld b e both difficult an d tedi ou s to s e cu re by a rms .
An attempt w a s th ere fore m a de to corrupt th e fidelity

o f F ern a n d o a l H a b a u i th e fa v orite c oun cil lo r of
q
- -
,
I b n Abu wh os e w i s d o m a n d dis c ernm ent li ke th os e

-
, ,
o f m a n y s ta te s m en o f hi s tim e w ere s up eri or to h i s ,
p a tri o ti s m a n d i n te g rity I n v a riou s i ntervi ews

.
,
n omi n a lly a pp o in te d f or p urp o s es re l atin g to th e ex
ch a n ge o f pri s on ers th e c o o p era tion of th i s in fl u

,
-
en ti a l p ers o n a g e w a s Ob ta i n e d ; h e w a s p romi s e d a n
un c on diti on a l p a rd on ; a n d th e l iv es of thos e who s ur

ren dered volun tarily were to b e s p ared A s s econ d .
i n c o mm a n d h e w a s en a bled to con tro l a l a rg e exten t

,
o f territo ry i n th e a cc ompli s hm en t o f h i s trea ch erou s
des ign ; a ll th e d eta chmen ts o f M ori s co troo p s out

s id e th e Alpuj a rra s a n d within h i s j u ri s dicti on w ere
s udden ly wi thdra wn ; th e di s m a ye d i n h a bi ta n ts w ere
a b a n d on e d to th ei r fa te ; m a n y o f tho s e tak e n w ere
reduc e d to s l a v e ry o r s en t to th e g a lle ys ; s om e s u c
ceed ed i n es c a pi n g to th e m o un ta in s ; a n d th e e n ti re
di s trict o f th e River Al ma n z o ra thus driven to s ub

,
mi s s ion yi eld ed s uch a multitude o f c a ptives tha t th e

,
gen era l un a ble to fee d o r c on tro l them w a s com

, ,
p ell ed to lea v e them un mo l es te d un til a rra n g emen ts

coul d b e m a de f or thei r fin a l dis p os iti on A ro ya l
.
decree rec en tly promulga te d h ad ordere d th e remov a l

o f a ll th e M o ri s c oes o f th e l a tely c on qu ere d di s tricts
to C a s tile . Thi s m ea s ure n omin a lly a d o pted f or pub

,
lic s ecurity h a d i n fa ct its origin in more ign o ble

, , ,
motives ; in th e coun try o f th e in s urgen ts a c on s ider

a bl e n um b er o f M oo ri s h p ro p ri etors h a d s ucc ee d e d ,
a mids t th e g en era l c on fu s i on ,i n reta in in g th eir

e s ta tes ; a n d th e e ff e ctu a l m e a n s o f di s p o s in g o f ob
n o xi ou s n eighb ors by en forc e d mig ra tio n s h a d dem on
s tra ted i ts va lu e wh en th e M o ri s c oes o f th e A lb a y cin
h a d p eri s hed mi s era bly on th e highwa y s Th e u n

.
fortun ate victims o f s tate p o licy a n d religi ou s p er

s e cu ti on w ere s u rrou n d e d a n d h erd e d li k e c a ttl e ; th e ir
n u mb e r i s un re c ord e d b u t i t mu s t h a ve a m o un te d to
,
th ou s a n ds ; th e f ew e ff e cts which th ey p os s es s e d th ey
were g en erou s ly permi tte d to s ell f or a tri fle ; a n d ,
s h elterl es s a n d a h n os t n a k e d , th ey were di s tribute d

o ver th e d es erts o f L a M a n ch a wh ere th e s a va ge
,
pea s an try co n s iderin g th em a s in truders i n flic ted

, ,
up on thes e wretch e d exiles every outra ge which m a

li gn ity c ould devi s e o r la wles s n es s e x e cute Th e.
pres en ce o f th e M ori s c oes in C a s tile at th a t time a

,
rec en t even t n o d oubt s u gg es te d to th e ferti l e mi n d

,
of C ervan tes on e o f th e mo s t en terta in in g e pi s o des

i n th e cro wn in g m a s terpi ec e o f S p a n i s h li tera ture .
Th e rem a in in g M o ri s co s tro n gh old s con tra ry to ,
gen era l exp e ctati on a n d di s c oura g e d by th e trea s on

,
o f Al H a b a u i were f a r fro m e mul a ti n g th e h ero ic

-
q ,
e x a mpl e o f G a l era S ero n P u rch en a Tij ola all

.
, , ,
w ell f orti fied town s s ubmitte d without s eri ou s res i s t

-
,
an c e .N egoti a ti on s n ow a u th oriz e d by I b n Abu

,
-
,
were s till c a rrie d on with Al H a b a qu i wh o s e tre ach -

,
e ry d o es n ot s ee m to h a ve d es tro y e d th e h a rmon y
e xi s tin g b etw een hi m s elf a n d h i s s o vere ig n Th e .
im p a ti en ce o f D on J ohn f o r th e termin a ti on o f h os
tili ti es i n duc e d h i m to publi s h a p ro cl a m a ti on o f
p arti a l a n d c on diti on a l a mn e s ty I ts terms g ran ted .
life to a ll without di s tin cti on wh o within twen ty

, ,
da ys s h ould s u rren der ; pro mi s ed th a t men b etween

th e a g es o f fifteen a n d fifty wh o wi thi n th e s p e cified
,
time Sh o uld d eliv er to th e p ro p er offi ci a l s a n a rqu e

bu s e o r a c ro s s b ow s h ould n ot b e s o ld a s s la ves ; a n d
-
,
re qui re d th a t th e l ea d ers o f th e re v olt a n d s uch a s ,
were un willin g to take a dva n ta ge o f th e pro cla ma

ti on s h ould b e given up a s a n i n di s p en s a bl e p rel im i
,
n a ry to l en i en cy tow a rd s th o s e w h o s ubmitted The .
a mbigui ty which p erv a d e d th e d o cum en t c a u s e d it to
b e reg a rd e d wi th s u s picion a n d th e M ori s c o es w h o

, ,
h a d l ea rn e d by re p ea te d exp eri en c e th e duplicity o f

th ei r en emi es d e cli n e d to a cc e p t c on diti on s wh o s e un
,
c erta in ty o ff ered s uch in duce men ts to a bu s e an d mi s

con s tru cti on even if th ey h a d n ot been a ctu all y dra wn
,
up f or th a t purpos e .
Un a ble a n y lon ger to c o p e with h i s a dvers a ri es in

th e O p en fi eld I b n Ab u a d o pte d th e m ore e ff e ctive
,
-
p olicy o f gu erill a wa rfa re H i s a rmy divide d i n to

.
,
s tron g deta chments w a s p os te d a t a dva n ta geous

,
po in ts wh en c e th e o p era ti on s o f th e en emy c ould b e

O b s erv e d a n d c omm un ic a ti on ea s ily m a in ta in ed I n .
thi s w a y th e in v a ders w ere pla c e d a t a g reat di s a d

Thi s di s as ter c omp elle d a p re cipita te retreat a n d , ,
un mo les ted by th e en e my w h o h a d a mpl e o p p ortu

,
ni ti e s to in terc e p t th em th e S p a n i a rd s fe ll b a ck up on
,
Adra . S uch w a s th e ir d es p era te c on dition from

hun ger th at th e ga rden s an d orch a rd s in th e n e igh
b orh oo d were s trippe d o f ev erythin g e dibl e a n d th e ,
chron icles rela te th a t n ot even a lea f rema in ed Th e .
c a pture o f th e in s ign ific an t fortres s o f C a s til— de

F erro wh o s e g a rri s on n um bere d les s th a n a hun dre d
, ,
w a s th e on ly e xpl o it which rel i ev ed th e di s a s trou s

mon oton y o f th e D uk e o f S es a s ca mpa ign Th e ’
.
Al puj a rra s a lth ough s till o ccupi e d by th e M ori s coes

, ,
were pra ctica lly un ten a ble Every h os til e a rmy which
.
h a d en tere d th eir d efil e s h a d m a rke d with utter deva s

ta ti on a n a rea o f m a n y s qu a re lea gu es Th e fields
.
were la id wa s te Th e villa ges were burn ed I n f or

. .
m a ti o n o f th e hidden m a g a zin es o f th e inh a bitants

w a s s o ld by th ei r c oun trym en a n d th e s tores d es ti n ed
,
f or th e win ter w ere c a rri e d a wa y o r d es tro y ed At . ,
m a n y p o in ts th e p ea s a n try h a d s o ught re fug e i n c a ves .
I t w a s a fa vo rite di v ers ion o f th e S p a n i a rd s to s tifle

th es e wretch es wi th s mo k e l ik e s o ma n y wild a n ima ls
,
in their bu rro ws . Th e s u rvivo rs w ere hu n te d lik e

ga me through th e moun ta i n s On a Sin gle o cc a s ion
.
,
D on J o hn re ce iv e d a m o s t a cc e p ta ble gift o f four

hun dre d h ea d s a n d eleven hu n dre d ca ptives I t w a s .
a rem a rk a bl e circum s ta n c e when an y c on s idera ble

b o dy o f in s u rg en ts were ta k en f or in di s crimin ate
,
ma s s a cre w a s th e rule o f every c a mp a ign I t w a s .
c on s idere d a p e culi a rly pi ou s a n d meritoriou s a ction

to ran s o m p ri s on ers an d p res en t th em to th e I n quis i
ti on . Th e fa te f o r which th es e un fo rtun a te victims
were res erve d m a de th e mos t s h o ckin g en ormi ti es o f
o p en w a rfa re s eem trivi a l i n c o mp a ri s o n .
Th e rel a ti on s o f Al H a b a qu i with th e C hri s ti a n s

-
were n ow gen era lly kn own ; h i s in flu en c e w a s con

s ta n tl y s o licited by h i s c o un trym en ; a n d hi s p o w er
be c a m e great th a t even I bn Abu hims elf w a s c om

so -
p ell ed to p a y co urt to hi s mini s ter a n d c oun ten a n ce

,
pro ceedin gs o f which h e h ea rtily dis a pprove d to a vo id

in currin g th e h o s tili ty o f a fa vorite i n wh om w a s
pra ctica lly ves te d th e s upreme a utho ri ty Th e la tter .
con s id ere d tha t th e time h a d at la s t a rriv e d f or th e

con clu s i on o f his tre a s on a ble n e gotia ti on s With th e .
coun ten a n c e o f I bn Abu a n d a cc omp a n i e d by s even

-
,
teen M o ri s c o es o f ra n k h e m et th e c o mm i s s i o n ers o f
,
D on J o hn a t An d a ra x N othin g c a me o f th e con
.
feren ce b ut th e s e cret un ders tan din g between th e

,
min i s ter a n d th e S p an i a rds wa s c a rri ed ou t a s p re

a rra n g e d A n a dro it s ub s tituti on o f a do cu men t em
.
bo dyin g th e c on c es s i on s o f th e S p a n i a rds f or th e on e
con ta in in g th e d eman d s o f th e M o ri s c oes c ompleted
th e de c e p ti on o f th e la tter ; th e a rro g a n c e o f th e C a s
tili an s c a u s e d a wi thdra wa l o f th e en vo ys ; a n d A l
H ab a qui with a Sin gle c omp an i on a pp ea red b e fore
, ,
D on J ohn a n d i n th e n a me o f I b n Abu g a ve up hi s
,
-
,
ow n s cimeta r a n d a n s w ere d f o r th e s u rre n d er o f th e
i ns u rgen ts Thi s fa rc e h a d bu t little e ff e ct a n d w as

.
,
s p ee dily repudi a te d by th e M o ri s c o ki n g Th en Al .
H ab a qu i rec eiv e d eight hun dre d g old duc ats fro m th e

S pa ni s h g en era l with which to ra i s e a c omp a n y who s e
,
es p eci a l mi s s i on i t w a s to bri n g i n I b n Abu d ea d or -

,
a live. Th e p ro min en ce o f Al H a b a qu i h a d tu rn e d h i s
-
hea d H is impruden t bo a s ts betra ye d him ; h e w as

.
s e iz e d by th e Tu rks imp ri s o n e d a n d s tra n gl e d

, , Th e .
trea ty h e h a d n eg o ti a te d a t th e s a crific e o f ev ery prin

c i p le o f h o n o r a n d p a trioti s m di e d with him I bn .
Abu u s e d every e xp edi en t to kee p th e ex e cuti on o f

hi s trea ch erou s min is te r fro m o bta in in g publi city .
S till res o lve d on res i s tan ce h e ho p e d by temp orizin g

,
with th e en emy to pro cure b etter terms H i s res ou rces .
were by n o me a n s e xh a u s ted F ive thou s a n d well

.
e quipp e d v e tera n s w ere un der hi s c om ma n d H e .
en terta in ed h op es o f as s i s ta n c e from Afric a — th a t

ign i s fatun s o f every M o s lem revo luti on which prom ,
i s ed s o much a n d a lwa ys en d e d i n n othin g I n th e .
mea n time all w as un certa in ty i n th e Ch ri s ti a n c a mp .
Al th ough a f orm a l c a pitul a tion by a n a u th oriz ed

fun cti on ary h a d b een form a lly s ign e d n o in s u rg en ts ,
s urren d ere d Th e wh erea b outs o f A l H a b a qu i were

.
-
un kn o wn an d wh il e h i s death w a s un s u s p e cted hi s
, , ,
a b s en c e c o uld n ot b e expl a in ed Un d er a s a fe c on duct -

.
a n en vo y w a s d es p a tch e d to th e M o ri s c o ki n g ; h e s oon
a s c erta i n e d th e truth a n d c a rri e d b a ck a m es s a g e o f
de fia n ce P re p a ra ti on s were a t on c e ma d e f or a re
.
n e w a l o f h os tiliti es ; th e S p a n i s h a rmy i n th ree divi ,
s i on s
, a dva n c e d up on th e Alpuj a rra s fro m a s m a n y
di ff eren t dire cti on s a n d e very e ff o rt w a s e x erted to

,
clo s e th e w a r by a vig orou s ly pros e cu te d c a mp a ign .
Th e s i tu a ti o n o f I b n Abu n o w b ec a m e critic a l
-
Th e .
co un try i n which h e w a s c o mp elle d to O p erate h a d b een

s tripp e d o f e v erythin g th a t c ould s u s ta in life Much .
o f i t th a t a f ew y ea rs p re vi o u s ly e xh ibite d a high d e
g ree o f cultiva ti on h a d b een tra n s forme d in to a prime

v a l s o litud e wh ere on ly th e ch a rre d re mn a n ts o f on c e
,
flou ri s hin g s ettlem en ts a ttes ted th e former pres en c e

of man . H i s a rmy w a s di s c oura g e d by th e un rel ent
in g pu rs uit o f th e en emy A s u s u a l th e fa ithful ly
.
,
p romi s e d s upp ort from Afric a p ro v e d a d elu s i on .
Th e M o ori s h p rin ce s en t h i s broth er M oha mm ed ,
a l G a li p a a n e xp eri en c e d c a p ta i n to d i rec t th e i n s u r
'
-
, ,
re cti on i n th e S erra n i a d e R on d a B etra ye d by a

.
Chris ti a n guide wh o l ed him within th e S p a n i s h l in es

, ,
h e w a s kill e d a n d hi s es c o rt o f tw o hun dre d picked

,
s o ldi ers d es troy e d I n V a l en ci a a c on s pi ra cy form ed

.
,
i n co llu s i on with th e M o ri s co es o f th e A l p uj a rra s w a s

dete cte d be fore i t h ad tim e to m atu re a n d i ts in s ti ,
g ators were pun i s h e d with mercil es s cru elty E u c om .
p as s e d by a n umerou s a n d p o we rful f o e I bn Abu rec ,

-
o g n i ze d th e im p o s s ibility o f res i s ta n c e a n d di s b a n d ed
hi s a rmy A f ew o f his a dh eren ts took re fug e a mon g

.
29 8 H I S T ORY OF THE
fu gitive M ori s coes wa s a s e xcitin g an d f a r more

pro fita ble than th e ch a s e o f wild b ea s ts I t wa s n o .
un u s u a l o ccurren c e f or a p a rty o f th es e terri fied

wretch es to b e purs u e d f or a di s ta n c e o f fifty m iles .
No ob s ta cles w ere s uffici en t to deter th e S p a ni a rds in

th e tirel es s s ea rch f or th eir p rey ; th e more a rdu ous
th e ha rd s hip s u n derg on e th e g rea ter th e en j oym ent
,
when th e victims va inl y s u ppli a n t f o r m ercy w ere p ut

, ,
to th e s wo rd or burn e d a t th e s ta k e T hi s ti me n o
.
org a ni z e d en emy w a s l e ft i n th e Al puj a rra s to di s tu rb
in fu ture th e p ea ce o f th e m on a rchy M ore th an ten .
th ou s a n d in s urg en ts were mu rdere d o r en s la ved in th e

s p a ce o f a m on th Wh erever th e s o ldi ery cou ld p en e
.
trate ev ery v es tig e o f hum a n life a n d a rti fici a l v ege

,
ta ti on w ere a li k e s we p t a wa y Th e terra c e d s 10p es o f

.
th e moun ta in s re cl a im e d by i n fin ite toil to p ro fitab l e

,
cultu re th e on c e s milin g a n d fertile valleys were re

, ,
s tored to th ei r n a tiv e wildn es s No voic e rema in ed in

.
th at i n fin ite s oli tud e to di s pute th e do gm a s o f th e

C hurch or to o ff en d th e s crupl es o f th e orth odox b y
th e c el eb ra ti on o f th e p ro fa n e a n d d etes te d rites o f
I s lam .
I n th e S erra ni a d e R on d a th e reb el s s till continued

a ctive b ut th e a mbi ti on o f riva l chi e fta i n s a im in g a t
,
s up rem e p ow er fru s tra te d ea ch oth er s pl an s a n d ’
e v en tua lly c a u s e d th e di s c om fitu re o f a ll Th e repu .
ta ti on f or v a l or which th e mo un ta in eers o f Ro n da h a d
a tta in e d was n a ti o n a l ; mil ita ry o p eration s i n th at
lo ca li ty were n ot p ro s e cute d with th e s a me en ergy as
el s ewh ere bu t th e irre co n cil a ble Spi r
, i t o f fa cti on ever ,
s o fa ta l to th e p ro gre s s a n d s ta bility o f th e A ra b ra c e ,
a g a i n i n terp os e d a s a p oten t f a ctor o f di s org an iz ati on .
A s h arp c a mp a ign dire cte d by th e Duke o f Arcos

s c a ttered th e f orc es o f th e reb el s a n d th e S erra n i a d e
,
Ron da while n ot a ctu a lly c on quered n o lon ger con

, ,
ta in ed a f orce c a p a bl e o f e v en temp ora ry res i s ta n ce .
Th e wa r n ow s ub s ta n ti a ll y en d e d it w a s a nn oun ced
,
by roya l pro cla mation th at ev ery M o ri s co with out a ,
s in gl e e xce p tion Sh ould b e forever e xp e ll e d fro m th e

,
kin gdo m o f G ran a d a Th e order w a s c a rri e d ou t to

.
th e l ette r u n der th e s up ervi s i on o f D on J o h n o f A u s

,
tri a. Th e n umb er o f th e exile s w as fro m fifty to a

hun dre d th ou s a n d S uperi o r di s ciplin e a n d th e p er
.
s on a l a tten ti on o f th e p rin c e p reven ted th e h orro rs th a t
h a d a tten d e d th e b a n is hmen t o f th e re s id en ts o f th e
Alba y cin . S o me were s en t to S evil le a n d Murci a ,
o th ers to E s tre m a du ra L a M a n ch a a n d N a va rre

, , .
Th e C a s tili a n p ea s a n try res en ted th eir a pp ea ra n c e

a m on g g o o d Ch ri s ti a n s a n d res i s te d th e s o ldi e rs wh o s e ,
pre s en ce a lon e prev en te d a ma s s a cre A s u s ua l th e .

,
lan ds which th e M o ri s c o es pos s es s ed were s eiz ed f or

th e b en e fit o f th e c ro wn ; th e i r p ers on a l p ro p erty w a s
s a crific e d f o r much l es s th a n i ts v a lu e a n d m a n y h i th
,
erto a ccu s to me d to luxu ry plu n dere d o f th e li ttl e th ey

,
h a d s a ve d fro m S p a n is h ra p a city re a che d thei r n ew

,
home s in a s ta te o f a bs olute des tituti on Th e remote .
fa s tn es s es o f th e Alpuj a rra s s till con c ea le d a n umb er

o f fugitives w h o ch eri s h ed th e f a lla ci o u s h o p e th a t
,
a mids t th e re oi ci n s in cid en t to vic tory th ey might

j g
rem a in u n n otic ed a n d fo rg otten Am on g them w a s
.
I bn Abu wh os e f ollo wers th e in fa mo u s m on fis a lik e

-
, , ,
in a cces s ible to h on o r or pity were rea dy f o r e very a ct

,
o f tre a ch ery a n d s o m e o f wh om h a d a lrea dy di s cu s s e d

,
th e exp e di en cy o f o bta i n i n g p a rdon by th e s a c rific e o f

th e Kin g . Th es e h omeles s wa n d erers s oon re a liz e d
th a t th e y were s till th e obj e cts o f S p a n i s h a n imo s ity .
Th e es ta bli s hm e n t o f regula r g a rri s on s a n d th e d i s

ban din g o f th e res t o f th e a rmy were co in cid ent with
th e form a ti o n o f b a n d s o f s c o uts wh o s e du ty i t w as
,
to s c ou r th e c oun try a n d c a ptu re e very M o ri s c o th a t

could b e foun d I n o rder to s timulate th eir a ctivity a
.
,
re w a rd o f tw e n ty duc a ts w a s o ff ere d f o r ea ch i n s u r
gen t Th e ch a s e o f M oris c oes n ow be c a me a more

.
lucra tive divers ion tha n ever Th e wild es t p orti on o f

.
th e i w a s e x a min ed foot by fo ot L a rg e n umb ers

s erra .
o f fugi tives w ere ta k en a n d th e p ri s on s s o on b e c a m e

,
too s m a ll to c on ta i n th e multitud es th a t c ro wd e d th em
to s u ff o c a ti on Th e utm o s t diligen c e o f th e au th ori
.
ti es w a s u n e qu a l to th e ta s k o f p ro vidi n g qu a rters f o r
th e n ew c o m ers ev en by th e wh o les a le ex e cuti o n o f the
-
,
Old Th e m os t di s tin gui s h e d pri s on ers were hun g

. .
O th ers w ere tortured M an y were h a n de d o v er to th e

.
I n qui s ition which while n ever u n s u p p h ed with vic

, ,
tim s w a s gl a d o f th e o pp ortu n ity to m a k e a s ign a l

,
e x a mple o f s uch tro uble s o m e h e retic s Th e m a j ority .
were c on d emn e d to th e g a ll eys which al l thi n gs bein g , ,
ta ke n in to a cc oun t w a s p erh a p s th e m os t s ev ere p un

,
i s h m en t th a t a p ri s on e r c o uld u n d erg o To b e con s id .
e re d a m ere m a chi n e a h n o s t with ou t id en ti ty a n d d es

,
ti tu te o f f ee lin g ch a i n e d f o r d a y s to th e oa r e xp os ed
, ,
a like to th e bu rn i n g s u n a n d th e temp es t s ub j e ct to ,
h ou rly la c e ra ti on by th e s c ourg e o f a bruta l o vers eer ;

ill f ed a n d un pro te cte d fro m th e wea p on s o f a n
-
en e my n o f a te to which u n f ortu n a te hu m a n ity i s li a bl e

,
would n ot s eem pre ferable to th e lo t o f th e ga lley

s la ve F in a lly th e a va ila ble fa cili ti es o f Gran a da
.
,
pro ve d tota lly in a de qu a te f or th e dis po s iti on o f c a ptive

M o ri s c o es ; extra ordi n a ry p owers were con ferred up on
th e c o mma n d ers o f th e fortre s s e s a n d o utp o s ts ; th e
s c en es o f c a rn a g e were tra n s f e rre d fro m th e ca pita l
to e very a cc e s s ible p o in t o f th e Alpu j a rra s a n d th e ,
Obj e cts o f n a ti on a l h a tre d a n d in tolera n ce da ily pa id

by hun dre ds th e ex trem e p en a lty o f mi s fortun e an d
de f e a t .
Th e c a p ture o r d ea th o f I b n Abu n ow a l on e w a s -
n e c es s a ry f o r th e full g ra tific a ti on o f C h ri s ti a n v en
g ea n c e With trifli n g difficulty G on z a l o a l S en iz

.
- -
,
wh o en j o ye d h i s c on fid en c e a n d h a d s h a red h i s ten t ,
w a s p ers u a d e d to b etra y him Th e re w a rd s o f treach

.
ery w ere d efin ite ly s tipul a te d i n a dv a n c e th e p ri n cip al ,
in duc emen ts b ein g a p en s i on o f a hun dre d thou s an d

c oe s , x empte d from th e g en era l p ro s cripti on f or p ar

e
ti c i p a ti on i n thi s c eremo n y l a d en with th e p ers on a l ,
e ff e c ts a n d th e b a gg a g e o f th e M o s l e m p ri n c e A .
n um ero u s es cort o f a rqu ebu s i ers en clo s e d th e c ortége ,
which w a s re c e ive d wi th b ec o min g p omp by th e ca p

ta in g en era l a n d a l l th e milita ry a n d civil fu n cti on
-
a ri e s o f th e ki n gd om A s G on z a l o a l S en iz delivered
.
- -
to th e D uk e o f Arco s th e glitteri n g w ea p on s which h e

c arri ed h e rema rke d i n th e figura tive la n gu a ge o f th e
,
O ri en t Th e s h e ph e rd c o uld n ot b rin g th e s h eep

,
a live b u t h e h a s b ro ught th e fl ee c e
, I n th e pres en ce .
o f th e a s s e mbl e d dig n ita ri es o f th e rea lm th e h ea d o f
I b n Abu w a s cu t o ff a n d a fterwa rd s pl a ce d i n an
-
, ,
i ro n c a g e w a s fix e d up on th e b a ttl emen ts o f th e g ate

,
o f B a b a l R a ch a which f a c e d th e Alpuj a rra s

- -
, Th e .
trun k w a s a b a n d on e d to a mo b o f child ren wh o ,
a mu s e d th em s elves by h a cki n g a n d di s figu ri n g i t un til ,
wea ri e d o f thi s e x tra o rdin a ry p a s ti me th ey c on s um ed ,
it i n a b on fire .
S uch w a s th e un wo rthy fa te o f th e la s t o f th e imp e

ri a l li n e o f th e Omm ey a d es Eigh t hu n dred years .
b e fore Abd — a l R a hm a n
, hun te d lik e a wild a n imal
-
,
th rou gh th e Liby a n D es ert h a d b een s ummon ed fro m ,
a li fe o f O b s cu rity a n d d a n g er to f o un d a g rea t a n d
p owerful empi re Alth ough i t ra pidly rea ch e d its

.
m eridi a n th a t empire re quired m an y c en turi e s f or its

,
fin a l o verth ro w Th e proud dyn a s ty o f th e Wes tern

.
Kh a lifa te en de d a s i t h a d b egu n i n pro s cripti on in , ,
exil e in trea ch ery in vi ol en ce

, Th e c a u s es which
, .
h a s ten ed i ts m a tu rity a ls o con tribute d l a rgely to its

d e ca y Th e a s pi rati on s o f i ts s overeign s were on th e
.
,
m a in n obl e a n d gen erou s T h ei r s ervic es to human ity

, .
were o f i n c a lcula ble valu e an d o f fa r rea chin g e ff e ct -

.
Th e fire an d s wo rd o f tyrann y a n d p ers ecuti on c ould

n ot e ff a ce th e l as tin g impres s i on m a d e b y th e ideas
th ey pro mulg a ted th e s ci en c e th ey d evelo p e d th e li t

, ,
era ture th ey crea ted Th es e s urvive d t h e tortures o f

.
th e I n qui s iti o n th e a n a th em as o f th e P o p e th e tu r
, ,
mo il o f re vo luti on th e fun era l pyres o f Ximen es I t

,
.
i s a rem a rk a bl e f a ct th a t while th e H i s p a n o Ara b s -
brought within th e s ph ere o f th ei r in flu en ce an d cul

tu re th e m o s t remo te n a ti on s th e i r n ea res t n eighb ors
,
were in c a p a ble o f a ppreci a ti n g their atta in men ts or

pro fitin g by the ir kn owle dge Th e in vetera te p rej u
.
dice a ga in s t e very ph a s e o f M oori s h life a n d m a n n ers

en terta in e d by th e S p a n i s h Ch ri s ti a n s w a s f a ta l to
the i r i n telle ctu a l d e v elo pmen t. Th ey rega rded th e in

tra ders a s b a rb a ri a n s a s in d ee d th e m a j ority o f th e ir
, , ,
des c en da n ts d o even to thi s d ay They were brought

.
i n i n tima te c on ta ct with n o o th er form o f civiliz a tion ,
a n d ra th er th a n a d o p t wh a t th ei r ign ora n c e a n d fa n a t
,
i c is m p rompte d th em to d etes t a n d d es pi s e th ey ch o s e ,
to rely on th ei r own lim ite d re s o urc es I n c on s e qu en ce

.
,
th ei r men ta l a n d s o ci a l c on diti on s o f a r fro m im

,
pro vin g gra du a lly retrogra ded Th e G oth s Of th e

, .
a g e o f R o d erick w ere m o re p oli s h e d m ore i n te llig en t

, ,
a ctu a te d by b etter m otiv e s , c a p a bl e o f high er a s pira

tion s s u s c e ptibl e to n o bler impul s es th a n th e S p a n
,
i a rd s go ve rn e d by Cha rl es a n d P hili p I n th e ir p ro g
.
res s fro m th e b a n k s o f th e Vi s tul a to th e s h o re s o f th e
M edi terra n e a n th ey h a d en c oun tered man y n ati on s

,
lon g s ubj e ct to th e civilizin g i n flu en c e o f R ome Not .
a f ew o f th em h a d vi s i ted th e E tern a l City i ts e lf .
S ome h ad s erve d in th e a rmi es o f th e d e ca yin g empire ;

a l l h a d b een imp res s e d by th e gra n d a n d imp o s in g
monum en ts o f its ma gn ificen c e a n d p ower I n th e .
court o f th e l as t o f th e G oth ic kin gs were m en n ot

un fa mili a r with th e ma s terpi e ces o f cla s s ic literature .
I ts publici s ts h a d fra me d a c o de o f la ws which i s th e

foun da ti on o f every mo dern s ys tem o f j uri s pruden ce .
I n th e m e ch a n ica l a rts Gothic Skill a n d in du s try h a d

ma d e n o i n con s idera ble pro gres s While feuda li s m
.
h a d reta rd ed th e d evelo pmen t o f s o ci ety its p rivileg es , ,
con tra ry to the pra cti ce o f s ubs equ ent times h ad n ot ,

as y et s er o cro a ch ed u pon th e dign ity an d p re

i u s ly en
rog a ti v e s o f th e th ron e Th e in s titu ti on o f c oun cil s

.
un d er e ccles i as tic a l in flu en c e w a s n o t en ti rely s ub s er

vi en t to th e in teres ts o f s up ers titi o n a n d o ften ex er,
c i s e d a wh o l es o m e ch eck up on th e a rbitra ry d e s ig n s o f
a tyra nn ic a l S ove reign .
With th e S p a n ia rds o f th e s ixteen th c en tu ry ev ery ,
thi n g w a s s ub ordi n a te d to a s in gl e p rin cipl e th e ex a l ,
ta ti on o f th e Chu rch I ts s erv a n ts w ere th e ch os en

.
con fid a n ts O f th e m o n a rch ; i ts p o li cy guid e d h i s m ov e
men ts c on trolle d h i s a ctio n s furn i s h e d hi s idea s i n

, , ,
fl a med h i s p rej udic e s Wh atev er w a s worthy o f th e

.
n a m e o f l e a rn i n g th e cl ergy m o n o p o liz e d a n d p er
verted Th ey d ih g en tl y fos tere d th e ign oran c e o f the

.
ma s s es un til i n all th e c on ti n en t o f Euro p e th ere i s

,
n ot a t th e p re s en t tim e a m ore b en igh te d cl as s th a n th e
p ea s an try o f th e S p a n i s h P en in s ula Th e trea s ures .
o f th e w orld were l a vi s h e d wi th un p a ra ll el e d p ro dig a l
ity up on religi o u s in s tituti on s a n d e dific es A tith e o f .
th e w e a lth s qu a n d ere d up on th e s e v a s t fou n d a ti on s ,
whos e hi s to ry is ta in ted with s c a n da l wo uld h a ve s u f,
ficed un d er in tellig en t dire cti on to h a v e tra n s formed

, ,
th e en ti re c ou n try in to a g a rd en a n d to h a v e ren dere d

S p a in on e o f th e rich es t o f n a ti on s E ccles i a s tici s m
.
prom ote d crim e a n d idlen e s s by m a kin g b egga ry re

s p ec ta bl e a n d by c o u n ten a n ci n g th e i n di s c rimi n a te b e
,
s to w a l o f a h n s a s a c a rd in a l vi rtu e Th e e xpul s ion o f

.
th e J ews a n d th e M ori s c o es w ere a cts en ti rely con

s i s ten t wi th th e g en era l s ch em e o f its p o lity They .
were in di s p en s a ble f or th e rea liz a ti on o f religiou s

u n i ty to which ev ery c on s id era ti on o f n a ti on a l w el
,
fa re public fa ith a n d i n dividu a l probi ty were u nh es i

, ,
ta ti n gl y s a crific e d Th e a tro citi es which a cc o mp a n i ed

.
th es e vi ol en t a n d di s a s tro u s m ea s u res were re g a rded

a s p e culi a rly m erito ri ou s a n d m o s t a cc e p ta bl e to a n
a v en gi n g G o d U pon s uch i n s e cu re foun d ati on s w a s

.
th e s pl en did b u t u n s ub s ta n ti a l fa b ric o f S p an i s h
i n 15 92 , yi elded a nn u ally a s um e qu a l to fifteen th ou

s a n d d o ll a rs ; du ri n g th e cl o s in g y e a rs o f M os lem rul e ,
wh en the kin gdom h a d b een e xh a us te d by in c es s an t

w a r a n d re b elli on th e reven u es from thi s s o u rc e p ro
,
d u ce d by territo ry o f e qu a l a rea a n d fertility h a d b een

mo re th a n ten tim es as great P lu n dere d tortured .
, ,
e xp a tri a te d th e M o ri s c oes w ere s till s ubj ecte d to i n

,
n um era bl e vex a ti on s ; th e cu rs e o f th ei r ra c e w a s ever
u p o n th em B ut th ey we re a t la s t c omp a ratively e x
.
e mp t fro m th e o di o u s im pu ta ti o n o f h eres y After .
1 5 9 5 th e m o s t rigid i n qui s i to ri a l vigila n ce w a s u n a ble

o r u n willi n g to d ete c t a n y h etero do x o pin i on s o r
brea ch es o f e ccles i as tic a l di s ciplin e a mon g th es e u n
p ro mi s in g pro s elytes A n d y et it w a s n o torio u s th at
.
th e y were ign o ra n t o f th e d o ctri n es o f th e Chu rch a n d ,
th a t c o mp eten t p ers o n s were n ot a pp oin te d to i n s tru ct

th em . S ome z ea lots in deed ma in ta in e d th a t th ey
, ,
s h o uld n o t b e p ermitte d to c omm un ic a te a n d th a t th e ,
e xp o s u re o f th e H o s t in th ei r chu rch es w a s a d es ecra
ti on ; o th ers on th e oth er h an d re fu s ed a b s oluti on to

, ,
s uch a s w o uld n o t a ck n o wl e dg e a p o s ta s y The i r con

.
fes s i on s were o ften re g a rd e d a s feign e d a n d th e ,
pri es ts wh o re ceive d th em did n ot h es ita te to vio late

th e o blig a ti on s o f th ei r ord er b y divu lgin g p rivil e ged
c o n fid en ces to th e m a gi s tra te Th e M ori s c o c ould n ot
.
ch a n g e h i s re s id en c e with out p ermi s s ion ; h e w a s n ot

a ll o w ed th e p o s s es s i o n o f a rms ; th e a pp ro a ch wi thi n
forty miles o f th e ki n gdo m o f Gran a da w a s pun i s h

a bl e with d e a th N otwith s ta n din g th es e s evere re gu
.
l a ti on s m a n y s ucc ee d e d i n e va di n g th e vigil a n c e o f
,
th e a u th o ri ti e s S ome took re fug e i n Va len ci a wh ere

.
,
th e f eud a l lord s s till protected th ei r b reth ren ; oth ers

c on c ea l ed th em s elves i n th e Alp u j a rra s ; man y es
c a p e d to A fric a I n th ei r n ew h ome s th ey were g en
.
e ra ll
y tre a te d with f a r m ore in dulg en c e th a n i n th e
ol d. P rela te s a n d n o ble s wh o pro fited by th e ir in
d u s try n ot in fre qu en tly i nte rp o s e d th eir in flu en ce to
preve nt p ers ecu ti on in teres ted Offici a ls con n ived at

,
brea ch es o f th e l a w a n d i t w a s a common o ccurren ce

,
f o r th e a lgua zil a pp oin ted to p re ven t th e o b s erva n c e

o f th e fea s t o f R a m a dh a n to p a s s h i s tim e c a ro u s i n g
wi th th os e who m i t w a s hi s office to re s tra in Th e .
con diti on o f th e M ori s co es w a s a ls o ren d ere d le s s in

to le ra ble by th e s e cret e mplo ymen t o f b oth civil a n d
e ccl e s i a s tic a l dig n i ta ri es o f high ra n k a n d e xten s ive
in flu en ce a t a regula r s a la ry to gu a rd th eir rights

, ,
a n d fru s tra te th e i n iquito u s d e s ign s o f th e i r e n emi es .
Th e on c e flou ri s hin g la n d o f Gra n a d a w a s a d es ert ,
b ut th e dem a n ds o f o rtho do x Chri s ti a n ity a t l a s t were

Sa ti s fied Th e devo ut regarded with un con cea le d com
.
p l a c en cy th e fe rtil e territo ry fo rmerly rich i n every

v ari ety o f a gricultura l pro ducts a n d n ow a b an don ed
,
to s terili ty b u t which w a s d e fil ed n o l on ger by th e

,
con ta min atin g p res en ce o f th e h eretic an d th e in fid el .
B u t whil e th e F a ith w a s vin dica ted by th e expul s i on

,
o f th e s e o bj e cts o f pi ou s dete s ta ti on th e s e cret o f

,
pro s p eri ty h a d de p a rted with th em Th e imp orte d .
colon is ts were u n a ble un der n ew a n d u n fa mili a r con

,
d i ti on s a n d h ee dle s s o f th e frug a lity an d p a ti en ce

which i n s u re s ucces s to ren der their un derta kin gs
,
pro fita ble ; in deed mo s t o f th em c ould h a rdly exis t

, .
Th eir ta x es h a d in viol a tion o f c on tra ct a n d on ac

,
coun t o f th e pre s s in g e xig en ci es o f th e s ta te been ,
gra du a lly in crea s ed ; th e dema n ds o f impo rtun ate

cre di tors a n d tyra n n ic a l offici a ls m a de them des p er
a te ; a n d th e s e e x a cti o n s which e xh a u s te d th e s c a n ty
,
retu rn s o f a n ill c o n ducte d culti v a ti on k e p t th e u n

-
,
fortu n a te immigra n ts in a s ta te o f ho p ele s s p en ury .
Th ey e ither a b an don ed th ei r fa rms o r were forcibly

ej e cte d a n d i n 1 5 9 7 th e roy a l es ta tes w ere s o ld b e c a u s e
,
it w a s foun d imp os s ibl e to O pera te them a t a p ro fit .
While in Gra n a d a s uch di s coura gi n g c on diti on s p re

vailed thos e po rtion s o f th e kin gdo m which h a d u n
,
willin gly received th e ba n is h ed M ori s coes experien c ed

th e b en e fici a l res ul ts o f th eir la b ors Th e hith erto .
ba rren re gi on s o f L a M an ch a a n d E s trema dura b ega n

to ex hi b it s ign s o f un ex a mpl ed fertility Th e n ew .
s ettl ers w ere p ea c e a b l e fru g a l i n du s triou s

, , I n C as .
til e th ey were g en erall y fa rm ers ; in Ara g on m er ,
ch a n ts ; in Va len ci a m an ufa ctu rers Not a f ew a t

,
.
'
ta i n ed grea t di s tin c ti on i n th e p ra c ti c e o f me dici n e a n d

s u rg ery ; a n d lik e th e J ew s o f f o rm er a g e s th ey were
, ,
fre quen tly employe d by th e c ou rt a n d th e fa mi ly o f

th e s ov ereign . Th e l if e o f P hilip III wh en a child .
w a s s a v e d by th e s kill o f a M o o ri s h phy s ici a n a s ervice ,
which w a s ill requite d by th e dee ds o f hi s m anh oo d

-
.
Th e e xil es p ra ctic a lly c on tribu te d th e fu n d s which

s upp o rte d th e m on a rchy Th e in s a ti a bl e ra p a city o f
.
a dv en tu rers h a d s oon e xh a u s te d th e a v a il a bl e w ea lth
o f a m a g n ific e n t c o l on i a l empi re O ffici a l c orru pti on

.
c on s tan tly dra in e d th e ordin a ry s ou rc es o f reven ue .
I n a ll fin a n ci a l difficultie s ta x a ti on o f th e M o ri s coes
a ff o rd e d a n un fa ili n g a n d p ro fita bl e m ea n s o f re p l en
i s hin g th e trea s ury Th eir burd en s w ere firs t d o ub led

.
,
th en qu a drupl e d . Every s p e cie s o f imp os ition w a s

pra cti s e d up on th em Th ei r d ebtors p a id th em i n
.
s pu ri o u s c o i n s truck f or th ei r b en e fit
, F a l s e j e w el s
.
were pledg e d with th em f or loa n s Th e chic a n ery o f .
th e l a w w a s e mpl oy e d to d e fra ud th em wi th impu n ity ,
while th e m o s t s evere p en a lti es were in flicte d u p on

th em f o r trifli n g b rea ch es o f tru s t Th ey were s y s
.
tem a ti c a lly s wi n dle d by ch e a ts a n d u s u rers I n a ll .
p os s ible wa ys th ey were m a d e to feel th e un merite d

deg ra d a ti on o f th eir c a s te an d th e utter h o p eles s n es s
o f reli e f . Y et un d er this w e ight o f m a l evol en ce a n d
in j u s tic e th ey pro s p ered an d p re s erve d at l ea s t th e
a pp ea ra n c e o f e qu a n imity N othin g c ould with
.
,
tru th b e a lle g ed a g a in s t th ei r mora l s

, Th ey were .
n omi n a lly g oo d Ch ri s ti a n s Th ey a tten d e d mas s

. .
They co n formed to th e cu s toms o f th eir rulers wore ,
th ei r d res s p a rticip a te d i n th ei r fes tiva l s s p o k e Cas

, ,
h o wever e ff ective could p re ven t th ey p os s es s e d qua li

, ,
ti es th a t m a d e th em highly Obn o xi ou s to th eir m a s ters .
Th eir frug ali ty a n d th rift thei r s hrewdn es s an d eu

,
terp ri s e ren d ered c omp eti ti on wi th th e m i m p os s ib le

,
.
There wa s n o pro fita ble o ccup ati on in which th ey did

n ot exc e l I n a griculture th ey h a d n o riva ls
. Th ey .
mon o p oliz ed every in du s tri a l e mploymen t ; a ll o f th e

mos t us e fu l tra des w ere un der th e ir c on trol Th ey .
un ders old th e C a s til i a n p ea s a n try i n the i r own m a r

k ets Even th e mos t o pulent in s tructed by p revi ou s
.
,
exp eri en c e s e dulo u s ly a void e d ev ery e xhibi ti o n o f lux

,
u ry ; b u t th e M oori s h a rti s a n h a d n ot l os t th e ta s te a n d
dex teri ty o f hi s a n c es tors a n d th e s plen did pro ducts

,
o f th e l oo m a n d th e a rm o ry s till c o mm an d e d high
prices i n th e metro p o litan citi es o f Euro p e I t w as .
kn own th at th e M oris co es w ere wea lthy a n d p o pula r ,
o pin i on , a s i s i n v a ri a bly th e c a s e d e ligh te d i n e x a g

,
g era tin g th e va lu e o f th eir p os s es s i on s While they .
s old much th ey c on s um e d c o mp a ra tively l ittle and

,
purch a s e d even les s Al though th e o ff en c e o f h eres y

.
co uld n o lon ger b e c on s i s ten tly impu te d to th em s p e ,
ci ou s c on s id era ti on s o f public p olicy a s w ell a s d e fer ,
en c e to in era dic a bl e n a ti on a l p rej udic e dem an ded ,
th ei r s upp res s ion Th eir pro s p erity s e cure d a t th e

.
,
e xp en s e o f th e i r n eighb o rs a n d a s ta n di n g re p ro a ch to
,
th e idlen es s a n d i n c a p a ci ty o f th e la tter w a s th e m ea s ,
u re o f S p a n i s h d ec a y I n th e e xis tin g s ta te o f th e
.
public mi n d an d un der th e dire cti on o f th e s tates men

,
w h o c on tro ll ed th e a cti on s o f th e Ki n g a p rete x t c ould ,
re a dily b e fou n d f or th e p erp etra ti o n o f a n

y in j u s tice .
Th e M o ris co es o f Va len ci a th e mo s t n umerou s , ,
wealthy a n d in fluen ti a l bo dy o f th ei r ra ce protecte d

, ,
by th e n o bles h a d a lways s ho wn les s a la crity i n th e

,
ob s erv an c e o f th e duties o f th e C h urch th a n their
brethren an d h ad thu s ren d ered thems elves lia ble to

,
th e s u s pi c i on o f a p o s tas y I t w as d ecl a re d th a t a fter

.
a g en eration o f es pi on a g e p ra y er a n d religi ou s i h
, ,
s tru cti on they were s till s ecret M u s s uhn an s Thi s .
O pini o n p erh a ps in s ome in s ta n ces n ot with out foun

,
da ti on a moun te d to a bs o lute certa in ty in th e n a rro w

,
min d o f D on Ju an d e R ib era Archbi s ho p o f Va len

,
c i a a p rela te o f vin dictiv e temp er a rbitra ry di s p o s i

, ,
ti on lim ited a bilities a n d vi ol ent p re j udic es

, , He .
o w ed much o f hi s re puta ti on f o r pi ety to th e f a ct th a t
h e h a d d en o un ced to th e I n qui s ition m ore tha n fo ur

tho u s a n d a lle ge d M ooris h a p o s ta tes Kn owi n g h i s
.
feeli n gs to wa rds th em th e M oris c oes g en era lly turn e d

,
a d ea f ea r to h i s a dm on iti on s a n d th rea ts a n d thu s f u r ,
th er i n curre d h i s di s pl ea s ure Th e en ergy o f R ibera

.
wa s i n ces s an tly ex erted f or th e rui n o f th es e s upp os e d

heretic s eith er by e xile or by ex termin ation With
, .
thi s en d i n vi ew h e a dd res s ed s e vera l mem ori a ls to

P hilip III w h o h ad n ow a s c en de d th e thron e in
.
, ,
which th e o bj e cts o f h i s wrath were a ccu s e d o f every

crime a g a in s t th e civil a n d th e mora l l a w —treas on , ,
murder kidn a ppin g blas ph emy s a crilege I n th es e

, , , .
a pp ea l s th e M o ri s c oes w ere c a ll e d th e s p on g e th at
”
a b s orb e d th e rich es o f S p a i n H e en force d h i s a rgu
.
men ts by th e extrao rdin a ry s tatemen t th a t th e d es tru c

ti on o f th e Arm a d a w a s a divin e j udgm en t f or th e i n
d u lg en ce exhibi ted to w a rds th es e en emi es o f th e F a ith ,
a n d th a t P hilip II w a s a w are o f i t f o r h e him s elf h a d

.
,
in formed h im o f th at fa ct Th e re c en t o ccu rren ce o f

.
ea rthqu a kes temp es ts a n d c o m ets w a s a l s o s a g e ly a t

, ,
tribute d to th e s a me c au s e Th e M o ri s c oes w ere n ot

.
ign ora n t o f th e des ign s which th e Archbi s ho p w a s

pros ecutin g to th eir i n j ury a n d en dea vore d to o bta in
,
th e a s s i s ta n c e o f F ran ce a n d E n gl a n d b oth o f which ,
coun tri es were then h o s tile to S pa in Th ey o ff ere d .
Kin g H en ry IV th e s ervi c es o f a h un dre d th ou s a n d

.
well a rme d s o ldi ers if h e wo uld in va de th e P en in s ula

-
.
Th e D uk e o f S ully s a y s they e ven s ign a liz ed th ei r

willin gn es s to emb ra ce P ro tes tan ti s m i n c on s ideration
o f s u pp ort i t b ein g a fo rm o f wors hip n o t ta i n te d
,
with ido latry l ike th at o f R o me N egoti a ti o n s were

,
.
priva tely o p en e d wi th th e c ourts o f P a ri s a n d L on don ,
a n d c o mmi s s i o n s w ere ev en a pp o in te d by th e l a tter to
verify th e cla im s o f th e M ori s c o es ; b u t n o c o n clu s io n

w as a rriv e d a t a n d th e plo t w a s e v en tu a lly b etra y ed
,
by th e v ery s overeign s wh o s e h on or w a s ple dge d to th e

m a in ten a n c e o f s e crecy A n emb a s s y w a s a ls o s ent to
.
th e S ul tan o f Tu rk ey by th e M o o rs s o lici ti n g h i s a id ,
a n d ten d eri n g h im th e i r a ll e gi a n c e No pl an which .
promi s e d relie f w a s n egle cte d Th e fu riou s Ribera

.
a g a i n u rg e d up on th e Kin g th e d a n g ers th a t th e tol
c ra ti on o f s uch a n um erou s a n d p erfid i ou s p eo pl e im
pli ed ; h e a llege d th eir pros p erity a n d th ei r s up erior

in tellig en c e a s crimes a g a in s t th e s tate ; a n d a s a b s o
lute extermin a ti on did n ot s eem to b e fea s ible h e s ug ,
g es te d e xpuls ion as o f greater in c on ven i en c e b ut o f ,
e q u a l effic a cy .O n c e more th e n o bles i n terp os ed i n

beh a lf o f th e ir va s s a ls a n d whil e th e Kin g w a s h es i
,
tatin g th e M ori s c o es en d ea v ore d to a n ticip a te h i s d e

c i s i o n by th e f orm a tion o f a n ex ten s iv e c on s pi ra cy .
Aga in the y were b etra ye d thi s tim e by on e o f th eir

,
o wn n u mb er . P ub lic o pin i on a rou s e d by th es e oc

,
c u rren ces a n d fu rth er i n fl a med by e ccle s i a s tic a l m a lice

,
a n d by th e p ern ici o u s i n fl u enbe o f th e D uk e o f L erm a ,
th e a ll p ow erful m i n i s ter o f P hilip III n o w imp era

-
.
,
tiv ely d em a n d e d the i r b a n i s hm en t Thi s n obleman .

,
o f b as e a n tec ed en ts a n d u n p rin cipl e d ch a ra cter a n d ,
wh o s e do min a tin g p a s s i on w a s a v a rice w a s Vic eroy ,
o f V a l en ci a. H i s b ro the r w a s th e Gra n d I n qui s ito r

Th eir in flu en c e eas ily o verweigh e d th e remon s tran ces
O f th e P o p e wh o s e v o ic e wa s ra i s e d on th e s ide o f
,
mercy .
On th e fou rth o f Augu s t 1 609 th e ro ya l d e cree

, ,
which ann o un c ed th e fa te o f th e M ori s co es o f Va len

c i a w a s s ig n e d a t S e g o vi a N o p re c a uti on which p ru
.
den c e c ould s ugge s t w a s n egle cte d to pre ven t di s a s ter

c o n s e qu en t up on its en forc emen t Grea t bo dies o f .
Th e A rch i epi s c o p al S ee o f Va len ci a, which d erived i ts

re ven u es a l mo s t en tirel y from M ori s c o ta x a tion , w a s
th rea ten ed wi th b an kru ptcy , a n d D on J u a n d e Ri b era ,
rea li zin g wh en too la te th e di s a s trous c on s equ en ces o f
th e p roj ect h e h ad s o s e du lo u s ly a dvo c a te d , n ow in

va in en dea vore d to s tem th e tide o f p ub lic b igotry and
offic i a l m a dn es s While b ewa ilin g his un h a ppy con
.
di ti on to h i s cleric a l s ub ordin ates , h e w a s h ea rd to

pl a in tively rem a rk My b rethren h erea fter we Shall
, ,
b e comp elle d to li ve u pon h erbs a nd to m en d our own

”
s h oes .
P hilip re fus e d to rec on s ider his determin a ti on and ,
th e n ob ility m a n ifes ted th e i r lo y a lty by th e un fli n chin g

s upp ort o f a m ea s u re runn i n g directly c o u n ter to th ei r
interes ts On th e twenty s econ d o f S e p tember 1 609

.
-
, ,
th e e di ct o f e xp u l s i on w as p rocla im e d by h era lds

through out th e ki n gd om o f Val en ci a I t re pres ented
.
th at b y a s p e ci a l act o f ro y a l clemen cy th e h ereti cs ,
a p os ta tes tra i to rs crim in a ls g u i lty o f l és e maj es té

, ,
-
hum an a n d divin e were pun i s h ed with e xile rather

,
th a n wi th dea th to which th e s tri ct con s tru cti on o f the

,
la ws con demn e d them I t p erm itte d th e remova l o f

.
s u ch eff e cts a s c ou ld b e c a rr i ed a nd a s mu ch o f their

,
h arves ts a s w a s n ec es s a ry f or s ubs i s ten c e du rin g th eir

j ourney ; a l l els e w a s to b e forfeited to th ei r s uzera in s .
Th ey were fo rbidd en to s ell th eir l an ds or h ous es .
Three d ays o f prep aration were granted ; a fter th at

th ey were d e cla re d th e le gitima te p re y o f every as
s ai l an t D i re pen a lti es were denoun ce d a g ain s t all
.
wh o Sh ould con c eal th em or in an y wa y a s s i s t in th e

e va s i on o f th e e dict T h os e wh o h a d in terma rri ed with
.
C hris ti an s c ou ld rema in if th ey d es ire d ; a n d s ix p er

,
cent o f th e fa mi lies were to b e res erve d by th e lords

.
,
th a t th e h ortic ultura l an d m e ch a ni ca l d ex terity which

h a d enrich ed th e c ountry might not b e a b s olutely ex
tin gui s h ed Thes e s u b j ects o f in teres ted clemency
.
re fu s e d to a cc ept thi s in vidi ou s con ces s ion ho wever , ,
an d h as ten e d to j oi n th e i r co un trym en b ey on d th e s ea .
Th e wretched M o ri s coes receiv ed th e tidin g s o f thei r

e xp a tri a ti o n with a h n os t th e des p a i r wi th which they
would h a ve li s ten ed to a s en ten c e o f dea th As to n is h .
men t a ri s i n g from th e s udden n es s o f th e n o tice a n d

,
th e i n a de qu a te time a ll otte d th em f or p re p a ra ti o n w a s ,
min gle d with th eir di s ma y Th e tra diti on s o f c en .
tu ri es th e s o uv e n i rs o f n a ti on a l glo ry th e m em ory O f
, ,
th ei r a n ces to rs c on tribu ted to en d ea r th em to th ei r

,
n a tive l a n d There were c en tred th e mos t ch eri s h e d

.
a s s o ci a ti on s o f a n um ero u s a n d cultiva te d ra c e Al l .
a roun d w ere th e vi s ibl e s ig n s o f thrift a n d o pul en c e
a n d th ei r res ults w on by la b o ri o u s e x e rti o n f ro m th e

,
s o il
. Th e di s figured b u t s till m a g n ificen t mon um en ts
o f f a llen dyn a s ti e s re c a ll ed th e d e p a rte d gl o ry o f
Ara b gen iu s a n d M o s lem po wer Th e los s o f th eir .
wea lth th e s a crifice o f their p os s es s io n s p orten de d

, ,
th e en du ra n c e o f c a la mi ti es f or which th ey were ill

prep a red a n d o f wh o s e drea dful ch a ra cter th ei r mo s t
,
gloomy a ppreh en s i on s c ould c on vey n o a de qu ate con

cep ti on .
In very M oo ris h c ommu n i ty a pp ea re d th e s ign s o f

e
un uttera ble mi s ery a n d w o e Th e s hri eks o f fren zi ed

.
women pierc ed th e a ir O ld m en s obb ed up on th e.
h earth s ton es wh ere h a d b een p as s e d th e h a ppy d ays o f

in fa n cy a n d youth O verc ome with gri e f life lon g
.
,
-
frien ds m et in th e s treets with out n otic e o r s a luta tion .
Even li ttle children u n a ble to c ompreh en d y et a wed

, ,
by th e p reva ili n g s orro w c ea s ed th eir pla y to min gle

,
th ei r tea rs wi th th o s e o f th ei r p a ren ts .
A s th e di s con s o l a te a n d s o bbin g multitude urge d ,
on by th e fero ci ou s s o ldi ery ta ught by th e i r religio n
to reg a rd th es e victims o f n a ti on a l p rejudic e a s th e

en emi e s o f Ch ri s t l e ft th e i r h o mes b e hin d fo rever
, ,
th eir tri a l s a n d s u ff eri n gs in creas e d wi th th ei r p ro g

res s. Th e g overnm ent p rovid ed them with n ei th er
foo d s helter n or tran s p orta tion Th e difficulti es o f

, ,
.
th e m a rch were a ggra v a te d by cl oud s o f du s t a n d by

th e pitil es s h ea t o f s u mm er M a n y were born on th e
.
highwa y . G re at n um bers fell fro m e xh a u s ti on .
S o me i n des p era tion c o mmitte d s uicide

, , Every .
s tra ggl er w a s butch ere d by th e a rm e d ra bbl e which ,
e qu a lly ra ven ou s f or plun d er o r b lo o d c on s tan tly ,
hun g o n th e fla n ks o f th e s lo wly m ovin g c olumn .
M a n y were a s s a s s in a te d by O ld Chri s ti an s men o f ,
M oori s h a n c es try th e c on v ers i on o f wh o s e fore fathers

,
da ted be fore th e C on qu es t a n d wh o told th ei r beads

,
a n d mu ttere d p ra ye rs a fter ea ch mu rd er a s if th ey ,
h a d c ommitte d a n a c tio n a cc e p ta ble to G o d Th e .
a rm e d b rig a n d s w h o c o mp o s e d th e es c o rt vi e d with th e
m ob i n th e ir a tro citi es Th e m en w ere O p en ly killed

.
,
th e w om en vi o l a te d Th eir pro p erty w a s a ppro pri a ted

.
by forc e S o me di e d o f hu n ger P a ren ts i n th ei r

. .
,
e x tremi ty b e c a m e s o oblivi ou s o f th e i n s tin cts o f

,
n a tu re a s to b a rter th e i r child ren f o r a m ors el o f b rea d .
Wh en th ey e mb a rke d f or Afric a they fared even

wors e th a n th ey h a d don e on la n d On th e s ea th e o p .
p ortu n i ties f o r o utra g e w ere multipli e d th e m ea n s o f ,
e s c a p e a n d d ete cti on dimin i s h e d No p en ca n p ortra y

.
th e h orro rs vi s i te d up on th e u nh a ppy M ori s c o es h elp ,
les s i n th e mid s t o f s a va g e en emi es w h o were i n s en

s ibl e to pi ty h a rd en e d by c ru elty a n d d o min a ted by
, ,
th e fu ri ou s lu s t o f b ea uty a n d g o ld .
Th e d e cre e w a s n ot re c eiv e d e v erywh ere with th e

s a m e s ubmi s s i o n a s a t th e city o f V a len ci a Th ere th e .
e xiles ,ov e ra w e d by th e l a rg e mili ta ry force yi eld ed ,
with ou t di s turb an c e H a lf cra z e d by mi s fortun e

.
-
,
th ey even f eig n e d e xulta ti on m a rch e d on b oa rd th e

,
s hip s d res s ed i n h olid a y c o s tum e a n d h ea d e d by b an d s
o f mu s ic a n d in to k en o f d e light g a v e th e m s elves up
,
to th e m o s t e xtra v a g a n t e xh ibiti on s o f j o
y S o me .
ki s s e d th e s h ore others plun g e d in to th e s ea others

, ,
a g a i n qu a ff e d th e b rin y wa ter a s if i t w ere a d eli c iou s

h ad es c a p ed , in clu din g thes e th e total n u mb er o f

an d
victims o f th e in augurati on o f th e in s an e po licy o f

P hili p III w as at leas t tw o hun dre d th ou s a n d Th e
. .
c on tin u a n c e o f th at p olicy un til its a i m h a d been fully

a cc o mpli s h e d h a d a lrea dy b een determin e d on b y th e
c oun cillors o f th e Kin g Th e s ec rec y which c on c ea led

.
th e i r d es ign did n ot imp os e up on th os e w h o w ere th e

O bj e cts o f i t Th ey beg an by ten s o f th ou s an ds to
.
e mig ra te qui etly to Afric a Th en th e de cree which.

,
h a d b een s ign e d a m on th b e fo re w a s publi s he d with , ,
a n a ttemp t to giv e th e imp res s i on th at i t h a d b e en p ro
v oke d by a ci rcum s ta n c e o f which i t w as re a lly th e
c a u s e n a mely th e a gitati on o f th e M o ri s co es Th e
, ,
.
la tter were p eremptorily c omm an de d to lea ve th e kin g

d om within eight d a ys Th ey were forbidden to ta ke
.
with th em mon ey g old j ewels bills o f e xch an g e or

, , , ,
merch a n di s e Th ey were n ot p ermitted to di s p o s e o f

.
th e i r e s ta tes .I n C a ta l on i a th eir p ro p erty w a s con fis

c a ted , in s a ti s fa cti on o f d eb ts which th ey might h a ve
”
o w e d to Ch ri s ti a n s a n d th ree d a y s on ly w e re a ll ow e d
,
th em i n which to p re p a re f or d e p a rtu re Their little .
children were to b e le ft b ehin d to th e ten der me rcies o f

th ei r o pp res s ors i n o rd er th a t th ei r s a lv a ti on might
,
b e a s s ure d . Th o s e o f th e n o rth ern pro vin ces were

prohibite d from movin g s outhward ; th os e o f An da
lu s i a were dire cte d to emigra te by s ea Within th e .
a ll otted tim e a ll w ere in m oti on Th e emb a rk a tion o f .
th e exil es d es ti n e d f or Afric a w a s e ff e cted with out

difficulty B u t th ei r breth ren o f C a s tile a n d Ara gon
.
were re fu s e d a dmi s s i on in to F ra n c e by th e dire ct ,
o rd er o f H en ry IV to wh o s e a g en cy w a s la rgely a t
.
,
tribu ta ble th e ir d e pl ora ble c on di ti on H i s o pp ortun e .
death s omewh at rela x e d offici a l s everity a n d a gre at ,
n umb er en tere d P roven c e Al th ough they were .
p ea c ea ble a n d in o ff en s ive th e F ren ch were an xiou s to

,
b e rid o f th eir un we lc o m e gu e s ts F ree tra n s p ortati on .
w as furn i s he d th em b y th e city o f M a rs ei lles a n d th ey ,

MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UROPE 31 9
were di s tributed through Turkey Ita ly a n d Afric a , ,

.
S o m a n y die d durin g th e p a s s a g e by s ea th a t thei r dea d

bodies en cumb ere d th e bea ch a n d th e p eas a n ts re fu s e d
,
f or a l on g tim e to e a t fis h de cl a rin g th a t i t h a d th e
,
tas te o f hu m a n fl es h Th e p ro g res s o f th e u n f ortu

.
n a te s driven n orthw a rd w a s m a rke d by da ily s c en e s
o f p ers ecuti on a n d a g on y Th e corrun i s s i o n ers a p

.
p oin te d to s upervi s e th e emigra ti on c onn ived a t th e

evas i on o f th e d e cre e f or th eir o wn p ro fit They ex .
torted en orm ou s s um s f or pro te cti on which th e i r duty ,
requi re d th em to a ff ord wi th out c o mp en s a ti o n an d ,
which even a fter thes e imp os iti on s w a s i n s olently d e

, ,
n ie d. Th os e thin gs which th e o rdin ary dicta tes o f

hum a n ity d elight to b es tow were s old to th e h a ples s
wan derers a t fa bulou s p ric es F or th e s h a de o f th e
.
tree s o n th e highwa y th e gras pi n g a n d u n pri n ciple d

pe a s a n t ex a cted a ren ta l ; an d th e wa ter dipp ed fro m
th e s trea m s i n th e tre mbli n g h a n ds o f th e s u ff erers
c omm a n ded a higher pric e th an th a t u s u a lly p a id f or
th e wi n e o f th e c oun try Th e littl e which th e comm i s
.
s i on ers o v erl ook e d w a s s e iz e d by ra p a cio u s F ren ch
offici a l s a n d th e c on di ti on o f th e M o ri s c oes w a s s till

,
furth er a ggra v a te d by th e a bs con din g o f tho s e o f th eir

n um b er to wh om th e c omm o n pu rs e h a d b een i n
tru s te d .
I n th e m erciles s p ro s cription thu s imp os e d up o n a n

en ti re p eo ple a n i n s ign ific a n t n umb er te mp o ra rily
,
es c a p e d I n th e l a tter were i n clud e d yo un g children

.
torn fro m th e i r p a ren ts to b e e duc a ted by th e Church ,
a n d s uch p ers o n s o f g o o d lif e a n d re ligi on a s th e
clergy th rough in teres ted or g en ero u s moti ves cho s e

, ,
to re c o mm en d to roya l in dulg en c e I n 1 6 1 1 th e ex
.
emp ti on e n j o ye d by th es e cla s s es w a s removed ;

s ea rchi n g i n qui ry w a s i n s titute d th rough ou t th e ki n g
d om a n d every in dividu a l o f M o ori s h bloo d wh o c ould

,
b e dis c o v ered w a s in ex o ra bly c on d emn ed to b a n i s h

men t o r s la very By th e p ers ecuti on o f th e M oris coes
.
an d th e lo s s es by w a r a s s a s s in ati on volun tary e migra

, ,
ti on a n d en f orc e d e xile S p a in w a s d e p riv e d o f th e

, ,
s e rvic e s o f m ore th a n a milli o n o f th e m os t in telli g en t ,
l a bo ri ou s a n d s kilful s ub j e cts in Ch ri s ten do m Tho s e

,
.
w h o w ere fin a lly exclud ed w ere p ro b a bly n ot more

th a n h a lf o f th e en tire M oo ri s h p o pul ati on No s ta .
ti s ti cs a re a cc es s ible i n ou r d a y fro m which a n e s tim ate

ca n b e fo rm e d o f th e va s t n um b er th a t p eri s h e d b y
fa mi n e by torture by m a s s a cre Th eir tri a ls were

, ,
.
n ot a t a n en d e v en in Afric a ; th ey we re pu rs u e d f or
s e cta ri a n di ff eren ce s a n d s o me w h o were s in c ere

,
Chri s ti a n s retu rn e d to S p a in wh ere th ey were a t on ce ,
s en ten c e d to th e g a ll ey s Th e s kill a n d th rift o f th e

.
M ori s c oes qu a li ti es which s h o uld h a ve ma d e th em d e

,
s i ra ble , ren d e re d th e m e v erywh e re u n p o pul a r ; th ey

mon o p o liz e d th e tra de o f th e B a rb a ry c o a s t even ,
drivin g ou t th e J e ws ; i n Algi ers th e p o pul a c e ros e

a g a i n s t th em a l l w e re e xp e ll e d
, a n d l a rg e n umb ers ,
were rem o rs eles s ly bu tch ere d H a tre d O f th eir op .
pres s o rs in duc ed m a n y o f hith erto p ea ce ful o ccup a

ti on s to emb ra c e th e tra d e O f pi ra cy a n d th e s outh ern ,
c oa s t o f th e P en in s ul a h a d re a s on to lo n g remember
th e e xplo i ts o f th e M o ri s c o c o rs a i rs .
Th e ruthl es s b a rb a rity th e blin d a n d re ckl es s folly

,
o f thi s m ea s u re w a s fo ll o w ed by a n e v erl a s ti n g cu rs e
,
o f b a rrenn e s s ign ora n c e a n d p en ury Th e s udden

, , .
rem o v a l o f e n o rm o u s a m o un ts o f p orta bl e w ea lth d e
ra n g e d e very ki n d o f tra d e Th e ci rcul a ti on o f c oun

.
terf ei t m on e y im p a i re d public c on fid en c e I n V a len .
c i a f ou r hu n d re d a n d fifty vill a g e s w ere a b a n d on e d .
Th e a b s en c e o f th e m o s t i n du s tri o u s a n d p ro s p erou s
cla s s o f i ts i n h a bitan ts w a s a pp a ren t i n every comm u
n ity o f C a s til e C a ta lon i a los t three qu a rters o f its
.
-
p o pul ati o n Th e di s tricts o f Ara gon ren d ered des o

.
l ate by M oo ri s h expul s i on h a ve n ev er b een re p eo pled .
A g ricultu ra l s ci en c e a n d m e ch a n ic a l s kill di s a pp ea red .
Th e h a tre d a n d di s d a in en terta in e d by th e S p a n i ards

T o le d o c elebra ted f o r i ts s ilken fa brics in th e l atter

, ,
p art o f th e fifteen th c entury h a d s ixty th o u s an d

loom s ; in 1 6 5 1 i t h a d five th ous a n d ; to d a y i t h a s n on e - .
Th e s a m e in dus try w a s pu rs u e d with g rea t s ucc es s a t

S eville ; i n th e s even teen th c en tury th e n umb er o f its
lo o ms h a d de cre a s e d fro m s ixteen th ou s a n d to s ix teen .
Al l o the r bra n ch es o f m an uf a c tu re s d e clin e d i n th e

s a m e p ro p orti on Ev en a large p art o f th e kin gd om
.
o f V a l en ci a th e g a rd en o f Eu ro p e w a s f o r y ea rs a n
, ,
un in h a bite d wildern es s Wi th th e M os lem expuls ion

.
th e kno wl e dg e o f m a n y a rts o n c e th e s o urce o f great ,
p ro fit w a s h o p eles s ly los t
,
.
To th e pi o u s S p a n i a rd a ll th es e s a cri fic es w ere a s
n othin g wh en c o mp a re d wi th th e trium ph o f th e F a i th .
Th e p orts were un o ccupie d th e qu a ys gra s s g ro wn ,

-
,
b u t th e a rmi e s o f th e C ros s h a d c on qu ered Th e ma n .
u f ac tori es h a d f a ll en in to d e c a y th e s treets w ere s il en t , ,
th e highwa ys were d es erte d e xc e p t by th e tim orou s

tra v eller a n d th e lurkin g ro bb er b u t n ot a M o s l em ,
o r a J e wi s h h eretic w a s to b e en c o u n te red i n H i s M os t
C a th oli c M a j es ty s domin i on s A t th e clos e o f th e

’
.
s e ven teen th c en tu ry th ro ugh o ut th e en tire P en in s ul a

, ,
o n c e th e c en tre o f l ea rn in g i n Eu ro p e th e res o rt o f ,
s ch o l a rs o f e ve ry l a n d th e s e a t o f th e g re ate s t e duc a
,
ti on a l i n s ti tu ti on s o f th e Middle A g es n ot a s in gle ,
a c a d e my e xi s te d wh ere i n s tructi on c o uld b e o b ta in e d
i n a s tro n o my n a tura l phil o s o phy or a n y bra n ch o f

, ,
ma th ema tics A hun d re d ye ars later n o on e c ould b e

.
foun d w h o un d ers too d e ven th e rudimen ts o f ch emi s

try . To d a y a m on g th e in h a bita n ts o f S p a in a ccord
-
, ,
i n g to th e publi s h e d ta ble s o f s ta ti s tic s on ly o n e p ers on ,
i n ev ery four c a n rea d B u t wh a t ma ttered th e d e

.
s tru cti on o f c omm erc e th e d e c a y o f p ro ducti on , th e ,
de a rth o f i n telligen c e if th e la n d wa s purge d o f fa ls e

,
do ctrin es ' W a s it n o t a S ou rce O f n ati on a l con gratu

l a tion th a t e ccles i a s tic a l a uth ority w a s on c e more p ara
mo un t ; th a t h a lf o f th e a ble b o di e d p o p u la tion m a le -
,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E U ROPE 32 3
an d fem ale w ere devoted to mon a s tic l ife ; th at m a g

,
nificent religi o u s foun d a ti on s s uch as th e world h a d

,
n e ver b e f ore s een a ros e o n e very s id e ; th a t th ough

, ,
th e ro ya l trea s u ry w a s b a n krupt th e a n n u a l re v en u es
,
o f th e Chu rch a mo un te d to n ea rly fif t

y three mil lion
-
do llars ' S urely th es e man ifo ld divin e bles s in gs were

n ot to b e w e igh e d wi th th e tra n s itory b en e fits derive d
fro m th e l a b ors o f a ma s s o f p ervers e a n d u nregen

'
c ra te h eretics '
Th e res ults b oth imm edi a te a n d remote o f thi s
, ,
crime a ga in s t civiliz a ti on thu s prove d fa ta l to S pa in .
I ts p rin cip a l s ourc es o f s ubs i s ten ce remov e d th e kin g ,
d om w a s d es ol a te d by fa mi n e I t b e c a me n e ces s a ry
.
to ex ten d public a i d to m a n y n obl e fa mili es on c e a f ,
fluen t bu t n o w imp o veri s he d by th e s uicida l c ours e o f

,
th e crow n P o pul a r s entim ent ex a s p era te d by d i s

.
,
tres s d en o un c e d in u n s p a ri n g terms th e a uth ors o f th e

,
n a ti on a l c a l a mity Th e Archbi s h o p o f V a l en ci a un
.
,
a ble to en du re th e d a ily rep ro a ch es to which h e w a s
s ubj e cte d a n d o v e rco m e by th e s u ff erin g s f or whi ch

,
h e w a s res p on s ible di e d o f remors e

, S ilen ce a n d
.
gloo m o ccupi e d va s t tra cts fo rmerly c overe d b y ex

ub eran t vegetati on I n th e pla c e o f th e farmer a n d
.
th e me ch a n ic a pp ea re d th e brig a n d a n d th e o utl a w .
D eprive d o f prote ction th e o p en c oun try w a s a b an

,
d on ed ; th e p ea s an try s ought th e s ecurity o f fo rtifie d

pla c es a n d a ll o ccup a ti on s wh os e purs ui t i mpli ed e x
,
p os u re to th e d a n g er o f violen c e w ere n e c e s s a rily s u s

p en d ed Th e co n diti on s c on trollin g ev ery ra n k o f
.
s o cie ty which we re es ta bli s h e d i n th e P en in s ul a by th e
blin d a n d s a va g e prejudices o f th e s even teen th cen

tu ry a re l a rg ely p re va l en t to d a y -
A dre a dful retri
.
bu ti on h a s fo ll owe d a tra g edy wh o s e e x a mple h a ppily

n o oth e r n a ti on h a s ven ture d to imita te ; a n d which ,
from th e h ou r o f i ts o ccurren c e h a s a fflicted wi th ,
every mi s fortun e to th e l a s t g en era ti on th e p e o pl e re
s p on s ibl e f o r i ts hideou s a tro citi es .

C H A P TE R XXVII
GE NE RAL C OND I T I ON OF E UROPE FRO M TH E VI I I . TO

TH E X VI . CE N T URY
700—1 5 00
E ff ec ts o fB b i y
a r a r a n S u p re m a c i —i
o n th e Na t on s o f E u rop e R se
o f th e P lP a pa ow e r — a ra c te r o f th e
Ch P h i Vi op e s — T e r ces
an d Ci r m es — Th e I n te r
di C c t—P i P l
o rru p t ra c t c es o f re ates
g d i P
a n d D e ra a t on o f th e y a p a c — I n s t tut on o f th e Mon as
i i
ti c Or e rs — T e r
d hi G — hi i l g
re a t I n fl u e n c e y
T e r F n a D e en era c
— e a t o f th e R e
W lh ligi H ou s ou s es — Th e
B yz i y a n t n e S s te m
— I ts Ch a ra c te r s t c s —
i i P h l d
ow e r o f th e E u n u c s
— Sp en or of
C o n s ta n t n o p e— D es tru c t on o f L e a rn n
i l i i g b d C di —D e a s e on
i
t on o f th eG k re e s — Th e
P l W eo p e o f e s tern E u ro p e—Ty r
arm y C of a s te a n d i ts E ff ec ts — F e u a
d l i Opp res s on —L e o f
if
th e No e— H i s
bl A m us e men ts — Th e S er a n d h i s D e ra a
f g d
t on — H i s
i H l xi
op e e s s — J
E s ten c e T rea tmen t o f th e ew s
P vl id i
re a e n c e o f E p l gi
em c s iv l G l
R e i ou s F es t a s en era
I n o ra n c e— S c a rc t a n d
g iy V l B k P
a ue o f oo s —
i e rs ec ut on of
L e a rn n — Th e E m p re o f th e
i g i Ch h u rc — I ts E xtra or i n a r
d y
Vit lity
a .
IN d h at th e rea d er m a y th o ro ughly u n ders tan d

or e r t
a n d p ro p erly a pp re ci a te th e m ora l a n d in telle ctu a l
s up rem a cy o f th e S p a n i s h Ara b s a n d th eir p ro digi ou s
a dv a n c e i n th e d o m a in o f s ci en c e a n d th e a rts I h a ve ,
th o ught i t a dvi s a bl e by w a y o f c on tra s t to p res en t to

, ,
him a Sh ort a n d s up erfici a l s ketch o f th e religiou s p o ,
liti ca l a n d d o mes ti c c on diti on s which p rev a ile d i n th e

,
s o ci ety o f c on temp ora n e ou s Eu ro p e Th e ex ten t o f

.
thi s v a s t a n d c omp reh en s iv e s u b j ect—o n e which h as

exh a u s te d th e eru diti o n o f m a n y g rea t hi s tori ans ,
who s e work s o f th ems elves would c on s titu te a con s id

era bl e l ib ra ry— mu s t th ere f o re e xcu s e th e i n c o mpl ete
, ,
a n d cu rs o ry ch a ra cter o f thi s ch a p ter ; whi le its im

th e c on qu ero rs No s cruple s o f human i ty o r d elic a cy

.
s ugg es te d th e c on cea h n en t o f th e m o s t re v o ltin g
o rgi es. Th e s treets o f th e E tern a l C ity exhibited

en ormiti es wh os e v ery m en ti on th e rul es o f m o d ern
pro pri ety d o n ot to lera te B a n qu ets wh ere th e bruta l

.
pro p en s iti es o f th e tu rbulent a n d un c ou th gu es ts were

i n dulge d to th e utm o s t c on s tan tly a ff orde d p rovo c a
ti on f o r bl oo d s h e d a n d murd er K n o wl e dg e o f l etters
.
,
u n d ers ta n din g a n d a pp re ci a ti on of th e a rts

, had
a l re a dy wh o lly v a n i s h e d
. Th e litera ry m a s terpi eces
o f cl a s s ic g en iu s rem a in e d u n k n own or fo rg otten i n
th e in s ig n ific a n t c o ll e c ti o n s o f s c a ttere d lib ra ri es or

,
h a d b een buri e d u n d er th e s m okin g ruin s o f th o s e in

s ti tu ti on s o f l ea rn in g which on c e a d o rn e d th e c a pi ta l s
a n d th e p ro vi n ci a l citi es o f G ree c e a n d I ta ly .
By th e a cciden t o f g eo gra phic a l p os iti on by th e,
a do p ti on o f f a mili a r p o li tic a l m a xim s a n d by th e i n

,
c orp o ra ti on i n to i ts ritu a l o f m an y c eremon i es lon g

en d e a re d to th e v ota ri es o f P a g a n i s m th e C hurch o f
,
R o me h a d s ecure d a n in flu en ce o ver th e mi n ds o f men

which u n d er a n y oth er circu m s ta n c e s i t c ould s c a rcely
h a ve a cqui re d Th e revere d n a me an d dign ity o f
.
S up reme P on ti ff imp a rte d a uth ority to its d e crees a n d

g a ve pre s tige to i ts d e cis i on s on qu es ti on s o f do ctrin e .
Th e fiv e Ch ri s ti a n e mp erors fro m C on s tantin e to

,
G ra ti a n a do pte d wi th o ut a ltera tio n th e a ttributes an d

,
wore th e in s ign i a o f th e s a cre d Offic e es ta bli s h e d by

Num a a n d u s u rp e d by Augu s tu s Th e a s s umpti on o f
.
imp eri a l p o wer i s s ho wn by th e e x ten t o f P a p a l j uri s

dicti on lon g s h a rply de fin e d by th e an cien t limits o f
th e empi re . Th e a d o p ti on o f th e L a tin idi o m en a bl ed
th e Chu rch to c o mm u n ic a te s e c retly wi th i ts s erva n ts
i n th e mo s t di s ta n t c ou n trie s ; while a t th e s a me time
it in v es te d th e p ro cee din g s o f i ts wors hip with a my s
tery which a w e d th e ig n ora n t a n d fa n a tic b elie v er .
Th e s pl en did c erem o n i a l th e imp os i n g te mpl es th e

, ,
el a b ora te v es tm en ts th e c os tly fu rn iture o f th e a lta r

,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EURO P E 32 7
enr iche d with go ld a n d j ewels th e in cen s e th e s o lemn , ,
ch an ts th e c on s e cra ti on o f th e H o s t —all p owerfully

, ,
imp res s ed th e s up ers titi ous children o f th e s l a ves o f

a n ci en t my th o l o gy i n wh o s e min ds s till li n g ered tra c es
,
o f th os e tra di ti o n s which h a d b een re c e iv e d by th ei r
fa th ers wi th th e im plicit fa ith d u e to th e ora cles o f th e

god s .
I n th e c ou rs e o f c en turi es th e primitiv e s implicity

,
o f th e G os p e l a n d th e pu rity o f lif e which di s ti n
g u i s h ed th e firs t Chri s ti a n s h a d b een los t i n th e com

plex th eo lo gy in th e un s eemly c on tes ts f o r p re c e den c e
, ,
i n th e crimes a n d th e lic en tiou s n e s s which di s tra cte d

th e s o ci ety o f th e E te rn a l City F ro m a s imple pri es t
.
,
wh os e ten ure o f ofli ce w a s de pen den t on th e plea s ure

o f hi s a s s o ci a te s th e Bi s h o p o f R o m e h a d b e en e x a lte d
,
in to a mighty s o vereign res p on s ible on ly to th e p o wers

,
o f H e a ve n Th e p a la c e o f th e Va tica n exhibite d a ll
.
th e vic es o f th e mos t c orrup t O f c ou rts Th e a s s u m p .
ti on o f in fa llibility — a n in e vita ble re s ult o f th e p re

,
o s terou s cl a im s o f th e P a p a cy — th rough th e c on tra

p ,
d i c to ry in terp reta ti on s O f di ff e ren t in dividu a ls wh os e

in teres ts were c on flicti n g l ed to th e mo s t o pp os ite con
elu s i o n s o ften to re s ults fa ta l to th e p ea c e a n d h o n o r
,
o f th e Chu rch Th e fa ith o f th e p o pul a c e w a s w e a k

.
en e d. I n fidelity i n th e pri es th oo d b e ca me to o com

m on to e xcite re m a rk Th e un iv ers a l d ep ra vity w a s
.
i n credible an d a pp a llin g Th e g en era l d emo ra liz a ti on

.
res ulti n g fro m th e e x a mpl e o f th e clergy wh os e a th e ,
i s m a n d d eb a uch ery we re p ro v erbi a l threa ten e d th e ,
e xi s ten c e o f s o ci ety a c a ta s tro ph e which th e th orough

,
org a n iz a ti on o f th e hi era rchy a l on e p reven te d Ev en in .
th e fifteen th c en tu ry M a chi a ve lli wrote Th e n e a rer ,

”
a n a ti o n i s to Ro m e th e more im pi ou s a re th e p eo ple .
Wh en th e G erma n S ch o pp c a lle d th e fa mou s s ch ola r ,
C a s a ub on an a th ei s t th e la tter retorte d : If I were

, ,
a n a th e i s t I s h o uld n ow b e a t R om e wh ere I h a ve ,
o ften b een i n vite d Th e e ff e cts o f thi s s up erb eccle

.
32 8 H I S T ORY OF TH E
s i a s ti ca l g an iz ati on were n ot l on g i n m a n ifes tin g

or
th em s elv es Th e l e gitim a te re s ou rc es o f p o wer w ere

.
a id e d by ev ery d evic e o f f ra ud o f o pp re s s i o n
,
of ,
im p os ture o f forg ery A s ucces s i on o f a bl e a n d n u

,
.
p rin ciple d p on ti ff s fa s ten e d o n Ch ris ten do m a yoke

which th e in tellig en c e a n d th e s ci en c e o f s ub s e qu en t
g en era ti on s h a ve n ot e ven y et b een a ble to en ti rely
rem o v e Th e temp o ra l s up rem a cy o f th e C aes a rs w a s
.
re es ta bli s h e d o v er Eu ro p e ; th e d o gm a s o f C a th oli
-
c i s m we re p rea ch e d i n di s ta n t c o n tin en ts u n k n o w n to
th e a n ci en t w o rld ; a n d a tyra nn y f a r m o re terrible

in i ts c on s equ en ce s th a n th a t e xp eri en c e d u n d er th e
cru el rule o f N ero a n d D o miti an w as imp o s e d up on
th e i n telle ctu a l a s pi ra ti on s o f m a n kin d .
No b ra n ch o f hi s tory a ff o rd s s uch a Sign ific a n t illu s

tra ti o n o f h um a n c ra ft a n d hum a n w ea kn es s a s th e
s to ry o f th e a mbi ti on th e in trigu e s, a n d th e vic es o f
,
th e P o p es I n i ts c o n s id era ti on th e f a ct mu s t n ev er
.
,
b e l o s t s ight o f th a t th e H o ly F a th er w a s a s a meces ,
s a ry c o n s e qu en c e o f h i s c ree d th e ea rthly emb o dim en t

,
o f Spi ritu a l p erfe cti on —th e vic eg eren t o f Al m ighty

,
G od . Ei th er th e a dmi s s i on o f a s in gle e rror o f j udg

m en t or a c on tro vers y in volvi n g th e m os t in s ign ific an t
,
ten et s u s ta in e d by on e p o p e a n d di s pu te d by h i s s u c
c es s o r w a s fa ta l to th e cl a im o f i n f allibility which
, ,
w a s th e fo un d a ti on o f th e en ti re e ccl es i a s tic a l s ys tem .
Th e omn is ci en ce c on ferre d by th e a p os to lic s ucc es

s i on which tra c e d i ts o rigin to th e S a vi o u r H im s elf
, ,
c ould n ever b e mi s ta ken Th e ex a mple o f th e S u

.
prem e P on ti ff th e rela ti on s h e s u s ta in e d to th e grea t

,
offici a l s o f hi s c o u rt hi s o ccup a ti on s hi s div ers i on s h i s

, , ,
ta s tes h i s h a bits h i s c on v ers a ti o n w ere o f f a r grea ter

, , ,
imp o rta n c e in th e ey es o f th e m ea n es t p ea s a n t o f s ome

re m ote ki n gd om w h o a ck n owle dg ed hi s mi s s i on th an
were th e mos t glori ou s a chiev emen ts o f a n y temp ora l

s o v ere ig n Th e p o s s ibili ti e s f o r th e a tta i n m en t to p o
.
s i ti on s o f s uch a u th ori ty a n d i n flu en c e a s w ere o ff ered

nity . In so me
in s ta n c es th e ti a ra a n d th e mitre w ere
pla c ed up on th e bro ws o f children N e ith er J o hn .
XII n or B en e dict IX h a d a tta in e d th e a g e o f thi rteen

. .
years wh en in tru s ted with th e dire cti on o f th e s pi r

i tu a l a ff a i rs o f Ch ri s ten d om A n in fa n t o f fiv e yea rs
.
w a s c o n s e c ra te d Archbi s h o p o f Rh eim s An o th er wh o .
wa s ly ten w a s pl a c ed up on th e e pi s co p a l thron e
on
o f N a rb on n e Alo n s o o f Ara gon th e n a tura l s on

.
,
o f F erdi n a n d th e C a th olic w a s m a d e Archbi s h o p O f

,
S a ra g os s a a t th e a g e o f s i x Th e o rigin o f th e vic a rs
.
o f Ch ri s t w as s o m etim es o f th e m o s t ob s cu re a n d o ften
o f th e m o s t di s g ra c e ful ch a ra cter S te ph en VII . .

,
J ohn X John XI J ohn XI I B on ifa ce VII Greg

.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
or
y VII w .e re
, th e s on s o f c o u rtes a n s I n s om e in .
s ta n c es th e i n f a my w a s fu rth er in crea s e d by th e a ddi
ti on a l s tigm a a tta chin g to th e c rim e o f i n c es t Th e .
fa mou s c ou rte s a n M a rozi a w h o f or th e gre a ter p a rt

,
o f h er life di s p o s e d o f th e P a p a cy a t h er will is ,
c re dite d with th e in s ta ll ati on o f eight P o p e s all h er ,
lo vers o r h er child ren on e o f wh o m w a s a t on ce h er

,
s on a n d g ra n d s o n Th e empire S h e a cqui re d by h er
.
ta le n ts a n d h er b ea u ty l a s te d a h n os t a qu a rter o f a
c en tu ry To th a t e p o ch i s a s crib ed a n o ccu rren c e th at
.
ma n y writers h a ve d es ign a te d a s fa bulou s bu t which ,
i s e s ta bli s h e d by evid en ce f a r m ore c on vin cin g th a n

ma n y even ts th a t h a ve s ucc es s fully w i th s too d th e mos t
fo rmid a bl e a s s a ults o f h o s til e critici s m I t w a s lon g .
a s s e rte d by ch ro n iclers o f th e o rth o d o x fa ith a n d u ni ,
v ers a ll y c re di te d th a t i n th e c a pi ta l o f C h ri s ti a n ity
, ,
h a llowe d by th e glori ou s de a th s o f c ou n tles s ma rtyrs ,
lin k ed with th e p roud a s s o ci a ti on s o f th e ri s e a n d

pro gre s s o f th e s pi ri tu a l p o wer o f th e P a p a cy an d ,
e n n o bl e d by th e m o s t s ig n a l vic to ri es o f th e C hu rch .
a m o n s trou s p ro digy h a d o ccu rre d I t w a s s a id th a t .
P o p e J ohn VIII wh o s e s ex h a d hith erto b een u n

.
,
s u s p e cte d s a v e by th o s e f a vo re d wi th h er i n tim a cy ,
while return in g fro m th e c el ebra ti on o f a s olemn fes

ti v a l , at th e
h ea d o f a proces s ion o f c a rdin a l s a n d
bi s h o p s a n d s u rroun de d wi th th e glitterin g emblems
of
p on ti fic a l p o w er a n d ma j es ty h a d b een s eiz ed with ,
th e th roes o f p a rtu ri ti on i n on e o f th e m o s t public

th oroughfa res o f R o me .
Th e origin a l a cc e p ta n ce o f a n d b eli e f i n thi s p o r

ten ton s c a ta s tro ph e a n d its s ub s e qu en t d en i a l fo rm
, ,
on e o f th e m o s t cu ri o u s e pi s o des i n th e a nn a l s o f th e
Church F or fiv e cen turi es it w a s implicitly re c eive d

.
a s hi s toric tru th Th e life o f P o p e J o a n lon g o ccupi e d

.
a p romi n en t pl a c e i n th e bi o g ra phi es o f th e s ucc es s o rs
o f S t P eter d e dic a te d to emi n en t p re l ate s

.
, o ften to ,
th e P on ti ff s th ems elves Th e o ccurren ce— wh os e l o

.
c a h ty w a s m a rk e d by th e s ta tu e o f a w o m a n w ea rin g
th e P a p a l i n s ign i a a n d h o ldi n g a child i n h er a rms

wa s mi n utely d es crib e d in th e w ork s o f l ea rn e d a n d
re s p e cta bl e hi s to ri a n s Thi s memo ri a l w a s thro wn in to
.
th e Tib er by th e ord er o f S ix tu s V H er bu s t d e .
,
s troy e d by Ch a rl e s VIII du rin g th e F ren ch i n v a s i on .
o f I ta ly w a s l on g a n o rn a m en t o f on e o f th e chu rch e s
,
O f S i enn a Un til th e time o f L eo X c erta in c ere

. .
mon i es which c a n n ot b e des cribed were publi cly in s ti

, ,
tu ted a t th e e le cti on o f ev ery P o p e to d etermi n e h i s

s ex . To th es e ev en th e lic en ti o us B o rgi a w a s fo rced
to c on fo rm J ohn H u s s wh en a rra ign e d be fore th e
.
,
C oun cil o f C on s tan ce a mid s t a n un broken s ilen c e re

, ,
p ro a ch e d th e e ccle s i a s tic a l dign ita ri es a s s embl e d to

con demn him a n d wh o m th e s lightes t h eretic a l as s er
,
ti on ro u s e d to tumultu ou s fu ry with th e imp o s tu re ,
which h a d s o s ign a lly d emon s trated th e wea kn es s o f

th e va u n te d in s pira ti on o f th e P a p a cy M ore th a n .
five hun dre d write rs wh os e in tere s ts we re id en tic a l

,
with th os e o f th e Va tic a n — a mon g th em ch ron iclers ,
p olemi c divin es a uth orities on th e hi s tory o f th e

,
Church a n d i ts dis ciplin e all en thu s i as tic members o f ,
th e R om a n C a th o lic c omm un i on — h a v e c on firm e d th e

e xi s ten c e o f a fe m a l e P o p e .
B u t, wheth er tru e or fa ls e th e di s gra c e c o n s equent

,
up on thi s gig a n tic s c an da l w a s in s ign ific a n t wh en

c omp are d with th e mo ra l e ff e ct o f th e lon g s e ri es o f
crimes which d i s figu re th e a nn a ls o f P a p a l R ome .
Th e s h a m el e s s v en a lity o f th e P rin c e s o f th e C hu rch

h a d fro m th e m os t remote tim es di s gra c e d th e p ro
ceed in g s by which w a s el e v a te d to th e th ro n e o f th e
a p o s tl es th e imm a cula te Vic a r o f G o d S o c orru pt .
w a s th e e ccl e s i as tic a l s o ci ety o f th e c a pita l th a t n o

P on tiff wh o en d e a vo re d to live a m ora l life w a s s ecu re
f or a Sin gl e h ou r C ele s tin e w a s p o i s on e d a t th e in
.
s ta n c e o f th e c a rdi n a l s e igh teen d a y s a fte r re c e ivi n g
th e ti a ra Adri a n V w a s p o i s on e d i n th e c on clave
. .
i ts elf b e fo re hi s ele c tion Th e p a rti s a n s o f a n ta g o

.
n i s ti c cl a im a n ts o f th e P a p a cy pu rs u e d ea ch o th er with
a vin dictiv en e s s s c a rc ely e qu a lle d by th e m o s t i n ten s e
bittern es s o f po litic a l fa cti on E a ch a s pira n t to th e.
p on ti fica l dign ity d en oun c e d h i s O pp o n en t a s a n a nti

p o p e a n d exh a u s te d th e ri ch vo ca bula ry o f cleric al
,
i n ve ctive in c on s ign in g him to th e ven ge an ce o f

H e a ven Th e de fea te d c a n did a te w a s s ubj e cted to
.
e very v a ri ety o f to rtu re ; to th e d e p riv a ti o n o f h i s

n o s e hi s ey es h i s to n gue ; to th e s u ff erin g o f c on fin e
, ,
men t in n o i s o me dun g eon s ; to th e p a n gs o f prolon ged

s ta rv a ti on Th e temp ora l en e mi e s o f th e H oly F a th er
.
fa red ev en w o rs e th an hi s riv a ls f or s pi ritu a l s uprem

a cy . N o dee d w a s c on s idere d too fl a g i ti o u s f o r th e
re m o v a l o f a d a n g ero u s a n d o b s tin a te a dv ers a ry In .
n o c en t IV empl o y e d th e tru s te d phy s ici a n a n d fri en d

.
o f th e Emp ero r F re d erick II to c omp a s s hi s d es truc .
ti on . Th e Emp e ror H en ry VII w a s p o i s on ed by .
ord er o f Cl em en t V Th e a s s a s s in a ti on o f th e M e dici
.
un d er S ixtu s IV w a s pla n n e d by th a t P o p e a n d ca r
.
,
ri e d o u t b e f o re th e a lta r th e s ig n a l f or a tta ck b ein g th e

,
el ev a ti o n o f th e H o s t by th e c ele b ra n t a n a rchbi s h o p , .
H a lf o f th e p o pula ti on o f R o me w a s s a crific e d to
gra tify th e ma lign ity o f F ormos u s wh o s e qu arrels ,
e s ta tes o f th e victim s to th e do ma in o f th e H oly S ee .
I t i s a w ell kn own fa ct th a t Al e x a n d er VI di e d from

-
.
dri n kin g p oi s on ed win e in ten d e d f or c erta in p rin c es

o f th e C hu rch wh o m h e h a d in vi te d to s h a re h i s trea ch
e rou s h os pita l ity Grea t wea lth w a s Obta i n e d by th e

.
s a l e o f a b s o lu ti on s g ra n te d by on e P o p e fro m th e
a n a th em a s o f hi s p re d e c es s or This d evic e s ugges te d

.
th e tra ffic i n in dulg en c es p ro mi s in g imm un i ty fro m a ll

,
pun i s hmen t f o r crime Th e a va rice o f J o hn XXII

. .
p ro mpte d him to dra w up a n d promulg ate a s ch e dule

o f fin es , s o th a t by th e p a ym en t o f triflin g s um s th e
culprit w a s c o mpletely a bs o lve d from th e m ora l an d

s e cul a r c on s e qu en c es o f th e m o s t a tro ci ou s o ff en c es in
th e c rim in a l c a l en d a r .
I n the ir rel a ti on s with foreig n c o u rts th e P o p es

brought to b ea r e very s o u rc e o f c orru ption a nd vi o
len c e f or th e a cc o mplis hmen t o f th e ir en d s Th ey.
a va il e d th em s elv e s O f th e p res tig e a tta chin g to th eir
s a cre d o ffice f or th e en c o u ra g e men t o f i n s u rre cti on
a n d p a rricid e .Th ey o p en ly s o ld th e in ve s titures o f

dis tan t kin gdom s Th ey a rm ed th e s ervan t a g a in s t
.
h i s m a s te r th e v a s s a l a g a in s t hi s l ord th e s ubj e ct
, ,
a g a i n s t h i s ki n g Th ey p ro hibite d th e e duc a tion o f

.
children a s in imic a l to th e in teres ts o f th e clergy ,
w h o a lo n e w ere d e cl a re d w o rthy to en j o y th e b en e
fits o f l ea rn i n g Wh en a n o bn o xiou s en emy wa s
.
to b e rem o v ed th ey did n ot s h rin k from s ele cti n g

,
in s trumen ts at wh os e employmen t h o n or an d pi ety

a lik e rev o lt — th e e n v en o m e d p on i a rd th e s a cra m en
, ,
ta l el em en ts mi n gl e d wi th d e a dly p o i s on s a n d
y et
bles s e d by th e c eremon i es o f th e o ffici atin g prela te ,
wh o s e in s tructi on s i mpres s ed th e un s u s pici ou s victim

with th e b eli e f th a t h e kn elt i n th e very pres en c e o f
G od Acco rdin g to M on ta ign e th e H oly F a th er w as
.
,
a ccu s to m e d to u s e du rin g th e
p on ti fica l m a s s a con
tri va n ce which c o un tera c te d th e e ff e cts o f a c ou s e
cra te d dra ught which might oth erwi s e b e a mes s en ger
o f dea th F ro m h a vin g been th e va s s a ls o f th e Em

.
p ero r th e tributa ri es o f th e S a ra c en Emirs a n d th e

, ,
too ls o f th e Ki n gs o f F ra n c e th e P o p es i n tim e a rro

,
ga te d to th ems elves im p eri a l p rero ga tives ; a n d hi s

ti tle to th e c rown w a s n ot c on s idere d a s v es ted i n a
s overeign u n til i t h a d b ee n pl a c ed up on hi s b row by
a n e ccl e s i a s tic duly c o mmi s s i o n e d by th e S ucc es s or o f
S t P e ter Through th e in s idi ou s in flue n c e o f a s up er

. .
s ti ti on fos tere d by th e ign oran ce o f th e time th e

, ,
a uth ority o f p o werful m on a rch s w as di s pute d I n th ei r
ca pita ls D egra d irrg p en a n ces were im po s ed up on

.
a n d p erf orm e d by th e m wi th out remon s tra n c e Th e .
humili a ti on o f th e prin ce in th e eyes o f h i s p e ople in

crea s ed in a c orres p on din g d egree th e impo rtan c e o f
, ,
th e s pi ritu a l rul er w h o c oul d i n fli ct s uch pun i s hm en ts .
By exc ommun ic a ti on an d in terdict— th e on e cuttin g

o ff a n in dividu a l fro m th e fe ll o w s hip o f b eli ev ers th e ,
o th er a im e d a t a n en ti re c omm un ity o r kin gdo m a n d
in volvi n g th e inn o cen t with th e guilty— th e ven g ean ce

o f th e Church w a s vi s ite d up on a ll o f wh a te ve r ra n k , ,
wh o h a d vi o la te d h er c a n on s o r i n terfered with h er
p roj e cts o f a mbiti on I t i s difficult in ou r a g e to a p
.
reci a te th e g ra ve e ff e cts o f e ccl es i a s tic a l fu h ni n a ti on s

p
which th e pro gres s o f in te lligen c e a n d th e develo pmen t
o f civiliz a ti o n h a ve l on g s i n c e d e p rive d o f th e i r terro rs .
O f exco mmuni c ati on a n ythin g b es ides a hu man b ein g

,
mi ght b e th e s ub j ec t from a co met to ra ts wo rms a n d

, , ,
e very kin d o f v ermi n Th e in terdict w a s e quiv a l en t

.
to a d re a dful curs e in fli cte d by th e vic e g eren t o f G o d .
With a w e in s pi rin g c eremon ie s u s u a lly p erfo rmed a t

-
,
midn ight to in crea s e their im pres s ive e ff ect th e d e ,
cree o f th e H oly S ee w a s s olemn ly pro cla imed I n .
gloomy s il en ce o cc a s ion a lly brok en by s obs an d h a lf

,
s tifl e d l a men ta tion s th e terror s tricken multi tude

,
-
lis ten e d to a s en ten ce which i n thei r eyes exc ee ded , , ,
thro ugh th e dire ful c on s equ en c e s i t en ta ile d th e ,
s ev eres t p en a lty th a t a n y ea rthly trib un a l c ould in

fli ct . Th e chu rches w ere clo s e d Th e b el l s we re

.
s il en t . Th e ta p ers burn in g o n th e a ltars w ere e x tin

g u i s h e d T h e. re lic s w ere c on c ea l e d B e fo re ev ery .
h o u s e o f wo rs hip wh ere th e H o s t w a s en s h rin ed th e

con s ecra te d wa fer w as publicly c omm i tted to th e
fl a mes Th e cru cifix es o f ch a p el a n d c ath e dra l a li ke ,
.
en velo p e d i n folds o f bla ck clo th w ere hidd en fro m ,
th e rev eren ti a l g a z e o f th os e on wh os e h ea d s h a d f a ll en
th e c en s u re o f th e Al m ighty All religi o u s c erem on i es
.
were s u s p en d e d s ave th e a s p ers i on which s e cure d f or ,
th e Chu rch th e h o p e o f a n oth er de v otee th e s ol em n i ,
za ti o n o f m a rri a g e a n d th e fin a l rites which di s mi s s ed

,
th e p a s s in g s o ul on th e th res h old o f etern i ty Th e .
en d ea rm en ts o f c on j ug a l a ff e cti o n th e l a s t bles s in g,
o f th e p a ren t th e dive rs i o n s o f y ou th th e f a mili a r

, ,
greeti n g s o f fri en ds hip a n d e s teem were a l l p ro ,
hibi ted S urroun de d by bl a ck g a rb e d p ries ts bea rin g

.
-
to rch e s a n offici a tin g c a rdi n a l ro b e d in vi ol et — th e

, , ,
mourn in g o f h i s ord er — rea d th e fa ta l e dict which cut

,
o ff a b s olute ly th e o n ly m e diu m o f c om mun ic a ti on b e
tween th e s i nn er a n d h i s G o d F ro m th a t momen t th e
.
p eo ple were de p ri ve d o f th os e welc o me mi n is trati ons

which h a d b een th e ir pl ea s u re a n d co n s ola ti on from
in fa n cy ; which h a d dire cte d th eir fo ots te p s ; which
h a d co n firm e d th ei r w a v erin g res o luti o n in m a n y a n
em erg en cy ; which h a d reli ev e d th ei r s u ff eri n g s ; which
h a d enh a n c ed th e ir h a ppin es s a n d fu rn i s h e d a lmos t

th ei r s o le a mu s em en ts No O pp ortun ity w a s n e gl e cted
.
to imp res s th e o ff en din g children o f R o m e with th e

a wful c o n s e qu en c es o f th e m a l e dic ti on which th e p er
vers ity o f th ei r rulers h a d in flicte d upo n th em S ub .
j ects were a bs o lved from th eir a lle gi a n c e Th e ch an .
n e l s o f c o mm erc e w ere cl o s e d T ra d e o f every kin d

.
w a s s u s p en d e d W ors hipp ers wh o s e pi ety u rge d

.
,
th em i n s pi te o f e ccl e s i as tic a l m en a ce to fre qu en t th e

, ,
p orta ls o f th e chu rch were rud ely driven b a ck Th e

, .
u s e o f m e a t w a s fo rbidd en a s in L en t ; th e fa mili a r
,
of thi s i n s trum en t o f e ccles i as tic a l tyrann y pro duc ed .
I t ra rely f a il e d o f s ucc es s f o r n o m on a rch h o w e v er

, ,
bo ld o r a rbitra ry co uld lon g wi th s tan d its p o wer ; a n d

,
th e mere th rea t o f i ts e x erci s e w a s o ften s uffici en t to

s trik e terror in to a wh o le p eo pl e a n d to p eremp torily
c h e ck th e w el l c on c eiv e d d es ign s o f a mbiti o u s roy a lty

- .
Th e in terdic t on ly fell i n to di s u s e a fter th e f ou n d a

ti o n o f th e I n qui s i ti o n th e mo s t e ff ec tiv e a n d f o rmid
,
a bl e w ea p on e v er d evi s e d by th e m ercil e s s s pi rit o f
P a p a l des p oti s m .
Wi th th e fin a n ci a l exh a u s tion in duc ed by pro fu s e

exp en ditu re i n e v ery Sp e ci es o f luxu ry a n d vic e n ew ,
a n d i n g en i o u s e xp e di en ts w ere in ven ted f o r th e re
li e f o f th e p res s in g n e c es s iti es o f th e V a tic a n Th e .
in s ti tutio n a n d frequ en t re curren c e o f th e Jubilee ,
with i ts c on c ou rs e o f mill io n s o f fa n a tic s e a ch b ear

,
i n g h i s o ff erin g to th e in s a ti a bl e g en iu s o f R o m e ; th e
C ru s a de s which a cquire d f or th e P a p a cy in c a lcula ble
,
we a lth by th e c on veyan c e o f la n d s f o r a n o min a l c on

s i d era ti on a n d th e g en erou s c on tribu ti on s o f pilgrim s ;
th e C on s tituti on s o f L e o which de cl a re d th e rea l pro p

,
ert
y o f e ccles i a s tic a l foun d a tion s to b e in a lie n a bl e ; th e
I n qui s i ti on wh os e origin w a s mo re p o litic a l th a n
,
mo ra l a n d by wh o s e rules o n e h a lf o f th e p rop erty o f

,
-
th e c on d emn e d w a s fo rfe ite d to th e s o v ere ign a n d on e

h a lf to th e C hurch a re pro min en t e x a mples o f th e
,
fin a n ci a l a bility o f th e P o p e s .
Th e p ers on a l ch a ra cters o f th e in fa llibl e a n d in

s pi re d guid es o f th e C h ri s ti a n w o rld c a nn ot b e d elin e
a te d i n th e ful n es s o f th e ir impi ou s d e p ra vi ty Th e .
mora l s uprema cy a s s u me d by th em a s th e re pres en ta

ti v es o f c e l e s ti a l p ow er w a s p res um e d to e xcu s e th e
o p en i n dulg en c e o f vices which ev en th e m o s t lic en ti ou s
te mp o ra l p ote n ta tes s edul ou s ly v eil e d fro m th e ey es

o f m a n kin d F o r m o re th a n tw o c en tu ri e s th e P a p a l
.
c ou rt pres en te d a n a lmos t un in terrupte d exhibition o f

p ro fl i g a cy which s c a n d a liz e d d ev o ut b e li ev ers wh o s e
, ,
imagin ati on h a d in v es ted th e H oly F ath er with th e

a ttributes o f divin ity a n d excited th e h o rro r o f th e
,
f ew emin en t a n d c on s is ten t Chri s ti a n p rela tes w h o

rem a in ed pu re a mid s t th e g en era l co n ta min a ti on .
S ome p ri es ts c elebra ted ma s s in a s ta te o f in toxica

ti on. O th ers p a ra ded th e s treets with a tra in o f b ac
cha n tes s in gi n g pro fa n e an d lic en tiou s s on g s Th ey .
pres en te d th e ir b oon c omp an i on s with th e s a cred ves

s el s o f th e a lta r .Archbi s ho p s a pp ointed women o f
in fa mou s a n te ce den ts to th e s up eri nten d en ce o f c on
vents Th e Va tic an s wa rme d with c ata mi tes a n d c our
.
te s a n s C olon i es o f n un s memb ers o f th e s era gli o s o f

.
,
th e c a rdin a l s a n d th e P o p e o ccupi e d h ou s es a d j o in in g
,
th e s a n ctu a ry o f S t P eter s Th e s a tellite s o f th e

’
. .
P a p a cy o bta in e d th e mo s t lucra tive employments by

mea n s o f un n a tura l bl a n di s hmen ts a n d min is trati on s
o f u n s p ea k a bl e vil en es s Th e mo s t deb a s ed ideas
.
were e n terta in ed o f th e e ccles ia s tic a l fu n ction s d e

vo lvin g up on th e h ea d o f th e Chris ti a n corrun u n i o n .
Min i s ters o f religion were c on s ecra ted in s ta bles Ca .
th ed ra l s were ma de th e th e a tre o f mummeri es a n d

ob s c en e d a n c es .Virgin s were torn from th e pre cin cts
o f th e s a n c tu a ry a n d dra gg e d to th e P a p a l h a rem In .
th e tim e o f J o h n XII n o wo ma n w a s s a fe fro m i n

.
dign ity a n d o utra ge in th e very temple o f G o d B on i .
fa ce IX s old a c a rdin a l s h at to a p ro fl ig a te a d v en
.
’
ture r n a me d B a th a l za r C o s s a w h o a fterwa rd s s e iz e d
,
th e ti a ra by fo rc e a n d p a s s e d from th e d e ck o f a pira te
ga lley to th e Ap o s tolic Thron e Th e la tter un d er th e .
,
n a m e o f J o hn XXIII i n a f ew y ea rs a tta in ed a re pu
.
,
ta ti o n re ma rk a bl e e v en in th e a n n a ls o f P a p a l d eg ra
da ti on H e w a s d ep o s e d by th e C oun cil o f C on s ta n ce
.
a fter c on victi o n o f e very o ff en c e o f which a de p ra v e d
ima gin a ti on c o uld c on ceive Th e in f a llibil ity o f hi s

.
mi s s i on w a s thu s im pugn ed both by his i rregula r a p

p oin tmen t a n d by th e in terven tion o f his Spiritu a l s u b
ordin a tes w h o e ff e cte d hi s d e p o s itio n I t w a s a n a xiom .
of th e ca n on l aw in evitab ly res ul tin g from th e origin al

,
s puri ou s g ran t o f on ti fica l a u th o rity th a t n o g ui lt

p ,
o r h ere s y o f th e P o p e c oul d div e s t him O f h i s s piri tu a l
p owers or o f th e s an ctity which en velo p e d hi s p ers on

as th e Vi ca r o f G o d A dire n e c es s ity a lon e c ould
.
impe l a c o un cil to vi ola te thi s fun da men ta l prin ciple

up on which de p en d ed th e p re s tige o f th e P a p a cy .
Th e impi ety o f th e H o ly F a thers w a s n ot l es s promi

n en t th a n th ei r de fi a n c e o f th e rul es o f m o ra li ty B on i .
fa ce VIII o p en ly bl a s ph eme d th e n a me o f Chri s t

. .
J ohn XXI I ridicul ed th e s a cra m en ts A t th e b an

. .
u et s o f J o h XII V e n u s a n d B a cch u s w e re i n tu rn
q n .
,
to a s te d by n o i s y rev ell e rs o f b o th s ex es th e fa v orite ,
a s s o ci a tes o f th a t P o n ti ff .
Th e a dmi s s ion s o f P iu s II i n hi s c orre s p on d en ce .

,
p res erve d in th e Vatic an in dic a te with out c on cea lmen t

,
th e p ra ctic e o f th e g ro s s es t lib ertin a g e F ro m th e .
o rgi es o f B en e dict XII d ates th e fa mou s pro verb.

,
”
Bib ere p a p al iter To d rin k lik e a P o p e
, S ixtu s .
IV w h o in a ugu ra te d th e cu s to m o f lic en s in g the

.
,
bro th els o f R ome d erive d a n n u a lly fro m thi s h orrible

,
tra ffic th e en orm ou s s u m o f thi rty th o u s a n d duc a ts .
I nn o c en t X s old to th e s ta rvin g p eas a n try a t a n a d

.
,
va n c e o f a hun d re d p er cen t th e gra in h e h a d p ur .

,
cha s e d a t th e price h e him s elf h a d fix e d S ixtu s IV . .
gra vely d e creed th a t th e illegitima te children o f th e

P o p es s h ould by rea s on o f their bi rth a lo n e b e pl a ced
, ,
o n a n equ a li ty wi th th e d es c en d a n ts o f th e p rin c ely
h ou s es o f I ta ly Th e s c an d a ls o f th e c ourt o f Avi g
.
n on un d er Cl em en t VI a n d h i s s ucc es s o rs s urp a s s ed
.
e ven th os e which h a d f o r a g es m a d e th e E tern a l C ity
a re p ro a ch to civiliz a ti on a n d Ch ri s ti an i ty O f th e .
latter B en edict XII h a s been c on s picu ou s ly h eld up

, .
to th e e x e c ra ti on o f p o s terity a s th e vi ol a tor o f the

s i s te r o f P etra rch wh o s e c onn iva n c e h e a tte mp ted to
,
purch a s e with a c a rdin a l s h a t a n d a pu rs e o f a th ou ’
s a n d fl o ri n s o f g o ld Th e bull o f Al ex a n d er VI
. .
,
cal e x a mple an d th e fa cility o f a b s o lution h a d a pp ar

en tly d es tro y e d al l rev eren c e f o r th e p re c e p ts o f th e
G os p el a ll a pp reh en s i on o f D ivi n e wra th Th e con

, .
temp t o ften en terta i n e d by roya lty f or th e d e crees o f

th e Al m ighty i s di s cl os e d by th e impi o u s s p ee ch o f
Alfon s o X th e M os t C a th o lic Kin g I f G o d h a d
.
, ,
con s ulte d me wh en H e create d th e world I would ,
h a v e giv en H im s ome g oo d a dvic e .
Th e s puri o u s do n a ti on o f C o n s ta ntin e by which th e

,
firs t C h ri s ti a n s o vereign w a s a ll ege d to h a ve c on veyed

to P o p e S ylv es ter I th e ti tle to th e We s tern Empire
.
,
a n d wi th i t th e i nh e ri ted a u th o ri ty o f th e C aes a rs w a s ,
s uppl em en te d i n th e e igh th c en tu ry by th e F o rg e d
D e creta ls a s eri e s o f e pis tles de cla re d to h a ve b een

,
p romulg a te d by th e firs t Bi s h op s o f Ro me wh o s e ,
n a m es a n d o rd er o f a p o s to lic s ucc es s i o n a re th em s elves
e i th er a p o c ryph a l o r b a s e d en tirely on u n c erta i n tra
diti on Th e i n c on s i s ten cies c on tra dicti on s a n d a b

.
, ,
s u rd i ti es o f th e D e c reta l s which a ff o rd a bu n da n t
,
in tern a l eviden c e O f th e ign ora n ce o f tho s e wh o com

p os e d th em a n d th eir en tire wa n t o f c on c ord o n im
,
p o rta n t p o in ts o f do ctrin e h a ve d emon s trate d beyon d

,
qu es ti on th ei r fra udulen t origin B ut in a n a ge o f

.
s up ers ti ti on th e i r a uth o ri ty w a s a mply s uffici en t to a c
c o mpli s h th e ob j ect f o r which th ey were i n ven te d ,
th e a u to cra cy o f th e P o p es . Th e g en era l d e fici en cy o f

c ri tic a l kn o wledge a s s i s te d b y th e reveren ce enter
,
ta i n ed by th e m a s s e s f or th e d e ci s io n s o f th e S ucc es s or
o f S t P eter c a u s e d th es e gl a rin g f org eri e s to b e a c
.
,
cep ted with th e s a m e f a i th which w a s a cc ord ed to th e
p re c e pts o f th e G os p el Th ey c on ferre d th e mos t ex

.
ten s ive a n d d a n g ero u s p rero g a tive s on th e P a p a cy .
They s ub j e cte d th e cla ims o f e very tempora l s over

ei g n to th e e x tra va g an t p reten s i on s o f th e R o m an
C a tho lic hi era rchy . Th e righ t o f re g a l i n v es titure

w a s by th ei r m a xim s d e cl a re d to b e in h eren t in mem
b ers o f th e s a c erdo ta l o rder an d th e title o f a mon arch
,
a lleged to b e imp erfect un til h e h a d b een c ro wn e d by

a s e rva n t o f th e Chu rch By th ei r in corp ora ti on in to
.
th e civil p ro c e du re o f Euro p e — f o r cen tu ri es d o mi

,
n a ted by th e c a n o n l a w — th ey es ta bli s h ed on a p erm a

,
~
n en t b a s i s th e id e a s a n d th e p rin cipl es o f P a p a l s u
p rem a cy N o me a s ure o f s ta te cra f t h a s ever a dv a n c e d

.
th e i n teres ts o f th e H oly S ee to s uch a n e xten t a s th e

publica ti on o f th e D ecreta ls n or h a s a n y gen u in e s eri e s
,
o f l a w s e x e rci s e d o v er s o ci ety a more p oten t in flu en c e
th a n th a t im p o s e d by th es e fra udul en t e pi s tles up on

s ub s e qu en t l egi s l a ti on .
Th e va s t e ccles i a s tica l s ys tem wh o s e ra mific a ti on s

,
e xten de d to th e m o s t i n s ign ific a n t h a ml ets o f e very
co un try in Euro p e a n d who s e j uri s dicti on w a s p a ra

mou n t i n th e doma in s o f th e mo s t powerful mo n a rch s ,
ca rri ed wi th i t th e a bu s es a n d vices o f th e c en tra l a n d

irres pon s ible a utho rity Th e s pi ritu a l courts o f p ro
.
v i n c i a l m etro p o li ta n s a n d bi s h o p s p res en te d on a di
mini s h e d s c a le th e gree d a n d s en s u a lity o f th e Vati

ca n . Th e s a me o rga n iz e d Sim on y re gul a te d th e p res
en ta ti o n a n d p romo ti on o f clerk a n d p rel a te Th e .
s a m e in iqui to u s exp edi en ts were a do p te d f o r th e a u

g
men tation o f e ccles i a s tic a l reven u e s P ri es ts a n d .
bi s ho ps live d i n a vo we d a n d un blus h in g con cubin a ge .
Th e s era glio o f th e Abbot o f S a n P ela y o d e An te a l

ta ri a c on ta i n e d s even ty c on cubin es H enry III . .
,
Bi s h o p o f Li e ge a ckn owledge d th e p atern ity o f Sixty

,
five ill e gitima te children I n S p a in th e metro po l i

.
,
ta n s a s w ell a s th ei r s ub ordin a tes m a in ta in e d h a re ms

, ,
gu arde d by eun uch s I n G erman y s a cerdo ta l d ig n i

.
,
ta ri es o f th e highes t ra n k en d ea v ore d to o verturn th e

_
empi re by th e a i d o f ido la ters a n d e n li s te d b a n d s

,
o f robb ers wh o plun d ere d ci ti es a n d ex to rte d en o rm ou s
ra n s o m s from wea lthy merch an ts a n d de fen celes s

tra v ell ers .I n F ra n c e th e clergy o f Verdun regul a rly
,
fu rn i s h e d J ewi s h tra d ers with Ch ri s tia n children wh o

h a d b een em as cula te d f or th e s l a v e m a rk ets o f C or -
do va a n d S e ville I n I ta ly th e s a le o f youn g an d
.
,
b ea utiful ma iden s to th e M oors o f S icily a n d M a u ri

ta n i a which h a d i n vok ed th e in dig n a n t p ro tes t o f
,
Ch a rlema gn e w a s f or ma n y ye ars on e o f th e mos t

,
lucra tive p erqui s ites o f th e p ri es th ood .
Th e la xity o f m o ra ls p reva l en t i n th e hi era rchy w a s

fa ta l to th e p res erva ti on o f e ccle s i a s tic a l di s ciplin e .
P ri es ts a n d n un s dive s tin g th em s elve s o f th eir s a cred

,
ch a ra cter which w a s s upp os e d to p re s en t a n e difyin g

,
e x a mpl e to th e l a i ty c on ten de d wi th ea ch oth er f or

,
th e in fa m o u s s up e ri ori ty o f p ro mi s cu o u s l ewdn es s .
Th e co n tributi on s o f ch a rity th e o bl a tion s o f th e ,
devout were s qu a n dere d in drun k en o rgi e s a n d mid

,
n igh t b a n qu ets I n c erta in S wi s s c a n ton s a n ew p ri es t

.
w a s co mp elled o n h i s a rriv a l to ch oo s e a c on cubin e a s

, ,
a th eo retic a l s a f e gu a rd o f th e h o n o r o f h i s f em a le
p a ri s hi on ers Th es e c on n e cti on s were a uth oriz e d by

.
th e l a w s o f s om e c o un tri es a m on g th em th e fu ero s o f
,
C a s tile which p ermitted th e s o n s o f a c elib a te to in

,
h erit h a lf h i s pro p erty Th e s a le o f lic en s es to en ter

.
”
ta in wh a t w ere kn o wn a s s u b i n tro duc e d w o m en -
w a s f or c en tu ri e s a p ro fita bl e s o u rc e o f re v en u e to th e
bis ho p s o f E n gla n d a n d n o p ries t w a s e x empt from
,
this ta x wh eth er h e wi s h ed to a v a il hims e lf o f i ts p rivi

leg es o r n ot Th e dign ity o f th e s a cre d pro fes s i on in
.
F ra n c e h a d b een degra d e d by th e s a crileg e o f th e C a r

l ovi n g i a n s wh o a pp oin te d th ei r f a v o ri te o fli cers to th e
,
rich es t b en e fices ; a n d th e a n te c e d en ts a n d m a nn ers o f
th es e rud e v etera n s w ere a s m a y b e s upp o s e d b u t, ,
ill a d a pte d to th e s olemn c eremon i e s o f th e a lta r a n d

-
th e c on f es s i o n a l F ollo wi n g thi s worthy e x a mple

.
,
churchmen o f th e high es t ran k c on ferre d th e b es t

livi n gs a t th e ir di s p o s a l on p a n d ers la ckeys a n d , ,
b a rb ers Th e c o ars e a n d un fe elin g n a tu re o f th e G er

.
m a n e ccles i a s tic s did n o t h es ita te to p ro mp t th e vi ola

ti on o f ev ery s en tim en t o f h o n or i n th e g ra tific a ti on
o f i ts b ru ta l i n s ti n cts Th e h oldin g o f plu ra liti es in
.
34 6 H I S TORY OF TH E
voke d form th e p ri e s th oo d pun i s h h eres y a n d

to re , ,
es ta bli s h a m o re e x a lte d s ta n d a rd o f m o ra l di s cipli n e
f or th e e d ifica tion o f th e un go dly b eguile d th e ,
m o men ts s n a tch e d from th e la bo rs o f pi ou s delibera

ti on s a n d religi o u s c on tro v ers y i n th e s o ci ety o f
c rowd s o f bu ff oo n s a n d d a n c ers a n d o f s even hun
dre d c ou rtes an s Th e i n s tituti on o f th e m on a s tic
.
o rde rs n ot o n ly c on tribu te d g re a tly to th e p o w er o f
th e P a p a cy b u t e x e rci s e d a s w ell a di re ct a n d g en
, ,
e ra l ly a m o s t p ern ici o u s in flu e n c e o n s o ci ety An .
imm en s e bo dy o f fa n a tic s blin dly devo te d to th e S ee

,
o f R om e w a s pl a c e d a t th e a b s o lu te di s p o s a l o f th e
,
P o p e — in va lu a bl e a llies i n th e bitter c on tes ts b etween

,
th e Al ta r a n d th e Thron e Th e mutu a l j ea l ou s i es
.
a n d en miti e s o f th e s e cul a r a n d th e re gul a r cl ergy
m a d e b oth th e more d e p en den t on th e fa vo r o f th e

S upreme P on ti ff Every i n dividu a l i n a religi ous
.
h ou s e w a s s wo rn to i n vi ol a ble s e cre cy c on c ern in g all

th a t to ok pla c e wi thin i ts w a ll s a re gul a ti on which ,
be ca me in s ub s equen t times a c on ven i ent prec a ution

f or th e c on c e a h n en t o f o rgi es th a t s hun n ed th e light
o f d ay Th e a s s ump ti on o f th e v o w s o f p o v erty
.
,
ch a s ti ty a n d o be dien c e imp a rte d to th e m on k a n d

,
th e b e ggi n g fri a r a p e culi a r s a n cti ty i n th e e y es o f

th e c re dulo u s multitud e Th ey m ortifie d th e fle s h a n d
.
s upp res s e d c a rn a l p ro v o c a ti on s by f requ en t bl ee din g
a n d l on g a b s tin en c e fro m foo d Th ey d i s cl a irn ed th e

.
a ri s to cra tic tas tes which w ere a re p ro a ch to th e luxu
ri ou s m emb ers o f th e s ecul a r p ri e s th oo d Th ey re .
n oun c e d a l l th e a llu rem en ts e ven a l l th e c omf orts o f

, ,
life Th ei r phys ic a l n ec es s ities were s uppli e d by ah n s

. .
Th ei r fervi d o ratory n ot c on fin e d by th e pilla re d

,
va ults o f chu rch es b ut which in th e o p en a i r a ppea led

, , ,
to th e im a gin a ti on a n d th e p re j udic es o f th e ig n ora n t ,
th e ir v olun ta ry ren un ci a ti o n o f th e pl e a s u re s o f th e
wo rld th e o s ten ta ti ou s s elf s a crifice o f th eir lives
,
-
,
ma de th em un ivers a l fa vo rite s wi th th e p eo ple M en .

of a ll clas s es s h owere d gifts upon th em Women .
e a g e rly s ought th e i r s ervice s as c o n fes s ors Th eir .
vi s its to th e i s o la ted vill a ges o f th e s imple p ea s a n try

were h a iled a s h a rbin g ers o f goo d fortun e Th ei r .
a b o des o ff ere d g ra tui to u s re s t a n d re f res hm e n t to th e
bela te d tra veller Th ei r b en edicti o n a tten d ed th e birth

.
a n d th e ch ri s ten in g o f th e i n fa n ts o f th e p oores t c o t
ta g e. Th eir pra yers brought c on s ola tion a n d reli e f to

th e b ed s id e o f th e e a rn es t Ch ri s ti a n a n d th e re p en ta n t
s i nn er a like A t e ve ry fire s ide th e ir temp ora ry a n d
.
a ccid en ta l p res en c e w a s re g a rde d a s a bl es s i n g .
B u t a ch a n g e s oon c a me o v er th e mon a s tic o rders .
Th e temp ta tion s o f w e a lth luxury a n d p ers on a l en

, ,
j oy m en t p ro ved to o s tron g to b e res i s ted Th e rob e .
o f c oa rs e cl oth w a s m eta m orph o s e d i n to a m a n tl e o f
th e fin e s t fa b ric trimm e d with c o s tly fu rs

, Th e pri o r .
n o l o n g er tra vell e d a l on e a n d on foot b u t ro d e a n ,
a mblin g p a lfre y fo llo we d by a tra in o f ob s equiou s

,
a tten d a n ts Th e hermita g e dev elo p e d in to a s ta tely

.
p a la ce wh os e a ppo in tmen ts a n d s u rroun din gs equ a lle d

,
a n d n ot i n fre qu en tly e clip s e d i n s pl en d or th e s e a ts o f
prin ces Th e mon k b e c a m e a grea t la n ded p ro pri etor

. .
By purch a s e by gift by inh eri tan ce by forfeiture h e

, , , ,
a cqui re d i n every c oun try l a rg e a n d p ro fita bl e e s ta te s .
H a lf o f th e la n d s o f F ra n c e were a t o n e time in h i s
p o s s es s ion Th e G erma n n obility c ompla in ed th a t
.
mon as teries h a d a bs orb ed th e bulk o f th e rea l pro p erty

o f th e e mpi re Th e vi s ita ti on o f H en ry VIII which
. .
,
l e d to th e s uppres s ion o f th e religio u s h ou s es o f E n g

lan d reve a le d th e fa ct th a t th e regular clergy h a d f o r
,
c en turies en j oyed th e fruits o f th e mos t productive

a n d va lu a bl e p orti on o f th e public d om a in Th e p ecu .
li a r cha ra cter O f its ten u re ma d e eccles i a s tica l p ro p ri e

to rs hi p th e mo re o pp res s ive I ts title w a s i n mo rt
.
m a in a n d i ts es ta tes i n a lien able I t c ould a lwa ys

,
.
a cqui re b u t n e v er rel in qui s h territori a l rights

, , Th e .
tra n s fers o f l a n d which c on s titute s o imp o rtan t an

,
i n c en tive to co mm erci a l a c tivi ty in e v ery c ommun ity ,
were n ot merely di s coun ten a n c e d b u t were a bs o lutely ,
p rohibited by i ts s elfis h an d un j u s t regula tion s

,
.
M on as tic life while n omin a lly a s c etic p res en ted i n

, ,
th e m ore o pulen t c o mm u n i ti es a picture o f s yb a riti c

in dulgen c e I n th e clo i s ter th e re fin i n g in flu en c e o f
.
litera ture h a d even w i th th e gra tific ati o n o f s en s u a l

,
a pp eti tes mo dified i n th e mon k th e d e gra din g p ro

,
p en s i ties a n d fe ro ciou s temp er which a c tu ate d h i s a s s o

c i a te th e feud a l b a ro n
, Th e di s h es w ere mo re v a ri ed
.
a n d d elic a te ; th e ch o ic es t win es too k th e pl a c e o f th e
co a rs e pro duct o f th e b rewery ; a n d th e c on vers ati on ,
whil e fully a s i rreveren t a n d lic en ti ou s a s th a t which

en terta in e d th e gu e s ts o f th e n oble w a s d e p riv ed o f ,
much o f i ts re puls iven es s by an outw a rd o bs ervan ce

o f dec en cy Wh en o verc o me with too much h os pi
.
ta lity th e g en i a l v o ta ry o f B a cchu s in s tea d o f b ein g

, ,
le ft un der th e ta ble exp os e d to th e ridicule o f hi s

,
co mp a n i on s o r th e s words o f brawlers w as qui etly con ,
v e ed to h i s c e ll by h i s m o re s o b er b reth ren Th e
y .
cu s to ms o f th e a g e impera tively d eman de d th a t th e

h ea d o f a religi ou s h ou s e s h ould p os s es s all th e attri
butes o f a ri s to cra tic bi rth a n d gen tle breedin g I n .
th e e y es o f th e C e lt es p e ci a lly s ym m etry o f f o rm a n d
,
dign ity o f c a rri a ge were in di s p en s a ble ch ara cteri s tics

o f th e rul er o f a m on a s tic c o mmu n i ty B oth a bbot .
a n d a bb e s s w ere s el e cte d f o r c orp o re a l ra th er th a n f or
mo ra l or i n tellectu a l qu a li ficati on s —f o r h an ds o me ,
featu res c omm a n din g p res en c e a n d ele g an t ma n n ers

, , .
P o pul a r o pin i on i n s en s ibly a s s o ci a te d men ta l s upe

ri o ri t
y a n d pio u s in clin a ti on s with phy s ic a l p erf e cti on ;
a n d p e rs o n a l d e fo rmi ty w a s s upp os e d es p e ci a lly b y ,
th e ig n ora n t multi tud e to in dic a te a di s p o s i ti on to

,
c rime Thi s b eli e f n o do ubt un c on s cio u s ly d erived

.
,
fro m th e impres s ion s le ft by th e P a g a n dei ti es o f

a n tiqui ty i n wh o s e s ta tu es m o d els o f b e a uty were
, , ,
e mb o di e d th e u n r i v a lle d c on c e p ti o n s o f th e a n c ient
350 H I ST ORY OE TH E
gar publicly re pro ved th e n un s o f h i s kin gdom f or

th ei r a tt ire o f pu rple a n d th e ir j e w els Th e i mn a tes .
o f F on te vra ult w o re th e h o rn e d h ea d dre s s a ff e cte d -
by th e fa s hio n a ble l a di es o f th e time Th e Sp ou s es o f .
Chris t a d o pte d every a rt to a ttra ct th e a tten ti on o f

th e s in ful p a s s e r b y I n th e orgi es which d e fil e d ev en
-
.
th e h o u s es d edic a ted to divi n e w o rs hip th e i r s h a mel es s

n es s w a s p ro verbi a l Th ey b a th e d i n p erfe ct n udity
.
with mon ks a n d d ea con s Th ey s a n g b a cch a n ah an .
s on gs . Th ei r c on v ers a ti on w a s s pic e d with bl a s p h e

mou s rib a ldry Th e u n ivers a l preva len c e o f th e evil
.
i s p ro v e d by th e frequ en cy wi th which i t i s d en oun c ed

by th e C oun cils o f th e Church Th e C ou n cil o f C O .
lo gu e h eld i n 1 307 w a s es p e ci a lly s ev ere in i ts

, ,
re p ro b a ti on o f th e cu s to m by which n u n s a b a n don ed
f or a tim e th e c on v en tu a l life f or a c a reer o f deb a uch

ery a n d th en res um e d th e i r f orm er rel a ti on s with th e
C hu rch with out re pen ta n c e a n d wh a t w a s ev en wors e

, , , ,
wi th ou t remon s tra n c e from th ei r s up erio rs .
F o r in dulg en c e i n th es e plea s u res p rohibite d by th e

la ws o f G o d a n d m an th e rev en ues o f th e rel igiou s
,
h ou s es a lth ough in m an y i n s ta n c es en ormou s w ere

, ,
en ti rely i n a d e qu a te Th e e x tra va g a n t d em a n d s o f th e
.
H o ly S ee which c oll e cte d i ts tribute a t fre qu en t a n d

,
irregula r in terva ls fu rth er re duc e d th e fin a n ci a l re

,
s o u rc es o f th e m o n a s ti c trea s u ry Th e i n g en ui ty o f .
th e a bb ots w a s n o t a t a l o s s h o wev er to d e vi s e m ea n s
, ,
to re plen i s h th e i r e xh a u s te d c o ff e rs N oble fores ts .

,
ma n y o f th em c on tempo ran e ou s with th e reign o f th e

D ruidic a l pri es th oo d were cu t do wn a n d s o ld Cha l
, .
ic es p aten s cib ori a a n d c ru ci fix e s w ere pla c e d in

, , ,
p a wn wi th J ewi s h g o lds mith s a n d merch a n ts J ewels .
were extra cted from vo tive o ff e rin g s an d a lta r orn a

men ts a n d di s p o s e d o f a t a fra cti on o f th e i r real va lu e .
Th es e th e fts o f s a cre d a rticle s w ere s o s eriou s th at

in ven tori es o f th e furn i tu re a n d uten s ils o f c a th edrals
were o ften ta ken by th e ord ers o f pri m ates a n d s over
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUR OPE 35 1
e i gn s , h er with a vi ew to dis cov er th e lo s s es th an to

ra t
p u t a s to p to a p ra ctic e which un der th e exi s tin g s y s

tem w a s i n c ura bl e Ab s olutio n s s ome fo rge d b u t
.
, ,
ma n y g en uin e b ea rin g th e P a p a l s ea l a n d rea dy to

,
b e fill e d up with th e n a m e o f th e purch a s er a n d th e

des cripti on o f th e O ff en c e o f which h e w a s guilty or
which h e w a s a b out to c omm i t were a t th e dis p o s a l o f
,
e v e ry c rimin a l Th e o fficia l vi s ito rs o f th e E n gli s h

.
a bb ey s di s c o v ere d i n th e c ell s o f re clu s es w h o w ere
po pula rly s upp o s ed to b e la yin g up trea s u res in

hea ven im pl emen ts o f th e c oun terfe iter a n d qu an titi es
o f s pu ri o u s c o i n With th e min i s trati on s to th e dyin g
.
th e du ty o f th e s u ff ere r to th e Chu rch w a s u n c eas i n gly

in culc a ted by th e s hrewd c on fes s or un til i t c a me to ,
b e con s ide re d a n a c t o f impi ety ra n ke d with s a crile g e

,
a n d s uicide to re fu s e to b e qu ea th a l a rg e s h a re o f on e s
’
wea lth to th e s erva n ts o f G o d .
Th e n umb er rich e s a n d in flu en c e o f th e s e e ccle s i a s

, ,
tic a l es ta bli s hm en ts were en orm o u s A t th e en d o f th e .
thi rteenth c en tu ry th ere were s i x hu n dre d m o n a s teri e s

,
a n d c on v en ts i n E n gl a n d tw o th ou s a n d three hu n dre d
,
an d thi rty s e v en in F ra n c e a n d fifteen hun dre d i n th e

-
,
rema i n in g c ou n tri es o f Eu ro p e M a n y o f th es e s u p
.
p orted c o mmun iti es o f mo re tha n a thou s a n d mo n k s ;

th a t o f th e grea t Abb ey o f B a n g or— th e la rg es t i n
Grea t B rita in — n um b ere d three thou s a n d T o wn s .
,
villa ges a n d imm en s e tra cts o f a ra bl e s oil p a s tu re

, , ,
a n d fo re s t were in clude d i n th e i r p o s s e s s i o n s Multi .
tudes o f ten a n ts a n d v a s s a l s tille d th e s e l a n ds th e ,
li o n s s h a re o f wh os e pro duc e foun d i ts w a y in to th e

’
s tore h ou s es a n d g ra n a ri e s o f th e p ro s p e ro u s F a th ers .
Th e religi ou s duti es o f th e l a tter did n ot hin d er them

fro m pro fitin g by th e a dva n ta ge s o f d o mes tic a n d
foreign tra d e Th ey b o ught a n d s o ld a lmo s t every d e
.
s c rip ti on o f m e rch a n di s e Th e u s uri ou s ra te s o f i n

.
tere s t which th ey o bta in e d fro m n e c e s s ito u s b orro we rs

extorte d th e a dmira tion o f th e s h re wd a n d e xp eri en c e d
H ebrew brok er Th ey m a n a ge d ta nn eri e s d ea lt ex

.
,
ten s i v el y in cl oth a n d lea th er a n d imp orte d m a n y ,
luxu ri es from th e O ri en t Th e woo l m a rket o f E n g

.
lan d w a s a b s olutely c on tro lle d by th em Th e p o pula r .
cla mor a rou s ed by thi s mon o p oly which di s p o s s es s ed ,
a n d rui n e d ten a n ts by tu rn i n g till a bl e l a n d i n to p as t
u re a n d d e p rivin g l a rg e n u mb ers o f i n du s tri o u s p eo pl e
o f th e m ea n s O f liv e lih oo d c o n tribute d i n n o s m a ll

, ,
d e g ree to th e s uppre s s io n o f th e E n glis h mon a s teri es

,
.
An i n e xh a u s tibl e min e o f w e a lth w a s m a de a va il a ble

by tra ffic i n relic s a n d th e en terta in m en t a n d flee cin g
o f pilg rim s Th e m eth o d s o f th e H o ly S ee i n th e
.
s a l e o f s a c re d o bj e cts o f m o re th a n d o ub t ful a u th en
ti c i ty we re imp ro v e d up o n by th e cu n n i n g a n d a u
d a c i ty o f m on ki s h Ch a rl a ta n s Immen s e qu a n tities o f
.
bo n es were imp orte d fro m I ta ly a n d di s p os e d o f to

th e d e vou t a t f a bul o u s p ric es M o s t o f th e s e s a cred
.
trea s u re s were ta k en fro m th e c a ta c o mb s wh ere w as ,
d e p os ite d a p ra ctic a lly un limite d s upply o f P a gan a n d

b a rb a ri a n s keleton s wh os e o rigin a l o wn ers n ever
,
dreame d o f th e a d o ra ti on th ey w ere d es tin e d on e d ay

to re c e iv e o n th e b a n k s o f th e Th a m e s th e S e in e th e , ,
Rhin e a n d th e D a n ub e Wh en a church w a s to b e
, .
c o n s truc te d n o difficulty w a s e ver e xp eri en c e d in p ro

,
cu rin g th e relics o f th e s a in t to which i t w a s de dic ated ,
a n d th e m o uld e ri n g rem a i n s o f s om e p ri es t o f Jupi ter
o r V e n u s w e re p ro b a bly n o t i n f re qu en tly l a id with ,
e v ery tok en o f re ve ren c e u n de r th e a lta r o f a m a n i fi

, g
c en t ca th e dra l wh os e id ol a trou s c eremon i es would
,
h a ve pres en te d ma n y s trikin g p o in ts o f res embl an c e

with h e ath en rites to th e fre qu en ters o f th e a n ci en t
te mpl es O th er s a cre d m em en to s o f equ a l vi rtu e
.
o fte n p res en te d a s i n gul a r mixtu re o f a b s u rdity a n d
bla s ph emy Th e re p ro ducti on s o f th e cro wn o f th orn s

.
a n d th e n a il s o f th e C rucifixi on w ere i n fin i te i n n um
b er Th e li s t i n clud e d th e c o a l s th a t ro a s te d S t L a w
. .
ren c e th e cl o th u s e d a t th e L ord s S upp er a fin g er

’
, ,
of th e bloo d o f S t Th oma s s h ed a t th e time o f h i s

.
m arty rdom wh os e s upply by th e mira culo u s p o wer

, ,
o f mul tiplic a ti on en j oy ed by c erta i n relic s w a s n ev er ,
e xh a u s te d a n d which a id e d by i mplicit f a ith a n d re

, ,
lig io u s enthu s i a s m m a y re a lly h a v e b een i n s trmn en tal

,
in temp ora rily reli evin g di s ea s es in duc e d by di s ord ered

fun c ti on s o f th e n ervou s s ys tem .
Th e p o w er o f th e rul ers o f th es e p o pul ou s commu

n i ti es w a s v ery e xten s iv e I n m os t in s ta n c es th e a bb ot
.
en j oy e d n o t a f ew o f th e high es t p rivil e g es o f th e
n o bili ty I n a dditi o n to h i s s pi ritu a l fun ctio n s h e ex

. ,
e rci s ed th e duti es o f a civil a n d c ri mi n a l m a gi s tra te ,
a n d i n e xtre m e c a s e s c o uld in flict th e p en a lty o f d ea th .
H e w a s e xp e c ted to a ct a s s p on s or to children o f roy a l

li n e a g e While b ou n d to o bs erve th e rules o f h i s order
.
,
hi s in terp reta ti on o f th o s e rules w a s fin a l a n d h i s d e

ci s i on a b s olute I n E n gl a n d if en title d to we a r th e
.
,
mitre h e s a t i n th e U pp er H ou s e Of P a rli a ment by

,
th e s id e o f th e bi s h o p s Us u a lly h e w a s a v eritable
.
e picu rea n m ore fon d o f field s p orts th a n o f his

,
brevi a ry a j o vi a l c o mp an i on a conn o i s s eur o f win es

, , ,
a n a d o rer o f w o m en H i s ta bl e h i s a tti re a n d h i s
.
, ,
h a bits ex hibite d a ll th e fa s tid iou s n es s o f a s ybarite .
Num ero u s di s h e s pre p a re d by s kilful c ooks tempted

‘
, ,
h i s p a mp ere d ta s tes Th e win es o f h i s c ell a r were

.
th e ch oic es t a n d mo s t exp en s iv e i n th e m a rk et H is .
ga rmen ts were s o metim e s o f p a rty c olo red a n d em -
bro idere d s ilk s o metimes o f s c a rl et cloth lin e d with

,
white s a ti n H i s b oots o f th e s o ftes t lea th er fitted

.
, ,
hi s bu rly lim b s with out a w rin kl e J ewe ls s p a rkled .
up on h i s s n ow y fin g ers Th e retai n ers o f h i s h ou s e

.
h o ld w ere cla d in g a udy l iverie s H e m a inta in ed .
j es ters a nd bu ff o on s To th e n ob l e a mu s ement o f
.
h a wkin g h e w a s s o d evote d an d hi s fa lc on s were s o ,
e xc e ll en t th a t f o r th es e rea s on s h e o ften i n c urre d th e

,
en vy o f h i s a ri s to c ra tic c o mp a n i on s a n d th e s evere
cen s ure o f hi s more rigid e ccles i a s tic a l s u p eriors .

Troops o f s tro llin g pla yers alwa ys foun d a welcome

a n d m u n i fic en t l a rg es s f or th ei r ex hibiti o n s i n th e
great h a ll o f th e a bbey I n a dditi on to th e n un s o f

.
,
wh om h e w a s th e es p eci al p atron high born la dies were ,

-
delighte d to re c e ive h i s a morou s c omplimen ts a n d to

p artake o f h is d a n gerou s but s plen did ho s pita li ty .
Th e i nm a tes o f th e religi ou s h ous es en terta in e d f a r

clos er relati on s with th e great bo dy o f th e po pulation
th a n did th e s e cula r cl ergy Th e origin a l s implicity
.
o f th e i r liv es
, th e a pp a ren t fervo r o f th e i r dev oti on ,
a cqui re d f or th em a p e culi a r s a n ctity which th ei r s u b
s equ en t i rregul a riti es c o uld n ever en ti rely a b ro g a te .
Un like th e s ecula r pri es thoo d wh os e tra diti on s were ,
o f a n a ri s to cra tic ten d en cy th e ir n e c es s iti es a n d th eir

,
min i s tration s brought them in intimate con ta ct with the

lower o rders o f th e p eo ple wh o re pa id their s ervic es
,
with fuls o me id ola try O f th e two divis ion s o f th e

.
regul a r cl e rgy th e fri a rs w h o on ly di ff ered fro m th e

, ,
m on k s i n th a t th ey s ub s i s ted on a lms en j oye d th e ,
greater c on s idera ti on Th eir bles s in g w a s earn es tly

.
s olici ted by th e tra v e ll er on th e highw a y L a di es wore .
th ei r ro p e gi rdles in L en t p a rtly by w a y o f p en a n c e
, ,
p artly a s a mulets o f s o vereign virtu e a ga in s t th e

ma chin a ti on s o f evi l s pirits Th e s puriou s relics which
.
th ey h a wke d a b out w ere s upp os ed to b e en do we d with

more mi ra culous qu a h tie s than th o s e reta ile d by th e
bi s hop i n th e c a th e dra l Th eir elo quen c e c a rri e d with
.
its p athetic a pp ea ls a n d homely illu s tra ti on s a con vi c

ti on d en ie d to th e l a b ore d e ff orts o f th e mos t a ec om
p l i s h e d a n d p o pul a r p rea ch er .
I t w a s n o t within th e p ower o f hum a n n a ture to

lon g wi th s ta n d th e a llu rem en ts which s uch O ppo rtun i
ti es for luxuri ou s i n dulgen c e a ff ord e d Within le s s .
th a n h a lf a c en tu ry fro m th ei r foun d a ti on th e men di ,
c an t fri a rs o f S t F ra n ci s could b oa s t o f wea lth e qu a l

.
to th a t o f a n y o f th e mo n as tic orders Th eir co mmon .
a pp ell a ti on C ord eli er , derive d from th eir hemp en

8 56 H I S T OR Y OF TH E
i rdl e b ec a m e a s yn o n y m o f lu b ri c ity a n d d run k en

g ,
n es s . B oth mon ks an d fri a rs en tic e d wives fro m th eir

h us b a n ds an d n ot in fre qu en tly re du c ed th e l a tter to
,
b egga ry Th ey a d m in is tered n arc otic s an d a p h rod i s i

.
ac s to n u n s a n d p o in ted to th ei r c o n tortio n s a n d in
,
c oh eren t ra vin gs a s th e e ff ects o f divin e in s pira ti on .
I t w as a n o rdi n a ry o ccu rren c e f or y oun g gi rl s to d on

m ale a tti re a n d ta ke up the ir a b o de in a m on a s tery ;
a n d a m em o ri a l o f th e tim e o f H enry VII o f E n g .
l an d i s exta n t in which th e roya l p ro te cti on i s s olicite d

b y th e fa rmers a n d g en try o f C a rn arvon s hire a g a in s t
th e di s s o lute p ra ctic e s o f th e re gul a r cl ergy Th e .
pro fa n ity o f th e mon k s duri n g th e c el ebrati on o f th e

m as s an d their o ff en s ive la n gu a ge in th e c on fes s i on al
, ,
s om etim es re s ulte d i n temp ora ry s u s p en s i on from

th o s e s a c erd ota l fun c ti on s G a min g w a s a c o mm on
.
a mu s em en t i n which e v en a bb es s es h a d b een kn o wn to
in dulge Wh en e ver an a bb ot di ed th e trea s ury w a s

.
plun dered an d i ts con ten ts di s tribute d a mon g th e

,
brethren fortun a te en ough to b e pres en t .
Th es e e xc es s es were en c oura ge d by th e in s ign ific ant

p en a n c es imp os e d f or th e ir c o mm i s s i on S o me es c a p ed .
with a re p rim a n d es p e ci ally wh en th e prior w a s kn own

,
to b e equ a lly guil ty Amon g th e E n gli s h cl ergy mor

.
,
ta l s in c ould b e c on do n e d f or th e triflin g s u m o f S ix
Shill in g s an d eight p en c e B eari n g a crucifix through
.
th e a i s l es o f th e chu rch a n d a fin e o f th re e s hillin gs

a n d fou r p en ce en ti tl ed a de lin q u en t to a b s o luti on f or
in c es t F om i ca tion w a s expi ate d by a n o ff erin g o f

.
ca n dles a n d th e re p eti tion o f a f ew P a ters an d A ves .
A s in th e ca s e o f th e l a ity a regul a r s ch e dul e exi s ted

, ,
a ccu ra tely d e fin in g th e pun i s hm en ts to b e i n flicted f or
ev ery d e g re e o f e ccl e s i a s tic a l m i s c on duc t .
Th e ordin a ry crimin a l cou rts o f j udic a ture through ,
th e o p era ti on o f p ri v il eg es ex torte d fro m s tupid a n d

fan atic al s o vere ign s by th e as tuten es s o f d es ign in g
churchmen an d th e p rej udic es o f a s up ers titi ous age ,
358 H I S T OR Y OF TH E
T h us h ad the mon as tic ord ers fata lly deg en erate d

from th e s im plicity an d p urity o f their origi n al in s ti
tution . I n comm on with th e o th er b ran ch es o f th e
e cc l es i a s ti c a l p ro fes s i on th ey h a d b ec om e in fected
,
with every vice an d s te ep ed i n every S in Th ey were .
es p ec i a ll y n oted f or th eir p ro p ens ity to th e m os t di s
gra ce ful o ff en ces in th e c a len da r o f hum an infirmiti es ,
—to drun kenn es s forn ica ti on ra p e a n d in ces t M en

, , ,
.
wh o h ab itu a lly d efie d th e ca n on s o f mora lity by i n d ul

gen c e in s u ch pra ctices mus t n e ces s a rily h a ve enter
ta in ed but little re s p e ct f o r a s ys te m which s o f a r ,
from res tra in in g w a s kn o wn to s e cretly en coura ge

,
them . A s a con s equ en ce hyp o cris y preva iled every

,
wh ere a mon g th e m in i s ters o f th e C h urch from the ,
H o ly F ath er s u rroun de d by th e b e auti es o f h i s

,
s era gli o to th e m en dic an t fri a r w h o rep a id th e s er

, ,
vic es of th e ob s equ i ou s p eas an t by th e plun der o f hi s

goods an d th e c orrupti on o f h i s fa mi ly Th e morals .
o f th e ec cl es i a s ti c w ere a s a rul e f a r w ors e th a n th os e

, ,
o f th e la ym an .I n S o uth ern F ra n c e i t w a s a cu s tom ,
which precedent h a d a hn o s t in ves te d with th e force o f

l a w f or a p ri es t a fter th e c el eb ra ti on o f hi s firs t ma s s
, , ,
to in vi te h i s c l eric a l fri en ds to a c a ro us a l a t th e n eares t

ta vern B i s h o p s rea d th e s ervic e in b ed Th e lower
. .
clergy di vi d ed th e s o le mn ofli ce o f th e E u ch aris t into

s evera l p a rts a n d , d eman di n g a f ee f or ea ch quad
, ,
ru p l ed th eir emo lum en ts A F ren ch C oun cil in 1 31 7

.
, ,
men a ced with e xcomm un ica tion a n y m a gi s trate wh o

s h ould at s o un d o f tru mp et exp os e p ri es ts in pu b lic
, , ,
with th eir wea p on s a b out th eir n ecks — an ordin ary ,
p en a lty f or fightin g an d riotou s con du ct Th e poli cy .
o f th e C h urc h c o n s id ered th e m os t fl a g ran t in j u s tic e ,
th e m os t a troci ou s c rim e a s v en i a l in com p ari s on with

,
n egl ec t o f th e o utwa rd Ob e di en ce o f h er rul es a n d th e

ob s erv an ce o f th e f orm a liti es o f h er ri tu a l s uc h a s ,
rare att en d an c e at m a s s b l a s ph emin g o f reli c s with

, ,
h old in g of tith es eatin g meat in L ent lab or on holi

, ,
d a ys . p ro s e cuti on o f th e T empla rs th e articl es

I n th e ,
o f a ccu s a ti on did n ot re g a rd th e ch a rg e o f i n c on ti
n en ce a s imp orta n t i n c omp a ri s on wi th th o s e o f a th e
i s m a n d id o la try a lth ough i t w a s no toriou s th a t m ore

,
th a n thi rteen th ou s a n d c on cubin es were ma in ta in e d a t

th e e xp en s e o f th e p ri ories o f th at O rd er i n Euro p e .
Th e vi ol a ti on o f th e vow o f ch as tity w a s s o c omm on

th a t on ly th e m o s t o utra g eo u s i n d ec en cy c ould e xci te
c omm en t a n d th e s pi ritu al a uthori ties wh om th e
, ,
Chu rch h a d a pp oin ted to ex ercis e a c en s ors hip o ver

publ ic mora l s he s ita ted to p erform their du ti es les t
,
th eir o w n d eli n qu en ci es might th ereby b e e xp os ed It .
w a s c o n s idere d n o t o n ly m erito ri ou s b u t c on v en i en t, ,
to h a ve a cl ergym a n f o r a lo ver o n a cc ou n t o f th e
,
fa cility o f con c ea h n en t an d th e c erta in ty o f imme di ate

a b s o lu ti on Th e p re s en c e o f th e mis tres s es o f bis h o p s
.
,
pri es ts a n d c an on s in s ulted th e wives o f h on es t n obles

,
a n d bu rgh ers a t c o ron a ti on s a n d tou rn a m en ts Th e .
vicin ity o f a bb eys a n d c on ven ts s wa rme d with th e

n a tu ra l childre n o f e ccl es i a s tic s Thes e members o f
.
pri es tly h ou s eh o lds were li bera lly provide d f or fro m

reven u es o s ten s ibly c oll e cte d f or pi o u s u s e s a n d th e
pro p a g a tio n o f re ligiou s truth S o d egra d ed h a d

.
s om e o f th e m on k s b e c om e th a t th e y u tiliz e d e ven th e
H ou s e o f G o d f o r th e ba s es t pu rp o s es Guyo t d e .
P ro vin s a writer o f th e thirteen th cen tury a n d him

,
s elf th e m e mb er o f a m on as tic fra te rn ity re l a te s th a t ,
h e h a d s een Ci s terci a n s tu rn church ya rd s in to pig s ti es

-
a n d teth er a s s e s i n ch a p el s I n a ddition to imm o d era te

.
i n dulg en ce in th e s tro n ges t o f wi n es th e s ucces s ors ,
o f P a ch o miu s a n d An ton y h eld e a tin g c on tes ts in ,
which th e p a h n w as a wa rd ed to th e bro th er p os s es s
in g th e g re a tes t a bd o min a l c a p a city Am on g th es e .
were th e Glutton M a s s es o f E n gl a n d celebra te d five ,
times a ye a r i n h on or o f th e Vi rgin wh en th e p ari s h ,
church w a s m a d e th e s cen e o f th e vo ra ci ous exploits

o f th e p ries t a n d th e cl erk s w h o c on ten d ed f or thi s
,
en vi a bl e di s tin ction wi th a n ardo r th at o ften termi

n a te d in ri ot Every eff o rt to re form thes e d e pra ve d
.
c ommun ities proved futile Th e a bbot wh o a ttempted

.
to c o rre ct th e vic es o f hi s fl o ck w a s h a ra s s e d u n til h e

w a s gl a d to reli n qui s h h i s u n p ro mi s in g tas k o r a b a n don
hi s ch a rg e I f h e b oldly attempte d to en fo rc e h i s
.
a u th o ri ty h e s too d a n e xc ellen t ch a n c e o f b ein g p oi

,
s o n ed Th e fa m o u s A b el a rd n a rrowly es c a p e d thi s
.
fa te a n d th e p ron ou n c e d a n d vi n dictive h o s tility m a n i

,
f es ted by th e in ma tes o f h i s a bb ey fin a lly c omp elled

him to i n s u re h i s s a fety by flight Even th e deter .
mi n e d ch a ra cter o f C a rdin a l Xim en es w a s forc ed to

s uccumb to th e o b s ti n a cy o f hi s F ra n ci s c a n b reth ren ,
wh o s e exto rti on s an d i rre gula r lives h a d e xcite d h i s

h orro r a n d dis gu s t F or s ev en yea rs Willi a m B i s h o p
.
, ,
o f P a d erb o rn empl o ye d i n v a i n th e a uth o ri ty v es ted

,
i n h i s high Offic e to fre e th e m on a s teri es o f h i s di o c es e

from th e s c a n d a l p ro duce d by th e vic es o f their o ccu
p a n ts .
Much o f th e corruption o f th e regul a r clergy w a s

to b e a ttribu te d to th e imp o s to rs a n d m a l e f a ctors wh o
fou n d s helter a n d s a fety i n th e i r ra n k s Th e a s s ump .
ti on o f th e to n s u re a lo n e w as s uffici en t to in s u re
immun i ty to th e mos t n otori ou s ou tla w Th e s la ve .
,
imp ati en t u n d er th e la s h o f a c ru el m a s ter or a p p re

h en s i v e o f th e c on s e qu en c es o f in e xcu s a ble fa ults ,
ac qui re d s e cu ri ty a n d fre ed o m i n th e s h a d ow o f th e
to wers o f th e a bb ey Th e id entity o f th e crimin a l

.
a n d th e fugitive th e s ch em es o f th e hyp o c ri te a n d th e
,
kn a ve were e ff ectu a lly di s gui s e d by th e c owl o f th e

,
fri a r Th e huma n e a n d b en eficen t privil ege o f s an c

.
tu a ry w a s a bus ed by th e re c e p ti on a n d Sh elter o f e very

cla s s o f d a n gerou s a n d di s re puta bl e o ff en ders a g a in s t
th e pu b lic p ea c e A s s o ci a ti on with p ers on s o f thi s
.
a b a n d on ed ch a ra cter c ould n ot f a il to b e d em o ra lizin g ,
ev en to th o s e o f th e f ra tern i ty w h o ob s e rv e d th e ir
vows an d mu s t h a ve s till furth er c orrupted th e idle

,
36 2 H I ST ORY OE TH E
grima ges a s th e citi es o f Fran c e L omb ardy a n d th e

, , ,
Rhi n e were fil led with c ourtes a n s wh o h a d a b us e d ,
th es e Opp o rtu n i ti es f o r th e e xhibiti on o f religi ou s z ea l .
Th e a uth o rity o f th e e ccl es i as tic a l trib un a l s w a s o p en ly

de fie d th ei r pro c ee din g s deride d th e ir j udge s in
, ,
s u lte d th e i r s ub ordi n a te offic ers m a ltrea te d

,
I n L on .
d on to w a rd s th e cl os e o f th e fifteenth cen tury it was

, ,
a s eri o u s m a tter to a ttemp t to s erv e a p ro c es s o f th e
C on s i s tori a l C ourt Th e p ower f or evil o f thi s on c e

.
formida ble en gin e o f p ers ecuti on which h a d e x ercis ed ,
a n o ff en s iv e c en s o rs hip o v er e v ery c o mm un ity h ad ,
b ec om e h o p eles s ly imp a i re d .
O f s uch a ch a ra cter were th e religi ou s in s tructo rs o f

th e p eo ple o f W e s tern Ch ri s ten do m f or fiv e h un dred
yea rs Th e origin a l a u s te rity o f th e m on a s tic orders
.
h a d di s a pp ea re d I n n o in s ta n c e h a d i t a ctu a lly s u r
.
v i ved th e firs t c en tu ry d a tin g fro m th e i n s tituti on o f
a n y e ccles i a s tic a l fra tern i ty With it h a d de p a rted by

.
f a r th e grea ter p orti on o f i ts c a p a city f or u s e ful n e s s .
Th e d a ily liv es o f th e s e cul a r p ri es th oo d p res en ted d i s

gu s tin g ex a mples o f huma n de p ra vity Amon g th e .
la ity th e rich a t lea s t were s e cure from d a mn a tion ;

, , ,
f o r by a j udici o u s a n d lib era l o ff erin g a n d th e d e p os it

o f a s ch e dul e o f th e i r s in s u n d er th e a lta r cl oth o f -
a c o mp a s s i o n a te S a in t i n a f ew h o u rs th e s h eet w as
,
foun d to b e bla n k a n d th e g en erou s pen iten t by the ,
imm ediate in terces s i on o f hi s pa tron w a s a bs o lved ,
fro m th e c on s e qu en c es o f h i s tra n s g res s io n s without

th e d el a y o r th e e xp os u re o f c o n fe s s i o n Th e foun .
d a tion o f a religi o u s ho u s e w a s o ften derived from

th e fea rs o r th e re p en ta n c e o f a w ea lthy a n d s u p ers ti
ti o u s s inn er An imm en s e tra ct o f un impro ve d la n d
.
w a s co n v ey e d to a c ol on y o f mon k s I n th e mos t .
s e qu e s tere d s p ot f a r re m ov e d fro m th e tu rm o il th e
, ,
v a n iti e s a n d th e tempta ti on s of th e world a n u n p re

, ,
ten din g s tructu re c o mp o s ed o f w a ttl e d b ough s a n d

,
th a tch e d wi th s tra w or ru s h es w as con s tructe d , Th e .

MOORI SH E M P IRE IN EUROPE 3 63
s urroun din g fores t w a s s tocke d with g ame A n eigh .
b orin g la ke Or s tre a mlet fu rn i s hed a s upply o f fis h .
I n m a n y fra tern iti es h o wever s uch foo d w as f or

, ,
bidd en f or th e a u s terity o f di s ciplin e s o metim es p er

,
mi tted n o thin g b u t a mea gre di et o f h erbs a n d puls e

was h ed down with wa ter Th e obliga ti on s o f th ei r
.
pro fes s ion a s well as th e n e ces s ity o f s us ten a n c e re

qui red th at a p orti on o f th ei r time s ho uld b e s p en t i n
th e cultiv a ti on o f th e s o il A n umber o f th e brethren
.
l a bored in th e fields while th e oth ers a tten de d to th e

domes tic a n d s a cre d duti es en j o in e d by th eir mon a s tic
vo ws I n s ome mon ki s h a b od es th e vo ice o f pra i s e w a s
.
n ev er s il en t Rela ys o f ch oris ters o ccupi ed th e cha p el

.
wi th out in termis s i on d a y or n ight Th e s ummon s to .
devoti on were fre quen t To pres erve de c orum s pi es

.
,
were a ppo in te d to rep o rt irregula riti es o f co n duct

within th e mon a s tery No m on k w a s permitted to
.
lea ve its pre cin cts with out a comp a n i on th a t e a ch ,
might res tra in th e other fro m th e i n dulgen c e in s in ful

th oughts a n d c a rn a l re c rea ti on s I n th e cl o i s ter th e
.
re clu s e w a s c on s ta n tly re min d e d o f th e re quirem en ts
a n d o blig a tio n s o f h i s p ro fes s i on by th e ferven t ex h o r
ta ti on s o f hi s s up eri or a n d th e en fo rc e d ob s e rva n c e o f
s il en c e m e di ta ti on a n d p ra y er
, , By s elf in fl icti on o f
.
-
gri evou s pen a n ces — s courgin g fa s tin g wea rin g o f

, , ,
s hi rts o f h a i rcloth o r m a il imm ers i o n i n wa ter o f icy

,
c oldn es s — worldly tempta tion s a n d s en s u a l des ires

,
were e ff ectu a lly s upp res s e d a n d min d a n d bo dy were

,
d evo te d to th e os ten s ible a n d o rigin a l o bj e cts o f m o n

a ch a l life — th e s erv ic e a n d th e gl orific a ti on o f G od
, .
I n time their mo des t a n d c on tra cte d h a bita ti o n s

be c a me too s m a ll to a cco mmo da te th e in crea s in g n um
bers o r to s ati s fy th e a mbiti ou s z ea l o f th e pi ou s breth
ren . Th e w ea lth deriv ed fro m th e a s s idu ou s cultiv a
ti on o f th eir l a n d s th e p ro fits o f th ei r tra de th e con
, ,
tribu ti on s o f ro ya l vi s itors a n d th e gen ero s i ty o f th eir

,
foun ders en a bled them to ere ct buildin gs wh os e im

p os in g p rop orti on s a n d exqui s ite orn amen tati on a re

th e d el igh t a n d th e d es p a i r o f m o d ern a rchite c ts Th e .
ch urch d e dic a te d to a c erta in s ain t w a s fo un d e d on th e

d ay p re s erv e d by tra diti on a s th e d a te o f hi s birth A .
vigil w as ma in ta in e d a n d wh en th e firs t ra ys o f th e
,
s u n re dd en e d th e h oriz on th e w ork w a s c o mm en ce d .
A s th e p o in t wh ere th at lum in ary a pp ea re d w a s tak en

f or th e ea s t on a cc oun t o f th e con s ta n tly v a ryin g p os i
,
ti on o f th e s un i n th e h ea v en s th ere a re b u t f ew e ccle
s i a s ti cal edific es c on s tructe d du rin g th e Middl e Ag es
wh os e wa lls c orres p on d with th e fo ur c a rdi n a l p oin ts

o f th e c o mp a s s I n th e ra n k s o f th e religio u s b roth er
.
h oo d s were to b e fou n d arti s an s o f every d es c ripti on ,
wh os e pro fe s s io n a l e ff orts were pro mpte d a n d en cour

a g e d by th e in s pi ri n g s pi ri t o f reli gi o u s d ev otion .
S uch were th e dim en s ion s o f th e s e m a gn ific en t s tru ct

u res th a t th e ch a p els o f m an y a b b eys — s uch a s S t .
Alba n s S ou th we ll S t O u en D u rh a m C a n terbu ry
, , .
, ,
a re n o w c ath e d ra l chu rch e s o f s o m e o f th e rich e s t d i o
c es es o f F ra n c e a n d E n glan d Th e a rchite ctura l .
s pl en d o r o f W e s tmin s ter i s f a mili a r to e v ery tra v ell er .
Th e buil din g s in clud e d i n th e grea t C i s terci an Abb ey

o f Ti n te rn e which w e re en cl o s e d by a w a ll w ere d i s
, ,
tribu te d o v er thi rty — f ou r a cres Th e s ymm etry a n d .
b ea uty o f th e G othic temples o f N orm an dy a re um

im p a ire d a n d u nriva lle d a fter th e revo lu tio n s o f more
th a n s ev en c en tu ri es Th e e ccl es ia s tic a l j u ri s di cti on
.
o f s om e s e es e x ten d e d o v er a s m a n y a s s e ven th o u s an d
ma n s i or c otta g es of s erfs ; th os e wh o on ly rec eive d

,
th e tribu te o f tw o th ou s a n d w ere s o n um erou s a s to b e

co mp a ra tively in s ign ific a n t .
All th e p os s es s ion s o f th e cl ergy w ere e x e mpt from

ta x a ti o n .Tith es a t firs t limite d to a ten th o f th e
,
pro ducts o f th e s o il w ere by eccle s i a s tic a l arti fice a n d

, ,
P a p a l ra p a city e x ten de d a n d ma d e to i n clude the

,
en ti re yi eld o f ev ery c r0
p th e in crea s e o f e v ery h erb
, ,
th e l a b or o f e v ery a rti s an With out ta kin g in to ac

.
th e a ir ; Offici atin g mon ks i n s plen did ve s tments

th e .
th e p omp o f c rucifix a n d i n c en s e a dd ed to th e im p res

,
s i v en es s o f th e c erem on i a l a n d imp a rte d to th e s c en e a
s triki n g rep res en ta ti on o f divin e w o rs hip which c ould
h a rdly b e p a ra ll eled in Rom e its e lf T ruly i n i ts .

,
p a h ny d a ys th e mon as tery w a s a n im p orta n t a dj un ct

to P a p a l p o wer a n d g ra n deur '
F rom th e c on s iderati on o f th e m ani fold vic es a nd
fla gran t c orrupti on with which th e life o f mon a s tic
in s tituti on s w a s ta in te d i t b ec ome s a plea s ure to enu
,
mera te th e b en e fits th at th es e e s ta bli s hments c on ferred

upon hum an ity F irs t in i mp ortan c e i s th e fa ct th at
.
th ey w ere th e d e p o s i to ri es o f lea rn i n g duri n g th e D a rk

Ag es Th e re qui rem ents o f th e s a cred p ro fes s i on
.
,
wh os e d o gm a s th ey were des ign e d to upho ld an d pro p

a g a te dem a n de d th e p os s es s i on o f s o me degree o f
,
kn owledge Th e s tan dard o f in te llig en c e w a s f ar

.
high er in th e m on a s tery th a n in th e ch a pter ho u s e o f

th e c a th edra l or i n th e e pi s c o p a l p a la c e M an y o f th e .
s e cul a r cl ergy c o uld n eith er rea d n o r write ; th eir e x
p os iti on o f th e s a cra men ts w a s pron o un c ed i n an i n co

heren t j a rg on a n d a c a n on wh o un ders too d gra mma r
,
w a s a n o bj e ct o f g en era l w on d er a n d re s p e ct Th e .
lewd a n d pro fa n e ch a ra cter o f th e dis c ou rs e s from

th e pulpit w a s o ften s uch th a t i t w oul d n o t b e to l er
a te d f or a n in s ta n t b y th e f a s tidi o u s d elic a cy o f a
mo dern a udi en c e Th e en j o ymen t o f a bun da nt lei

.
s u re th e p ra i s ew o rthy im pul s e o f a ccu mul a ti n g i n f or

,
ma ti on which might pro ve o f a dv an ta ge both in ,
di s s emin a tin g th e truth s o f th e G os pel a n d in m a g

n if y i n g th e imp orta n c e o f th e i r ord er a c tu a te d a cer ,
ta in n um b er o f th e i n m a te s o f ev ery clo i s ter to th e

tra n s crip ti on o f b oo k s to th e s tudy o f a u th ors to th e
, ,
illumi n a ti on Of mi s s a ls S om e wrote p o ems i n L atin

. .
Oth ers like H rots w ith a th e G erm an nun o f G an ders

, ,
h eirn comp os e d dra m a s i n imita tion o f th e cl a s s ic s

, .
Th es e literary eff orts while O f ten co ars e in s en timent

, ,
imm ora l in ten den cy an d crude in ex ecution s eem

, ,
pro digies o f l ea rn in g wh en w e recall th e den s e a tmos

p h ere o f ign ora n c e i n which they were p ro duced In .
th e a bbey w ere pres erve d c on temp ora n eou s re co rds

n ot on ly o f a l l tra n s a cti o n s i n which th a t i n s ti tution
wa s c on c ern ed b u t a ls o ma n y d eta il s o f a ff a i rs o f
,
n a ti on a l in tere s t which furn i s h e d i n a fte r a g es i n v a l

,
u a h l e d a ta to th e hi s tori a n I n ma n y c on ven ts th ere

.
e xi s te d s ch ool s w h ere n o vic es a s well as th e chil
dren o f th e pea s an try c ould re c eive rudimen tary i n

s tructi on . B ooks a mon g which i s men tion e d th e
,
Fa bles o f E s o p were ch a in e d to ta bles i n th e h a lls

,
f or th e b en e fit o f th os e pupils Th e g re a t impuls e
.
given to i n telle ctu a l pro gres s by Wyclif s in complete ’
tra n s lati on o f th e Bible in th e fourteen th c en tu ry i s

in dic a ted by th e ludicrou s c ompla in t o f a n old mon k
i s h chron icler w h o l a men te d th a t
, Women a re n ow
grown more vers e d in th e New T es ta men t th an
”
learn e d clerk s . C o in ciden t with tha t a u s pici ous
even t th e mon o p o ly o f l etters
, s o l on g en j oy e d a n d
,
perverte d by th e clergy c a me to a n en d I n c a s es
, .
where th e in tere s ts o f religi on were thought to b e im

perilled th e mon ks did n ot h es itate to ob s truct th e
,
path o f kn owle dge Through their in fluen c e th e

.
s tudy o f phys ic s a n d o f l a w w a s fo rbidden in th e
twe lfth c en tury to th e s tuden ts o f th e Un ivers ity o f

M on tp elli er I n co n tra dis tin ction to this s pirit o f
.
o ff en s iv e big otry i t mu s t n o t b e forg otten th a t th e

,
firs t prin tin g pres s es u s e d in Euro pe were pla c ed in

-
mon a s teri es .
Th e s e clu s i on o f mon a s tici s m en coura g e d to a con

s id era b l e e xten t th e lo ve o f th e a rts I n b e a uty o f
.
des ign an d co mpleten es s o f fin i s h th e eff orts o f th e

Gothic a rch ite ct h ave n ever b een s urp a s s ed B ook .
makin g w as c arri ed to an a dvan c ed s tate o f perfecti on .
From un wi eldy volumes with wood en lea ves b oun d ,
in lea d en co vers m a nus crip ts develo p ed in to th e ex

,
qui s ite s p ecimen s o f c alligra phic an d d eco rative el e

g a n c e s o priz e d b y mo dern c olle ctors S o me w ere .
written in g old a n d s ilver letters on purple v ellum .
Th e illu min a ti on s — wh en c e w a s d erived th e firs t in

s pi ra ti on o f m o d ern p a in tin g
— w ere o ften th e work
o f y ea rs Th e bin din g s w ere o f c a rved ivory or o f
.
th e p re ci ou s m eta ls n ot i n fre qu en tly en rich e d with

,
j ewels Th o s e volum es d es tin ed f or th e s ervic e o f the

.
a lta r s om eti m e s en cl os ed a reliqu a ry a n d b ec ame

doubly pre ci ou s a s well by rea s on o f th e s a cred me
,
men to th e y c on ta in ed a s on a cc oun t o f th e i r c o s tly

ma teri a l s an d th e l a b or exp en d e d u p on th em Th e .
a rt o f th e s culp to r o w es much to th e dilig en c e a n d
s kill di s pl a ye d by th e m ed i mva l w o o d c a rv er wh os e -
,
h a n diwo rk i s vis ible in th e s ta ll s a n d a lta r s creen s -
o f G o thic c a th e dra l s Th e e mb ro id ere d v es tments

.
w rought by n u n s duri n g th e twelfth a n d thirteenth

c en tu ri es are m a rvels o f orn a menta tion pa ti en ce a n d , ,
de xterity C on s tan t p ra ctic e in th e ch oi r l ed to a con

.
s id era bl e a dv a n c e i n th e kn o wl e dg e o f p o etry a n d
mu s ic Nor were philos o phic a l pu rs ui ts des pite th eir

.
,
con fes s e d an ta gon i s m to th e C hurch a lto g eth er n eg,
l ected . Th e n a me a n d a cqui remen ts o f P o p e S yl

ves ter II were to hi s c on temp ora ri e s a s w ell a s to
.
p os teri ty l on g s ugge s tive o f a c omp a ct with th e D evil

a n d th e p ra c tic e o f m a gic M o d ern s ci en ce i n i ts in
.
,
di s c rim in a te cen s ure o f mon a s tici s m s hould n ot forget

,
th a t th e g rea t n a tu ra l phil os o ph ers o f th e Middle

Ages A lb ertu s M a gn u s a n d R o g er B a c on b el on g ed
, ,
to th e o rd ers o f m en dic a n t fri ars f or th e on e w a s a

,
F ra n ci s c a n an d th e oth er a D o min ic an .
I n th e m on a s tery w a s di s p en s e d n ot on ly m edic a l
a i d s o f a r as th e rud en es s a n d ig n o ra n c e o f th e s up er
,
s ti ti ou s p ra c ti ti o n er a ll o w ed b u t a l s o u n s ti n ted an d
,
gratuitou s h os pita lity Th e c o n ven tu a l es ta bli s hmen t

.
wa s a t on ce th e h os pital a n d th e h otel o f m e di aeva l

s o ci ety I n th e thin ly p e o ple d dis tricts u s u a ll y s e
.
th o ro ughfa re s w i th pictures que a n d b arb ari c c os tu mes .
Th e bru ta l ity o f th e W es t th e vic es o f th e E a s t th e

, ,
s up ers ti ti on s o f A fric a th e c ru elty o f I ta ly fo un d a

, ,
co n gen i a l h o m e on th e s h ores o f th e B os ph o ru s Th e .
s ucc es s o rs o f C on s ta n ti n e cl a im e d a n d e x erci s e d p re
rog a ti ves wh ol ly in c on s i s ten t wi th th e s e curity o f th e
c ommun ity or th e prin ciple s o f e qui ty Th ey i nter .
p os e d th ei r a uth ority to a n n ul th e s en ten c es o f j udici al

tribu n a l s Th ey in flicte d fright ful to rture s without
.
th e w a rra n t o f l a w o r p re c e d en t Th ey imp os e d ta x es
.
which imp o veri s h e d e ven th e wea lthi es t o f th e ir s ub

j ects Th ey p ermi tted their fl atterers to ex tort ra n
.
s oms tra ffic i n j u s tic e a n d di s p os e o f empl oymen ts

, ,
with ou t e ven th e d e c o ro u s p retext o f co n cea h n en t .
Th e mutu a l h a tre d e xi s ti n g b etw een th e bl o o dthirs ty

fa ction s o f th e c a pita l th e a n ci en t en mity o f the
,
n o bl es th e j ea l o u s y o f riv a l p ri n c es which h a d m ore

, ,
th a n on c e c au s e d di s a s tro u s ri ots th e tumultu ou s fu ry ,
o f th e ra bbl e i n duc ed th e emp e ro rs to h a bi tu a lly d i s

,
tru s t th e fid eli ty o f th o s e s ta tes m en wh o s e bi rth a n d

e duc a ti on b es t qu a lifi e d th e m to di re ct th e p o licy o f
a g re a t e mpi re A s a n e c es s ity th ere fo re eun uch s

.
, ,
were i n trus te d with th e m an a g em en t o f a ff a irs o f

s ta te a n d fill e d th e res p on s ibl e Offic es o f th e imp eri a l
h ou s eh old S u rrou n de d by a crowd o f d e p en den ts

.
a n d fl a ttere rs th es e m on s ters w ere th e fo u n ta i n o f a ll

,
h on or a n d th e re cipi en ts o f a ll h oma ge ; while th e

s o v ere ig n o f th e E a s t s h orn o f h i s a ctu a l p ow er w as
, ,
le ft to th e s o ci ety o f mon ks a n d p a ra s ites An ex .
ces s i ve l o v e o f p o mp a n d o f m a g n ific en t a tti re w a s a
ma rke d tra it o f th e Byz an tin e ch a ra cter Th e imp e .
ri a l tra i n O ften in clud e d m o re th a n tw en ty th ou s a n d
s erv a n ts th e m a j o rity o f wh o m w ere e un uch s

, Th e .
e un uch w a s th e m o s t c on s picu o u s p ers on a g e i n th e
g overn m ent i n th e hi era rchy in c omm erci a l a d ven

, ,
tu re i n s o ci a l a mu s emen t i n p ol i tic a l i n trigu e

, , He .
dis ch a rg ed th e fun cti on s o f a g en era l O ften with

c re dit s ometim es with con s umm ate s kill H i s s ecre

, .
tive h a bi ts a n d d emea n or a dmira bly fitted him f or th e

tortu ou s p a th s a n d i n s idi o us meth o d s o f diplo ma tic
in terc ours e H e w a s a po wer in th e Byz an tin e h i e
.
ra rch y .M emb ers O f h i s cas te were ex a lte d to high

po s ition s in th e e ccles i a s tic a l order S om e a tta in ed to .
th e s up rem e dign ity o f P a tri a rch a n office f or cen ,
tu ri e s o f g rea ter importa n ce th a n th a t o f Bi s h o p o f

Rome O thers c on trolle d th e wea lthie s t s ees o f th e
.
E as tern Church M o n as tic l ife s eeme d to p o s s es s a

.
p eculi ar a ttra ction f or th em a n d ma n y con ven ts in

,
C on s ta n tin o ple were p eo pled exclu s ively by th e vic

tims o f m a n s d elibera te cru elty S ome o f th es e in
’
.
s ti tu ti o n s c on ta in e d n ea rly a th ou s a n d i n m a tes Th e .
promin en t p a rt ta ken by this o diou s cla s s in es tablis h

in g th e s ta n d a rd o f m o d ern orth o d o xy thro ugh its i n ,
fl u en ce on th e la dies o f th e imperi a l h ou s eh o ld i n th e
ea rly da y s o f Ch ri s ti a n i ty i s fa mili a r to e very rea der
,
o f Church hi s tory Th e in s a tia ble a v a rice an d ra p a c

.
i ty o f th e eu n uch imp ell e d him to th e a ccumul a ti o n

o f w e a lth th ro ugh th e l e gitim a te ch a n n els o f fo re ign
commerc e a n d dom es tic en terpri s e a s well a s by th e ,
more qu es ti on a ble mea n s o f s ervility a n d co rrupti on .
H is s hip s w ere kn own i n e very p ort o f th e M ed iterra

n ean . H e w a s iden tified with th e la rg e s t m erc an tile
e s ta bli s hm en ts o f th e c a pita l I n e very s o ci a l as s em
.
bly h e w a s co n s picu ou s i n every co n s pi ra cy h i s con

,
cea l e d b u t p o w erful h a n d w a s felt H i s equip a g e w a s

.
th e g a yes t h i s tra in th e m os t imp o s in g on th e s treets

, .
I n th e circu s h e took prece d en c e o f h aughty p a tri

ci a n s
, wh o m h e f a r eclip s e d in Splen dor o f c os tume .
Ever with a n ey e to his o wn a ggra n diz e men t h e whi s ,
p ered trea s on in th e e a rs o f th e n oble s a n d in s tigate d

th e ra bble to rev olt Th e s en timen ts o f g ra titud e o f
.
,
s ym p a thy o f ch a rity
, were unkn own to him Th e
, .
frightful p un i s hments in flicted by th e c ourt on politi

cal o ff en ders w ere notori ou s ly s ugg es ted b y h i s ma l ig
n ant g en ius With th e los s o f h i s pro crea tive p ower

.
s eem e d to h a ve v a n i s h e d every tra c e o f h on o r o f j u s ,
tice o f h um a n ity o f l o ya lty o f d evoti on

, , , H e was .
ex e crate d b y th e B yz a n tin e p o pul a c e wh os e f eeli n g s ,
were e xpres s ed b y th e curren t s ayin g If y ou h ave ,
a eun uch kill h im ; if y ou h a v e n on e b u y on e a n d kill

, ,
”
him '
Th e g overnm ent o f th e Byz an tin e E m pi re exhib
ited a cu ri ou s mixtu re o f i rre s p on s ibl e p o w er a n d a b
j ect de p en den c e Th e emp erors di s pla yed all th e in
.
s i g n i a a n d a ll th e a rro g a n ce o f d es p oti s m whil e a t th e ,
s a m e tim e th e y were rea lly th e s la ve s o f th e ir p a ra
s ites . Th e c a reer o f a s overeig n w as c erta in to b e a

s h ort o n e if h e m a n if es te d a n in cli n a ti on to in d ep en
den c e a n d to th e a s s erti o n o f hi s leg a l prero gative s I n .
th e c ou rt o f C on s ta n tin o pl e p o i s on in g w a s re duced to
a s ci en ce a n d eun uch s a s tro lo g ers
, , pri e s ts an d ch ar
, ,
l a tan s were rea dy in s trum en ts o f a mbiti on a n d re

ven g e The formali ti es atten din g th e i n tercours e o f
.
members o f th e roya l fa mily a n d th e a ri s to cra cy were

s o c omplic a ted a s to re qui re a l on g c ours e o f s tu dy to
m as ter th em Th ey were redu c e d to a co de fam iliar

.
,
i ty with wh os e rules w a s con s id ere d th e g re ates t ac

c om p li s h m en t o f a c ou rti er While thi s frivolou s cer
.
em on i a l w a s b ei n g s e dulo u s ly p erfe cte d th e c on s ta n tly ,
re ce din g fron ti ers o f th e Empi re w ere a b a n d on e d to
th e en croa chmen ts o f th e b a rb a ri a n s o f th e B a ltic an d

th e C a s pi a n Th e s ta te re ven u es were s qua n d ere d
.
by e ccles i a s tic s an d in s ati able fa vo rites R a p a ci ou s .
ta x c o lle ctors di s pl a ye d th e ch a ra cter a n d a d o pted th e

-
c u s to m s o f licen s e d b rig a n d s Th eir e xtorti on s b e

.
c ame s o exc es s ive an d th e di s tre s s o f th e p eo ple w a s

s o g re at th a t th re e fo u rth s o f th e i nh a b i tan ts o f th e
-
mo n a rchy were offici ally in s crib ed up on th e public reg

i s ters a s m en dic a nts .
F ro m th e e igh th to th e twelfth century C on s tanti

n op l e w a s i n a ll p rob ab ility th e m os t o pul ent a nd
, ,
374 H I STORY or THE
s umptu o us edi fic es j e wels were la vi s h ed in os tenta

ti o u s a n d s emi b arb a ric p ro fu s i on
-
Th e p erv erte d i n
.
g en u i ty o f th e Byz a n ti n e in v en tor w a s e xp en d e d
th e c on s tru c ti on o f cu ri o u s to ys th a t might d elight the

s im plicity o f chi ld h oo d b u t which c o uld h a rdly b e ex
,
p ected to en g a g e th e a ttenti on o f ro y a lty e ven i n a ,
de gen erate a ge On e o f th e m a s terpi ec es o f th es e s kil

.
ful a rti s a n s w as a tree o f th e pre ci ou s m etals with

foli ag e o ccu pi e d by go lden bi rd s wh os e s h rill n otes ,
fil le d th e h alls o f th e p a l a ce N otwith s ta n din g i ts

.
va s t expen diture o f tre as u re s uch were th e res ourc es

,
o f th e Byz a n tin e m o n a rchy th a t e ve n a fter i ts terri
tory w a s c on tra cte d a hn o s t to th e w a ll s o f th e c a pita l ,
i t s till em bra c e d th e w ea lthi e s t c o mm un ity in C h ri s ten

d o m Th e unriv a lle d c omm erci a l f a cili ti es en j oye d by
.
C on s tan tin o ple mo re th an c oun terb a la n c e d f o r cen

tu ri es th e di s a dva n ta g es o f p oli tic a l i n c a p a city n a ,
tion a l idlen es s a n d offici a l c orru p ti on

, Th e los s es.
res ulti n g from e ccl e s i a s tic a l qu a rrel s th e s a n guin a ry

,
revoluti on s o f p o litic a l f a cti on s th e ra v a g e s o f Cru

,
s a d ers a n d th e p es til en c e we re s p ee dily s uppli e d from
th e c iti es o f G ree c e a n d th e c o lon i es o f A s i a Min or .
Th e h etero gen eo u s e lemen ts o f its p o pul a ti on thu s ,
re cruite d from s o m a n y s o u rces ea rly c a u s e d i t to as

,
Sum e th e a pp ea ran ce an d th e ch a ra c ter o f th e m os t

cos mo p olitan o f ci ti es ; a n d a s th e c a pita l w a s th e typ e
o f th e en ti re re gi on s ubj e c t to th e s o vere ig n i t h a s ,
b een rema rke d n ot i n correctly th at th e Byz antin e

, ,
E mpire w a s a g overn men t with out a n ation .
S o m a rk e d ho w ever w a s th e religio u s an d in tel

, ,
lectu al deb as emen t of c ontempo ran eo u s E uro pe tha t

th e weak n es s an d c rim e s o f th e G reek e mp ero rs p a s s ed
unn otic ed a mid s t th e re c ogn iz e d s up eriority o f th e
civiliz a ti on which th eir wa n ton e xtra v a g an c e p olluted .
Th e ex ten t a n d m a gn itud e o f th ei r c o mm erce th e ,
s pl en dor o f th e ir e mb a s s i e s ,th e m u n i ficen c e with

whic h th ey rew a rde d th eir a ll i es a ff orde d th e mos t
,
e x a gg era ted idea s o f th eir importan c e an d p ower .
Th e p omp which in ves te d th eir pres en c e con ce a l ed th e

de plora ble c on diti on s un der wh os e res tra in ts th ey were
comp elled to dire ct th e a ff a irs o f th eir empire Th e .
politica l im be cility o f th e Greeks wa s th ere fo re n ot

, ,
vi s ible to th e ir n eighb ors Th e s e o bs erve d on ly th e

.
gorgeou s th ea tric a l eff e cts which s u s ta in e d th e pres

tig e o f a d e c a yi n g m on a rchy a n d th e a lli a n c e o f th e
,
prin c es o f C on s ta n tin o ple w as s olicite d a like by th e

kh a lifs o f B a gd a d C a iro an d C ordova by th e em
, , ,
p erors o f th e W e s t a n d by th e kin gs o f E n gl a n d I n
, .
th e s o ci a l p o lity o f th e G reek s th e c o u rt w a s every

thi n g a n d th e p e o ple n othin g Th e n a tura l l a w o f
.
progres s by which m a n i s en coura g ed to a ccum ula te

,
wealth by th e kn owledg e th at h e can en j oy it u n mo

les ted a n d i s impell ed to in tellectu a l purs uits through
,
th e h o p e o f p o litic a l a dv a n c emen t — a l a w p ra c tic a lly

,
a nn u lle d by th e C m a rs O f R om e — w a s en ti re ly a b o l
,
i s h ed un der th e emp erors o f Byz a n tium Little s e

.
cu ri ty c ould b e exp e cte d fro m a g o v ern m en t which
a ttemp te d to e x to rt from th e wre tch e d p e a s a n t wh o s e ,
ha rves ts h a d b een s we pt a wa y by th e b arba ri a n th e ,
s a me ta x d em a n de d fro m th e p ro s p ero u s m erch a n t ,
a n d m a d e n o a ll o w a n ce f o r th e des ti tu ti o n f o r which
its o wn in c a p a city a n d c o rrupti on were res p on s ible .
Th e m os t p ern ici ou s idea s rela tiv e to th e duti es a nd

privileges o f citiz en s hip h a d b een imp orted from
Ita ly Th e p eo ple were divide d into ca s tes Th e a ri s
. .
tocracy c on s id ere d a ll o ccup a ti on s c a rri e d on f or p ro fit

a s di s g ra c e ful to a p a trici a n .I t w a s a m a xim with
th e p o pula c e a n d on e which i t would h a ve b een d a n
,
geron s to c on tro vert th a t th e s tate o we d it s u s ten a n ce

,
a n d a mu s eme n t .I n m a in ta in in g s uch a p rin ciple th e ,
lower clas s es c ould h a ve n o motive f or l ab or a n d th e ,
ra bble o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e h a d n ot fo rg otten th a t th e
Roman citiz en w h o s o f a r di s re garde d hi s dign ity a s

to b ec ome a n a rti s a n w a s ign omi n i ou s ly driven from
h is trib e . Th e ly c a reer o p en to th e a s pi rin g p l e

on
b ei a n w a s th rough th e C hu rch To obta in a c omm an d

.
i n g p os ition i n th e hi era rchy th e f a v or a n d a s s is ta n ce

,
o f a e un uch or o f a p ri n c es s o f th e ro y a l f a mily w a s
in di s p en s a ble Th e duti es o f th e pries th oo d required

.
th e p os s es s i on o f li ttl e i n tel lig en c e a n d l es s educ a ti on .
Th e a ff a irs o f p a l a c e a n d c a th e dra l w ere u s u a lly a d

min i s tered by em a s culate d m on k s i n de bte d for their
,
pl a c es to th e o s ten ta ti ou s d evoti on or c on ven i en t s er

vility by which th ey d emon s trate d th ei r u s e fuln es s in
furth erin g th e des ign s o f a mbiti ou s p a tron s While .
th e g en era l lic en ti o u s n es s which s c a n d a liz e d th e p a p al

court did n ot p reva il to a n e qu a l ex ten t a mon g th e
clergy o f C o n s ta n tin o ple th e l ives o f m an y o f th e
,
p a tri a rch s w ere s ta in e d with vic es equ a l in ba s en es s

a n d impi ety to a n y th a t d efil ed th e ch a ra cte r o f th e
wo rs t o f th e p on ti ff s S o ldi ers eun uch s p aras ites

.
, , ,
a n d tool s o f in trigui n g s ta tes m en w ere e l e v a ted in turn
to th e m os t e mi n en t dig n ity o f th e E a s tern C hu rch .
S ome c arri e d with th em in to th e e pi s co p a l p a la ce th e

ma nn ers a n d th e lic en s e o f th e c amp O th ers by en .
,
lis tin g th e s ervic es o f th e mon ks a n d th e p o pula c e .
fom ented s an guin a ry a n d di s a s trou s revoluti ons .
Oth ers a g a in by th e mon s trou s extra va g a n c e o f their

,
b eh a vio r an d th e i rre veren c e which th ey dis pla yed in

th e di s ch a rg e o f th eir s a cre d f un cti on s a ro u s ed th e ,
in dign a ti on a n d in curre d th e c en s u re Of th e de vout .
O f th e latter Th eOp hy la ctu s o ff ers a c on s picuou s ex

,
a mpl e .Th e s a l e o f e ccl e s i a s tic a l p re ferm en ts f u r

n i s h ed him re gul a rly wi th m e a n s f o r th e gra ti fic a ti on
o f h i s u n h oly p as s i on s H e w a s ra i s ed to th e p a tri
.
a rch a l th ron e o f C on s ta n ti n o pl e a t th e a e o f tw elve

g
yea rs H e in tro duc ed into th e Greek ritu a l a bs urd
.
c eremon i es an d lic en ti ou s hymn s which s tra n g e to re ,
l ate s u rvive d him f or ah n o s t tw o c en tu ri es To thi s

, .
pra ctic e a re tra c ea ble th e ri otou s a n d obs c en e f es tiva ls

o f th e Middl e Ag es wh en re ligi on w as tra v es ti ed a n d
,
ten s ive libra ry a n d h a d es ta bli s he d th ere an a ca demy

,
in im itati on o f th e fa m ou s Mu s eu m f oun d e d by th e
P tolemi es a t Al ex an dri a H ere a c orps o f te a ch ers
.
,
ma in ta in e d at th e e xp en s e o f th e s tate imp a rte d in ,
s tructi on g ra tuito u s ly on a ll b ra n ch es o f th eo lo gy a n d
th e a rts . Th e lib ra ry w a s o p en to e very s tud en t o f

wh a te ver c ree d or n ation a li ty A n um b er o f expert
.
c a lligra phi s ts an d s ch ola rs were c on s tan tly e mploye d

i n a ddin g to th e c olle ctio n or i n re p ro ducin g m a nu
,
s crip ts th a t h a d b een d a m a g e d by a b u s e o r n e glect .
Th e p ro fes s o rs o f thi s un ivers ity— th e on ly in s tituti on

worthy o f th e n a m e in th e en ti re rea hn o f th e empire
— were h eld in th e high es t reveren c e S o metime s th eir .
Opi n i o n s were ta ken on imp ortan t qu e s tio n s o f l a w and

diploma cy O ften the i r me di ati on w a s s oli cited by th e
.
h ea ds o f c on ten din g f a c ti o n s By th e p re emin en ce

.
-
o f th e ir a cqui remen ts a n d th e w e ight a tta chi n g to th eir
de ci s io n s th ey a verted m a n y a n ati on a l c a tas tro phe

, .
Th e i n cum b ents o f th e m os t ex a lte d pl a c es in th e

Church were fre qu en tly ta ken fro m th ei r ran ks D ur .
i n g th e s ea s on o f i ts p ro s p eri ty n o i n s tituti on o f l earn

in g outs id e o f th e d o min i on s o f th e kh a lifs wi eld ed s uch
a s a lu ta ry in flu en c e o r w a s re g a rd ed with s uch res p ect
a n d h o m a g e by a l l cl a s s es o f m a n ki n d as th e O cta g on
o f C on s ta n ti n o pl e I n th e reign o f Zen o wh en it was

.
,
con s ume d by fire thi s fa mou s e dific e c on ta in ed a

,
library o f a hu n dre d a n d twen ty th ou s an d vo lumes .
Am on g th e trea s ures l o s t i n th e con fl ag ra tion w a s a

won d erful m an u s cript o f th e works o f H omer more ,
th a n on e hu n dre d feet lon g c omp os e d o f s erp en t s kin s

,
in s cribed with ch a ra cters o f go ld Res tored by th e.
emp e rors to s o m e d eg ree o f its fo rm er s pl en d o r L eo ,
th e I s a u ri a n w h o a fter re p ea te d in tervi ews h ad

, , ,
fa iled to c on vert to hi s ic on o cla s tic vi ews th e tea ch ers

o f th e Un iv ers i ty determin e d to e ff e ctu a lly s ilen c e
,
th os e wh o h a d s o s ign a lly re fu te d h i s a rgum en ts Se .
cretl
y a n d du rin g th e n igh t a n imm en s e qua ntity o f
, ,
c ombu s tibles w a s di s tributed a bout th e buildin g th e ,
torch w as a ppli e d d eta chmen ts o f troo p s p reven te d

,
a ll a ttemp ts a t re s cu e a n d th e as s emble d wi s dom a n d

,
lea rn in g of th e Byz a n tin e Empire p eri s h e d in on e in

dis crim in ate ruin From thi s in excu s a ble a ct o f v a n
.
d a li s m d a tes th e di s a ppe a ra n c e o f m a n y o f th e grea t

es t w o rk s o f th e p o ets phil os o ph ers a n d hi s tori a n s o f
, ,
a n tiqui ty .Wh at th e icon o cla s t h a d b egun th e cru

s a der c ompl eted Th e s tormi n g o f th e c a pi ta l by the
.
L ati n s dea lt a n o th er des tructive blow to literature .
Th e ma rti a l fa n a tici s m o f th e Wes t s a w n o thin g to

a dmire a n d much to e x e cra te i n th e imm orta l p ro duc
tio n s o f P a g a n g en iu s Th e ign ora n t mon k s wh o f ol

.
lowed i n th e tra in o f th e C o un t o f F lan ders a n d th e

M arqui s o f M on tferra t s ho wed s c an t con s ideration to
s uch o f th e cl as s ic s a s f ell in to th e ir h a n ds Th e p re .
cion s rema in s tha t s urvived thi s a g e o f vio len c e s up er ,
s titi on a n d i n telle ctu a l a p a thy res te d u n c a re d f o r a n d

,
forgotten in th e s e clu s ion o f priva te libra ri es a n d th e

s a cre d re c es s es o f th e cl oi s ter un til th ey w ere res ur
rected by th e i n s a ti a bl e d em a n d f or kn o wl e dg e which
dis tin guis h ed th e peo ple o f Euro p e durin g th e fif

teen th a n d s ixteen th c en tu ri es .
I n every pha s e o f s o ci a l a s well a s o f in tel le ctu a l

life th e n ati on a l in ferio rity o f th e Byz a n tin e w a s
,
man ifes t H e could c o py with a fa ir degree o f s kill

.
,
bu t h e could n o t o rigin a te H e a b s orb ed little a n d

.
crea ted al mo s t n othin g Th e works o f a rt in which h e

.
took mos t p ride were ra th er in de bted f o r th ei r v a lu e

to th e n a tu re o f th ei r ma teri a l s th a n to th e l a b or a n d
in gen uity th a t h a d pro duce d th em I n th e s tyle o f .
orn a m en ta ti o n — es p e ci a lly a s re g a rds th e p a ttern o f

,
textile fa bric s a n d th e s etti n g s o f j e wel s — th e S y ri a n ,
ta s te which de lighte d i n fl ora l d es ign s a n d th e f orm s

,
o f g rotes qu e a n im al s p re d o min a te d
, Th ere w a s little.
in th e w o rk o f th e Byz a n tin e s culpto r to c a ll to min d

th e Simplicity a n d d elic a cy th a t p re emin en tly di s tin -
g ui s h ed xqui s ite p ro du cts o f th e Atti c chi s el

th e e .
Y et i ts imita tive ten d en cy in du c ed th e g en ius o f th e

E a s tern Empire to borro w fro m a ll i ts n e ighbors an d ,
es p eci a lly fro m Gre ece who s e a rt h a d g rea tly retro

,
gra ded even b e fore th e a cc es s i on o f C on s ta n tin e .
Th e a do pti on o f C hri s ti a n ity a s th e religion o f th e

s ta te w a s m o s t u n fa vora b l e to s culp tu re whi ch wa s ,
a s s o ci a te d by th e ig n ora n t wi th th e re p res en ta ti on a n d
wors hip o f th e g o ds o f a ntiqui ty Th e term B y zan .
”
tin e , as a pp l i e d to d ec ora ti on i s m os t com p re hen s ive
, ,
a n d e mpl o y e d by w ri ters a t will h a s b eco m e i n d efin ite

, ,
.
When ex a mples o f thi s s tyle p os s es s ma rked ch ara c

teri s ti cs h o w ever a n d can re a d ily b e id en tifie d th ey
, , ,
Sho w clea rly th e impres s o f foreig n in flu en ce res ult ,
in g c omm erci a l a ctivity a n d in tima te diplo m atic rel a

,
ti on s o f th e G reek Empi re with n ati on s o f th e m os t

di s c ord a n t cu s toms a n d religiou s trad iti ons Th e mu .
ra l d es ig n s in m os a ic p eculi a r to C on s tan tin op l e were
re p rod u c e d in templ es d e di cated to th e c erem on i a l o f
widely di ff eren t creed s a s th e M os que o f C ordova the

, ,
Chu rch o f S t M a rk at Ven i ce an d th e C a th edra l o f

.
,
S t I s aa c a t S t P eters bu rg
. . .
Th e divi s i on o f s o ci ety in to c a s tes w a s th e m os t

s eri o u s a n d in s urm o un ta bl e i m p e di m en t to p ro g res s
en c o un tere d by th e p eo ple o f th e G reek Empi re Pub .
lic Opi n i on w a s vo ic e d by th e court at th e in s tigati on

o f th e cl ergy Th ere was on e l aw f or th e members o f
.
th e imp eri a l h ou s eh old a n d a n oth er f or all wh o di d n ot

en j o y th a t a dv en titi o u s p rivil eg e Wh at was a crime .
in th e citiz en w a s s ca rc ely con s id ere d a n error i n th e

p atrici an Th e tra des men wh o to s om e extent con
.
,
s titute d a middl e cl a s s w ere n ot w ea l thy o r in fl uen ti a l

,
en ough to o wn s l a v es —a c riteri on o f s o ci a l i m p o r
,
tan c e —a n d i n n i n e c as es ou t o f ten s y m p a thi z e d with

, ,
if they did n ot a ctua lly s u pp o rt th e cla im s o f the ,
ra b bl e .Th e cul tiva tor o f th e s oil un c erta in wh ether ,
h e w ould b e p ermitted to en j oy th e fru it o f hi s l a bors ,

i n ed with an ea g ern es s n ever s urp a s s e d by th a t o f th e

v ota ri es o f P a g a n i s m Th e o ccurren c e o f a n in a u
.
s p i ci o u s even t a n un u s u a l d rea m a n a pp a ren t p ro d

, ,
i gy o verwh el me d th e un h a ppy Byz a ntin e with d i s

,
may . S till tin ctu red wi th th e id ola trou s s up ers titi on

o f h i s f a th ers h e s e cretly pl a c ed gifts up on th e d e
,
fa c e d a ltars O f ruin e d temples c on s ulte d th e s ilent ,
ora cles en d ea vo re d to p ro piti a te th e n e gle c te d g o ds

,
by n o ctu rn a l s a crific e s B eli e f i n th e e vil ey e w a s u n i

.
-
vers a l a delu s i on n ot ex tin ct e ven i n ou r d ay a mo n g

,
th e m ore ign ora n t p ea s a n try o f I ta ly wh o th in k th at ,
th e p o s s es s i o n a n d e x erci s e o f thi s m y teri o u s p ower

i s on e o f th e p rero g a tiv es o f th e P o p e I n s uch a .
co mmun ity th e ch a rla tan s wh o thrive by th e wea kn es s

o f m a n ki n d were n ot w a n ti n g A s tro lo g ers w ere con
.
s i d e red n e c e s s a ry a pp en d a g e s to th e g ra n d eu r o f th e
im p eri a l court Th ey a b oun d ed i n e very qu a rter o f

.
th e city a n d were reg a rd e d by th e p o pul a ce wi th feel

,
in gs o f min gle d fear an d v en era ti on Even members .
o f th e p ri es th oo d terrifi e d by s om e u n fa mili a r n a tu ra l
,
phen omen on which th eir ign ora n c e s ugges te d might

,
porten d an imm in en t c a la mity did n ot h es itate to ,
O p en ly vi s it th es e imp o s to rs .
To th e h a n ds o f th es e tw o g reat p ow ers th e P a p acy ,
o f R o m e a n d th e Empi re o f th e G reek s w ere vi rtu a lly ,
in tru s te d th e d e s tin i e s o f th e va s t a n d c on s tantly in

c rea s in g p o pula ti on o f Euro p e Th eir evil in fluen ce .
o ver th e mi n d s o f m en w a s i n c a lcul a bl e Wh a t th e .
un prin ciple d meth o d s a n d in s ol en t p reten s i on s o f th e

form er fa ile d to e ff e c t w a s s uppli ed b y th e politica l
duplicity o f th e la tter While o ften a pp arently at
.
va ri an c e th ey were in re ality th ough u n c on s ciou s ly

, , ,
s eeki n g to c o mp a s s a c o mm o n en d — th e m o ra l s o ci a l , , ,
a n d i n tell e ctu a l de g ra d a ti on o f hum a n ity No con .
c e p ti o n s o f h on or con s is ten cy gen ero s ity or p a

, , ,
triotis m a ff e cte d th e p olicy o f ei th er I s it s ur .
pris in g th at un der s uch circu ms tan ces and with s uch

MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E U ROPE 383
ma s ters th e s o ci ety o f th e Chris ti an world Sh ould h a ve

rem a i n e d f or m a n y cen turi e s a b s o lutely s ta g n an t ,
with ou t a dva n cemen t in th e a rts without in c en tives,
to lite ra ry e ff o rt with o ut e x erti o n i n th e fa s cin ati n g

,
doma in o f s ci en ce a h n os t without th e con s olati on o f

,
ho p e beyon d th e gra ve ' Wh en w e c on s ider th e b oun d

le s s o ppo rtun iti es f o r goo d in th e gra s p o f th es e tw o
gre a t en emi es o f huma n pro gres s a n d th e en ergy a n d
,
a bility empl o y e d by on e o f th e m e s p e ci a lly to s tifl e all
in qui ry a n d every a s pira ti on f or men ta l improv emen t ,
w e m a y rea liz e th e exten t o f th e d a rk n es s which en

v eIO ed th e s o ci ety o f Eu ro p e f o r n ea rly a th o u s a n d
p
yea rs a n d a ppre ci a te th e e ff o rts o f th e M oh a mm ed a n
,
n a ti o n s
, wh os e s elf— in structe d gen iu s illumin ed with
s uch a b rilli a n t light th e p a th o f civiliz a ti on a n d
kn owledge .
Th e m o s t p ern ici ou s a n d d eb a s in g c on dition s o f

Byz a n tin e s o ciety preva ile d to even a grea ter d egree
in th e bruta liz ed c o mmun i ti es o f C en tra l a n d We s tern
Eu ro p e I n n o c oun try o f th a t c ontin en t did th ere
.
exi s t a firmly es ta bli s h e d or l e g a lly c on s ti tute d g ov
ernm en t Th e a utho rity o f th e s o v ereign w a s n omin a l

.
a n d c omplime n ta ry — ob eye d wh en i t w a s m ore con

,
ven i en t to d o s o th a n to di s pute i t a n d p ra c tic a lly

,
re c o gn iz ed u n de r p rote s t Th e o rder o f s ucc e s s ion w a s

.
p erp etu a lly vi o la te d Ambitiou s vas s a ls o verturn e d

.
thro n es w on by th e v a l o r o f g rea t chi e fta i n s o r ru le d ,
with des p otic p o wer in th e n a m es o f their feebl e

pro g en y An a rchy preva iled through out th o s e prov
.
i n ces wh o s e p o pul a ti on w a s n ot in timid a ted by th e

immedi ate p re s en ce o f th e c ourt P ro p erty an d li fe
.
were a t th e m ercy o f ba n ditti in th e p a y an d un der

th e p rote cti on o f p ow erful n o ble s w h o c o mpl a c en tly
,
s h a re d th e s p o il s a n d th e i n f a my o f th e s e highw a y
plun derers Th e s a v a g e a n d a bs urd cu s toms importe d

.
by ba rb a ri a n s fro m th e fores ts o f Germa n y a n d B ri t

a in u s urp e d th e offic e o f l a w s a pp rove d by th e wi s dom
38 4 H I S TORY OE TH E
an d pra cti ce o f Rom an j uri s pruden c e Th e de c a y o f

.
th a t s ci en c e un d er th e l a ter emp erors a n d e s p e ci a lly

,
un d er th e s ys tem es ta bli s h ed by C o n s tan tin e mu s t b e ,
a ttribu te d to th e in c re as in g in teres t i n reli gi o u s d oc
tri n es a n d th eol o gic a l c on tro v ers y which ign ore d th e

,
ta len ts a n d a m b i ti on on c e e x erci s e d i n th e p ro fe s s i on
o f th e civil l a w . Th e p ri es t h a d b e c om e th e s ucc es s fu l
riv a l o f th e a dv o c a te , a n d e ccl es i as tic a l p re fermen t
w a s p riz ed m ore highly b y th e e du c a te d th a n th e

triumph s o f j udici a l lea rn i n g a n d foren s ic el o qu en c e .
Th e a rm o f th e s tron g es t d etermin ed th e j u s tice o f a

c aus e wi th out th e form a liti es o f e viden ce a n d a rgu
m en t A g ra du ate d ta ri ff o f c omp en s ation f or bo dily
.
in j u ry exi s te d a n d a n y o ff en c e c ould b e e xpi ated by

,
th e p a y m en t o f a s tipula te d s u m Th e imp os ition a n d

.
c olle cti on o f ta x es were n ot regulate d by a n y e s tab

li s h ed p rin cipl es a n d th e Obvi o u s rul es o f p olitic a l
,
e c on omy w ere vi ol a ted inth e a pplic a ti on a n d en fo rc e
m ent o f th e fis c a l regul ati on s Am ids t th e un ivers a l

.
di s order th e C hurch los t n o o pp ortun ity to i n creas e

,
h er a cquis ition s a n d c on s olid a te h er p o w er S h e en

.
c ou ra g ed th e co n tin u a n ce o f th e i n c re dibl e ign ora n ce
a n d i nh um a n ity o f th e a e S h e re s o lu tely s et h er
g .
fa c e a g a in s t e very a ttempt o f th e la ity to Sh a ke off

th e fetters imp o s e d up on i t by vi ol en c e a n d s u p er
s ti ti on . S h e pun i s h e d with a tro cio u s s everity th e
s ligh tes t m a n ifes ta ti on to qu es ti on th e g en uin en es s
o f h er p reten s i on s o r th e va lidity o f h er c a n on s .
Th e w a rlik e a n d pugn a ciou s s pi rit o f a n a g e gov

e rn e d by fo rc e a ff e cte d ev en a p ro fes s i on g en era lly
a s s o ci a te d wi th th e ofli c es o f m ercy a n d p e a c e F or .
c en turi es a mon g th e S a x on s it w a s th e b i s h o p a n d n ot
th e kin g wh o c on ferre d th e di s tin cti on o f k n ighth o o d .
I n m a rti a l a s s emb lies n o di ff eren c e exis te d i n th e a p

p ea ra n ce o f th e p rel a te a n d th e wa rri or Th e p an o p ly.
a n d w ea p on s o f th e fi e ld w ere o f ten a l s o a f ea tu re o f
ec cl es i a s tic a l c on v o c ati on s
. G o dfrey A rch b i s h o p o f
,
gros s a n d vill a i n s reg arda n t Th e a u th ority Of th e

.
lord over b oth o f th es e w a s a b s olute a n d i rres p on s ible ;

th e fo rm er w ere a tta ch e d to h i s p ers on a n d lik e oth er ,
ch a ttels c ould b e s old o r oth erwi s e di s p os e d o f th e

,
l a tter b elon g ed to th e s oil a n d c ould u n d er n o circum

s ta n c es b e a li en a te d . I n every c a s e vill a in s w ere in
v en to ri ed a n d v a lu e d a s b ea s ts o f b u rd en Th ey ex.
e ri e n ce d a ll th e h a rd s hip s th a t g ree d a n d m a lic e c ould

p
i n v en t o r c ru elty i n flict N ot o n ly were th ey exp os e d
.
to th e vi o l en c e a n d ra p a ci ty o f th ei r s up eri ors b u t th ey ,
were s ubj ect to th e e x a ction o f c erta in p rivilege s

which c ould o n ly h a v e b een tolera ted in a n a g e wh olly
d e vo id o f th e prin cipl es o f h on o r j u s tice a n d d ec en cy
, , .
A c o n v ey a n c e f or th e tra n s fer o f a fie f s c a rc ely

d e ig n ed to m en tio n th e wretch e d crea tu res wh o in th e
ey e o f th e l a w f o rm e d a p a rt o f th e gl eb e a n d on e ,
from which th e latter derived its prin cip a l va lu e Th e .
a v a ric e o f u n f ee li n g l ord s c o mp ell e d th e p ea s a n t to
l a b o r th rough out th e n ight an d to s h are th e lo dgin gs

o f th e c a ttl e . Arou n d h is n e ck w a s s old ere d a meta l
c o ll a r s o metimes o f bra s s Often o f s ilver o n which
, , ,
were en g ra ve d hi s n a me a n d th at o f his m a s ter H is .
m a n hoo d w a s en tirely d es troye d ; h e p os s es s e d n o

righ ts en j o y e d n o lib erti es
, , p a rticip a te d in n o diver
s i on s
. H i s id en ti ty w as l o s t hi s very b ein g w as
,
m erged i n to th e s oil on who s e s u rfa c e h e to ile d fro m -
e a rly childh oo d un til rel ea s e d by d ea th No more

.
p a thetic a n d forlorn e x a mple o f th e d e pl ora ble e ff e cts

o f h um a n ty ra nn y an d hu m a n s u ff e rin g e xi s ts th a n
th a t p re s en te d b y th e life o f th e vill a in reg a rd an t of

th e Middle Ag es .
Th e c o d e o f s eign i ora l rights which g overn e d th e

lord i n th e rel a tion s h e m a in ta in e d with h i s v a s s als i s
o n e o f th e m os t cu ri ou s a n d re m a rk a b l e c o ll e c ti on s in
th e e n ti re s ys tem o f j u ri s p rud en c e V olum i n ou s trea

.
ti s es h a v e b een wri tten up on i t D iction a ri es h a ve

.
been c omp ile d in e xpla n ati on o f th e o bs cure a n d tech

MOORI SH E M PIRE IN EUROPE 38 7
n ic a l term s by which its cu s toms a re des ign ated Th e .
a bu s e o f i ts p rero g a tives h a s l ed to mo re th a n on e
e ven t wh o s e e ff e c ts h a ve b een exp eri en c e d i n th e f a l l
o f empi re s th e i n s titu ti on o f an a rchy th e w eak en i n g

, ,
o f religi o u s s en tim e n t th e d es tructi on o f s o ci a l o rder

,
.
By th e provis i on s o f thi s c ode wh os e a uthority w as ,
u s u a lly pres um ed to b e b as ed up on cha rters or ca p itu

l a ri es c on ferre d by reig n in g mo n a rch s th e s uz era in , ,
a lwa y s a n i n dividu a l o f n obl e lin e a g e or cl eric a l i m
p orta n c e w a s in v es te d with all th e powers o f d es

,
p oti s m s o f a r a s th e j uris dictio n o f h i s e s ta tes w a s

,
con cern e d Th e in flicti on o f th e death p en a lty w as

.
within h is di s cretion H e could imp os e ta x es a t will

.
,
a n d th ere w a s n o ch e ck up on h i s ra p a ci ty e xc e p t th a t
s ugg es te d by c on s idera ti on s o f p riva te i n teres t Th e .
righ ts o f l eg a liz e d plu n d er w ere mul tipli e d to a n a s
ton i s h i n g d e gree— f o r e very im p orta n t a c ti on o f life ,
f or th e p erfo rma n ce o f every l a bo r f o r every ch a n ge ,
o f c on di ti o n f or bi rth de a th m a rri a g e f or th e g ath

, , , ,
erin g o f h a rves ts f or th e c on s truction o f buildin g s

, ,
f o r th e k ee pin g o f a n im a l s p ermi s s i on w a s re quire d

,
a n d a c on tribu ti o n d em an de d Th e virtu e o f th e f e
.
ma l e s erf w as a bs o lutely a t th e mercy o f h er lo rd S h e .
w a s th e s ub j ect o f th e mos t fl a g iti ou s a n d d eg ra din g

s e c ti on i n thi s c o de o f in fa my Th e ch arters o r th e
.
pres criptive regula tion s o f man y fie f s c on c eded to th e

lord th e ex erci s e o f certa in p ri or rights over th e bride
o f a va s s a l Wh ere s uch a privil eg e exis te d n on e o f
.
,
a n y ra n k wh o o w e d h o m a g e to p rin c e or n obl e were
ex emp t fro m i ts en forc em en t Kn own i n di ff erent

.
coun tries by va rious n a mes — in F ran ce a s C uis s ag e

, ,
in I ta ly a s C a zza gzo ; i n F la n d ers a s B ed n ood ; i n

'
, ,
G erman y a s R ei t S ch ot; in E n gla n d a s M a i d enrent

,
-
, ,
— i t w as on e o f th e mos t widely di ff us ed o f a ll feuda l

ex a cti on s Th e gentl emen o f th e clergy pra ctis ed it
.
mos t a s s iduou s ly ; th ey were a m on g th e firs t to a dopt

a n d th e l a s t to relin qui s h i t T h is o di ous privilege
.
a tta ch e d to the es ta tes o f mos t o f th e grea t a bb eys an d

s ee s o f C a th olic Eu ro p e I ts ex erti on might b e com
.
mute d for a s run o f mon ey bu t thi s w a s a m a tter en

,
ti rel y d e p en d en t o n th e c a p ric e o f him w h o en j o y ed i t .
I n di ff eren t l o c a litie s th e in terp reta tion o f th e g en era l

l a w which s a n ctio n ed i ts u s e w a s by c o mm on c on s ent
, ,
en l a rg e d a n d i ts i n di s c rimi n a te in flicti on w a s n ot in
,
frequ en tly imp o s e d up on th e s erfs o f a n e ighbo r a s a

p en a lty f or tre s p as s a n d oth er mi s d emea n ors M od .
e rn p ro p ri ety will n o t to l era te th e en um era ti on o f th e
curi ou s a n d revolti n g d eta ils c on c ern in g th e D roit

”
d e p rélib a ti on , with which th e a n ci en t ch a rters o f
me diae va l time s a re fill ed Th e evil s re s ul tin g from
.
thi s cu s tom fre qu en tly a ro u s e d th e in dign a ti on o f

e ve n th e m eek a n d pl o ddi n g vill a in a n d i n cited him
,
to a s s a s s in a ti on a n d reb elli on I t i s a n e xtra ordin a ry

.
circum s tan c e h o we ver th a t th e victim mos t n ea rly

, ,
a ff e cte d by th e Op era ti on o f thi s in iqui tou s l a w which ,
h a d a dire ct ten d en cy p erm a n en tly to imp a ir dom es

ti c h a ppi n es s a n d c a s t a s tigm a up on th e o ff s p rin g
o f e v ery f a mily n ev e r c o mpl a i n e d o f i ts h a rds hip s
, .
Am on g a ll th e rem on s tran c e s an d m em ori a l s pres ented

du ri n g th e Middle A ges to mo n a rch s a n d legi s lative
bo di es which h a ve b een p res erved a n d ma n y o f which ,
a re s ign e d by wo m en n ot a s in gl e i n s ta n c e ca n b e
,
foun d wh ere a fem a le va s s a l re qu es te d th e a b oli tion

o f a cu s to m wh os e c on ti n u a n c e w a s a c on s ta n t m en a c e
to h er m o d es ty a n d virtu e .
Th e es s en ti a l p rin c ipl es o f f eud a li s m w ere territo

ri a l a n d m a rti a l Th e right to rece ive h o m a g e impli ed
.
th e p o s s es s i on o f rea l p ro p erty a n d th e p rivile g e of

p riv ate wa rfa re Th e s oldi er w a s th e c on trollin g
.
p o w er i n th e s ta te Qu es ti on s a ff e ctin g th e in tegrity
.
or l o y a l ty o f a n i n divi du a l th e li a bility f o r civi l f or

,
fei tu re or c rim in a l pun i s hmen t th e s ettlem ent o f a ,
b oun d a ry th e vin dic a tion o f p ers on a l h on o r w ere re

, ,
ferre d n ot to a j udicia l tribun a l to b e determin e d by

,
tection T heir p ro p erty w as a ppro pri ated an d th eir

.
p ers on s ens la ved by th e p etty kin g s and pirati ca l

chi e fta in s wh o c on ten d ed in in c es s a n t wa rf a re f or c on
trol o f th e a ff a i rs o f B rita i n Th e c on qu es t b y th e
.
N orm an s wa s p roductive o f li ttle improvem ent A .
ty rann y o f ra ce an d c as te a ro s e a ggra v ate d by th e

,
wors t features o f th e F eu d al S ys tem a nd th e d es pis ed ,
a n d h um ili ate d S a x on w a s d eg ra d e d ahn o s t to th e
level o f a brute D urin g this u nh a ppy ep o ch th e l aw

.
o f fo rc e wa s p a ra m ou n t th rougho ut E u ro p e Th e .
mora l in fluence ex erte d by th e clergy throu gh th e

medium o f s u p ers titi ou s fea r a ff o rded th e on ly in
s ta n c e wh ere ob e di en ce w a s n o t d e p en d en t u p on th e
s w ord . Wh ere th e privile ges o f feud a lis m were com

bined with th e ex a cti on s o f s a c erd ota l a varic e and in
tol era n c e the l ot o f th e s erf w a s in deed g ri ev ou s
, B ut .
in c a s es th at d id n ot c omp romi s e th e p res tig e or a ff ect

th e reven u es of th e hi era rchy th e C hu rch n ot i n f re
,
quently interp os ed to prote ct th e victim o f ari s tocrati c

p ers ecution an d in j u s tice Th e s a va ge b aron all b ut
.
,
omn ip oten t el s ewh ere d a re d n ot i n va d e th e h a l l ow ed

,
p recin cts o f h er s a n c tu a ry Un d er th e b en eficent

.
s h a d o w o f h er a l ta r th e fugi tiv e p ea s a n t w as s a fe
from th e v en g ea n c e o f hi s O ppres s or B y th e ten der .
o f h er m e di a tion i n th e qu arrel s o f p ow erf ul chi ef
ta in s p ea c e w a s re es ta bli s h e d o ver e x ten s ive p rovin ces

,
-
where an a rchy a n d im pla c a ble ha tred h ad lon g h eld

s wa y . A nd i t w a s b y h e r a id c o mb in ed with th e ef
,
forts o f th e outra ge d Third E s tate an d en coura ged ,
b y monarch s wh os e prero ga tives h a d b een u s urped ,
th at th e off en s ive a n d cru el rights o f feu d a li s m were

fin a lly ab olis h e d Th e C ru s a d es s tru ck a fa ta l b low
.
at th e s ys tem b y im p ov eri s hin g th e l ord s throu gh th e
a li en ati on o f th e i r es ta tes a n d th e c on s equ en t ov er
throw o f th ei r p ow er F or thi s s ervic e if f or n o oth er

.
, ,
p os terity owes to th e pri es th oo d a n in c alculab le debt

o f gratit u de S o firmly rooted were m an y of th e
.
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN EUROPE 391
p ra ctic es of th e F eud a l S ys tem th at to this d ay th ey

h ave n ot b een entirely era dic a ted C eremon i es n u .
qu es tion ably d eriv ed from s eign iora l privileg es are

s till ob s erve d i n rem ote di s tricts o f F ran c e an d I ta ly .
Th e s ta tutes o f E n gl an d a n d h er col on ies h a ve not

y et b een purg ed o f p rovi s i on s a n d term s which s u g
g es t to th e l eg a l a n tiqu ary th e mu tu al oblig ati on s of
vas s al a n d s uz era in .
The rel a tive p os ition o f n a tion s in th e s c ale o f b a r

b aris m or civiliz a ti on i s la rg ely d etermin e d by th e
n a ture o f th eir ta s te s a n d fa vo rite o ccup a ti on s by ,
th ei r p a s tim es by th e m ea n s which th ey in ven t or

,
a do p t to a d d to th e c o mforts a n d c on ven ien c es o f
d a ily life D u rin g th e grea ter portion o f th e peri od

.
un der c on s id eration in thi s ch a pter th e exi s ten ce of ,
th e p eo pl e o f Eu ro p e with ou t di s tin cti on o f ran k or

,
res ourc es w a s a pu rely a n im a l o n e

, Th e n ec es s iti es .
o f th e f ortres s th e c a mp a n d th e h ovel were eas ily

, ,
s uppli e d Articles o f th e s impl es t c on s tru ction a n d

.
mos t in exp en s ive m ateria ls wh o s e u s es mu s t h a ve oc ,
curred s p on tan eou s ly to th e mos t u n im a gin ative mi n d ,
an d a re n ow c on s id ere d i n di s p en s a bl e i n ev ery h ou s e
h old w ere unkn own Th e c a s tle Of th e n oble p artook

, .
o f a ll th e f o rbiddin g ch a ra cteri s tic s o f a p ri s on I ts .
frown in g d on j on i ts im p a s s a bl e moa t i ts emb a ttled

, ,
wa lls i ts j ea lou s ly gu a rde d p orta ls were s ugges tive

, ,
o f tyra n n y a n d di s ord er Th e in terior w a s n ot more

.
invitin g Th e b all s were c old a n d cheerles s ; th e

.
gloomy ch a mb ers in to wh os e d a mp re ces s es th e ra ys

,
o f th e s u n s truggl e d with difficul ty through n a rrow ,
un glaz ed wi n d ow s th e s ton e s eats th e m as s ive f u rni

, ,
tu re a n d mild ewe d ta p es try were typic a l o f th e c o a rs e

s implici ty a n d u n s ettl e d c on diti on o f s o ci ety in th at
age . Th e b a n qu e ti n g h a ll wh ere h os pi ta li ty w a s d i s
,
p ens ed on s tate o cc a s i o n s with rud e m ag n ific en c e w as ,
a t a lm o s t ev ery m e a l th e s c en e o f glutton y an d un con
troll ed inebri ety .

Th e deco ra tion s a n d th ei r s u rroun din gs exhibite d

th e g rea tes t p os s ibl e in c on gr uity H an gin gs o f s il k
.
a n d velv et e mb ro id ered wi th g o ld w ere s u s p en d e d
a g a in s t white w a s h e d wa ll s P la te o f th e pre ciou s

.
meta ls w a s s erve d up on ta ble s o f rough a n d un even

b oa rds Th e m a ile d fo ot o f th e kn ight a n d th e da in ty
.
s lipp er o f th e ch a tel a in e re p o s e d up o n u n dres s e d fl a g s ,
wh o s e c o ldn es s w a s s om ewh a t coun tera c te d by a c o ver

in g o f s tra w or fra gra n t herb s I n th e vi a n d s a bun
.
da n c e w a s c on s idered ra th er th a n exc ell en c e o f fla vor ,
which h o we ver on e xtra ordin a ry o cc a s ion s w a s s u p

, ,
p o s ed to b e s uppli ed by th e u s e o f ro s e wa ter p ro fu s ely

-
s p rin kl e d o v er e v ery di s h Th e re p a s t wh ere in c red

.
,
ible qu a n titi es o f fo o d were c on s um e d w a s ch a ra cter ,
i zed by c o a rs e j es ts a n d b a rb a ri c rev elry Th e f a vor .
i te b ev era ge w a s b eer Of ten brew e d in th e c a s tl e a n d

,
in dulge d in to di s gu s tin g exc es s ; f or th rough its

p oten cy th e fes tivities b e c a me th e fata l c a u s e o f i n d e
s c rib a ble lib ertin i s m a n d s a n guin a ry en c o un ters Th e .
gu es ts were s erve d by s qui res a n d p a g es youth s o f ,
ra n k , w h o i n m a tes o f th e c as tl e a cquire d th ere a

, ,
kn o wl edge o f a rm s a s well a s a n a cqu a in ta n c e with

th e m o re d o ubtful a cc ompli s hm en ts o f g a min g a n d
a m o ro u s in trigu e Th e in tim a te a s s o ci a ti o n s a n d d o
.
m es ti c ch a ra cter o f m e di aeva l s o ci ety a ri s in g fro m a

s p a rs e p o pul a ti on rem o ve d a ll s u s pici on o f m en i a l s er
vic e from thi s duty which w a s c on s id ere d highly h on

,
o ra bl e a n d w a s gl a dly p erf orm e d by th e p ro ud es t

,
n obl e a t th e b oa rd o f h i s roy a l s uz era in .
Th e a mu s em en ts o f th e f eud a l lord w ere c on fin ed

to w a r o r i ts s ub s ti tute th e ch a s e
, I n th e in terva l s o f
.
p ea ce th e tou rn a men t s uppli e d th e n e c es s a ry pra ctice

i n a rm s a s well a s th e mili ta ry p o mp a n d e xcitemen t
o f th e fi eld On e o f th e f a vorite divers i on s o f b oth
.
th e n o bility a n d th e w ea lthi er cl ergy w a s fl y i n g th e

f a lc on An e xtra ordin a ry im p ortan ce atta ch e d to th e
.
p os s es s i on an d u s e o f th es e bi rds o f prey P ro p erty .

tra di ti on s of th emo ated s tron gh old wi th i ts s ubterra

,
n ea n du n g eon s a n d i ts in s tru m en ts o f tortu re ; i n th e
li c en s e o f th e a rmore d troo p th a t ro d e down th e rip en

i n g h a rves t a n d l evi e d bla ckm a il on th e tra d er a n d th e
pilgrim ; i n th e p erp etu a l la b ors o f th e un c ompla in in g
s erf in th e ou tra g e d m o d es ty o f w ee pin g w o m a n
h oo d ; in th e s umm a ry e x e cuti on o f s u s p e cte d o ff en d
ers a g a i n s t f eud a l p rivil eg e ,
—e v erywh ere w ere vi s ibl e
th e b ruta lizi n g e ff e c ts o f u n res tra in e d cru elty a n d i r

res p on s ibl e p o w er .
B u t with a ll th eir d e fe cts th e b a ron i a l in s tituti on s

,
o f m e di aev a l tim es b es tow e d up on s o ci ety a dv a n ta g es
th a t i n s om e m ea s u re c omp en s a te d f or th e e vil which

th e y to o o ften o cc a s i o n ed . Th e mili ta ry ta s tes o f th e
a g e g a v e ri s e to th e l a w s o f chiv a lry a n d th e i n s titu ti on
o f kn ighth oo d wh en c e i n tu rn w ere d eriv e d g ra c es a n d

,
a m en i ti es o f s o ci a l in te rc ou rs e hith e rto u n p ra c ti s ed by
th e s a v a g e w a rri o rs o f G a llic a n d S a x on Eu ro p e .
Th e to urn a m en t w a s a s might b e im a gin ed th e

, ,
mo s t p o pula r o f th e divers i on s o f th e Middle A ges .

.
F rom f a r a n d n ea r multitudes fl o ck e d to th e s c en e
o f m a rti a l s kill a n d s pl en d o r Th e town wh ere i t
.
w a s h eld p res en te d th e a s p e ct o f a n imm en s e fa i r .
F o r l ea gu e s a ro u n d th e co un try w a s d otted with ten ts ,
a n d with p a vili o n s s u rm ou n te d by th e p en n on s o f th e
chiva lry o f m a n y l a n d s Th e retin u es o f p rin c e an d

.
n o ble n o t i n fre qu en tly a s s um e d th e dim e n s i on s o f a n
a rmy . Th e follo w e rs o f G o ttfrie d D uk e vo n L o wen

, ,
a t Tra zi g n i es i n 1 1 6 9 n umb ere d th ree th ou s a n d At .
a to u rn a m en t n ea r S o i s s o n s i n 1 1 75 C ou n t B a ldwin
,
v on H en n e g a u a pp e a red wi th a n e s c ort o f a hu n dre d
kn ights a n d tw elv e hu n dre d es qui res Th e bl az on s o f .
th e m o s t a n ci en t a n d c el eb ra te d h o u s e s o f Eu ro p e
were c on s picu ou s i n th e v a s t en c a mpm en t Kin g s fre .
qu en tly h eld th ei r c ou rts within its p re cin cts All .
cl a s s es were in h o lid a y ga rb Th e m a gn i fic en c e o f th e
.
s p e c ta cl e w as enh a n c ed b y g org eo u s ly c a p a ri s on ed
hors es da mas cen ed h arn es s es wa vin g plumes man y

, , ,
col ored s ilks s p a rklin g j ewels th e p ara d e o f men at

, ,
-
a rm s th e p omp o f m a rchi n g s qu a d ron s th e res l en

, p ,
den t ch a rm s o f fema le bea uty Th e c on tes t re peat .

,
ed ly , b u t with out eff e ct p ro hibite d by th e edicts o f

,
P o p e a n d C o un cil w a s c on duc ted with all th e fero city

,
o f b a ttl e Th e thi rs t o f bloo d p red omi n a te d o ver

.
e very oth er s en tim en t I t w as n ot a n u nu s u a l o ccur

.
ren ee s f o r s c ores o f k n ights to b e c a rri ed lif el es s f rom
th e li s ts a fter on e o f th es e fierc e en c ou n ters .
Th e p oi n t o f h on o r which in s pire d th e co n duct o f

_
th e m ed ia rv a l ch a mpi on o f di s tres s ed i n n o c en c e a n d
a v en g er o f p rivil eg e d o pp res s i on h a d n o exi s ten ce
a mo n g th e m o s t ci v iliz e d ra c e s o f a n tiquity Th e in .
d i v i d u a l i ty im plie d by i ts ex erci s e c ould n ot b e com

preh en de d by co mmun iti es wh o s e memb ers while ca ,
p ahl e o f ren ou n cin g every ti e o f kin dred in beh a lf o f

th e i n teres ts o f th e s ta te a n d o f u n d erg o i n g th e m os t
s evere p riva ti on s to s u s ta i n th e n a ti on a l s up rem a cy ,
were preven te d by th e p eculi ar ci rcums ta n c es o f the ir

s urrou n din g s fro m a pp re ci a ti n g th e qu a li ti e s which
enn o bled e ven th e vic es o f th e kn ight o f th e Middl e
Ag es With out thi s promin en t a n d comp en s a tin g

.
feature th e c on diti on O f s o ci ety durin g th e ten th ,
el ev en th a n d tw elfth c en turi e s w ould h a ve b e en o n e

,
o f u nrede e m e d a n d u n equi v o c a l b a rb a ri s m .
Th e c oa rs e th ough a bun d a n t fa re o f th e c as tl e
b oa rd th e more d elic ate b ut s till f a r from d a i n ty
,
via n d s o f th e mo n a s tic re fec to ry th e bo i s terou s a mu s e

,
ments which o ccupie d th e l eis ure a n d men a c ed th e

s a f ety o f th e p a rticip a n ts th e d ru n k en re ve l s o f glu t
,
ton ou s b an qu ets th e in c es s a n t p erils o f d o mes tic w a r

,
fa re to which ba ron a n d mon k were a like e xp o s ed

, ,
were s ugg es tiv e o f a b s o lute h a ppi n es s a n d luxury

wh en c on tras te d wi th th e c o n di ti on s un d er which w as
s u s ta in e d th e mi s era bl e e xi s ten c e o f th e s erf H is .
ha bitati on w as s h a red by bea s ts o f burden the com ,

p a n i on s o f hi s da ily a n d n ightly to il C omp os ed o f .
u nh e wn l o g s or o f s tick s w a ttl ed with ru s h es th a tche d ,
with s tra w a n d pla s tere d with mud i ts primi tive a n d ,
de fe ctive c on s truction a ff orded little s e cu rity a ga in s t

th e vici s s i tud e s o f th e clim a te or th e in cl em en cy o f th e
s ea s o n s . Through a h ole in th e c en tre o f th e roo f th e
s m ok e e m erg e d a n d th e s to rm d e s c en de d ; th e w a ll s
were bla cken e d with s oot ; th e ea rth en floor w a s cov

ere d wi th a tra mpl ed l i tter o f h a y mi n gle d wi th b o n es
,
a n d th e d e c a yi n g fra gm en ts o f m a n y a re p a s t which
th e o ccup a n ts h a d n e ver ta k en th e trou b l e to remo ve .
O f furn itu re th ere w a s a lmos t n on e ; a b en ch p er ,
h a p s a n d a ta bl e o f un s mooth e d pla n k s a n s were d th e

,
s impl e re quirem en ts o f th e h a pl es s vill a in H e re .
p os e d up on a h ea p o f s tra w with a blo ck o f wo o d f or

a pill o w ; th e f e w culi n a ry u ten s il s h e p os s es s e d w ere
o f th e rud e s t d es crip tio n a n d h a d b een fa s hi on e d by

,
th e h a n d o f th e o wn er . No p ro vi s i on w a s m a d e f or
th e d e c en ci es o f life o r th e s a fe gu a rd s o f vi rtu e which ,
were in dee d un kn own ; th e fa mily o c cupi e d a c omm on

a p a rtm en t a n d o ften a s i n gl e b e d whil e th e g ru n tin g
, ,
o f s wi n e a n d th e l o win g o f o x en which a n im a l s ra n g e d
,
a t will th ro ugh th e dw ellin g w ere s o u n d s to o fa mili a r

,
to di s tu rb th e s lumb ers o f th e d ro w s y h o u s eh o ld Th e .
a ccumul a te d filth o f y ea rs , c ombin e d wi th in d es crib a

bl e p ers on a l n e gl e ct a n d rev o ltin g cu s to m s a ttra cted ,
a n d multipli e d s w a rmi n g mul titud e s o f e very s p e ci es
o f v ermin . Th e g a rm en ts o f th e p ea s a n t u s u a lly Of
,
s kin s
, d es cen de d un clea n s e d a n d un ch a n g e d fro m
fa th er to s on th rough m a n y gen era ti on s be a rin g i n ,
th ei r c on ta mi n a te d f o ld s th e g erm s o f p es tilen c e a n d
dea th Wh ere th e ci rcum s ta n c es o f th e s erf were n ot
.
s u ffici en tly p ro s p e rou s to a ff ord ev en thi s p rote cti on
a g a i n s t th e w ea th er h i s s hiv erin g limb s w ere wra pp e d

,
wi th ro p es o f s tra w . H i s h e a d w a s u n co vere d o ften ,
even i n th e d e p th o f w in ter Th e m os t o bvi ou s p re

.
c a ution s o f hygi en e w ere n eglecte d ; th e s imples t p re

a tta ck while in th e ign oran c e o f rati on a l tre atm en t

,
th e a pplic a ti on o f relic s a n d th e mu mm eri es o f th e

clergy p ro ved s ign a lly in eff e ctu a l to a vert wh a t wa s
c on s id ered th e ven g ea n c e o f H ea v en .
C on fin e d i n th e l a z ar h ou s e with hun dred s o f h is

-
fell ow s u ff erers or b an i s h e d to a lon ely h u t f a r from

-
,
th e h a un ts o f m en th e h a pl es s l e p er d ra gg e d out hi s
,
m el an ch o ly e xi s ten ce in p a in in di s g ra c e i n p en ury
, , .
Th e l a w d ecl a red him civilly d ea d With a c erem on y .
n ot l es s s o l e m n th a n th a t p erf o rm e d o v er th e rem a i n s
o f a Ch ri s ti a n a c tu a lly d e c e a s e d th e p ri es t a n n o un c ed
,
hi s fin a l s e p a ra ti on fro m th e s o ci ety o f m a n ki n d H i s .
b o dy w a s en v elo p e d in a s hro ud H e w a s la id upon .
a bi e r .Wi th th e re p etitio n o f th e l ega l formul a which

c on s ign ed him to a life o f O dium a n d s o rro w a f ew ,
g a rmen ts a n d n ec es s a ry u ten s ils were pl a c ed i n his

h a n ds H e w a s fo rbidden to eat wi th a n y p ers on but
.
a l e p e r ; to w a s h hi s h a n d s i n ru n n i n g w a ter ; to give
a w a y a n y ob j ec t h e h a d touch e d ; to f re qu en t pl a c es
o f public re s o rt ; e v en to en ter th e h o u s e o f a rel a tive
o r a fri en d With hi s s h ould ers c o vered with a ta t

.
tered s c a rl et m a n tl e — a d a n g er s ig n a l vi s ibl e fro m

,
-
,
a f a r — hid eou s to th e Sigh t em a ci a te d to a s k el eton

, , ,
a n d h o rribly s c a rre d wi th di s ea s e h e c rouch e d by th e ,
wa ys id e s oun din g his ra ttl e to a rou s e the c omp a s s i on

,
a n d s o licit th e ch a rity o f th e p a s s er b y D eprived o f -

.
civil rights a n d d eb a rre d from in vokin g the protection

o f th e l a w h e w a s, ho wever n ot wh olly a n o utc a s t
, , ,
f o r with th e exclu s i o n fro m th es e p rivile g es h e b e c a me

th e w a rd a n d v a s s a l o f th e C h urch S o l oa th ed a n d .
dre a de d w as hi s ma la dy —o ften c on s idered a divin e

p en a lty f o r c rime or s a crileg e— th at n o phys ici a n c ould
b e in duce d to empl o y th e s c a nty m edic a l s ci en ce o f th e
d a y f or th e a ll evi a ti o n o f h i s s u ff erin g s ; an d e v en if ,
wea lthy h e w a s a b an d on ed to th e s us pici ou s min i s tra

,
ti on s o f wiz a rd s b a rb ers a n d ch a rl ata n s

, , S hunn ed .
a s a ccurs e d a n d re p ul s ive du rin g hi s lifetim e wh en ,

dea d h e w as un c eremon i ou s ly buri ed un d er th e floor o f

h i s h o vel .
Th e s eg reg a ti o n o f l ep ers in th e Middl e Ag es as a ,
meas u re o f public s a fety w a s pro ductive o f s in gul ar ,
res ults in s ub s e qu en t tim es Th e di s ea s e which a t dif

.
,
feren t p erio d s s eems to h a ve been b oth in fe c ti ou s an d

c on ta gi ou s gra du a lly di s a pp ea red B u t th e p rej u
, .
dice a tta chin g to th e p o s teri ty o f th e un fortun ate out

c as ts fo rmerly cu t o ff from a ll in tercou rs e wi th th eir
,
fellow m en a n d w h o forme d is ola ted c ommun ities

-
, ,
s till rem a i n ed Th e origi n o f th a t p rej udice w a s

.
completely forgotten Th e p eo pl e in th ei r ign o ra n ce

.
a ttribu te d th e c a u s e o f th ei r en mi ty to re ligi ou s dif
f eren ces I t w as b elie ve d th a t th e Obj ects o f their

.
unrea s on in g a vers i on were va riou s ly s p run g fro m th e

G o ths th e J ews th e S a ra c en s th e Albigen s es M o d
, , , .
ern res ea rch h owever h as d e fin itely es ta bli s h ed the

, ,
fa ct th a t th e fo rmer p a ri ah s o f S outhwes tern Euro p e ,
kn own in L a n gu e do c a n d G a s con y a s C a pots a nd

G a b ets in B ritta n y a s C a cou s i n th e P yren ee s a s
, ,
C agots in S p a in a s Agotes were th e des cen d an ts o f

, ,
mediaeva l lep ers A c en tury h a s h a rdly el a p s ed s i n c e

.
th es e vic tim s o f p o pul a r a n tip a thy h a ve b een div es te d

o f th a t s u s pici on o f u n cl ea nn es s which w as th e i r a n
cien t a n d u n h a ppy h erita ge .
I n th e di s org a n iz ed s ta te o f s o ci ety which every

wh ere preva iled faciliti es fo r th e pro fita ble an d
,
fri en dly in terc ours e which promote th e in telligen c e

an d c on tribute to th e temp ora l w elfa re o f n a tion s
could n ot exi s t Even in provin c es o f th e s am e coun

.
try th e p ro fes s i on a l robb er a n d th e b a n dit n o bl e u n ited

to imp eril th e life a n d s eiz e th e m erch a n di s e o f th e
tra d er Th e c ou rs es o f th e old R o ma n highw a y s n u
.
,
us ed fo r c en turies c on c ea led by rubbis h a n d s ometimes

,
overg rown wi th fo res ts h a d b een u tterly los t , Th ere .
w a s n o p ro vis ion m a d e by th e s ta te f or th e p rote cti on

o f c omm erc e an d th e un iv ers a l in s ecuri ty di s c oura ge d
,
th e s ch eme s o f p rivate en terpri s e Th e morta lity re .
s u l tin g fro m h a bitu a l vi o l a ti on o f th e m os t o bvi ou s
s a n i ta ry l a w s from th e u s e o f i n s uffici en t a n d in n u
,
tri ti o u s foo d from th e h a rd s hip s o f in ces s a n t to il a n d

, ,
fro m da ily e xp o s ure to th e elemen ts e ff e ctu a lly re ,
ta rd ed th e i n c re a s e o f p o pul a ti on Th at dis trict w a s .
fortun ate i n dee d wh ere ev en a un iform s ta n da rd w a s

pres erv ed I n ma n y lo c a liti es in kin gdoms wh ere
.
m o dern civil iz a tion h a s a chi eve d h er mo s t s ign a l

trium ph s a s o li ta ry s h e ph erd p a s tu rin g hi s fl o ck or
, ,
a totterin g h o v e l s ta n din g i n th e c en tre o f a di s m al
wa s te a lon e pro cla ime d th e p res en c e o f m a n

,
.
Th e c on diti on o f th e town s wh ere a n imp rov emen t ,
i n th e m a n n er o f livin g might re a s on a bly h a v e b een

e xp e cte d w a s i n b u t f ew res p e cts s up eri or to th a t o f
,
th e s c a ttere d vill a g es a n d i s ol ate d s ettl em en ts o f th e

cou n try Even th e m a in th o ro ugh fa re s w ere n a rrow
.
,
tortu ou s a n d di rty, With out dra i n a ge or a dequ a te

.
mun icip a l s up ervi s i o n th ey were re c e pta cl es f or th e

,
re fu s e o f th e h ou s eh old a n d th e o ff en s ive c a rc a s s es o f
dea d a n d de c a yin g a n im a ls Even a s la te a s th e reign

.
o f F ra n ci s I th e h o g s b el on gi n g to th e m o n k s o f S t
.
, .
An thon y w h o a s s erte d a n d e x erci s e d s p eci a l privi

,
leg es f o r th e a n ima ls s a cre d to th eir p atron wa n dered ,
a t w ill thro ugh th e fa s hi o n a bl e qu a rte rs o f th e m etro

b
p oli tan city o f P a ri s From th e o verh an gin g b al

.
c on i es filthy s lo p s were d a s h e d with out wa rn in g up on

, ,
th e h e a d o f th e u n wa ry p a s s er b y By n ight darin g
-
.
,
c rimin a ls s e cu re from th e ri s k o f pun i s hmen t plied

, ,
th e i r l a wl e s s c a llin g i n th e s e d i s m a l a n d u n lighte d
la n es H e wh o ven ture d un a tten d e d to threa d th e
.
, ,
ma z e o f a lleys th a t wo un d th ro ugh ev en th e m o s t fre

qu en ted qu a rters o f grea t citi e s did s o a t p eril o f h is
life E a ch corn er form e d a c on ven i en t l a ir f or th e
.
lurkin g as s a s s in Th e pro j e ctin g g a bles o f th e h ous es

.
a id ed i n o b s cu rin g th e gl oo my f o otw a y s A s th e citi .
zen s to o d in c on s ta n t f e a r o f ro bb ers hi s d we ll in g w a s ,
th a t wa rm e d him I f h e h a d a n ythin g to s ell h e wa s

.
,
p a id by hi s s up eri ors i n th e pro duct o f a d eb a s ed c o in

a e o r wi th c o u n terfe it m on ey wh o s e m a n uf a cture
g ,
w a s ev ery wh ere p ros e cute d with c omp a ra tiv e imp u

'
ty .
D run ken n es s w as s o preva len t i n E n gla n d durin g

th e reign o f Edg a r th a t re s tricti o n s were pla c e d up on
th e qu a n tity o f l iqu or to b e c o n s um e d — th e a m o un t ,
a ll o w e d ea ch gu es t b ein g i n dic a te d by a m a rk o n th e
s id e o f th e cup o r th e d ri n ki n g h orn -
Th e o b s ervan ce
.
o f th es e tyra nn ic a l a n d s en s e l e s s ordi n a n c es w as
s e cu re d by a h a ra s s in g s y s tem o f e s pi on a g e a n d i n
fo rmers a n d th eir vi ol ati on w a s pun i s h e d by ruin ou s

,
fin es a n d by c on demn a ti on to th e s to ck s or th e pillory .
Th e public a ti on a n d en f o rc em en t o f s u mptu a ry l a ws
n e c e s s a rily p rev en te d th e d ev e l o pm en t o f c omm erc e ,
a lrea dy g rea tly re ta rde d by th e p re va l en t b a rb a ri s m
a n d p o v erty o f th e a e
g C oun tri es en j oyin g u n lim
.
i ted n a tu ra l res ou rc es o f s o il min era l s timb er a nd

, , ,
wa ter p o wer a n d wh os e n oble s trea ms on ly re quired a

-
,
p o rti on o f th e en ergy an d en terpri s e o f m a n to brin g

th e f ertil e re gi on s th ey tra v ers e d i n to i n tima te c on ta ct
wi th th e huma n izin g in flu en c es a n d e xqui s ite pro ducts
o f th e high es t civili z a ti o n were a s b a ckwa rd a s th e
,
s a v a g e ki n gd o m s o f c en tra l Afric a a re to d a
y
-
.
A g oo d i n de x o f th e fo rc e o f th e bigote d prej udice

a n d public i n tol era n c e o f th e tim e i s di s c ern ible i n
th e trea tm en t u n iv e rs a lly re c eiv e d by th e J ew He .
w a s th e fin a n ci er th e phy s ici a n th e merch a n t th e

, , ,
broker th e s ch o la r o f th e Middle Ag e s
, H e ma n .
a g e d with e mi n en t s ucc es s th e fi s c a l d e p a rtm en ts o f
va s t empires a n d kin gd om s I n th e grea t c a ta s tro ph es

.
which ov erwh eh n ed en tire n a ti on s —a mids t th e want ,
a n d d e s p a i r o cc a s i o n e d by ea rthqu a k es w a rs fa min e
, , ,
p es tilen ce —hi s s h rewdn es s a n d h i s res ource s alw ays

,
a ff o rd e d reli e f to th e s u ff eri n g i n duc ed by th e

p rev a
len t evils a lth ough it mu s t b e c on fes s e d ra rely with out
,
e xo rbitan t c ompen s ati on H i s medica l ta len ts a n d

.
s urgic a l s kill b rough t him un d e r th e b a n o f th e cl ergy
a s a d ea l er i n m a gic ; b u t n either th e s ta tute s o f

P a rli a men t n or th e a n a thema s o f pries ts c ould d e
prive him o f th e p rotecti on an d fri en ds hip o f or
th o d o x m on a rch s o r o f e v en th e S o v ereign P on ti ff
,
hims elf T ru e to th e a dven turo u s a n d a cqui s itive

.
cha ra cter o f h i s ra c e h e i n tro duc e d th e kn owle dge

,
and us e of fo reign c omm o diti es in la n ds ra rely

tro dden by th e fo o t o f th e s tra n g er d e fyin g th e ,
s torm s o f s ea a n d o c ea n b ra vin g a lik e th e u n p ri n cipl e d

,
ra p a ci ty o f th e n o bl e th e v i ol en c e o f th e highw a yma n
, ,
th e p eril s o f rem ote a n d un e xpl o re d s o litud e s In .
ma ritime citi es h e es ta bli s h ed d ep Ots f or th e imp orta

ti on a n d e xch a n g e o f e v ery d e s cripti o n o f m erch a n
di s e H is c re dit a n d h i s ta ct en a bl ed him to n e go ti a te
.
lo a n s f o r impro viden t prin ces which more th a n , ,
on c e s a ved
, di s tres s e d n a ti o n s fro m b a n kruptcy .
Am id s t th e multifa ri ou s va rie ty o f hi s o ccup ati on s h e ,
foun d time f or th e re crea ti on d erive d fro m th e p u r

s ui ts o f litera tu re I n this s phere a s i n a ll oth ers to
‘
.
,
which b e devote d h i s ta len ts h e a tta in e d to th e high es t

,
di s tin cti on I n philo s o phy in a s tron omy i n ch emi s

.
, ,
try in ma th em a tic s hi s o pi n i o n s w e re re g a rd e d by hi s
, ,
con temp o ra rie s with th e reveren c e a tta chin g to ora cles .
H i s p o etry a n d h i s e lo qu en ce d eligh te d s uch c ou rts a s

th o s e o f C o rd ov a a n d B a gd a d ; h i s e ruditi on i n s tructe d
a n d h i s g en iu s illumi n e d s ch o o l s l ik e th o s e o f S a l ern o ,
M on tp elli er a n d N a rbo n n e
,
.
H ow then did s o ci ety rewa rd s uch in e s tim a bl e b en e

fits ' Ala s 'f o r th e cre dit o f huma n ity it mus t b e con ,
fes s ed th a t th e in tol eran c e fo s tere d by c en tu ri es o f

hatre d oblitera te d ev ery gen ero u s impuls e every s en ti ,
men t o f gra titud e Th e remembra n ce o f th e de ci s ion

.
o f th e S a nh e drim th e s tory o f th e s a crific e o n C a l

,
va ry extin gui s h ed in th e min d s o f th e fa n a tica l p o p u

,
la ce th e s en s e o f a n y s ubs e qu en t oblig ati on Th e an n i .

v ers a ry o f th at trem en d o u s ign a l f or

v
e en t w a s th e s
i n s ul t an d ou tra ge Th e mos t h ein o u s a ccu s ation s

.
,
ma n y o f th em e x tra va g a n t a n d im pro b a ble in their

very n ature were brough t by p o pula r cl a mor in s ti
, ,
g a te d by eccles ia s tic a l m a li c e a g a in s t th e d e f en cel es s

,
H ebre w H i s c omm erci a l rela ti on s with th e E a s t h a d

.
in tro duced th e le pros y Th e pl a gu e w a s c a us e d by

.
po i s on which h e h a d th rown in to th e well s Th e meat .
h e s o ld w a s s o m etim es whi s p ered to b e hum a n fles h ;

a n d th e milk h e dea lt i n n ot yi eld e d by th e cow b ut ,
dra wn fro m th e brea s ts o f th e fe ma le s o f h i s h ou s e

h o ld H e kidn a pp e d children wh o s e bloo d h e ma de
.
,
u s e o f i n th e c on c o cti on o f m a gic a l p oti on s On G ood .
F rida y a id e d by hi s kin s men h e re en a cte d the

, ,
-
tra g e dy o f G o lg o th a th e vi ctim b ein g a Ch ri s ti an

,
youth w h o pla yed p erfo rc e th e mi le o f th e S a vi our

, , ,
a n d w h o with u n a v a ili n g s truggl e s a n d l a m en ta ti on s

, ,
en dure d th e humili a ti on a n d a g o n y o f th e C rucifixi on .
Ki n gs m ere ly by pro cla mati on a ppro pri ate d th e J ews

, ,
o f th ei r rea h n s a s th e a b s olu te p ro p erty o f th e crown .
Th en by virtue o f thi s a rbitra ry pro c eedin g th ey con

, ,
fis ca ted th e p os s es s i on s o f th e s e victim s o f ro y a l ava

ric e u n d er p reten c e o f fin e s or ra n s om
, Un der th es e .
Sign ific an t circum s tan c es i t re quire s n o e xtra ordin ary

d eg ree o f di s cern men t to p erc e ive th at th e wea lth of
th e J ews w as th e p ri n cip a l c a u s e o f th eir p ers e cution .
By th eir ta len ts a n d i n du s try th ey h a d rea ch e d th e

high es t p o s ts in th e lea rn ed pro fes s i on s ; h a d mon opo
lized th e tra d e ; h a d c on tro ll ed to a g rea ter or les s ,
e xten t th e p o licy o f ev ery g o v ern m e n t i n C h ri s ten

,
d om . Un d er C h a rl ema gn e an d L oui s l e D eb onn air

th e ir con diti on w a s m ore p ro s p ero u s th a n un d er s u c
cee d in g m on a rch s f o r e igh t hu n dre d y ea rs I n every .
wa lk o f life th e y receive d th e c o n s id erati on merite d by

th ei r c omm a n di n g a biliti es Th e ir i n fluen c e w as un
.
riv a ll e d Th ey m a in ta in e d ro y a l s tate G reat con ces

. .
s i on s w ere m a d e to th ei r c o n v en i en c e an d rel igi ous

by th e uperi or un ders tan din g a n d lib era l o pin i o n s o f

s
th e twen ti eth c en tury .
Th e un ivers a l di s tre s s which a fflicte d th e p ea s a n try ,
a s w e ll a s th e p oorer cla s s es o f th e ci ti e s i s revea le d ,
by th e in huma n ity wi th wh ich th ey were a ccu s tome d

to tre a t th eir o ff s p ri n g Robbe d a n d o ppres s e d by
.
bo th pri es t a n d b a ron a n d b a rely able to eke out a

,
mis era ble exi s ten ce by th ems e lves th ey re ga rde d th e ,
bi rth o f a n in fa n t a s a d omes ti c c a la mity P a rents .
delib era tely a ba n d o n e d th eir children in u n fre qu en ted

pl a c es to p eri s h by s tarv a ti on or to b e to rn to pi eces
by birds o f prey M a n y w ere dro wn ed like puppies
. .
S ome w ere bu ri e d a live O th ers were d ep o s ited a t

.
th e d oors o f chu rch es a n d c o n v en ts wh ere th ey were ,
o ften kill e d by d o g s Th e e x ten t o f th e e vil a s well

.
,
a s th e p rev a l en t immo ra lity e xi s ti n g i n a s i n gl e co un
try m a y b e i n f erre d fro m th e fa c t th a t th e H os pita l

,
of S a n ta C ruz fo un de d by C a rdin a l M en do z a of
,
S p a i n in th e s ix teenth c en tury re c eive d a n d s h eltered

,
durin g twen ty yea rs mo re th a n thirteen th ou s an d

fou n d l in g s .
Th e g rea t e pid e mic s th a t fro m tim e to tim e ra g ed

'
th ro ugh o ut Eu ro pe a ff o rd glimp s e s o f th e h f e a n d
ch ara cter o f th e p eo pl e n o t rea dily o b ta in e d from
o th er s o u rc e s M e dic a l s ci en c e re c o gn iz es to d ay th at
.
-
th e p ri n cip a l c a u s es o f s uch vi s ita ti on s a re p riv a te

u n clea nn es s a n d th e a ccu mula tion o f filth in public
pla c es Durin g th e Middle Ag es th e re gula ti on s o f
.
,
s a n i ta ry p o lic e w ere wh o lly u n kn o wn On e very s ide .
h e a p s o f g a rb a ge a n d putre fyi n g o ff a l m et th e ey e
a n d o ff en d e d th e n o s tril s Th e n e ces s ity f o r th e thor
.
o ugh v en til a ti o n a n d dra in a g e o f dw e llin g s w a s u n s u s
p ected . Th e p rej udic e a g a in s t b a th in g which un iver ,
s a lly e xi s te d w a s p a rtly d u e to th e e x a mpl e o f th e

,
clergy w h o were n ot s uppo s e d to h a ve time to Sp a re

,
from th eir s a c re d duti es to c a re f o r their p ers on s a n d ,
p a rtly d u e to c ontemp t f or th e M oh a mmedan s wh os e ,

lu s trati on s were a p eremptory religi ou s duty A s .
Chri s ti a n ity s p rea d th e p ra ctic e o f a bluti on gra du a lly

,
de clin ed Th e Ro m a n th ermm on e o f th e wo n ders o f

.
,
th e c a pita l we re a t firs t a ba n d o n ed a n d a fterwa rd s

,
utiliz ed a s qu a rri es f o r th e p a la ce a n d th e ca th edra l .
A gen era l idea p rev a iled th at th e ceremon y o f b a p

ti s m remo v e d a ll n e c es s ity f o r th e s ub s e qu en t a p p li
c ation o f wa ter to th e bo dy F ilth b ec a me a tes t o f .
devotion a n d fo llo win g th e ex a mple o f th ei r s p i ritu a l

, ,
guid es th e multitud e c a m e fin a lly by th e n a tura l l a w

, ,
o f as s o ci a ti o n to re g a rd th e un s a vo ry m a n if es ta ti o n s
,
o f p e rs on a l n e gl e c t a s r i m al fa d e ev iden c e o f Ch ri s
p
-
ti a n o rth o d o xy Thu s s a n ction ed by public O pin i on

.
,
a n d c on firme d by e ccl e s i as tic a l a uth ori ty a s tigm a w a s ,
pla ced up on cl ea n lin es s a n d a premium o ff ere d f or

,
corp orea l fou ln es s a n d o ff en s ive s urroun din gs Th o s e .
wh o vi o l a ted th e es ta bli s h ed cu s to m were in d a n g e r o f

b ein g den oun ce d a s h eretic s I t w a s on e o f th e mos t
.
s eri ou s a ccu s a ti o n s a g a i n s t th e Emp ero r F re de rick I I .
th a t h e w a s a ddicte d to th e fre qu en t u s e o f th e b a th .
Am on g th e upp er cla s s es o f s o ciety th e u n ple a s an t ,
con s equ en c es o f un tidy h a bits were in a meas ure n eu

tra l i zed by th e exc es s iv e u s e o f s tro n g p erfu m e s s uch ,
as mu s k civet a n d a mb ergris Am on g th e lower

, , .
ord e rs m a n y o f th e phys ic a l c on diti o n s o f life we re
in des criba ble I n th e vicin ity o f town s a s well a s o f

.
,
i s o lated ha bitati on s e qu a l n egligen c e o f th e la ws o f

,
hea lth preva iled F rom th e mo a t with i ts s ta gn a n t

.
,
waters reekin g wi th th e re fu s e o f th e ca s tle to th e va s t ,
ma rs h es with th ei r e x h a la ti o n s p o i s on in g th e a ir
,
a roun d th e h u t o f th e s h e ph erd th e a tm os ph ere w a s ,
cha rg ed with th e mi a s ma o f d ea th Wh en to th e .
eff e c ts o f s uch s u rrou n di n g s w ere a dd e d th e d e p res s
i n g in flu en c es o f c on ta gi on a n d te rro r th e res ults we re ,
a pp a ll in g Th e pla gue o f th e s ix th c en tu ry wh os e
.
,
cou rs e ra ge d un ch e ck e d fro m th e B o s ph o ru s to th e
Atla n tic de s o la te d en tire c oun tri es ; th e Bla ck D ea th
,
of th e fourteen th c arri e d o ff s even ty five mi lli on p er -
s on s, o n e h a lf th e in h a bi ta n ts o f Ch ri s ten d o m
-
So .
fa vo ra ble to th e s p rea d o f th e p es tilen ce were th e cli

ma tic c on dition s o f th e c oun try an d th e p ers on a l h abits
o f th e p eo pl e o f E n gl a n d th a t th e m a j o ri ty o f th em
p eri s h e d i n a f ew mon th s by a s in gle vi s i ta ti on o f thi s

drea dful e pidemi c I t s o dim in i s h e d th e p o pulation
.
th a t th e pu rs ui ts o f m e ch a n ic a l in du s try w e re s eri o u s ly
an d p erman en tly a ff e cte d W a g es b ec a me high er
.
th a n ev er b e fore a n d l e gi s l a ti on c on c ern in g th e v ex ed
,
qu es ti on o f th e mutu a l rights o f employer an d em

ploye d w a s in a ugu rate d a qu es ti on which h a s n ot been
,
s ettl e d to th e Th e vicin ity o f th e dyin g

p re s en t d a y .
a n d th e d ea d c a rri e d with i t a h n os t c erta in in fe cti on .
Even th e e x tra o rdin a ry brilli an cy o f th e eyes o f p a

ti en ts s u ff eri n g from d eli riu m w a s s upp os e d i n c on ,
form i ty with th e p re va ilin g s up ers tition to c on vey a ,
ma lign a n t an d fa ta l in flu en c e up on a l l within th e
ra n g e o f th e i r gl a n c e s Th e a i r w a s s o ta i n ted tha t
.
do mes tic a n im a ls c a ttle h o rs es Sh e ep even th e bi rds

, , , , ,
di e d by hu n dre ds o f s tra n ge a n d fa ta l di s te mp ers .
Th e m o rta li ty w a s s o g rea t i n s o m e di s tricts th at th e

h elples s c on va les c en ts were un a ble to p erform th e
buri a l rites f or th e ir fri en ds a n d n eighbo rs S hips .
en cumb ere d wi th th e c orp s es o f th eir cre w s drifte d
a b o u t in th e o c ea n with o u t s a il or o r h eh ns m a n M en .
be c a me in s a n e through frigh t an d th ou s a n ds com,
mi tted s uicide . Th e w ea lthy flo ck e d to th e chu rch es

a n d p o u re d th e i r g o ld up o n th e a l ta rs ; b u t f or on c e
e ccl es i a s tic a l a v a ric e w a s forg o tten a n d th e timid

,
p ri es ts through drea d o f th e s cou rg e o ften re fu s ed

, ,
th e p ro ff ere d treas u re A s a res ult o f th e un iv ers a l

.
con s tern ati on in s pire d by th e c a l a mity n e gligen t a n d ,
h as ty in termen t w a s in m an y in s tan c es res po ns ible f or

, ,
th e ra pid p ro p a g a ti on o f th e p es til en c e Multitudes .
o f c orp s e s , c overe d on ly with a thin la yer o f ea rth ,
were pla c e d i n s h a llo w tren ches O th ers were c a s t into

.
were ra s e i d and do we d by th e grate ful pi ety o f

en
th o s e w h o a ttribute d th e ir re co v ery to th e i n terc es s i on

o f h er s a in ts M on a s teries a n d ch a p els were fo un d ed
.
by thos e wh om h er pra yers were s upp o s e d to h a ve

res cu e d fro m th e v ery j a w s o f d ea th Th e p o rta ble .
wea lth o f empi res p ou re d d ail y in to h er trea s ury B ut .
a ll th es e s a crifice s a ll thi s g en eros ity a ll thi s re ligiou s

, ,
di s pla y a ff orde d n o p erceptible reli e f I f th ey pro ved

,
.
a n ythi n g th e y d e m on s tra te d eff e ctu a lly th e w o rthl es s

,
n es s of cure by th e res o rtin g to s hri n es a n d th e a p p l i
c a ti on o f re lic s Th e p es tilen c e cea s e d i ts ra va g es on

.
a cc o un t o f th e w a n t o f m a teri a l n o t b e c a u s e i ts p ro g
,
res s w a s s ta ye d by pri es tly in terc e s s i on B u t while i ts .
vi o len c e a b ate d a n d i ts ch a ra cteri s tic s ympto ms di s

a pp ea re d i ts e ff e c ts re m a in e d a n d i t b e qu ea the d a
, ,
fright ful lega cy to p os terity Alth ough re s p e cta ble

.
medic a l a uth o ri ty h a s c on ten de d f or a di ff eren t origin

o f th e di s eas e th e re c a n b e littl e d o ub t i n th e min d s
,
o f th os e w h o h a v e th o ro ughly f a mili a riz e d th em s elves
wi th th e s ubj e ct th a t s yphilis i s e ith er th e re s ul t o f a

re crud e s c en t fo rm o f le p ro s y o r o f a m o difi e d mo rbid
c on diti on de velo p e d fro m th e pl a gu e S uch i s a p or .
ti o n o f th e foul i nh eri ta n ce f o r which th e twen ti eth

c en tury i s in debte d to th e ign ora n c e th e filth a n d th e , ,
s up e rs ti ti on o f th e Middle Ag e s .
Wretche d a s w a s th e phys ic a l c o n diti on o f th e p eo

p l e o f Euro p e thei r m ora l s ta te w a s e v en mo re d e
,
p lo ra bl e Th e revo lti n g ch a ra cteri s tic s a n d m a nn ers

.
o f th e cl ergy h a v e a l rea dy b een c o n s id ere d in th es e
p a g es Un der s uch in s tructors wh o s e a dmon itions

.
,
were s o pa lpa bly a t v a ri a n c e with th eir un holy lives ,
it c a nn ot b e won d ere d a t th at s o ci ety w a s p erm ea ted

wi th trea ch ery a n d hypo cris y I t i s o n e o f th e mos t
.
rem a rk a bl e o f m en ta l ph en om en a th a t m a n s h ould
e a rn es tly s o licit th e i n terc e s s i o n o f th e m e mb ers of
a s a c re d p ro fes s i on with H e a ven while a t th e s ame

,
tim e h e d em on s tra te s u n e quivo c a lly by hi s a ction s

th a t h e h a s n o res pe ct f or th eir c a llin g an d n o fa ith

in th ei r p ra ye rs . S uch w a s la rgely th e c as e o f th e
Ro ma n C a tho lic s o f th e D a rk Ages Th ey la vi s h ed .
th ei r we a lth with u n s ti n ted p ro fu s i o n up on th e

Church Th ey greeted h er mi n i s ters with s ervile
.
tok en s o f re s p e c t a n d h om a g e Th ey s ought h er
.
a dvic e in w o rldly a ff a i rs ; th ey ob ey e d h e r o pp re s s ive
edic ts ; th ey v o lun ta rily relin qui s h e d th ei r n a tura l

righ ts a t h er d es p o tic biddin g B u t wh en Op p ortu
.
n i ty o ff ere d th e i n s in c eri ty o f th e s e p ro fes s io n s b e

,
c a me u n mi s ta k a bly eviden t I n th e mid s t o f th e

.
a pp a ren t blin d a n d de vo te d s ub s ervi e n cy to th e p rin
c i p l es o f a d e b a s e d religi on a n ci en t P a g a n id e a s w ere
,
con s tan tly ma n ifes tin g them s elves Th e wors hip o f .
fa iri es o ften s c a rc ely c on c ea le d w a s wide s p rea d

, ,
-
th rough ou t th e Ch ri s ti a n world Th e kn ight pla c ed

.
f a r mo re co n fiden ce in hi s a rmor co n s e cra te d by ,
h ea th en c eremon i es th a n i n th e reliqu a ry th a t w a s
,
a tta ch e d to h i s s a ddl e b ow o r th e Ag n u s D ei s u s
-
p en de d a b out h i s n e ck Th e a n xio u s h ou s ewife on

.
th e ev e o f a fea s t p re fe rre d to a ddre s s h e r p eti ti on s

to s ome p o pul a r a n d b en eficen t P a g a n s pi rit a ccu s ,
tom ed to g oo d livi n g a n d luxu ry th a n to a fe m a le ,
s a i n t with wh o m a b s ti n en c e w a s a du ty a n d whos e ,
life h a d been p a s s e d a mid s t th e priva ti on s o f th e

con ven t or th e h ermita ge .
Th e d ea th o f a p o pe w a s h a il e d with in de c orou s j oy
in ev ery qu a rter o f R o me Th e el e cti on o f a n ew
.
pon ti ff w a s th e s ign a l f o r dis o rd er riot mas s a cre , , .
Yell in g m ob s fille d th e s treets s in gin g impi ou s a n d

,
o b s c en e s on g s . Th e mo s t in d e cen t a ctio n s we re p er
p etra ted i n th e fa ce o f O p en d a y Th e p a p a l p a la c e
.
w a s re p ea te dly s a ck e d a n d i ts p re ci ou s c on ten ts d e
s troy e d . Th e m a n s io n s o f th e ca rdin a ls a n d th e
n obili ty w ere plu n d e red I t w a s n ot s a fe f o r thes e
.
dign ita ri es to a pp ea r in public un til th e po pula r ex

c item en t h a d s ub s id ed a n d th e d ea th o f th e s pi ritu a l
,
s ov ereign o f th e Chri s ti an w o rld w a s O ften c on c ea l ed

un ti l his s ucc es s or h a d been ch o s en i n o rder to p re ,
ven t th e s c en es o f a n a rchy c erta in to res ult if thi s

p re c a ution w a s n ot ta k en S o f a r fro m c on c e d in g
.
divin e a ttributes to th e p on ti fica l ch a ra cter th e ,
Roma n p o pula c e h a bi tu a lly a n d o p en ly derided its

preten s i on s to in f a ll ib ility I t n ot in frequ en tly in
.
terf ered wi th th e freedo m o f th e c on cla ve a n d in ,
ti m i d a ti n g th e c a rdin a l s dicta te d th e s ele ction o f a

,
p op e If s uch w a s th e di s res p e ct m an ifes te d by th e

.
i nh a bi ta n ts o f th e p a p a l ca pita l to wa rds th e h ea d
o f th e Chu rch li ttl e c ou rtes y c o uld b e e xp e cte d by hi s
,
e ccl e s i a s tic a l s ub ordin a te s a n ywh ere Th e ven era ti o n .
th e y cl a i m e d by rea s on o f th ei r c a lli n g w a s o ff ered

o n ly by th e m ore ign o ra n t o f th e m a s culin e s ex a n d
by wo men Th e la tter mo re wea k a n d cre dulou s in

.
,
th ei r n a tu re w ere th e bulwa rk o f s up ers titi on a s i n

, ,
d e ed th ey h a ve a lwa ys b e en i n e very a g e B u t with .
th e e duc a te d th e c a s e w a s f a r di ff eren t A s h a s b een .
a l rea dy re m a rk e d th e e ccl e s i a s tic w a s re p res en te d i n

,
th e mo s t p o pul a r w ri tin g s o f th e ti m e a s a f oo li s h ,
l icen ti ou s a n d d eg ra d e d hyp o crite

, P ublic o pin i on .
wo uld n ot h a ve tolerated thi s h o ldin g up th e s a c erdotal

pro fes s ion to deri s io n h a d th ere n o t b een a mple p ro vo
c a ti on for s uch a cours e Th ere a re g oo d rea s on s f or
.
b eli evin g th a t th e a wkwa rd a n d di s gra c e ful pre dic a

m en ts o f p rofli ga te clerk s de s crib e d in th e en terta in
in g p a g es o f th e C en t N o uve ll es N ouv ell es B occa ccio , ,
P o ggi o th e Qu een o f N a va rre a n d s imila r c olle cti on s

, ,
were a ctu a l o ccurren c es I t i s in di s pu ta ble th at man y

.
O f th e s e ta les were o bta in ed fro m th e a rchives o f re

li g io u s h o u s es a n d th e humorou s tra diti on s o f m o n a s tic
life Th e exi s ten ce o f un ivers a l c orrupti on a mon g th e
.
regul a r cl ergy in dic a te d by th es e s a ti ric a l a u th ors re
c ei v es a s ig n ific a n t illu s tra ti o n fro m th e fa c t th a t th ey
in va ri a bly in clud e th e n unn ery an d th e b roth el in th e

s a m e c a teg o ry and , in di s crimi n a tely d es ign ate th e
”
hea d s o f thes e es ta bli s hmen ts b y th e title o f a bb es s .
A s s es a d on key with hi s rider w a s con ducte d in to th e

,
ch oi r a n d th e res pon s es o f th e c on gre ga ti on were

,
ma d e i n imitati on o f th e un me lodi ou s v oic e o f th at

u s e ful b u t p ro verbi a lly s tupid a n im a l I n thi s in .
s ta n c e s a u s a g es s ea s o n e d wi th g a rli c s uppli e d th e
,
pla ce o f fra n kin c en s e I n th e c el ebra tio n o f a n oth er .
fes tiva l a f o x dre s s e d in th e h a bilimen ts o f th e P a

, ,
p a cy w a s c a rri e d in s ta te by a n es c ort o f mo ck ca r
,
d in al s A qu an tity o f p o ultry w a s di s tribute d a t in

.
terv a l s i n th e s tre ets th ro ugh which thi s s i n gul a r p ro

c es s ion w a s to p a s s a n d when th e f o x d ro ppin g h i s
, ,
tia ra a n d tra ili n g hi s pu rpl e rob es i n th e du s t o cc a ,
s i on a l l y a ttemp te d to s eiz e a h en th e d elighte d multi ,
tud e fa i rly ren t th e a i r with a ccl a m a ti on s .
Th e d ra m a s kn o wn u n d er th e n a m e o f mi ra cle a n d
,
mora l pla ys w ere o ften fully a s de pra ve d i n to n e a n d

,
a s de m o ra lizin g i n e ff e ct a s th e fe s tiv a l s Th ey o we d .
th e i r o rigi n to th e liv ely im a gi n a ti on a n d l ov e o f s p e c

ta cu l a r di s pla y ch a ra cteri s tic o f th e G re ek s o f Con
s ta n ti n o p l e I n s o m e i n s ta n c es th e a cto rs re p re
.
,
s en te d S c rip tu ra l p ers on a g e s i n oth e rs th e vi rtu es a n d ,
vic es o f a n a ll e go ry Th e grea tes t in c o n g ruities o f .
lo c a li ty tim e a n d ch a ra cter w ere in tro duc e d with out

, ,
qu es ti on or c riticis m With th e a bs u rditi e s o f th e plot

.
were mi n gl e d impi ou s s en tim en ts a n d vulg ar w itti

c is m s N otwith s ta n din g th e c oa rs en e s s a n d pro f an ity
.
o f th e s e d ra m a s th e i r v a lu e i n c on tro lli n g th e mi n d s
,
o f th e imp re s s i o n a bl e p o pul a c e w a s fully re c o g n iz e d
by th e hi era rchy G en era lly en a cte d by members o f

.
th e p ri es th oo d fu n d s w ere a pp ro p ri a te d fro m th e
,
tre a s u ry o f th e Chu rch f o r th ei r c el eb ra ti o n a n d i n ,
d u l g en ces g ra n ted to i n duc e pilgrim s to a tten d th em .
Th e dra m a tic s p e cta cles o f th e Middl e Ag es were ,
h owever n ot con fin e d to re pre s en tati on s o f a n omi

,
n a lly religi ou s ch a ra cter A s e a rly a s th e ten th cen .
tu ry th e pl a y s o f th e n u n H ro ts w i th a w ere en a cted
,
in mo n a s teri es a n d c on v en ts f or th e a mu s em en t o f
th ei r inm ates Th es e pro duction s im ita ti on s of th e

.
,
comedie s o f T erren c e f a r s urp a s s e d th e la tter in free

,
d om o f l a n gu a g e a n d a ction Th eir co a rs en es s i s s uch .
th a t th ey will n ot b ea r tra n s l a ti on Th e p oems o f th e .
s a me a u th or wh o s e life w a s o s te n s ibly d ev ote d to pio u s

,
tho ughts a n d c ommu n i on wi th the s a in ts a re e ven ,
more ex tra ordi n a ry Th e s en timen ts they expres s a n d

.
th e s cen es the y d e pic t a re th e l as t which th e rea der

would ordin a rily exp e ct to fin d in compo s ition s p ro
c eed in g from s uch a s o u rc e a n d mu s t h a ve b e en s u
g
,
ges ted by a n e xten s ive a n d v a ri ed exp eri en ce .
Th es e thin g s n e c es s a rily tran s ito ry in th eir ch a r

,
a c te r h a v e v a n i s h e d wi th th e g ro s s ign ora n c e a n d
,
creduli ty o f m ed imva l life B ut more perma n en t .
memori a ls c a rved upon th e co rb el s c a pita ls a n d a rchi

, , ,
tra ves o f e dific es d e dic a ted to divi n e wo rs hip di s clo s e ,
more forcibly if po s s ible th e wa n t o f reveren ce f or

, ,
th e ri tes o f th e Chu rch a n d th e c a l lou s i n di ff e ren c e

,
o f th e p ri es th oo d to wh a t c a n n ot b e c on s tru e d o th er
wis e th an a s a delib era te i n s ult to religi on M on ks .

,
pries ts a n d bi s h o p s in full ca n on ic a ls a re de picted

,
with th e a ttributes o f cunn in g a n d filthy a n ima l s s uch ,
a s fo x es wolve s a s s es a n d ba boon s Th e h og i s a
, , ,
.
fa vorite s ubj e ct a n d s eems to h a ve been co n s idered by

,
th e m edi aev a l s culpto r a s p o s s es s in g tra i ts p e culi a rly

a pplic a bl e to d elin ea ti on s o f m on a s tic lif e a n d ch a r
a cter . The s e gro tes qu e ca ric a tures a re frequ en tly in

ters p ers e d with in d es c riba bl e O b s c en iti es A p a rtia l .
expl a n a ti on o f th e i r o ccu rren ce m a y b e fou n d i n th e
fa ct th at th ey were s culpture d by th e monks th em

s elves Th e l a tter w ere th e on ly cl a s s o f the ir a g e
.
s kill e d i n th e p ra ctic e o f th e m e ch a n ic a l a rts I n th eir .
order w a s c en tre d th e a rchi te ctu ra l a s w e ll a s th e liter
a ry kn o wl e dg e o f th e tim e Th ey built a n d d ec orated.
th ei r ow n chu rch es a n d a bb eys I t i s difficult to re con .
c ile th e s pirit which could con ce ive a n d e xe cute s uch

re p re s en tati on s with th a t which c o uld en dure th ei r
publicity es p eci a lly in th e temples o f G o d F or th e

, .
fa ct i s on ly to o well es tabl i s h e d th at m ed i wv al ch u rch

m en were f a r fro m b ein g n ote d f or to l erati on S till
.
,
th e rulin g s en tim en ts o f s o ci ety in th o s e d a ys w ere f a r

di ff eren t from th o s e which obta in i n Ours I ts s tan d.
a rd o f m ora lity w a s l o w er b u t a t th e s a m e time i t

, , ,
w a s evid en tly n ot di s p os ed to c o n c ea l i ts f a vorite vic es .
On e thin g h o we ver i s c erta in th e f a ilin g s o f th e

, , ,
clergy were s o Op en a n d n otori ou s a s to h a v e b e c om e a

c ommon j es t in wh o s e merrimen t ev en th e s ubj e cts
,
th em s elv e s w ere n ot a s h a m e d to p a rticip a te I t i s n ot

.
a pl e a s i n g re fl e c ti on up o n th e s ta te o f public m o ra l s
th a t i ts tea ch ers h a d n ot o n ly b e c om e i n s en s ibl e to

c on temp t f or th ei r vi ol ati on o f hu ma n a n d divin e l aws ,
b u t en c ou ra g e d a n d e v en re w a rde d th e p res erv a tion

o f th ei r m on s tro u s vic e s i n imp eri s h a bl e m a teri a l s f or
th e a ma z em en t a n d di s gu s t o f p os teri ty .
With th e fa ll o f th e R om a n Empi re th e kn owle dge

o f l etters in c omm on with e very o th er a cc ompli s h
,
men t h a d d e p a rte d F rom th e tim e o f C h a rlema gn e

, .
,
n o i n s tructi on w a s a cc es s ibl e s a ve th a t tra n s mi tte d
th ro ugh th e d o ub tful m e dium o f e ccles i as tic a l i n s ti tu

ti on s. Th a t mon a rch h a d imp a rte d a grea t impuls e to
l ea rn in g by th e foun d a ti on o f a c a d emi e s ; by a ttra ct
i n g to hi s c ourt th e wi s d om o f oth er l a n d s ; by th e
a pp o i n tm en t o f m on a s tic ch ro n icl ers ; a n d by th e eu
cou ra g em en t o f th e J ew s A s i t w a s th e p olicy o f
.
th e C hu rch to k ee p th e m a s s es i n ign o ra n c e th e ,
s c a n ty a n d g en era l i n f o rm a ti o n to b e d eriv e d f rom
th a t s o u rc e w a s res tricte d to m emb ers o f th e p rivileg ed

cla s s es Th e gen era l an d i n credible a b a s emen t o f th e
.
p eo ple i n th o s e tim e s m ay b e in ferred from th e fa ct

th a t s o l a te a s 1 5 9 0 wh en a m o u s e h a d d ev ou re d th e
,
s a c ra m en ta l wa fer i n on e o f th e chu rch es o f I ta ly ,
i t w a s g ra v ely di s cu s s e d by a n e ccles i a s tic a l cou n cil

c on voked f or th at pu rpo s e i n th e pres en c e o f a pious
,
a n d w on d erin g a udi en c e wh eth er th e H oly Ghos t

,
ta s k—wh os e p erform an c e w a s co n s id ere d a s n ot les s

im p orta n t th a n th e c elebration o f th e rites o f th e s yn a
g o gue— h a d b een c omplete d .
A s a rul e th e pro ducti on s o f th e s crib e a n d th e

,
illumi n ato r were c on s idere d too va lu a ble to b e u s e d

f o r a n y oth er th a n religi ou s p urp o s es Th e d on a ti on .
w as a cco mp a n ie d with th e c erem on y o f mu s ic a n d

p ra y er a s th e mi s s a l o ften en clos e d in a n e xqu i s ite
,
g olden c a s ket w a s de p os ite d upon th e a ltar

,
.
I t w a s on ly through p o li tic a l or p ecu n i a rv n e c es s ity ,
or to o b ta i n th e f a vo r o f ro y a lty th a t th es e Sp e cim en s
,
o f a rt w ere a llo w e d ev en te mp ora rily to l ea v e th e

, ,
h a n ds o f th eir o wn ers I n 1 1 9 0 th e Bis ho p o f Ely .
p a wn ed with th e J e ws o f C a mbridg e thi rteen volu mes ,
to a i d i n o b ta in in g th e ra n s o m o f Rich a rd C oeur d e
Li on To s e cure th e loa n o f a s in gle mi s s a l a kin g
.
,
o f F ra n c e w a s c o mp e ll e d to giv e a b on d with his ,
n o bl es a s s u reti es a n d to d ep o s it w ith th e c a th ed ra l
,
ch a pter a qu an tity o f plate o f en ormou s v a lu e On e .
o f th e kin g s o f N o rthu mb erl a n d g a v e a p ro ductiv e
e s ta te f or a c o py o f th e G o s p el s Th e Ele cto r o f .
B a va ri a o ff ere d a city i n exch an ge f or a ma n u s cript ,
a n d w a s re fu s e d Th e illum i n a ted ro m a n ce o f chiv

.
a l ry w o rth m ore th a n its weight i n g o ld w a s th e m o s t

, ,
highly priz e d p o s s es s ion o f th e o pulen t b a ron S o .
v a lu a bl e in fa ct were th es e treas ures th at th os e d es

, ,
tin e d f or publi c in s p ec ti on w ere fa s ten e d to th e w a lls

with ma s s ive ch a in s a n d gu a rdi a n s w ere a pp o inte d to
,
tu rn o ver th e l ea ves P eter d e N emours Bi s h o p o f

.
,
P a ri s o n h i s de p a rture f o r th e C rus a de pres en ted to

, ,
th e Abb ey o f S t Victo r hi s great libra ry c on s i s tin g

.
,
o f e ighteen vo lum e s ; a gift a t th a t tim e w o rth a

’
p rin ce s ra n s om I t will b e s een from th e s e e x a mples
.
th a t du rin g th e Middl e Ages b o ok s were n ot a lw a ys a t

th e c o mm an d o f th e grea tes t pri n c e s a n d a c o lle c tion ,
o f a f ew h un dre d v o lum es w a s a m a rve l ; th a t o f

Qu een I s ab ell a con ta in e d tw o h un dred an d on e o f ,
'
which s ixty s ev en were treati s es on theolo gy Oth er

-
.
circum s ta n c es c on tributed to the ir s ca rcity Written .
u s u a lly in a le arn e d la n gu a ge it requi re d a s pe cia l

,
e duc a ti on to rea d th em to s a ,y n o thin g o f th eir com

p o s itio n
. Th e e xp en s iven e s s o f writin g m a teri a l s p re
vented man y from a cquiri n g fa milia rity with th e u s e
o f th e p en . Th e dimen s ion s o f lea v es des ign ed f o r
variou s purp o s es were es ta bli s h e d by l a w b u t th e ,
origi n a l s iz es i n to which a s h ee p s ki n c ould b e fo ld ed
ha ve been pres erved in th e qu a rto s o cta vo s a n d d u o

, ,
de cimo s o f th e mo dern b o oks eller A s a men a ce to .
the i rrev eren t a n d th e di s h on es t th e a u th or fre qu en tly

,
a pp en de d to h i s m a n u s crip t a m a l e dicti on o n wh om s o
ever s h ould s tea l o r mutil a te th e p ro duct o f h i s i n du s
try . Th e d o n or a ls o a dde d h i s imp re ca ti o n s up on th e

hea d o f th e b o rro wer wh en th e book w a s pres en te d
to a chu rch o r mo n a s te ry A s th e mo d ern l a n gu a g es
.
o f Eu ro p e w ere n ot f orm e d c omm u n ica ti on by oth e r

,
tha n o ra l m ea n s w as n ot p os s ible a mo n g th e un e d u
c a ted ; a n d th e a rt o f wri ti n g w a s i n s o m e lo c a liti e s
en tirely lo s t . With th e grea t ma s s o f th e p eo ple th e

”
word libra ry w a s un d ers too d to m ea n th e H oly
S criptures ; th ey were ign ora n t o f th e exi s ten ce o f a n y
oth er b ook s . Th e imm en s e a dv a n ta g e s a ccrui n g to th e
clergy fro m th e h a bitu a l u s e o f a n idi om un fa mili a r
to th e vulg a r a s well a s fro m th e mo n o p o ly o f th e
,
s impl e s t rudim en ts o f kn o wl edg e w ere n ot lo s t up o n

,
thes e s h rewd o b s ervers o f huma n n a tu re Th e church

.
beca me th e p oin t wh en c e ro ya l e dicts were p romu l

gated a n d wh ere co mmerci a l ba rg a in s were c on clude d .
Procla mati on s were i s s u e d a t its do ors Co n tra cts

.
were en tered i n to be fore i ts a ltar O ath s were ta ken

.
upon th e S criptures a n d th e crucifix Th e H o s t w a s .
us ed in th e d ete cti on o f crimin a ls a n d i n th e s ol emni

zati on o f tre ati es L a n d w a s c on veyed by th e mere
.
tran s fer o f a twig or a clo d o f ea rth i n th e pres en c e

o f cl eric a l witn es s es Th e cros s s till tra ced up on lega l
.
d o cum en ts by th e h an d s o f th e ill iterate i n li eu o f ,
a s ig n a ture i s a s ugg es tive remin i s c en c e o f a n a g e

,
wh en th e p oten cy o f eccles i as tic a l in flu en c e w a s re c og

n i ze d i n e v ery imp orta n t tra n s a c ti on o f l if e .
Th e p e rs e cuti on o f l ea rn in g w a s s y s tem a tiz e d a nd

m a inta in e d firs t by th e c rea ti on o f th eolo gic a l O dium
, , ,
a n d s ub s e qu en tly by th e i n s ti tuti on o f s uch trib un a l s
a s th e H o ly O ffic e ; n ot th ro ugh a d e s ire to p res erv e a
b e c omin g reveren ce f or religi ou s wo rs hip b ut from a ,
c o n s ci o u s n es s o f th e in a bili ty o f th e e xi s tin g s y s tem to
with s tan d th e e x a min a tion o f rea s on H eres y w a s a .
co n ven i ent a n d e ver a va ila ble prete x t f or cru s hin g

th a t i n d e p en d en c e o f th ough t which th rea ten ed th e
inte grity o f d o ctrin e o r th e p erm a n en c e o f s a cerd ota l
s up rem a cy . Th e I n qui s iti o n w as wh en i ts rea l ob j ect
,
i s c on s id ere d a s h a s a l rea dy b een s ta te d a te mp ora l

, ,
ra th er th a n a n e c cl es i a s tic a l d evice I ts un s p eak a ble.
a tro citi es a n d th e ir e ff e c ts a re too w ell k n o wn to
re qui re d es crip ti o n I n re fu ta ti o n o f its cl a im a s a

.
m ea n s o f mo ra l pu rific ati on m ay b e in tro duc e d th e in

di s puta ble fa ct th a t durin g th e p eri o d o f its greates t
p ower th e wors t ath ei s ts bla s ph em ers a n d crimin als
, ,
i n Eu ro p e were to b e fo un d m a s quera din g in th e cow'

a n d th e s u rp h c e Th e o utra g es i t c omm itted on
.
hum an ity mu s t b e reg arde d a s th e l egitim a te res ults

o f th e p a p a l s y s te m which in h eritin g to a g re at ex
, ,
ten t th e org a n iz a ti on th e p res tige a n d th e tra diti on s

, ,
o f im p eri a l a u th ori ty en c ou ra g e d b y imm un ity p ur

, ,
ch a s e d with c orruption a n d by th e p rofli ga te ex a mple

o f th e H o ly S ee th e n e gl e ct o f e v ery du ty a n d th e
,
commi s s ion o f e very crime .
Th e ex erci s e o f th e fa culties o f th e hum a n min d in

th e D a rk Ag es wh en th ey w ere p ermitte d to d e vel o p
,
a n d b e empl o y e d f o r th e b en e fit o f th e C hu rch —th eir ,
on ly p ro fita ble p a tron — a re emin en tly s ugg es tiv e o f

,
th e c a p a ci ty which it p o s s es s e d wh en a ff o rde d en cour

a g em en t . Th e c a th e d ra ls th e c a rvin g s a n d th e mi s
, ,
en c e o ver th e bo di es an d min ds o f m en a s th e P a p a cy .
From th at in flu en c e n o p otentate h o wever grea t was , ,
free Th e reputa tion o f m an y a m ediae va l mon a rch

.
a n d s ta te s m a n with p o s teri ty i s b a s e d i n rea li ty n ot , ,
up on ta len ts a nd m eri t bu t up on th e s tan din g an d

,
re l a ti on s h e m a i n ta i n e d du rin g h i s lif etim e with the
s a c erd ota l ord er .
I n th e u n ivers a l ign o ra n c e o f m a n kin d th e fa milia r ,
ph en omen a o f n a ture c on tribute d to th e a s c en den cy

o f un p ri n cipl e d ch a rl ata n s w h o b a s e d th e i r h o p es o f
,
s ucc es s a n d i ts n e c es s a ry i n cid en ts we a l th p o wer a n d , , ,
glory on th e in v en tio n a n d s e dulou s p ro p a g ati on of

,
fa l s ehoo d Th e p ers on ific a tion o f ev eryth in g m aterial

.
a n d imm a teri a l th e glo b e o f th e e a rth th e s p a rkli n

,
g ,
orb s o f th e vi s ibl e he a ven s th e s udd en a n d o ften nu

,
e xp e cte d e ff e cts o f th e a cti on o f th e imp o n d erabl e
a g en ts th e m os t o rdi n a ry o p era ti o n o f n a tu re s l a ws
’
, ,
were clas s e d a s s upern a tura l ma ni fe s ta tio n s were ,
en g ra fte d upo n religi on a n d re c e iv e d th e o b s e qui ous
h oma ge o f fe a r a n d s upers titi on Th e wily eccles i .
a s ti c n e v er forg ot th a t
Das Wu der
n i s t d es Gl ub a en s lieb s t es Kin d .
Gn omes witch es go blin s th o s e ima gin a ry d en izens

, , ,
o f th e Spi ri tu a l w orld wh os e w e ird a n d mi s chi evous
a n tic s w ere S O well au th en tic a te d a s to s trik e th e s imple
m a s s es wi th terror a n d to c a u s e e v en th e l ea rn ed to
s hudd er wh en th ei r s i n s h a d n ot b een rem o v ed by th e
g o dly s ol a c e o f c on fes s io n a n d a bs oluti on were en ,
li s te d a s th e a lli es o f th e po li tic C hu rch By th e a id .
o f s uch a uxili a ri es a n d th e a bility to p ro fit by ev ery
ph a s e o f hum an w ea kn e s s a n d ev ery i n citem en t to

hum an a mbitio n S h e h a s ma in ta i n e d h er a u th o rity ev en
,
un der th e m os t dis cou ra gin g ci rcums ta n ce s until h er

a chi e ve m en ts i n d e fi a n ce o f l a w a n d p ro g res s a rdu ous
,
a s th e y s e e m a re ev en les s rem a rk a ble th an th e a pp a r

,
en tly etern a l du ra ti o n o f h er em pi re .
C H AP TE R XXVIII
TH E H I SPANO ARAB -
A GE OF LI TE RAT URE AND S CI E N CE
760—1 4 5 0
I n te ll tu l S t gn ti n f E u p du in g th P riod of M l m
ec a a a o o ro e r e e os e
Gre tn es s —H igh Ra nk f S hol rs i Sp in—Att inm ts

tu e—
a o c a n a a en
f th e Kh lif —Ch r c t
o f Ar b Lit s Prog s s f e ra r re o
S ien ce —Th Al ex n dri n Mus eum—I ts Won derfu l D i s

a a a er o a
c e a a
c ri e —I t
ov e C ntrib uti
s to Lea rn i g—I ts I n fl u
s o n on s n e n ce o
th e C reer f th e Moh mm d n — Th
a o Ar b ic L n gu ge a e a s e a a a
— P oetry f th Ar b s —I t Gener l Ch cteris tics — Th e
logy nd J uri s p rud en c e—H is to ry—G e gr phy—P h il
o e a s a a ra
o a o a os o
p hy L ib ri R ti li m Av r
ra es M th m tics a on a s e ro e s a e a
As tr n m y Al H z
o o G erb rt B ota n y Al -
a en e
h my— Ch m i try—Ph rm y—Al bertu M gnus R bert

c e e s a ac s a o
Gr s s etete n d R oger B n — Medi i

,
o ,
a n d S urg y a co c ne a er
I g n ora n c e f the i r Th ri s a n d S c i tifi c Ap p li c ti n i n

o eo e en a o
Me diaev l E u p e—P r v l n e o f I m p s tu e—F ta h ty o f

'
a ro e a e c o r a
E p idemic — G e t Adv s f th e A b i Me dic l Kn w l

r a ance o ra s n a o
dge — H p it ls —Tr tm n t of V i u D is e s s — Th e
e os a ea e ar o s a e
F mous M l m P r titi er —Contr t b tween th Chris

a os e ac on s as e e
ti n a n d th
a M oh mm d S ys tems —E durin g E ff e t of
e a e an n c s
A r b S c i —I t E x mpl n d B en fits th e C re tive I n

a en c e s a e a e a
fl uen c e f M o d ern C ivili z ti n

o a o .
WH I LE Ch ri s ti a n world wa s en velo pe d in da rk
th e
n es s ,a n d a ll l ea rn i n g s a ve th at o f wo rthl es s m eta
phys ics an d p olemic theology h ad b een ban i s h ed fro m

th e min ds o f m en ; while E n gl a n d w a s dis tra cted by
D a n i s h a nd Norm an in va s ion an d b a rb arous mon ks ,
d efie d th e a uth ori ty o f h er kin gs in th e very pres en ce

o f th e th ron e ; while C h a rl em a gn e w a s d es ol a ti n g th e
p rovin ces o f G erm an y by s wee pin g an d m erciles s p ro

s cription ; whil e e c umen ic a l c ou n cil s w e re p ro c l a i min g
th e vi rtues o f c elib a cy a n d th e s an ctity o f ima ges ;

whil e th e p opula c e of Rome wa s a mu s ed b y the s ca n
d al of fema le po p e ; durin g thi s p eri od o f in tel

a
le ctu a l s ta gn ation th e M oori s h prin c es o f S p a in an d

S icily a lon e a m on g th e s o vereign s o f th e W e s t ke pt
, ,
a l iv e th e s a c red fire s o f a rt s ci en c e a n d philo s o phy

, , .
Th e thirs t o f empire s timul a te d by th e fervor o f

,
religi o u s en thu s i a s m h a d s ubj e cte d to th e M os l em

,
s c e p tre a terri tory exc ee din g in e x ten t a n d o pul en c e
th e v a s t a n d fertil e a rea which i n i ts m os t p ros p erou s ,
a g e a ckn o wl e dg e d th e a u th o ri ty o f th e C aes a rs
, Th e .
Ara b c a pita ls o f C ordo va C a i ro D a m a s cu s a n d B a g

, , ,
d a d did n ot yi eld i n m a g n ific en c e o f a rchite cture in ,
p omp o f ceremon i a l in th e s ki lful a da pta ti on o f th e

,
mech a n ic a l a rts in th e a ccumula ti on o f p ro digi ous

,
wea lth i n th e o pp ortun iti es f or luxu ri ou s in dulgen ce

, ,
to th e tra di tio n a l pre c e den c e o f imp eri a l R o me In .
s ci en tific a tta in m en ts n o c omp a ri s on exi s ted b etw een
th e v a gu e a n d u n p ro fita bl e s p e cul a ti on s d eriv e d from

th e s ch oo l s o f G reek a n d L a tin phil os o phy a n d th e
re s ults o bta in e d from th e p ra c tic a l a pplic a tion o f
prin ciple s c on ducive to th e develo pmen t o f th e huma n
rea s on a n d th e pro moti on o f th e w elfa re o f m a n ki n d
“
I n th e in telle ctu a l a s w ell a s in th e phy s ica l world

th e s ucc es s o f th e Ara b s w a s u n p re c e d en ted D urin g .
th e m o s t s plen did p erio d o f th e S p a n i s h M oh a m me -
d a n empire ign ora n c e w a s a cc oun te d s o di s g ra c e ful

,
th a t men wh o h a d n ot en j o yed Opp ortun iti es o f ed u

c a tion i n ea rly life c on c ea led th e fa ct a s f a r a s p o s
s ibl e j u s t a s th ey w ould h a v e h idd en th e co mm i s s i on
,
o f a crim e On th e oth er h an d th e lea rn e d— tru s ted

.
,
by th e s overeign th e o ra cles o f th e s ch ool s th e d e

, ,
o s i ta i e o f i n flu en c e n d p w — n ever rel a x e d their

p r s a o e r
e ff orts f o r th e d evel o pm en t o f th e ir ta l en ts a n d th e
in creas e o f thei r kn owledg e ; an d s uch w a s th ei r a rdor

a n d th ei r p ers e v era n c e th a t th ey g a v e ri s e to th e
,
po pula r proverb Th ere a re tw o creatures th a t a re

,
in s a ti a ble —th e m a n o f mon ey an d th e m an o f s ci

,
en c e . Th e th orough in s tru cti on im p a rted by th e

Kora n i c a ll u s i ons a n d p erple xin g Ori en ta l m eta phors

,
.
G en erati on s p a s s ed in a n oth er la n d un der c o n dition s

,
of e x trao rdin a ry p olitic a l a n d in du s tria l a ctivi ty ,
s ee m e d p o w erl es s to era dic a te o r e v en to s u b s ta n
ti a ll y mo dify th e m en ta l ch a ra c teri s tic s o f a ra c e bre d

a mid s t th e s olitud e a n d d o mi n a te d by th e p rej udic es
a n d th e s up ers titi on s o f th e A s i a tic D es ert Th e s tub.
bo rn p ers i s ten c e o f th es e tra i ts i s on e o f th e mos t

s i n g ul a r ph a s es o f i ts lif e a n d hi s tory I ts p o lity a nd
.
i ts religiou s b elie f w ere f o reign to a n d irre c on cila ble

,
with thos e th at preva ile d els ewh ere in Euro p e I ts

,
.
cu s toms its la n gu a g e i ts litera ture were a ll e x otic I n

, ,
.
wo rks o f im a gin a ti on th e el ega n t ficti on s o f th e E as t

, ,
fa s cin a ti n g to th e highe s t d egree a n d better a d apted

,
to th e e xp a n di n g i n telle ct o f m a n th a n th e c oa rs e
a n d b a rb a ric ta l es o f G o thic o rigi n s oo n s uppl an ted
,
th e la tter a s th e light a n d k een e dg e d s cim eta r h a d

,
-
a lrea dy driv en ou t th e clum s y b ro a d s wo rd of th e
fo llo wers o f R o derick Th e p ra ctic a l m etho ds of

.
th o ugh t fo u n de d up on th e s y s tem o f Ari s to tl e every

wh ere o bta in e d p re ce den c e o v er th e un s ubs ta n ti al and
vi s i on a ry th eori e s o f th e P lato n ic s chool I n public .
a s s embli e s wh ere m en a n d w o m en a li k e co mp ete d f or

,
th e p riz e o f li tera ry s u p e ri ority ; in s o ci a l i n tercours e ,
where th e fa i r s ex were a cc orde d f a r more lib erty than

h a d eve r b een vo uch s a fe d to th e m a tron s a n d vi rgins
o f a n tiquity or th a n i s n o w en j o ye d i n th e h a rems o f
,
th e O ri en t we re d e velo p e d a n d p ra cti s e d th os e a men i

,
ti es a n d g ra c es which fos tere d by s on g s o f l o ve a nd

,
g a ll an try even tu a lly thro ugh th e a gen cy o f ba rd and

, ,
min s trel we re di s tribute d f a r an d wide th roughout the

,
c on tin en t o f Euro p e Th e de s ire f o r lea rn in g an d the

.
a pp re ci a ti on o f i ts a dv a n ta g e s w ere s o un iv ers a l a s to
b e c on s id ered n a tio n a l ch a ra cteri s ti cs Th e Kh a lif was

.
th e di s c rimi n a tin g a n d gen ero u s p atro n o f g en iu s .
H i s fa vorite min i s ters w ere th o s e wh o s e p ro ducti ons

h a d ra i s e d th em to d es erv e d emi nen c e i n th e world of
l etters I n the M os lem s ys tem a c omp eten t a cqu a int

.
,
a n c e with th e p rin cipl es o f ju ri s p rud en c e w a s a n es s en
ti a l re qui s i te o f ev ery fin i s h ed e du ca ti on Th e w on .
d erf u l g ra s p o f th e A ra b mi n d whi ch s eem e d to a da pt ,
its e lf with equal fa cility to th e mos t o ppos ite con di

ti on s w a s es p eci a lly fitte d f o r th e e x a c tin g re qui re
,
men ts o f diploma cy — a ca lli n g f or which pro ficien cy

,
i n l ea rn in g h a s i n l ater tim e s com e to b e reg a rd e d

, ,
ra th er a s a di s qu a lific a ti on th a n a n a dva n ta g e Th e .
grea tes t s cholars there fore dis ch a rged th e mo s t im

, ,
p o rta n t employm ents a n d s to o d high es t i n th e p re

,
c a ri ou s fa vor o f th e M os lem prin c es o f Eu ro p e .
Their l i tera ry pro duction s w ere rec omp en s e d with '
even gre a ter mun i fic en ce th a n the ir s ervice s to th e
s ta te
. Th ey al mos t con s tituted a c as te s o ma rke d ,
were th eir p ride a n d e xclus iven es s Un to ld wea lth .
w a s la vi s h e d up o n th em Th ey took pre c e den c e o f

.
n obl e s w h o tra c e d th e i r a n c e s try to a p erio d los t i n
th e m a z es o f Ara bic tra diti o n Their daughters occu .

,
p a n ts o f th e imp eri a l h a rems n ot in fre qu en tly b e c a m e

,
th e m others o f s ov ereign s Their os ten tati ou s m a g

.
n ificen c e m o ve d th e en vy o f th e m os t Opul en t s ub j e cts
o f th e e mpire Th eir res iden ces were n ot in ferio r i n

.
exten t a n d s pl en dor to th e h a bita tion s o f roy a lty .
Grea t retin u es o f s la ve s atten d ed their pro gres s

th rough th e s treets S o ldi ers i n u n iforms o f s ilk a n d
.
gold gu a rded thei r p ala ces pre ce ded th eir m a rch a n d

, ,
prote cte d th eir pers on s fro m th e e ff ects o f p o pula r

vi ol en ce Th e mos t lovely women to b e pro cure d in
.
th e s la ve m ark ets o f E uro p e a n d A s i a fil le d their

-
s era gl i o s .
Th e p o et th e a s tron o me r a n d th e hi s tori a n ra is e d
, , ,
to p os ts o f high p olitic a l res p on s ibil ity en j oye d th e ,
c on fid en ce an d th e intima te fa milia rity o f th e m on

a rch i n wh os e p res en c e th e m o s t di s ti n gu i s h ed s o ldi ers
tremble d S uch w as th e grate ful tribute p a id by im

.
p eri a l p o wer to i ntellectu a l p re emin en ce T hat thi s -

.
e xtra o rdin a ry fa vor s h ould n ot b e a bu s ed c ould

s c a rc ely h a v e b een exp e cte d fro m e v en th e s tron g es t
un d ers ta n din g s wh en s ubj e cte d to th e tempta ti on s o f

fl a ttery a n d a mbiti on Th e l es s on s o f philos o phy were
.
in s uffici en t to c orre c t th e ign o ble vic es in s e p arably

in ciden t to hum an n a ture an d which in a ll a g es h a ve
, , ,
e x erci s ed des p o tic i n flu en c e o ver th e m i n d o f m a n .
Th e in s ol en ce a n d ra p a city o f th es e min i s ters ren d ered

th em o ff en s iv e to th e p eo ple ; th ei r d a n g erou s as pi ra
ti o n s ev en tu a lly exci te d th e fe ars o f th e s o vereign .
No cl a s s o f m en w a s s o un ivers a lly d etes ted Th e .
a n ci en t ch ron icl es a re fill e d wi th a cc o un ts o f th eir
cru elty th e ir i n j u s tic e a n d th ei r mi s fortun es S ome

, ,
.
were s a c rific e d to th e j ea lou s y o f th e ir m as ter o thers ,
fell vic tim s to th e u n rea s on i n g fury o f th e p o pula ce .
F ew th ere w ere wh o reta i n e d i n th e mid s t o f g rea t

,
n es s , th o s e virtu e s a n d th a t m o d e s ty which s h ould

a lw a ys ch a ra cteriz e th e n o bl e pu rs ui t o f l etters s uc ,
c es s in which h a d ra i s ed th es e s ta tes men to pla ces o f

s uch c on s id era ti on a n d a uth ority While th e Koran
.
,
as in terp rete d by th e m o re rigid Mu s s ulm a n th eol o
gi an s di s c ou ra g es s cien tific in quiry a n d th e s tu dy o f

,
n a tu ra l phil o s o phy th e Kh a lif s o f C o rd ov a i n m ore

, ,
th a n on e in s ta n c e in curre d th e re p ro a ch o f h etero
,
do xy through th e in dulg en c e o f in ve s tig a ti on s p ro

hibi te d by l a w to th eir s ub j e cts a n d thu s en co ura g ed
, , ,
th e i n tellig en t s o ci ety o f th e c a pi ta l did n ot di s d a i n to

a d o p t th e n o bl e m a xim o f th e h e a d o f a riv a l s ect
which d ecla res th at th e in k o f th e le a rn ed i s a s p re

”
c i ou s a s th e bl oo d o f th e m a rty rs while th e con s i s tent
,
believer k e pt c on s tan tly i n reme mbra n c e th e s ta tem ent

o f th e P ro ph et th a t o n th e D a
y o f J udgm en t a rigid
a cc oun t will b e re qui red o f th e li tera ry o pp o rtun iti es
imp ro ve d or a bu s e d by th e F a ithful Not on ly did .
th es e g rea t pri n ce s en c ou ra g e li tera tu re by th e b e

s to w a l o f s ub s ta n ti a l h on o rs a n d rew a rd s bu t they ,
th em s elv es w on in th a t fi eld l au rels m ore p ro fita ble a n d

ti n e , Egypti an P ers i an H ebrew a n d Ara bi c—were

, , ,
th e d elight o f th e l ea rn ed a n d th e m a rvel o f a n illi ter

a te a n d s up ers ti ti ou s a g e .
Abda lla h a tta in ed di s tin cti o n by th e pla in tive ele

gi es i n which h e c elebra te d th e mis fo rtun es o f his
h ou s e ; S uleyma n w a s drea d e d f o r th e cuttin g vers es
i n which h e s a tiriz e d th e trea ch ery a n d hyp o cri s y o f th e
ci ty a n d th e c o urt .
Th e s pi ri t o f litera ry ta s te a n d riv a lry which h a d

in s pi re d th e a cc o mpli s h e d s o ci ety o f th e kh a lifa te w a s
n o t l o s t wi th th e di s m e mb erm en t o f th e empi re Th e .
c a pita l o f ea ch p ri n cip a lity be c a me a c en tre o f culture ,
o f l ea rn i n g o f th e a rts, Th e rulers o f th es e p etty

.
s ta tes wh o s e p o p ul a ti on s till reta i n e d a mid s t th e tu r

, ,
bulen t s c en es o f civil di s cord a n d fo reign en croa ch

men t n o s ma ll mea s u re o f th a t in telligen c e a n d ta s te
,
which h a d s o e min en tly di s ti n gui s he d th e i r fa th ers ,
vi e d with e a ch other i n th eir en c oura g e men t o f s ci en ce

a n d i n th e i r p a tro n a g e o f l e a rn e d m e n I n thi s n oble .
e mul a ti o n a s w e ll a s in th e i r o wn s ch o l a s ti c a cqui re
,
men ts th e M o ori s h pri n c es ma in ta in e d th e fa me o f

,
th e i r a n c es to rs a n d th e tra diti o n s o f th e m o n a rchy .
Every fa cili ty w a s a ff ord e d to th e p ro fes s ors o f

e xp e rim en ta l s ci en c e P oli tic a l h o n ors s a l ari es
.
, ,
p en s ion s a ttra cted th e Sch ola rs o f di s ta n t c o un tri es

, .
R eligi ou s i n to lera n ce h a d n o pl a c e in a s o ci ety wh o s e

c a rdin a l prin ciple w a s a bs olute liberty o f th ought a n d ,
which h a d lo n g b een a ccu s to me d to c on s ider th e un

tra mm ell e d ex erci s e o f re a s on a s a n i n h eren t a n d i n
a li e n a bl e righ t Al M okta d ir Kin g o f S a ra g os s a
.
-
, ,
w as ren o wn e d f o r hi s eruditi on ; hi s kn o wl edg e o f phi

l o s op h y g e om etry a n d a s tro n o my w as s up eri o r to
, ,
th a t o f a n y o f th e wi s e m en o f hi s c o u rt Al— M od .
h a ff er Kin g o f B a d a j o z c o mpil e d a grea t en cy cl o

, ,
p aed i a Th e rulers o f A hn eri a V a l en ci a a n d S eville

.
, ,
were n ot le s s di s tin gui s h e d f or th eir p ro foun d s ch ola r

s hi p a n d th e p rotec ti on th ey a ff ord e d to l etters Th e .
mon arch s o f th e A bb a dide dyn as ty an d es p ecia lly ,
M otami d II were ren own ed f or th e h armon y an d

.
,
p ath o s o f th eir vers es Th e Al moha de s overeign

. ,
Abd a l Mumen th e nomin a l re pres entative o f th e d e

- -
,
s troy in g p ri n ciple o f fa n a tici s m w as th e a dmirin g ,
patron o f I bn To f a il I bn Zohr an d Averro es three

-
,
-
, ,
o f th e g rea tes t writers w h o ever emb elli s he d by th e ir
ta l en ts th e li terature o f a n y a ge Th e a chievem en ts .
o f th e A lh am a res o f G ra n a d a in th e w orld o f a rt a n d
s ci en c e a n d th e cul tu re o f th ei r c ourt— th e l a s t re fug e

,
o f l ea rn i n g i n m edi aeva l Euro p e— f orm th e m o s t a t
tra ctiv e e pi s o de in th e a nn a l s o f th e thirteen th a n d

f ourteen th cen turi es .
E n co ura ge d by th e ex a mple a n d th e pa tron a ge o f

roya lty th e m en ta l d e vel o pm en t o f th e m as s es a d
,
va n ced w i th gig a n tic s tride s Th e s pirit o f pro gre s s

.
,
th e in c en tive s o f a l ofty a mbi ti on a n ima ted a ll o rders ,
an d con di ti on s o f m en S o u n ivers a l wa s th e thirs t f or

.
kn owle dge th a t even th e blin d though h amp ere d by ,
th e un kin dn es s o f n ature we re s till a ble in th at a g e

, ,
o f i n te ll e c tu a l riv a l ry to a tta i n a high ra n k in th e

,
s c a le o f litera ry exc ell en c e Th e rhymi n g di cti on a ries

.
,
s ugg es tive m emori a l s o f p e rv erte d a n d l a b orio u s i n
g en ui ty ; th e im p a s s i on e d p o em s born o f a tro pica l ,
cl im e a n d a s en s u al religi on ; th e un prec eden ted a n d

ra pid p ro gres s a tta in ed i n th e ex a c t s cien c es ; th e
volu min ou s work s on theolo gy and hi s tory a n d th e ,
in credibl e eruditi on o f their a uth ors th e n umerous ,
un ivers i ti es th e gran d lib ra ri es th e c omp etitive ex

, ,
ami n a ti on s , th e pub li c c on tes ts f or litera ry pre ce

den ce a n d roya l fa vor a ttes t a de gree o f en lighten
,
ment little to b e exp e cte d fro m a p eo ple s prun g fro m

a ba rb a ri a n a n d idol a trou s a n c es try a n d a re a l l th e ,
more rema rk a ble wh en con tra s te d with th e d egra da

ti on o f c on temp ora n eou s Europ e F an atici s m a n d .
prej u dic e clos e d to th e in qui s itive min d of th e M os

lem s ome o f th e mos t imp ortant s tores o f cla s s ic
wi s dom F or whi le th e n a tu ra l philos o ph ers a n d

.
,
his tori a n s o f Ath en s w ere s tu di e d with th e gre a tes t

a s s iduity , M o ha mme da n pi ety re j e c te d with a bhor
ren c e th e s u bh m e c rea ti on s of G re ci a n p o etry on
a cc o u n t o f th e g ros s ficti o n s o f i ts myt h o l o gy s o re ,
p u g n a n t to th e e x a lte d id ea s o f th e un ity a n d p erf ec

ti on o f G o d . N or w a s th e fi ery a n d im p a s s i on e d
n a tu re o f th e Ar a b c a p a b l e o f a pp reci a tin g th e dig
n i ty o f h ero ic v ers e o r th e m ea s u re d c a den c e a n d
m a j e s tic p omp o f th e Attic dra ma I t d elighte d .
in s tirrin g lyrics s a tiric a l e pigra m s a m a tory s on g s

, , ,
a n d p a th e tic el e gi a c l a ys Th e m a rk e d i n flu en c e ex
.
e rte d by Ara bic p o etry o n th e civiliz a ti o n o f E uro p e
h a s a lrea dy b een re f erre d to in th e s e p a g es I ts .
m a tter i s fre qu en tly o verlo a de d with qu a in t con

c e i ts a nd O bs cu re a llu s i on s its lucidity h a bitu a lly
,
s a crific e d to difficult f ea ts o f rhym e i ts s tyle d i s fi

g
,
u red by e x tra v a g a n t m eta ph or a n d hyp erb o l e L o ve .
o f th e b ea u tiful th e m a rv ell ou s th e s up ern a tu ra l w ere

, ,
th e m o s t p ro min en t ch a ra c teri s tic s o f Ara bic writers ,
a n d fro m th e e ff e cts o f th es e n a ti on a l p ro p en s itie s
e ven dig n ifi e d w ork s o n s ci en ti fic s ub j e cts were n ot
en ti rely free .
L ea rn e d a n d vo lumin ou s a s were th e pu rely literary

pro ducti on s o f th e H i s p an o — Ara b s ch o la rs th ey were ,
o f s e c o n d a ry imp o rta n c e wh en c o mp a re d wi th th e
p ra ctic a l a chie vemen ts o f th e e xp erim en ters in th e

world o f s cien ce Th e S a ra c en s in tro duc ed in to W es t
.
ern Eu ro p e th e I n di a n n u m era l s th e ta bul a te d ob

,
s erv ati o n s o f B a byl on a n d th e di s c o v eri es

, o f th e
a s tron o m ers o f th e Al e x a n d ri a n S ch oo l Th es e wi s e .
in ves tig a tors e x a min e d th e e ff e ct o f gra vity an d n ar ,
rowl y mi s s e d a s c erta in i n g its p rin cipl e s ; th ey con

s tru c te d th e p en dulum clo ck a n d th e b a l a n c e ; th ey
e xpl a in ed wi th p ers picui ty a n d e x a ctn es s th e o rigin o f
m an y hith erto mys teri ou s phys ic a l o ccu rren c e s which

p opu l ar ign ora n ce wa s a ccu s to med to as crib e to s u p er
un iv ers e th e H i s p an o Ara b a s in th e i n ve s tig ation

,
-
,
o f o th er n a tu ra l ph en o m en a a n d i n th e s o lu ti o n Of
a b s tru s e phil o s o phic a l p ro bl e m s evin c e d a ra re a n d

,
p e culi ar a ptitude I n M oori s h S p a in a s i n C h a ldea

.
, ,
B a bylon i a a n d a n ci ent E gy p t— wh ere a l l as tron omers

,
were p ri es ts — th e s an ctu ary o f G od w as in p art d e

vote d to th e s tudy o f th e mo s t s ublime an d won d erful
o f H i s c rea ti on s th e vi s ibl e h e a v en s
, G n o m ou s a s tro .
,
la be s di Op tra s s ols titi a l a n d equin o ctia l a rmils were

, , ,
pla c e d up on th e min a rets o f th e mos t s a cre d templ es .
Th e c a lcul a ti o n s o f th e ob s erver were c ompl ete d i n th e

a c a d e mic a l i n s tituti on which M os l em tra diti on a n d
pra c tic e c a u s e d to b e a tta ch e d to e very buildin g con

s e cra ted to th e wo rs hip o f Alla h No pro fes s i on .
ra n k e d high er th a n th a t o f th e a s tron om er Th e .
s o v ere ign l o a d ed him wi th w ea lth a n d h o n o rs I n th e .
mos qu e h e w a s re c e ive d with a c o n s id era ti on n o t in

feri or to th at e x a cte d by th e mos t rev ere d e xp ou n ders
o f th e M o h a mm e d a n l a w Th e p o pul a c e re c o gn izin g
.
,
in h im a my s teri ou s p ers on a g e w h o in s e cret h eld com

mun i on with oth er worlds an d too o ften c on foun din g ,
him with th e a s trolo ger g a ve w a y as h e tra vers e d th e

,
s treets , a n d i n whi s p ers s p o k e o f him a s th e h ei r o f
th e wi s do m o f S o l o m o n a n d a s a m orta l in v es te d with
s up ern a tu ra l p o w ers Th e s tudy o f th e h ea v en s w a s
.
grea tly promote d by th e p ro gre s s m a de in th e s cien ce

o f o p tic s a n d by th e lucid expl a n ati o n o f illu s i on s d u e
,
to a tm o s ph eric re fra cti o n I n thi s w a y th e twin klin g

.
o f th e s ta rs th e a pp a ren t i n e qu a lity o f th e h o riz o n ta l

,
a n d vertic a l di a m eters o f th e pl a n ets a n d th e

p ro ,
l on g a tion o f th e d a y a fter s un s et w ere a cc o un te d f o r .
Th e in v en ti o n o f th e tel es co p e th e c o mp a ri s on o f ob
,
s erv a ti on s ta k en a t widely di s ta n t s ta ti on s i n ev ery
p orti on o f th e glo be th e p erfe cti on o f a pp a ratu s

,
which mea s ures weigh s a n d s e pa ra tes the c o mpon ent

, ,
el em en ts o f ou r a tm os ph e re th e i n tellig en t a pplic a
,
ti on o f th e p rin cipl es o f phys ic s a n d th e p ro g res s ive ,

e xp eri en c e o f n ne i hun dre d years h ave n ot a ff ected

th e d e fin i ten es s a n d s ci en tific a ccura cy o f th es e c on
e lu s ion s .
Th e S p a n i s h M o s l em s p o s s es s ed b oth terres tria l an d

c eles ti a l glo b es ; s ome were c omp o s e d o f bra s s o thers ,
o f m a s s y s ilv er Th eir a s tron omic a l in s truments were

.
b eautifully ma d e a n d were gra du a ted with th e,
greates t min u ten es s a n d precis i on Th ey h a d ten dif .
feren t kin d s o f qu a dra n ts on e o f th e mos t in gen i ou s

,
a n d co mpl ete h a vi n g b een i n ven te d by A l Z a rk a l O f -

,
T ole do Th ey m a de u s e o f clo cks mo ve d by wa ter

.
,
s a n d a n d w e igh ts
, Th e Ara bic a rmill a ry s pheres a n d
.
a s trol a b es p re s e rv e d i n th e mu s eum s o f Eu ro pe a re
n ot s u rp a s s ed by th e m o s t l a b o ri ou s e ff o rts o f mo dern
in gen uity in exc ell en c e o f fin is h a n d in th e a ccura cy,
o f a dj u s tm en t which impli es th e po s s e s s i on by th e
a rti s a n o f a c o mp ete n t kn o wl e dge o f th e d elic a te
Operati on s f o r which they were in ten de d I t mu s t n ot .
b e forgo tten th a t thes e in s trum en ts through whos e ,
a gen cy s uch w on de rful re s ul ts were a chi eved will ,
comp a re fa vora bly i n el eg an ce o f co n s tructi on with

th e o ptic a l a ppli a n ce s o f th e b es t equipp ed o b s erv a
tory o f to d a y -
.
To fa cilita te th e i n v es tig a tion s o f th e n a tu ra l h i s

tori a n th ere w ere n ume rou s z ool o gic a l c o ll e c ti on s
, ,
where th e h abits a n d ch a ra cteris tics o f a n imals a n d

birds o f every des criptio n c ould b e o bs erved a n d n oted
f or th e p re s en t en te rta in men t a n d future p ro fit o f
ma n kin d Th e roya l bota n ica l g a rden s c o n ta i n e d a n
.
en dl es s v a ri ety o f pl a n ts b oth i n dig en ou s a n d ex otic

, ,
cultiva te d f o r th eir b rillia n t foli a ge th eir gra teful ,
fra gra n c e or th eir culin a ry a n d m e dici n a l vi rtu es

, .
Th e p orten tou s d evel o pmen t o f Arabic in tellectu a l

a ctivity p res en ts o n e o f th e m o s t i n teres ti n g a n d in
s tru ctive ex a mpl e s o f p rog res s in th e hi s tory o f th e
human min d Th e B ed ouin w a s a typic al barb a ri a n

.
an d freeb ooter H e h a d no org an iz e d go vern men t

.
,
and a ckn o wle dged n o p erma n en t a uth ority Wi th o ut .
a s ettl ed h a b ita ti o n h e d es pi s e d a ll wh o pu rs u e d th e
,
a vo c a ti o n s o f p ea c e H e s ub s i s te d by pilla g e H i s
. .
religi on w as d eb as e d c ru el id o l a trou s
, , With th e ex
.
c ep ti o n o f a f ew p oem s a n d s o m e co ll ecti on s o f ta les
re c ou n tin g th e expl o i ts o f s pi rits a n d m a gici a n s he ,
h a d n othin g which c ould b e dign ified by th e n a me Of

litera ture I t i s tru e th a t h i s l a n gu a ge w a s on e o f th e
.
mos t c o pi ou s a n d flexible ever de vi s ed b y m a n b ut its ,
p owers h a d n ever b een tes ted a n d w ere pra ctic a lly u n

kn own E ven th e c ou ra ge o f th e A ra b w a s n ot ex
.
empt from s u s pici on a n d h e n otori ou s ly p re fe rre d th e

,
a dv a n ta g es o f a mbu s c a d e a n d s u rp ri s e to th e m ore
h a z a rd ou s e n c oun ter o f th e o p en field Almo s t h is .
s o l e c erta i n ly hi s m o s t c o n s picu ou s
, virtu e w a s h os
,
p ita lity ; b u t e very con s id era ti on o f fri en d s hip a n d

c ou rtes y w a s forg otten a s s oon as th e gu es t o f the
n igh t h a d quitted th e p re cin c ts o f h i s c a mp Th e .
p rev a len c e o f s uch c on di ti on s w a s i t mu s t b e a dmitted

, ,
e mi n en tly u n fa vo ra ble to th e en c oura g emen t o f

s ci en c e a n d l etters. Th e Arab c on qu eror th ere fore , ,
i n th e p ro s e cution o f hi s litera ry c a reer o w ed n o thin g

,
to th e u s u a lly p o werful in flu en c e o f n a ti on a l tra di ti on

a n d e x a mpl e . H i s firs t im p orta n t a ct w as th e d e
s tru ctio n o f th e g rea t lib ra ry o f Al ex an d ri a hi s s ec ,
on d th e s p oli a ti on o f th e m o n um en ts o f th e P h a raoh s ,
a n d th e ra zi n g— in o rd er to o bta i n m a teri a l s f o r h is
o w n i n feri or c on s tructi on s — O f th e v a s t s tructu res o f
G reek a n d Rom a n a n tiquity which a dorn e d th at

fa mou s c a pita l Th e th oro ugh n es s with which this
.
work w a s a cc ompli s h e d i s demon s tra te d b y th e total

a b s en c e o f a n y rem a i n s o f th o s e s up erb e dific es whi ch
were a like th e prid e o f th e M a c edon i a n dyn a s ty an d

th e b oa s t o f th e a g e o f Augu s tu s a n d H a d ri a n In .
th es e a cts Of vi o len ce h e on ly fo ll ow e d th e i n h erent

des tructive a n d pre datory in s tin cts o f h i s ra c e Con .
ta ct wi th civiliz a ti on a n d e xp eri en c e o f its b enefits ,

di er w h o in th e p a rtiti on o f empi re re ce iv e d a s his

, , ,
s h a re th e a n ci en t d omi n i on o f Egypt purs u e d a ,
di a m etric a lly O pp os ite c ou rs e in th e p o licy h e a do p ted

f o r th e p ro m oti o n o f e duc a ti on a n d litera ture He .
un ite d th e culture o f M a c e don a n d th e ven era ble tra

d i ti on s o f th e civiliz a ti on o f P ers i a with th e exp eri en ce
g a in e d in ma n y c a mp a ign s H i s s ke ptic a l a n d a rbi
.
tra ry n a tu re h a d li ttle s ymp a thy with th e a b j e c t s up er

s ti ti o n s o f h i s Egyp ti a n s ubj e cts a n d s till l es s with
,
th e d es p otic p reten s i on s o f th ei r p ri es th oo d H is p os i .
ti o n a s rul er i n v e s te d him with a lmo s t th e o c ra tic al

a uth o ri ty . S c a rc ely w a s h e s eated up on th e th ron e
be fo re a ra dic a l ch a n g e w a s res olve d up on Th e .
g en iu s o f P tolemy imp ell e d him to a ttempt th e mo di

fica ti on o f a s ys tem s a n ctified by th e p ra ctice o f im
,
m emo ri a l a n tiquity in s uch a w a y th at its o utwa rd

,
ob s erv a n c e w ould n o t b e re pug n a n t to G reek i n telli
g en c e n or by th e vi o la ti on o f lon g es ta bli s h e d p rej u

,
-
dic es th e s tabili ty o f th e n ewly c on s tituted go vern

,
men t b e en da n g ered To a cc o mpli s h thi s en d th e

.
,
wors hip o f S e ra pi s th e re pres en ta tive o f O ri ental

,
P a n thei s m w a s i ntro duc e d This s tra n g e co ordin a

,
.
-
ti on o f Sk e p tici s m a n d idol a try w a s p ro ductiv e o f

rem a rk a ble c o n s e qu en c es Th e E gyp ti a n s a dm itted
.
with en thu s i a s m a n ew g od in to th ei r P a n th eon The .
P tolema ic dyn as ty w a s pla c e d up on a firm a n d en

d u ri n g b a s is I n th e ma gn ific en t templ e wh ere w as
.
en s h ri n e d th e im a g e o f th e divi n ity wh os e n om in al ,
wo rs hip be c a me o f s u ch imp orta n c e to futu re civiliza

ti on a g ra n d i n s ti tu ti on o f lea rn i n g tota lly u n li ke a ny
, ,
th a t h a d hith erto imp a rte d i n s tru cti on to m a n wa s ,
es ta bli s h e d .C on s ideration s o f p ra ctic a l u tility were

re c o gn iz e d as th e s o le a n d l e gitim a te ob j e cts o f its
fou n da ti on O bs erva tio n e xp erim en t de ba te o ccu

.
, , ,
pie d th e le i s ure o f its p ro fes s o rs Th e p rin cipl es of

.
ev ery kn own s ci en c e wh os e a pplic a ti on c oul d en u re to
th e b en e fit of hum a n ity— me dicin e s u rg ery as tron , ,

o my ,botan y phys ic s — were exp oun ded in its h all s

,
.
I ts libra ry s ub s equ ently d es troyed by A mru w a s th e

, ,
grea tes t c ollecti on o f b ooks ever a s s embled i n an cien t

times Th e fa me o f thi s grea t un ivers ity s o o n s prea d
.
thro ugho ut th e world Th e n u mb er o f s tud en ts wh o

.
a tten de d i ts l ectures w a s in cre dibl e n ot in fre qu en tly ,
rea ch i n g th e en orm ou s figu re o f thi rteen tho u s a n d .
The ir a mb ition w a s ex c ite d by th e p res en ce o f th e

s o vereign wh o o ften a s s s te d i n th e exp erim en ts a n d
, i
p a rticipated i n th e di s cu s s i on s .
Th e m os t p romin en t ch a ra cteri s ti c o f this un iqu e

e duc a ti on a l in s ti tuti on w a s th e c a tholic Spi ri t which
it m a n ifes ted towa rd s th e re p res en tatives o f h os tile

religio u s s ys tem s P a ga n i s m w as th e reco gn iz e d w or
.
s hip Of th e s tate I ts templ es were num ero us i ts

.
,
c eremon i als o f s a crifice divi n a tion and a ugury were

, ,
p erfo rm ed with every a cc es s ory which c oul d b e a f

fo rd ed by un limi ted wealth an d pro diga l mun ificen ce .
Y et th e philos o phica l d o ctri n es con s ecra ted b y a h oa ry

a n tiqui ty an d wh os e s tudy h a s giv en ris e to mo d ern
,
a g n o s tici s m were highly es teem ed by th e educ ate d

,
clas s es o f Egypt I t w a s to fa cil itate th eir i n trod uc

.
ti on an d a cc ep tan ce th a t th e s coffing G reek s h a d con

s en te d with m o ck s ol emn i ty to p ros tra te th ems e lves
be fore the a ltar o f S era pis Th e J ew els ewh ere .

,
des pi s ed readi ly foun d a res p e ctful audi en ce f or h i s

,
mon o th ei s tic p rin ciples in th e c os mop olitan s o ci ety o f

Al ex an dri a a n d wh a t w as to him of f a r grea ter
, ,
momen t an o pp ortun ity to rea p en ormous p ro fits

,
from th e commerc ia l a dva n ta ges o ff ered by th e mos t

flouris hi n g metrop oli s in th e world Th e fa ble d gen e .
a lo gie s o f th e O lympi a n de iti es were p erus e d by
J ewis h s ch olars with th e s a me atten ti on if n ot with ,
th e s a m e res p e ct as th e s a cred l eg en ds o f th e H ebrew

,
ra c e
. Th e p oems o f H om er s urvived to d elight p os
teri ty th ro ugh th e edi ti on s o f th e Al ex a n dri a n M u
s eum ; th e Greek vers ion o f th e Ol d T es tam ent kn o wn ,
as th e S eptu ag in t p ubli s h e d by P tolemy P hil a d el

,
h u s i s s ti ll an a u th o ri ty wi th eru di te th eo lo gi a n s
p ,
.
Th e s pirit o f in qu iry w a s th e domi n a tin g factor of

th e P to l ema ic e duc ati on a l a n d phil os ophic a l s ys tems .
Every hyp othes i s was rej ecte d whi ch coul d n ot s tan d

th e tes t of p ra cti ca l experi ment a n d dem on s tra ti on .
No fa ct wa s con s idered too in s ign i fic an t to b e ma de

th e s ubj ect o f in telli g en t a n d exh a u s tive s c ru tin y .
Th e m os t ab s trus e p ro b l em s o f ma th em a tic a l an d
phys ic a l s ci en c e th e mos t Obs cure an d difficul t qu es
,
ti on s c on c ern in g l ife— i ts origin i ts pro g res s i ts d e

, ,
ca y — w ere d a ily p ro p os e d f or i n v es tig a ti on a n d s ol u
ti on . Th e s tu dy o f bio lo gy w a s on e o f th e fa vo rite
purs uits o f th e Al ex an dri a n S chool an d it i s n ot ,
im p os s ible tha t topi cs which in recent y ea rs ha ve s o

dee ply en g a ge d the atten tion o f th e lea rn e d m ay h a ve
b een a s ubj ect o f its p ro foun d and lab ore d dis qu i s i
ti on s . Am ong th es e was p erh a p s th e do ctrin e o f the
, ,
S u rviva l o f th e F ittes t which w a s n ot un fa mi li ar to

,
th e Greek s f or its a do p ti on i s a dvo c ated b y P l a to in

,
h i s R e publ i c an d i ts p ra ctic al a pp li c ation was lon g a

,
lea din g prin c iple o f th e C o de o f L a cedaemon The .
ra ti on a l proc edu re em pl oy e d in th e s t ud y o f m e dicin e
an d s urg ery was mo s t fa vo ra b l e to th e pros ecuti on o f
b i ologica l an d phys iol ogi ca l res ea rch T h es e s ci en ces .
were es tablis hed u p on th e s oli d foun d ation o f a n a

,
tomi cal d emon s trati on .A uto p s i es and vivi s ections

were o f d a ily o ccurren c e Th e a ctive p articip ati on o f
.
th e kin g s in th e o p eration s o f th e cl in i c w as d u e no ,
doubt to a des ire to di s c over th e s ecret o f lon gevity

, ,
a n d to j u s tify b y th eir s an c tion

pro ceedin gs which the
prej udi ces o f all th e ra ces o f an ti qui ty bran ded a s
d es ecrations a cti ons a b h orren t to rev eren c e a n d d e
,
c en cy M an y n ot able di s co veri es w ere the res ult o f

.
th es e en lighten ed method s Th e offices o f th e inter

.
n al org a n s th e ra m i fica ti on s o f th e venou s s y s tem

, ,
th e form and conv oluti on s o f th e brain th e

p he ,
g ig a nti c a dv an c e w a s a cc ompli s h e d T h e h ea ven s

.
were ma pp ed out an d th e c on s tella ti on s d efin ed The .
s ta rs w ere c ata l ogu e d . Th e m oti on s o f th e p l a nets

were obs erved an d c o mp a red a n d th e erroneous but
,
plau s ible s ys tem o f e cc en tric s a n d e pi cycles in ven ted

to a c c o un t f or th e v a ri o u s ph a s es th ey p res en ted at
di ff eren t tim es Th e globular f orm o f th e earth was
.
demon s tra ted to th e s atis fa ction o f ev ery intellig ent

min d The me ch ani s m a n d cycles o f e cli p s es th e p re
. ,
ces s ion o f th e e quin o x es th e firs t a n d s econ d in equali

,
ti es o f th e moon were e xpla in e d E s ti mates more or

.
,
les s a pproximated to corre ctn es s were ma d e o f th e ,
dim en s ion s o f th e glo be I ts s urfa ce w a s delin eated

.
,
i ts clim a tes d es cribe d hyp oth e s es to a c count f or th e

,
ph en omen a of its a tmos phe ric ch an g es a dva n ced B e .
s id es th os e a l rea dy re f erre d to a ll s ci en c es o f a p rae

,
tic a l ten den cy—g eo metry b o ta n y n atura l hi s tory

, ,
were a ccorded a pla c e in th e c o u rs e o f th e M u s eum ;

ev en th e ordi n arily p ro hibi te d s tudi es o f a s trol o gy and
divin ati on were n ot excluded Th e n ames o f s uch .
m ath ematici an s as Euclid Archimed es an d C onon ;

, ,
o f s u ch a s tron omers a s P to l emy a n d H ipp a rc hus ; of
s u ch g e og ra ph ers a s E ra tos th en es ; o f s u c h g eom eters
a s A p oll oni u s P e r aeu s ; o f s uch o rn i th ol ogi s ts a s Cal

g
li mach u s ; o f s u ch p o ets a s Th eo critu s an d Ly c ophron ,
s ugg es t th e i n fin i te Oblig a ti on s o f p os terity to the
n o b l e in s titu ti on e s ta bli s he d by P to l emy P hil a del phus
a t th e mo uth o f th e N ile . F ro m s uch a s ourc e was d e

rived th e in s pi ra ti on o f Ar a b i n te llectu a l pro g res s th at
pres erv ed and multipli e d th e p re ci ous literary treas

ures in which were e mb o di ed th e wi s dom and the
a chi evem en ts o f a n tiquity Th a t in s pi rati on w a s how
.
,
ev er d es tin ed to l o n g rem a i n d orm a nt

, A mel a n choly .
p eri o d o f eleven c en tu ri es o f big otry ferocity and , ,
ign oran c e s ep ara tes th e Al e x a n dri an M u s eum from

th e Un ivers ity o f C ord o v a .
To th e un riva lled c a p a bilities of th e Ara b i c lan

MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR OPE 443
gua ge w a s prin cip al ly d ue th e s ucces s o f th os e wh o

emplo y e d i t i n a l l b ra n ch es o f li tera tu re Tha t rich
.
an d s on o ro u s idiom i s ola te d f o r c en turi es in th e

,
D es ert h a d been forme d an d p erfe cte d with out c on

,
ta m in a ti on by ex tra n eou s i n flu en c es Th e p eculi a ri

.
ti es o f i ts a lph a b et th e i n fin ite multitude o f i ts terms

, ,
th e c o mpl e xi ty o f i ts con j u g a ti o n s a n d th e o b s cu rity

,
o f s tyle which i ts w riters reg a rd a s a n e xc e ll en c e
wo rthy o f a s s iduo u s cul tiva tion ren der i ts ma s tery by

,
on e n ot n a tiv e to th e s o il a ta s k o f a h n o s t in s up era ble
difficulty Th e p erfe ction o f i ts gra mma r a n d th e el e

.
gan ce o f its con s tructi on imply ma n y cen turies o f u s e

a n d much litera ry p ra c tic e f o r th e i r e s ta bli s h m en t .
E a ch trib e h a d co n tribute d to its c o piou s v o ca bula ry .
Th e n umb er o f s yn o n ym s by which o bj e cts o f com

mon o ccurren c e o r h a bitua l u s a g e a re d e s ign a te d i s
en o rmo u s I t c o n ta in s e ighty n a mes f o r h o n ey tw o
.
,
hun dre d f or a s erp en t fiv e hun dred f o r a lion on e

, ,
th ou s a n d f o r a s w ord I t h a s e x erte d a m a rke d a n d

.
perman en t i n flu en ce on th e idi o ms a n d th e litera ture

o f Eu ro p e M a n y o f ou r mos t fa mili a r E n gli s h terms
.
h a ve co me down from it un a ltered F ren ch a boun ds .
i n wo rd s a n d e xp re s s i on s d e ri ved fro m th e s a m e
s ourc e . S p an i s h h as been c a lle d a c orrupt Ara bic d i a
lect a n d i ts richn es s in proverb s i s d u e to th e u s e o f
,
th a t ton gu e i n th e P en i n s ul a f or n in e hun dred y e a rs .
Th e in flu en c e o f th e S icili a n M o s l ems on Ita li a n i s

very a pp a ren t Th e Roma n ce la n gu a ges were la rgely
.
Ara bic a n d H ebrew Thi s exub eran ce ga ve th e po et

.
a n imm en s e a dva n ta g e f o r th e e x erci s e o f h i s ta l en ts .
Th e p eri o dic a l li tera ry a s s embli e s p o pula r i n Ara bi a

, ,
h a d th e e ff e ct o f impro vin g th e diction o f th e com

p etitors a n d co n tributed g re a tly to th e emb elli s hmen t
,
o f th e l a n gu a g e i n which th ei r p o em s w ere c omp o s e d .
F a cility o f v ers ification w a s s o comm on th at its p os

s es s i on w a s n ot re g a rd e d a s a n a cc ompli s hm en t ex ,
ce pt wh ere i t pro du ce d res ults den otin g unus ua l

a bili ty S o m an y words h a ve a s imi lar termi n ation i n

.
Ara bic th at i n p o em s o f cons idera ble len gth th e s a me

,
rhym e i s a ltern a tely m a d e u s e o f fro m b e g in n in g to
en d . Imp rovi s atori a l s kill s o highly es teeme d by th e

,
M o ors w a s ra th er m ech an ic a l th a n th e res ult o f p oeti c

,
in s pira ti o n a n d w a s imm en s ely fa cilita te d by th e

,
a bun d a n c e o f te rm s a t th e c o mm a n d o f th e p oet wh o s e ,
min d w as tra in e d to thi s men ta l e xerci s e from child

h oo d Ara bic vers ificatio n rea dily a da pts its elf to
.
e very qu a n ti ty a n d v a ri a ti on o f n um b ers re qui re d by
th e p ra ctic e o f th e a rt o f p oetic a l c o mp os i ti on I t is .
la vi s h i n th e u s e o f meta pho r s imile a n tithes i s I n , ,

.
el e g a n c e o f s tyl e i n b rilli a n cy o f e xp res s i on

,
a n d in ,
fertil ity o f fan cy it p res en ts e x a mples n ot i n feri or to

th e fin es t m o d els o f cl a s s i c a n tiqu i ty I ts cha ra c .
teri s ti c ex tra v a g a n c e w a s th e res ult o f n a tion a l tas te ,
a ta s te O f ten p erv erted by a p a s s i on f o r th e w ei rd a n d
th e s up ern a tu ra l I t d elights in th e rep re s en tati on o f

.
a b s tra c ti on s a s m a teri a l b ein g s ; i t b es to ws l if e a n d

s p ee ch up on th e z e phyr a n d th e ro s e Th e pl a y o f .
word s i n which i t a bou n ds th e e la bora te an d qu ai nt ,
con c eits de p en d en t upon pro n un ci a ti on a n d upon

ph ra s es s u s c eptibl e o f vari e d s ign ific a n c e while they ,
m a y ob s cure th e diction a re n ever s u ff ere d to inter

,
fere with th e h a rm on y Th e viva city o f Ara bic p oetry

.
i s on e o f i ts grea te s t ch a rms I ts im a g ery i s b o rn o f

.
th e fi ery ima gi n a ti on o f th e E a s t ; i ts p ro fici en cy i n th e

delin e ati on o f hum a n p a s s i on i s th e fruit o f c en turies
o f s tudy re fl e cti on
, a n d j ea l o u s riva l ry
, P erfect .
fa mili a rity with th e p oems o f th e p re I s l a mic B ed -
ou i n s reg a rd e d a s m o d el s b y ev ery g en erati on o f th ei r

,
d es c en dan ts w a s c on s id ered a n in dis pen s a ble qu alifi

,
c a ti on o f every w ell in forme d s ch ola r Th e Ara bs

-
.
were s o deeply im pre s s e d b y th e p oten t i n fluen c e of

p oetic al g en iu s th a t th ey a s s ign e d i t a pl a c e a mon g
th e k ab b a l a o f m a gic a l s ci en c e Rhymes were intro .
d u ced into th e m os t s o lemn dis cus s ion s An im .

les s merit a n d p ro pri ety i n to th ei r s ta te p a p ers Th e .
p as s port given to th e grea t s ch o lar I bn Kh a ldun by -
M o h a mm ed V Kin g o f G ra n a d a w as written in
.
, ,
rhyme .
I n th e cl a s s ific a ti on o f s ub j e cts a m a tory p o em s as

, ,
in a ll c oun tri es which a ckn o wl e dg e th e p o w er o f th e

lyric mu s e cl a im p re c ed en ce I t i s o bvi ou s ly u n fa i r
,
.
to j udg e H i s p a n o Ara b p oetry by th e a cc e p te d rule s

-
o f m o d ern c ri tici s m Th e tota ll y di ff eren t c o n diti on s

.
o f s o ci ety th e e duc a ti o n o f a n a udi en c e wh os e id ea s o f

,
litera ry exc ellen c e a n d c orre ctn es s o f e xp res s i on w ere

s tron gly a t v a ri a n ce with o u rs ; th e s imil e s n ow ob ,
s cure bu t th e n full o f m ea n i n g to th e a pp re ci a tive

,
li s ten er th e idi oms o f a cOp io u S a n d ex tremely com

,
plic ate d l an gu a ge bu t imp erfe ctly un ders too d by th e

mo s t a cc o mpli s h e d s ch ola rs o f ou r d ay ign ora n c e o f ,
th e phy s ic a l en vi ro n men t o f th e w riter th e di s ta n c e ,
a n d vici s s i tud es o f n i n e c en tu ri es a ll c o n tribu te to ren

,
d er th e fo rm a tio n o f a n a ccura te a n d imp a rti a l o pin i on

o n th e m erits o f Ara b p oetry a n a rdu ou s in dee d a n ,
a h n o s t h o p el e s s ta s k
, .
Th e ex a lte d p o s iti o n o ccupi e d by w om en u n d er th e

Ara b domin a ti on in S p a i n g a ve th e m a n i n flu en ce ,
a n d in ves te d th em wi th a n imp o rta n c e e l s e wh ere un ,
kn own i n th e M oh a mm ed a n wo rld Thi s p eculi ar .
s o ci a l c o n di ti on h a d a ten d en cy to res tra in th e s en s u a l
i n s tin cts o f th e b a rd n ot y et en tirely em an cipa ted

,
fro m th e c oa rs e tra diti on s o f th e D e s ert while at th e ,
s a m e tim e i t en c o u ra g ed th e cultiva ti on o f g en ero u s
a n d lo fty s en tim en ts Admira ti on f o r th e qu a liti es

.
an d a cc o mpli s hmen ts o f th e mi n d g ra du a lly s u

“
p
pla n ted th e hyp erb olic a l pra i s e o f c orp o re al p erf ec
ti on which h a d hi th erto p re d o mi n a te d in th e c o mp os i
,
ti on s o f th e Ara bi a n p o et Th e v ers es o f th e l a ter era

.
o f th e kh a lif a te a llud e to th e p erfe cti on s a n d g ra c es
o f th e s ex i n term s o f h o n o r a n d v e n era ti on w orthy o f
th e n obl es t p a l a din o f chiv a lry Thi s a dmiration was

.
inten s ified by th e emin en t ra n k a tta in ed by man y

women in th e litera ry pro fes s i on Th e fema le rela .
ti ves o f kh a lifs a n d c o u rti ers vi ed with ea ch o th er in

th e p a tro n a g e a n d cultiva ti on o f letters Ayes h a th e .
,
da ughter o f P rin c e Ahmed exc elle d in rhyme and ,
oratory ; h er s p ee ch es a rou s e d th e tum ultuo u s en th u
s i as m o f th e g ra v e philo s o ph e rs o f C ord o va ; h er
libra ry w a s on e o f th e fin es t a n d mos t c ompl ete in th e
kin gdom Va l a da a p rin ces s o f th e Al moh a des
.
, ,
who s e p ers on a l ch a rms were n ot in feri o r to h er ta len ts ,
w a s ren own ed f or h er kn o wle dg e o f p oetry a n d

rh etoric ; h e r c o n vers a tion w a s rema rk a bl e f or i ts
depth a n d brillia n cy ; a n d i n th e a ca demic a l c on tes ts
,
o f th e c a pita l which a ttra cte d th e l e a rn e d a n d th e el o
quen t fro m every qu a rter o f th e P en in s ula S h e n ever ,
fa ile d wh ether in p ro s e or i n p o etic a l c omp o s ition to

, ,
di s tan c e all c omp etitors Al g a s an i a a n d S a fia b oth

.
,
o f S evill e were a l s o di s tin gui s h ed f or p oetica l a n d

,
o ra toric a l g en iu s ; th e l a tter w a s u n s u rp as s ed f o r th e
bea uty a n d p erfe cti on o f h er ca lligra phy ; th e s plen did

illum in ati on s o f h er ma n u s crip ts were th e des p a ir o f
th e mo s t a cc o mpli s h e d a rti s ts o f th e a g e Th e litera ry .
a tta i n m en ts o f Mi ri a m th e gifte d d a ughter o f A l

,
F a i s uh were fa mou s th rough o ut th e P en in s ula ; th e

,
cau s tic wi t a n d s a ti re o f h er e pigra ms were s a id to

h ave been un riva lled Umm al S a a d w a s fa mou s f or
.
- -
h er fa mili a rity with M o s lem tra ditio n La ban a of .

,
C ordova w a s th oroughly vers ed in th e ex a ct s cien ces ;

,
her ta l en ts were equ a l to th e s o luti on o f th e mo s t c om

plex geo metric a l a n d a lgebra ic problems a n d h er va s t ,
a cqu a in ta n c e wi th g en e ra l li tera tu re o bta in e d f o r h er
th e impo rta n t emplo ym en t o f p riv a te s e c re ta ry to th e

Kha lif A l H a k em II I n h erite d gen iu s f o r p oetic a l
-
.
comp o s i ti on j oin e d to c on s ta nt fa milia rity wi th i ts

,
ex erci s e th e ten den cy o f e a rly e duc a ti on th e in flu en ce

, ,
o f in tell e ctu a l a s s o ci ati on a n d e x a mpl e th e ex a lted ,
es tima ti on i n which p ro fici en cy i n i t w a s h eld th e ex ,

tra o rdi n a ry fa cility a ff orded by th e Ara b ic l an gu a ge

f or th e form ati on o f rhym e th e inh erent p re dile ction
,
o f th e A s i a tic f o r th e e mpl o ym en t o f e pig ra m hyp er ,
bo le a n d a lle g ory c a lle d in to e xi s ten c e a ra c e o f

, ,
j uven ile p oets wh o s e n um b er a n d a biliti es s eem in our ,
p ra c tic a l a n d un ima gi n ative a g e a bs olutely in credible

, .
I n rea din e s s o f im p ro vi s a ti on a n d quickn es s o f rep a r

tee th es e you thful rhym ers di s pl a ye d ta len ts s c a rc ely
to b e e xp ecte d o f th e m os t p re c o ci o u s in telle ct S o me .
o f th e rhymi n g c oupl ets c o mp os e d by th e child ren o f
M o ori s h S p a in which h a ve de s c en d e d to u s i n p ro ,
i t o f xp s i o n a n d e l e v a ti on o f f eeli n g i n a p t
p r e y e res ,
n es s o f c o mp a ri s on a n d in el eg an c e o f s tyl e a re n ot ,
i n feri o r to th e cla s s ic pro ducti on s o f educ a te d ma

tu ri ty .
No r w a s th e ta s te f o r delight in th e arts
and th e
o f e x temp ora n eou s c o mp os i ti on c on fin e d to th e emi
n en t a n d th e l ea rn e d ; a ll cl a s s es p ra c ti s e d i t a n d it w as,
s a id th a t i n th e di s trict o f S ilv es a lon e th ere w a s h a rdly
a l a b o rer to b e en c ou n tere d w h o c ou ld n o t imp rovi s e
cre dita ble vers es with fa cility Vo lum es d evote d to.
th e liv es a n d p ro duc ti on s o f th e p ri n c ely a n d n oble

p o ets o f An da lu s i a were publi s h e d ; th e p a l a ces o f
ro ya l ty a n d th e m a n s i on s o f th e g rea t f a i rly s wa rm ed
w ith m e n o f g en iu s a n d p oeta s ters gre edy o f w ea lth ,
a n d a mbi ti o u s o f ren ow n Th e a n ci en t a n d ven era ted

.
mo dels o f th e D es ert were n ever lo s t s ight o f i n the

p ro ducti on s o f M o s lem Eu ro p e Th e ir s trikin g p ecu
.
li a ri ti e s th ei r lo fty s en ti men ts th eir ob s cu re meta

, ,
p h o rs th ei r e x tra v a g a n t p an egyric s th ei r f a n ta s tic

, ,
im a ge ry were rega rded a s m erits which while they

, ,
might provoke would ever d e fy imitati on I n An da

, .
lu s i a ho w ever th e en la rg e d a n d human izi n g id ea s o f

, ,
a n a dv a n ce d civiliz a ti on th e s tea dy m a rch o f m a teri al

,
a n d i n tell e ctu a l i mp ro v em en t fa mili arity with the

,
literary ma s terpi ec es o f a n tiquity an d in terc ou rs e with

foreign n ati on s mo dified to s o m e exten t th e cha ra cter
,
id ol atrou s an d in d ec ent P oetica l n arrati on w as n ot

.
un f a ni ili a r to him b u t a len g thy hi s to ri c or a lle g oric al

,
c omp o s i ti on e ith er i n bla n k v e rs e or rhym e

, which ,
re quire d s u s ta i n e d a n d p rotra cte d a cti o n w a s b oth ,
re pug n an t to h i s tas te a n d b ey on d h i s p o w ers .
While love ditti es were th e fa vo rite pro ducti on s o f

-
th e H i s p a n o A ra b th e m arti a l lyric s o f b a ttl e a n d

-
,
tri um ph s o nn ets d e pic tin g th e pleas u res o f win e with

,
m o re th a n R o m an freed o m a n d th e mou rf ul el egi es ,
s ugg es te d by th e even ts o f a d e c a d en t e mpi re cl a im ed ,
a l a rg e p ro p o rti on o f th e e ff orts o f h i s p oetic g en iu s .
Am on g th e myri a d p oets wh o s e c om p os i ti on s h a ve
a d orn ed th e M o o ri s h d o mi n a ti on i n S p a i n i t i s d ifficult ,
to a tte mp t to di s tin gui s h a f ew o f s up eri or m erit ; y et

th e follo wi n g m ay b e d es ign a te d as m a s ters i n th at a rt
wh os e p o s s es s i on w a s a p a s s p ort a lik e to politi ca l emi
n en ce a n d p o pul a r ven era ti on I b n H as n I b n Zei d un .
-
,
-
,
o f C ordo v a Abb a s I b n Ah n a f were n oted f or the

,
- -
,
s weetn e s s a n d b ea uty o f th e i r a m orou s s on g s ; th e m ar
ti a l a i rs o f I b n Ch a f a d s ch a o f V a len ci a ch a n ted by
-
, ,
th e M o s l ems i n th e fron t o f b a ttl e a s s i s te d in turn in g ,
th e tid e o f m a n y a d oubtful d a y ; th e b a cch a n a li an

vers e s o f I bn S a id o f S e ville were th e delight o f the
-
, ,
c orru pt a n d vo luptu ou s An d a lus ian c a pita l a n d w ere ,
even s un g b y th e children in th e s treets ; th e k een
s ati res o f I b n A m m ar o f S ilv es — th e u nh a ppy m emo

-
ri es o f wh os e ea rly l ife p a s s e d in m en dicity tin ctured

, ,
h i s w ritin g s with bittern es s even wh en ra is e d by h i s

ta len ts to th e high es t p os ts i n th e ki n gd o m— s p a red
n eith er p ri n ce n or c ou rti er i n th ei r i n di s c rimi n a te a n d
pl a yful w i t ; A bul B eka o f Ron da I bn al L eb burn

-
, ,
- -
,
o f Mu rvi e d ro a n d I b n a l Kh ati b
, o f G ra n a d a
- -
de , ,
s crib e d, in l a n gu a g e o f in exp res s ib l e b ea uty a n d

p a tho s th e n a ti on a l c a l a miti es i n fli cted by C h ri s ti an
,
s up rem a cy — th e di s s olu ti on o f empi re th e d e s c era

, ,
ti on o f th e s a n ctu a ry th e di s m emb erm en t o f fa mili es

, ,
th e exi le o f th e v a n qu i s h ed th e h orrors o f s ervit u de

, .
Th e or din ary lyric s o f th e S p an i s h M o s lem s were

tech n ic a lly kn o wn a s th e K as id a a n d th e Gh a z a l an d , ,
in th e c omp os itio n o f b oth on ly th e a ltern a te vers es

,
were in rhym e Th e s o nn ets o f P etrarch a re mo delled

.
a fte r thi s p e culi a r me th o d o f v ers ific a ti on o r rath er ,
a fter i ts imita ti on s p reva l en t a m on g th e va g ra n t p o ets
o f S o u th ern Eu ro p e . I t w a s p rin cip a lly through th e

ex a mpl e a ff o rd e d by th e M oo ri s h kin gd o m o f S icily
th a t a n i n te lle ctu a l impul s e w as imp a rte d to th e fou n d

ers o f I ta li a n m edi aeva l litera tu re Th e M oh amm e
.
d a n p rin c es w h o g o v ern ed tha t fertile i s la n d were

gen erou s a n d en thu s i as tic p atron s o f letters Th e .
N orma n s wh os e en lighten e d s pirit pres erved with

,
li ttle mo dific a ti on th e la ws a n d cu s toms o f a civiliz a

ti on wh os e b en e fits w ere s o a pp a ren t en c ou ra g e d with
,
es p e ci a l fa vo r th e l a b ors o f th e Ara b mu s e Th e com .
pos iti on s o f th e S icili an p oets embo di e d prin ciples a n d

were go v ern ed by ca n on s id en tic a l with th os e in vo gu e
beyon d th e P y ren e es I n a l a n d a b oun din g i n cla s s ic
.
as s o ci a ti o n s th e s c en e o f milita ry a n d m a ritime ev en ts
,
upon wh os e i s s u e h a d de p en ded th e des tin y o f em

pires ; wh o s e s trikin g n a tura l fea tures h a d given ri s e
to th e m o s t ch a rmin g fic ti on s th a t a d orn th e p ro duc
ti on s o f a n tiqui ty a n d where th e a rchite ctura l mon u
,
men ts o f Gre ci a n ele gan c e a n d gran deur re ca lle d th e

ma gn ific en ce o f former a ges ; th e Ara b en velo p ed in ,
th e e xclu s iven e s s o f h i s ow n p ers on ality fettere d by ,
th e in flu e n c e o f i n h erited tra diti on n ev er d e p a rte d

,
from th e b ea ten tra ck o f h is a n c es tors P hys ica l en .
vi ron m en t un u s u a lly s o p oten t i n th e fo rm a ti on o f

,
tas te a n d th e mo dific a ti on o f n a ti on a l impuls e a n d

in di vidu a l ch a ra cteris tics pro duced n o vi s ibl e e ff ect
,
up on th e men ta l c on s titution o f th e M oori s h p oet .
Everythin g els e— phys iolo gica l p e culi a riti es th e gen ,
era l ten de n cy o f th ought th e n a tu re o f th e obj ects

,
o f in tell ectu a l in qui ry o pin i on s o f th e b en efits to b e

,
obta in e d from th e p ros ecuti on o f s ci en tific p urs ui ts ,

th e o ccup ation s d a ily life— un d erwen t ra dic al

of ,
chan ge s bu t th e m etho ds o f th e p oet re m ai n ed to

,
th e la s t i n v a ri a bl e Th e p ers is ten c e o f this s pirit

.
o f im m ob ili ty i s fu rth er d em on s tra ted b y th e p o p u
l a r b a lla d s o f th e con qu ero rs to wh o m th e M os lems

b equ eathe d it Th e s trikin g res embl an c e o f th e s on gs
.
o f th e tro u b a d ou rs to th o s e o f th e Ara b s in dic ate
pla i n ly th e s ou rc e wh en c e th e form er deriv e d th e ir in

s pi ra ti on O th er circum s ta n c es b a s ed up on n ation a l
.
,
cu s to ms go f a r towa rd s c on firmin g thi s o pin ion

,
.
Th e M o h a mm ed a n P en in s ul a a b o un d e d with i tin er
a n t rhym ers a n d s o nn eteers Th e y tra velled from
.
m a n s i on to m an s i on e veryw h ere welcom e d with j oy

,
a n d h o s pi ta li ty .Th ey a tten d e d th e p ers on o f th e

pri n c e Th ey form e d an in di s p en s able p art o f the
.
reti n u e o f ev ery g re a t h ou s eh old Th eir p oems were

.
ordin a rily imp ro vi s a ti on s ev ok e d by th e o c cu rren c es

,
o f th e mo m en t o r th e s ugg es ti o n s o f th e l o c a lity .
Th ei r comp en s atio n w a s gra tuitou s entirely d ep en d ,
en t up on th e c a p ric e o f th e p atron o r th e g en ero s i ty
o f th e a udi to ry Th e p rivile g e d ch a ra cter o f th eir

.
p ro fes s i on en a bl e d th em to u s e a b o ldn es s O f s p eech

a n d a free d o m o f c ritici s m which a n ordi n a ry p ers on
a g e w ould n ot h a v e d a re d to ex erci s e I n th e ir tra in

.
o ften fo ll ow e d th e s to ry tell er th e p ro to typ e o f the

-
,
j on gl eu r who s e lin ea l d es c en d an t m a y s till b e s een

,
a mu s in g with hi s co a rs e bu ff oon ery th e idl e cro wds o f
T a n gi er a n d C a iro .
Th e gra c e ful c ou rtes y a n d d e feren c e to th e s ex ,
which were th e in dis p en s a bl e a ttribu tes o f e very gal

lan t c a v a li er i n s h ort th e very g en iu s o f chivalry
, , ,
o rigi n a te d a m o n g th e S p a n i s h M o h a mm e d a n s The .
women o f C hri s ti a n Eu ro p e— exce pt i n c ountries in

fl u en ce d by M o s lem cultu re— fro m th e ten th to th e
fifteen th c entury rece ive d n o s uch s oc i a l co n s id erati on
a n d en j oy e d n o s uch educ a ti o n a l a dv a n ta g es as did
th ei r in fid el s i s ters o f th e P en i n s ul a I n S outhern .
4 54 H I ST ORY or TH E
—
h ad n ot hin g in comm on with th e c ol d an d s luggi s h
s pi rit o f th e N orth . Fra n c e a n d I ta ly were th e only
Eu ro p ea n c oun tri es wh os e b o un da ri es c oin cid e d with
th o s e o f th e M os l em s .I n b o th th e reviva l o f lea rn in g ,
a fter c en tu ri es o f d a rk n es s firs t a ros e F ra n ce w a s

,
.
th e a b o d e o f th e H ugu en o t a n d th e C a mi s a rd ; th e
birthpla c e o f H en ry IV a n d C o lign y ; th e s ea t o f th e
.
G rea t S chi s m which ren t th e C hu rch in twa in ; the

v an ta ge grou n d o f th e philos o ph ers w h o pre cipitated
-
th e frigh tful s truggl e f o r c ivil a n d religi ou s freed om

i n th e e ightee n th c en tury . I ta ly w a s th e l an d o f
G a lileo o f B run o o f S a v on aro la o f th e M e dici ; the
, , ,
h om e o f th e F lo ren tin e a c a demici a n s wh o s e la b ors a n d

,
e xp erim en ts e ff e cte d s o much f o r th e a dv a n c e m en t
o f s ci en c e ; th e s c en e o f th e m o s t ex ten s iv e rea cti on
a g a i n s t m e di ae v a l ig n o ra n c e — a m o v em en t i n au gu
,
ra te d i n th e imm e di a te n e ighb orh oo d o f R o m e a nd ,
i n d e fi a n ce o f th e v eh em en t p ro tes t o f th e P a p a l S ee .
Th e g rea tes t n a m es i n I ta li a n litera tu re i n s en s ibly

a ckn o wle dg e d th e ir O blig a ti on s to A ra bic p o etry by ,
a d o p ti n g th e s tyl e a n d rhythm o f i ts Eu ro p ea n imi ta
to rs th e tro ub a d o u rs
, .Th e p eerles s D a n te him s elf did
n ot di s d a i n to fo ll o w a n d to a dvo c a te th e o b s erv a n c e o f
i ts rules . Th e C a n z on i o f P etra rch p re s en t i nn um er

a bl e p o i n ts o f res embl a n c e to th e p ro ducti on s o f M OS
l em S icily . Ar i o s to i s g rea tly in d eb te d to E h n acin .
I n th e melo di o u s a n d ch a rmin g s o n g s o f L o ren z o th e ,
s a m e s o u rc es o f i n s pi ra ti on a re di s c ern ibl e a n d th e ,
s a me rhym e i s u s ed . I n E n gl a n d th e C a n terbury
,
T a les o f C h a ucer b ea r a n u n mi s tak a ble rela tion in

form an d metre to th e m edi aeva l c omp os ition s of
S ou th ern F ra n c e No r w a s thi s p o werful a n d all p er
.
-
va din g in flu en c e c on fin e d to po etry Th e ta les of

.
B occa cci o h a v e a n O rien ta l c a s t Th e very man n er o f

.
th ei r re ci ta l re c a ll s th e cu s to ms o f th e D es ert Th ey are .
remin i s c en c es o f th e p o pula r c a lli n g o f th e P rov en cal
j on gleur an d th e Ara bi c s tory teller I n th e li cens e

-
.
MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E UR OPE 45 5
of th ei r exp res s i on s , i n th e wit of th ei r rep artee , i n th e

a mu s in g cha ra c ter o f th e ev en ts which th ey des cribe ,
th ey ma y b e cl as s ed a s rea li s tic a d a pta ti on s o f th e

T h ou s an d a n d On e N ights Th e pa tron a ge a n d ex
.
a mpl e o f th e Emp ero r F red erick II c a rried beyon d .
th e Alp s th e cultiva ti on o f letters a n d wi th i t th e ,
tra di ti o n s o f S icili a n civiliz atio n F rom thi s litera ry

.
tra n s migra ti on origi n a te d th e Mi n n es i n g ers G erm a n ,
coun terp a rts o f th e troub a d ours whos e e leg an t vers es

,
s en s ibly m o difi e d th e i n n a te c oa rs en e s s o f th e T eu
ton ic ch a ra c te r a n d i n tro duc e d a s pi rit o f re fin emen t

, ,
in pl eas in g c on tra s t with th e d ru n ken o rgi es o f th e

ba n qu et a n d th e fes tiva l Their tw o p rin cip a l p ro
.
d u cti on s th e Minn e s o n g an d th e M i nn el a y were

, ,
models o f ele ga n ce o f diction b ea uty o f s en timent

, ,
a n d p erfe cti on o f rh ym e F or more th a n a c en tu ry

.
they were th e d elight o f a l l cl a s s es o f G erm a n s o ci ety ,
n or did a n y c o m p os i ti on s o f e qu a l m erit s ucc e e d th e m
until th e a g e o f G o ethe a n d S chiller I n to Germ an y .
were a ls o in tro duc ed by th e in fluen c e o f th e Emp eror

, ,
a s pi ri t o f i n qui ry th e fo un d a ti on o f a ll tru e kn o wl
,
e dg e a n d th e philo s o phic a l a n d h etero d o x id ea s e n

,
terta i n e d by th e e duc a te d M o s le m s o f hi s S icili a n

domin ion s Th e ultima te e ff ec t o f this en lighten e d
.
p olicy up on th e n a ti on a l min d imp erc e ptible a t th e

,
tim e bu t in cre a s in g in i n ten s ity with th e l a p s e o f c en

,
tu ri e s w a s th e d efia n t c ours e o f Luth e r which es ta b

, ,
lis h ed th e right o f p riv a te i n terp reta ti on o f th e S crip

tu res a n d s h oo k th e fou n d a ti on s o f th e p a p a l thron e .
Th e fa ct th a t th es e three c o un tri es which a lon e w ere ,
d i rectly a cted up on by th e s pi rit o f Ara bic lea rn in g

an d th e e x a mpl e o f M o o ri s h civiliz a ti on w e re th e s c en e ,
o f th e reviv a l o f letters wh en th e res t o f Ch ri s ten

,
d om w a s plun g e d i n th e mos t a bj e ct ign o ran ce i s o f ,
pro fou n d s ign ific an ce in a s c erta in in g th e c a u s es th at ,
promotin g th e intelle ctua l a dvan c ement o f Euro p e ,

45 6 H I S T ORY OE TH E
h a ve culm in ated in th e great s cienti fic a chi ev ements

o f m o d ern tim es .
I n M oori s h S p a in grea t a tten ti on w as p aid to the

s tu dy o f th e kin d re d s ub j e cts o f th eol o gy a n d l a w .
Th e comm ent ari es on th e rites o f th e va ri ou s s ects

i nt o whi ch I s l a m i s divide d ; th e a rra n g em ent an d
revi ew o f th e enorm ou s m a s s o f tra di ti on whi c h ten d s
to eluc idate or to c on firm th e a mb igu ou s tex ts o f th e
Koran ; th e di ges ts o f th e de cis ions whos e authority
i s c on s i dere d u n imp ea cha ble form a s tu p en dou s b ody
,
o f l itera ture chi efly re m a rk a bl e f or th e p a ti en c e th e ,
l earn in g an d th e la bor n e ces s a rily em ploy ed in its

,
c om pila ti on Th e mufti s an d th e fa qui s were the

.
a u th oriti es wh os e Offic e i t w a s to expl a in p erp l exin g
qu es tion s o f M oh amme da n j uri s p ru den c e I n the .
s ys tem o f th e l a tter a s ys tem g en era lly rem ark ab l e

,
f or i ts Simplicity a n d effici en cy th e K ora n w as th e ,
gu i d e o f every m a gis tra te Th e rules were s u pple .
mented b y th e prec e p ts a n d s ugg es ti on s o f th e S un

n ah a c oll e cti on o f tra di ti on s d eriv ed from s ourc es
,
m ore or les s auth oritative an d tra n s mi tted through,
man y gen erati on s Th e con fli ctin g interp reta tion

.
pla ced u p on a n ci en t cus tom s s a n ctified b y p res crip

ti on a n d th e di s p ute d a u th en tici ty o f m a n y o f th em
, ,
ga ve ri s e to a s warm o f s ects wh os e ran corous dis

putes were o ften termi n ate d by bloods hed I n th e .
M os lem j u di ca ture th e s o vereign w a s th e s ole foun

,
ta in o f j us tice H e ir to th e pa tri a rch al cu s toms of

.
th e E a s t h e o ften s a t in j udgm en t a t th e g a te of hi s
,
p ala c e h ea rd th e compla in ts o f hi s s ub j ects com pos ed

, ,
th eir qu arrels reprove d their fa ults con d emn ed their

, ,
a n imo s i ty a n d d ecid e d up o n th ei r m eri ts a ll con

,
trovers i es b etween w orthy litig a n ts Un d er him was .
th e k ad i i n wh om w a s v es te d civi l a n d c rimi n al j uri s

,
di ction wh os e j udgm en ts w ere ren d ered an d wh os e

,
s en ten c es — from th e s c ou rgi n g a n d th e c ru el mutil a
ti ons en j oin ed b y th e l aw to th e s u p rem e p enalty of

s tud en t . Th e b io g ra phic a l diction a ry of H adj i

Kh al fa con ta in s n otices o f twen ty thou s an d works o f ,
whi ch twelve h un dre d a re hi s to ric a l Th e A rab i c eriti .
c al, theolo gi c al a n d g eo g ra phic a l cy clo p aedi as w ere

,
s ca rc el y l es s v olumi n ou s .
Th e pl an o f this w ork d oes n ot c ontem pl ate m ore

th a n a p as s i n g a llu s i on to th e p ri n cip al hi s tori cal
writers whos e learn in g a n d ta l en ts w ere c ons pi cuous
duri n g th e M ooris h domin atio n i n S p a in A mon g .
th em m a y b e men ti on e d I b n al A f tta s P ri n ce of - -
,
B a d a j oz wh o com p o s ed a va lu a ble treatis e on the

,
p olitica l an d literary e ven ts o f th e P en ins ul a ; I bn

Ah med al Tol ey tol i o f T o le do wh o wrote a G eneral
- -
, ,
H i s tory o f N a ti on s ; A l K h azra j i o f C ordo va to -

, ,
who m i s attributed a H i s tory o f th e Kh alifs ; Al

Gh azza l an d Al H i j ari wh o publi s h ed th e one a
-
, ,
rhy m i n g hi s tory th e oth er a to p o gra p hic a l d es crip

,
ti on o f A n d a lu s i a ; I b n B a s h ku w a l o f C ord o va an d
-
, ,
M oh amm e d Al Zuluy i d e fa mo u s f or th eir bi ograp hi

-
,
ca l dicti on a ri es ; I b n a l Kh a tib o f Gran a d a wh os e

- -
, ,
marvellous eru dition w a s di s pl a ye d in th e g reates t of

h i s work s Th e Un ive rs a l Lib ra ry a n imm en s e epitome
, ,
o f th e litera ry a n d hi s toric a l f a cts ob ta in a b l e i n h is
tim e D i s qu i s iti on s o n g en era l to pics w ere n ot h ow

.
,
ev er th e fa vorite e mpl oy m en t o f M oori s h a uth ors ;

,
th eir s ub tle m in ds p re ferre d th e n a rration o f imp or

tant even ts th e tra ci n g o f remote ca us es th e s olution
, ,
o f ob s cure hi s toric a l p ro bl em s I n th e treatmen t of .
s p ec ia l s ub j e cts th e y di s pl a ye d a won derful o ften a ,
tedi ous p rol ixi ty E a ch kh a lif a n d p ri n c e entert a in ed

, .
a t h i s c ourt an hi s to ri a n ch a rg e d with th e d es cription
o f th e p ri n cip a l o c cu rren c es o f h i s reign Every town .
h a d its a nn ali s t every p ro vin c e i ts ch ron i cl er T h ere

, .
w as n ot an art or a s ci en c e n ot a p ro fes s ion or a c all ,
i n g wh o s e origin a n d in flu en c e h a d n ot b een d es cribed

, ,
an d i ts d i s ti n g u i s h e d tea ch ers en um era ted by s ome ,
emi n en t wr i ter M oh a mm e d A bu A b dallah of Gran

.
-
,
MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E URO P E 459
a d a, c ompile d hi s torica l diction ary o f th e s ci en c es ;

an
Al — A s s aker i s c redited with a curiou s a n d in s tructive

hi s tory o f in ventors Even an ima ls fa mous f or th eir .
s up eri o r qu a liti es w ere a s s ign ed a n h on o ra bl e pl a c e
i n th e bi o g ra phic a l pro duc ti on s o f th e S p a n i s h M o

h amm ed a n s Abu a l — M on der o f Va len ci a a n d I bn
.
-
, ,
Za id a l Ara bi o f C o rdov a c ompos ed memo irs re

- -
, ,
c oun tin g th e g en ea l o gy th e en dura n c e th e s p ee d an d , , ,
th e b ea u ty o f c erta in h o rs es co n s picu ou s i n a ra c e
pro verbi a l f or i ts excellen c e Abd a l M a lik wro te a n .
- -
a cc ou n t o f c el eb ra te d c a m el s Th e n a m es given to .
books even by th e gra ve a n d pi ou s p arta ke o f th e

, ,
fan ciful an d figura tive im a g ery o f th e O ri en t an d ,
were s ugges tiv e o f th e mos t p re ci ous ob j e cts a dmire d

a n d c o vete d by m a n s uch a s Th e S ilk en Ves t , ,
” ”
S trin gs o f P ea rls Link s o f G ems P ra i ries o f
, ,
”
G old From a remote a ntiqui ty s imila r titles h a d
.
been a do pte d f or a s h a s a lrea dy b een rema rke d th e

, , ,
ea rli es t o f Ar a bic p oem s th e M oa ll a k a t d erive th eir , ,
colle ctive a pp ell ation n ot fro m h a vin g been s u s p en ded ,
in th e K a a b a o f M e cca b ut o n a cco un t o f th eir ,
figurative res embla n ce to th e p en da n ts o f a n e ckla ce .
Th e Ara bic l a n gu a g e re g a rd ed by M o s lem s a s th e ,
mos t p erfe ct o f a ll idi om s re ceived grea t a ttention ,
from gra mma ri a n s Th eir works up o n this s ubj e ct .
a re i n fin i te e xh a us tiv e p erpl exin g

, On e trea ti s e in , .
,
a hu n dre d p arts trea ts s o lely o f g en ders

, Kn owl .
e dg e o f thi s ch a ra cter w a s h eld i n th e high es t e s tim a
ti on . Abu Gh a lib o f Mu rcia re fus e d a thous a n d

-
, ,
din a rs o f gold fro m th e s ulta n o f th a t kin gdo m wh o ,
h a d s olicited a s a n h on or th e de dic a ti o n o f a wo rk
, ,
up on gra mm a r co mp o s ed by th at c elebra ted s ch olar ,
whos e la bors were d evoted to th e i n s tru cti on o f th e

p eo ple a n d n ot to th e fl attery o f p o wer N a tu ra l hi s
,
.
tory ch ron olo g y n um i s m a tic s were trea te d a t g reat

, , ,
l en gth by th e Eu ro p ean M o s lems Th e men a geri es .
an d a vi a ri es m a inta i n e d i n th e p ri n cip a l citi es a f

ford e d un u s u a l a dvanta g es to th e s tuden t o f z oology .
C hron ologic al c omp uta tion s were b as ed u pon th e d e

d u ction s o f th e A l ex an dri a n Mu s eum Th e M oori s h .
s ch ol a rs o f S p a in a n d S i c ily m a d e in v a lu ab l e c on tribu
ti on s to th e gen era l s to ck o f g eo g ra phi c a l kn o wle dge .
Th e m ea s uremen t o f a de gree which th ey e ff ected

a p p rox irn ates v ery n ea rl y to th e on e a cc ep ted b y
modern s ci enc e A bul fed a en umera tes Sixty Arab i c

.
geo gra ph ers wh o lived be fo re th e thi rteen th cen tury .
M an y o f th ei r m a p s w ere veritable works o f a rt in ,
which upon a grou n d o f s ilk conti n en ts mountains

, , , ,
l ak es a n d s trea ms rep res en ted in reli e f were em

, , ,
bro idere d in go ld a n d s ilve r T h eir res ea rch es were .
a ide d by th e hi s tori c a l rem a in s o f a n ti qui ty by th e ,
a cc ou n ts o f m erch an ts a n d m a rin ers a n d b y th e re ,
p orts o f travellers d es p atch e d by th e ir s overeig n s to

collect in formatio n i n th e remotes t c orn ers o f the
ea rth . I b n H a mid p en etra te d to th e mos t in a cc es s ible
-
regi on s of C en tra l A s i a I b n D j ob a ir vi s ited an d d e

.
-
s crib e d S ici l y a n d th e c oun tri es o f th e O ri en t The .
tra vel s o f I bn B atutah were pro lon ge d through

-
twenty four yea rs

-
O b eyd al B ekri o f On ob a was
.
- -
, ,
th e a u th or of a g eo g ra phic a l di cti on a ry i n which were ,
d es cribe d a n imm ens e n umb er o f citi es prin cip ali ti es , ,
a nd ki n gdom s Th e rep uta tion o f a ll m ediaeva l g eog

.
ra p h ers h ow ever di s ti n gui s h ed w a s o b s cu re d b y th e

, ,
fame o f th e g reat E dri s i A n ative of M a la g a of

.
,
roya l bl ood a n d a lin ea l d es c en d an t o f M oh a mm ed b e

, ,
un ited to pride o f birth a n d th e a dva n ta g es o f fortun e

all th e l ea rn in g a n d a l l th e a cc o mpli s h m en ts to be
a c qui re d in an en lighten e d a e H is rel ati on s hip to

g .
th e P ro ph et i n v es ted him wi th a di gn ity a n d a n im

p orta n c e s e con d to none i n th e s ight o f ev ery devout
,
M us s uh n an H i s e du c a tion at C ord ova w as th e bes t

.
th at th e an ci en t c a pital o f th e kh alifS s til l th e in t el ,
lectua l c en tre o f th e world c ould a ff ord H i s mind, .

,
im p rove d b y tra vel wa s fa mi liar with man y c oun tri es

,
462 H I ST ORY OF THE
with th e res p ective s itu ation s o f th e va ri ou s c oun tri es ,
were en gra ve d A s a re c o mp en s e f or his s kil l Edri s i

. ,
rec eive d from Kin g R o g er th e rem a i n d er o f th e
p re ciou s materi a l a mou n tin g to tw o thi rds a b un

,
-
,
d re d th ous an d pi e c es o f s ilver an d a Ship la den with

,
,
v a lu a ble merch a n di s e S uch w a s th e m u n i fic en ce wi th

.
which th e s on o f a N o rm an freeb ooter b red to a rms ,
a n d ra pin e a n d ig n ora n t o f l etters rew a rd e d th e ,
g en iu s o f a s ch olar wh os e ra c e w a s s tigmatiz e d by
every Ch ri s ti a n p ow er in Eu ro p e a s b a rb a ri a n a n d
in fidel .
I n philo s o phic a l s tudi e s th e Eu ro p ea n Ara b

,
evi n c e d th e s a m e cu ri ou s a n d in quirin g s pi rit which
ch a ra cteriz ed his in ves tig a ti on s o f n atu ra l ph en omen a .
Th e multiplicity o f s e cts in to which th e religion o f

M oh a mme d w a s divide d a n d the in ce s s an t religious
,
c on tro vers ies which th e di s pute d texts o f th e Koran

a n d th e c on fli c ti n g i n terp reta ti on s o f d o u bt fu l tra di
ti on s ev o lv e d w ere n ot fa v ora bl e e ith er to p ro s elytis m

,
o r to th e m a in ten an c e o f o rth o d o xy Th e M o s lems .
h a d th eir N o min a l i s ts a n d th ei r R e a lis ts the i r M y s ,
tic s a n d th e ir Epicu rea n s Th ey u n ders too d th e

.
e s oteric do ctri n e s o f th e m o s t re n o wn e d s ch oo l s o f
a n tiqui ty . Th ey h a d rea d a n d c omm en te d up on

P yth a g ora s H era clitu s S o crates Emp e do cle s P lato
, , , ,
.
Th ey were fa mi li a r with th e a to mic th eory o f D emoc

ri tu s
. Th ey re cogn iz e d th e a rgumen ta tive a bil ity o f
th e S to ic s .With th e p ro duc ti on s o f th e Al e x a n drian
S cho ol— th rough wh os e me dium w a s d eri ved th eir
kn owle dge o f th e do gma s o f th e P o rtico a n d th e
Ac a demy— th ey were th o roughly c on vers a n t Th e .
p ro lo n g e d a n d a tten tive c o n s iderati on o f th es e va in

a n d u n p ro fita bl e o pi n i on s did n ot h owev er c omm en d , ,
its elf to th e in gen i ou s an d pra ctic a l min d o f th e Arab .
H e in dulg ed in n o a b s tra ct s p e cul a tion s c on c ern in g

th e origi n n a tu re a n d d e s ti n y o f m a n
, , H e wa s ted no .
tim e i n a ttem p ts to de cide th e v ex ed an d fri volous

ques ti on of u preme goo d H e reg arded wi th

th e s .
boun dles s fa vor th e works o f Aris totle a pre dile ctio n ,
des tin ed wi th yea rs to d evelo p in to a n un di s cern in g

a dmira ti on a kin to idol atr T o th e in flu en c e o f this
y .
s a g e o f th e a n ci en ts th e e duc a ted M oori s h p o pul a tion

,
o f S p a in w a s p e culi a rly s u s c e p tibl e Th e do ctrin e s .
o f Al Gh a zz a li o f B a gd a d w h o liv e d in th e el even th
-
, ,
c entury h a d a ls o obta in ed gen era l a cce ptan ce H i s

, .
tea chi n g s in v o lve d th e a bs olute s ep a ra tion o f phil os

op h y from s up ers titi o n H e belie ved in a high er
.
s ph ere th a n th a t o f hum a n reas on wh ere w as ex hibite d ,
th e ma n ife s ta ti on o f th e D ivin e E s s en c e p erva din g all

s p a c e a ll m a tter a fo rm o f th e P a n th ei s m o f I n di a
, ,
.
Th e P eni n s ula h a d f o r c en turies exp eri en ce d th e

as c en d en cy o f di ff eren t ra c es o f m en th e s ucces s ive ,
pre domin a n c e a nd de c a y o f m an y forms o f religio us

beli e f Th e tra n s mi s s i on o f n a ti on a l pe culi a riti es ; th e
.
s u rviv a l o f va ri o u s o ften h o s tile p o litic a l a n d s o ci a l

, ,
o pin i on s ; th e c omp a ri s on o f a s e ri e s o f c re eds e a ch ,
claimi n g divin e origin and in s pi ra ti on y et ea ch in i ts , ,
turn s uppl a n te d by a m o re p o werful a dvers a ry h a d

, ,
dis p os e d th e min ds o f m en to in ves tiga ti on a n d rea s on .
I t w a s o n ly a mo n g th e in telle ctu a l h o wever th a t s uch , ,
a di s p o s iti on p rev a ile d Wi th n o cla s s o f fa n atics did

.
in tolera n ce e xi s t in grea ter in ten s ity tha n a mon g th e

orth o do x m a s s es o f M o h a mm e d a n S p a in Their an .
ti p a th y to a l l wh o qu e s ti on e d th e re v el a ti on o f th e
Koran or th e a uth en ticity o f a cce pte d tra diti on w as
irrec on cilable I n th e un reas on in g fury en g en d ered
.
by prej udic e th ey forgot th e ma rvels o f th e civiliz a

,
ti o n th a t s u rro un de d th em ; th e e n c o u ra g emen t th at
th ei r grea tes t p ri n c e s h a d e xten d ed to l e a rn in g ; th e
s tatem e n t o f th e P ro ph et th a t th e firs t thin g c rea te d
by G o d w a s I n telligen ce While th ey love d th e ma .
teri a l p o mp which thin ly di s gui s e d th e fo rms o f d es

p oti s m whil e the y c rin g ed b e fore th e p rid e o f ra n k
,
an d o p ul en c e th ey foun d th e qui et a n d un a s s umi n

, g
p re -
e min en ce d erived from s up erior wis d om an d a p ro
fo un d a cqu ain ta n c e with letters i ntol era ble Th es e .
n a rro w id e a s s o p rej udici a l to m en ta l d ev el o pm ent

, ,
w ere dilig en tly fos tere d by th e d o ctors o f th e l a w wh o ,
dis cern e d in th e gen era l di ff u s i on o f philos o phic al

,
o pin i on s a s eri o us m en a c e to th e i r imp orta n c e a nd

,
dign ity N a tu ra l philos o phy w a s th e obj ect o f th eir

.
e s p e ci a l a bh o rren ce A s ys tem which pro fes s ed to

.
a cc o u n t f o r th e f a mili a r ph en o m en a d a ily m a n ifes ted
on th e ea rth a n d i n th e h ea ven s by th e o p era ti on o f
n a tu ra l c a u s es a n d in ex o ra bl e n ece s s i ty a n d which ,
a b s olu tely di s p en s ed wi th divi n e re v el a ti o n might well ,
a w a k en th e s u s pici on a n d a l a rm o f a cl a s s wh os e
worldly in teres ts a bs o lutely de p en d e d up on the s u p

p res s i on o f kn owledge an d th e m a in ten an c e of ortho
d o xy . Th e p o pul a c e a s u s u a l s id e d with their
, ,
te a ch ers A s a res ult th e phil o s o ph er w a s a n obj ect o f

.
a v ers i on O ften o f h o rro r to th e c on s ci en ti ou s M oh a m

, ,
m ed a n I n th e eyes o f th e irra ti o n a l z ea lot th e p urs uit

.
o f s ci en c e w a s a c erta i n in dic a ti on o f a b a rg a in with
th e d evil No ran k h ow ever ex a lted w a s proof

.
, ,
a g a i n s t thi s o di ou s impu ta ti on Th e grea tes t o f the .
Omm ey a d e an d Abb a s id e kh a lifs wh os e high e s t title ,
to f a me w a s th e en c ou ra g em en t o f l etters were s tig ,
ma tized a s wiz a rds a n d m a gicia n s Th e un i on o f the .
p owers o f C hu rch an d S ta te in a s in gle i n dividu al an d ,
th e n umb er a n d imp ortan c e o f th e i n s ti tu tion s f or th e

di ff u s i on o f kn o wledge a lon e prev en te d the extine
,
tion o f l ea rn in g by p o pul a r vi ol en c e Th e m a j ority .
o f th e H i s p a n o Ara b p rin c es w ere m en o f u n u s u a l

-
in tellectu a l a tta in men ts — hi s to rian s p oets ch emi s ts

, , , ,
philos o ph ers Th e p atron a g e they a ff orded to s cien ce

.
h a d a d eterren t eff e ct on tho s e wh o l on g ed f or th e

re s torati o n o f pu ri ty o f d o ctri n e which h ad d is a p ,
p ea re d a s i t in v a ri a bly d o es b e fo re th e p ro g res s ive

, ,
m arch o f civiliz ation Emulati n g th e e x a mpl es o f th e

.
kh a li fs th e g o vern ors o f pro vin c es vi e d with their

,
466 H I STORY OF THE
m ateri a lis ti c ch aracter p erva din g i t ; to its want Of

coh eren c e ; to its a ppa rent s ole ci s ms ; to s tate th at it
c on ta in s n o men tion o f a future life o f h eav en or hell , ,
o f th e ir mn o rta li ty o f th e s oul ; a n d to s ugges t th a t its

leg en ds in di c ate a P ers i an rath er th a n a J ewi s h deri
va ti on A verroes h ad m a s tere d a n d embra c ed th e
.
philo s o phic a l idea s o f I n di a ; h e b e li eved in th e Un i

v ers al I n telle ct ; th e p o pul ar religi ou s ficti on s which
e v o k e th e h o p es a n d fea rs o f th e vu lg a r h e tre a te d with
c on tempt Th e preco city a n d vas t intell e ctu a l powers

.
o f th e g rea t s ch o l a rs o f I s l a m a re a h n os t b ey on d
b eli e f Avic en n a a t s ixte en h a d a tta in e d to s uch

.
, ,
emi n e n c e th a t l ea rn e d a n d e xp e ri en c e d phy s ici a n s
c a m e from rem ote c ou n tri e s to e n j o y th e b en e fit o f
h i s wi s do m ; a t twen ty tw o h e w a s G ra n d Vizi er
-
.
Abul H a mid a l I s f arain i w as a ccu s tom ed to lecture

- - -
e v ery d a y o n a n ew to pic to a cl a s s o f s e v en hu n dre d
s tud en ts o f j uri s pru d en c e Y ezid I b n H a ru n o f

.
- -
,
B a gd a d kn ew by h eart thirty th ou s an d tra dition s

,
.
Al l w ere p a n th ei s ts or a gn o s tic s Th e g en era lly .
i rreveren t s pi rit o f th e ag e i s dis clo s e d by th e e pigram

o f Abu A l a Temou ki
- -
Th e world i s divid e d in to
,
tw o cl a s s es o f p eo ple — o n e with w i t a n d n o religion

, ,
th e o th er with rel igi on a n d little w i t .
Th e i n s truc ti on im p a rte d by th e p ro vin ci a l a ca d e

mi es o f th e empire a n d by th e Un iv ers ity o f C ordova
—th e c en tre o f th e in telle ctu a l a c tivity o f Eu rop e
w a s e s s en ti a lly i n fid el i n ch a ra cter a n d ten d en cy Th e .
in flu en c e o f th es e in s titutio n s up on th e public mind

w a s imm en s e a n d f a r rea chi n g -
Th o u s a n d s o f s tu
.
den ts atten de d their l e ctu res Th e ir pro fes s ors were.
th e firs t s ch o l a rs o f th e a g e wh os e g en iu s a n d a biliti es
,
were n ot limite d to th e du ti es o f th ei r c a llin g but ,
w h o a t tim es a dmin i s tere d wi th equ a l d ex teri ty a n d

s ucc es s th e m o s t imp o rta n t j udici a l a n d di pl om a tic
emplo ym en ts E duc a tion w a s in a meas ure comp ul

.
s ory a n d to ob ta i n a ddi ti on a l fo rc e f or th e m a n d ates

, ,
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN E URO P E 467
of th e l a w , th e cti on o f religion w a s en li s ted a nd

s an ,
th e s cho ol b ec a me a n i n di s p en s a ble a pp en da g e to th e
mo s que Th e va ri ous in s titution s a pp erta inin g to th e
.
a c a d emic s y s tem o f th e P en i n s ul a which culmin a ted in
th e Un iv ers i ty w ere gra de d much as a re th o s e o f mod

ern tim es I n C o rdo va were eight hu n dre d public
.
s ch oo l s frequ en te d a lik e by M os l em s Chri s ti an s a n d , ,
J ews wh ere in s tructi on w a s im p arted by l ectures

, .
Th e n a tu ra l quick n es s which di s tin guis he d th e in tel

lectu a l fa culti es o f th e Ara b a n d his phen o men a lly ,
reten tive m em o ry en a bl e d him to a chi e v e res ults o f

,
in calcula ble va lu e to th e develo pmen t o f h is civiliz a

ti on . Thi s ma rvellou s p ro gre s s w a s pro moted by
every in c en tive which c ould a ro u s e th e en ergi es o f
th e a s pi rin g o r th e c o v eto u s — b y th e e xp e cte d fa vor

,
o f th e m on a rch by th e p ro s p e c t o f ex a l te d a n d h on
,
o ra b l e dign iti es by th e c erta in ty o f m a gn ific ent

,
rewa rds by th e ho p e o f s o ci a l dis tin ctio n by th e

, ,
a mbiti on o f li tera ry fa m e Th ere w a s n ot a villa g e

.
wi thin th e limits o f th e empi re wh ere th e bl es s in gs o f

e duc a ti o n c o uld n o t b e en j oy e d by th e children o f th e
mo s t i n digen t p ea s a n t a n d th e u n ivers ities o f G ra

,
n ada ,S eville a n d C ordo v a were h eld in th e high es t

,
e s tim a ti on by th e s ch o l a rs o f A s i a Afric a a n d Eu , ,
ro p e .I n th e v a ri o u s de p a rtm en ts o f the s e g rea t in s ti

tu tion s we re ta ugh t i n a ddi ti on to th e d o c tri n es o f
,
th e K ora n a n d th e p ri n ciple s o f M o h a mmed a n l a w ,
th e cla s s i cs th e e x a ct s ci en c es m edicin e mu s ic p oetry

, , , , ,
a n d a rt I n th e s up e rin ten d en ce o f a c a d emi es a n d

.
colleges th e pro fes s i o n o f I s l a mi s m w a s n ot con s i d

,
ered a n i n di s p en s a bl e p rerequi s ite by a lib era l a n d en
lighten e d public s en timent ; s cho la rly a cquiremen ts

an d d e vo ti o n to l ea rn i n g w e re th e a cc e p te d cri teri on s
o f fitn e s s f or th e di re c ti o n o f you th ; a n d b oth J ews
a n d Ch ri s ti a n s a tta i n e d to a ck n o wl e dg e d di s tin cti on
a s pro f e s s ors i n th e g re a t Un ive rs ity o f th e c a pita l .
I n th e n in th c en tu ry in th e dep a rtm ent o f th eology

,
l
a on e, four th ou s an d s tu den ts were enrolled an d th e ,
to ta l n um b er in a tten d an c e a t th e Un iv ers ity reach e d

a lm o s t el ev en tho u s a n d Nor w e re th es e pric eles s
.
e duc a ti on a l p rivil e g es res tric ted to o n e p eo ple or to
th e vo ta ri es o f a Si n gl e fa ith Th e d oors o f th e col

.
leg e were o p en to s tuden ts o f e very n a tion a lity an d ,
th e An d a lu s i a n M o or re c e ive d th e rudim en ts o f
kn owle dg e a t th e s a m e tim e a n d u n der th e s ame con
d i ti o n s as th e litera ry pilg rim s fro m A s i a Min or a nd
Egypt from G erm a n y F ra n c e a n d B rita i n A re
, , , .
m a rk a ble c orres p on d en c e exi s ts betw een th e p ro c ed

u re es ta bli s h e d by th o s e i n s ti tu ti on s a n d th e m e th o ds
o f th e p res en t d ay Th ey h a d th e ir c o ll egia te co urs es

.
,
th e i r p riz es f or p ro fici en cy i n s ch ol a rs hi p th ei r ora ,
to ri ca l a n d p o etic a l c o n te s ts the i r commen c ements

, ,
th ei r d egrees . I n th e d e p a rtm en t o f m edicin e a ,
s eve re a n d p rol on g e d e x a mi n a ti on c o n duc te d by th e,
m o s t e min en t phys ici an s o f th e c a pita l w a s exa cted ,
o f a l l c a n did a tes d es i rou s o f p ra c ti s i n g th e ir

p ro f es
s i on, a n d s uch a s w ere un a bl e to s ta n d th e tes t were
fo rma lly pron ou n c ed i n comp eten t G rea t a n d i nv alu .
a bl e c on tribu ti o n s to th e fu n d o f hi s to ric a l a n d s ci
e n tific i n fo rm a ti on w ere m a d e by th e m emb ers o f
th e v a ri ou s a c a demi es a n d s ch oo ls Th ey comp o s ed
.
vo lumin ou s trea tis e s o n s u rg ery a n d medicin e T h ey .
b es to we d up on th e s ta rs th e Ara bic n a mes which s till

c o ver th e m a p o f th e h ea ven s Abo ve th e lo fty s ta
.
ti on o f th e mu e zzi n a s h e c a ll ed th e d e vo u t to p rayer
, ,
were proj e c te d a g a in s t th e s ky th e implements o f

s ci en c e to wh o s e u s es religi o n did n o t re fu s e the
s h elter o f h e r te mpl es — th e gn o m o n th e a s trol a b e th e

, , ,
p en dulum cl ock a n d th e a rmilla ry s ph ere

, .
Th e tra din g e xp editi on s o f th e a dven turous Arab

h a d l on g b e fore fa mili a riz e d him with th e rel ative
po s iti on s a rea s an d n a tu ra l p ro duction s o f th e prin
, ,
c i p a l c o un tri es o f th e gl o b e B u t th e p rin c es o f the

.
W es tern Kh ali fa te n ot s ati s fied with th e res ul ts a cci

,
470 H I ST ORY or TH E
“
unrufll ed h a rbors of an ho s pita ble co as t to th e ey e of

the s hipwreck ed m a riner .
Nor mu s t th e li b ra ri es b e om itted from this li s t of

thos e fa cto rs o f p rog res s which s o s ign a lly c on tribute d .
to publi c en lightenm en t a n d to th e fo rm ati on o f n a

ti on a l ch a ra c ter Th ere w as n o city o f imp orta nce
.
wi th ou t a t leas t on e o f th es e trea s u re h ou s es o f litera - '
tu re . Thei r s h elve s w ere o pe n to every a pp lic a n t .
C a ta logue s fa cilita te d th e e x a min ati on o f th e coll ec ’
ti on s a n d th e cl a s s ific a ti on o f th e va ri o u s s u b j ects .
M an y o f th e volum es were en riche d wi th illumi n a tion s

o f w o n d erful b e a u ty ; th e m ore p re ci o u s w ere b oun d
in emb os s ed l ea ther a nd fra g ra n t wo o d s ; s o m e were

in la id with gold a n d s ilver H ere were to b e foun d
.
a ll th e l ea rn in g o f th e p a s t a n d a l l th e di s c o v eri es o f
th e p res en t a g e — th e philos o phy o f Ath en s th e a s

, ,
a
tron omy o f B a byl on th e s ci en ce o f Al ex a n dri a the

, ,
res ults o f p ro l o n g e d o b s erv a ti o n a n d e xp erim ent on
th e tow ers a n d i n th e l a b ora tori es o f C ord o v a a nd

S eville . H ere a ls o w ere mys te ri ou s treati s es o f
I n di a n l ore wh os e o rigin a s cen d e d bey on d th e records
,
o f hi s tory wh o s e d o c tri n es
, p eru s ed f or cen turi es in
,
a d ea d l a n gu a g e h a d tra ve ll e d th ro ugh th e m edium

,
o f G re ek a n d A ra bic v ers i o n s fro m th e I n du s to the

“
G u a da lquivir and were ul tim a tely d es tin ed to form

,
th e b a s i s o f th e p a nth ei s tic ide as p o pul ar a mon g ed u

cated p ers o n s a t th e p res e nt d a Th es e o pin i on s h ad
y .
,
long an terio r to th e in vas i on o f T a rik provoked the ,
cu rios ity a n d en g a g e d th e atten tion of s tudiou s Mo

h amm ed an s Un d er th e kh alifate a n d s ubs eque ntly
“
.
, ,
th ey w ere taught i n th e s c h o o ls o f th e P en in s ul a fig ,
ured i n e l a b o ra te di s qui s i ti on s o f phil o s o ph ers fo rmed ,
th e s ubj e ct o f le a rn ed di s cu s s i o n i n lyc eum s an d lit

era ry a s s embli es Th eir vi tal prin ciples were foun ded
.
u pon th e etern ity o f m a tter th e u n i ty o f intell ect the

, ,
fin a l ab s orp tion o f th e s pi rit o f th e i n dividu a l into

'
th e S oul o f th e Wo rld They a ccoun te d f or the s uc

.
'
MOORI SH E MPI RE IN EUROPE 471
u l phen omen a by la ws res ultin g from

c es s on o f n a t ra
i
‘
“
in evita bl e n eces s i ty They re fu s ed to a ckn owledge

.
th e p o s s ibility o f th e s up ern a tu ra l a n d ren o un c e d th e ,
tim e h o n ore d a n d p o pul a r idea o f in c e s s a n t p rov id en

-
ti al i n terven ti o n s Th ey ridicul ed th e a pp arition s o f

.
a n g els a n d d em on s a s p h a n ta s m s evok ed by th e cred u
lity a n d fea rs o f th e ign ora n t Th e ten ets a n d c ere .
mon i a l o f religi on were reg a rded a s th e con ven ien t

pretexts a n d a pp a ra tu s o f im po s ture Th e o rigin o f .
life w a s expl a in e d by th e d evelopment o f th e germ

th ro ugh i ts la ten t fo rc e Th e l a w o f p ro g res s iv e ev o
.
lu ti o n w a s c o n s ide re d s u s c ep tibl e o f un ivers a l a p p li

c ati on a s embra cin g a n im a l ve g eta ble e v en min era l
, , , ,
forms Th e th eory o f L ord M on b od d o p romulgate d

.
,
i n th e eighteen th c en tu ry a n d ela b ora ted with s uch

in gen uity by D arwin in ou r own time w a s i t i s evi , ,
dent f a r fro m bein g o rigin a l with either ; f or M oor

,
is h philos o phers h a d a g es b e fore elucid a ted its lea d

, ,
in g prin cipl es Thu s in th e en d th ey even wen t to

.
, ,
th e e x ten t o f i n cludi n g in its o p era ti on s ev ery d es cri p

ti on o f m a tter — a c ou rs e o f th ought evid en tly s ug
,
ges ted by a dvan c ed H in du c on c eption s a n d co n firmed

by th e fa n cie d a n a logy b etw een th e tra ns mu ta tion o f
meta ls a n d th e tra n s migration o f s ouls do ctri n es a ls o ,
im ported fro m th e extreme O rien t Th es e idea s s o .

,
an ta g on i s tic to th e do gm a s o f religi on while lon g ,
en terta i n ed i n s ec ret h a d b een firs t publicly a dvo c ate d

,
by S olo mo n b en Ga biro l th e J ewi s h philos o ph er o f

- -
,
M ala g a duri n g th e eleventh c en tury Th e M oori s h

,
.
s ch o ol o f ra ti on ali s m s oon in clud e d m a n y dis tin
gui s h ed n a me s Th e d ev el o pmen t o f th e m en ta l
.
faculti es o f hum an ity w a s d ecla re d to b e a ma n if es

ta ti on o f th e i n c es s a n t a c tivi ty o f th e o mn ip oten t i n ,
tell ectu a l prin cipl e th a t p erva d ed a ll N a ture Th e .
s up rem e O bj e c t o f h u m an exi s ten c e w a s th e m as tery
of th e s en s a ti on s by th e pu rer a n d n obler p a rts o f th e
s oul .
472 H I STORY OF THE
F rom th es e s p ecu l ati on s g en erally a ccepte d th e

, ,
o pi n i on s o f m an y o f th e H i s p a n o Ara b phil os o ph ers -
in tim e e xhi b it ed wid e a n d ra d i c a l di v erg en c e S ome .

,
it is tru e a d h ere d to P erip a t eti c P an the is m in its

,
integrity O th ers os cillate d b etw een th e e xtremes

.
o f my s ti c i s m an d ma teri a li s m A g a in s t a ll w ithout
.
,
ex ce pti on the d o ctors a n d th e p o p ul a c e di s pl a y e d a

,
mortal h atred wh os e in flu en ce ev en roy al fa vor w as

,
n ot a lw a ys a b le to with s ta n d T h os e wh o h a d ri s en
.
to p ol i ti c al emin en c e were c omp ell ed to relin qui s h th ei r

em pl o ymen t s M any were driven into exile The
. .
in ten s ity o f p opular Odium forced thos e wh o s till

p urs ue d th eir s tu di es into Ob s curity s ometim es into ,
p en ury C ons ci ous n es s o f a de fective title to th e

.
c rown o ften im p ell ed a p rin ce to res ort to th e ign ob le
e xp edi en t o f p ers ecu tin g s ci en c e f or th e s ak e o f Oh
ta in i n g p op ul ari ty I t w a s th us th at Al M a n s u r the
.
-
,
grea tes t o f M oori s h c on qu erors him s el f a n en thus i a s t ,
f or a n d an a dep t in th e very s tu dies h e pro fes s ed to

con demn as a p oliti cal mea s ure f or th e con s oli dati on
,
o f h i s p ow er di s coura ged l iterature a n d o pp res s ed
p hilos o phy .
I n s pite o f th e extraordin a ry lit erary p rivi leges

within th eir gras p th e mas s es o f M ooris h S p ain
,
l arg ely d omi n ated b y A fri can infl uence—n ever a d

v an ce d b ey ond th e p rim ary s ta e o f learn i n g I t is
g .
true th at they a pp rec i a ted in a m eas ure th e ben efits

, ,
a cc rui n g from th e em p l o ym en t o f s c i en ti fic m ethods
in their va rious o ccu p a ti on s o f a m ech a n i cal or a gri

cu ltura l ch aracter B ut this reluctant a ckn owl ed g
.
men t o f th e a d vantag es o f s cien c e exten ded n o fur

th er Th e in vin cible prej u di ces o f th e S emitic race
.
clung to them th rou gh a ll th e ph as es o f th eir civi li

za tion . T h ey n ev er dis card ed th e opin i ons b orn o f a
tora l l if e o f all th e m os t con d u cive to th e
p as , p erp etu
ati on o f ign oran c e T h eir a ntip athy to i nn ovati on
.
was onl y exceed ed b y th e a vers ion th ey ent ert a ined

logi a ns his n a me h as ever b een a yn onym of evi l s .
Th e a u da city o f hi s Opin i on s w a s in dee d c a lcu la ted

to p rov oke e ccl es i a s ti c a l i n dig n a ti on H e dilig ently .
in cu lc ate d th e I n di a n do gma o f Em an a ti on a n d Ah
s orp ti on . H e trea ted a ll reve l ation s a s i mp os tII res .
R eligi on s h e p ron o un ce d c on ven i en t in s truments of

s ta tecra f t a dmi ra b le c on triv a n ce s f or th e p res erv a tion
,
o f o rd er a n d th e en c o ura ge men t o f m ora lity Th e .
three th en p red o mi n a n t i n th e world h e h e ld i n equal

con tempt — th e C hri s ti an h e de cl ared w a s im p os s ible ;
,
th e J ewi s h h e ch a ra cteriz ed a s a c ree d a da p ted o n ly to

children ; th e M oh a mm e da n a s a do ctrin e f or s win e .
H e in dulg e d i n s a rc as m s highly d ero g a tory to the

s a n c tity o f th e Euch a ri s t H i s p o pul a ri ty a m on g the
.
cleric a l pro fes s i on w as n ot en h an c e d by th e s ayin g

a ttributed to him Th e tyra nt i s h e w h o g overn s f or
'
him s elf an d n o t f o r th e p eo ple a n d th e wors t o f ,
tyra n n i e s i s th a t o f th e p ri es t .
Th e p o w er o f public o pin ion s timul a ted by th e ,
e ff o rts o f o rth o d o x M u s s u h n a n s pro cu re d th e d is ,
gra c e o f Averro es H e w a s d eprive d o f h i s j udici al

.
Offic e . Th e h on ora bl e p o s t o f c ou rt phys ici a n w as

tak en from him H e w a s c omp elle d to s eek re fu g e i n
.
A frica ; hi s p ro p erty w a s c on fis c a te d an d i n age :
a n d in firmity h e w a s ex p o s e d to th e I n s ults o f the

,
fan a tic a l ra bble w h o s p at in h is fa c e a s he s at h elp

,
s
l es s at th e door o f th e mos qu e o f F ez With h i s death .
in 1 1 9 8 d is a pp e a re d fro m th e P en ins ul a every ou t

“
ward tra ce o f th e d o ctri n es o f which h e h ad b een b oth

th e ch ampi on a n d th e rep res en tativ e P os terity on .
,
a cc oun t o f th e va ri ety a n d exc ell en c e o f h i s in telle ctua l
gifts th e e xtent o f hi s eruditi on a n d th e b oldn es s with

, ,
which h e a s s erte d hi s Opin i on s h a s s een fit to di s s o ci ate

,
h im fro m th e oth er lea rn ed m en o f hi s e p o ch hi s in ,

;
s tru ctors his c o ll a b ora tors hi s di s ciple s

, , Th ere Were .
man y oth er philo s o ph ers h owe ver Su ch as S olomon

, ,
b en G ab irol I b n B a dj a I b n To f a il I bn Zohr wh o
-
,
-
,
-
,
-
,
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR OPE 475
“
were his equa ls in le arni n g and s c a rce ly in feriorto him '
in n atura l co u ra g e a n d i n argume n tative in g enuity

an d elo qu en c e .
Th e a pp a ren t ex tin ctio n o f hi s theo ries o bn o xio u s ,
a lik e to muf ti s a n d p o pul a c e w a s illu s ory ,

I n tro .
d u ced with o th er bra n ch es o f M o s lem s ci en ce by th e

J ews th rough the con v en ient ch a n n els o f F ra n c e a n d
,
I ta ly they e v en tu a lly p ermea te d th e in telle ctu al life

,
o f Eu ro p e Th e Un ive rs iti es o f P a ri s a n d P a du a
.
,
th e li tera ry ce n tres o f th e a g e were from th e f Ou r ,
teen th to th e s ix teen th c en tu ry fo ci o f i n fidelity Th e .
impi ety o f p ro p os itio n s o pen ly pro mulga te d by th e

fa culties o f th o s e tw o grea t in s titution s would to d ay -
Sh o ck a n y on e exc e p t th e m os t d a ri n g a gn os tic Th e .
s ee d thu s s own b ore a bu n d a n t fruit All I taly b e .
cam e ta i n te d wi th h ere s y Th e L a tera n C oun cil s um

.
,
moned to pla ce th e Offici a l s ta mp o f e ccles i a s tic a l con

d emn a tion upo n th e p rohibite d d o ctrin es w a s un a ble ,
to ch e ck th e i r p ro gres s Th e J ews c a rri ed thes e id ea s

.
everywh ere ; Sch o la s ti cs a d o pte d th em ; th ey w ere

e ven di s s emin a te d by m e mb e rs o f th e m on a s tic ord ers .
Alex a n der d e H a les o f th e F ra n ci s c an s w as on e o f

, ,
th ei r a rd en t a dvo c a tes Rob ert Gros s e tete Bi s h o p

.
,
o f Lin c o ln s e c on d i n a tta i n m en ts a n d repu tati on on ly

,
to hi s grea t c o n te mp o ra ry Ro g er B ac on b elieve d i n ,
th e Un ivers a l I n tell ect I t w a s S a von a ro la w h o

.
wrote Ille in gen i o d iv in u s homo Averroes p h il os o

,
”
p hus . F rom th e pro p a ga tio n o f th es e theo ries w a s
derived th e idea o f th e my thica l bo ok en titled D e ,
T ribu s I mp os torib u s a n a llege d s atire a imed at

,
M os es Ch ris t a n d M oh a mm ed vari ou s ly attributed

, , ,
to a s c ore o f a uth ors ; s upp os ed to b e filled with

bla s phemy ; whos e very title w a s a p owerful wea p on
in th e h a n ds o f th e clergy y et wh os e publicati on w a s
,
a p o c ryph a l a nd
,
wh os e c ontents were n ec es s a rily
p u re ly i m a gin a ry .
The g en era l a cc eptan ce an d p erp etu ation o f th e

476 H I ST O RY OE TH E
o pini on s Of A verroes den oun c ed from every p ul pit

, ,
p ers e cute d by th e s e cular a uth ority an d an ath ematiz e d

by c oun cils i s a s trikin g p roo f o f th e un ivers a l d e
,
cli n e o f eccles i as tic a l p o wer Th e mos t po pula r poeti

.
c a l c omp os iti on s b o re th e im p res s o f th e p reva ilin g
s pi ri t o f i n c re dulity a n d p a n th ei s m which in d eed ,
p erva ded to a g rea ter o r le s s exten t every clas s o f

, ,
litera ture I t w a s in va in th a t th os e mos t dee ply con

.
c ern e d veh em en tly protes ted a g a in s t th e a la rmin g

gro wth o f this detes te d h eres y No ran k o f th e cleri
.
ca l o rd er w a s e x emp t fromi ts e ff e cts ; i t w a s whi s
p ere d th at its in s idi ou s in flu en c e h a d even p en etra ted

th e s a cred p re ci n cts o f th e V a ti c a n Th at in flu en ce
.
w a s tra n s mitted u n imp a ire d to p os terity a n d m od ern ,
s ci en ce i s l a rg ely i n d e bte d f or i ts i n qui s itiv e a n d i m
p arti a l s piri t to th e d o ctrin es o f th e g reat Ara bi an

philos o ph er o f th e twelfth c en tu ry .
I n th e i r trea tmen t a n d a pplica ti on o f th e ex a ct

s ci en c es
, a n d es p e ci a lly i n th e d e v e l o pm en t o f th e
high er bra n ch es o f m a th em atic s th e S p an i s h M oh am

,
med a n s ex hibited p re emin en t a bility

-
Th e Ara b s .
were th e firs t to a s certa in with a ccu ra cy th e len gth o f

th e y ea r Th ey ta bula te d th e m o v emen ts o f th e s tars
. .
Th ey di s c overed th e third lu n a r in equ a lity o f 45 s ix ’
hun dre d an d fifty yea rs b e fore Tych o B ra h e Th ey .
d etermin ed th e e cc en tricity o f th e s un s orbit ; th e ’
movemen t o f its a po g ee ; th e p ro g res s iv e dim inution

o f th e o b liqui ty o f th e e clip tic ; th e a m ou n t o f th e
pre ce s s i on o f th e e quin ox es To th em i s d u e th e
.
c redit o f h a vin g in tro duc ed to the kn owledge o f

Eu ro pe m an y i n gen i ou s devic es an d pro c es s es o f cal
cula tion which dimin i s h ed la bor an d a t th e s ame , ,
tim e o pen e d n ew field s o f i n ve s tig a ti on tha t oth erwi s e

,
migh t h a ve rem a in ed u n kn own an d un explored The .
gran d w ork o f P to lemy th e S yn ta xi s h a d un der the

, , ,
n a m e o f th e Al m a g es t b e en tra n s l a te d b efore th e
,
n in th c en tury a n d b een re vi s e d b y I s aa c b en H on ein

,
- -
g en era l fate o f th e m onum ents o f M os lem learn in g ,
a re lo s t No compl ete co py o f th e w ork s o f a n y

.
Ara b a s tro n omer w h o liv ed s in c e th e n in th c en tury i s

kn own to exi s t Th e exten t o f thi s ca la mity m a y b e
.
in ferred from th e fa c t th at i n th e roya l library o f

C a i ro th ere were s i x th ou s an d works o n m ath ematics ,
co pi es o f ma n y o f which mu s t h a ve b een in th e h an ds
o f th e M o s l em s o f S p a in a n d n on e o f which h a v e s u r
,
v iv ed . T h ey ma de c on s ta n t u s e o f th e formulas o f
I b n J u n i s f o r ta n g en ts a n d s e c a n ts o f wh o s e exi s t
-
,
en c e Eu ro p e w a s ig n o ra n t f or s i x hun d re d ye a rs
a fter th e i r publica ti on A s th e duty o f pilg rim a ge

.
promo te d th e s tudy o f g eogra phy s o a n a cqua i nt ,
a n c e with a s tron o my w a s ren d ere d n e c es s a ry to MO
h a mm ed a n s by th e requi rem en ts o f th eir religion I n .
o rd er to d etermin e th e di re cti on o f M e cc a a n e x a ct ,
kn owle dg e o f th e p o in ts o f th e c o m p as s w as in di s
p en s a ble I t w a s e qu a lly imp ort an t to e s ta bli s h
.
,
with ou t erro r th e h ours o f p ra yer a n d o f diurn al

,
a blu tio n a n d th e d a tes o f f es tiv a l s which b e g a n with

,
th e ri s i n g o f th e m oo n Th e s e c on s iderati on s which
.
,
i n ves te d a s tro n omic al pu rs uits with a s emi religious -
ch a ra cter grea tly pro moted th eir p o pula rity The

, .
s tudy o f m a th em a tic s w a s i n d e p en d en tly o f thi s i n

,
s
fl u en ce a n o c cup a ti on e s p e ci a lly c on g en i a l to the

,
Ar a b min d I n a l l th e s ch o ol s w ere glo b es b o th ter

.
,
re s tri a l a n d c el e s ti a l o f w o o d a n d m eta l pl a n i s ph eres

, , ,
a n d a s tro l a b es Th e con s tructi on o f th e s e la tter in

.
s tru m en ts th e p re curs ors o f th e s ex ta n t a s pe rfected

, ,
by th e Ara b s w a s ve ry c o mplic ate d a n d d eman d ed

, ,
th e e x erci s e o f th e h igh es t d e g ree o f s ci en tific i n v
g en u ity Th ey were u s ed f or th e m e a s uremen t o f

.
a n gl es a n d f o r a s c erta in i n g th e h ou r ei th er o f th e d ay
,
or n igh t S om e h a d a s m an y a s five ta bles w ere en

.
,
r
g ra ve d o n both s id es an d were pro vid ed a t th e b ot

,
tom wi th el ev en di ff eren t p ro j e c ti on s f or as m a n y
horiz on s On th em w ere rep re s ented the movement
.
of th e c eles ti a l s ph ere th e s igns o f th e z o di ac and

, ,
th e p o s iti on o f th e prin cip a l s ta rs an d c on s tell ati on s .
I n terch an gea ble pla tes c a lculated f or di ff ere nt lati

,
tud es , fa cilita te d o bs erva tion s wh erever ma de I t .
w a s n ot un u s u a l f or a n as trol a b e to give th e la titud es

o f n e a rly a hu n dre d citi es Th e in ven ti on o f th e .
pierce d gn omon by I b n J un i s greatly s implifie d oh -
s erva ti on s m a de to determin e th e a lti tud e o f th e s u n .
Th e p as s a g e o f ti me w a s u s ua lly ma rk e d by s un di a ls ,
a nd by cl e p s ydra s o f c o mpl e x a n d el a b ora te m e ch a n
ism . Th e o s cilla to ry p ro perty o f s u s p en d e d b o di es ,
re p res en te d by th e i s o chron i s m o f th e p en dulu m w a s ,
fa milia r to th e Ara b s wh o h a d a d a pted i t to a con

,
tri v a n c e wh os e c on s truc ti on res emble d th a t o f th e

mo dern clo ck a n in v en tion gen era lly a ttribute d to
,
G a lileo M a n y o f th e in s trum en ts u s e d by them i n

.
th ei r a s tro n omic a l o bs erva ti on s w ere o f en ormou s

dimen s ion s S ome o f th eir a rmilla ry s ph eres were
.
twen ty fiv e feet i n di a mete r a n d qu a dra n ts wi th a

-
,
ra diu s o f fifte en f eet w ere n ot un c ormn o n Th e .
bron ze s ex tan t em ploye d in th e tenth cen tury f or th e

,
determin a ti on o f th e o bliquity o f th e e cli p tic a n d d e

s crib ed by Abul H a s s a n o f M o ro cco
-
h a d a ra dius
, ,
of fif ty e ight f eet a n d i ts a rc w a s divide d in to

-
,
s ec o n ds A t tha t tim e a s tron omy es p eci a lly a mon g

.
,
th e S p a n i s h M o s le ms h a d a dva n c ed a s f a r a s w a s p o s
,
s ibl e wi th out th e u s e o f th e tel e s co p e I t w as th ro ugh .
th e in flu en c e o f th e Ara b s th a t kn o wl edg e o f th a t
s ci en c e as w ell a s o f a l l oth e r b ra n ch e s o f m a th e
,
ma ti cs w a s un i v ers a lly di ff us e d
, Th e mo d ern a l .
ma n ae a s its n ame den o tes i s th ei r in ven tion a n d th e

, , ,
s ign s by which i t d es ig n a te s th e s e ven pl an ets h a ve
been tran s mitted thro ugh th eir a gen cy A s with all .
pa s tora l n a ti on s th ei r a tten ti on w a s ea rly directed to

,
the ph en o men a o f th e h ea ven s They n o te d th e ris in g .
a nd s etti n g o f c erta i n s ta rs which s eem e d in ten d e d to
mark th e a dven t o f th e s eas on s ; they di vided the

m os t p romin en t g roup s in to con s tellati on s a n d as ,
s ig n e d to th em , a s did th e G reek s a fa n ciful a n d

,
leg en dary origin an d n om en cla ture With th e p ra c .
tic e o f a s tra l wors hip i n ciden t to e very ra c e a t a cer

,
ta i n s ta g e o f i ts i n tel l e ctu a l p ro gres s w a s as s o ci a ted

, ,
th e s tudy o f a s tro l o gy wh o s e p ri n ciple s b a s e d u p on

, ,
th e im a gi n a ry e ff e ct o f b en ig n o r m a lign a n t pla n
eta ry i n flu en c e , h as s till i n e duc a te d a s w el l a s i n
ign ora n t c o mm un iti e s i ts en thu s i a s tic vota ri e s Th e .
pra ctic e o f thi s fa ls e b u t attra ctive s ci en ce w a s h ow ,
e v er i n n o a g e c on fin e d to imp o s to rs
, S om e o f th e
.
gre a tes t min d s o f m e d imv a l or m od ern times believed

in i ts d elu s i on s whi ch w ere es p eci a lly p o pula r with
,
th e mo s t emi n en t a s tro n o m ers o f th e Middle Ages .
Tych o B ra h e wh o gra v ely in terprete d drea ms drew

, ,
th e h oros c o p e o f th e Emp eror R ud o lph Ev en th e .
a bili ty o f K e pl er did n o t p res erv e him fro m th e

p reva
l en t s up ers titi on ; h e a ls o c a s t h oros c o p e s an d pub
l i s h ed p ro ph etic ah n a n ac s . I ts pu rs uit l ed to th e
cul tiva tion o f o th er a n d m ore d eb a s e d s upers titi on s ,
th e ch im eric a l fo lli e s o f g eo m a n cy a n d on e irom an cy ,
th e p ro fa n e ri tes o f divin a ti on a n d m a gic th e b eli ef ,
i n th e o ccult vi rtu es o f ta li s m a n s a n d a mulets Th e .
p ers i s ten c e o f th o s e p ra ctic e s through un n umbered

,
c en tu ri es to th e pres en t time i s a s in gula r commen

,
ta ry o n hum a n cre duli ty i n e n ligh ten e d a s well as i n

un lettered a g es . I n m an y p a rts o f G erm a n y the
h oros c o pe o f a n i n fan t i s c a s t a t its n ativity an d i s ,
religi ou s ly p res erv e d with i ts b a pti s m a l c erti fic a te

, ,
un til th e h our o f di s s olutio n Ou r fa rmers s ow an d

.
re a p a n d p erfo rm th e v a ri o u s du ti e s i n cid en t to ru ral
ec on omy with dilig en t a tten ti on to th e ph a s es Of th e
mo on C on fid en c e in th e effic a cy o f ta li s man s i s even

.
i n ou r g en era ti on f ar fro m e x tin ct I t i s un con.
s c i ou s l y m a n ife s te d i n th e c ruciform pl an o f ou r ma
j es ti c c ath edra l s ; i n th e gilde d emblem which p oints

h eaven wa rd on th e s umm i ts o f their lo fti es t towers ;
Th e di s co v eri es o f A l H a z en i n o ptic s , c o mmun i

-
c a ted to Eu ro p e by th e S p a n i s h a n d S i c ili an M o h a m
m ed a n s , h a ve h a d a m a rk ed eff e ct o n th e dev el o pm en t
o f th a t s ci en c e, a n d a re th e b a s i s o f a ll th a t w e kn ow
o n th e s u bj e ct H e un ders too d th e c au s e o f th e
.
twilight ; es tim a te d th e d en s ity a n d c a lcul a te d th e

h eight o f th e a tmo s ph ere H e e xpl ain ed by th e prin
.
ci p l e of f c tion why celes ti a l b odi es a re vi s ible

re ra
wh en th ey are a ctu a lly b elo w th e h oriz on H e d is .
cu s s e d th e e ff e ct upon vi s i on o f th e va ryin g trans

a re n c o f th e a i r a n d s ugg es te d th at b ey on d o u r
p y ,
a tm o s ph ere th ere w a s n othi n g b u t eth er a p ro p o s i ,
ti on which m o d ern as tro n om y a cc ep ts F irs t o f a ll in

.
v es ti g a to rs h e c o rre cte d th e p rev a len t f a ll a cy th a t th e

,
ra y s o f light p ro c ee d fro m th e ey e to th e o bj e ct s een ,
a n error which h a d hith erto de c eiv e d a l l w h o h a d
written on th e s ci en c e o f O ptic s Th e wo rks of Al .
H a z en were u s e d a s te xt book s in th e An d a lu s i an col

-
leges a n d th ey were firs t ma d e kn own to C hris ten dom

,
through th e f oreig n ers w h o c a m e to s tudy A ra bic

lea rn in g i n th e s ch ools o f T o ledo Am on g s uch .
litera ry pilgrims o f th e twe lfth c en tury w ere th e

E n gli s hmen Adel a rd o f B a th Rob ert o f Rea din g, ,
D a n i el M orley Willi a m S h ell ey a n d th e I ta li an

, ,
G era rd o f C remon a Th e tra n s l a tio n s o f Ara bic

.
works in to L a tin in tro duc ed by th e l a bors o f th es e and

s ub s e qu en t s ch o l a rs i n th e d e p a rtm en t o f m edici n e
a lo n e a mo un t to n ea rly fo u r hun d re d .
G rea t a s w a s th e re puta ti on o f th es e a mbiti ous

e ccl es i a s tic s a m on g th e ig n o ra n t m a s s es o f th ei r c oun
try m en i t did n ot a pp ro a ch th a t o f th e fa m ou s G er
,
bert wh o s e g en iu s h a d un s ucc e s s fully a ttempted th e

,
en lighten men t o f Eu ro p e n ea rly tw o hu n d re d y ea rs
b e fore . Th e a tta in m en ts o f th a t a cc ompli s hed

s ch o l a r res p ec ta bl e i n a n
, y a g e w ere s o s u p erior to
,
th os e o f hi s c o n tem p o ra ri es th a t a s h a s b een p re
,
vi ou s l s tate d th ey p ro c ure d f or him th e un en vi a ble

y ,
an d da n gerou s ti tle o f ma gici a n A n ative o f A qui ~ .
ta in e o f o b s cu re bi rth a n d with o ut res o urc es h i s

, ,
ta l en ts ea rly a ttra cte d th e n otic e o f th e C ou n t o f

B a rcelon a wh o provide d f o r hi s educ a ti on i n tha t
,
city Th en c e a fter a time h e vi s ited th e prin cip a l

.
, ,
M oo ris h citi es o f An da lu s i a I t w a s th e ten th cen .
tury th e e p o ch o f th e high es t p ro s p erity a n d ma g

,
n ificen ce o f th e Omm e a d e Kh a lif a te Everywh ere

y .
were vi s ible th e e ff e cts o f th at civiliz atio n which h ad

n o riva l i n th e w orld Th e th oro ugh a gricultura l d e
.
v el o m e n t o f th e c oun try ; th e bu s y s ea p orts ; th e

p
luxuri ou s p a la c es ; th e p o pul ou s ci ties ; th e well p a ve d -
s treets fille d by d a y with s u rgin g multitud es a n d

, ,
lighted a t n ight by ten s o f th ou s a n d s o f twi nklin g

lamp s ; th e illimita ble e xp a n s e o f verdure which
ma rked th e en viron s o f th e grea t M oori s h c a pita l ,
broken on ly by o cc a s i on a l wa tch tow ers a n d gild ed -
min arets ; th e go rg eou s s plen dor o f th e c ou rt ; th e

pro digi ou s libra ri es ; th e inn umera ble s chools a n d
c olleg es equipp e d with every s ci en tific a p plia n c e
,
kn own to M os lem culture— c o lore d m a p s a rmils s u n , ,
dia ls clep s ydra s hydro meters p a ra lla ctic rules qu a d

, , , ,
ra n ts a s tro l a b e s
, pl a n i s ph eres glob es ; th e mo s qu e
, ,
with i ts thro n g s o f pilgrims g a y with th e c os tum es o f

every l a n d a ck n o wl e dgin g th e cree d o f I s l a m —thes e ,
s c en e s did n ot f a il to p ro f o u n dly imp re s s th e y o u n g
Fren ch e ccle s ia s tic a lrea dy imbu e d with p ro hibite d

,
idea s a n d fres h from th e in toleran c e th e b a rb a ri s m , ,
th e c re duli ty a n d th e i n telle ctu a l d eb a s em e n t o f

,
Chri s ti a n Eu ro p e Th e min d o f G erb ert w a s prompt

.
to re co gn iz e th e m a n ifo ld a dva n ta g e s to b e d eriv e d

from fa mili a rity with M os l em in s titutio n s a n d erudi
ti o n . H e b e c a m e a s tude n t o f th e Un ivers i ty o f C or
dova Du rin g th e f e w ye ars h e rem a i n e d in tha t city
.
,
h is ta l en ts a n d p ers ev era n c e p ro cu re d f or him a fu n d

o f s ci en tific i n fo rm a ti on u n e x a mpl e d f o r th a t p eri o d .
On hi s retu rn h e es ta blis h e d s ch ool s in b oth I ta ly a n d

48 4 H I S T ORY UP TH E
F ra n c e H e imp o rted b ook s fro m every qu a rter o f

.
th e world a n d es p e ci a lly fro m S p a in

,
H i s pupils .
,
reck o n e d by th ou s a n d s di ff u s e d thro ugho u t Euro p e

,
th e fa me o f th ei r tea ch er a n d th e p re c e pts o f hi s
works . Th e in s tructi on h e imp a rte d emb o di e d th e
forbidd en le a rn in g taught b eyon d th e P yren ees H e .
w a s th e firs t to expl a i n to Euro p e a n s th e a b a cus th e ,
I n di an n umera ls th e s ci en c e o f a rithmetic H e
,
.
ta ught g eog ra phy a n d a s tron o my fro m glob es con

s truc te d a t C o rd o va H e Ob s erv ed th e m otion s o f th e
.
pla n ets a n d determin e d th e el eva ti on o f th e pole

th ro ugh di o pters Th e res ults o f th e m e ch a n ic a l in
.
g e n u i ty which a mu s e d h i s l e i s u re m o m en ts a w a ken ed
th e h o rro r o f hi s ign o ra n t a n d pi o u s c on temp o ra ri es .
H e in ven ted a s tea m or hydra ulic o rg an ; a cl ock

wh os e mech a n i s m w a s la rg ely c ompo s e d o f wh eel s an d
pin ion s ; a n d a utom a ton s wh os e my s teri ou s move
men ts s ugg e s te d to th e vulg a r a di ab oli cal a g en cy .
H e impro v e d th e s ci en ce o f mu s ic H i s s y s tem o f .
im p a rtin g kn owledge ba s e d up on experim en t and

,
d emo n s tra tion exhibi te d a ra dic al di ff eren ce from th e

,
preva len t metho ds o f a n e p o ch wh os e in s tructi on w as

limited to S criptu ra l texts a n d e ccle s i a s tic a l a d m oni
ti on . Th e ren o wn o f th e g rea t s ch ol a r e xcited th e
e n vy o f th e m o n k s to wh o m th e p o pul a r imputa tion
,
o f i n fern a l c o mmu n i o n a ff o rd e d a p retex t f o r p er
s e cu ti o n They in s tig a te d ma ra uders to plun d er h is

.
a bb ey a t B obbi o i n I ta ly , H i s lib ra ry w a s bu rned

.
,
h i s in s trum en ts w ere d e s tro y e d h i s s tud en ts dis p ers ed

,
.
Thi s ill trea tmen t s o f a r from b ein g a s in ten de d p re

-
, , ,
j udici a l to th e fo rtu n es o f G erb ert ultima tely p ro ,
mote d th em H i s re puta ti on w a s everyw h ere known

.
,
a n d th e a w e hi s wi s d o m e xcite d w a s i n c re a s e d by th e
s up ern a tu ra l mea n s h e w a s b eli e v e d to emplo y He .
w a s p a tron iz ed b y th e Kin g o f F ra n c e a n d th e E m
p eror o f G e rm a n y ; h e b eca m e s ucc es s iv ely B i s ho p o f
Rh eim s a n d o f R a venn a ; a n d through th e in fluen ce ,
grudge d th e wealth o f h er veg etable kin gdo m w as ,
ea rly purs u ed wi th g reat en ergy an d s ucc es s by th e
con qu erin g M os lems I n n o other p a rt o f th ei r em

.
pire h o wever wa s s uch p ro gres s m a d e in its s tudy

, ,
o r s uch b en efici a l res ults Obta in e d from th e c ul ture
o f pl a n ts a s in A n d a lu s i a Th eir an alys i s an d clas s i

.
fica ti on an d th e d etermi n a tion o f th eir p ro p erti es

, ,
were s e dul ou s ly en c oura g ed by th e g overn m en t Th e .
s ci en tific exp edi ti on s o f th e kh a lif s c oll ecte d s p e ci
men s a n d s eed s from eve ry qua rter o f th e world .
G a rden s f or th e pro p a g ati on o f b oth n a tive pl an ts

a n d e x otic s w ere es ta bli s h e d i n th e en vi ron s o f a ll th e
great citi es an d th e res ul ts o f inte llig en t ob s erva tion

,
a n d e xp e rim en t w ere re gul a rly ta b ul a te d f o r th e pu b
lic ben e fit I n th e oa s es o f th e D es ert a lon g the

.
,
ba n ks o f th e N ile on th e fertil e pla ins o f M es o p oto

,
ta mi a o n th e arid pl a te a u s o f C en tra l A s i a i n th e
, ,
p es tilen t d elta o f th e G an g es th e b otan i s ts o f Cor

,
do va a dde d to th e s to ck o f ide a s a n d p ri n cipl es to b e

s ub s e qu en tly d evel o p e d a n d a dv a n ta g eo u s ly a ppli ed
i n th e v a lley o f th e f a r di s ta n t Gu a d a l quivir Nor .
were th eir e ff orts con fin e d to th e mere co llecti on a n d

e x a min a ti on o f p ro duc ts o f th e ve g eta ble kin gdom .
Every n o ve l a pplia n ce e very u s e ful in ven ti on which

, ,
might p ro ve b en efici a l to h o rticulture to i rrig a ti on to , ,
th e v a ri o u s b ra n ch es o f ru ra l e c on o my w ere dilig e n tly

,
n ote d a n d ca re fu lly p res e rv e d A s a c on s equ en ce o f

.
th es e l a b o ri ou s res ea rch es th e An da lu s i a n Ara b s b e

,
c a me mo re p ro fici ent in th e kin dre d s ci en c es o f bota ny

a n d a g ri cul ture th a n a n y p eo pl e w h o h a v e e ver ex
i s te d .I n th ei r coun try were con cen tra te d a ll the

fruits o f th e learn in g an d experien ce o f c en turi es th en
e xta n t in th e w orld I t i s s a id th a t th ey a dd e d to th e
.
h erb a ls o f th e a n ci en ts mo re th an two th ou s and

va ri eti es o f plan ts T h ey des crib e d th e circulati on o f
.
th e s a p ; th ey un d ers too d th e offic es o f th e b a rk a n d

th e lea v es Every s ou rce o f in form ati on w a s th or
.
o ughly explored Al rea dy in th e ten th c en tury th e

.
, ,
trea ti s e o f Di o s c orides h a d b een tra n s l a te d in to A ra

bic by a m onk O f C on s ta n tin o pl e s en t by th e Em ,
p ero r a t th e Sp eci a l requ es t o f th e Kh a lif b ec a u s e ,
th e s ubj e cts o f th e la tter were ign oran t o f Greek .
Th e b o ta n ic a l work s o f th e H i s p a n o Ara b s w ere en -
rich e d wi th dra win g s fro m n a tu re b ea u tifully ex e ,
c u ted i n c o l o rs Wh en I b n B eith a r o f M a la g a th e
.
-
, ,
mos t fa m ou s o f M os l em bota n is ts tra velle d i n th e ,
O ri en t h e w a s a cc omp a n ie d by a c orp s o f artis ts

, ,
wh o s e Skill pres erved th e form a n d tin ts o f un fa mili a r

flo ra i n a ll the ir b ea u ty a n d p erfe cti on H i s i s th e .
grea tes t n a me i n th e a n n a ls o f this imp orta n t bra n ch

o f l ea rn in g fro m Di os c orides to Li n n a e us a n in terva l ,
o f fifteen hu n dre d y e a rs .
I n th e wide ra n g e o f philo s o phic a l a n d ex p eri m en

ta l s tudy h o we v er n o s ubj e ct w as s o c on g en i a l to th e
, ,
ta s te o f th e Ara b o r a pp e a le d mo re s tron gly to h i s

ima gin a ti on tha n th e purs uit o f th e s pu rio u s s ci en ce
o f a lch emy Th a t s ci en c e origin a te d in Egypt th e
.
,
lan d o f i s o l a ti o n o f en ch a n tmen t o f pro digy I ts

, , .
in ves tiga ti on c on fin ed to a privile ge d cla s s h a d b een

, ,
pro tected by th e double s a fegua rd o f religi o n a n d

s e cre cy . F o r i nn um era ble c en tu ri es th e Egyp ti a n
pries thoo d th e s ole d e po s ita ri e s o f kn o wledge h a d in
, , ,
la boratories hidd en in temples or e xc a v a te d in th e

ro cky s id e s o f m o u n ta in s ea g e rly d e vote d th e m s elves
,
to th e di s c o very o f th e u n iv ers a l p a n a c ea o f th e ,
eli xi r o f lif e o f th e tra n s mu ta ti on o f in fe ri or meta ls

,
in to go ld Th e P to lema ic dy n as ty h ei r to th es e d e
.
,
la s i on s s o a cce pta ble to human e gotis m a n d a va ric e ,
h a d co n tributed to their u n iv ers a l dis s emin a ti on over

Eu rop e a n d As ia Th e Ar a bs from th e firs t h our o f
.
,
th ei r i n telle c tu a l e m a n cip a ti on p ro s e cuted with a l a c

,
rity a s tudy es p e ci a lly a d a p ted to th e i r n a ti on a l i n
c li n a ti on a n d g en iu s Th e fa ct tha t th e K o ran p ro
.
h ibits s uch o ccup a ti on s m a de thei r a s s o cia tio n with

re ligi on c on tra ry to th e c u s tom in Egyp t imp rac

, ,
ti c a bl e A t T ol ed o a n d C ordo v a a lch emy w a s n ot

.
,
des ign a ted a s a t M emphi s an d Th eb es th e S a c red

, ,
”
A rt , cultivate d i n th e p reci n cts o f temples c om ,
mu n i ca ted on ly to roy a lty s c reen e d fro m th e p ro ,
fa n a ti on o f th e vu lga r by th e de lu s iv e mumm eri es Of

p ro ce s s i o n s a n d s a crific es I ts clo s e relati on s with .
th a um a tu rgy a n d divin a tion with a s trolo gy a n d ,
ma gic w ere in evi ta ble con s equ en c es o f th e un cer

,
ta i n ty o f i ts res ults a n d o f th e my s tery th a t en vel

,
o p ed i ts p ro fe s s ors An cien t H e brew tra diti on a s

.
,
di s clo s e d by th e a p o cryph a l b o oks o f th e Bibl e as s erts ,
th a t th e o ccult a rts a n d s ci en c es w ere th e gift o f evil

s pi ri ts to th e child ren o f m en Th e Ro m a n s p un i s h ed .
s uch p ra ctic e s wi th d ea th pro b a bly f or th e rea s on ,
th a t th ey c a m e i n to c omp etiti o n wi th th e o ra cl es a ,
fruitful s ou rc e o f reven u e a n d pres tig e to th e s tate .
Thu s in a m ea s u re pla c e d un d er th e b a n o f religi on

, ,
a n d l a w a s ubj e c t o f s u s pici on a n d fea r to th e m a s s es

, ,
th e s tudy o f a lch emy w a s fra ught wi th d a n g er even ,
a mid s t th e P a g a n a s s o ci a ti on s o f a n tiqui ty I n th e .
Middle Ages th e e n d a n gered i n teres ts o f pri e s tcra ft

,
a dd e d to l eg a l p rohibi ti on a nd th e p rej udic e o f public

o pin i o n th e res i s tl es s fo rc e o f th ei r c o n d emn a ti on .
Th e S p a n i s h Ara b s p a s s io n a tely f o n d o f ex p eri

,
m en t an d n ovelty were emin en tly pro fici en t i n th e

,
te ch n ic a liti e s o f th e H erm etic A rt Th ey en tertain ed .
th e id ea th a t th e s a m e el emen ts i n di ff eren t p ro p or ,
ti on s w ere p res en t in a ll m eta ls a n d th a t by c erta in

, , ,
pro c es s es o f elimin a ti on a n y m eta l — a s f or i n s ta n ce

, , , ,
go ld ~ — c ould b e ob ta in e d Like th ei r m a s ters th e

, .
,
Al ex a n dri an Greek s th ey c on c ea le d th ei r di s c overi es

,
i n th e o b s cu ri ti es o f a lea rn e d j a rg on Th e p rin ciples .
o f th e i r c a ll in g w ere i n dic a te d by my s teri ou s s m

y
bol s en igm a tic a l phra s es mu tila te d fo rmul a s c a p a ble
, , ,
O f in terp reta ti on o n ly by th ems elve s With th e a d .
van c emen t o f lea rn in g th e o p eration s Of th e a lch emis t

,
of yea rs a fterwa rds fa cilitate d an d th e vis i on ary aim

, ,
o f th e a lch emi s t i n a m ea s u re a cc o mpli s h e d

, F rom ,
.
th es e s ec ret exp erim en ts c a me th e kn o wl edg e o f th e

wo rkin g o f meta l s o f th e co mp os iti on o f a l loys o f
, ,
th e fu s in g o f gl a s s o f th e a ppli c a ti on o f en a mels
,
.
Alch emy w a s thu s th e pre curs or o f ch emi s try a n d , ,
s o in tim a te ly a re th ei r p ri n cipl es a n d rel a ti on s c on
n ected , th a t i t i s imp o s s ible to d etermi n e wh ere th e

fa ls e s ci en c e term i n a tes a n d wh ere th e true s ci en ce
be gin s Th e H is p a n o Ara bs c a rri ed th e o p era tion s
.
-
o f b o th to a p oi n t n o t hi th erto a tta in ed by th e ex
e ri m e n te rs o f th e a n ci en t w o rld Whil e th ey
p .
p ro fite d l a rg ely by th e lea rn i n g o f th e E a s t it would ,
b e u n j u s t to den y them th e m erit o f c o n s picu ou s

a n d s triki n g o rigi n a li ty Th ey pra ctic a lly in v ente d
.
mo dern ch emi s try Th eir writers des cribe with cl ear

.
n es s a n d p re ci s i o n th e p ro c e s s es o f c ry s ta lliz a ti on ,
s ublim a ti o n di s tilla tion filtra tion s olu ti on

, , Th ey , .
i n tro duced n itri c a n d s ulphu ric a cid s th o s e p o werful ,
s o lve n ts wi th o u t wh o s e a g e n cy ch e mic a l c o mbin a ti on s

,
c ould n ot b e e ff e cte d To them i s d u e th e di s co very

.
o f a lc o h o l mu ri a te o f a mmon i a p ota s s a bichloride

, , ,
o f m ercu ry n itra te o f s ilve r a n d ph os ph o ru s

, Th e, .
a d a p ta ti on O f th es e s ub s ta n c e s to th e mul tifa ri o us
pu rp os es o f d a ily e xi s ten c e h a s b es to we d up on th e
i n ven to r a lmo s t b oun dle s s res ou rc es f o r th e develop
men t o f th e i n du s tri a l a rts a n d h a s pro vid e d th e s ur,
g eo n with effic a c i ou s me a n s o f a llevi a tin g hum an

s u ff eri n g .Th e u s e o f c a u s ti c s a n d a cid s pro duc ed
a rev o lu ti o n i n m e dicin e a n d th e s kill o f th e phy s i
,
c i a n e ve n in C h ri s ten d o m w a s n o l on ge r cl a s s ed with
, ,
th e ex o rci s m s o f th e n e c ro m a n c er or s ub o rdi n a ted to

th e mumm eri es o f th e p ri es t Th e M o s l em s o f th e .
P en in s ula were a wa re that a c a lci n ed meta l g a in s

ins tea d o f los es weight a fa ct wh os e kn owledge ,
fores h a do ws a n a cqu a in tan c e wi th g a s e s an d the

di s c overy o f oxygen ; n or w ere th ey ign oran t of
th e xis ten c e
e and pro perti es o f hydro gen P ro
th e .
c es s es f or th e oxid ation o f meta ls a n d f or th e gen

era ti on o f g a s e s a re firs t m en ti on ed by D j a b a r a l -
K u fi or G eb er wh os e p ers o n a l h i s tory i s u n kn o wn
, , ,
a n d wh o i s o ften co n f ou n de d wi th th e m a th em a tici a n ,
Dj a ba r I bn A fl ah o f S p a in Th e grea tes t Ara bi an

- -
, .
ch emis t o f a n y a g e h is a biliti es h a ve b e en re co g n iz e d
,
an d hi s n a m e h a s b een me n ti o n e d with re s p e ct by
every i n v es tig a to r o f th e e x a c t a n d exp erim en ta l
s ci en c es do wn to th e p res en t d a I t h a s b een well

y .
s a id th a t h e b e a rs th e s a m e re l a ti on to ch emi s try
th a t H ipp o c ra tes d oes to m e dicin e H i s writin g s

.
—c a h n j udici ou s emin en tly lo gic a l — a re n ot o b

, ,
s cu re d or di s figu re d by th e a b s u rdity a n d ch a rl a
ta n i s m o f th e e p o ch As ide from hi s re feren c e to

.
th e g en e ra ti o n o f g a s es by h e a t a n d th e ra dic a l
,
a ltera ti o n s u n derg o n e by th e s ub s ta n c es fro m which
th ey a re d eriv e d hi s fa m e wo uld h a v e b een p er

,
ma n en tl y e s ta bli s h ed by hi s di s co very o f n itric ac id

a n d a qu a re gi a ,pro ducts o f th e la bo ra to ry n o t p re
v i ou s l
y des crib ed by a n y a uth or Thu s th e philo
.
s o phica l m e th o d s o f th e S p a n i s h M os l em s gra du a lly
develo p ed th e vi s ion a ry O pera ti on s o f a lchemy i n to

th e s ci en c e o f ch emi s try To th e l a tte r ho w ever s till
.
, ,
clun g n um ero u s in dic a tion s o f a n o rigin fra ught wi th

imp os ture Importa n t experimen ts were de ferred
.
u ntil th e pla n eta ry in flu en c es were de cl are d to b e au

s p i ci ou s
. Th e e lixir o f life w a s s o ught f o r with u m
dimin is he d a rdor M on arch s were s till d eluded an d
.
plun d ere d by mea n s o f fa lla ci ou s p romi s es o f wea lth

to b e o b ta i n e d by th e tra n s mu ta ti on o f m eta ls B ut .
,
i n ma n y re s p e cts n o ta ble ch a n ge s were di s cern ibl e

, ,
ha rbin gers o f in c a lcu la ble b en efit to bo th th e phys ic a l

a n d in tell e ctu a l c o n di ti o n o f hum a n ity Th en w a s .
firs t e ff e cted th e p erm a n en t s e p a ra ti on b etween ex

p eri m en ta l s ci en ce a n d religiou s my s ticis m a u n ion ,
fatal to menta l d evelopment and to the arts o f civili

za ti on . F rom li es t tim es every im porta nt un

th e ear ,
d erta kin g h a d b een in v es te d with a s a cre d ch a ra c ter ,
a n d s uppl em en te d wi th c ere m on i es a d o p te d to a v o id
publicity an d to enh an c e i ts mys teri ou s s ign ific an ce .
I t w a s n o l on ge r a cc ou n ted s a cril e g e to e xpla in the

s e crets o f n a tu re O r n e c es s a ry to en s h ro ud th e d i s
c overi es o f th e phil o s o ph er wi th th e te rm s o f a n a ll e
g o ri ca l j a rg on Th e s ci en ti fic l e ctu res o f th e M oori s h

.
u n ivers iti es o f S p a in were o p en to a ll s tuden ts ; the

a n a lys es o f th e l a b o ra to ry w ere d a ily p erfo rm e d i n
th e p res en c e o f th ou s a n d s F a mili a rity with i ts

.
o pe ra ti on s exp e ri en c e o f i ts a dv a n ta g eo u s a pplic a
,
ti on dimi n i s h e d i n tim e th e s u s pici on wi th which

,
chemis try w a s vi ewe d by th e p o pula c e T h a t s ci en c e .

,
n ec e s s a rily s lo w i n i ts d ev e l o pm en t o rigi n a lly b a s ed ,
up on erron e ou s p ri n ciples p ro fitin g by th e o ppo rtun i

,
ti es o f a cciden ta l di s c o v ery reta rd e d by in n u m era ble

,
fa ilures h a te d by th e p ri es th oo d fea re d by th e ign o

, ,
ra n t cl a s s e d a s di a bo lic a l by th e s up ers ti tio u s w a s f a r

, ,
fro m p os s es s in g th e c a p a bility f o r p ro gres s ive a d

va n c em en t a n d p erma n en ce o f which m ath ematics w a s
s u s c e p tibl e Al th ou gh p ra ctic a lly i ts i n v en tors th e
.
,
Ara b s p a id m o re a tten ti on to th e a d a pta ti on o f its

di s c o very to medicin e th a n to th e imp ro vem en t o f its
p ro c es s es o r th e pu rific a ti on o f i ts produ cts T hi s .
pre dile ctio n in duc e d th em to s e p a ra te ph a rm a cy from

ch emi s try a s well a s fro m m edicin e thu s crea tin g a ,
n ew a n d m o s t imp orta n t bra n ch o f s ci en c e o f u ni ,
vers a l a pplic a tio n a n d o f p ra ctic a l b en e fit .
Eu ro p e i s in debte d to th e M o s lems o f S p a in a nd
S icily f or th e in tro duc ti on o f s uch dru g s a s nu x
v omic a c a s s i a croton ta m a rin d myrrh s a n d al
, , , , , ,
cub eb s ergot s enn a rhub arb a n d c a mph or ; f or s uch

, , , ,
s pic es a s cl o v es n u tm e g gi n g er a n d cin n a m o n ; f or
, , ,
s uch c o mp ou n d s a s j ul e p s e lixi rs s y ru p s
, a n d el e c , ,
tu ari es s till k n o w n to c o mm erc e b y th e i r Ara b ic

,
n a m es . Un d er th e kh a l ifs ph a rm a ci es were es ta b ,
tra n s l a ti on s in to L atin o f clas s ica l work s th at h ad

lon g be fore been ren dere d fro m G re ek into Ar abic .
Th e pion eer o f thi s in tellectu a l m ov em ent w a s Arch

bi s h o p R a ymo n d a F ren chman H i s ex a mple w a s
,
.
foll owe d by H erman o f D a hn ati a Mich a el S c ott , ,
a n d J ohn o f S evill e Th e three gre a tes t C hri s ti a n

.
di s s emin a tors o f th e s ci en c e deriv e d fro m th e M oors ,
h owe ver were Albertu s M a gn u s Bi s h o p o f Ra tis b on ;

, ,
Ro b ert G ros s etete Bis h o p o f Lin coln ; a n d R oger

,
B a c on p ro fes s or in th e Un ivers ity o f O xfo rd all o f

, ,
th e thi rteen th c en tury Th e firs t i s p o pul a rly kn own

.
to p o s teri ty a s a n a lch emi s t a n d a m a gici a n H e was .

,
b es id e s a m a n o f exten s ive kn owle dge a n d a writer

, ,
of volumin ou s trea ti s es o n the o lo gy philos o phy , ,
a lch emy a n d ch emi s try

, H e des crib e d s ucces s fully
.
th e a c ti on o f a cid s th e ch a ra cter o f a lk a li e s th e fo rms

, ,
a n d a ll o y s o f m eta l s Th e m eth o d u s e d to d a y in th e
.
-
m a n ufa cture o f c a u s ti c p ota s h i s iden ti cal with th e

on e h e re c omm en d s H e w a s th e firs t to p ro ve by
.
s ublim a ti o n th a t ci nn a b a r w a s a c o mp o u n d o f s ulp h ur
a n d m ercu ry H e u n ders too d p erfe ctly th e p re p a ra

.
ti on o f a c eta te o f c o pp er o f a rs en ic o f o xid e o f l ea d
, , .
Th e p ro ces s o f re fin in g m eta l s w a s a l s o f a mi li a r to
him . H e give s th e c o mp o s iti on o f gun p o wder — an ,
in ven ti on a ls o a ttribu te d to F ri a r B a c on bu t un qu es ,
ti o n a b l y d u e to th e Ara b s Th e idle l e gen d s a tta chin g

.
to h i s n a me whi ch h a ve a s c rib e d to him s up ern a tura l

,
p o wers d erive d from a n in tercours e wi th demon s a re ,
a p a rt o f th e h o m a g e th a t m e di a e v a l c re dulity w as
a ccu s to m e d to
p a y to s up eri or in tellig en ce H i s life .
,
d evo te d to s ci en c e w a s a s ex empla ry i n its ch a ra cter

, ,
i n a n a g e o f e ccle s i as tic a l c o rru p ti on a s h i s ta lents ,
were grea t a n d h i s de e d s meritorio u s H i s m athe .
m ati ca l kn o wl edg e a n d h i s m e ch a n ic a l s kill w ere th e

ma rvel o f hi s c on temporari es Th e curi ou s a utoma .
to n th a t h e c ons tructed which c o uld o p en d oo rs a n d

,
utter g uttu ra l s ou n ds w a s broken to pi e c es by S t

, .
Thomas Aquin a s wh o h ad previou s ly s ati s fied him

,
s elf O f i ts m a gica l origi n a n d di a b olic a l ch a ra cter .
R ob ert G ro s s etete Bis ho p o f Lin coln emi n ent

, ,
a lik e in s ci en tific a tta in m en ts a n d th e o l o gic a l c o n
trovers y i s o n e o f th e p romi n en t a n d i n tere s ti n g

,
cha ra cters O f E n gli s h me di aev a l hi s tory An a c .
complis h e d s ch ola r h e wa s p ro fou n dly v ers e d i n a ll

,
th e l ea rn i n g o f hi s time An ticip a ti n g Wyclif by

.
more th a n a c en tu ry h e w a s n ot a fra id to c ritici s e

,
publicly th e a bu s es o f th e P a p a cy to de fy i ts m an ,
dates a n d to a dvo c a te th e e x erci s e o f in dividu a l j udg

,
men t i n eccles i a s tic a l ma tters I n th es e da rin g in n o .
va ti on s w e o bta in th e firs t glimp s e o f th e a ud a ci o u s
s pi rit which a n ima te d th e f oun d e rs o f th e E n gli s h
Re forma tion H e re s is te d s ucc es s fully th e pres en

.
ta ti on o f I ta li a n p rel a te s to th e va ca n t b en e fice s o f
E n gla n d a prero ga tive hith erto e x erci s ed by th e S ee
,
o f R o m e a hn o s t wi th o ut re m on s tra n c e
, H e e leva te d .
th e s ta n d a rd o f s ch o la rs hip a t O xfo rd by i n tro ducin g

th e meth o d s o f ex a min a ti on which O bta i n ed i n th e
'
Un ivers ity o f P a ri s a t th a t time th e firs t in s tituti on

,
o f l ea rn i n g i n Ch ri s ti a n Eu ro p e Although o f d i s .
tin gu i s h ed ra n k i n th e Ro m a n C a th o lic hi era rchy th e ,
un con c ea le d e xulta tio n o f th e P o p e a t h i s d ec ea s e i s

a s ugg es tive i n dic a ti on o f th e b roa dn es s o f h i s vi e w s ,
a n d o f th e d a n g er to th e c a u s e o f e ccl es i a s tic a l s u
p rem a cy i n cu rre d by th e ex ten t o f h i s kn o wledge th e ,
boldn es s o f h is s en timen ts a n d th e u n ch e ck e d p rOp a

,
g a ti o n o f hi s h eretic a l d o ctrin es .
B u t th e g rea te s t o f thi s trio o f illu s trio u s n a mes i n ,
both ren o wn a n d i n flu en c e i s th a t o f Ro ger B a con , .
B orn in 1 2 1 4 h e w a s ea rly di s ti n gui s hed f o r h is e x

,
traord in a ry a biliti es H e s tudie d a t O xford a n d

.
P a ri s ma s tere d with out difficulty th e s ci en ces a s

,
ta ugh t a t th os e tw o u n ivers iti es a n d u n fortu n ately , ,
f or him s elf a d o pte d th e h a bi t o f th e F ra n ci s can

,
Order H i s i n cli n ation s little in a ccordan ce with th e

.
,
m a xim s pro fe s s i on imp el led him to th e in ves ti

of his ,
g atio n o f n a tura l ph en om en a H e s eems to h a ve h ad

.
well d e fin ed n o tio n s o f m a n y pra ctica l devic es which

-
h a ve c on tribu te d larg ely to th e triumph s Of mo dern

civiliz a tio n H e re g a rde d exp erim en t an d d emo n
.
s tra ti on a s th e on ly ra ti on a l m eth o d o f a rrivin g at
philos o phic a l truth A mi n d en dowed with remark

.
a bl e v ers a ti l i ty a s pi rit o f i n d o mi ta bl e p ers ev era n c e

, ,
a cqui re d f o r him a n a cqu a i n ta n c e wi th l a n gu a g es u n
e x a mpl e d i n hi s a e I n a ddi ti on to b e in g th o ro ughly

g .
c o n ve rs a n t with th e cla s s ic s H e brew an d Ara bic , ,
gen era lly u n kn own in th e thi rte en th c en tury e xce pt

to th e J ew a n d th e S a ra c en w ere a s f a mili a r to B a c on
,
a s th e a cc en ts o f h i s m oth er to n gu e I t i s s a id tha t .
h e d e v oted forty c on s ecutiv e ye a rs to th e s tudy o f

s ci en c e H e e xp en de d f o r ra re b ook s a n d f or th e
.
a pp a ra tu s n e c es s a ry f o r i ts res ea rch es th e s u m o f two
thou s a n d p o u n ds s terli n g a n a mo u n t c orres p on di n g

,
to s ev en ty fiv e th ou s a n d d oll a rs o f o ur mo n ey
-
In .
h i s writi n g s h e e s p eci a l lly re c o mm en d s th e s tudy o f

‘
ma th em a tics a s th e mo s t poten t in s trum en t o f men tal

cu ltu re th e on ly key whi ch can un l o ck th e s e crets o f
,
N a tu re H i s erudition embra c e d th e mos t re c on dite

.
bra n ch es o f lea rn i n g a n d s om e o f hi s s ugges tion s

,
vi ew ed in conn e cti on with s ub s e qu en t di s co v eries al

m o s t s eem pro mpte d by s up ern a tu ra l i n s pi ra tion H e .
re c o g n iz ed th e n e c es s ity f or th e re f orm o f th e c a l en
d a r a n d a ppli e d to P o p e C lement IV f or p ermi s s i on

, .
to re ctify i ts e rro rs b u t th e l a tter re fu s ed

, H e de .
c l a red a th oro ugh k n o wl e dg e o f o p tic s to b e in di s
p en s a ble f or th e con s tructi on o f a s tron omic a l in s tru

m en ts A fter th e p eru s a l o f hi s wri tin g s a doubt
.
,
ca n h a rdly b e en terta in e d th a t h e w a s th e in v en tor
of s p ec ta cl es — wh o s e id ea
, h e o bta in e d fro m Al
H a z en —a n d th a t h e a ls o un ders to o d th e a d j us t
,
ment o f th e len s es i n th e te les c o p e H e e xpla in ed .
th e ph en o m ena o f th e ra in b o w a s d u e to refrac
h e w a s lib era ted , o n ly to di e w ith th e firs t retu rn o f

th e bl es s in gs o f free d o m . Th e in to lera n t s pirit o f th e
a g e th a t c o n d em n e d h im i s e pito miz e d i n a s en ten c e
ta k en fro m a ch a p ter i n which h e d e pl ores th e i rra

ti o n a l big otry th at ob s tructs th e p ro g res s o f s c i en
tific in v es tig a ti on , An imu s i gn ora n s v erita tem s u s
”
ti n ere n on p ote s t . Th e vers a ti l ity o f h i s ta l en ts w as
on ly s u rp as s e d by th e a ud a city wi th which h e a t
ta ck ed a n d th e s ucc es s with which h e c o n tro verted

th e a b s u rd p rej udic es o f h i s e p o ch . H i s n a m e, s y
n on y m ou s wi th p ro gre s s , s ta n ds fo rth i n p romin ent
c o n tra s t with th e in tellec tu a l a b as emen t an d u n qu es

ti on i n g c re dulity with which h e w a s s u rro un d e d . H is
pro phetic fo re s ight, whil e it p rovo ke d th e ridicul e o f
th e thi rteen th c en tu ry , c omm a n d s a like th e res p ect
a n d a s to n i s hm en t o f o u rs .Like e very i nn o v ator, h e
e xp eri en c e d th e p en a lti es o f s up eri or g en iu s , — p er
s e cu ti o n , c on tu m ely , d e p riva ti on o f lib erty . Amon g

th e re p res en ta tiv e s ch o l a rs o f th e Middle A g es , h e d e
s erv es p re emi n en t c el eb ri ty a s a b o ld a n d o rigi n al
-
e xp o n en t o f e xp erim en ta l philo s o phy a n d s ci en tific
th ought .
Alth ough un a pp re ci a te d by h i s c ontemp ora ri es ,
R o g er B a c o n foun d a h o s t o f i mita to rs durin g th e

n e x t th ree c en tu ri e s . M embers o f every ran k and
pro fe s s i on embra ce d th e s tudy o f a lch emy Th e cleri
.
c a l ord er i n clud e d th e l a rg er n umb er ; th e s ecre cy of
th e clo i s ter w a s m a d e s ub s ervi en t to th e p u rp os es of

m a gic ; a n d th e formula s o f th e l a boratory cla imed
f a r m ore a tten ti on th a n th e a cco mpli s hm ent o f p en
a n c e or th e c erem on i e s o f de v o ti on .I t w a s even
a ll e g e d th a t P o p e J oh n XXII .fo un d time at Avig
n on to en g a g e i n a fruitl e s s s ea rch f or th e
’
p hil os o
p h er s s to n e . F ro m th es e illu s ory o ccup a tio n s were ,
a s a l rea dy rem a rk e d o cc a s i on a ll y d eriv e d di s c o v eri es

,
o f g rea t p ra c tic a l v a lu e
. Th e b en e fits res ultin g from
th e ex erci s e o f th e s pirit o f i n quiry a n d th e vig orou s
employm en t o f th e in tellectu a l fa culti es were o f even

grea ter c on s equ en c e to th e gro wth o f civiliz ati on a n d
th e fu tu re w e lfa re o f m a n ki n d .
I n n o de p a rtm en t o f s ci en tific in v es tig a ti on w a s th e

gen iu s o f Ara bi a n cultu re more s ign ally di s played
th a n i n th e n o ble p ro fes s i on o f m edicin e I n a n cien t .
Ara bi a di s ea s e w a s s upp os ed to b e a n i n dic a ti on o f

,
th e a n ge r o f G o d which i t w a s th e p eculi a r p rovin ce

,
o f th e s o rc e rer to rem o ve Th e erron e ou s ide a s o f

.
m orb i fic c on diti on s co mmon to n a ti on s in th ei r in te l

lectua l in fa n cy a mon g th e primitive Ara bs c o n s p i cu
, ,
ou s f or th e i r ig n o ra n c e w ere e ve n m ore p ron ou n c e d

,
th a n w a s ch a ra c teri s tic o f oth er ra c es n o t les s b a rb a r

ou s . I t w a s a lon g s te p fro m th e fetichis m o f th e
D es ert to th e s ac rifici a l c eremon i es o f Rome an d th e
As clepi a ds o f Greec e y et all were o f a s imila r ch a r
,
a cte r th ough th e l a tter re p res en te d th e o rigi n o f th e

,
medic a l s cien ce o f a n tiquity T emp era n ce w as at .
on c e th e p re c a u ti on a n d th e re m e dy o f th e a b s temi o u s
B e douin M oha mm ed diligen tly i n culc a te d th e d oc

.
trin e th a t th e s to m a ch w a s th e s ea t o f a l l di s eas es ,
a n d fa s tin g th ei r cu re .
Th e b en eficen t a rt which h a s f o r i ts o bj e ct th e a ll e
vi a ti on o f h um a n s u ff eri n g w a s i n th e s ev en th cen tu ry
degra d e d to th e viles t purp os es o f th e pri es t a n d th e

ch a rl a tan Th e writin g s o f th e c el ebra te d G reek
.
pra ctiti on ers lo s t i n th e un ivers a l d es tru cti on o f

,
learn in g c on s equ en t up on b a rb a ri an s uprem a cy or

hidden in th e s eclus i on o f th e clo i s ter h a d b een f or ,
gotten Th e re puta ti on o f th e m e dic a l s chool o f

.
Alex an dri a wh o s e meth o ds h a d wrought s uch mira

,
cles in th e a dva n cem en t o f s cien c e w a s in th e min ds , ,
o f th e m ore i n te llig en t b u t a n in di s ti n ct a n d d oubt

,
ful tra dition ; to th e ign ora n t it w a s wh olly un kn own .
Th en a n d f o r c en tu ries a fterwa rds throughout

, ,
Chri s ten d om medicin e w as clo s ely a lli ed with s orcery

,
and imp os tu re p artly a s trolo gica l p a rtly mys ti cal

, , ,
bu t ne ver s ci en tific Th e s up ern a tural ch ara cter wi th

.
which e ccles ia s tica l s hrewdn es s a n d cun n in g h a d in

ves ted i t — th e a cc e pte d p rin ciple th at di s e a s e w a s
,
pun i s hm en t in flicte d f or th e c ommi s s i on o f s in — a ,
p rin ciple which s tra n ge to s a y h a s s till i ts a dvo cates

, ,
ev en i n ou r en lighten e d a g e — ren d ere d a ll p ro g res s

,
im p os s ible M a l a di es were la rg ely a ttributed to th e

.
i n flu en ce o f s pirits or to th e p o s s es s io n o f devils to ,
b e e x orci s e d by p ra y er h o ly wa ter th e a pplic a tion o f

, ,
relic s th e in v o c a ti o n o f s a i n ts
, Th e s up ers titi on s in
.
h eri ted fro m P a g an a n tiquity a n d o f i n c a lcul abl e ,
p o ten cy in the ir a cti on up on th e min d s o f th e multi

tude were a s o u rc e o f g re a t re v en u e to th e clergy
, .
Amon g th e v a s t n umb er o f h oly m en wh os e n ames

fil l th e p a g es o f th e R om a n C a tholic c a l en d ar there
were m a n y in dividu a ls wh o s e i n terc es s i on w a s con
s id e red es p e ci a lly e ffic a ci ou s i n th e tre a tm en t o f c er
ta i n di s ea s es Th e p o licy o f th e C hu rch which l os t

.
,
n o o pp o rtun ity o f imp res s i n g th e f a n cy o f i ts vo
ta ri es even w en t s o f a r a s to e xp el fro m th e c on
,
s tell a ti on s o f th e z o di a c th e f a mili a r f orm s o f th e
a n ci en ts a n d to s ub s ti tu te in th e i r s te a d re p res em
,
ta ti on s o f c en o bi tes a n d m a rtyrs th e pi ety o f wh o s e ,
lives o ften o f qu es ti on a ble a uth en ticity h a d obta in ed

, ,
f o r th em th e h on o r o f c a n on iz a ti on Th e id en tifica .
ti on o f th e tre a tm en t o f di s eas e wi th religi ou s ce re

mo n i a l a n d in dire ctly wi th c eles ti a l in terferen ce
, ,
c on ferre d up on th e p ri es th oo d a n ew a n d f ormid
a bl e w ea p on o f s pi ritu a l p o w er Th e ir i n flu en c e .
,
a l rea dy g rea t a t th e b e ds id e o f th e s ick a n d th e
dyin g s oon be c a me p a ra mou n t To th e weight which

, .
th ei r e ccl es i a s tic a l fu n cti on s imp o s e d th ey a dd ed the ,
dicta tori a l ma n n er which i s es s en ti a l to th e s ucce s s ful

mi n is trati o n s o f th e phys ici an Th ey c o lle cte d enor .
mou s fees Th ey di s p o s ed o f es ta tes O ften i n th e

. .
,
very p res en c e o f d eath th ey en g a g e d in un s eemly

,
di s pute s o ver th e divi s ion o f th e s p oil Th ey forc ed .

victim s Th ey pro fes s ed to c on s ult th e a pp eara n c e

.
o f th e h ea v en s th e m o ti on s o f th e pl a n ets th e re cur
, ,
ren c e o f e c li p s es th e a pp a ri ti on o f c o m ets an d
,
meteors in th e c ompo un din g o f medicin es a n d th e

,
trea tm en t o f di s temp e rs C eles ti a l ph en om en a were

.
thu s re g a rd e d a s o f th e high es t im p o rta n ce i n the

determin a tio n o f s ympto ms a n d th e a dmin i s trati on
o f rem e di es Th e cu ra tiv e vi rtu es o f pl a n ts w ere
.
en ti re ly d ep e n d en t on th e p o s iti o n o f th e s ta r u n d er
which th ey w ere g a there d A c orres p on d en c e o f .
qu a liti es w a s pres um e d to exis t b etween o bj ects h a v

in g th e s a me c o lo r o r form a n idea p o s s ibly a s ol d ,
a s m a n him s e lf H en c e were d erive d th e im a gin a ry

.
a ph ro di s i a c a l vi rtu es o f th e m a n d ra k e a n d th e a i ,
l eg ed p ro p erti es o f red a n d white s ub s ta n c es a s c a lori

f a ci en ts a n d re frig era n ts Th e o ccup a ti o n s o f th es e
.
preten ders us u a lly c on fin ed to th e fl ee cin g o f their

,
dupe s were h o wev er n ot alw a ys s o in n o cu ou s Th ey

, , , .
were emin en tly s kille d in th e c omp o s iti on o f love

philters a n d p o i s on s wh o s e s ecret a dmin i s tra ti on is
,
b eli eve d to h a ve mo re th an o n c e ch a n g e d th e s ucces

s i o n o f c erta in o f th e ro y a l h o u s es o f Eu ro p e Th e .
crimin a l hi s to ry o f th e Middl e Ag es i s n o t m ore re

ma rka ble f or th e n e fa ri ou s dee ds o f th e s e fra udulen t
pra ctition ers th an f or th e im mu n i ty which th e p os s es
s i o n o f d a n g erou s s e c rets en a bl e d th e m to en j o y .
To th e min is tra tion s o f th es e tw o cl as s es — th a t o f

th e e ccle s i a s tic a n d th a t o f th e ch a rl a ta n — w a s th e
h e a lth o f Ch ri s ti a n Eu ro p e thu s co mmitte d f or many '
c enturi es A s triki n g s imila rity ch ara cteriz e d th e p ro

.
c eed in g s o f b oth E a ch employed mumm eries ex or

.
,
c is m s i n c a n ta ti o n s
, E a ch pro fe s s e d to b eli eve i n th e
.
effic a cy o f a mul ets On e in vo k e d th e i n terc es s i on o f

.
th e s a i n ts ; th e o th er w a s c re di te d wi th h oldin g n ightly
in tercou rs e wi th th e s pi ri ts o f th e in fern a l world .
B oth by th e a lleg e d e xerci s e o f s u p ern a tura l a ffili a

,
ti on wi eld e d g re at p o w er a n d liv e d i n lux ury a t th e

, ,
e xp en s e o f tho s e who m th ey h a bitu a lly delu ded .
Wh ile ea ch c on s id ere d th e oth er a s en croa chin g on h i s

p eculia r do ma in a n d an obj ect o f s u s pici on a c om ,
mun ity o f s en timen t between them gen era lly p re

ven te d a n y s eri ou s o utbrea k o f h o s tility Th e fa vor .
an d p rote cti on o f th e p rin c e w a s e qu a lly a cco rd ed to
th es e tw o a pp en d a g es o f th e c ou rt On e w a s th e .
keep er o f th e roya l c on s ci en c e ; th e other w a s va lue d

as a n u n s c rupul ou s a n d e v er a v a il a bl e in s trum en t o f
s e cret v en g ea n c e B oth a t tim es ex erci s ed th e im

.
p orta n t fun cti on s o f phys ici a n Un fo rtu n ate in d eed

.
, ,
w as th e in va lid de p en d en t up on s uch in a d equ a te re

s ou rc es . F o r h im the re w a s n o pros p e ct o f s ub s ta n tia l
reli e f ; n o s ys tem o f i n tellig en t trea tmen t ; n o reme
di es bu t in c en s e relic s a n d th e mys teri ou s formulas

, ,
o f imp o s tu re ; n o p ro phyl a cti c b u t th e ta li s m a n ; n o
di a gn os is bu t th e c on s ultation o f th e s ta rs ; n o p re
s c rip ti on b u t th e P a ter a n d th e A ve I n th e es tim a .
ti on o f th e p o pul a c e th e c a lli n g o f th e phy s ici a n w a s

,
iden tic a l with th a t o f th e n e croma n c er I n th e a dvice .
o f th e p ri es t th e g rea ter c o n fiden c e w a s re p os ed hi s ,
con n e ction with th e Church in ves tin g hi s o pin ion s with

a divi n e ev en a n i n fa llible s a n cti on
, , Wh en fa ilure .
res ulte d as w a s o ften th e c a s e i t w a s n ot a ttribu te d

, ,
to in exp eri en c e a n d ign ora n ce b u t to n egl ect to p ro

,
p itia te th e s a in ts a n d th e Virgin Th e c o mmon es t .
rul es o f hygi en e up on which a re a b s olutely d e p en d

,
en t th e h e a lth o f c o mmun iti es were ha bitu a lly i g

,
n o red. Th e s treets we re o p en s ewers Th e court .
yards s tea me d with mi as m atic va p ors en gen dere d by

deca yin g ga rba g e I n to mo s t h ou s es th e pu rifyin g
.
ra y s o f th e s u n c ould n ev er p en etra te F loors an d .
wa lls a like were grimy with filth Lin en a n d c otton .
garmen ts wo rn n ext th e s kin a n d which c on tribute

,
s o much to p ers on a l c o mfort a n d cl ea n lin es s were ,
un kn own ; th e Arab s by wh om th ey were i n ven ted

, ,
had n ot y et in tro duc e d th em to th e kn owledg e o f E u

ro pe . upply o f w a ter every wh ere c on ta mi

Th e s ,
n a ted b ec a m e a p ro lific s ourc e o f in f e cti o n

, P ublic .
b a th s di d n ot ex i s t ; a p ro fa n e lux ury o f th e P a g an
a n d th e S a ra c en th ei r u s e w as c o n tra ry to th e tra di
,
ti ons o f Chri s ti a n ity ; th e G os p els c on ta in n o g en era l

p re c e pts f or a bluti on ; a n d i ts p ra ctic e w a s a bh orrent
to th e m e d i ta tive s implicity o f cl eric a l an d m on a s ti c
l ife . Th e un iv ers a l e xi s ten ce o f th es e p ath o g en ic
co n di tion s i s alon e s uffici ent to a cc oun t f or th e ra pid
di ff u s i on an d frightful mortal ity o f c on ta gi ous dis
ea s es L e p ros y h a d un der th e filthy h a bits a n d p ro
.
mi s cu ou s i n tercours e o f th e p o pul a ti ons o f th e

Middl e Ag es a s s um ed a ch a ra cter o f ex traordi n ary
vi rul en c e F ran c e a t th at tim e c erta inl y n o t th e lea s t
.
,
ci vilize d c oun try o f E uro p e furn is h es a s ugg es tive ,
in s ta n c e o f th e p reva len c e a n d di s as trou s eff e cts o f

thi s in cura ble di s o rd er F rom th e eleven th to th e
.
fourteen th c en tury there w as n ot a vill a g e— s c a rcely

,
a h a ml et— wi th o ut i ts la z a r h ou s e ; th e s treets o f g rea t

-
citi es s warme d wi th lep rou s b egg ars in e very s ta ge

o f l oath s o m e d e f o rmi ty ; a n d in 1 2 50 there w ere
kn own to b e two thou s an d lep er a s ylu m s in th at king -
d om — th ere w ere ni n eteen tho us an d in E uro p e Th e

, .
res ul t o f th e d is re g a rd o f s a ni ta ry p re c a u tion s a nd ,
th e d epl ora bl e l a ck o f m edi c a l kn o wl e dg e i s als o ,
es ta b li s h e d by th e fa ta li ty o f grea t e pid emi c s

p re ,
vi ou s l y m en tion e d S uch w as th e a wful p en alty

.
en ta il e d b y h a tre d o f l e a rni n g p ers on a l n e gl e ct a n d

, ,
publ ic in di ff eren c e to th e l a ws o f h ealth c on di ti ons ,
s e dul ou s ly m a in ta in e d b y th e p oli c y o f th e p a p a l
s ys tem wh o s e mi n is ters c oll ecte d imm en s e revenues

,
from s hrin es reli cs a mul ets a n d th e en dl es s p ara

, , ,
p h ern a h a o f s u p ers ti tion a n d di s c o ura g e d by a ll th e

, ,
i n s idi ou s a rts o f th eir p ro fes s i on e very ra ti on al ,
meth o d f or th e preven ti on a n d trea tm en t o f di s eas e .
I n th e O rien t on th e o th er h a n d great pro g res s

, ,
h ad ea rly b een m a d e in th e v a ri ous bran ch es o f the

p orta n c e o f this in tell e ctu a l mo vemen t gu id ed by th e ,
s pirit o f s ci en tific in quiry wh os e c on clu s i on s w ere
ba s e d on res ul ts o bta in e d by ob s erva ti on a n d ex p eri

men t i s di s clo s e d by th e grea t mi n ds it pro duc e d an d
,
thro ugh th e in flu en c e i t e x erte d o n oth er n ati on s .
I n m edi cin e a s i n a ll other s c i en ces th e S p an is h

, ,
Ara b s en j oye d p e cu l i ar a dva n ta g es Th e a ccumu .
la te d wi s dom o f th e A l ex an dri a n S ch oo l w a s the irs

by right o f c on qu es t Th e lea rn in g th e in venti ons
.
, ,
a n d th e m eth o d s o f th e g rea t c o ll e g e s o f D j on di s a
bo ur o f B a gd a d o f C a iro o f D a ma s cu s were the irs

, , , ,
by a ppro pri a ti on o r in h eritan c e M a n y o f th e mos t .
a cc omp l i s h e d s ch ol a rs o f th o s e i n s tituti on s es ta bli s h ed
a res id en c e i n th e P en in s ul a an d enriche d w i th th eir

,
kn o wl edge th e a l rea dy gig a n ti c s to ck o f s cientific

fa cts th e res ult o f yea rs o f s tudy a n d e xp eriment by
,
th e brightes t mi n d s i n th e mos t highly i n tel l e ctu a l an d

cul tiva te d s o ciety o f Euro p e N e ith er n ation a l n or .
reli gi o u s p rej udic e p ro s crib e d th e frui ts p ro duc e d by
th e l a b ors o f th e philo s o phic a l o b s erver Th e con .
trib u ti on s o f th e s k e p tic th e Ch ri s ti a n th e J ew a n d
, , ,
th e W ors hipp er o f F i re w ere re c eive d wi th th e s ame

res p ect a n d re w a rd e d w i th th e s a m e li b era lity a s were
th o s e o f th e o rth o d o x M os l em Th e enterp ri s in g s ur
.
geon s an d ph a rm a ci s ts o f M ooris h S pa in tra vell ed ,
s tu di ed an d , pu rs u e d the i r in ve s tig ation s in every

coun try which p ro mi s ed a p ro fitabl e return to their
in dus try o r th eir res earch es Th e a c a d emi es o f th e .
P en in s ula w ere illumin ed by th e g eniu s a n d th e eru

diti on o f s uch grea t writers a n d Op erators a s the
B a kh ti ch ou s M a s u é s a n d S era p i on s th e N es tori an
, , ,
pi on eers o f me dic ine a n d s urg ery ; H on ei n I bn I s hak - -

,
Al b a tegn iu s Abu Yu s uf al K en di T s a bit I bn K or

,
- - -
,
- -
ra I b n B o th a n I b n S in a Abu B ekr M oh a mm ed o f
,
-
,
-
,
- -
,
P ers ia ; I bn al H eits a m Al H a z en Abul M en a I bn

- -
,
-
,
- -
N a s o o f Egypt ; I b n a l M ath ra n I bn al D akhnar

,
- -
,
- -
,
I bn Kh a lif a Ab d a l A tif D j ima l al D ire o f S yri a ;

-
,
- -
,
- -
,
I b n a l D j ezza r, C o n s ta n tin e Afric a n us , a n d Edris i ,

- -
o f B a rb a ry The s e n a mes , fa mous i n th e a nn a ls o f

.
th e p ro fes s i on , a n d g a th ere d from e very qu a rter o f

th e M o h amm e d a n w orld , a re equ a lle d if n ot s u r
p a s s ed i n ren own by th os e o f M oori s h S p a in The .
s c h ool s i n th e e mpire o f I s l a m , a lrea dy c e l eb ra te d ,
were a ls o ren dered doubly illu s tri ou s by m an y o ther

dis tin gui s h e d s chola rs o f s c a rcely in feri o r a bility ,
wh os e ta len ts a n d dis coveri es pro duce d a revo lutio n

in th e p ra ctic e o f every d e p a rtm en t o f m edic a l s ci
en c e. All o f th e in s tituti on s where i t w a s ta ught were
not public M a n y were es ta blis hed by pra cti s in g
.
phys ici an s wh o h a d a l s o th ei r p riv a te h os pitals Th e

, .
s on s a d o p te d th e p ro f e s s i o n o f th e i r f a th ers f o r ma ny
con s e cutive g en era tio n s a n d a dd ed to th e le a rn i n g

,
obta in e d by e x a mpl e a n d e xp eri en c e th e n a tura l a d
va nta ges d erive d from th e h ere di ta ry tra n s mis s io n o f

gen iu s a n d s kill .
Th e kh a lifs o ften a tten d e d th e l e cture s o f emi

n en t p ra c ti ti o n ers a n d a lw a ys b es to w e d up on th em
,
th e mo s t s ubs ta n ti a l m a rk s o f th eir fa v or C a p a ble

.
o f th e e x erc i s e o f e very public emplo ym en t th e c o urt ,
phys ici an w a s o ften ra i s e d to th e po s t o f vizier .
M an y a ccumula te d imm en s e fo rtun es Dj a bril I b n .

-
B akh ti ch ou l e ft n in ety milli on d ra chm a s ; Ai — M a mu m

ga ve H on ein f o r every volume h e tra n s la ted from
th e G reek i ts weight i n g old .
Th e vers a tility o f m a n y o f thes e lea rn ed m en i s one

of th e m a rve l s o f th e e duc a ti on a l s y s tem un der which
th ei r ta len ts were d evelo p e d Th ei r me dic a l kn o wl

.
edg e w as o ften th e l eas t c on s picu o u s o f th ei r in tel
lectual a cc ompli s hmen ts Th ey were fa mou s math e

.
mati ci a n s a s tron ome rs m eta phys ici a n s g ra mmari an s

, , , ,
botan is ts S o me le ft h un d red s o f wo rks on th e dif

.
f e ren t s ci en ce s Even in th at remote a g e there were

.
s p eci a li s ts w h o w ro te wi th s ig n a l a bility on th e mor
bid a n a tomy Of th e di ff eren t portion s o f th e b ody .

A ff ecti on s of b s tetrics eru pti ve fev ers were

th e ey e, o , ,
ex h a us tive ly trea te d Th e bo ok o f Rh a z es on th e
.
di s e a s es o f children is th e firs t on th at to pic kn o wn

to e xi s t. M e di ca l en cy cl op ze di a s w ere c om mon Th e .
n umb er o f tra ns l ators p ro duc e d by th e s ch o o l o f B a g
d a d a l on e e xc ee d e d on e hun dre d Th e mul tipli ca ti on.
o f c o pi es o f Greek m edi c a l a n d phi l o s o phic a l w orks
by thi s mean s a n d th ei r cons e qu en t wi de di s tribu

,
ti on p res erv ed th em fro m th e f a te en co un tere d by s o

,
m a n y oth er memori a ls o f Attic g eni u s Th e s a luta ry .
e x am pl e o f th e Abb as id e kh a li f s w a s n o t los t up on
th e M o s l e m p rin c es o f S yri a a n d Egyp t I n the .
p oli s h e d c a pita ls o f D a ma s cu s a n d C a iro n u mb ers o f

s pl en di dl y a pp o in te d m edi c a l in s ti tuti o ns — c o ll eg es ,
h o s pi ta ls di s p en s a ri es la b ora tori es — a ros e Th e s er

, ,
.
v ic es o f th e m os t di s ti n ui s h e d phys ici a n s we re
g gra tui
tous ly ren d ere d to th e i nm a tes o f th e h os pita l s Th e .
hygi eni c a rra n g emen ts o f th e la tter were in man y ,
res p e c ts s up eri o r ev en to th os e di c ta te d by th e s piri t

,
o f m o d ern s ci en ti fic p ro gres s Th ey w ere larger

.
,
b etter a rran g e d a nd mo re c omm o di ous P urity o f

, .
a ir w a s a s s ure d by a s y s te m o f th oro ugh v en til a ti on .
Th ere we re foun ta ins e verywh ere — in th e c ourts in , ,
th e h a lls i n th e g a rd en s
, W a rds pla c ed un der th e
.
dire ctio n o f c omp etent s p e ci a li s ts w ere a pp o in te d f or

th e trea tmen t a n d s tudy o f e very di s ea s e I n s ane
p ati en ts were p res cribed f o r li k e th e o thers a n d h ad ,
th e ir a tten d a n ts th eir b a th s a n d th eir a mu s em en ts

, , .
F or th em a s well a s f or th e un fortun a te victim o f

,
in s omni a a n d th e c on v a l es cen t th ere were th e di vert

,
in g mirth o f th e s to ry tel l er a n d th e s ooth in g p o wers

-
o f mu s i c Wh en a p a ti en t wa s di s ch a rge d a s cured
.
fro m th e M ori s ta n o f C a iro foun ded in th e ten th,
c en tury a n d th e mo s t luxuri ous ly e qui pp e d h o s pita l

,
o f a n ci en t o r m o d ern ti m e s — wh ere c oo li n g w a ters

,
rippl e d by th e b e d s id e o f th e s ick a n d th e ir s ens es ,
were re fres hed by th e s ight an d o dors o f b eds o f

s up ers ti tion a n d impos ture with which they h a d lon g

b een en cum bere d .Alm o s t every di s ea s e in cident
to hum a n ity w a s trea te d by th e Ara b p ra ctiti on er .
Op h th a h n i a en d emi c in co un tri es s ubj e cte d to th e

,
in c es s an t gla re o f a tro pic a l s u n rec eive d p arti cular

,
a tten ti on Th e M o ori s h s urg eon s d es crib e elev en dif

.
feren t o p era tio n s f or c a ta ra c t S m a llpox a n d le pros y

.
were th e s u bj e ct o f protra cte d an d e xh a u s tive in ves ti

a ti on Th er e w ere s p e ci a li s ts f o r a ff e cti on s o f th e
g .
n erves a n d th e b ra in a n d o f th e p e c to ra l o rg a n s ; f or
,
c ompl a in ts res ultin g from phys ic a l exc es s e s ; f or th e

va riou s fo rms o f i n s a n ity . C on s idera ti on s o f deli
c a cy a n d th e j e a lou s prej udic e res ultin g from th e life
o f th e h a rem d eb a rre d th e phy s ici a n f ro m th e a pplic a
ti o n o f th e p rin c ipl es o f g y n mcol o gy a n d th e p ra ctic e

,
o f o b s tetric s w a s reli n qui s h e d to w o m en S u rgery .

,
wh os e pra ctice n ow im pli es th e p o s s es s ion o f th e high

e s t d e g ree o f p ro fe s s i o n a l s kill w as f o r a g es a m on g
,
th e Ara b s co n s id ere d o f i n f eri or imp orta n ce a n d w a s ,
a b a n d on e d to b a rb ers a n d ch a rl a ta n s Th e M o h a m.
m ed a n do c trin e th a t th e s o ul rem a in e d with th e body

f o r a c erta in tim e a fter di s s oluti on w a s a s eriou s ob
s ta cl e to th e a cqui s iti on o f a n a to mic a l kn o wl e dg e ,
vita l to th e s ucc es s o f th e Op era tor Thi s feelin g w as

.
in ten s ifie d by a n id ea pre va len t a mon g th e rabble th at

h a n dlin g a co rp s e w a s a s ourc e o f frigh tful n ay even , ,
o f in e ff a c ea bl e p olluti o n
, . Th e s a m e imp edim en ts to
the s tudy o f a n a to my a l s o exi s te d i n Ch ri s ti a n Eu
ro p e un de r th e rul es o f th e C hu rch On e o f th e m os t
.
he in ou s o ff en c e s o f th e Emp ero r F re derick I I w as .
th a t b e en c o u ra g e d di s s e c tio n s a p ra c tic e which a s

, ,
i t vi ol a te d th e s a cre d ta b ern a cle o f th e s oul a n d a c ,
c o rdin g to e ccl es i a s ti c a l pre c e p t migh t c a u s e s eri ous

,
e mb a rra s s m en t o n th e d a y o f th e G en era l R es u rrec
ti on h a d b een rigidly p ros c rib e d b y th e p olicy of

,
R om e .
Th e Ara b s a tta ch ed th e g rea tes t im p orta n ce to hy

MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UR OPE 5 11
g i en ic p re c a u tion s f or th e prevention a s well as f or

th e cu re o f di s e as e I t w a s a c a rdin a l
. prin ciple of
th ei r p a th o l o gy th a t o verta xin g th e diges tiv e org a n s
w a s th e c a u s e o f a multi tude o f di s o rd ers Th e a b .
s tem i o u s a n d te mp era te h a bits whi ch ch a ra cte riz e d th e
life o f th e D es ert were imp res s ively in culc ate d by

th e K o ra n a n d th e en ti re b o dy o f M os lem tra di ti on .
Th ei r o b s erva n ce w a s con s ta ntly s ugg es te d by th e

famili a r u s e o f a mu s in g a n d p ertin ent a pho ri s ms a n d
proverbi a l phra s es s uch f o r i n s tan ce a s Th e wors t
, , , ,
thi n g s th a t a n ol d m a n c a n h a ve a re a you n g wife a n d

”
a g o o d c o ok .
Th e s ci en c e o f m edicin e i n co mm on with th e oth er

,
bra n ches o f pra ctic a l kn owledge a lrea dy enumera ted ,
w a s i n tro duc e d i n to Ch ri s ten d om th rough th e M o s

l em kin gd o ms o f S o uth ern Euro p e Th e S p a n is h
.
an d S icili a n Ara b s w e re th e di s tributors o f th e a c cu
mu l a ted wis dom o f th e E a s t Th e mu n i ficen t p a tron

.
a g e o f th ei r rul ers th e en terp ri s e o f th ei r m erch an ts

, ,
th e a mbi ti on o f th ei r s ch o l a rs en a ble d th em to pro fit

,
by th e li tera ry res o urces a n d in va lu a ble obs erva ti on s

o f th e g rea t m e dic a l s ch oo l s o f B a gda d C a iro a n d , ,
D a ma s cus Th e C on tin en t o f Rh a z es th e C a n o n of
.
,
Avicenn a th e M eli ki o f Ali I b n Abb a s e a ch a va s t

,
- -
,
comp en dium o f s cien tific in formati on whos e prin ci ,
p les fo rm th e b a s i s o f a ll mo d ern p ra ctice w ere ea rly ,
fa milia r to th e M oori s h phy s ici an s o f th e P en in s ula .
Th e work s o f Al H a z en a n d Ali I b n I s s a in d i s p e n
- - -
,
s a bl e to o cu l i s ts w ere u s ed by th e s tud en ts o f C or
,
dova even b e fore th ei r a do pti on by th e colleg es o f

T eh era n a n d C a iro Every me dic a l treati s e o f i m
.
p orta n c e w a s to b e fou n d in th e libra ri es o f th e kh a l

if a te
. N or w ere th e eff orts o f th e H i s p a n o Ara b -
pra ctiti on ers limited to th e coll ecti on o f th e litera ry

producti o n s o f th eir pro fes s i on a l brethren Of th e
Orient Th ey tra n s lated th e an ci en t Greek ma s ters
. .
They c ompos ed vo lumi n ous c ommentari es on fa mous

a u th ors wh os e o pini on s were re g ard e d as ora cul a r .
NO n a m es i n th e l on g c a ta logu e o f M o s l em g en ius
s ta n d high er th a n th os e o f A bul c a s i s th e orig i n a tor o f ,
mo dern s u rg ery ; th a n A v enzoa r wh os e fa mily w as ,
promi n en t f o r three hun dre d yea rs in th e m edi c al an

n a l s o f M o o ri s h S p a in ; th a n Av erro e s who s e g reat ,
pro fes s i on a l a tta in men ts h a ve b een obs cured by his

p re emi n en t re puta ti on a s a n a tura l philos o pher
-
Arib —
.
I b n S a id —a l Kh atib
-
wh os e wo rks exce ede d a
-
,
th ou s a n d i n n um ber c o mp os e d trea ti s e s on gy n wcol

,
ogy a n d o b s tetric s a n d w a s th e a u th o r o f th e C a l en da r
,
of C ord ova a won derful c o mpil ati on o f m edic al

,
tru th s s u rgic a l m a xims a s tro n o mic a l a n d a g ri cu l

, ,
tu ra l kn o wl edg e I b n W a f ed o f T o le d o w h o lived
.
-
, ,
i n th e ten th c en tury a n d wh o s e e xtra o rdi n a ry a b iliti es

,
m a de him c on s picu ou s a mon g hun dred s o f emin ent

contemp ora ri es c on s um e d twen ty ye a rs i n th e pre p a
,
ra ti on o f h i s w ork on th e g en era l p ra ctic e o f m edi
cin e I b n Zoh r o f S eville w a s th e firs t to di s c over

.
-
, ,
th a t s c a bi es w a s p ro duc e d by a dim i n u tiv e p aras i te ,
a n d to p re s c rib e s ulphur a s a re m edy Th e trea ti s e .
o f M o h a mm e d I b n Q u a s s u m o n di s ea s es o f th e e e
- -
y
o ccupi e d s i x hu n d re d p a g es ; th a t o f M o h a mm e d al -
T emi n i on h ern i a a nd tu mo rs n ea rly four hun dred .
D a oud a l A greb i wrote o n fumig a ti on s co llyri ums

- -
, ,
h emo s ta tic s ; h e re co mm en d s th e a dmi n i s tra tion of

n a rc otic s in lith otomy i n th e i n ci s i on o f a b s c es s es a n d
, ,
i n em a s cul a ti on f or th e p ro ducti on o f eun uch s S a la .
d in I b n Yu s uf publi s h e d a b oo k on th e a n a to my o f
- -
th e ey e a n d th e th eori e s o f vi s i on Th e s ci en tific a nd .
lo gic a l m eth o ds in a ugura te d by th e kh ali fs o f th e

E a s t were p erfe cte d in th e m edic a l c o lle ges o f MO
h a mm ed a n S p a in Th e s tudy o f a n a tomy a tta in e d a
.
d evelo pmen t previ ou s ly u n kn own to th e tra diti ons

a n d e xp eri en c e o f th e p ro fe s s i on F rom th e con .
tem p l a ti o n o f b on e h ea p s in th e c e meteri e s th e s tu
-
d en t a dva n c ed to th e p erforman ce o f auto p s i es ; to

p ra ctic e T h ey en um erate n in e di ff eren t forms o f

.
c ata ra ct which th ey treate d by c ouchin g an d by

,
pun cture Th eir n eedles were b oth roun d a nd tri

.
a n gul a r ; s o m e w ere h ollo w a n d m a de o f gl as s Th e .
Ara b s w ere th e firs t to p erform th e im p ortan t Op era

ti o n o f l i th otomy a n d to re duc e ol d d i s lo c a ti on s Th ey .
kn e w h ow to lig a ture th e a rteri es four c enturi es

b e fore Ambro s e P a ré Th ey u s e d h ook s f or th e ex
.
tra c ti on o f p olypi Th ey m a d e frequ ent a n d i n telli

.
g en t u s e Of c oun ter i rritan ts Th e s eton i s their irr

-
.
ven ti on .Th e a ppli c a ti on o f leech es in a p o plexy was

a c omm o n in cid en t i n th eir p ra ctic e Th ey were .
fa milia r with th e e ff ects o f ca u s tics a n d a cids as

es ch a ro tic s T h ey s ubs tituted re frig eran ts f or ton ics
.
in c erta in a ff e cti on s o f th e n erv e c entres -

Th ey un .
d ers too d th e v a lu e Of c o ld w a ter in a rres tin g h em or

rh a g e . Th ey o rigin ate d th e mo d ern m eth o d o f b an d
a gi n g . Th e trea tm en t O f s lo w fevers li k e typh oid , ,
by b a th s o f l ow temp erature w as frequ ently em ,
ploye d by th em ; it w a s re c ommen ded by Rh a z e s n ine

hun d re d y ea rs b e fore i ts ann ou n cemen t to th e pres ent
gen era ti on as a n ew a n d rema rk a ble di s covery To .
I b n Zo hr m e dic a l s ci en c e o wes th e o p era ti on o f tra

-
ch eotom y a n d th e origi n a l d es c ripti on o f p eric a rdi ti s .
A bulc a s i s i n expl a in in g li thoto my a dvi s es th e s e ction

, ,
u s e d by s u rg eo n s e ver s in c e h e wrote i n th e tenth ,
cen tu ry Nor h a d th e a dva nta g es derived from anaas

.
th es i a es c a p e d th e n oti ce o f th es e p ro fou n d an d i n
g en i ou s o b s ervers Th ey s u gg es t th e a d min i s tration
.
,
in d e co cti on o f d arn el—th e L o li um T emul entum

,
a n d oth er pl a n ts o f n a rc oti c p ro p erties un til co m pl ete

,
los s o f c on s ci ou s n es s an d s en s ation i s Ob ta in ed to ,
fa cilitate th e p erfo rman c e o f s evere o p erati on s Even .
th e res ul ts o f mic ro b i a l in fec ti on a pp ea r to h a v e b een

re c o g n i z ed by th em a l th ough i ts c a u s e rem a i n e d nu
,
kn own Wh en in th e tenth centu ry Rh a z es w as

.
, ,
di rected by th e Kh a li f to select a h os p ita l s ite in the

MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E UROPE 515
c ity o f B a gd a d h e caus ed pieces o f meat to b e s us

,
p en d ed in di ff ercut lo c a lities an d th e buildin g w as

,
e recte d i n th a t pl a c e wh ere a fter a give n tim e th e

, ,
leas t putre fa cti on w a s vis ible No r in th at ea rly d ay

.
wa s th e c a re o f a n im a l s n egl ec te d a n d th e n a m e o f ,
Abu B ekr I bn B e d r h as des c en de d to p os terity a s

- - -
th a t o f a fa mo u s v eteri n a ry s u rg eon .
I n th ei r c on tributio n s to th e ph arm a co p oei a th e ,
S pan is h M oh a mmed an s ren dered i n va lu a ble s ervices

to me dici n e Abul Abbas o f S eville w a s th e firs t to
.
-
, ,
a pply th e p ri n cipl es o f b ota n ic a l s ci en c e— h ereto f ore
prin cipa lly devote d to a griculture— to th e purpo s es o f

th e a p oth e c a ry an d th e phys ici an I n th e wo rk o f .
I b n al Awa m s i x hun dre d pla n ts p os s es s in g me dicin a l

- -
pro perti es a re en um erated ; i n tha t o f I bn B eith a r -
more tha n three hun dre d hitherto un cl a s s ified or un

,
kn own a re men ti on ed a n d des crib e d I bn E s s ou ri in

, .
-
,
h i s wo rk on th e M a teri a M edic a p a in te d th e h erb s ,
which h a d b een th e s ubj e ct o f h i s in ve s tigati on s n o t

o n ly a s th ey g re w b u t a s th ey a pp ea re d wh en dri e d
, , ,
on th e s h elves o f th e druggi s t ; h i s i s th e firs t ex a mpl e
o f a n Ara bic bo o k illu s tra te d i n c o l o rs Th e m eth o d s .
o f th e M o oris h p ra cti ti o n ers w ere c on s erva tiv e They .
a tte mp te d n o doubtful or h a z a rdou s exp erimen ts .
They di s c a rde d th e dra s ti c remedies o f th e a n ci en ts .
Pro foun dly vers ed in th e s cien ce o f h orticulture they ,
wa tered th e roots o f pl ants a n d trees with s tro n g in

fus ion s o f purg ative drug s an d a fterwa rd s a dmin
,
i s tered the ir fruits Their pers on a l a tten tion to th e

.
ru les o f hygi en e w a s o ften eviden c e d b y th ei r re
markable lon gevi ty Rh a z es wa s i n a ctive pra ctic e at

.
B a gda d f or more th an h a lf a century ; Abulc a s i s a t

tain ed th e g rea t a ge o f on e hu n dre d a n d on e ye a rs .
Th e s up eri or excell en ce o f th e S p an is h Ara b s ch o o l -
i s attributa ble to th e fa ct th at i ts m emb ers d evoted

th ei r ta l en ts to a s in gle pro fe s s i on F or th e mo s t .
r t th v oi ded the examp le o f the Orienta l wh ose

p a , ey a ,
m edic a l res earch es w ere h a m pere d b y phil os o phi c al

s p e cul a ti o n s a n d w h o tu rn e d fro m th e di a g n o s i s o f
,
a ilm en ts a n d th e a pplic a ti on o f rem e di es to th e f as ci
n a ti on s o f a lch emy a n d to va g a ri e s c on c ern i n g th e
ima gin a ry rela ti on s o f hum an ity to th e mys teri ous in

fl u en ce o f th e s ta rs Th ey were n ot a lto geth er free
.
fro m th es e delu s i on s n everth eles s f or th ey pulveriz ed

, ,
j ew els s uppos e d to b e e ffic a ci ou s I n c erta in di s eas es

, ,
a n d c o a te d th e i r d rug s with g o ld a n d s ilve r l e a f a p ro ,
c ee d i n g which to th e a d e p t h a d a p ro fo un d a lch emi c al
s ig n ifi c an c e F rom this cu s to m i s deriv ed our expres

.
”
s i on , to gild th e pill Th ey u s u a lly h owever con
.
, ,
fin e d th eir ob s erva tion s to th e le gi timate s ph ere of

th e phy s ici a n — to th e s ubj e cts o f m e dici n e s u rgery , ,
ph a rm a cy hygi en e
,
.
Th e v a rio us to pic a l a ppli c a ti on s u s e d a t p res ent

by th e p ro fes s i on — s uch a s u n gu en ts pla s ters c oun , ,
ter i rri ta n ts a n d p o m a d es — o rigi n a te d i n M oh a mme

-
,
d a n S p a in Th e h o s pita l s ervic e o f th a t c oun try h a s

.
re c eiv e d li ttle a tten ti on fro m hi s to ri a n s but i t i s ,
highly improb a bl e th at in th e g en era l a dv an ce o f

,
civiliz a tio n thi s importan t a uxil i a ry to medicin e

,
s h o uld h a v e b e en a t a l l n e gl ec te d I t i s a s in gular
.
fa c t th a t th e o n ly detaile d n otic e o f a M oori s h h os

pita l i n th e P en in s ula i s o f th at o f Al g eziras which ,
w a s foun de d i n th e twelfth cen tu ry T ra diti on re .
po rts h o wever th at fifty publi c in s titution s o f this

, ,
ki n d e xi s te d a t o n e tim e a t C ordo va Th e H i s pano .
Ara b pra ctiti o n ers h eld c on s ultati on s a t th e beds ide

o f th e p a ti en t ; s o m e e mpl oye d by th e g o v ern ment
, ,
vi s ite d th e s ick o f remote loca liti es at re gular in ter

v a ls ; f or th e p oo r th ere w a s gratuito u s a tten d an ce
a n d trea tm en t Th e di s c o veri e s o f A ra b medicin e
.
w ere ma in ly pres erve d a n d di ff us ed th rough th e trans

l a ti on s o f G era rd o f C rem on a wh os e in d e fa tig able
,
in du s try im p os ed s uch l as tin g Ob ligati o n s on modern

s ci en ce F or fifty yea rs h e w a s em plo y ed a t T oledo
.
,
it becomes a n obj e ct o f ven eration a n d res p ect S ci .
en c e p res erve s u s fro m error a n d from s i n ; i t i l lu mi
n a tes th e roa d to P a ra di s e ; i t i s o u r p rote cto r in tra vel .
ou r c on fid a n t in th e D es ert ou r comp a ni o n i n s ol i
,
tud e . I t guid es u s th ro u gh th e pl eas ures a n d th e s or

row s o f life ; i t s erv e s u s a l ik e a s a n o rn a m en t a m on g
ou r fri en d s a n d a s a buckler a g a i n s t ou r e n emi e s ; it is
th ro ugh i ts i n s trum en ta lity th a t th e A h n i g h ty ra i s es

up th os e wh om h e h as a ppo in te d to determi n e th e good
a n d th e tru e . Th e m em o ri es o f s uch men a re th e on ly
on es which Sh a ll s u rviv e , f o r th e i r n o ble deed s will
s erve a s m o d el s f o r th e imita ti on o f th e g rea t min ds
th at s h a ll c om e a fter th em . S ci en c e i s a potent
rem e dy f or th e i n firm i tie s o f ig n o ra n c e a b rilli an t
,
b ea c on in th e n ight o f in j u s tic e Th e s tudy o f l etters

.
i s a s m eritorio u s a s fa s ti n g ; th eir co mmun ic a tio n is

n ot i n f eri or i n effic a cy to p ra y er ; i n a g en erou s h ea rt
th ey a w a ken th e m os t ele va te d s en tim en ts ; to the

wicke d th ey imp a rt th e c o rrective a n d hum an izin g
p re c e pts o f virtue .
”
Th es e words s pok en by Mo ,
h amm e d i n th e s even th cen tury were re ce ive d by th e

,
vo ta ri es o f I s la m with th e re s pe ct d u e to a revel ation

d es tin e d to guide th ei r p o licy wi th re feren ce to li ter
,
a ry pu rs uits th rough a ll s ub s e qu en t a g es
, .
F a r di ff eren t w a s th e a ttitud e as s um e d by th e ec
cl e s i as ti c a l p o w er wh os e des p otic m a n d a tes w ere f or a
th ou s an d y e a rs re c o gn iz e d a n d o b eye d by th e p roudes t
s ove re ign s o f Ch ri s ten d om . I t e a rly p erc eived the
in co mp a tibili ty O f its preten s i on s wi th th e u n tram
m elle d e x erci s e o f the fa cul ti es o f th e human in tellect .
F ou n ded upon prin ciple s wh os e a c ceptan c e as max ,
im s o f divi n e origin n e ces s a rily p reclu d e d a ll ideas

,
o f imp rov e m en t a n d p rog res s i t h a d n o res o urce but

,
qui es cen c e ; it c ould c oun ten an ce n o con dition but th at

o f i mm obility . I t plac e d a p remiu m u p on ig n ora n ce ,
a n d en j o in e d th e e mpl oym en t o f p ers ecution as a
vi rtue I t blighte d every n oble as pi ra tion whi ch came

.
within th e s ph ere o f i ts d es tructive en ergy Throu gh .
th e ora cula r mo u th s o f th e F athers i t den o un ced a ll

”
philos o phy a s empty an d fa ls e I n i ts C on s ti tu
“
.
tio n o f F a i th , p romulg a te d i n th e n in eteen th c en tu ry

by th e Va tic a n C oun cil,— man y o f wh os e a rticles a re
in dors e d a s s oun d by every c on s i s ten t memb er o f th e
Eva n g elic a l C omm un i on , it an a th em atiz ed al l wh o
-
s h a ll s a y th a t hum a n s ci en ces ough t to b e pu rs u e d in
s uch a Spi rit o f free do m th a t o n e m a y b e a ll ow ed to
hold a s tru e th eir a s s erti on s e ven wh en Opp os ed to

,
”
rev ea l e d d o ctrin e .
S uch were th e va ri ou s a s pe cts un d er which s ci en tific

th ought w a s re g a rde d res p e c tiv ely by th e F ou n d er o f '
I s la m a n d th e i n fa llible re pres en ta tives o f Ch ri s ti a n

i ty
. Th e e ff e cts o f s u ch s piritu a l a dmo n iti on s up o n
th e phys ic a l c on diti on o f thos e s ubj e cte d to th ei r in
fl u en c e a re di s clos e d by th e m a teri a l a n d i n tellectu a l
pros p eri ty or debas emen t o f n ati on s I n n o ex a mples
.
o f th e p o li tic a l a n d e c on omic life o f th e Middl e Ag es
or o f s ub s e qu en t tim es a re s uch s trikin g s uch i n c red

,
ible co n tras ts exhibite d a s i n th e a n n a ls o f M o h a m

,
med an S p a in a n d C a tholic Eu ro p e I n th e ten th c en

.
tu ry An da lu s i a w a s tra v ers e d in e very di re c ti o n by

ma gn ificen t a qu educts ; C ordova w as a city o f fou n
ta i n s ; i ts th oroughfa res f or a di s ta n c e o f miles we re
, ,
brilli a n tly illumin ated s ub s ta n ti a lly p a v ed k ept in

, ,
exc ell en t re p a i r re gul a rly p a tro ll e d by gu a rdi a n s o f

,
th e p e a c e . I n P a ri s th ere w ere n o p a v em en ts u n til

th e thirteen th c en tury ; i n L on do n n on e u n til th e fo u r
teen th ; th e s tre ets o f b oth c a pita ls w ere re c e p ta cle s
o f fil th a n d o ften im p a s s a bl e ; a t n igh t s h roud e d i n
,
in ky da rkn es s ; a t all times d omin ate d by outla ws ; th e

haun t o f th e fo otp a d th e n u rs ery o f th e p es tilen c e
, ,
th e s o u rc e o f every di s eas e th e s c en e o f ev ery c rime

, .
I t w a s n o t un til th e clos e o f th e re ign o f Ch a rles II .
th a t ev en a de fec tive s ys tem o f s treet ligh ting w a s

a do pted ; i n L on don th e m orta lity o f th e pla gu e i s a
convi n cin g p roo f o f th e un s a ni tary cond ition s th at

e veryw h ere p rev a il e d ; th e s u pply o f w ater wa s d e
riv ed from th e p ol lu ted riv er o r fro m w el l s reeki ng

with conta mi nati on Nor did time an d exp eri ence
.
brin g to th e p ubli c mi n d a real iz ati on o f th e im p or

tan c e o f im pro vem en ts vi ta lly a ff e c ti n g th e h ea lth and
con veni en ce o f every comm un i ty A S l ate as 1 825 .
,
wa ter o f do ubtful p urity w a s h awk ed a b out from

door to door in th e c ity o f New Y ork ; a s olitary
wo od en pum p in C h atha m S treet s ufficed f or th e gen
era l n ec es s iti es o f th e p oor ; s e wa ge w as c a rri ed in
tubs on th e h ea d s o f n eg ro es a n d th rown in to th e
riv er ; an d onl y th ree h un dre d l am p s a n d g as j ets
di ff us e d th ei r un certa in an d flickerin g glare through

th e s qu a res a n d a v en u es o f th e metrop oli s o f th e
wes tern world .
Th e a nn ua l receipts o f th e s ta te from al l s ources

un der Abd al R ahma n III in th e firs t h alf of the
- -
.
tenth cen tury ex cee d e d thre e hun d red m illi on doll ars ;
th e rev en u es o f th e E n gli s h C ro wn at th e c los e o f th e
s even teenth c en tu ry w ere fifteen m illi on ; th os e of
th e Un i ted P rovin c es l es s than eighteen m illi on ;

thos e o f F ra n ce Six ty mill i on e s ti m ated at th e pres ent
,
valu e o f m on ey A t th e d eceas e o f thi s M oori s h

.
s overei gn in 9 6 1 th ere w ere f oun d in th e roy a l c off ers

,
five mi lli on pieces o f g o ld equ a l to On e h un dred mil

,
lion doll ars W h en L oui s XIV th e greates t p oten

. .
,
ta te o f hi s time di e d i n 1 715 th e trea s ury o f F ran ce

, ,
w a s b a n k ru p t
. Th e in h a bita n ts o f E n gla n d at the
death o f Eliz ab eth were a b ou t fou r m ill i on ; th e p op u
lation o f M oori s h S p a in s ix c en turi es previou s to
th at d ate c oul d n o t h a v e b een l e s s th a n thi rty mill i on ,
an d w a s p rob a b l y n ea rer fifty I n 1 700 L on d on th e

.
, ,
mos t p o pu lous city o f C h ri s ti an E urop e w as only ,
h alf as large a s C ordo va w a s in 9 00 wh en Alm eria ,
a n d S evill e h a d ea ch a s n um erou s a p o p ul ati on as th e
capital o f th e B ritis h Empire eight hun dred years

g ers roa med un moles ted through court ya rd an d

,
-
th oro ughf a re .
Un der th e c on di ti on s o f intell e ctua l cul ture which

ch ara cteriz ed M os lem a n d C h ri s ti a n s o ci ety even a
g rea ter in e qu a lity prev a il ed Th e li bra ry of M o .
s ta n d i r S ul ta n o f E gyp t c on ta i n e d e ighty th ou s a n d
, ,
volume s ; th a t o f th e F a timites o f C a i ro a milli on ; ,
th a t o f T rip o li tw o h u n d red th ou s an d ; i n th e thi r

,
teen th c en tu ry wh en B a gd a d w a s s a ck ed by th e M on
,
gols th e b ooks c a s t i n to th e Tigri s c ompletely c overed

,
i ts s u rfa c e a n d th e i r in k dy e d its wa ters b l a ck while

, ,
a f a r g rea ter n umb er w ere d es tro y e d by fire ; th e

public c o lle ction s o f th e M oo ri s h kh a lifa te o f S p a in
were s even ty in n umb er a n d th e g rea t libra ry o f Al
,
H a kem II a lo n e i n clu de d s i x hun dre d th ou s a n d vol

.
um es Th e c o lle cti on s o f m a n y p riva te in dividu a ls

were p ro p o rti on a tely l a rg e I n th a t o f I b n a l —
.
. Ma -
th ra n th e phy s ici a n o f S a la din were ten th ou s an d

, ,
ma n u s cripts ; up on th e s helves o f D u n as ch ben -
T a min th e great J ewi s h s u rge on o f C a i ro were more

, ,
th a n twen ty th o u s a n d F ou r c en turi es a fterwards

.
f ew b oo k s exi s te d i n C hri s ti a n Euro p e e xce ptin g

th o s e p res erve d i n m on a s teri es ; th e roy a l lib ra ry o f
F ra n c e c on s i s te d o f n in e hun dred volum es tw o thirds ,
-
o f which w e re th eo l ogic a l w ork s ; th e i r s ubj e cts w ere
lim ited to pi o u s h omilie s th e m i ra cles o f s ai n ts the

, ,
duti es o f o be di en c e to e ccl es i a s tic a l s up eri ors — th eir ,
s o l e m erit c o n s i s te d i n th e e l eg a n c e o f th ei r chiro
g
ra p h y a n d th e b ea uty o f the i r ill u min a ti on s Durin g .
th e H i s p a n o Ara b d o min a ti on it w a s di fficult to en

-
c oun ter even a M oori s h p ea s an t wh o could n ot read

a n d write ; du ri n g th e s a m e p eri o d in Eu ro p e m an y
grea t p ers on a g es could n ot bo a s t th es e a cc omplis h

men ts F ro m th e n inth to the thi rteen th cen tury th e
.
S pa n i s h Ara b s po s s es s ed a n educ ation a l s ys tem n ot

-
in feri or to th e mos t im pro ved on es o f mo dern times ;

th ey ta ught a s tron omy from glob es an d pl a n i s pheres ;
MOORI SH EM PIRE IN E UROPE 523
th ey meas ured the c ircumferen ce o f th e earth ; th ey

Ob s erve d th e moti ons o f the p lanets th ey calcul ated /
th e d en s ity o f th e a tmo s ph ere ; th ey were fa mili a r with

th e n a tu ra l a n d a rtifici a l c on di ti on s un der which
va pors a nd g as es are gen era te d F or th e Euro p ean .
O f tha t e po ch there were n o s choo ls f or po pula r lea m ,
ing w a s dis coun ten an ce d a s con duc ive to heres y ; e d u

c ati on w a s con fin e d to th e clo i s ter ; th e s tars were b ut
ce les ti a l l amps wh os e on ly offic e w as th e n o cturn a l
,
illum in a ti on o f th e ea rth ; th e latter w as fl a t a n d ,
a b ov e i t ro s e in re gul a r g ra da ti on th e s ev en regi o n s
, ,
o f h ea ven ; th e eb ulli tio n a n d th e e xpl os i o n o f g a s es
were a ttributed to demo n i a c in flu en ce an d to th e

a g en cy o f mi s chi evou s ir n p s a n d gob lin s F ive c en .
tu ri es a fter th e M oo ri s h phys ici an s o f S p a in h a d

trea ted dis ea s e by th e ra ti on a l pri n ciples o f medi cin e ,
s urg ery a n d hygi en e

, Eu ro pe s till a d h ered to th e
,
a rch a ic c on c ep ti on s o f b a rb a ri c ig n ora n c e ; to th e b e
li e f th a t a ll illn es s w as a m a n ifes ta tion o f divi n e d is

plea s ure ; to th e p os s e s s i on by evil s pirits ; to th e
delu s iv e exp edi en ts o f p ri es tly artifice — th e exh ib i ,
ti on o f relic s th e mu tterin g o f texts th e p erfo rm

, ,
a n c e o f e x orci s m s S ix hun dre d years a fter th e

.
celebra te d as tron omer I b n Ju n is — wh o con s tructe d

,
-
th e H akem i te T a ble a dva n c e d p roo fs o f th e ec cen

,
tri city o f th e ea rth s o rbit a n d u tiliz e d th e p en du

’
,
lum f or th e pu rp os es o f chron ometry— w a s h on o re d

a n d a wa rd e d with th e fri en ds hip o f th e Kh a lif o f
Egypt G a lil eo i n th e de gra din g rob e o f th e p eni

, ,
ten t ho rrible with p a i n te d fl a mes a n d devils w a s

, ,
force d kn eelin g b e fore th e fa mili ars o f th e H o ly

,
Office to ab j ure a s d an gerous h eres i es th e s ci en tific

, , ,
truth s h e h a d s ub j ecte d to m a th em atic a l a n d o cul ar

d emon s tra tion —th e gran d dis coveri es which h ave
,
ma de h i s n a me imm orta l ; an d B run o w as s ent to the

s ta ke f o r a dm itti n g th e phil o s o phi ca l do ctri n e o f th e
a ll p erv a di n g D ivi ne E s s en c e f or t ea c hin g th e h eres y

-
,
of a plural ity o f worlds a n d f or in s i s tin g th at th e

,
ea rth re v o lv ed on i ts a xi s a n d ro u n d th e s un S even .
hu n d re d yea rs a fter u n ivers a l tol erati on w a s en fo rce d

th ro ugh o ut th e do m a i n o f th e Omm ey a d e Kh a lifa te ,
— wh ere e ven th e p o pul a c e h a d l ea rn e d to res pe ct th e

wea kn es s es o f s en ile e ccen tricity an d th e b eli e f in ,
d emo n i a c a l p o s s es s i on h a d been c on temptu ou s ly a b an

d on ed to th e m o s t ig n ora n t o f th e provin ci a l ra bble ,
— th e D uk e o f Y ork w as s ubj e c tin g th e unh a ppy

C o ven an ters o f S c otla n d to promi s cu o us m a s s a cre
a n d to th e e xcruci a ti n g to rtu re o f th e b o ot a n d Co t ,
to n M a th er w as burn i n g witch e s on S a lem C o mm on .
M o re th a n twen ty g en era ti on s h a d e la p s ed s in c e th e
Ara b geo gra ph er w a s firs t rega rde d by hi s c oun try
men a s a public b en e fa cto r by h i s kin g a s worthy ,
o f th e high es t h o n o rs th a t ro ya lty ca n b es to w b y th e ,
le arn e d with th e res p e ct a tta chin g to th e pos s es s or

o f u n u s u a l a tta i n m en ts ; wh en C a lvi n to rtured S e r
v etu s a t G en eva f o r publi s hin g th e u n s criptu ra l as s er

ti o n th a t P a les ti n e , s o f a r fro m b ei n g a l a n d flo win g
with milk a n d h on ey w a s in fa ct a b arren wa s te o f
, , ,
volc a n ic d es ol a ti on —S ervetu s th e g rea t a n a tomi s t

'
, , ,
w h o c a m e withi n a h a i r s b re a dth o f a n ticip a ti n g H a r

’
-
ve
y in hi s di s c o v ery o f th e circul a ti o n o f th e bl oo d .
F ro m time imm emori a l a mo n g un en li ghten ed ra ces

in s an ity h a s b een a ttribu te d to th e i n flu en c e o f ma lig
n a n t s pi ri ts w h o c o uld on l v b e e xp ell e d by th e u n
,
s p a ri n g u s e o f th e s c o u rg e o r by th e i n terv en ti on o f
th e p ri es t
. Th e A ra b s w ere th e firs t o f n atio ns to
di s c a rd thi s id e a to u s e kin dn e s s a n d th e a d min i s
,
tra ti on o f rem edi es in th e tre a tm en t O f th e d emen ted ,
a n d to e s ta bli s h a s yl u m s .
Th es e c on ditio n s di s clos e th e c o mp a ra tive va lu e o f

tw o g rea t p olitic o religi o u s s ys tem s
-
both cla iming ,
divin e a uth ority e a ch u n itin g in i ts h ea d th e fun c

,
ti on s o f C hu rch a n d S ta te — o n e th e e xp on en t an d
~
,
z ealou s pro moter o f e very s ci entific imp uls e th e other ,

b y the e mploymen t o f en orm ou s len s es th e h ea ven ly

b o di es a re bro ught within a hn os t tan gible pro pin quity
to th e e a rth ; wh en e v en th e mo s t h u mbl e offic es o f
do mes tic e c on o my are p erform ed by th e mys teri ous
a g en cy o f e le ctri c a l a pp a ra tu s ; when th e in ven tion
o f trem en do u s ly p o w erfu l m ea n s o f des tructi on d a ily
ren d ers w a r m o re diffic ul t a n d p ea c e m ore d es i ra b le ;
wh en th e g a s es o f th e a tm os ph ere a re artifici a lly d e

c omp o s e d a n d s e pa ra tely m a de th e o bj e cts o f c om
m erc i al tra ffic ; when th e s kill o f th e phy s ici a n h a s
pra ctic ally era dic a te d di s ea s es lon g deeme d i n cura ble ;
i n thi s era o f s cien tific p ro g re s s a n d o f un p ara lleled
in telle c tu a l a chi evemen t w h o will b e s o b old as to
a s s ert th a t ev en th e d rea m s o f th e a lch emi s t th e ,
ch eri s he d ph a n tom s o f M oori s h ima gin ati on m ay n ot ,
s oon b e rea liz e d ' I n s c ore s o f l a b o ra to ri es i n Eu ro p e
an d Am eric a th ere a re to d a y ch emi s ts dilig en tly a n d

,
qu i etly with th e p a ti en ce if n ot with th e en thu s i as m

, , ,
o f th e a n ci en t a d e pt en d ea v o rin g to d etermin e by th e
,
a id o f th e p ro digi o u s re s o u rc es o f m o d ern s ci en c e th e
e v er d o ub tful qu es ti on o f th e tra n s mu ta tio n o f m eta l s .
F ro m a ll qu a rters o f th e civiliz e d world c ome well

a u th en tic a ted re p o rts th a t s o m e o f th e g re a tes t min ds
o f th e c en tu ry mi n d s wh o s e e v ery u ttera n c e cl a ims

,
a tten ti on a n d re s p e ct a re en g a g e d i n in ves tig a ti on s

,
wh os e e ff ec ts m ay s urpa s s th o s e o f th e im a gin ed uni

vers a l p a n a c ea a n d which will impa rt to th e li s tles s
,
en ergy to th e d e fo rm e d s ymmetry a n d to h oa ry a n d
, ,
d e cre pit a g e th e s tren gth o f lon g dep a rte d ma n hood ;

Lumen que J uventte
P urpureum .
”
I s it too much to a s s um e tha t ou r a g e, s o p ro lific

o f m a rv el s th a t wh a t e xcites a s to n i s hm en t to d ay -
i s c erta in to b e com e c omm on pl a c e to -m orro w, will

acc ompli s h th es e an d even grea ter res ults ; a n a ge
ingeni ous in th eory fertil e in in vention p henomenal
, ,
in vers atility s kilful in pra cti ce ; an a ge of e ccentric

,
a n d s ta rtl i n g p ro p o s iti on s ; a n a e which l o ok s f o r

g
wa rd wi th a uda ci ous c on fiden c e to th e s oluti on o f even
th a t mos t re con di te p roblem o f bi o lo gy th e a rti fici a l
,
pro duction o f orga n ic li fe ' I s it u nrea s on a ble to ex

p eet th a t thos e s e crets o f n a ture which h a ve hi th erto
elud e d th e res ea rch e s o f philo s o phic a l e xp erimen t a n d
s ci en tific i n qui ry will ere lo n g b e re vea l e d '
The s e b ein g a mon g th e a s s um e d p os s ibil iti es o f s ci

'
en c e l et u s tu rn to w h a t i t h a s a ctu a lly do n e f or m a n
,
kin d I n wh a t res p e ct a re thes e in ves tigati on s p ref

.
cra bl e to th a t a b s o lute res ign a ti on to e ccl es i a s tic a l
a uth ority which s o g en era l ly p rev a il e d wh en d evoti on
w a s ex a lte d a n d in telli g en c e en ch a in e d ' Wh a t a d

va n ta g e h as res ulte d from thi s p orin g over ma n u
s cripts thi s c olle ctin g o f pl a n ts thi s de lvin g i n th e
, ,
e a rth this s ta r g a zin g thi s mixi n g o f a cid s thi s s tudy

,
-
, ,
of s kel eto n s ' Cui b on o '
Th e a n s wer c om es b a ck from every ph a s e o f a n

a dva n c in g civiliz a tion fro m th e d in o f a th ous an d
,
works h o ps a n d th e cla tter o f a million looms ; from

th e whi s tl e o f th e lo c om otive in th e d es ert a n d th e
bell o f th e s tea m er s tran ded a mi d s t th e p ola r i ce ;
from th e n etwork o f ra ilwa ys s ea min g ea ch conti
n en t from c en tre to ci rcu mferen c e ; fro m c a n a l a n d
a qu educt fro m tu nn el a n d b ridg e a n d a l l th e g ra n d

, ,
mon um en ts o f civ il en gin eerin g ; from th e s a fety

la mp flickerin g through th e p oi s on ou s va pors o f th e
,
min er s c ave ; from th e s ea ts o f c omm erce crowd ed

’
with th e a pplia n ces o f enj oyment a n d luxu ry ; from

th e h a rb ors wi th th ei r fores ts o f s ha p ely mas ts ; from
th e i nn um era bl e triumphs o f i n ven tive g en iu s which
a lik e in c re as e th e pl ea s ures o f th e w ea lthy a n d e as e
th e bu rd en s o f th e p oor a n d a re gra te fully felt at

,
th e d es k o f th e s p ecul a tive philo s o ph er a n d th e b en ch

o f th e a rti s a n B u t even m ore tha n thi s h a s s cien c e
.
ac com li s h ed I t h as exp lored n ew reg ions in th e

p .
boun dles s doma in o f hum a n kn o wledge It h a s d is .
c overed an d a pplie d th e la ws o f plan etary m otion ;

d etermin ed th e di s tan c es o f th e h ea venly b odi es ; es ti
mated th eir ma s s es ; la id d own th e s ub s tan c es o f whi ch
th ey a re c omp os ed ; a n d des crib e d th e c omplex rela
ti on s in which th ey s ta n d to e a ch o th er I t h as meas .
u red tim e do wn to th e in c re dibly s m a ll f ra cti on o f
th e m illi on th p a rt o f a s e co n d I t h as s c a nn ed th e
.
borders o f th e un ivers e a n d b ro ught within th e s co pe

,
o f vi s i on s ta rs s o di s ta n t th a t th e im a g e fo rme d to d ay
-
up on th e retin a o f th e Ob s erver i s p ro du ced b y light

e mi tte d fiv e m illi on y ea rs a g o B y m ean s o f the
.
micros co pe it h a s Open e d a fa iry world teem in g with

,
myri a d types o f an ima l a n d ve geta ble life more curi ,
ou s th a n th e fa b l e d re gi o n s o f th e O r i en t more w on ,
d erf ul th an th e en ch a n te d g ard en o f A rmid a It .
h a s pl a c ed u p on th e ph oto g ra phi c n eg ative fa c es ,
flowers l an ds c a pes de pic ted in th e exqu i s ite an d h ar

, ,
moni ou s c ol ors o f N ature B y th e di s cov ery o f the

.
ra dif erou s s a lts — p ol on ium

, ra dium
, th orium a ctin
, ,
ium titan iu m — it h a s di s clos ed to th e ch emis t a n ew

, ,
a n d en ch an ti n g field o f res ea rch wh os e extent and

,
p os s ib ili ti es c ann ot y et even b e m a de th e s ub j ect o f

i ntellig ent co n j e cture ; a n d h a s in s tituted th e s tu dy o f
s ub s ta n c es w h os e a s ton i s hin g pro p erti es t en d to o ver
throw th e hith erto w ell fo un d e d th eori es o f th e v a ri ous

-
rel a ti on s o f m a tter a n d i n s o m e in s ta n c es to im p era

, , ,
tiv el y d em an d th ei r mo dific ation or ra di c a l recon s tru e

ti on ; wh os e i n v es tig a ti on h a s es tab l i s h ed a s tru i s ms
th e mos t gl a rin g a pp a ren t phy s i c a l p ara d o x es ; in th e
pres en c e o f wh os e ma rvellou s e ff ects th e pro perties
o f s ol idity , coh es i on an d o p acity s eem to van i s h ;
,
whi ch exh ibit s uch a s ub divi s i on of m atter i nto infini

tes im al p articl es a s to s ugg es t th eir pra cti c al d i s s oci a
ti on a n d i n c om p a ri s on with wh os e d imen s i on s th e
,
in con ceivably min u te prim ordi a l a toms o f D emocritus

are a b s ol utely c o lo s s a l ; th e o rigin o f wh os e m s teri
y
brilli an cy with th os e o f th e ra in b ow a n d rem edi al ,
a g en ts which i n c erta i n d e p a rtm en ts h a v e re v olu ti on
ized th e p ra ctic e o f medicin e . I t h a s p erfec te d th e

tra n s mi s s i on o f ligh t s o th a t by th e m ere touchin g
,
o f a bu tton g rea t citie s a re i n a n i n s ta n t illum i n a ted .
Wi th n o s m a ll de gree o f prob a bili ty i t h as s ugges ted

,
th a t i n c es s an t a n d u n ivers a l m o le cula r a ctivity p er ,
v a di n g all m a tter b o th org a n i c an d in organ ic may ,
b e th e c on tro ll in g p rin ciple o f th e my s teri ous c on di

ti o n which w e d es ig n ate as life a n d th a t th e w e ight
,
o f e very s ub s ta n c e i s i n a n i n v ers e ra ti o to i ts a tomic
en ergy . I t h a s m a d e o b j e cts hith erto o p a qu e tra n s

p a ren t a n d h as o p en ed to th e vi ew o f th e s u rgic al
,
O p erator th e i n mo s t re c es s e s o f th e h uman bo dy I t .
h as rem o v ed with out a pp a ren t in j u ry org a n s wh os e

fun cti on s were lon g c on s idered in di s p en s a ble to ani
m a l e xi s ten c e . By s imple m an ipulation it h a s cured
c on gen ita l d e formitie s form erly con s id ere d h o p eles s ,
a n d res to re d di s to rte d l imb s to th eir n orm a l s tren gth
a n d s ymm etry I t h as di s c o vere d th e s p ecific p atho

.
g en ic b a cteri a which produce ma n y dis ea s es a nd ren ,
d ere d them inn o cuo u s b y m ean s o f th eir o wn cultures .
Through th e i n j e ction o f an extra ct Obta in e d from a

gla n dul a r s e creti on i t h as prolon g e d th e puls a tion s of
th e h ea rt i n a n a n im a l f or h ou rs a fter d e c a pita tion ;
by rhythmic c ompres s ion i t h a s res tore d th e a c ti on of
th a t o rg a n a fter i t h a d c ompl etely c ea s e d— wh en life
w a s p ra ctic a lly ex tin ct .
S ci en c e h a s to ld u s th at th e clear blu e o f th e firma

m en t s e emi n gly o f s potles s p urity i s ca u s ed by fl oat
, ,
i n g p a rticl es o f a tmos ph eri c du s t ; th a t every twig ,
a n d lea f a n d b l a d e o f g ra s s — ev en ev ery n ewly fa ll en

,
-
dro p o f ra in— a re ra diferou s c en tres o f electric

en ergy ; th a t m oti on i s th e rul e a n d qui es c en c e the
,
e xce p ti on a ff e ctin g th e c om p on en t a to m s o f th e un i
,
vers e — i f in dee d qui es c en ce a t all e xi s ts ; th a t the

, , ,
p a ra s i te in f es tin g th e bo dy o f th e s ma lles t o f in s ects

, ,
M OORI SH E M PIRE IN E U RO PE 5 31
i s its elf th e a b o d e o f min ute org a n i s m s ; th at th e very

a i r w e brea th e i s s w a rmi n g wi th th e g e rm s o f s u ff er
in g , dis eas e , a n d d ea th I t h a s pres s ed in to i ts s ervice

.
th e im p on d era ble a gen ts a n d d em on s tra ted th eir i n

,
tercon vertibil i ty ; h a s b es to we d p ric el e s s bles s in g s

upon th e livin g ; h a s s ooth e d th e pillo w o f la n gui s hin g
hum a n ity, an d exten de d its welc ome offic es even to
th e gra v e I t h a s giv e n u s a n id ea o f th e dura tio n o f
.
ou r gl ob e , a n d es ta bli s h e d a s ys tem o f ch ro n ol o gy th e
imm en s ity o f which w e en de a vo r I n va i n to c ompre

hen d wh ere c enturies a re a s n othin g a n d cycl es b u t
, ,
fleetin g p eri o ds o f tim e F rom a s in gle fo s s il b on e

.
it h a s re pro duce d th e fo rm a n d d es crib e d th e h a bits

o f th e m on s ter to which i n p rehis to ric a g es i t b e
, ,
lon ge d I t h a s mea s ure d th e mo vemen t o f th ought

.
,
which des pite its proverbi a l ra pidity h a s b een p ro ved

, ,
to b e on ly a b o ut on e hun dred feet a s e c on d By in .
v es ti a ti o n o f th e m en ta l ph en om en a o f hyp n oti s m
g
a n d tel e p a thy it h as a dd e d to th e eviden ce which
,
ten d s to e s ta bli s h th e exi s ten c e o f th e S oul o f th e

World I t h as taught a ll to e x ert th e proudes t p re
.
ro g a ti v es o f in tellig en c e — to thi n k to do ubt to rea

, , ,
s on — a n d h a s re s cu e d th e mi n d o f m a n l on g buri e d
,
ben ea th th e a ccumula te d a bs u rdities o f ven era ble tra

dition Thes e grea t res ults i t h a s a chieve d in i ts child
.
hood un der a dvers e in flu en ces o pp os e d by th e fa n a t

, ,
ica l a n d th e ign ora n t with its devotees m en a ce d by

,
th e dun g eon th e s c a ff old a n d th e fire s o f th e I n qui

, ,
s itiou ; bu t w h o with th a t s tern un fli n chin g p ers e

, ,
vera n ce which a t la s t rea p s its rew a rd i n th e ta rdy
honors o f p os terity h a ve purs u ed their w a y c on s ci ous

, ,
o f th e n o bili ty o f th e i r c a lli n g a n d fo rtifie d by th e

,
refl e cti on s o f th a t s ubl im e philos o phy which looks

’
through N a tu re u p to N a tu re s G od .
S o ci ety h as pro gres s ed f ar beyo n d th at in tellectu al

s ta ge wh en th e c omet w a s drea de d as a h a rbin g er Of
uni vers a l mi s fortu n e ; when the a pp eara n c e o f th e
p es til en c e w a s con s i d ere d a ma n i f e s ta ti on of th e

wrath
o f th e A hn i g h ty ; wh en s up ers titi ou s fea r tra n s fo rm e d
e v ery fl oatin g mi s t in to a clo a k f o r g obl in s ; re g arded
e v ery ru s tlin g o f th e fol i a g e a s a n e viden ce o f s u p er
n a tu ra l p res en c e ; s a w in e v ery e bulliti on o f g a s eous
wa ter a mys teri ou s ph en om en on in e very s ubterra ,
n ea n rumble a n o m en o f s i n i s ter a n d p orten tous

a ugu ry . Thi s em an cip ati on o f th e hu m an i ntelle ct ,
thi s imp etu s to every e xp res s i on o f m a teri a l p ro g res s ,
can n ot b e a ttribute d to e ccles i a s tic a l in s pira ti on .
Th ey were n ot a pro du ct o f th e C ru s a des Th ey .
were n ot th e e ff e ct o f th e R e form ati on They a re .
n ot th e w ork o f C h ri s ti a n i ty wh o s e p olicy h a s i n deed

,
b een c on s ta n tly in imic a l to th eir toleration or en c our

a g em en t .Th ey a re a le gi tim a te c on s e qu en c e o f th e
li bera l p olicy a do pte d an d p erp etu a ted by th e O mme
ya de Kh a lifs th rou gh out th eir m a gn ific ent empire ,
wh os e civiliz a ti on w a s th e w on der a s its p o wer w a s ,
th e d rea d o f m e diae va l Eu ro p e
, .
M o d ern s ci en c e un qu es tion a bly o wes everythin g to

Ara b gen iu s From th e m a s s o f d eb a s e d s u p ers ti
.
ti on s mumm eri es a n d feti chi s m en terta in e d an d cul~

, , ,
tiv a ted by th e B e d ouin e merg e d a s h as b een s een a

, , ,
th orough kn o wl edg e o f th e mu tu a l rel a ti on s o f th e

di ff eren t p a rts o f th e Un ivers e a n d a fa mili a rity with
th e won d erful ph en o m en a o f N a tu re F rom the .
s tudy o f a s tro lo gy a s tron o my w a s e v olved ; from

a lch e my ch emis try ; fro m geom an cy geo g ra phy ;
, ,
fro m m a gi c n atu ra l philo s o phy Th e prin ciples of

, .
g o vern m en t b y l a w were es ta blis h e d An th rop omor .
p hi s m w a s di s c a rd e d I t w a s n o lon ger a ttempted

.
to c on tro l th e i n e x ora b l e o pera ti o n o f phys i c a l a gen

cie s by pra yers a n d i n c a n tati o n s I n on e es pecially .
imp orta n t res pe ct th e M o s lem s di ff ere d from their

Eu ro p ea n pred ec es s ors Th e Rom an s ys tem an d th e
.
G othic polity were fo un d e d enti rely up on force ; Ara

b ic p o wer w a s la rg ely co ntrolle d by i n tellectual con
di tions .
CHA P TE R XXIX
M OOR I SH AR T I N SOU T HE RN E UR OPE
78 6—1 476
Ab s olute I gn ora n c e Ar bs — Then

of Art a mon g th e Origi n a l a
D ebt t An ti qu ity— Th ir E rly Ar hite tur —M t ri ls

o e a c c e a e a
M s ive Ch r t r f th e F ir t E d i fices o f th Mo l ems

a s a ac e o s e s
Th e H s s ho A ch— I ts P h lh c D riv ti on — P r gres s of

'
or e e r a e a o
A rti ti E m b lli hm t— I ts Won d rful D iver ity—B y n

s c e s en e s za
tin e I fl u ce —E mp l y m n t f E
n en us ti c T il es —Mos i cs o e o nca a
o f th e M qu o f C ord v —S tuc os s — T hei r C mp os iti on

e o a coe o
a n d I fi n ite V i ety o f Form S t l c titic P en den tives

n ar a a
W dw rk I ts B uti ful n d I ntri t D es ign s D i s p

oo o ea a ca e a
p r
ea e f Ar b i A hitec tur l M on umen ts i n S i c ily
anc o a c rc a
M ili t y S tru tu r f M h mm d Sp in—T yp ic l F orm

f th M os qu e—I t H eb rew Origin —M n ifold D e riv ti n
ar c es o o a e an a a
o e s a a o
o f H i p n o Ar b A r hitecture
s a D evel pmen t f Art i n
-
a c o o
M i h Sp in— I ts Three E p ch —Th e Alh mbr i ts Cul

oor s a o s a a
m i n ti n — R ep r en t ti on of A n im l F orms — P i n tin g a n d
a o es a a a
S culp ture — Mur l D e or tion — Th e I n dus tri l Arts a c a a
Workin g o f M t ls —Arms —E n gr v d G ms — C er mi cs e a a e e a
Th e L e thern T p es try f C ord v — T e xtil e F a b ric s

a a o o a
C ll ig phy n d I ll umi n ti n—D es truction f th e Artis tic

a ra a a o o
R em in s o f th e M rs
a oo .
TH E igin develo pment an d de c a d en c e o f th e

or , ,
a rts a m o n g th e Ara b s p res en t o n e o f th e m os t re
m a rka ble a s p e c ts o f me diaeva l hi s tory As in the .
a rchite ctu ra l m on um en ts o f every p eo ple c a n b e rea d
th e ch ron icl e o f i ts religi on its g o vernm en t a n d i ts , ,
m a n n ers S O the s c an ty m emori a ls o f th e S p an i s h and

,
S icili a n M os lems which th e des tru c tiv e a ccidents o f,
fore ign a n d do mes tic vi olen c e a n d th e i ntemperate

z ea l o f s up ers titi on h a ve p ermitte d to d es c en d to p os
terity c on s ti tute a n in va lu ab le re c ord o f th e c a n on s
,
o f th e ir f a ith th e c u s tom s o f th e ir s o c i a l a n d i n tel

,
MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR OPE 5 35
lectu a l life th e growth an d c on s ol idation o f th eir won

,
d erf u l e mpire From th e remotes t a n tiquity to th e

.
a dven t o f M o h a mm e d in th e s ev en th c en tu ry n othi n g
worthy o f th e n a me o f a rchitecture exis ted in th e

Ara bi a n P en in s ula Th e very n a me o f that art which
.
,
impli es a s ettle d a n d p erm a n ent h abita ti on w a s a n ta g ,
on i s ti c to th e h a bits a n d th e tra diti on s o f a n o m a dic
exi s ten c e . A s a rul e th e n ature o f th e c oun try th e

, ,
cha ra cter o f th e s o il th e s c a rcity o f wa ter th e d ifii

, ,
cu lti es o f in terc omm un ic a ti on were in s upera ble oh

,
s ta cl es to th e foun d a ti on o f ci ti es a n d th e p ro m o ti on
o f m e rc an til e a n d ma n u fa cturin g i n du s try Th e .
ro vin g B e d o uin re g a rd e d with a vers i on a n d c on tempt
a ll th o s e wh o s e a v o c a ti on s n e c es s ita ted a fix e d res i
den c e a n d wh os e s e curity wa s de pen den t up on wa lls

,
a n d to w ers H i s j ea l ou s y o f p ower which b as ed th e

.
,
au th ori ty o f hi s s h eik up on a n o mi n a l a ll e gi a n ce to ,
b e thro wn o ff or res um e d a t will w a s re pugn a n t to ,
a n d wholl y i n c on s i s ten t wi th th e p ri n cipl e s wh ich i n
s ure th e p res erv ation o f es ta bli s h ed g overn m en t o r
th e ma inten a n c e o f re gul a r c omm un i ti es o rg a n iz e d

f or th e c omm o n p rotecti on a n d b en e fit I t i s tru e .
th at in th e k in gd o ms o f H i ra a n d Yem en which ,
forme d res pe ctively th e n orthern a n d s outhern ex

tremi ties o f Ara bi a to wn s o f c on s idera ble m a g n i tude
,
exi s ted . M ecca th e revered c en tre o f a wid ely dif

,
fus ed id ola trou s s ys tem could boa s t a n um erou s p o p

,
ul a ti o n ; a n d th e c omm erc e o f th e R ed S ea a n d th e
P ers i an Gulf s u s ta in e d up on thos e wa ters a f ew in s i g

n i fica n t a n d mi s era bl e s ea p orts ; b u t in n on e o f th e s e
s ettl em en ts — which s c a rc ely des e rve d th e n a m e o f
citi es — w a s to b e foun d a s in gle ex a mple o f archi

tectu ra l s ymm etry o r m a gn ific en c e Everywh ere el s e
.
th rough ou t th e illimi ta ble a rea o f th e P en i n s ul a a p
p eare d a m on oton ou s s o litud e o f b a rre n ro ck s a n d

s hiftin g s a n d s un reli eve d by veg etati on u n p eo pled
, ,
by hum an bein gs s a ve th e fero cious o ccupan ts o f the

,
B ed ouin c am p or th e tra ders wh o g ua rded th e s trag

glin g c ara van Agricu ltu re th e s ubs ta n ti a l b a s i s Of
.
,
every n a ti on s p ros p erity w a s m a ni f es tly i m p os s ible

’
in th e D es ert M ech an ic a l in g en u ity with s uch a

.
,
li mited field f or i ts e x erci s e was n e c es s arily redu ced ,
to th e s im ples t a pp aratu s whi ch co u ld pro du c e th e

mos t ordin a ry a n d prim itive res u lts .
A t lon g a n d i rregul a r in terva ls m erchan ts a n d pil

grim s brought to M ecca an d M e din a u n c erta in an d
ro m a n ti c a ccoun ts Of th e p o mp a n d lu x u ry O f di s tan t
em pi res .C omp a re d with th e e dific es Of th e n ati on s

which i nh abite d th em th e dwelli n g Of th e wea lthi es t
,
Ara bian—Of me an a pp ea ra n c e s ugge s tive O f little ,
c omfort utterly devoid Of tas te a n d with n o a ttempt

, ,
a t o rn a m en ta ti on —w a s h a rdly s up eri o r to a h ovel .
Th e fa m ou s K a a b a w a s its elf a n in s ign ifica n t s true

ture d erivin g i ts im p orta n c e s o l ely fro m i ts s a cred
,
tra dition s a m ere b a rb a ri a n de p o s ito ry Of idol s

, .
As w a s n a tura l a n d in deed in evita bl e th e Ara b

, , , , ,
in h i s c a reer o f Victory a b s o rb e d a n d in s en s ibly a pp ro

,
p ri a ted th e id ea s a n d kn o wle dg e Of th e s u bj ug a ted

ra c es wh o w ere hi s s u p eri ors in th e a rts Of c iviliz a ti on .
This pro c es s w a s g reatly fa cilita ted by th e wholes ale

p ro s elyti s m which w as on e Of th e prin c ip a l in cidents
O f M os lem co n qu es t an d which l ed n ot in frequ ently
,
to th e p ra ctic a l a p os ta s y Of en ti re n a tion s a n d their

en li s tmen t un d er th e b a nn ers Of I s l a m I n Egypt .
,
S yri a P ers i a th e a rchi tectu ra l mem ori a ls Of th e

, ,
Ara bs p arto ok O f the ch a ra cteri s tics O f th e ra ce whos e

in fl u en c e predomi n ated i n th e re gi on s s u bj e cte d to
th ei r a u th ority j u s t a s h a d b een th e c a s e with a ll th e
,
vi ctori ou s n ation s th at h a d pre ced ed th em I n S p a in .

,
h owever an d a ls o i n S i cily s o f ar a s w e a re a ble to

, ,
c on j e cture a g rea ter o rigin a lity di s ti n gui s h ed th e

,
works Of th e c on qu erors th an i s to b e Ob s erved in

oth er c ou n trie s NO well d e fin ed conn e cti on with
.
-
Oriental architecture can b e d ete cted in th e s plen d id

forms ofGrec i an tem ple a n d th e Rom an tri

th e
ump h al a rc h m ight e xcite th e a w e o f th e Arab ; but
,
th ey a pp eale d bu t s l igh tly to h i s a rden t s ens ib il iti es ,
a n d to hi s en th u s i a s tic n a ture which w a n ton e d in th e
creati on o f a th ou s a n d extra va g a n t a n d fan tas ti c

vi s i on s Ideas ev ok e d by th e m a s terpi eces o f an
.
ti quity h ow ev er Op en e d a n ew a n d a llu ri n g pros p ect

, ,
to h i s ta lents a n d h i s a mbiti on a n d h e s oon b ecam e ,
a s profic ien t in th e mo s t dura ble O f th e a rts Of pea c e
a s h e h a d b een in th e p ros ecuti on Of con qu es t and th e
e x tens i on Of domin ion .
NO p eo ple ever utiliz e d to s uch an exten t as th e

Arab s th e materi a ls p erfe cte d by th e s kill an d the
lab or o f thei r p rede c es s ors ; a n d i t may b e a dded , ,
n on e in a n cien t or i n m o d ern tim e s en j o ye d s uch
Opportun ities f or a n d rea p e d s uch b en efits from the

, ,
ign oble work Of s po l i a tion From th e B ay Of B i s .
ca y to th e H ima l ay a s s umptu ou s p a l a c es an d templ es

,
were c on s tru cted b y th e M os lem con queror from the

s p l en did reli c s o f E gyp ti a n Grec i an Roman S as , , ,
s an i a n a n d I n di an civiliz a tion
, Great c a pitals ros e .
n ea r th e s ites o f citi e s wh os e origi n w a s l os t in an
ti qui ty wh os e hi s to ry wen t b a ck to th e b egi nn ing of

,
th e w orl d Th es e works while th ey di s pl a yed rather

.
,
th e c on s ci ous n es s o f p o wer th a n th e e vid en c es Of tas te ,
were emi n en tly u s e ful i n layi n g th e found ation of

n ew f orm s o f a rchite c ture wh o s e d e c ora ti on s w ere ,
to e xhi b it form s o f u n p a ra ll ele d ma gn i fic en c e an d

b eauty Th e plan s o f th es e s tructures were a t firs t
.
o f th e s im ples t ch a ra cter th eir orn a m en ta ti on c oa rs e

,
a n d b a rb a ri c I t w a s onl y wh en th e s u ppl y Of mate

.
ri a l s grea t as it w a s b e c a m e e xh a u s ted an d th e Arab

, , ,
archi tect w a s res tricted to th e e ff orts Of hi s own u n
a id ed g en i u s th a t w a s dev el o p e d th a t p eculi a r s tyle

, ,
which di ff erin g in its a rra n g em ent i n every coun

,
try y et p res erv ed a g en era l res emb l an c e in all a typ e

, ,
s u gg es tiv e Of th e p oetic rh a p s o di es o f th e K oran and

th e exigen cies O f a s ys tem Of domes ti c s eclus i on an d

mys tery ; wh o s e luxury recalled by contras t th e h eat
, ,
an d p riva tion s O f th e D es ert ; wh os e l eg en d s breath ed
a s pi ri t Of pi ou s res ig n a ti on a n d g ra ti tude ; whos e

a d orn m en ts b e wildere d th e e e wi th th ei r c omple xity
y
o f form a n d va riety O f c o lor ; wh os e a p a rtm en ts w ere
a dmira bly c on trive d f o r th e g ra tific a ti on O f a l l th e
ca pric es O f un bridle d i n dulg en ce Th e in timate con

.
n ec ti on s a n d c o mm on b eli e f O f th e di ff eren t p orti on s
o f th e g rea t M o s l em empire di s s emi n a te d f a r a n d
wid e th e va ri ou s s to res O f learnin g a nd e xperi en ce

a cqui re d by ea ch ; th e p ri n cipl es Of e very b ra n ch o f
a rt b e c a me m o re th o ro ughly u n d ers to o d a n d th eir ,
a pplic a ti on fa cilitate d an d promote d th rough th e

en c ou ra g em e n t a ff o rd e d by in crea s in g w e a lth a n d
roy a l lib era li ty Th e ea rly predilecti on di s pla yed by

.
th e Ara b s tud en t f or th e e x a ct s ci en c es c on tributed

largely to th e d evelo pmen t a n d p erfe ction O f a rchi
tectu ra l e xc ellen c e .
A t firs t th e a rt O f buildin g h a d been merely con

,
s tructive without embelli s hmen t meri t or origin a l

, , ,
ity ; th e ma teri a ls th e plun der O f a n tiquity ; th e s tyle

, ,
a feebl e a n d d e b a s e d imita ti on O f th e s impl es t p a rts
O f th os e n oble pile s which h a d been th e a dmiration an d

th e glory Of th e a n ci en t wo rld F a mi li a rity with th es e
.
mo dels a cqu a in ta n ce with th e prin ciples Of mathe

,
ma ti ca l s cien c e a s pirit o f emul a ti on excited by th e

,
h Op e O f s ub s ta n ti a l rewa rd erelo n g pro duc ed a ra c e

,
O f build ers wh o s e creation s den ote a n ew a n d s plen

did e po ch in th e his to ry O f a rchitec tu re A s in th e .
begin n in g n o con diti on s could h a ve been mo re um

,
fa vo ra ble to th e d evelopment Of this a rt ; in th e end ,
on th e c on tra ry n o p eo pl e ever a tta in e d to g rea ter

,
di s tin ction in th e gra c e ful outlin e s th e exqui s ite

,
bea uty th e el a b ora te dec orati on Of th eir edifices Th e

, .
imp o rtan c e O f thes e res ults i s m a n ifes t fro m th e ci r

c um s ta n ce th a t th ey w ere o rd in a rily a chi ev ed b y th e
us e Of th e mos t homely materials an d by th e a pp li ca

ti on Of th e s im ples t ru les Of g eom etry .
Th e Ara b s Of A fri ca a n d S p a i n u s u a lly em pl oyed

i n th ei r m o re ma s s iv e con s tru ction s a con glo mera te
m a teri a l c ompos e d Of lime cla y an d p ebbles c alled
, , ,
”
tab bi or ta pia , which w a s wel l kno wn to th e
R oma n s a n d i s m en ti on ed by P li n y Thi s mixtu re .
,
which form e d th e b o dy o f th e e dific e an d in time

a cqu i re d a n extra o rdin a ry s o lidity a n d h a rd n es s was ,
Of ten f a c e d wi th dres s ed s ton e o r a c oa tin g o f c ement ,
which un ited c omp a ctly with th e c en tra l m as s an d ,
wh o s e e xc ellen t qu a lity i s a ttes te d by s p ecimen s Of

m a s onry th a t h a ve e xis ted p ra ctic a lly in ta c t f or th e
, ,
lon g p eri o d O f eleven c en turi es I n s ome in s tan c es

.
,
la rg e bricks Often deeply groo ve d to a d m it th e mor

,
ta r w ere u s e d in s tea d Of ta pi a ; i n oth ers th e en ti re

, ,
wa ll w a s c omp os e d Of h ewn s ton e ; th e M os que of

C ord o va pres en ts e x a mples O f a ll three Of the s e meth
Od s o f c on s truc ti o n Wh ere th e cla y o f th e m ateri al
.
c on ta in e d o xide Of i ro n which w a s s om etimes th e cas e

, ,
i t im p a rte d to th e buildin g a d elic a te tin t li k e th at Of ,
th e p eta ls o f a ro s e a s in th e Al h a mb ra which derived

, ,
its n a m e fro m th e c ol or Of i ts wa l l s .
Th e e xce ll en t pres erva tion which ch a ra cteriz es th e

M oori s h mon umen ts Of th e P enin s ula a fter centuri es
Of s p oli a tion a n d n eglect attes ts th e s ub s tan ti a l n ature
o f th ei r fo u n d a tion s a n d th e ca re a n d s kil l which
,
mu s t h a ve b een em ployed in th eir ere cti on M an y Of .
th es e s tructures from th e ir m as s ive p ro p ortion s th eir

, ,
pro j e ctin g buttres s es their ele va te d to wers an d bri s

,
tli n g ra mp a rts s ugg es ted ra th er a d e f en s iv e fortres s

,
th a n th e a b o d e O f prin cely luxu ry or a temple dedi

c ated to th e G o d Of m ercy a n d Of p ea ce While no .
cree d w as s o mu ch a bhorre d by th e Ara b as that Of

th e M a gi s till h e did n ot di s d a in to crown th e s um
,
mi ts Of h is mo s ques an d min arets with th e fl ame

s h a p ed b a ttl em en ts Of P ers i a e mb lem ati c Of th e a d o
,
p ra c tic e w as derive d th e s weepi n g curve Of th e u ltra

s emici rcul a r a rch which o c cu pi es s u ch a n im porta nt
,
pla c e in Ara b a rchitecture a n d wh os e a ppe a ra n c e w as

,
con s idered a n a u gury Of g o o d fortun e to a ll w ho

pas s ed th e p orta l s Of M os lem p a la c e mos qu e or p ri , ,
va te res iden c e Th e fa cility O f m o dific a tio n which

.
thi s Obj ec t a ff ord s h as ca u s e d i t to b e re p res ented

un der a grea t va ri ety Of forms ; an d th e p ers i s ten ce
o f a cu s to m wh os e ori gin i s p o pul a rly un k n own a n d
wh os e p eculi a r s ign ific an c e h a s lon g b een forgo tten

i s d em on s tra te d by th e p ra ctice Of fix in g a h ors es hoe
a b o v e th e d o o rs O f dw e lli n g s a s a s ig n O f a u s pici ou s
,
greetin g s till prev a len t in m an y p a rts Of th e world

,
.
Th e oth er I n di a n s ymb ol th e Li n g a m s culp tured

, ,
up on th e etern al ro ck temple s O f H i n du s ta n c ar
-
,
ri e d by th e Egyp ti a n p ri es ts i n s ol em n p ro c es s ion
du ri n g th e fe s tiva ls O f O s iri s c a rve d up on th e ,
R oma n T ermin i a n d fa s hi on e d i n to th e cres t Of

,
th e c a p p e culi a r to th e D o g e s Of Veni c e i t may b e ,
a dd e d a pp ea rs to d a y d eli n ea te d with s ta rtlin g fid el

, ,
-
,
ity to n a ture up on th e c o in a g e O f th e mo s t p ra cti ca l

an d pro gres s ive Of mo dern n ati on s — th e Un i ted ,
S ta tes o f Americ a .
Th e s u rviva l Of th e e mbl em s a n d c e rem on i es O f

ph a llici s m i n both th e C hri s ti an a n d M o h ammedan
s y s te m s de mo n s tra tes th e i n era dic a bl e i n flu en c e th at
wors hip h a s al w a y s main tain ed over th e s up ers titi ous

'
Of every cla s s a cla s s wh os e m embers a re g en erally

,
th e m o s t z ea lou s f or th os e Ob s erv a n c es which th ey d o

n ot c om p re h en d ; a n d p res en ts o n e O f th e m o s t cu ri ou s
a n d en terta in i n g e pi s o d es i n th e a nn a l s Of hum a n in
con s i s ten cy an d un ques tion in g devotion .
Th e e mpl o ym en t o f th e a rch a t firs t s olely u tili ,
ta ri a n wi th th e p ro gres s iv e d e v el o pm en t Of a rti s tic

,
con c e ption s b ec a me i n th e en d m erely a mean s Of

,
a rchite ctu ra l a dornm en t Th e eff ect o f th e d eli c ate

.
fil ig ree a rc a d es Of th e A lh a mb ra whos e fra gil e ma ,

'
teri a l s s eem
in a dequate to s u pp ort th e corn i ces and
en ta bl a tures a pp a ren tly re s tin g up on th em i s illu s ory ; ,
th ey a re m ere s tructu ra l ficti on s O f th e M oori s h d e

s ig n er A regular s eri es Of p ro gres s ion s i s tra cea ble
.
from th e b old h ors es h oe s wee p Of th e ea rly kh alifate ,
th rough th e en g ra iled th e s lightly p oin te d th e p oly , ,
foil th e o giva l a rch es to th e highly orn a te a n d gra c e

, ,
f111 curve s Of th e p a la c e O f th e Alh a m a res Through .
ou t a ll i ts m o dific a tion s however certa in ch a ra cter , ,
i s tics s u rvi v ed ; a m on g th em th e s prin g Of on e or

s e vera l a rch es fro m a bra ck et form e d by th e m ould
i n g O f th e c a pita l a n a rra n g emen t p eculi a r to Ara b

,
a rchite c tu re a n d p res erv e d lo n g a fter th e a rch h a d

,
cea s ed to b e a n es s en ti a l el emen t O f i ts c on s tructi on .
Every va ri atio n O f th e s egment O f a circle which

hum a n in gen ui ty c ould devi s e furn i s h ed n ew res ourc es
to th e Ara b Th e h ors es h o e fo rm w a s mo re or les s
.
pron oun c e d ; th e Rom an re c eiv ed fres h emb elli s hmen t

a t h i s h a n d s ; th e Ogiv a l w a s pl a in f es toon e d o r s er , ,
ra ted . Th e c o lumn s were un us u ally s l en der a fter ,
th ei r typ e h a d b een d efin itely es ta bli s h e d ; in th e ed i

fices firs t erecte d th ey w ere n ec es s a rily di s s imila r in
,
d imen s ion s i n m a te ria l in fo rm i n c olo r a n d in o rn a

, , , ,
men ta tion co n s titutin g a s th ey did th e s p oil O f a

, , ,
hun dre d e d ific es c ollec te d in man y a n d widely s ep a

,
ra te d cou n tri e s I n th e M os qu e O f C o rdo v a th e mos t

.
,
s triki n g i n s ta n c e O f thi s i n di s crim in a te emplo ymen t
Of th e plun der O f a n tiquity th e column s h a d n o bas es , ,
a n d w ere di s p o s e d a t ra n d o m witho ut reg a rd to th e
rul e s O f a rch ite c tura l s ymm etry .
Th e we ight O f evid en ce s eem s to fully j u s tify th e

Opin i on th a t th e o giva l or poin te d a rch wh o s e a da pta ,
ti on i s s o p romi n en t a fe a tu re O f G o thic c on s truction ,
was in tro duc ed in to Euro p e e ither through S icily or

S p ain I ts in ven ti on c a n n ot b e a ttribute d to th e
.
Ara b s I t w a s kn own in A s ia lon g b e fore th e time

.
o f M oh a mm ed I t a pp ea rs in th e ru in ed p a l a ce O f
.
P ers i a n kin g s a t C tes ipho n I t i s by n o m ean s

'
th e .
c erta in th a t i t w as n ot u s ed i n S icily be fore th e in va

s i on O f th e Ara b s Th e l a tter w ere fa mili a r with its
.
fo rm b e fore th e n inth c en tury f or it w a s em ployed ,
e x ten s iv e ly in th e M o s qu e o f T ul un a t C a i ro .
Th e ca pita l O ff ers a s g reat a va ri ety i n form a nd

de c oratio n a s th e a rch ; i n s ome th e C orin thi an in , ,
oth ers th e C omp os ite ord er p re v a il e d ; m a n y a g ain

, ,
p re s en te d th e m o s t orn ate a n d fan ta s tic p attern s ex ,
a mpl es O f th e flo rid a n d d e c a d en t ta s te Of C on s ta n
tin op l e ; i n th e la s t p eri o d go ld en in s c ripti on s from

th e K o ra n i n th e g ra c e ful Ara bi c s cript re pla c e d th e
I on i a n volute a n d th e clas s i c a c an thu s .
I n th e a rt O f mu ra l d ec ora ti on th e Ara b s ta n ds
a l on e a n d u nriv a ll e d Th e ex teri or Of h i s e di fic es a s
.
,
a ru le w a s b a re a n d s o mb re b u t withi n th e gl owin g
, , ,
im a gin ati o n Of th e arti s t revelle d i n a myri a d fo rms

O f exqui s ite tas te a n d b ea uty A religio u s s ys tem
. .
wh o s e s imple d o c tri n es a pp ea le d ra th er to th e h eart

th a n to th e s en s es ; s o ci a l cu s to m s wh os e j ea lou s Oh ,
s erv a n c e fo rb a d e even th e a pp ea ra n c e O f pu b lici ty ,
s c reen e d fro m th e ey e s O f th e curi ou s th e c el eb ra ti on
O f religi ou s c ere mon i e s a n d th e i n s tructive e xhibiti on

Of d omes tic life a n d m a nn ers F o r th es e rea s on s f ew
.
,
O p en in g s a pp ea re d in M os lem dwellin gs ; win dows

were di s coura ge d by th e tra ditio n s O f th e h a rem ; a
s i n gl e d oo r w a s g en era lly co n s id ere d s u ffici en t ; a nd
ev e n th e a pp ro a ch es to th e m o s qu es wh os e crowds ,
o f w ors hipp ers n e c es s ita te d m a n y en tra n c es were s o ,
c ontrive d th a t th e i nteriors were n ot vis ible fro m th e

s treet .
In so mewh ere th e p e culi a r s a credn es s Of th e

cas e s
s tru cture a pp ea re d to j u s tify a p ro dig a lity O f a d orn
men t th e S pa n i s h Ara b d e p arte d from th e rule which

,
h e ordin a rily Ob s erved Th e twen ty on e p ortal s Of

.
-
th e great templ e O f C ord o v a were s u rm ou n ted by or

n a men tal p a n els c ompo s ed Of bricks and s tucco d is
,
a zure whil e th e p roj e ctin g des ign s were g ild ed th e

, ,
wh ol e formin g a bla zin g m a s s o f color wh o s e co m

bin ati o n s mu s t h a v e p ro duc e d a n i ncon ce iv a bly g or
eo u s e ff ec t
g .
Th e B yz a n tin e d eriv a ti on o f m an y Of th e ch a ra c
teri s ti cs Of early H i s p a n o Ar a b a rchite cture i s em
-
h a s ized in th e Gira ld a wh os e c on s tructi o n a s ide from

p , ,
i ts d e c o ra tio n s i s alm os t th e c oun terp a rt Of th a t Of

,
th e C a mp a n il e Of V en ic e with whi ch i t w a s pra c tic a lly

,
c on temp oran eou s I n clin ed plan es or ra mps in s tea d

.
, ,
O f s ta i rwa y s a ff ord in b oth a cc es s to th e s ummit ;

, , ,
and , while th e Gi ra ld a i s by f ar th e more b ea utiful ,
th e i r g en era l s i mila ri ty i n pl an dim en s i on s a n d a p

, ,
p ea ra n ce c a n n ot fa il to im p res s th e m os t h eedles s
Ob s erver .
On th e tw o p rin cip a l s tructures o f M oori s h S p a in

de voted to th e s ervice o f religi on th e u s e Of en a melled ,
til es as a n e l emen t o f e xtern a l d e co ra ti on a n a rt ,
wh os e lates t a d a ptatio n s w ere a ls o p eculi a r to th e

Ara b a n d which w a s s ub s equ en tly ca rri ed to s uch a
d egree Of p erfe cti on i s firs t to b e rem arke d Th e
, .
M o s qu e a ff ords b ut a f ew c oa rs e a n d i ll arran ged -
s p e cim en s ; th os e Of th e Gira ld a a re o f f a r s up eri or
ma teri a l a n d fin is h a n d from th e c omp a ra tively s mall

,
n umb er rem a i n i n g w e c a n f orm s om e id ea Of th e a

p
p ea ra n ce Of this m a gn ific en t to w er wh en i n ta ct its , ,
s ummi t w as gi rdl e d with th es e b rilli a n t o rn a m en ts ,
w h o s e p o lis h e d s u rfa c es fl a s h e d l ik e j e wel s in th e

An da lu s i an s u nl ight .
Th e im p ro vem en t i n th e m an u fa ctu re an d dis p o

s iti on o f en c a u s tic til es i s a n in d eX Of th e p ro g re s s o f
'
th e S p a n i s h M o s l em s i n th e m ec h a n i c a l a rts as well ,
a s i n th e a pplic a ti on Of th e p rin cipl es Of a rchi te ctural
orn a m en tati on D uri n g th e fin a l p eri o d Of th eir d o

.
min i on i n th e P en in s ul a th e u s e o f tilework w a s prao

,
tic a lly c o n fin ed to interi ors a n d i t w a s in th e Alh am

,
b ra th at i t attain ed i ts highes t d eve lo p men t I n th e .

MOORI SH E M P IRE IN EUROPE 5 47
bewilderin g complexity Of p attern s i n th e a c cura cy ,
with which th ei r min ute pi ec es a re un ite d in th e va ,
ri ety o f c o lors a n d i n th e e xqui s ite tas te wi th which

,
th ey a re combin ed th e mo s a ic s Of th a t p a la c e a re a b s o
,
lutely un a pp roa ch a bl e by a n y s imila r work which h a s

e ver b een p ro duc e d by hum a n s kill Th eir s u rfa c es
.
ha ve a ll th e brill i a n cy a n d p oli s h O f th e fin es t p or
ce l a i n Th e e dge s O f fra gmen ts which h a v e b een
.
deta ch e d s h ow ma rks O f th e fil e eviden c e O f th e ,
p a in s takin g a n d c on s ci en tiou s la bors O f th e M oori s h

a rti s a n Thes e en a mels a re rema rka ble n ot on ly f or
.
th eir el eg a n c e b u t f or th e ra dic a l di ff eren c e which

,
they p res en t to th e mos a ic s empl oye d du ri n g th e

exi s ten c e O f th e Kh a lifa te O f C o rdo va Th e l a tter
.
were n ot c era mic bu t were p rep a re d by la yin g th e

,
c olors upon th e wa ll a n d then c o verin g th em with

,
min ute cube s Of gla s s embe dde d i n a tra n s p a ren t

c ement .
Th e Mih ra b Of th e G rea t M os qu e s h ows wh a t re

s ul ts ca n b e a cc om pli s h e d by thi s s impl e pro c es s In .
its rich p an els a rches an d cup ol a s in th e b elts o f in

, , ,
s cri p ti on s gl o wi n g wi th a s c o re O f b rilli a n t hu es in ,
th e gra c e ful i n terl a ci n g a ra b es qu es th e c rys ta l m o

,
s a i c s i n th em s e lv e s im p eri s h a ble s hi n e with u n d im in

, ,
is h e d lu s tre a fter a l a p s e O f m o re th a n n in e hun dre d

years Th e mo s t c elebra te d pro ducti on s O f this d e
.
s cription e x ta n t i n th e chu rch es a n d m os qu es O f C o n
s ta ntin O l e a n d i n th e c a th e dra l s o f Ven ic e a n d R a

p
venn a b ea r n o c ompa ri s on s a ve i n th e cha ra cter o f
,
th e m ateri a ls empl oye d to th os e which a do rn th e

,
s a n ctu a ry Of th e fa m o u s M os l em templ e Th e d e.
s ign s were u n do ubte dly tra c e d by Ara b a rti s ts wh o s e ,
vers atility i s di s clos ed by th eir extra ordin a ry p ro fi

ci en c
y i n a n a rt with wh ich th ey mu s t h a v e b een hi th
erto un fa mili a r a n d i n wh o s e s ucc es s ful m an ipul a ti on
,
they s urp as s ed th e m a s terpi eces Of B yz a n ti n e g en iu s .
NO expla n ation h a s be en given to a ccoun t f o r th e

54 8 H I ST ORY OP TH E
s udden di s us e o f a m eth o d Of a rchitectura l emb ellis h

m en t a t i ts culmin ati on i n a n e x a mple which h a s
,
c a ll e d fo rth th e p ra is e o f thirty g en eration s ; bu t it

i s a w ell e s ta bli s h e d f a ct th a t a fter th e d es tru cti on
-
,
O f th e kh a lifate i n th e ten th c en tury th e employment ,
Of Byz a n tin e mos a ic s th e m o s t e xqui s ite O f th e orn a

,
men ta l p ro c es s es kn own to th e S p a n i s h Ara b s d i s a p ,
p ea re d f o re ver fro m th e P en i n s ul a I t m a y h a ve
.
b een th a t its e x otic d eriva ti on w a s to s om e e xten t

res p on s ibl e f o r its s udd en a n d a b s o lute e xti n cti on .
Th e s o s ei f es a fro m th e G reek ¢fi¢omg

, ma de Of ,
”
li ttle s ton es as thi s mo s a ic w a s kn own to th e M oors
, ,
w a s a di s tin ctiv e p ro duc t Of Byz an tin e in g en ui ty .
Th e m a teri a l d es tin e d f o r th e M o s qu e a s well as th e ,
wo rkm en s kill e d i n its u s e were s en t to th e Kh alif

,
- —
A l I I a kem I I by th e Greek Emp eror o f C on s tanti
.
n op l e ; a n d it w a s fro m th es e fo reign ers th at th e

M o ors l ea rn e d th e lea din g prin ciples O f a n a rt which ,
l on g p ra cti s e d on th e s h o re s Of th e B o s ph oru s h ad ,
n o w b e c o m e f a mili a r to m a n y citi es O f th e M ed iter
ra n e a n c oa s t . Th e j ea lo u s prid e Of th e A ra b —wh o
w a s n o t a vers e to b orrowin g a rchite ctura l id ea s from
di ff eren t n a ti on s th a t were hi s m as ters i n th e s ci en ce
O f con s tructi on a n d m a n y O f which b owe d un d er his
,
yoke a s tributa rie s — revo lted p erh a p s at th e Op en ap

pro pri a ti o n o f a n en tire s ys tem fro m a n en emy Of
h i s religi on a n d es p e ci a lly a t th e c o n fes s i o n O f i ntel
,
l e c tu a l in feri o rity th a t s uch a n act might imply .
I n th e p erfe ction O f en am elle d m os a ic s h o wever , ,
his o rigin a lity w a s u n di s pute d ; hi s a rti s tic con cep

ti on s we re u n tra mm ell e d ; a n d th e p ro o fs Of h is c rea
tiv e g en iu s a re wri tten up on w a ll s a n d c o lumn s which
h a ve e xcite d th e a d mirin g won der Of a rchite ctural
critic s fro m c oun tri es u n kn o wn to b oth Eu ro pe and
A s i a a t th e d a te o f th eir c ompl etion Th e da does Of .
th e A lh a mbra i ts p a v em en t a n d i ts roo fs b e fore s y s

, ,
tem a ti c n e gl ec t a n d v a n d a li s m h a d a c co mpli s h ed th eir

l atter C on trera s c oun te d on e hun dre d an d fifty tw o

,
-
,
a l l di ff eren t i n a s i n gl e a p a rtm en t th e H a ll o f C O
, ,
m a re s i n th e Alh a mbra Th ei r e ff ect wa s th at o f th e

.
rich e s t em b ro id ere d ta p es try a n illu s ion h e ighten e d

,
by th e h a n gi n g s o f e mbo s s e d a n d p a in te d leath er
O ften s u s p en d e d ben ea th th em Th e p e culi ar te xtile
.
re s e mbl a n c e o f A ra b mu ra l d ec ora ti o n o we d i ts o rigin
to th e dr a p ery o f th e ten t a n d i s a re mi n i s c en c e o f
,
th e n o m a dic life O f th e D es ert .
I n th e p re s en c e o f thi s g o rg eo u s embro id ery in

s ton e n o w res emblin g ti s s u es o f s il k en a n d g o ld b ro
,
c a de a n d a ga in a s s umin g th e de lic a te te xture o f la c e

, ,
wh o s e filmy a n d tra n s p a ren t m es h es a lmo s t s eem to

m ove with e very p a s s in g bre ez e a ll a ppearan ce o f ,
s o lidi ty i s l o s t This ple a s in g arti s tic d e c e p ti on ex

.
te n ds e v en to th e c on s truc ti on o f th e a rch es which ,
a pp ea r to s u s ta i n th e w e igh ts res tin g up on th ei r
cu rves by th e i n flu en c e o f s om e mys teriou s p rin ciple

u n kn own to th e la ws of mech an ic s Th e expl a n ati on .
o f th e a pp a ren t ph e n o m en on ho wever di s clos e d a

, ,
m eth o d a s s im ple a s it i s i n g en i o u s U p on th e c a pi .
ta ls w ere pl a c e d light b u t s tron g woo de n b ea ms ,
which c o v ere d with pl a s ter w ere lo s t i n th e ma ze

, ,
o f o rn am en t whil e th e y fo rm e d th e rea l s upp ort o f

,
th e a rc a des wh o s e s ub s ta n ti a l ch a rac ter i s dem on

s tra te d by th e i r s ucc e s s ful res i s ta n c e to th e vi olen c e
o f th e e l e m en ts a n d th e v a n da li s m o f m a n th rough
m a n y c en tu ri e s Th e in teri ors o f th e a p a rtmen ts O f

.
public in s tituti on s a n d roya l h a bita tio n s were c overed

wi th thi s kin d o f orn a men t dis p os e d i n high reli ef ,
a n d i n which th e s ta l a c ti tic or p en d e n tiv e va ult
origi n a l with th e M o ori s h a rchite ct—c on s titute d a
m os t a ttra ctive a n d p ro mi n ent fe a ture .
I t w ould b e imp os s ib le to en um era te th e w on d erful

vari ety o f forms which this plas tic m a teri a l w a s ma de
to a s s um e u n d er th e s kil fu l m a n ipul a ti on Of th e a rti s t .
D i min u tive colon n a des s urmoun te d b y d eli c ate en

,
g ra il ed ar ch es m eda l lion s fes toon s an d wrea ths th e

, , ,
armo ri a l bea rin g s a n d mo ttoes o f th e Al h a ma res Ara ,
bic texts a n d leg en d s which ca n b e rea d from right

o r l e ft with e qu a l fa cil ity a n d g eo m etric a l d es ig n s
, ,
wh os e el emen ts a re s u s c eptible o f an in fin ite n umber

o f ch a n g es a n d c o mbin a ti on s a re th e s a li en t p oin ts
,
which s trike th e ey e a n d a ppea l to th e ima gin a ti on

in thos e p a l a ti a l h a lls which i n the ir o rigin a l c on ditio n
mus t h a ve e xh ibited a ma gn ificen c e which b affle d a ll
des cripti on .
Th e s ta la ctitic p a ttern s i n wh os e eleg an t a rra n g e

,
men t a n d marvell ou s divers ity th e c on s tructive gen ius

o f th e M oo r es p e ci a lly d elighte d were a ppli ed n ot , ,
on ly to th e cup o l as b u t i n th e a n gl es a l on g th e fri ez e
,
a n d up on th e pl a n e s u rfa c e o f th e w a ll s Th e d o me s .
o f th e p rin cip a l ch a mb ers o f th e A lh a mb ra a re e u
ti rel y co mp o s e d o f th es e p en den tives wh os e pi e c es , ,
in th e mo s t ela b ora te o f th eir ex a mpl es o f a rti s tic

ta s te n um b er m a n y th ou s a n d
, Th e ten a city a n d
.
s tren g th o f th e m a teri a l w a s v a s tly i n c reas ed by th e
u s e Of twig s a n d ru s h es bu ri e d i n th e fres h a n d yi eld
in g m orta r which w a s fa s ten e d to a woo den fra m e

,
work by n a ils pla te d wi th tin which even n ow wh en , ,
e xp o s e d to th e a i r s h o w n o evid en c e o f c o rro s i o n
, .
Wi th th e exce ption o f th e colum n s s o c o n s picu ou s ,
a pe culi a rity o f Ara bic c on s tructi on m a rbl e w a s ,
s p a ri n gly u s e d a l th o ugh th e qu a rri es O f S p a i n h a d

,
been ren own e d fro m th e high es t a n tiquity f or th e

qu an tity an d e xc ellen c e o f th eir pro ducts While a .
di ff eren c e o f Opin i on preva ils a mon g a n tiqu a ri es up on

thi s p o in t i t i s rea s on a bly c erta i n th a t th e c o lumn s
,
s upp ortin g th e a rc a des o f th e Alh a mb ra were o rigi
n a lly gilde d .I n th e H a ll o f Ju s tic e s ome o f th em

a re en c a s e d in m o s a ic wh ich p ro duces a n un iqu e if
, ,
n ot a pl ea s i n g e ff ect
, .
O f equ al o rigin a li ty an d ma gn ific en c e were th e c eil

in gs a n d th e doors O f th e gran d M ooris h edi fic es Th e .
art o f marquetry O ff ere d to the Ara b workm an a field

in whi ch hi s ch a ra cteri s ti c lo ve o f d eta il an d intric a te
combinations ai ded b y hi s un fl agg in g in du s try found
, ,
full ex pres s ion I n th e bui ldin gs o f th e kh al ifate th e

. ,
ceili n gs in s tea d Of b ein g e ither fl a t o r vau lte d u s ually

, ,
c on form ed in n umb er a n d in clin a tion to th e roo fs ,
whi ch i n th e M os qu e were ni n eteen on e f or every ,
n a ve . The ra fters ca rve d u p on three s i des en cl os ed

, ,
s p a c es form in g a regul a r s eri es o f p a n el s p a inted with
bril li an t colors and wh o s e mou ldi n gs a n d other el e

,
v ated p ortion s w ere co vere d with g o l d Th e wood .
work w as n ot in fre qu en tly in la id with ra re an d p re

c ions s ubs tan ces s uch a s e bon y a n d ivory moth er o f
, ,
-
p earl tortoi s e s h ell la zulite a n d va riou s gems I n

,
-
, ,
.
th e l ater p eri o d s o f th e M os le m d o mi n a ti on th e s ame ,
materi als were u s ed bu t m ore c orre ct i dea s of archi

,
tectura l con s tructi on go vern e d th eir di s p os iti on Th e .
primi tive ang ular ceilin gs were s u pplanted b y th e

h emi s ph eri cal d ome wh os e s urfa ce co vered with
, ,
s u p erb g eom etric a l tra c ery bla zin g with vermili on

, ,
blue an d gold di s pla ye d in a ll its p erfe cti on the

, , , ,
utmos t s ki ll o f th e M oori s h a rti s a n Th e d oors an d .
th e l a tti ces o f th e h a rem c orres p on d ed i n s tyl e a n d

workm an s hip wi th th e orn am ente d interi ors Of th e
bui ldin gs a n d i t w a s n ot un u s u a l f or a s in gle l attice
,
whi ch s creened a n o p enin g bu t a f ew feet s qu are to

conta in fifteen hu n dre d pi e ce s c omb in ed in man y com ,
p lex an d g ra ce ful g eometric a l p a ttern s Th e mimb ar .
an d th e l ec t ern o f th e M os qu e o f C ordova a lrea dy ,
d es crib ed i n th es e p a ges who s e Odoriferou s an d p re

,
ci ou s w o od w ork w a s fa s ten e d to g eth er wi th g ol den

-
n a il s a n d en ri c h ed wi th j ew el s — l on g th e prid e o f th e ,
fa ithful an d now th e s ubj e ct Of th e fru itles s s p ecu

l a ti on s o f th e hi s tori a n — were a ls o ex am ples o f Arab
,
marqu etry produc ed i n th e very in fa n cy o f that art .
Th e p erfection s ub s e quently a tta in ed i n th e c arving

o f h ard w oo d s whi ch were Often inl a id wi th ara
,
s uch copi ou s a n d in teres tin g deta il s s urvive in th e

work s o f c on temporan eou s n a tive authors h a ve th ere ,
fore been pra cti ca lly a nn ihila ted Th e abs olute d earth
.
o f thes e Oh j e cts o f a rchitectura l a n d arti s tic in g en ui ty
i s th e more e xtraord in ary wh en th e ma gn itud e o f the

m anu fa cturin g an d comm e rci a l interes ts Of m edi aeval
S icily th e protecti on a n d en coura gemen t a ff orded
,
th e M o s l em s by th ei r co n qu erors a n d th e cl os e rel a
,
ti on s th ey s u s ta ine d wi th n eighb oring co un tri es a re

c on s i dere d .
Th e mi lita ry s tru ctures Of M oh a mm ed an S pa in ex

b ib i t th e s a m e g en era l ch a ra cteris ti c s a s d o th e other
s u rvivi n g e x a mp l es o f d e f en s iv e a rchi te ctu re d uring
th e Mid dl e Ag es A s m ight b e s u pp o s e d from th e

.
p urpos es f or whi ch they were d es tin ed a n d from th eir ,
exp o s ure to th e un in terrup te d w a rfa re Of m a n y cen
ta ri es th ey h a v e un d erg on e ra dic a l ch a n g es a n d at
, ,
thi s di s ta n c e o f tim e it i s u s u a lly im p os s ibl e to d eter

min e which p ortion s are o f Ara b i c and which o f Cas
tili a n o rigin .Th e on ly p erfec t s urvivin g e x em plar
Of M ooris h fortifica tion i n th e P enin s ul a i s the Gate
o f th e S un a t T ol edo Th e de fen s ive wo rk s o f th e
.
S pan i s h Ara b were gen era lly on an imm en s e s cale and ,
th ei r con s truc ti on w a s i n s tri ct con formity with th e

b es t kn o wn p rin ciples o f military en gin e erin g The .
walls were o f great thickn es s and s olidi ty th e towers ,
s qua re a n d dis p os ed a t fre quen t in terva ls as f or in , ,
s ta n c e th os e Of G ra n a da wh os e li n es o f c ircumval
, ,
lation wh i le n ot o f extraordi nary e xtent contain ed

, ,
more th an thirteen hun dred C overed wa ys an d b ar

.
bi cans p ro vid ed with b a ttl em en ts d e fen d e d th e a p

p oach es a n d protec te d th e fo rtres s its elf fro m s ud d en
r
an d un exp ected a s s ault Th e cita del whi ch fre

.
,
qu en tly en clo s ed a con s id erab le a rea a n d wh os e p re

,
cin cts pres en te d th e a pp ea ra n c e o f a d imin utive c ity ,
wa s at on c e th e s eat of th e c o urt wi th i ts n umerous ret

inue th e h ea d qua rters Of th e a rmy a n d th e dep os i
,
-
,
tory of th e products o f th e mi nt a n d th e ars en al I t .
commu n ica te d by m ean s O f s ubterra n ean pas s a g es ,
kn o wn on ly to c erta in Offici a ls o f th e go vern men t with ,
th e othe r d e f en c es a n d a lwa y s wi th th e o uter wa ll of

,
th e city thu s a ff o rdi n g a s p eedy a n d u n s u s p ecte d

,
mean s o f es ca p e in time Of con s pira cy or in s urre cti on .
With th e exc e ption o f th e Ga te o f th e S u n a t T oledo ,
M o ori s h cita dels e xhibit li ttle a ttempt a t orn a men ta

tio n ; th e s eri ou s a n d imp orta n t de s tin a ti on o f th es e
gig a n tic wo rk s i s rea liz ed in th eir frown in g a s p e ct an d
th ei r m a s s ive w a lls which O ff ere d n e ith er temp ta ti on
,
n or o pp ortun i ty f o r th e e x erci s e o f de c ora tiv e s kill .
Wa ter w a s provid ed f or th e g arri s on n ot on ly by im

men s e ci s tern s bu t by gall eri es cu t f or lon g di s ta n c es
,
through th e s o lid ro ck be lo w th e b ed o f th e s tre a m

,
which u s u a lly en circled th e emin en ces up on which

th es e s tron gh o ld s were ere cte d O cc a s i on all y when .
,
th e s itu a ti on O f a tower a ff o rde d un u s u a l s e curi ty i ts , .
i nteri or w a s fin i s h e d with all th e po mp a n d be a uty o f

a roy a l re s id en c e .
Th e mo s qu e o n e o f th e m os t ch a ra cteris tic types

,
O f Ara b a rchite cture pres erve d to th e las t i n i ts pla n

,
a n d p rin cipl e s o f c o n s truc ti o n th e s trikin g p e culi a ri
ti es O f i ts origin Altho ugh i ts des ign h as b een s u p

.
po s e d to h a ve been derive d fro m th e ba s ilica th ere ,
ca n b e littl e doubt th a t i t w as m o de ll ed a fter th e
H ebrew temple I ts re ctan gula r form i ts ro ws O f

.
,
c olon n a d es its m ihra b c orres p on din g to th e h oly o f

, ,
holies th e foun ta in s f or c eremon i a l lu s tra ti on a re all

, ,
s ugg es tiv e Of th e n um erou s p oi n ts o f re s e mbl a n c e ex
i s tin g b etween th e M o s lem a n d th e Jewi s h fa ith In .
s pite o f i n h eri te d p rej udic e b u t a va gu e a n d ill d e ,

-
fin e d b o un d a ry h a s a lwa ys s e p a ra ted th es e tw o grea t

divi s ion s o f th e S emitic ra ce which tra c e the ir com ,
m on o rigin to Abra h a m Th e s im ple luxuri es O f th e .
D es ert were c omm emorated n ot on ly by th e gra te ful ,
s oun d o f ripplin g wa ters b u t by th e p erfum e a n d th e ,

s h a de o f th e oran ge trees o f th e court whi ch re

-
,
fres h e d th e s en s es o f th e wo rs hipp er a n d s ugges ted

to h i s vivid im a gin a ti on drea m s O f a m a teri a l a n d
voluptu ou s p a ra di s e Th e m o d era te h eight o f th e
.
buildin g ex a gg era te d its alre a dy va s t dim en s i on s ; the

ey e b ewild ere d by th e f o res t o f c o lumn s
, v a in ly at ,
temp te d to p en etra te i ts i n termin a bl e de p th s ; a n d th e

imp res s i on o f th e in fin ite w a s h e ighten e d by s u p er
impo s ed ti ers o f in terl a cin g a rch es wh os e c ombin a ,
ti o n s re c a lle d th e gra c e ful fo li a g e o f th e i r p rototyp e ,
th e p a l m g ro ve o f Ara bi a .
Th e M oo ri s h a rchite ctu re o f th e P en in s ul a a s th e ,
rea de r h a s n o d o ubt a l rea dy O b s erv e d i s rem a rk a bl e ,
ra th er f or el e g a n c e th a n f o r g ra n de u r I t w a s n ot .
like tha t o f Egypt d e p en den t f or its e ff ec t up on

,
th e lo fty th e imp os in g th e c o l o s s a l
, , Th e s pirit o f .
G re ci a n art which foun d expres s ion i n s tructures

,
wh o s e p erfe ct s ymm etry o f form a n d c orre ctn es s o f

d eta il h a ve n ev er b een equ a lled furn i s h e d to th e Arab
,
a rchite c t n o n e o f th o s e a rti s tic c o n c e pti o n s which were
th e i n s pi ra ti o n o f p a in ters s culpto rs a n d builders i n

, ,
s ub s e qu en t a g es Th e g en iu s o f th e A ra b w a s in g en
.
era l ra th er a d a p tiv e th a n c rea tiv e ra th er imitative ,
th a n o rigin a l B u t while m a n y Of i ts id eas ca n b e

.
tra c e d to th e e x a mpl es o f form er civiliz a ti on s a p eo ,
p l e w h o p ro fite d by a n d imp ro v e d up on th e s u gg es
ti o n s Of a s c o re o f ra c es c a n h a rdly b e s a id to h ave
borro we d fro m a n y While a rt es pe ci a lly a s a ppl i ed
.
,
to a rchite ctu re i s a n i n fa llibl e in d ex o f th e s en timen ts

,
a n d m en ta l p e culi a riti e s o f th e p eo pl e by wh o m i t i s
develo ped n o n e can cla im a b s olu te o rigin a lity f or i ts

,
pro ducti on s ; a ll a re n ec es s arily d ep en den t u pon th eir

pred e c es s o rs f or much o f th e crea tive in fluen c e by
which th ey a re a ctu ate d Thi s i s p a rticul arly tru e o f
.
th e Ara b s o f th e O ccid en t Every n atio n Of a ntiqu ity

.
a s w ell a s o f th e c o n temp o ra n eo u s w o rld p a id in tel
lectu a l tribute to th e grea t M o s l em Empire o f th e

th e wo rld E ccle s i a s ti ca l m a lign ity h a s d emoli s h ed to

.
th e ir very foun d a ti on s o r s edul o u s ly e ff a c e d th e ch ar

a c teri s ti c s o f th e inn um era bl e templ es ra i s e d f o r th e
prop a g ation Of a h os til e religi on a n d th e e xtent o f ,
thi s s ys tem a tic enm ity m a y b e in ferre d from th e s u g
g es ti ve fa ct th at o f th e s e v en hu n dre d m os qu es re
quire d f or th e wors hip o f th e M os le m c a pita l b ut on e ,
h a s s u rvive d D ilig en t a ntiqu a ri an res ea rch h a s fa iled

.
to es ta bli s h ev en th e s ites o f a l l b u t th ree or four o f

th e rem a in d er Of wh o s e e xi s ten c e a n d s pl en d or b oth
,
his tory a n d tra ditio n a ff ord a b un d a n t an d i n d is p u

ta bl e evid en c e Th e ign o ra n c e a n d p rej udic e o f s u c
.
c es s i ve g en era ti on s h a ve i n a dditi on to th e a b ov e
,
n a m e d d es tru ctiv e a g en cie s con tribute d th ei r s h are

, ,
a n d n o u n imp orta n t o n e to th e o bli te ra ti on Of thes e

,
memori a l s o f A ra b tas te a n d in g en uity .
Th e M o s qu e o f C ord o va re p res en ts e very ph a s e o f

Ar a bi a n c on s truc tive a n d de c ora tive a rt du rin g th e
p eri o d Of tw o cen tu ries which ela ps e d b etween its
fou n da ti on an d co mpletion I t i s th ere fore to th at .
, ,
e x ten t a n a rchi te ctu ra l e pito m e o f th e d e v e lo pm en t o f
M o s lem civiliz a ti on i n which in a m ea s u re ca n b e d e

, , ,
ciph ere d th e hi s to ry of th e ra c e u n der wh os e a u s pic es

i t w a s ere cte d a n d a d o rn ed While th e techn ic a lly i n
.
de pen d en t ch a ra cter O f M oori s h a rchitec ture in th e

P en in s ula h a s b een lon g es ta bli s h ed i ts origin a lity i s , ,
a s h a s a l rea dy b ee n s ta te d f or th e m o s t p a rt d ep en d
,
en t up on in g en i ou s c o mbin a tion s o f el em en ts a ff ord ed
by th e e x a mples Of former civiliz ed n ati on s T hi s .
fa ct b ec om es evident wh en th e vari ou s porti on s Of the

G reat M o s que are e x a min e d i n d eta il an d i s e s pe ,
c i a ll y a pp a ren t i n th e m a g n ific en t d e c o ra ti o n s o f th e
s a n ctu a ry .H ere while th e pla n a n d th e des ign s were

,
clea rly o f Ara bic origin th e materi a ls a n d th e meth od

,
o f th e i r a pplic atio n an d in d eed even s ome Of the

, , ,
a rti s a n s were B yz a n ti n e
, B ut th es e precio u s mos a i cs
.
bea r b ut little res emblan ce to tho s e Of con tem p orane

ou s Ch ri s ti an chu rch es which were iden tica l with them

,
in c omp o s iti on a n d i n th e m ann er o f a tta chin g th em

to th e wa ll s Wh at in th e on e in s ta n c e s eem s th e
.
perfe ction Of a rti s tic b ea uty a n d e xc ellen ce in th e ,
oth ers a pp ea rs gl a rin g h a rs h a n d grotes qu e ; th e

, ,
s ublim e a rti s tic g en iu s a l on e c a p a bl e O f crea tin g th es e

,
marvels i s a bs en t Th e M ihra b o f th e M o s qu e Of
, .
C o rdo va h a d n o prototyp e in I s la m o r els ewh ere a n d ,
b oth its plan a n d deta ils h a ve de fie d all imi tation .
Th e evo lu ti on o f Ara bic a rt i n S p a i n i s on e Of

th e m os t cu ri ou s p ro bl ems i n th e a nn a l s o f i ts e x otic
civiliz a tio n I ts o rigin a n d th e impuls e th at firs t
.
prompte d i ts develo pment a s well as th e prin cip a l

,
mo dels from which i t o bta in e d its idea s a re bu ri ed ,
in o b s curity NO c oun try in Euro p e c on ta in s s uch a

.
va ri ety o f gig an tic a n d well pres erv ed memo ri a ls o f

-
Roman im peri a l grea tn es s a s th e P en in s ul a B ut .
with th e exce pti on o f th e city wa lls a n d th e c a s tles ,
th ere i s n o evid en c e th a t th e Ara b s were ever s o i m

pres s ed with th ei r gran deur a s to ma ke even an in
e ff e ctu a l a ttemp t to imita te th em Th e i s ol a ti on o f
.
M oh amm e dan S pa in wh os e d omin a nt s ect w a s d i s

,
credited a n d wh os e dyn a s ty w a s pros crib ed by th e

,
rulin g H ou s es O f S y ri a a n d P ers i a w a s l on g u n fa vor ,
a ble to th e m a i n ten an c e o f th o s e re l a ti o n s by m ea n s
Of which a n in terch a n ge O f idea s a n d th e ra pid

progres s o f a n ati on in th e arts o f p ea c e i s o rdin a rily
eff e cte d . Th e s te ps by which th e a rchite ctura l con
c ep ti on s o f m a n y O ri en ta l n ati on s b e c a m e th e i n s pira
ti on O f th e builders o f th e Wes tern Kh al ifa te a re

th ere fore u n di s c ern ibl e I t is p os s ible h owever th at
.
, ,
th es e id ea s a pp a ren tly b orro wed b u t d ev elo p e d un der

,
s im il ar c on di ti on s a lon g th e s a m e li n es o f th ou ght ,
a re a fter a ll o rigin a l Th e g reat im p o rta n ce a tta ch ed

.
by th e Ara bs to math ematic s in th e s tudy Of which ,
th ey a tta i n e d to s uch un riva lle d p ro ficien cy mu s t as , ,
alre a dy s ugg es ted h a ve con trib uted m ore to a rchi tec

,
5 60 H IS T ORY OF TH E
tura l im p rovement th an a ny oth er ca us e Th e ap p li .
c ati on Of a lgebra to g eom etry— a n in ven tion a s cribed ,
with a c on s iderab le d egree o f certa in ty to th e S p an ,
i s h M os l ems — i mm ea s ura bly fa cilita te d th e d ev elop

m ent o f e very a rt dep en d en t up on mech an i ca l and
m a th em atic a l c on diti on s a n d n on e i s more in debted
,
to i t in thi s res p e ct th an th e a rt Of c on s tructi on

, ,
.
L on g a nterior to th e ten th c en tu ry th e ep och o f the

,
mos t a dva n c ed civiliz a ti on o f th e kh a lifate th e s ch ools ,
o f C o rdo va ,S evi lle Va len ci a M ala g a a n d T ol edo

, , ,
ga ve ins tru ction in g e ometry dra win g a n d other

, ,
bran ches o f m ath ema tic s p erta ini n g to a rchitec ture ,
th e les s on s b e in g s uppl emen te d by pra ctic a l d emon

s tra ti on s o f th e a pplic a ti on o f th e ir p rin c ipl e s un d er
th e di rec ti on o f exp eri en c e d m as ters Un der s uch

.
ci rcum s tan ces th e s tan d ard Of M oori s h tas te was

,
formed an d its ideas o f c on s tru ctive ex cellen c e d efi

,
n i tel y es ta bli s h e d in th e firs t a n d m os t imp orta nt
s ta g e Of i ts d ev el o pm en t Th e g en iu s which in s pi red
.
i ts ea rly crea ti on s th e d rea m s which s p urre d on its

,
youthful a mb iti on were n ever los t until th e crown

,
i n g gl ory Of i ts a chievem en ts fell b e fore th e con

qu eror a n d i ts a rtis a n s a n d th eir p ro du cti on s alik e
,
were tra m pled i n the dus t b y th e ruthl es s chiva lry Of

C a s tile .
Th e a g e Of tran s iti on h a s le ft n o m emori als from

whi ch an intel ligen t id ea o f i ts pro gres s can b e Oh
ta in ed . Th e Gira ld a o f S e ville i s th e on ly on e which
exi s ts in tol era b l e p res erv a ti on a n d i t a ff o rd s a n ex
,
am ple o f exteri or o rn a men ta ti on a l on e I n th e Al ca

.
za r m ay b e o b s erv e d l a b ors which w ere evi d ently com
p l eted a t di ff erent e p o ch s ; b u t n o in forma ti on i s a v a il

a bl e Of th e d a tes a t which th ey w ere ex ecut ed n or can ,
i t n ow b e a s c erta in ed h ow much i s of Arab origin an d

h ow much s h ould b e a ttrib u te d to M u dej ar in flu en ce .
Th e d am a g e this p a l a c e h a s s u ff ered a nd th e m a t eri al

,
a ltera ti on s it h as un derg on e a t th e h an ds o f m on archs

Ara bi c love o f va ri ety a n d m a gn ific en ce s o ch aracter ,
i s ti c o f a n im pul s ive a vers a tile a highly ro m a n tic

, ,
ra c e i s vi s ibl e on e very s id e ; i n th e a rra n g em en t o f

,
co lumn s n ow s in gle n ow g rou p ed ; s ome s mooth

, , ,
oth ers b elted wi th ri n g s th e m a j ority on ce co vered

,
wi th gildin g a f ew s till en c a s ed in an en a mel o f

,
s p a rklin g m os a ic ; in th e co mp os ite c urves Of th e

a rch e s , ea ch di s c los in g th e di s tin c tiv e tra its o f its
origi n a l typ e — h o rs e s h oe o giva l s e mici rcul a r

, , ,
— s ome ,
e n g ra il e d oth ers s ta l a c ti tic a ll o f in c om p a ra b l e g ra ce

, ,
a n d s ymmetry ; i n th e s p a n drel s a t s h o rt di s tan c e a p , ,
p a r e n tl y id en tic a l y e,t u p o n cl os e in s p e c tio n m ould ed
i n a s c o re o f fa n ta s ti c d es ign s through wh os e l a c e like

,
-
i nters tic es th e ra ys o f s un light di ff u s e a m ellowe d

gl ow ; in th e m a z e Of p olis h e d tilework wh os e b ewil ,
d eri n g co mbin ati on s a re b ut b rok en s ection s o f the

n i n e p o lygo n s Of g e om etry a rra n g e d by th e aid Of,
a lg eb ra ic s ci en c e ; i n th e frette d w a ll s with th e ir g or
g e o u s a r a b es qu e s ; i n th e in t ert wi n e d m ottoes d o u b ly ,
legible ; in th e cupola s whos e decorati on s o f azure

, ,
s c a rl et a n d g o ld s p a rkl e in th e s emi o b s c u rity Of th e

,
-
i n teri or like a s ettin g o f preci ou s gems Th e ey e o f .
th e hyp ercritic a l a rchite ct s ees in th e A lh a mb ra b u t a

c on fu s ed j um ble o f in con g ru o u s idea s ; a c on s tru ction
wi th out re c o gn iz e d pre c edent ; a mon um ent which
be lon gs to n o o rder Of a rchitecture a n d which trans ,
g re s s es th e es ta b li s h ed rules Of th a t s ci en c e a s ra di
c a lly a s th e pro du cti on s o f man y a uth ors wh os e ,
g en iu s i s th e d elight o f milli on s d o th e un ities Of time ,
a n d pl a c e o n c e un ivers a lly c on s id ered th e es s en ti als

,
o f p o eti c e xc el l en c e B u t i t i s thi s very i rregul a rity

.
,
thi s i n de p en d en c e o f th e a rb itra ry a n d in fl e xible prin

c i p l e s Of a rt th at to th e u n p ro fes s i on a l O b s erv er con
, , ,
s titu te s i ts greates t ch a rm Th e origin a lity of its

.
c omp on en t pa rts when a n alyzed m ay b e di s p uted but ,
n o qu es ti on ca n a ri s e a s to th e c o n s umm a te s kill th at
a rra n g e d and c o mbin ed th em in a wh ol e whi ch al , ,

MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UR OPE 5 63
th o ugh i t may O ff en d th e i ic critici s m

c a n on s o f a rt s t ,
if s trictly cons tru ed i s y et be autiful h armon iou s en

, , ,
ch a n ti n g .Th e fa m o us Ara b i a n p a l a c e i s th e m a s ter

pi e c e O f th e M oo ris h a rchite cts Of S pa in ; th e crown
in g a chi evemen t o f th e l a b ors o f twen ty g en era ti on s ;
th e emb o dim en t o f th e mo s t eleg a n t c on c epti on s o f
th e a rt th e i n du s try a n d th e in telle ctu a l c ul tu re o f
, ,
th a t p oli s h e d a g e S o l on g a s th e s lightes t p ortio n o f

.
i t s u rviv es it will c on vey a n in s tructive l es s on to th e

,
s tudent a n d th e a n tiqu a ry a n d c a ll up m em ori es o f

,
th a t g rea t empi re wh os e li tera ry rem a i n s wh o s e s ci

, ,
en ti fic di s c o veri es wh o s e la rg e toleran c e wh os e i n
, ,
qui rin g s piri t we re a t on c e th e h a rbin g ers a n d th e

,
in cen tives o f modern civiliz e d life All th a t i s v a lu .
a bl e in th e e c on o mic i n s tituti on s o f s o ci ety in i ts ,
multi tudin ou s in ven tio n s in i ts fa cility o f i n terc om

,
mun i cati on in th e e xc ell en c e o f i ts fa brics i n th e

, ,
perfecti on o f its a gricultura l o p era ti on s h a s lon g ,
b een re co gn iz ed a s de p en den t upon th e pra ctica l a n d

judici ous a pplic a ti on o f th e prin ciples o f s ci en ce O f .
thes e c on s id era ti on s th e Alh a mb ra which w a s th e

, ,
centre o f th e mo s t a ccompli s h ed a n d progres s ive com

mun ity o f th e Middle Ages i s pa rticul arly s ugg es tive
,
.
I t i s a m on umen t o f n a tio n a l g en iu s I t i s a s ymb ol

.
o f n a ti on a l p ro g res s I t looke d d o wn upon th e libra

.
ri es which s h e lte red th e fra gm en ts Of th a t civiliz a ti on
wh os e lea rn in g h a d en lighten e d th e me diaeva l world .
I n i ts h a ll s th e p ro diga l luxu ry o f th e M oori s h prin ce s

da ily exhibited exqui s ite s p e cimen s o f th e exp eri en c e
a n d d e x terity o f th e a rti s a n s o f th e ki n gdo m — th e ,
ma s terpie ces o f th e wea ver th e cutler th e a rmorer , , ,
th e j eweller th e en a m eller
, I ts p a i n te d b a ttlemen ts
.
to were d a b ov e th e li s ts wh ere M os lem a n d Ch ri s ti a n

kn ights h a d comp ete d f or th e priz e o f chiva lry a n d
darin g b es towe d by th e emir s urrou n d e d by th e
,
p omp o f a rms a n d th e b ea uty Of th e s era glio Thu s .
wa s th e Al h a mbra th e embl em Of th e grea tn e s s a n d

s plen d o r Of Gran a d a th e b oa s t o f its mon arch s th e

, ,
won d er o f s tra n g ers th e p rid e o f th e p eo ple I ts

,
.
glo ry h a s d ep a rte d its lu s tre i s ta rn i s h e d b ut the

, ,
m ou rn ful tra ditio n s with which p oetry a n d roma n ce

h a v e i n ves te d i ts hi s tory ca n n ev er p a s s a wa y ; a n d i ts
fa te i s emph as iz e d by th e m ottoe s o f th e s overeign s
wh o res p e ctive ly f o un d e d a n d mutil a te d it s till em ,
bl a z on e d up on i ts wa lls th e a rrog a nt va unt o f th e ,
S p a n i a rd P lu s Ultra ; th e pio u s devic e o f th e

,
”
M o or Th ere i s n o con qu ero r bu t G o d
, .
Th e in j un cti on O f M o h a m me d c o n c ern in g th e rep

res en ta ti o n o f a n im a l f orm s w a s di s re g a rd e d a lmo s t
fro m th e ea rli es t da y s o f M o s l em d omin i on Even .
b e fo re th e ten th c en tu ry Mu s s ul m a n a rti s ts w h o d e ,
p i cted livin g b ein g s s e em to h a ve a b o u n d ed i n th e

c ou n tri es s ubj e ct to I s la m A bio gra phy o f th em i s .
given by M a kris i in which g re a t ta len ts a re a s crib ed

,
to th o s e o f Egyp t Th eir w orks were di s pla yed n ot

.
o n ly i n w oo d a n d s ton e b u t o n s ilk v elv et a n d cl oth

, , ,
o f g o ld Th e trea s ury o f th e F a timite Kh a lif M o s

.
,
ta ms i r c on ta in e d p e a c o ck s a n d g a z e lles O f life s iz e
,
-
,
m a d e o f th e pre ci ou s n teta l s en rich e d wi th m a gn ific ent

g em s A l A min th e s o n an d s ucc es s or o f H a run
.
-
,
a l R as chid p o s s e s s e d a n umb er o f m a g n ific en t b a rg es

-
, ,
fa s hion ed like bird s a n d a n im a ls a n d p a in ted i n imi

ta ti o n o f th ei r livin g m o d els wh o s e o a rs m en were ,
co n c ea le d from V i e w A s th es e m on s ters a ppa rently

.
,
i n s tin ct wi th life mo ve d mys teri o u s ly o ver th e Tigris

, ,
th e y e xcite d th e a s to n i s hm e n t O f th e multitud e a s i n
ven ti on s o f th e g e n ii F ro m th e s tatemen t o f th e
.
grea t hi s tori a n I b n Kh a ldu n wh o vi s ited Gran a da in

,
-
,
1 3 63 th e re p res en ta ti on Of we ll kn o wn e v en ts as well
,
-
,
a s o f th e f e a tu re s o f di s ti n gui s h ed p ers o n a g es o n th e
wa lls O f h ou s es in th a t city mu s t h av e b een c ommon ,

.
H e w a s g rea tly s c a n d a liz e d by thi s Un orth o do x cus

to m which a lth ou gh d erivi n g i ts o rigi n fro m th e C as
, ,
tili a n s w as c on s tan tly p ra cti s ed by th o s e wh o c a lled

,
b elli s h ed with th e fig ures Of twelve di ff erent qua d

rup ed s Of g old in c ru s ted wi th p re c i ou s s ton es ; in th e
d es ign s Of its rich h an gin gs were interwo ven wi ld

bea s ts an d birds o f bri llia nt plu ma g e, wh os e forms ,
d el in eate d with a m a z in g s kill , a pp ea re d to move with
th e s w a yin g o f th e s ilk en ta p es try ; i n o n e o f th e
s qu a res o f th e c a pita l s too d a li on , cas t i n b ron z e a n d
plate d with g old , wh os e eyes were rub i es , a n d from

wh os e mouth gus h e d th e re fres hin g waters brou ght
fro m th e s prin gs o f th e di s tan t s ierra I n th e fa iry
.
p al a c e o f Ru s a fa h e qu a l to its riva l in th e s plen dor

,
O f its a pp o in tments a n d in feri or onl y in dim ens ions ,
s ilver s w a n s fl oa ted up on th e gl o s s y s urfa c e Of th e
lakes a n d th e foun ta in s di s pla yed th e efli gi es o f m en

,
a n d a n im a l s c a rve d in m a rb l e a n d j a s p er by a c un ni n g
h a n d Th e ta li s ma n ic h ors eman o f Kin g H abus d e

.
,
s c rib e d i n hi s to ry a n d i mm o rta li z e d by fi ctio n i s a n ,
o th er i n s ta n c e o f thi s di s re g a rd o f K ora n i c in j un cti on ,
a g a i n c on firm e d b y th e tw o m a rbl e li o n s o f th e M oor
i s h min t a n d by th e fa m ou s twelv e o f th e Alh ambra .
B u t th e m os t cu ri ou s Of th es e e x a mples o f vi ola ted

l a w a re th e p a i n tin g s up on th e c eilin g o f th e H a ll
Of Ju s tice i n th at pa l a c e a n d which a re s u ppos ed to
,
h a ve been e xe cu te d durin g th e fo urteen th c en tury .
Tw o o f th em re p res en t s c en es o f w a r a n d th e c has e ,
bu t n o d a ta s urvive by which i t c a n b e d etermined

wh eth er they a re hi s toric or le g en da ry Th e thi rd .
c onta in s portra its o f ten kin g s o f G ran a da wh os e ,
ra n k i s i n dic ated by th e roy a l bl a z on s re p re s en ted in
th e c en tra l p a i n ti n g .Th e fa c es s o b er dign ified ma

, , ,
j es ti c a re evidently dra wn from life a n d a tra diti on

, ,
exi s ts th a t th e f ea ture s Of s om e o f th em w ere rec og
n ized b y Old M os l em s o f G ra n a d a when a fter th e

,
Recon qu es t th ey were f or th e firs t tim e expos ed to

,
public in s p ecti on ; while th e turb ans th e flowin g robes

,
o f v a ri o u s c o l ors
, th e s words with curi ous hilts a nd
s c a bb a rd s o f go ld a n d s il v er th e y ell ow s lippers at
, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN E UR OPE 7
c
on e s ugges t th e Orien t ; a n d pla ce b e fore th e ey e
th e e x a ct c os tumes an d p erh a p s th e li n ea men ts o f
, ,
th os e p rin c es wh o lon g ma in ta i n e d in a c orn er o f

h os til e Euro pe th e legen ds th e beli e f an d th e civili
, ,
za ti on o f th e M o h a mme da n w orld T h es e un iqu e

.
wo rks a re o f Ara bic origin a fa ct es ta bli s h ed by th e

,
mo n o gra m s tra ce d upon th em wh ich den ote un m is,
ta ka bl y th e n a ti on a l ity o f th e a rti s t I n n um ero u s

.
particulars th ey in dic ate la ck o f e xperi en c e a n d cul

ti v a ti on
. Th e figures a re rud ely d eli n ea ted th e po s i ,
ti on s s tra in e d a n d a wkward N one exh ibit th e s light

.
es t g ra c e ; s om e a re a b s o lutely g rote s qu e ; th e c o l ors
a re n ot di s tribute d h a rm oni ou s ly ; n o a tten ti o n i s p a id
to th e rul es o f p ers p e ctive ; th e lin es a re s h a rply a n d

un pleas an tly de fin e d ; th ere i s n o s ymm etry o f p ro
porti on n o d exterou s imita tion o f tho s e n atu ra l fea t
,
ures wh ich im p a rt to a pa in tin g l ife an d en ergy Th e .
me cha n ic a l a rra n gement i s a s crude a s th e pictori a l

e x e c uti on . Up on a wo o den fra mework pig s kin s ,
were s tretche d a n d fa s ten e d an d over th es e a la yer

,
of gyp s um w a s s prea d formin g th e fou n dati on

,
f or th e c o lors Th e fl a tn es s o f th e l a tter a n d th e
.
golden groun d o f th e p ortra its are in dicati on s o f

Byz antin e tas te an d infl uen c e .
Amo n g th e a rchite ctura l decoration s employe d by

Moo ri s h a rtis ts n on e were more po pula r or mo re s us
,
c ep ti bl e O f v a ri ety o f a rra n g em en t a n d h a rm on y Of
eff e ct th a n th os e form e d by th e l etters o f th e Ara bic
alph a b et . Th e in s cripti on s on th e w a ll s o f M o ori s h

e dific es con s titute n o in co n s iderable p a rt o f th eir
choic es t o rn a men ta ti on Tho s e o f th e P en in s ul a a re
.
prin cip all y devo ted to mottoes o f a religiou s n ature

or to le g en d s illu s tra tin g th e g ra n deu r a n d m u n i fi
cen ce o f th e s overeign I n s om e i ns tan ce s a poem

.
, ,
evid en tly c o mp os e d f o r th e purp o s e a n d c el eb ra ti n g

,
th e virtu es o f th e p rin c e o r th e b e au ty Of th e bu il di n g
it a d orn e d glittere d u p on th e p an ell ed w a ll s or en cir
,
cl ed th e a pa rtmen t wi th ch a ra cters Of livin g fire Th e .
s qu a re C u fic letters u s e d i n th e firs t buildi n g s o f th e
kh a lifa te were even tu a lly s upers ed e d by th e gra c e ful

curves o f th e Nes hki o f A fric a n s cript which i s s een
, ,
in a ll i ts p erfe ction i n th e Al h a mbra S O a dmira bly

.
a re th e s e ch a ra c ters a d a p te d to th e pu rp os e s o f d e c o
ra ti on th a t S p a n i s h a n d I ta li a n w o rkm en ign o ra n t o f ,
th e i r s ig n ific a n c e a n d s u pp os i n g th e m to b e a ra b es qu es ,
h a ve frequ en tly in s erte d K ora n ic in s cription s a mon g

th e c a rvi n g s o f Ch ri s ti a n chu rch es ; a n d i t i s s a id th a t
th ey a re e v en to b e s een up o n th e p roud fa ca de o f
S t P eter s a t R o me Wh a t a ci rcums ta n c e o f e x qu i
’
. .
s i te i ron y i t w ould b e as a F ren ch w riter p erti n e n tly

,
s ugg es ts , if o ver th e p orta l o f th e g ra n des t temple

,
o f Ch ri s ten d o m th e fo un ta in o f trin i ta ri a n o rth o do xy

, ,
th e s tron gh o ld o f C a th o lici s m th e s ea t o f th e in fa llible

,
Vica r o f Ch ris t s ho uld b e foun d i n s c ribe d th e M oh a m

,
me dan d ecla ra ti on Of fa ith p ro cla imin g th e mi s s i on o f

th e Ara bi a n P ro ph et a n d th e un ity o f G od '
Th e co lors mo s t a ff e cted by th e S p a n i s h M o s lem in -
h i s i n teri o r d e co ra tion s w ere v ermili o n a n d ultra

ma rin e b oth es tee med by a rti s ts a s much f or du ra bility
,
a s f o r brilli a n cy ; a n d th e p erm a n en c e o f th o s e u s e d
by th e M o ors O f G ra n a d a wh os e vivid tin ts h a ve been

,
p erfe ctly p res e rve d through th e la ps e o f a ge s a ttes t ,
the ir e x trao rdi n a ry pu rity a n d e xc ellen c e While .
th e s e rem a in e d th e b a s i s o f a rti s tic c o l orin g o th ers ,
s uch a s g reen bl a ck y ello w a n d pu rpl e— w ere s p a r

, , ,
in gl y e mpl o y e d e xc e p tin g in th e m o s a ic s which bla z e

, ,
with a min gle d ma s s O f go rg eou s hues .
N O fea tu re o f M o s l em civiliz a ti o n h a s lin g ered

‘
m ore p ers i s ten tly in th e P en in s ula th a n its a rch itec

ture . Th e s c a n ty kn o wle dg e o f th e Vi s ig othic build er
w a s s we pt a w a y by th e C o n qu es t Th e p rid e o f th e
.
C a s tili a n bre d to a rm s a n d in c o mp eten t by e duc a ti on

,
a n d e xp eri en c e rev o lte d a t th e re s tra in ts a n d d rudg ery

,
i n cident to s uch a n o ccup ati on A s a re s ult Ara bic .

,
en clos e d th e bo dy o f any o f th e Ommey ad e kh ali fs .
h a s b een di s c o vere d ; th e very pl a c e o f thei r ere ction

w a s lo s t in th e temp e s t o f rui n whi c h a cc om p a n i ed
th e Al m ora vide c on qu e s t Th e f ew e xis tin g i n th e
.
Al h a mbra w ere s im ple m a rble s a rco ph a gi w ith out ,
o rn a m en t up o n wh o s e lids w ere s c u lp tu re d l on g i n
,
s cri p ti on s in l etters of g old on a g ro u n d Of b lu e .
O f th es e s la bs but o n e rema i ns f or th e tomb s ab an

, ,
d o n ed to th e curi os ity Of th e ra bbl e wh en G ra n a da

w a s ta ken p eri s h ed a n d th e b on es o f th e p rin ces wh o
, ,
h a d illu min e d a ll Eu ro p e by th eir g eni u s a n d lea rn ing

were u n c eremon i ou s ly c a s t o uts ide th e wa lls .
D ep rive d to a great e xtent o f th e a rti s ti c res o urces

to b e Ob ta in e d fro m th e re pre s en ta ti on Of th e forms
o f a n im a l life ,th e M os lem u tiliz e d with u n riv a lle d
s kill th e s e gm en ts Of g eo m etric a l fig ures a n d th e
gra c e ful foli a g e o f th e v egeta ble wo rld f or th e ma n i

fold pu rp os es O f de coration Every l in e in th e com
.
ple x des ign s o f mo s a i c i s th e s ide or th e curve o f a

p olyg on a circle or a n e llips e ; th e emin en tly b ea utiful
, ,
domes Of woo d a n d o f s tucco were s ugg es ted by the

s y mm etric a l p ro du cti on s o f n a ture — th e h emi s p h eri
,
ca l w ere m o d ell e d a fter th e s e cti on Of a n ora n g e b y ,
which n a me th ey were kn o wn to th e A ra b ; th e s ta la c
ti ti c w ere s trikin g a da p tati on s o f th e p om e gra n a te
dives te d o f its s ee ds Th e a ra b es qu es a re bu t re p ro
.
d u cti on s Of vi n es a n d ten drils c ombin e d i n won der

ful m a z es O f tra c ery ; th e lotu s th at s a cre d emblem,
o f I n di a a n d Egypt wh os e my s teriou s s ig n i fic an ce wa s
lon g a s e cret o f th e s a cerdota l offic e i s s culptured ,
upon p a n el corn ic e a n d c a pita l ; th e ros e n es tles

, ,
a mid s t th e en twin e d orn a m en ta ti on o f th e w a ll s ; the
fron da g e Of th e p a h n i s s imul ated b y th e s wee pin g

a rch es which c ro s s a n d i n ters e ct l ik e th e droo pin g
bran ch es o f th e d ate fores ts o f th e N ile By other

-
.
cl a s s es o f n atural a n d in an ima te Ob j ects b y th e j ewels ,
o f th e firm a men t a n d by th e deni z en s o f th e s ea wa s

, ,
MOORI SH E M PI RE IN EUROP E 5 71 ,
c ontr ibuted th e inspirati on th at im parted to architec

tura l a d orn m en t i ts cho ices t forms Of elega n c e a n d
bea uty Th e great ma rble s h ell fifteen feet in di a m
.
,
eter a n d c a rv e d fro m a s i n gle blo ck which c o v ers th e

,
s a n c tu a ry o f th e M o s qu e o f C o rd o va i s o n e o f th e
,
mo s t curi ou s a n d highly fin is he d works th at ever p ro

ceed e d fro m th e chi s e l o f th e M os l e m s culptor I ts.
fid eli ty to n ature its p erfe ct pro porti on s th e s trikin g

, ,
p os iti on it o ccupi es ren der it on e o f th e mos t in teres t

,
i n g Ob j ects i n th e a n ci en t temple wh os e ho ly o f h o li es
i t emb elli s h es . S tars a re s c attere d in en dles s p ro f u
s i o n th rough out th e Alh a mb ra ; i n th e c en tre o f
mos a ic des ign s ; through th e belts o f fl ora l p attern s
whi ch en c omp a s s th e h a lls ; i n th e lo fty c eilin g s ,
wh ere i n th e u n c erta in light their g olden lu s tre re

c a ll s th e s p a rkle Of th eir origin als on th e s p otles s
groun d o f th e S outhern h ea ven s .
Th e p a in ted win do ws s p a rin gly di s tribute d i n

,
buildin gs ere cted by th e j ea lou s M os lem were y et ,
on e o f th ei r m os t en ch a n tin g a n d ch a ra c teri s tic fe a
tu res . NO tra c e O f them a pp ea rs in th e c on s truc tion s

O f th e kh a lifa te ; th eir exi s ten ce durin g th e a ge o f
tra n s i tion i s a m a tter o f c on j e cture ; a n d it i s on ly
in th e la s t h a lf Of th e fin a l p erio d o f H i s p a n o Ara b -
a rchi te ctu re th a t thi s a rt a tta in e d i ts high es t d ev el o p
men t Th e la bors o f th e G othic a rtis t h a ve fro m tim e

.
imm emo ri a l been c elebra te d a s th e mos t perfect o f

th ei r kin d ; a n d th e j ewell e d d e s ign s wh o s e tin ts illu
min e th e a i s les o f mediaeva l c athedra ls would s eem to
be Of in comp a ra bl e brilli a n cy o f c o lor a n d h a rmon y
Of eff ect An d y et c ompetent j udges h a ve p ro
.
n oun ced th a t th es e s up erb w ork s w ere riva ll e d if n ot ,
s u rp a s s e d
, by th e rich a n d ele ga nt c ombin a tion s o f
Ara bi an g en iu s Th ere is n o rea s o n to b elieve th at th e
.
e x e cuti on o f th e w in d ow s w a s in ferior i n b eauty to
th e d e c o ra ti o n o f th e w all s ; th e s a m e dex teri ty o f

h an d a ccura cy o f ey e an d c orrectn es s o f tas te mus t
, ,
h a ve pres id ed ov er b oth ; a n d a glarin g defici en cy in

a n y p romi n en t p a rt mu s t h a v e b een p rej u dici a l to
a ll
. Th e p a ti en c e which w a s n ot exh a us te d by y ea rs
o f to il u p on a n O b j e c t in ten d e d f o r th e u s es o f th e
h arem an d to b e s e en by c o mp a ratively f ew would

, ,
n ot b e lik ely to n e gl e c t th e d es ig n s wh o s e g org eo us
hues w ere a prin cip a l a ttra cti on o f th e p alace the ,
o rn a m en t a n d th e glory o f th e c a pi tal Th e s ta in ed .
gla s s employe d was o f every col o r an d corres pon ded

.
,
in p attern with th e a ra b es qu es Of th e in teriors ; an d

th e bl a z on s a n d d evic es o f ro ya lty dis po s e d a t i n te rva ls
th rou gh th e m a s s o f o rn a men t re m in de d th e O b s erver
o f th e g rea tn es s Of th e m o n a rch u n d er wh os e a u s pic es
th e w ork w a s c omplete d . Th e e xqui s ite ch a rm o f

th es e e ff e cts wh en c o mbi n e d with th os e o f th e wa ll s
a n d cup ol as mu s t b e im a gin e d f o r n o d es crip ti on can
,
con vey a n a dequ ate ide a o f th ei r s u rp as s in g exc ellen ce .
S uch was th e ri s e th e pro gres s th e culm in a tion of

, ,
a rchitectura l c on s truc ti on a n d e mb elli s h ment i n th e
s ta tes Of M oh a mm e d a n S p a i n Th e modifica ti on s
.
dep en d ent up on e co n omic c on ditio n s u pon wid e an d ,
v a ried ac qu a in ta n ce wi th th e m a s terpi eces Of other

ra c es up on th e d ev el o pm en t o f m ore c orrect con cep
,
ti on s o f th e h a rm o n i o u s a n d th e b ea utiful— which
were u n derg on e b y thi s bra n ch o f th e a rts a re more
pron oun c ed th an i s u s u a lly n oticea b le in th e material
a n d in tell e ctu a l p ro g re s s o f a p eo pl e from a s ta te o f
barb ari s m to th e high es t p o in t in th e s c ale Of civili za

ti o n . Th e ch a ra cter o f th e Ara b i s ho w ever a noma , ,
lous in de pen d en t o f pre ce den t a n d a pparently s ub

, ,
j ect to f ew o f tho s e la ws whos e o p era tion pres crib es

th e c a reer an d fix es th e ultim a te fa te Of n a ti on s Th e .
s implici ty Of f orm a n d c omp a ra tive a b s en c e Of dec o
ra ti on ch a ra cteri s tic o f a n o m a dic ra c e a re c on s picu ou s
in i ts firs t g reat a rchite ctu ra l a chi ev em en t — a tem ple ,
de dicate d to th e u n ity O f G o d I n gla rin g contra s t

.
a pp ea rs th e cu lm in a ti n g e ff o rt o f i ts l ab ors a p a la c e ,
5 74 H I S T O RY OF TH E
tu re d hi s we ll curb s with s cen es o f myth olo gy or with

-
gra c e ful g a rl an ds o f fl owers No n a ti on o f a n

.
ti qu i ty h ow e ver a s crib e d s uch ex tra o rdin ary im p or

, ,
ta n c e to th e di vi n e virtu es Of w a ter as th e H e b rews .
I n th e tim e o f A bra h a m w ells w ere re g a rde d a s Of

p eculia r s a n ctity Th eir lo c a lity c on firm e d th e s a c re d
.
n e s s a n d o blig a ti on o f a n o a th ; i t w a s a tok en o f
a lli a n c e a pl a c e Of re c o n c i li a ti on f o r e n e mi es a s y m
, ,
b ol which ra tifie d a n d en forc e d th e v a lidi ty o f c on

tra c ts Th e o n ly p e rm a n en t ch a ra cteri s tic re c ogn iz ed
.
by th e n om a dic I s ra elite w a s th e p os s es s i on Of a well ,
which es ta bli s h e d th e re s iden c e a n d s ta tion o f h i s tribe .
Th e s a cre d ch a ra cter which in ves te d th e s o u rc es o f

wa ter w a s i nten s ified by th e clima tic con dition s whi ch
m a gn ified i ts im p ortan c e an d in c re a s ed i ts valu e I t .
i s n o t s tra n ge th a t th e h ea t a n d d ro ught Of th e D es ert

s h ould h a v e imp a rted to th a t i n di s p en s a bl e fl u id s om e
o f th e b en e fic en t a ttribu tes o f D ivin e P o wer Th e .
un s ettle d s tate O f triba l exis ten c e i s a ttributa ble s olely

to i ts s c a rcity I ts p ro fu s i on w as s yn on ym ou s with
.
fertility pro s p erity a bun d a n c e

, , I ts p romi n en c e
.
,
a ctu a l a n d s ymb o lic i n th e J ewi s h religio u s s y s tem

,
c on s ta n tly recurs i n th e Bible Th e H ebre ws ma de

.
u s e o f i t on e ve ry im p orta n t o cc a s i o n i n e very c ere ,
mon y which c alle d f o r th e e xercis e o f i ts mys terious

vi rtue s Th ey s prinkled i t over th e victims o f s a cri
.
fice Th ey purifi ed th ems elv e s with it b e fo re en terin g

.
th e p re cin c ts o f th e T empl e Th e v en era ti on with

.
which th ey re g arde d its c eremon i a l u s a g e w a s tra n s

mitted to Ch ri s ti a n ity whi ch h as c on s e c ra te d i ts a p p li
,
c ati on a s a rite in di s pen s a b le to s alva ti on Th e d is .
p ers ion Of th e J ews by th e R o ma n s fa milia riz e d ev ery

‘
n a ti on th a t re ceive d th em with th ei r cu s to m s a n d n ot ,
a f ew a d o p ted th e l a tter a fter m ore or l es s m od ifica
ti o n . M an y Of th e fu gi tives s ettle d in Y em en a nd
o th er p a rts Of A ra b i a wh ere th ei r in flu en c e s ub s e
,
quently pla ye d an im p ortan t rd le i n th e formation o f

MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR O P E 5 75
th e c reed o f M oh amm ed wh os e doctrin es are s o la rgely

,
o f H eb rew a n d C hri s ti a n derivati on Fro m them .
th e Ara b s a bs orb ed m a n y tra diti on s c en turi es Old

‘
which h a d b een tran s mitted through n umerou s n a tio n s

to th e c re dul ou s J ews wh o thu s b eca m e th e d e p os i
,
ta ri es o f a ll .
I n th e exten s ive an d va ri ed do m a in o f th e in du s
tri a l a n d th e u s e ful a rts H i s p an o Ara b g en iu s d evel
,
-
Oped n o les s gra c e a n d d exterity tha n in th e con s p i cu

ou s a n d p erm a n en t c rea ti on s o f th e a rchitec t Th e .
eff ect o f K o ra n ic res tricti o n s w a s to imp e de a ll a d
v an c e u n til th e a rti s an eva de d or O p en ly di s re g a rded

them To th e las t howev er th e u n iv ers a l p re v a l en c e
.
, ,
o f th a t religi ou s s en tim en t which wa s a t on c e th e

,
in c entive a n d th e p o wer O f I s la mi s m a n d in s pire d th e

s kill th a t d es ign e d e ven th e m os t h om ely a rticl e s o f
domes tic u s e a s well a s th e exquis ite orn a ments o f th e

,
p ala ce w a s dis clos e d by all th e p ro ducts o f Ara bi a n

,
in du s try T e xts from th e Kora n were c a rve d upon

.
th e woo d en s ta mps u s e d by th e b ak er Th ey forme d .
th e bi t o f th e key th at u n lo ck ed th e grea t d oo r o f
th e c as tle On s wo rds a n d kn ives on vas es an d thim
.
,
bles on ga rmen ts a n d b ann ers on th e m a s s ive bra c e

, ,
lets o f th e rich on th e rudely fa s hion e d but highly

,
trea s ure d a mul ets o f the p oor w ere en g ra v ed o r em ,
bro idere d le gen d s o f piou s origin a n d s ign ific an ce .
Th es e o bj e cts h a ve f or th e grea ter p a rt di s a pp eared .
Th e p rej udic e fos tere d by c en turi es o f un relen tin g

hos tility th e a vers ion en terta i n e d by th e min i s ters o f
,
a n a n ta g on i s tic a n d triumph a n t fa ith h a ve a s f a r as , ,
hum an dilig en ce could a ccompli s h it des troyed a ll th e ,
s m a ll er a n d m o re i n c on s picuo u s evid en ces o f M o ori s h
c iviliz a tio n Th e du ra bility o f th eir m a teri a l s th e

.
,
excell en ce o f th ei r workm an s hip a n d th e mul tiplicity ,
o f u s es to which th es e a rticle s w ere des tin ed w ould ,
imply th a t vas t n umbers o f them would s till b e met

wi th es p ec ia lly in the Old M os lem pro vin ces o f S pain
, .
B u t s uch i s n o t th e c a s e Th e h a tre d o f th e S p an i a rd
.
f o r e v erythi n g M oh a mm e d a n e xten d e d e v en to th e
in a n ima te o bj e cts on which his va n qui s h e d e n emi es
h a d e x erci s e d th ei r s kill, a n d which w ere a t o n c e s u g
g es tive o f h eres y a n d i n di re ctly , o f his o w n ign o ra n c e
,
a n d m e ch a n ic a l i n c a p a ci ty I t w a s th e C hri s ti an cu s
.
to d i a n s O f th e M o s qu e o f C ord o v a w h o b rok e to pi e c es .
its m a gn ific en t pulpit a n d l e ctern f or th e j ewel s an d

ivo ry they c o n ta in e d ; it w a s Ximen es on e o f th e ,
grea tes t s cho la rs o f his tim e w h o ra i s e d i n th e s qu a re

,
o f G ra n a d a th e fu n era l py re o f Ar a bic li tera ture ;
i t w a s P hilip II , th e m o s t p o werful o f Euro p ea n

.
s o v ere ig n s a n d th e w orthy re p res en ta tiv e o f h i s n a ti o n
a n d hi s a g e w h o o rd ere d e v e ry s ton e i n T o l e do which

,
b o re a n Ara bic i n s cription to b e d es troyed Much .
p eri s h e d by th e Afric a n i n v a s i on s a n d th e bloo dy s e di

ti o n s which fo llo w e d th em M a n y a rticle s o f g old
.
a n d s ilv er f a r m o re p re ci o u s f o r th ei r w o rkm a n s hip

,
th a n f or th ei r i n tri n s ic v a lu e w ere c on s ig n ed by th e
,
ign o ra n t a n d th e a va rici ou s to th e blo w pip e a n d th e -
crucible I n th e fa ce o f s uch i n di s c rimin ate a n d s y s

.
tem a ti c d e s truc ti o n wh o s e s pi rit e v en m a s s iv e e dific es

,
h a v e n ot b een a bl e to wi th s ta n d i t i s n ot s tra n g e th at ,
s o f ew o f th e mi n o r O bj e cts o f g en era l u tility h a ve
s u rviv e d .I n d e e d th e wo rk o f ruin h a s b een s o th or

,
o ugh th a t th e re a re n ow m a n y e duc a te d p ers on s i n
S p a i n wh o re fu s e to cre dit th e a rtis tic a bility o f th e

S a ra c en s o n a cc oun t o f th e dea rth o f e viden c e p ro
,
d u c e d by th e in s trum en ta lity o f th e ir ow n a n c es tors .
Chi e f a m on g th e bra n ch e s o f me ch a n ic a l i n du s try

i n which th e S p a n i s h M o ors e xc ell e d w a s th e trea t
men t o f m eta ls Th e c a s tin g o f bron z e e s p eci a lly in
.
,
la rg e pi eces — a n a rt requi ri n g th e grea tes t s kill even

,
in o u r d a y — th e y un d ers to o d to p erf e ction Th e s p eci

, .
m en s which h a ve b een p res erve d e xhibit a s moo thn es s

u n u s u a l in wo rk s o f thi s d es cripti on an d rev ea l n o ,
s ub s equ en t fi n i s h with th e bu ri n o r th e fil e Not only .

temp ere d b y a p olygo nal s cre en wh os e s ides pres en ted ,
di ff eren t p attern s in ara b es ques ca s t or ca rv ed i n th e

meta l p ro du cin g a ch a rmin g eff e ct fro m th e illumi
,
n a ti on wi thin F rom th e bas e u s ually h un g four

.
s ph ere s of Op en w ork f orm e d o f l otu s or p ahn l ea v es

-
a nd p o megra n ates a n d whi ch e xhib ite d v ers es Of

,
p oetry or Ko rani c legen ds —remin i s cen ces o f th e ,
kn o p s an d fl owers which we re s u s p en d ed from

e a ch b ra n ch Of th e s a c re d c an dles ti c k in th e H e brew
T a bern a cle I n a dditi on to m etals g la s s o f d iff erent

.
,
co lors w a s fre quen tly em ployed in th es e works o f art ,
wh os e e x qu is ite fin i s h con s titute d th e ir gre ates t va lue .
Th e m a teri a l s w ere a l mos t a lwa y s obta in ed from th e

s p oil o f C hri s ti a n c h urch es from th e g old an d s ilver
,
-
ves s els o f th e a ltar from th e c an delabra and from the

,
b ells — tro phi e s which gratified th e pi ety o f th e M os

,
l em a n d contri bute d in n o s ma ll d egree to th e p ride

,
a n d e xultati on o f victory .
A ccident or g oo d fortune h as pres erved f or the

ex a min a ti on Of p os terity a f ew o f th e n um ero u s im
a g es whi ch th e Ara b a rti s ts c a s t i n b ro n z e A mong .
th em a re a li on a n d a g a z ell e wh o s e his tory ca nn ot ,
b e tra ce d bu t which th e res ea rch es o f archaeology h ave

,
a s s ign e d to on e o f th e s um ptu ous p a laces whi ch

a dorn e d th e s uburb s o f C ord o va T h es e rare and .
in teres tin g e vid en c es Of M os lem d exteri ty no doubt

origi n a l l y form ed p a rt o f a f oun ta in ; th ey b e lon g to
th e mo s t a dva n c e d p eri od Of th e kh a l ifate ; the forms
a re s o m ewh a t g rotes que b u t th e m e c h a n i c a l ex ec ution
,
i s n ot in feri or in d eli c a cy to th at Of th e b es t ex a m ples

o f th e p res en t a e Cu fic leg en ds a re in s cribe d u pon
g .
them a n d th ere are in d ic a ti on s th at th eir eyes were

,
formed of preci ou s s ton es a s w as th e cu s tom in M oor ,
i s h S p a in .
Th e frequ ent rec urren c e Of th e li on a mong th e

'
s cul p tures o f M os l e m c ivi li z a tion a ttes ts th e s ymb ol ic
im p ortan c e with which th at an im al was regard e d by

th os e wh os e religi on prohibited th e repres en tati on o f

every s p e ci es o f a ni m a l life I n Ara bic tra diti on th a t
.
roy a l b eas t h a d a cquire d a n imp orta n t a h n os t a ,
s a cre d s ig n ific a n c e
, With th e ea gle i t h a d b een a s
.
,
s ig n ed a pl a ce i n th e eighth h ea ven o f th e M oh a m
me da n fa ith F ro m th e e a rlies t a g es its s tren gth an d

.
fero city h a d a wa ken e d th e a w e o f th e s up ers titiou s

a n d imp erf e ctly p rotecte d trib es o f th e D es ert It .
w a s re co gn iz e d a s th e re p res en ta tive o f p o wer ; th e

embl em o f en ergy n obility a n d c ou ra g e
, , Wi th th e .
S pa n is h Ara b s th es e s en timen ts o f fea r a n d res p e ct

,
were in ten s ifie d by c on s idera tion s Of policy cu s tom , ,
a n d tra diti on . I n th e en ch an tin g g a rden s o f p a la c es

rea red by th e g rea tes t kh a lifs s to od b ro n z e s ta tu es o f
li on s wi th eyes o f rubi es a n d em era lds They were .
th e s upp o rters o f th e a rms o f th e N a zeri te ki n g s .
Thei r ma rble efli g i es gu a rded th e en tra n c e to th e ro ya l

mi n t I n th e fa mou s court o f th e Alh a mbra th ey
.
,
re pl a c e d th e tw e lve o x en th a t s u s ta in e d th e b ra z en
laver o f S o lomon o f which th e foun ta in o f th at p a l a ce

,
i s a n imita ti on . Th e M o s l em p rin ces o f th e P en in

.
s ul a glo ri e d i n th e ti tl e O f Li on o f B a ttl e Ara bic .
tra di ti on w a s i n tim e c on firm ed a n d s tren gth en e d by

th e i n flux o f P e rs i a n id e a s through c o n s ta n t i n ter
cou rs e with th e Ori en t whe re th e lion w a s a s ymb ol
,
o f th e P ri n cipl e o f G oo d .
Th e art o f d a m as c en in g m eta ls w a s a s th e n a me ,
its elf im pli es Of S yri a n o rigin a n d w as pra cti s ed a s

, ,
ea rly a s th e tw elfth c en tury I n its a pplic a ti o n to

.
a rm s a n d a rm o r th e M o o ri s h a rtificers O f S p a i n h a d
n o s up eri ors . Exqui s ite s p ecimen s o f th eir s kill h a ve

des c en de d to ou r time n ot on ly in helmets a n d cui
,
ra s s es — tro phi es o f m a n y a bl oo dy field — b u t i n th e

, ,
s uits ea g erly s ought a fter i n i n terva l s O f p ea c e by
th e kn ights Of Chri s ti a n Euro p e Th e a rm s forg e d

.
upo n th e T a gu s whos e waters it w a s s upp os ed p o s

, , ,
s es s e d s o m e p e culi a r p ro p erty th a t im p a rte d a n n u

r iva ll ed te mp er to bla des Of s teel were fa mou s e ven ,
du rin g th e Vi s ig othic do min ati on Un der th e M o ors .

,
h owe ver th e we a p on s th at i s s u ed fro m th e a rmories

,
o f th a t a n ci en t city a tta in e d th ei r g rea te s t e xc ell en c e
a n d re pu ta ti on T ole d o did n ot by a n y mean s en j oy

.
a m on o p o ly o f thi s m a n ufa ctu re which w a s c a rri e d ,
on with g rea t s ucc es s i n m a n y o th er to wn s ; th e s w ords
o f S eville es p e ci a lly en j o y ed a wid e a n d d es erve d
c el ebri ty Thi s ch o s en wea p on O f th e Ara b w a s ch er

.
i s h e d wi th p ecu l a r p rid e a n d f on dn es s U p on its hilt .
a n d s c a bb a rd we re l a vi s h e d th e fin e s t e ff o rts o f th e
en a m eller s a n d th e j ew eller s a rt Th e temp er o f

’ ’
.
i ts bl a d e w a s o f s uch p erf e ctio n th at a n i ro n rod c o uld

b e ea s ily clo v en wi tho ut i ts e dg e e xhibi tin g th e s l ight
es t bl emi s h B roa d a n d h ea vy a s w as requi re d by th e
.
,
ro ugh u s a g e th e y w e re d es ti n e d to u n d erg o th es e ,
wea p on s were curi ou s ly wrou ght with g old a n d s ilver

tra c ery a ltern atin g wi th qu a in t o r pi ou s i n s c ripti on s
, .
NO n a ti on e xc ell ed th e S p a n i s h M os l em s i n th e c o s tly
a n d exqui s i te a do rn m en t o f th e i r a rm s Th e hilts .
were n ot in frequ en tly o f ma s s y g o ld en rich ed with .
ma n y c olo re d e n a mels a n d s et wi th g ems Th e s c a b .
b a rds o f pu rple or s c arl et velvet gl ittere d with fili

, ,
gree d a n d j ew elle d mo un tin g s O f mo s t ca pricious .
fo rm s were th e gu ards s ome times re pres en tin g th e

,
h ea ds o f e le ph an ts or dra g on s a t oth ers c a rve d i n ,
ov a l s
, glo b es a n d c ro s s es ; a lw a ys in la id with a ra
,
b e s qu e s o f th e p re ci ou s m eta ls re pres entin g flo ra l ,
de s ign s a n d i n tric a te g eo metric a l fig ures with th e ,
o mn ip re s en t l e g en d s ugg es tive o f th e u n qu en ch a b le
,
ferv or O f th e M o s lem fa ith .
Th e p e culi ar v en era ti o n with whi c h th e H i s p a no

Ara b re ga rde d hi s fa vorite wea pon i s thu s dis clo s ed
by th e b ea uty a n d exc ellen ce o f its form a n d ma teri als
a n d by th e s a c red te xts in s cribe d upon its bla de .
M an y c on s iderati on s c on tri bute d to inves t th e s word

wi th a reli gi ou s ch a ra cter a n d to enh a n ce its mora l
,
were o f every c olor an d o f e x c ee din g fin en es s ; th eir

g o lds mith s h a d a cqui re d s u ch d e xterity th at th ey could
ma ke a s in gle gra in o f th at m eta l b eaten i nto a s h eet
_
, ,
c o v er a s p a c e o f fif ty s ix s qu are in ch e s -
Their .
wa res origin a lly Byz a n tin e in s tyle k e p t p a c e with

, ,
th e p ro gres s o f o th er bra n ch es o f a rti s tic in du s try ,
an d b efore th e clo s e o f th eir d omi n a tion were n ot

, ,
i n feri or i n a n y res p e ct to th os e ma de in I ta ly a n d
G erm a n y fou r c en tu ri e s a fterwa rds .
I n th e glyptic a rt a s d ev el o p e d by th e S p a n is h
,
Ar a b s th e in clin a ti on to th e mys teri o u s a n d th e s up er

,
n a tu ra l c o mm o n to a ll m emb ers o f th e S e mitic ra c e

, ,
fo un d full expres s i on Th e tra diti o n a l s ea l o f S O10

.
m on who s e w on d erful p o w er m a de th e fo rc es o f
,
n a tu re a n d th e g en ii o f th e s pi ri t w orld a lik e s u b s er
vi en t to h is will c on firme d th e h ered ita ry b el i ef o f

,
.
th e M o s l em i n a mul ets ch a rm s a n d ta li s m a n s, Th e ,
.
d evic e o f th at fa mou s ri n g is va riou s ly s uppos ed to

h a ve been th e in e ff a bl e n a m e o f G od or a s ta r fo rmed ,
by th e c o mbin a ti on o f tw o e quila tera l tri a n gles B e .
thi s a s i t m a y i ts m a gic a l vi rtu es w ere a p a rt o f th e

,
c reed o f every un e duc a te d Ara b i n wh o s e min d th e ,
ido la tro u s a n d s upers titi ou s pra ctic es o f P a g an is m

s eem e d i n era dic a bl e Th e im a gin a ry ta li s m a n i c quali
.
ti e s o f c erta i n s to n es — s uch as th e c a rn eli a n th e g ar ,
n et a n d th e o n yx — h a d f a r m ore c on n e cti on with th eir

,
p o pul ar u s e th a n a n y p a s s i on f o r orn a men t or love

o f di s pl a y M a n y were re g a rde d a s s p e ci fic s f or
.
va ri ou s a ilm en ts oth ers w ere effic a ci ou s i n a v ertin g th e

,
m a lign in flu en c es O f s o rc ery Th e en gra vin g o f gems .
c on form ed to th e g en era l prin cipl es an d ch ara cteri s

tic s O f th e a rts a s pu rs u ed b y th e Ara b s Th e p roces s .
o f th e c a m eo d oe s n ot s e em to h a v e b een a d o p ted by -
th em b u t th e w o rd i ts e lf which d o es n ot exi s t i n th e
, ,
vo c a bul a ries o f an tiquity w ould s eem to b e d erived ,
from th e Ara bi c k amb mean in g hump o r p ro ,
j ection Th e n a me o r m on og ra m Of th e o wn er a
.
,
vers e Of th e K ora n a wreath o f entwin ed foli a ge a

, ,
comple x d es ign o f g eometric lin es a n d curve s th es e ,
were th e s ole Obj e cts upon which th e ta lents o f th e

a rti s t migh t b e l egi tim a te ly e x erci s e d A s i n a n ci ent
.
Egypt when th e n a me o f D eity a pp eared in th e

,
in s cripti on it w a s pla c e d on th e high es t p a rt o f th e

,
s ton e ; a n d thi s c on c es s i on to c el es ti a l dig n i ty w a s
Obs erve d even i n th e s ign ets o f th e proudes t o f s ov

erei g n s .H ere a ls o a rti s tic s kill w a s grea tly h a mp ered
by th e pro hibitio n rela tin g to th e re pres en ta ti on o f
a n im a l life b ut n o ex a mple o f i ts vi o la ti on i n thi s
,
dep artmen t o f th e a rts i s kn own to exi s t Th e en .
gra ve d s ton e s o f th e S p a n i s h M oh a mme dan p eri o d

a re n ota bl e f o r th e s h a rp n es s o f th ei r lin es th e h a r ,
mon y o f th ei r p a ttern s a n d th e gra c e an d delica cy

,
o f th ei r o rn a m en ta ti on S ign ets fo rmed th e grea ter

.
n um b er b u t a mulets c on s ti tute d n o s m a ll p a rt O f th e
,
pro duction s o f th e M o ori s h la pida ry Th e h a n d s y m

.
,
h oli c o f th e five c a rdin a l pre c e pts o f I s l a m a n d th e ,
h eart wh o s e mys tic in flu en c e i s s till ta citly rec ogn iz e d

,
even by Ch ri s ti a n n a ti on s were the fa vo rite fo rms

,
i n which o bj e cts o f thi s kin d were c a rv ed Th es e two .
were c on s id ere d a s es pe ci a lly effi c a ci ou s i n c ou n ter

a c ti n g th e d rea ded p o w er o f th e evil ey e -
The in s cri p
.
ti on o f th e Sign et w as n ot o n ly a m a rk o f th e in di
v i d u a l it
y Of th e own e r b u t in dica ted h i s piety by i ts
,
formulas from th e K ora n a love O f os ten ta tio n too

,
fre qu en tly a tra it o f th e Ara b ch a ra c ter a nd h a rdly ,
rec on cil a ble wi th th e c on s ta n tly i n culc ate d s pi ri t o f
religi o u s hum ility On th e oth er h a n d th e m ore d e

.
,
vo u t M o s lem s w ere a lwa ys a ccu s to m e d to re mo v e th eir
rin g s du rin g th e h ou r o f p ra y er .
I n n o n e o f th e c o un tri es o f Eu ro p e did th e cera mic

a rt a tta i n s uch e xc ell en c e in m a teri a l s d es ign a n d
, ,
ex e cu ti o n as i n M o h a mm e d a n S p a in Th e c on qu es t
.
o f A fric a w a s th e firs t s ig n a l f or i ts d evel o pm en t a n d ,
from th at time i ts pro gres s wa s s tea dy a n d ra pid .

Th e fra gmen ts o f p orcela in d atin g fro m the kh a li

fate while s ho win g Byz an tin e features revea l th e
, ,
germs o f th a t p erfe cti on O f fo rm a n d s tyle which

ch ara cteriz e th e va s es Of th e la tes t perio d wh en the ,
pro ducts Of th e potteri es o f Va len ci a a n d M a la ga

were e xp orte d to the utmo s t limits o f th e c omm erci al
world Even th e s h a ttered s p ecimen s O f un gla z ed
.
clay th at h a ve co me do wn to u s a re rema rka ble f or

th e s ymm etry Of th e i r lin es a n d s ugg es t th e fi n es t
,
mo del s o f G re cia n an d R o m a n o rigin Th e i n flu en ce .
o f P ers i a — wh o s e c o lo n i s ts s ettl e d a t G ra n a d a and ,
wh o s e tra diti on s e x e rte d s u ch a m a rk e d e ff ect upon

th e civiliz a ti on o f th e P en i n s ula — i s pl a i n ly di s c ern
ible i n a l l th e mos t ela borate e ff o rts o f th e p otter s ’
s kill . B es id es th e i s la n d o f M a j o rc a wh os e town s ,
we re n ote d f o r th eir c era mic wa res e igh t citi es o f

,
M oori s h S p a i n w ere en g a g e d i n thi s lucra tive an d

a rti s tic b ra n ch o f i n du s try . O f th es e M a l a ga ra n k ed
firs t ; th e e xtra o rdin a ry lu s tre by which h er c era mics
w ere di s tin guis h ed d e fie d imita ti o n Th e p eculi a rity
.
o f thi s p ottery c on s i s te d in th e brilli a n cy o f th e

en a m el s i n to which on e o r mo re m eta ls were i ntro
,
d u ced i n s uch a m a n n er as n ot to i n terfe re with its

tra n s p a ren cy a n d y et to reta in a ll th e b ea u tiful refl ec
tion to b e o b ta i n e d fro m a m eta lli c s u rf a c e Thi s .
un iqu e a pp ea ra n c e h a s been s upp os e d by s om e writers

to h a ve b een p ro duc e d by a lloys O f di ff eren t ki n d s l a id ,
i n a s tra tu m o f a lmo s t i n c o n c e iv a b le thin n es s up on

th e bi s qu e .By thi s m ea n s a pla y Of c olors i rides c ent ,
in ch a ra cter w a s o bta i n e d wh o s e b rilli an cy or s o ft

, ,
n es s w a s d ep en de n t up on th e p red o min a n c e o f on e
o r th e oth e r o f th e m eta l s empl oy e d Th e gl a z e was

.
eff e cte d by th e a pplic a ti on of s ilic a tes I n this .
m etho d O f de cora ti on s ilver a n d co pp er were mos t

fre qu en tly u s ed a lon g with thos e g org eou s c olors
,
wh o s e h a rm o n i ou s a d a p tati on to orn a m ent Of e very

des cripti on w a s s o th orou ghly u n ders too d by th e
E tru s can s an d brought to perfection by G reece an d

‘ '
R ome i t dis a pp ea red wi th th e in flux o f th e b a rb a ri an s

, ,
w h o tra mpl ed in th e du s t e very tok en Of E uro p ean

civiliz a ti on Re vive d durin g th e early yea rs o f the
.
kh a lifate i ts his tory i s a rec ord o f c ontin ue d im pro ve

,
m ent .
Th e tra diti on s o f th e O rient th e m o d el s o f a n ,
ti qu i ty th e a b s orb in g p a s s i o n o f th e P ers i a n f or
,
flow ers were a ll a do pte d a n d p erp etu ated i n M o

,
h a mm ed a n S p a in Th e b e a uti es Of th e ro s e a n d the
.
tulip w ere c el eb ra te d a lik e by th e po ets o f An d a lu s i a

a n d C a s h m ere ; a n d th e n a ti on a l p re dile cti on f o r th e
blos s o m o f th e la tter i s re c a ll ed by its a pp ea ra n ce upon

th e m a gn ific en t a n d un iqu e v as e o f th e Alh a mb ra .
Th e M o ori s h p o tters did n o t re s trict th em s elv es to th e

more brilli an t c olors ; th ey p os s es s ed als o n eutra l tints ,
and , by th e s kilful blen din g o f both s uc ceed ed in ,
p ro ducin g tha t p erfe ct h armon y o f d es ign a n d ton e

which i s p erh a p s th e grea te s t ch a rm o f th eir a rti s tic
e ff o rts Th ey a n ticip a te d by three h un dre d y ea rs th e
.
m etho d s re di s c ov ere d by P a li s s y whi ch wrought s uch ,
a re vo lu ti o n i n th e m a n u fa c tu re o f p o rc el a in Th e .
M oori s h s e cret O f meta llic en a mell i n g i s n ow c om

p l etel y lo s t a l on g w ith th e p re emin en c e o n c e en j o yed
-
,
by S p a i n in e very de p artmen t O f th e ce ra mic a rt and ,
f e w s p e cim en s o f p ottery o f u n do ub te d Ara b ic origin

rem a i n Th e roya l ordin a n c es publi s h e d b y F erdi
.
n a n d IV a nd C h arles V a t th e in s ta n c e O f th e
. .
,
I n qu i s iti on prohib ited th e p os s es s i on Of a rticles o f

,
M oori s h m an ufa cture a n d w ere n o do ubt directly

, , ,
in s trum en ta l in c a u s in g th e d es truction o f in numer

a bl e O bj e c ts o f p ric el es s va lu e wh o s e di s c o ve ry might
,
res ul t i n th e c o n fis c a ti o n o f p ro p erty a n d a l in g erin g
d ea th by torture .
Th e m os a ic s which w ere s u ch a p ro min en t fa ctor o f

th e a rchi tectu ra l d ec ora ti on o f th e M o h a mm e d an
p erio d c ons ti tuted a n ota ble bran ch o f this im portant
MOOR I SH E M P I RE IN EUROPE 5 87
in du s try Th e u s e o f vitrified m a teri a l s in b uildin g

.
i s a n a rt o f high a n tiqui ty I t w a s f a mili a r to I n dia ,

.
Chin a , As s yri a , lon g a n terio r to th e da wn o f hi s torical

n a rra ti on Gla z ed tile s were u s e d in th e p a l a c es o f
.
Ch a ldea twen ty three hun dre d yea rs b e fore th e Chri s

-
ti a n era .Th ey c o vere d th e in teri or wa lls o f th e pyra

mid Of S a kka ra h th e O lde s t in Egypt Th e fra g
, .
men ta ry s p e cimen s foun d in th e ruin s o f As s yri an

citi es a re iden tica l i n c olor with thos e p re ferre d by .
th e Ara b s Th e G reek s empl oy e d them i n th e emb el

.
li s hm e n t o f th e templ e o f Th e s eu s Th ey were a do pted

.
by th e Ara b s i n th e c on s truction O f th e to mb o f M o
ha mm ed Amon g th e M o ors o f S p a in th e pro c es s
.
,
rea ch e d i ts g rea tes t d ev e l o pm en t a n d th e p erm a n en t

,
cha ra cter which dis tin gui s hes it h a s pres erve d f o r th e

a dmi ra ti o n o f m o dern tim es s om e o f th e m os t o rigin a l
a rti s tic e ff e cts w rough t by th e p rolific g en iu s o f H i s
p a n O Ara b civ iliz a ti on S ugges ted by th e Byz a n tin e

-
.
mos a ic s fro m which h owev er it di ff ere d es s en ti a lly

, , ,
in m a teri a l a n d d es ign i t w a s n ev er a ble to riva l th em

,
i n s pl en do r a lth ough i n du ra bility i t f a r s urp a s s e d

,
th os e rich a n d b rilli a n t p ro ducti on s O f th e a rti s ts o f

C on s ta n ti n o ple Th e pa ttern s o f th e l atter were
.
flora l th o s e o f th e former geo metric al I n th e o n e

,
.
,
th e e ff e cts were p ro duc e d by c o lors s een th rough mi

n u te cub es o f gl as s ; i n th e o th er by in tric a te co mbi ,
n a ti on s o f O p a qu e pi e c es o f p orc el a i n .
Like a ll a rticles ma n ufa ctured i n th e M o o ri s h p ot

teri es o f S p a i n m o s a ic s we re s ubj e c te d to a l on g a n d
,
tedi o u s m eth o d Of pre p a ra ti on Th ey un derwen t a

.
thre e fo ld b a kin g p ro c es s b e fo re a n d a fter p a in ti n g

a n d wh en gl a z e d M eta ls were u s e d in th eir c ompo
.
s i ti on
, a n d i n ra re in s ta n c es th e p e culi a r i rid es c en t
de c oratio n f or which M a l a ga w a s ren o wn ed w a s em

ploye d Th e eviden t c o s tlin es s O f this mu s t h a ve
.
preven te d its a dopti on e xc ept in edific es o f the great

,
es t imp ortan ce f or n o e x ample of it exis ts even i n

,
th e Alh a mbra .
Th e fa bric a ti on o f l ea th e m h a n gin gs —who s e s ur

fa ce exhib ited th e pla y o f m a n y hues brighten ed with
gold an d s ilver— w as ea rly on e o f th e s p ecia lties Of
C o rdo va n in dus try fro m which c ity i t derive d i ts
,
n a me . S up erb e ff e cts mu s t h a v e b een pro duced by

thi s cu ri ou s ta p es try emb os s e d a n d g ild ed s ta mp ed
, ,
a n d e m b ro id ere d with g ra c e fu l a ra b es ques a nd s us ,
p en de d b etween rich a n d c a p rici ou s c orn i ces o f s tucc o

a n d d a d oes bl a z in g with a s c o re Of c ol ors in mo s a ic .
Th es e eleg a nt h an gi n g s fin d n o c ounterpart i n mo dern

de co ra tive a rt s av e p erh a ps in th e fin es t bin di n g o f a
b ook G oats ki n s forme d th e materi a l b ut th e pro ces s
.
,
by which the y were pre p a re d an d orn a men ted p as s e d

a w a y fro m th e P en in s ul a wi th th e e xp u ls ion o f th e
M ori s coes a n d its m emory a lon e rema i ns in th e leath er

,
Of M oro cco th e m os t v a lu a bl e kn own to commerce

, .
I n th e p erfe cti on Of th e ir tex til e fa b ric s th e S p a n ,
i s h M o o rs d e mon s tra te d th ei r i n fin ite s u p eri ority to

a l l c on tem p o ra n eou s n a ti on s I n oth er kin gd oms o f
.
Eu ro p e s ilk w a s res erve d f or th e us e Of roya lty

, .
C on s ta n tin o ple a lon e by rea s o n o f its relations with

,
th e O rien t w a s a b le to p ro vid e a li m ite d s u pply o f

,
thi s pre ci ou s ma teri a l F ro m S icily the man ufa cture

.
h a d b een intro duce d in to S p a in a n d as a l rea dy m en , ,
ti on ed w as th e mo s t luc ra tive i n du s try Of G ra n a da i n

,
th e d a ys o f its grea tes t pro s p erity After th e elev .
en th c en tu ry in b oth th o s e c o u n tri es a ll c l as s es u s e d
,
thi s fa b ric els ewh ere re g a rd e d a s s o v a lu a b l e ; th e

,
ga rm en ts o f m en a n d wo men o f th e middle cla s s o f

Gran a da w ere ma de O f it a s were a ls o th e un ifo rms,
o f th e ro y a l gu ard s o f N o rm a n P a l erm o Th e light .
n e s s a n d s tren gth o f th es e s ilk s w e re rem a rk a b l e a n d ,
th ei r b ea utiful orn a m en ta ti on dis pla ye d to th e utmo s t

th e fin i s h ed e ff orts o f th e d es ign er a n d th e a rti s a n .
Th e great M os l em bann er c a ptured a t th e b a ttl e Of

won der o f th e me cha n ic o f to d a y ; i n furn iture in la id-

,
wi th p re ci ou s an d a ro m atic woo ds a n d e mb ellis h e d ,
with eb on y torto i s e s h ell an d pe arl ; in g em in c rus te d

,
-
,
-
c a s k ets o f ivo ry a n d on yx which Chri s ti a n s u p ers ti

ti on h a s n ot d eemed un worthy to en s h ri n e th e relic s
o f h er s a in ts ; i n m a n u s c ripts up on wh os e bin din gs ,
fortun es were la vi s h ed e mb os s e d with j e wels glitter

, ,
i n g with s ilver l a pi s l a zuli m a l a chite a n d go ld

,
-
, ,
.
Th e a rt o f c a lligra phy s o g rea tly a pp re ci ated b y

,
th e A ra b s th a t i t w a s s tyl e d Th e G o lden P ro fes s i on ,
a n d i n which th e S p a n i s h M o s le m s a cquire d e x traord i
n a ry p ro fici en cy w a s d ev el o p e d u n d er th e Kh a lifa tes

, ,
Of both th e E a s t a n d W es t to a c on diti on o f a hn os t
, ,
a b s o lu te p erfe c ti o n B e fore th e in v en tion o f p a p er

.
,
th e i r p a rchm en ts e xhibi te d a luxu ry which f a r s u r

pa s s e d th a t O f th e Byz an tin es un til th a t time th e ,
m o s t ren o wn e d c a lligra ph i s ts i n th e w orld Th e s kin s .
th ey u s e d h a d a g ro un d o f go ld o r s ilv er o r w ere dye d

o f v a ri ou s c ol o rs —s c a rl et
, green pu rple blu e a n d
, , , ,
bla ck ; th eir lu s tre w a s s o g rea t th a t th ey refl e cte d

light like th e p olis h e d s u rfa c e o f a mirror Their .
i n k s were a ls o O f m an y kin ds ; thei r brilli a n cy a n d

dura bili ty e xc ee de d th o s e o f a n y kn o wn to mo dern
m an ufa cture ; th e writin g i n di s tin ctn es s a ccu ra cy o f ,
a lig nm en t a n d e l eg a n c e— a cc o mpl i s hm en ts i n which

,
th e Mu s s u l m a n s o f S p a in w h o wrote a p e cu li a rly
,
gra c e ful h an d exc elle d a ll th e o th er n a tion s o f I s la m

,
—riva ll e d th e mo s t fin i s h e d l a b o rs Of th e c o mpo s itor;

i n e pi s tles an d d o cum en ts d es tin e d f or roya lty th e
ch a ra cters were written in liquid g old Th e manu .
s c rip ts w ere en rich e d with ill umin a ti on s a n a rt which , ,
c a rri e d in to F ran c e an d I ta ly; w as s ub s e qu en tly b or

ro w e d b y th e m e d ie eva l m on k s wh os e mi s s a l s rep re ,
s en t th e high es t a n d i n d eed a lm o s t th e s ol e a rti s ti c

, , , ,
m an ifes tatio n s o f th eir time Th e des ign s o f th e .
Ara bs were n ot on ly g eo m etri c fl o ra l an d grotes que , , ,
th ey in clude d m e d a lli on p ortra its a n d re p re s en ta tion s

Of men a n d a n im a ls delin eated with a s ton is hin g s kill .
Th e s e p ro ducts o f M oori s h ta len t a n d in gen uity

h a v e s o f a r a s i s kn own a t pres en t en tirely peris he d ;
, ,
th ei r curi o u s ly w rought b ord ers with o ut th e my s teri

,
ou s a n d u n in telligibl e s c ript which w a s s upp os e d to
conta in fo rmula s f or th e in v o c ati on o f evil s pi rits ,
were a lon e s u fli ci en t to pro s crib e th em .
Th e kn o wle dg e o f th e va ri ou s m ech a n ica l pro ce s s es

re fe rre d to in thi s ch a p ter— m eth o ds by which th e
a rti s tic c on c e p ti on s o f Ara bic g en iu s w ere en do w e d
with form a n d s ta bility— h a s a bs o lu tely van is h ed .
No t on ly i s thi s th e fa ct b u t even a l l ta n gibl e ev i

,
d en ces up on wh os e exi s ten c e w a s d ep en den t th e

,
re puta ti o n f or p roverbi a l d e x teri ty en j oy e d by th e
M o ori s h a rti s an h a ve b een des troyed a n d w e a re

, ,
force d to rely f or thei r en u meration a n d ch ara cter

up on th e vagu e a n d imperfect a cc oun ts o f ill in forme d -
a n d O ften un fri en dly hi s tori a n s I n th e e ye s o f th e

.
fan a tic C a s tilia n e verythin g derive d from M o s lem

,
s ourc es w a s n e c es s a rily ta i n te d with h eres y Th e .
a rticl e s o f luxu ry di s pl a y e d i n s uch p ro fu s i on by th e
va n qui s h e d were in di s puta ble proo fs o f menta l s upe

ri ori ty and
, , a s s uch o ff en s iv e to hi s p ride
, H e de .
n ou n c ed th e Spl en didly boun d a n d emb os s ed v olum es
O f th e libra ri es a s ma gic s crolls wh o s e c on ten ts s hould

,
b e re g a rde d by go o d C hri s ti a n s with e very d emon

s tra ti on o f a v ers i on a n d c on tempt Th e my s teri ou s
.
a n d u n fa mili a r ch ara cters o f th e Ara bic a lph a b et
as s ume d i n hi s s up ers titi ou s e yes th e s ymb ol s o f witch
cra ft s o rcery a n d in c an tati on H e h a s ten ed to p ro

, ,
.
b ibit th e u s e o r p res erv a ti on O f th e s o uv en irs o f M o s

l em cultu re a n d p ower by s um ptu a ry l a ws wh o s e ,
pro vi s ion s w ere en forced by every res ource o f origin a l

a n d in g en io u s crue lty I n th e es tima tion Of th e clergy
.
,
M oh amm e da n is m bla s ph emy an d s ci en tific kn owledg e

, ,
were to all i n ten ts a n d pu rpos es s yn o n ym ou s terms

, , .
With out ta s te to a dm ire or ca pa city to emul ate the

ac hiev em en ts o f Ara bi a n s kill a lik e in es tima ble f or ,
th ei r v a ri ety a n d e xce llen ce th ey c ould a t l ea s t a n n i

,
h i l a te the m ateri a l e vid en ces o f th a t civiliz ati on wh o s e

mo n uments w ere a t on c e a n Op en ch a llen g e a n d a
s e c ret re p ro a ch H o w th oro u ghly this c on g en i a l ta s k
.
w a s p erfo rm e d h as b een des crib e d i n th es e p a g es NO .
p eo ple m en ti on e d in hi s to ry wh o ros e to e min en c e in

th e v a ri ou s a rts th a t c on tribute to n a ti o n a l gl ory o r
do mes tic h a ppin es s h a v e l e ft b ehin d th em s o f ew
memori a l s upon which th e ir title to s up eri ority ca n b e
foun d e d B u t while th e a rchite ctu ra l re ma in s h a ve
.
been de fa c e d a n d d es tro ye d th e libra ri e s a b a n don e d ,
to th e fl a m es th e me ch a n ic a l p ro c e s s es th at g a v e to
,
th e w orld a rti s tic re s ults u n riv a lle d i n th a t a g e a n d

u n a pp roa ch e d i n th i s h a v e b e en n e gl e cte d a n d f or
,
gotten pric eles s trea s u res repres en tin g y ea rs o f i n

, ,
'
d u s try b rok en to pi ec es f or th e s ak e o f th e m a teri al s

,
o f which th ey w ere c o mp os e d ten s Of th ou s a n d s o f ,
s kilful a rt i s a n s e xil e d plun d ere d mu rd ered th ere s till

, , ,
re m a in e d i n th e publi c min d th e im p res s i o n i n s en s ibly
pro duc e d b y c on ta ct with a ra c e o f s up eri or a tta in

men ts which in i ts turn w a s d es tin e d to form th e
, , ,
g erm o f a n ew a n d f a r more wid ely e x ten d e d civili

za ti on .
Afric a d es pite its inn ate b arb a ri s m ex erci s ed s ome

, ,
in flu en c e o n th e a rts in S pa in A s th e M o s lem c on .
qu es t w a s pl a nn e d in th a t c o un try s o i t s ub s e qu ently ,
b e c a me th e a ven u e by which a rchite ctura l a nd arti s tic

id ea s were tra n s mitted to th e p eo ple o f th e P en in s ula ,
m an y o f wh om were n a tives O f its s oi l By th e l atter .

,
s till un d er th e s p ell o f Omm ey a d e cultu re a n d tra di
ti on s th e c rud e ro bu s t a n d s emi b a rb a ri c con c e pti on s

, , ,
-
o f M a u ri ta n i a w ere h o w ev er s oon re fin e d a n d i m
, ,
pro ved b eyon d re c o gn ition Th e door Of th e M os que .
o f th e Al j a f eri a a t S a ra g os s a a n d a n a rch i n th e ,
C ath e dra l o f T a rra gon a are a lm os t th e on ly rema i n

,
in g e x a mpl es o f th e primitive A fri can s tyl e Th e .

d a y in th e S p an i ard f a r more o f th e ro man ti c a nd

a rtis ti c tem p era m en t o f th e S a ra c en wh o s e bl oo d i s
,
a re p roa ch th a n o f th e s ull en f ero city Of th e G oth

, ,
wh os e lin ea ge i s the glory o f C as tili an an ces try R em .
in i s c en ce s o f th at d omi n a ti on which s ev en cent uri es

o f w a rfa re w ere re qui re d to o verth ro w s u rviv e i n th e
forms a n d orn a men tation o f g armen ts ; in th e terms ,
th e c on s tru c ti on a n d th e pron un ci ati on Of l an gu a g e ;

i n th e crud e imita tion o f m o s a i c e ff e cts ; i n th e florid
s culp tu re o f m a g n i fic en t c a th ed ra l s I n oth er cou n
.
tri es o f S o uth ern Eu ro p e th e ir tra c es while n ot s o

, ,
m a rked or g en era l a re n on e th e les s di s tin g uis h a ble ;

,
M oo ris h cu s toms a n d tra di ti on s emin ently c on g e

,
n i a l to th e n a ti o n a l di s p os iti on o f G a ul a n d L atin ,
rea c te d s tron gly up on th e li tera ry a n d s o ci a l life o f
F ran c e a n d I ta ly I n th e la tter c ou n try th e gl owi n g

.
a rti s tic c on c e pti on s o f th e A ra b s p ee dily s uc cum b ed
to th e o mn ipres ent ex a mpl es Of c l as s ic g en iu s ; in

F ra n c e th ey were s omewh a t more p ers i s ten t ; i n b oth
cou ntri es th ey ex ercis e d n o un im p ortant in fluen c e in
th e s uppres s i on o f b a rb a ri s m in th e p romoti on o f
,
e ff o rts th at tend to th e m a teri a l i mp ro ve m en t o f
s o ci e ty in th e cultiv a tio n o f p o liten es s in th e re vival

, ,
o f l etters .
C H AP TE R XXX
AGRI C UL T URE M AN UFACT URE S A ND , , O M M E R CE OF

C
TH E E UROPE AN M OSLE M S T HE I R . M ANN E RS C U S ,
T OM S AN D AM USE M E NT S
,
750~l 609
D is a pp ea ra n c e o f th e Memori a l s Of Ara b C i vi l i z a ti on —Agri c ul fi
tura l S ys tem o f th e S p a n i s h Mo ors — I ts Wo n derf ul P e r

f ec ti on — I rriga tin g App a ra tus —Th e Tri bun a l o f th e W a te rs
—Th e Wo rks o f I bn a l Awa m Un ivers a l C ul tiva tion o f - -
th e S o il—M i n e ra l R es o u rc es o f th e P en i n s ul a— M a n u f a c
tures — Th e G rea t Mo s l em E mp ori um s o f th e M e dite rra n e a n
C o mmerc e ive R mi fi ti I ts x
A ti l o f
E ten s a ca on s r c es
T r ffi c C mmer
a sp o c a i lP
ity f S i ily Th M gn ti ro er o c e a e c
N dl —Gun p w d
ee e d A till ry— W —C i n g —
o ~Ch
er a n r e ar o a e ar
t ri s ti s
ac e f th Kh lif
c o D m li z ti f th P e p l
e a s- e ora a on O e o e
Th B th— G
e a r l P v l n f S up titi —S i l Lif
en e a re a e ce o e rs on oc a e
of th M s l me f E ur p
o —P rivil g f W m — P lyg
e s O o e e es o o en o
amy nd M l —S l v y— Am u m t — Th G m
a o ra s fa er se en s e a e o
Ches s Oth r P tim D nc e Mu i E q u s tri

as es a es s c e an
Sp o t — Th B ull F ight—Th T ilt f R d — Th C u

r s e -
e o ee s e o rs e
of th R i n g s — H w ki n g — P ecu li iti
e f Hi p n A b
a ar es o s a o- ra
C ivili z ti Th C u s d s —Th i E ff t
a on -
e Ch i t d m
r a e e r ec on r s en o
— Un riv ll d A hi v m t
a e f th M ci Eu p e e en s o e oo rs n ro e
C lu i n
on c s o .
IN a ll vas t dom a i n O f his toric a l in quiry th ere

th e
i s pro b a bly n o s ub j ect wh ich h as b e en tre a te d with
s uch s tudi e d n e gl e ct with s uch fla g ra n t i n j u s tic e a s
, ,
th e civiliz ati on Of th e Ara b s i n th e S p a n i s h P en in

s ul a. I ts s tory h a s b een written i n th e m a j o rity o f
ins ta n c es by th e impla ca bl e en emi es o f tho s e wh o
foun ded a n d pro mote d it Th eolo gic a l h a tre d h a s .
lent i ts potent a id to th e prejudice o f ra ce a nd the

en vy a ri s in g fro m c on s cio u s in f eri ority to d en y or
b elittle i ts a chi evemen ts Th e g reates t o f M o oris h

.
prin ces h a ve b een repres en te d by z ea lou s b ut m a lig

n a n t chu rchm en a s b a rb a ri a n s p ers ecutors ido l aters
, , .
Th e a ccum ul a te d wi s d om a n d l a b or Of cen turi es ma ni

f es ted in ra re c o pi es o f th e litera ry trea s ures o f a n
ti qu i ty ch ron icl es d es criptive o f e p o ch s n ow v eiled
,
in h o p el es s Ob s cu ri ty ele g a n t p ro duction s Of th e m os t
,
a cc ompli s h e d p o ets O f C o rd o v a a n d S evill e i n n um er ,
a bl e trea ti s es O f m a th em a tic a l a n d phy s i c a l s ci en ce ,
h a ve b een c on s ign e d to th e fl a mes by ign ora nt p rel

a te s , w h o re g a rd e d th es e p re ci o u s wo rk s a s c o pi es
Of th e K o ra n o r wo rk s on m a gic a n d n e c ro m a n cy .
O thers which th e n e glig en c e O f cl eric a l en mity p er

,
m itted to es c a p e f o r th e tim e w ere s ub s e quen tly

,
ruin e d by d a mp by i n s e cts
, ,by a cci d en ta l con fl ag ra
ti on . Th e c a rel es s n es s o f in a pp re ci a tiv e g o vern m ents ,
a id e d by th e s tupidity o f th e m a s s es a n d th e inn a te
le vellin g ten d en cies o f th e u n e duc a ted th e i n va s ion s

,
o f fo re ig n a rmi es a n d th e vici s s itud es o f re vo luti o n ”
h a ve wrought th e p a rti a l o r c ompl ete d es truction o f

ma n y O f th e n obles t mo n umen ts o f a rchite ctu ra l gen
iu s th a t e ver illu s tra ted th e hi s to ry O f a ny p eo ple .
Th e d efil ed ruin s O f m o s qu e a n d p al a c e th e mutila ted

,
fra gmen ts o f pro ducts o f th e i n du s tri a l a rts wh os e

form a n d m a teri a ls i n dic ate th e high es t d e gree o f m e
c h a n i ca l k n o wl e dg e a n d cl a s s ic a l cultu re th e re m a i n s
,
o f th a t w on de rful s y s tem Of i rrig a ti on wh os e p er

,
fe eti on w a s th e s ec ret o f M o oris h pros p erity a n d Opu

len ce c on s titute a lmos t a ll th e rem a in in g d ata by
,
wh o s e a id w e m a y a ttempt to pic tu re th e s plen dors an d

th e glo ry o f th e mighty Kh a lifa te Of th e W es t NO .
ju s t id ea o f th e gre atn es s a n d po wer o f the P en in s ula

un d er th e Omm ey a d e s o vereign s ca n b e form ed fro m
th e pres en t c o n diti o n Of e ven th os e s ta te s who s e i n
h a bitan ts in phys ic a l a s p ect m enta l di s pos ition man
, ,
n ers h a bi ts a n d i n du s try h a v e pres erve d i n a s trikin g

, , ,
d egree th e ch a ra cteri s tic s Of th e i r M o h a mm edan p ro

, .
g eni tors .
On e g re a t ca u s e o f th e ph en o men a lly ra pid es ta b

li s h m en t o f I s la m w a s p olyg a my which a b s olu tely
,
c on fis c a ted th e me an s o f ra ci a l pro p a g ati on M oh a m .
m ed lik e M o s es a n d a ll oth er a n cien t la wgivers re c og

, ,
ni zed a n d in culc a ted th e s u p re m e im p orta n ce o f th e
i n crea s e o f man kin d, — a prin ciple on which w a s

foun de d P h all i c W ors hip as well a s th e widely dif
fu s e d pra ctic e O f C o mm un a l M a rri a g e Th e vas t .
power o f i ts empi re w a s de p en den t u p on th e c ulture

o f th e s o il a n d th e m a rk eti n g o f th e p ro du c ts o f l a b o r,
in which n o p e o ple w ere m o re s ucces s ful th an th e

Ar a b s I ts d e clin e i s a ttributa ble to th e m a n y inh eren t
.
fa ults o f its p olitic a l a n d re ligi ou s org a n iz a ti on ; to

th e u n c erta i n c ou rs e o f ro y a l s ucc es s i o n ; to th e
i mpla c a ble s pirit o f trib a l enm ity which s urviv ed a n d
domin a te d every oth er feelin g ; to th e i n evita ble wan t
o f h a rm on i ou s c o Op era tion e xi s tin g b etw een th e n u
-
m erou s a n d con flictin g e l em en ts re p res en tin g a s c ore

o f n a ti on s g o v ern e d by f o rc e ; to th e trea s on a ble
s ch em e s O f z ea lo ts , en vi ou s Of th e c o n s id e ra ti o n e x
ten d e d to lite ra ry m eri t ; to th e s o ci a l c o rru pti on in ci

d en t to a s o ci ety a ba n don ed to b oun d les s prodiga lity ,
vice an d luxu ry
, .
Th e a gricultura l s ys tem o f th e S p a n is h M oh a m
med a n s wh o un ders too d th e s o il a n d th e re s o urce s o f
,
th e ir c o u n try b etter th a n a n y n a ti on th a t h a s ever

in h a bited it w as th e mos t c omple x th e mos t s ci en tific ,
, ,
th e m os t p erfe c t, ever d evi s e d b y th e i n gen uity o f

ma n . I ts p rin cipl es w ere d eriv ed fro m th e extreme
O ri en t from th e pla in s o f M es o pota mi a an d from
, ,
th e v a ll ey Of th e N ile — th os e g a rd en s o f th e a n c i ent
,
world wh ere c en tu rie s b e fore th e d a wn o f a uth entic

,
hi s tory th e cultiva ti on Of th e ea rth h ad b een ca rri ed

,
to a s ta te o f e x tra ordin a ry e xc ell en ce To th e .
kn owle dge thu s a ppro pri ated were a dde d th e res u lts
Obta in e d fro m in ve s tig a ti on an d experi ment ; from
th e i ntro ducti on Of foreign pl an ts ; from th e a d o pti on
Of fertiliz in g s ubs ta n ces ; fro m clos e a n d intelligent

Obs erva ti on o f the eff ects o f g eogra phic a l di s tribution
a n d clim atic in flu en c e .
Th e s ta tes m a n lik e p olicy purs u ed by th e kh a lifs

wa s p ro du ctiv e o f i n c a lcula bl e a dva n ta ge to e v ery
bran ch o f a griculture A s previou s ly s ta ted a ccom
.
,
p l i s h ed b otan is ts p rovid ed with un limited fun ds were

, ,
re gul a rly d es p atch e d to th e m os t f ertil e regio n s o f
th e E as t — to Egypt M es o p ota mi a
, , H in du s ta n
, ,
un der in s tructi on s to coll ect s ee ds o f u s e ful pl a n ts
a n d fru i ts f o r exp erim en ta l cultiva ti on i n th e ro y a l
demes n es Th ere i s s c a rc ely a c oun try in the tem

.
pera te z o n e to d a y which h a s a tta in e d to even a m od

era te d e g ree o f civiliz a ti on wh o s e inh a bita n ts a re n ot
,
'
th e b en e fici a ri es o f thi s z ea l f or a g ricultura l im p ro ve

men t con s ta n tly m an ifes ted by th e s o vereign s o f
M oori s h S pa in n or on e unh a ppily wh ich i s willin g
, , ,
to ev en reluc ta n tly c on c ede to th o s e en ti tle d to th e

gratitude o f n ati on s credit f o r that pro gres s ive s pirit
which h as con tributed s o es s en tiall y to th e phys ica l
well be in g a nd a dva n cemen t o f ma n kin d
-
.
Th e divin e origin as s ign ed to a g riculture by Ar a bic

a s we ll a s by P ers i a n tra diti on h a d a lm o s t a s much
to d o wi th i ts d e v elo pm en t a s th e im p era tiv e n eces

s i ty which dem a n d e d i ts pra c tic e Th e rura l e con omy
.
o f every p eo pl e w a s dilig en tly e xpl o re d f or a d v a n
ta g e ou s s ugg es ti on s by th e M oors o f th e P en in s ul a .
Th eir ta s tes a lthough th e pu rs uits o f their a n c es tors

,
were p as to ra l a n d m an u a l la b or o f e very des cripti on

is dis ta s te ful to a n oma dic a n d p re d a to ry ra ce s eem ed
,
to a d a pt th em s elv es a t on c e to th e ci rcum s ta n c es o f
thei r n ew en vironm en t Th eir progres s in th at s ci en c e
.
i s n o t les s s trikin g tha n th e ra pid s ucces s ion o f th eir

milita ry triumph s NO n ati on i n s o s hort a p erio d
.
a chi e ve d s uch ex ten s iv e a n d imp ortan t c o n qu es ts NO

.
peo ple s o quietly a ban don e d th e excitemen ts res ult

in g from th e p ro fes s i on o f a rms a n d emb ra c e d th e
to ils of a s e d en ta ry life a s th e Ara b s O f th e P en in s ula .
NO s oon er did th ey ch an ge th eir mo de o f e xi s ten c e

th a n th ey b eg a n to e xc e l i n th e n ew pu rs uits to whi ch
th ey de v ote d th em s elv es M an y in duc emen ts were .
a ff ord e d by th e cultiva tio n o f th e s o il wh os e re s ults , ,
des pite i ts h ards hips s eemed to more th an coun ter ,
ba lan c e th e b en e fits to b e derived fro m life i n large

comm un i ties Th e K ora n d e cl are d it to b e es p eci a lly
.
m eritori ou s Th e a ir O f th e c o un try like th e a tmo s

.
,
h e re o f th e D es ert s e em e d c on g en i a l to in d e p en
p ,
d en c e Th e va s t es ta tes a cqui red by th e followers O f

.
Mus a their wea lth a n d th e s o cia l s up eri ority which

, ,
th ey a s s um e d did much to in cite o th ers to emula te

,
th e ir e x a mpl e I n vill a g es a n d o n pl a n ta tion s l arg er

.
h arems could b e ma in ta in ed a n d m ore n um erous ,
fa mili es c ould b e rea re d th a n i n citie s — c o n s idera tion s ,
o f g rea t w eight i n th e mi n d o f th e luxu rio u s a n d a m
biti ou s M o s l em Every en c oura gemen t w a s a ff orde d

.
by a s ucc es s i on o f wi s e a n d gen erou s rul ers to th os e

w h o emb ra c e d a n a g ricultura l life A c on s idera ble .
p orti on o f th e cou n try whi ch h a d n e ver b een s ub j e cted

to till a g e b e c a u s e o f i ts a ridity b e c a m e s udd en ly m eta
m orp h os ed a s if by th e wa n d o f a n en ch a n ter B a r
, .
ren va ll ey s w e re tra n s fe rre d in to fl ouri s hin g o rch a rds
O f O lives ora n g es figs a n d p o me gra n a tes R o cky

, , , .
s l o pes w ere c o ve re d with ve rd a n t terra c es I n d is .
tri cts wh ere a cc o rdin g to a n ci en t tra diti on n o w a ter

, ,
h a d e v er b een s ee n n o w fl o we d n o i s y rivulets a n d
,
broa d ca n a l s Wh ere m a rs h es e xis te d th e rich la n d s

.
‘
,
th ey c on c e a l e d were d fai ifed f recl a i m e d a n d pl a c e d

'
un d er th oro ugh cultiva tion On a ll s ides were vis ible .
th e w ork s o f th e y drau l ic en g in e er — which s uppli ed

h ,
th e n e c es s a ry mo i s tu re to th e field s by ev ery d evic e

th en kn o wn to hum a n s kill —th e res erv o ir th e , ,
s luic e th e tun n el th e s iph on th ea ii ed u ctj Th e in

v
, , q ,
g en u ity o f th e M o o rs im pro v e d m eth o d s o f terres tri a l

cul ture f or c en turies reg ard ed a s perfect by many
,
s ton e i ts elf C ontin g en cies a re provide d f or with s uch

.
s kill a n d f ores igh t th a t n o o verfl o w o c curs a n d no ,
da ma g e ever res ults even in ti me o f th e gre ates t in

,
u n d a ti on s Th e e xc ellen ce o f c on s tructi on which ch a r

.
a c teri zes th es e m as s ive w o rk s o f Ara b en gin eeri n g
g en iu s i s demon s tra ted by th e fa c t th a t they h ave

n eed e d p ra c tic a lly n o re p a i rs in a th o u s a n d yea rs .
A s w as n eces s a ry u n der th e con diti on s which p re

va iled In a reg i on wh ere w ater w a s s o valu a b le th e ,
gre ates t c a re w a s e x erci s e d In its a pp orti on men t an d

di s tributi on Th e i rrig a tin g s ys tem O f th e kh ali fate
.
w a s g ov ern ed by a p e culi a r c o de Of l a ws p erfect ,
fa mili a rity wi th wh o s e pro vi s i on s w as on ly to b e Ob

ta i n ed by a life lon g exp eri en c e
-
Th e s trictes t e c on
.
omy w a s en fo rc ed All wa s te w as fo rbidd en Th e

. .
wa ter c on ducte d fro m on e can a l to a n oth er w a s u s ed

a g a i n a n d a g a in Th e s luices were Op en ed a t certa in
.
tim es th e qu a n ti ty fu rn i s h ed b ein g a ccu ra tely g ra du

,
a ted a cc ordin g to th e re qui rem ents o f th e c ultiva tor .
T h e ft w a s pun i s he d with ex empl ary s everity I n .
s om e p rovin c e s th os e wh os e cro p s f or th e tim e did n ot
n eed i rrig a ti on migh t di s p o s e o f th ei r diu rn a l s upply
to th e ir n eighb ors ; i n o th ers thi s privil e g e w as n ot

c on ce d ed NO on e could b e s erved Out o f hi s turn
. .
Th e c ompl exity O f th e s ys tem ma y b e in ferre d from

th e v a ri ety Of di s tribu tin g o utlets d ep en d en t up on th e
e x tent a n d ch a ra cter o f th e s o il to b e w a tered T h ere .
were two hu n dre d a n d twen ty f ou r Of th es e all d if -

,
f erent a n d ea ch des ign a ted b y a s e p a ra te n a me

,
.
Un der th e es pe ci al c a re o f th e imperi a l a u th ori ti es a ,
vigilant p olic e pa tro lled th e c an als a n d g u a rde d th e

res ervo i rs Of e very di s trict Al l dis putes a n d vi ola
.
ti on s o f l a w w ere p a s s ed u p on by a c ourt— wh os e
-
é
judges were ch os en by th e fa rmers th ems e lves —wa ll ed

Th e T rib un a l o f th e W a ters whi ch s a t on T h urs days
,
a t th e d oor o f th e rI n c i p al mos que Th e pl a ce wh ere

p .
i ts s es s i ons were h eld im p arte d to it a s emi reli g iou s -

cha ra cter .To it th e c omplic a ted a n d e xp en s iv e Or

g a n i zati on o f mo d ern j udic a ture w as un kn o wn , an d ,
s e cu re i n th e g o o d s en s e a n d in teg rity Of its ma gi s
tra tes , i t w a s e qu a lly free from ro y a l i n terferen ce ,

politica l in teres t, j udici a l corruption , a bs urd tech ni
c a l i ti es , a n d l e g a l chic a n ery I ts p ro ceedin gs were n ot
.
emb a rra s s e d by v ex a ti o u s d el a y s NO offici a l w a s re

.
quire d to pres erv e o rd er NO re co rd w a s k ept o f its

.
delib era tio n s No c o s ts were in cu rred N o a dvo c a te

. .
w a s p res en t to p erpl ex by s ubtl e a rgum en ts a n d friv o

lo us dis ti n cti o n s th e pla in in terpretati on o f th e l aw .
E a ch p a rty s ta ted hi s ow n c as e Th e a ccus e d c on .
ducte d h i s ow n de fen c e Judgmen t w as ren dered

.
a fter a b ri e f c on s ulta tio n a n d fro m i t th ere w a s n o

'
a pp ea l. Th e mo s t ex a lte d ra n k th e gre a tes t w ea lth , ,
th e m os t di s ti n gui s h e d publi c s e rvic e did n ot c on fer ,
ex emp ti on fro m th e j uri s dicti on o f th e c ou rt o r a ff e ct
th e imp a rti a li ty Of i ts d ec rees Th e n o ble w a s s um

.
m on ed to i ts b a r with b ut l ittl e m ore c eremon y th a n

th e s l a ve I n fra ctio n s o f th e va ri ous ordin an ces which
.
prote cted th e c a n a ls a n d th eir s upply were pun i s h ed

by fin es Wh ere th e O ff en ce w a s re p ea ted th e culprit
.
,
w a s d e priv e d o f th e right to en j oy th e p rivil eg es up on

which th e exi s ten c e o f h i s cro p d ep en ded .
Th e wi s d o m o f th es e regula ti o n s i s d e mon s tra te d

by their lon g evity P res erve d by tra dition they h ave
.
,
des cen de d to ou r tim es a lmo s t u n ch an ge d a n d Th e ,
T ribun a l o f th e Wa ters s till s its every Thu rs d a y th e ,
la s t d a y Of th e M u s s u hn an week a t th e door o f th e ,
C a th edra l o f Va len ci a a s it did be fo re th e po rta ls o f

,
th e G re a t M o s qu e un der th e rule Of th e fa mo u s Om
mey a d e mo n a rch s ten c en turies a g o .
I n th e di s tributi on o f wa ter th e mea s uremen t w a s

by volume a certa in qu a n tity bein g a llotte d to a s tated
,
a rea du rin g a given p eri o d o f th e d a y o r n igh t a t i n
terva l s o f ten to fifteen d a ys Th e s ides Of th e ca n als

.
were pro vided with fl ood gates ke pt un der lock an d

-
,
key , by whi ch th e a dj o ini n g field s c oul d b e s u b merg ed

a t th e p ro p er tim e D ra in s c arri e d th e s urplu s b ack
.
in to th e origin a l ch ann els , s o th at th ere w a s th e lea s t

p os s ible los s .
Th e s a m e ca re a n d eco n o my w ere O bs erv e d in f ertil

iz in g th e s oil which th e re qui rements o f a den s e p o p u
,
la tion n ever permitted to res t Un like th e p o licy .
a d o p te d u n d er th e R o m a n a n d G o thi c d omi n a ti on s ,
there w ere f ew l a rg e es ta tes Th e l a n d w a s d ivid ed

. r
in to s ma ll tra cts a n d f o r th at rea s on w a s much more

,
th o rou g hly t ill ed M a n ure an d du s t were colle cted

'
. .
fro m th e highwa ys Th e c on ten ts o f s ewers a n d

.
va ults w ere pres erved d es icca te d a n d mi n gled with

, , ,
l es s po werful s ubs ta n ces were u s e d to s upply th e

,
im p a irmen t c on s equ ent up on in c es s ant cul tivati on .
As h es th e burn e d a n d pulveriz e d s ee ds o f fru its the

, ,
bloo d a n d b on es o f s la ughtere d an ima ls all pla yed an ,
importan t pa rt i n th e in telligen t a nd s ys tema ti c treat

men t Of th e rich a n d pro du ctive v a lleys o f th e S o uth ,
wh os e s urfa c e re s tin g on a n im p en etra ble s ub s oil Of

,
cla y requi re d c on tin u a l ren ovati on Th e curi ou s a n d

, .
min ute in ves tig a ti on s O f th e s kille d a gricultu ri s t h ad

d etermin e d th e b es t c omp os ts th e mos t a dv an ta g eous ,
mo des o f a pplyi n g th em th e kin d O f v e g eta ti on to

,
which the y were s p eci ally a da p te d .
M a n u re s were d ep o s ite d i n s ton e res ervoi rs con

tri v ed to pre ven t ev a p o ra ti on o r lea k a g e N oth in g .
w a s w a s ted ; e v ery s ub s ta n c e a v a il a ble f or th e fertili

za ti on o f cro p s w a s ca re fully p re s erv e d th e di ff erent ,
v a ri eti es bein g s e p a ra te d a n d a ppli e d to s uch s o ils a s

e xp eri en c e h a d ta ugh t w ere m o s t p ro ductiv e u n d er
the i r u s e NO n atura l O b s ta cl e w a s s uffi ci en tly f or

.
mi d ab le to ch e ck th e en terpri s e a n d i n du s try o f th e
M oo ri s h cultiv ator H e tun n ell e d through moun
.
ta i n s . H i s a qu educ ts tra vers ed dee p ra vi n e s He .
levelled with in fin ite p ati en ce a n d lab or th e ro cky

Slo pes o f th e s i erra Wh ere th e v a s t public wo rks o f
.
d ea vored to pro du ce th em o f un u s ua l tin ts a n d met ,
with corres p on din g failures T h ey u n ders too d h ow to

.
ex tra ct Opi um fro m th e p o ppy b u t th e p roc e s s th ey ,
empl o ye d h a s n o t com e dow n to u s Th ey treated .
wi th s ucc es s th e dis ea s es o f a ll th e kn own s p eci es

Of th e ve g eta ble kin gdom Th ey were e x ceedi n gly
.
s kilful i n th e di s tilla ti o n a n d re fin i n g o f es s en c es ,
a n d g rea t pl a n ta tio n s o f fl o wers w ere cultiv a te d f or
th e s a k e o f th e exqui s ite p erfum es th ey a ff ord e d .
Twenty five di ff erent kin d s Of th es e a re m en tion ed

-
,
a n d th ey we re s o a bu n d a n t a n d ch ea p th a t th ey w ere
s c a rc ely a cc o un te d a luxu ry I n a ll th e multifa ri ou s

.
duties o f h is o ccup ati on th e M oori s h h orticulturi s t p os

s es s e d e xp ert kn o wl e dg e H e co uld p res erve fru its
.
f o r a n in d e fin ite p erio d ; b a n i s h n o xi ou s in s e cts ; e xp el

p o i s on ou s g a s es fro m wells a n d e xc ava ti on s H e w a s .
ve rs ed in meteorolo gy a n d c ould fo res ee a tm os ph eric

,
ch an ge s with a n a ccu ra cy i n c ompreh en s ible to thos e

wh os e d a ily pu rs uits did n o t require f a mili a rity with
th e v a ryi n g a s p e cts Of th e s e as on s a n d th e a n n u a l
re cu rre n c e o f n a tu ra l ph en o m en a I n th e p rin cip a l .
citi es o f th e P e n i n s ula w ere s ch oo ls wh ere p ra ctic a l

in s tructi on in th e v a ri ou s de p a rtm en ts O f hu s b a n dry
w a s giv en .
A s th e K o ra n e xplicitly forb a de th e exp orta tion o f

gra in th e s urplu s o f th e h a rv es ts w a s d e po s ite d in s ub
,
terra n ea n g ra n a ri e s h ewn i n th e ro ck Wh en a child .
a tta i n e d hi s m a j o rity o n e o f th es e m a g a zi n es w a s p re
,
s en te d to him a n d s uch w a s th e dryn es s o f th e re c ep

,
tacl es th a t wh ea t i n p erf e ct p re s e rv a ti on w a s fo u n d
i n s o me o f th em n ea r G ra n a d a wh ere i t h a d la in two
,
c en turi es a fter th e c a pture Of th at city Th e wi s dom .
O f thi s a rran gement w a s a ppa ren t durin g th e fa min es

which de s pite th e i n du s try o f th e p eo ple o cc as i on a lly
, ,
a ffl i cted th e P en in s ul a R elian c e w as s om etimes pl a ced

.
up on l es s p al atab le foo d h o we ver an d n e ar P e droch e

, , ,
from time immemo ri al fores ts o f gi an t oa ks were

,
MOORI SH E M PIR E IN E UROPE 607
ca re fully pres erved f or th e s ake Of their a corns whi ch ,
furn i s hed a co a rs e but n utritiou s diet wh en all other

res o urc es fa il e d .
Th e g rea t work Of I bn al Awa m o f S evill e a v as t - -

, ,
monu m en t o f in du s try a n d eruditi on embra cin g every

c on c eivable bran ch o f th e s ubj e ct s h ows to wh at ex ,
traord in a ry p erfecti on th e s ci en c e o f a griculture h a d

been c a rri e d in th e twelfth c en tury by th e S p an is h
M oha mme da n s I t treats in a c ompreh en s ive a n d ex
.
,
h au s tiv e m a nn er n o t on ly O f th e m etho ds fo un d by
,
th e e xp eri en c e o f c en tu ri es to b e th e b es t a d a p ted to
the s o wi n g a n d h a rves tin g o f gra in to th e pl a n tin g ,
a n d cultiv a ti on o f o rch a rd s to th e p ro p a g a ti on o f
,
edibl e an d a ro m ati c pl a n ts ; b u t i t a l s o with in fin ite ,
min uten e s s o f detail des cribes th e breedin g a n d c are

,
o f every s e ci es o f d om es ti c a n ima l s th e ir qu a liti es

p , ,
th ei r rel ative exc ell en c e th ei r d e fe cts th eir h a bits

, , ,
th eir di s ea s es I t dis cours es a t l en gth up o n th e dif

.
f eren t breeds o f h o rs es a n d up on th e rea ri n g o f th at

us e ful a n ima l s o priz e d by th e A ra b I t expla in s th e .
deta ils o f artificia l in cuba tion a pro c es s b orro we d ,
from Egypt I t dire cts h ow to pro duc e in gees e th e

.
a bn o rm a l h e p a tic c on diti o n s which in duc e th e foi e
g ra s
,
t h a t a rtifici a l d eli c a cy s o d ea r to th e e picu re a n d ,
a th o u s a n d y ea rs a g o a s to d a y a n i n v a lu a bl e a dju n ct
,
-
,
to fa s hi on a bl e glutton y I t tea ch es di ff eren t metho d s

.
o f c ooki n g a n d th e p re p a ra ti on O f v a ri o u s c on f e c ti on s ,
j ellies s yrup s a n d s we etm eats o f every des cripti on

, ,
.
Th e m a n ufa cture o f wi n e s o rigidly forbidden to ,
th e M o s lem a n d wh o s e i mm en s e c on s umpti on h a d
,
a lrea dy i n th e tim e O f th e kh a lifa te s c a n d a li z ed th e

, ,
pi ous i s deta il e d in a ll its s ta g es in thi s remarka ble

,
book I n it a re given re cip es f or c ordia ls o f ma ny

.
ki n ds c oolin g b evera ge s a n d hydromel

, , I t als o .
pres cribes th e rules by which th e h ou s ehold o f th e

fa rmer s h oul d b e go verned an d defin es th e re cipro c al ,
duti es o f em ployer a nd em ployee I n every o p erati on .

Of rura l life an d domes ti c econ omy it en forces by re ,
p ea ted a dm o n iti on th e n e c e s s ity f or c lea n lin es s s y s ,
tem a n d ord er
,
.
From th e treati s e o f I bn a l A wa m w e lea rn th at - -
much o f hi s in formati on wa s d erive d from S i cili an

s ourc es wh ere a g ricultu re a n d its d e p en d en t o ccup a
,
ti on s w ere fully a s a dv a n c e d a s i n th e P en in s ula In .
th a t rich i s la n d s a ff ron a n d n um ero u s oth er h erb s were

,
i n dig en ou s an d th en c e with m an y ve g eta ble s a n d

,
fruits w ere ca rri e d in to S p a in Th e vin eyards a n d .
th e win es o f S icily fa mo u s in a n tiqui ty m a in ta in e d

, ,
th ei r re pu ta ti o n du rin g th e M o s l e m a n d N orm a n
d omin a ti on s bu t durin g th e con tes t Of th e Empi re
, ,
with th e P a p a cy th e cultu re o f th e g ra p e d e clin ed a nd

,
w a s p ra ctica lly e x ti n ct f or m o re th a n a c en tu ry .
To M oori s h en terp ri s e Eu ro p e o we s s uch fruits a s

“
th e s tra wb erry th e lem on th e quin c e th e d a te th e fig

, , , , ,
th e mulb erry th e b a n a n a th e p om e g ra n a te ; s uch n u ts

, ,
as th e pi s ta chio a n d th e a lm on d ; s uch c erea l s a s ric e ,
s es a m e buckwh ea t ; s uch ve g eta bles as s pin a ch an d

,
a s p a ra gu s ; s uch s pic es a s m a c e n u tm e g a n d p e pp er ; , ,
s uch c o n dim en ts a s th e c a p er a n d s a ff ron Th e co ff ee .
a n d th e c otton pl a n t which g re w wild i n A ra bi a ; th e

,
s ug a r c a n e
-
whos e pro duc t b ea rs a lm o s t u n a ltered
, , ,
th e n a m e b es to w e d by th o s e w h o w ere th e firs t to
ex tra ct i t w ere a l s o i n tro duc e d b y th e A ra b s
, Th e .
Olive pla n tati on s i n th e vicin i ty o f S eville a lo n e con ,
ta i n in g milli o n s o f tree s i n dic a te th e es tim a ti on i n

,
which its cultu re w a s h eld a n d th e en o rm ou s pro fits ,
it mus t h a v e yi eld e d th e o wn ers G ra p e s w ere s o a bun .
dan t a t Ub ed a th at th ere w a s n o m ark et f o r th em ; at

M a la ga I bn B a tutah s a ys e igh t p oun d s s old f or a
,
-
,
di rh em A l M a kk a ri re fers to th e pro digi ou s s iz e Of

.
-
th e m e lo n s o f C i n tra Th e p e a rs g ro wn at D a ro c a
.
,
un equ a lled in rich n es s o f fl a vor weigh ed three p oun ds ,

.
Th e a pples o f S a n ta rem w ere thi rty in ch es in c ircum

feren c e O ra n ge s were Of n ot i n feri or dimen s ion s ;
.
to a n u mero u s M oori s h p o pu lati on Th e ca pital .

,
S a ra g o s s a lo n g th e s ea t Of an enli ghten e d dyn as ty

, ,
w a s cele bra te d f a r a n d n ea r f or th e a cco mpli s h men ts

Of i ts prin c es th e l earn in g o f its s chol ars th e s kill o f
, ,
i ts a rtis a n s th e w ea lth o f i ts J ews a n d th e s u p erb

, ,
de c ora ti o n s o f its mo s qu es NO city Of th e kh alifate

.
p os s es s e d a b etter cl as s o f in h a bitan ts g rea ter wealth , ,
or a high er d eg ree o f c iviliz a ti on I ts w a ll s w ere .
n ea rly tw o lea gu es i n c ircuit I ts g a rd en s ex ten d ed

.
f o r a dis ta n c e o f eigh t mil es i n every dire cti o n I ts .
a tm os ph ere w a s p erfu m e d by th e fl ow ers whi c h cov
ere d i ts pl a in A territo ry o f great extent con ta in in g

.
ma n y villag e s a n d c as tles a ckn owle dg e d th e a uth ority

o f th e B en i H ud i ts rulers
-
, Th e en tire re gion w a s a
.
p a ra dis e which foreign ers comp a re d to C h a ldea on

,
a cco u n t o f its f ertility i ts n um ero u s g ro v es

, a n d its ,
p ro fu s ion Of wa ters I n its clima te woo d did n ot d e

.
c a y o r g ra in mild ew a n d p ro vi s i on s m ight b e k e p t f or
,
yea rs with out d eteri ora ti on Th e roya l p a la ce c a lle d

.
,
th e Ab o de o f P l ea s ure s con ta i n e d a ma gn ificen t h a ll

,
o f s ta te wh os e m a rbles a n d a ra b e s q u es w ere on e o f
,
th e won d ers Of th e P en in s ul a Abulfe da re fers to the

.
M oo ri s h c a pita l o f A ra gon a s th e S ilver C ity s ur ,

”
ro un d ed b y em era ld s min gl ed wi th g o ld Th e pres .
en t drea ry a s p e ct o f T o l ed o O ff ers n o s u gg es tion o f
its fo rm er gra n d eur un d er Ara b rule wh en i ts p op u

la tio n n umb ere d tw o hun dred th ou s an d a n d from th e ,
tow ers o f i ts cita d el a s ucc es s i on o f fa rm s a n d pl a n ta

ti o n s c o uld b e di s c ern e d s tretchin g a wa y to th e v erge
o f th e h o riz on I t wa s in th e tro pi c a l S outh h o wever
.
, ,
th a t th e in ex h a u s tible res ou rces o f th e M oori s h a gri

culturi s t riote d in th e ex hibi ti on o f th e ir a ma z i n g
p o wer Th e M e diterran ea n coa s t from Gi bra ltar to
.
B a rc el on a w as a n un brok en b elt o f v erdure F or fif .
teen miles b el ow S e ville th e G u a da lqu ivir w a s s h a ded

by a s ucc es s ion o f orch a rd s N ear th at city th e di s trict
.
o f th e Ax a ra f e— whi ch emb ra c e d fifty s qu a re l ea u es

g
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN E U ROPE 611
and w a s thickly plan te d with Olive a n d fig trees — in -
th e twelfth c entu ry c o n ta i n e d a th ou s a n d thrivin g

vill a g es two hun dre d a n d twen ty fiv e yea rs a fter th e
,
-
di s membermen t o f th e Omm ey a d e empire H ere .
flouri s h e d in clo s e pro xim ity re pres en tatives o f th e

vegeta ble kin gdo m c olle cte d fro m th e mos t widely
s ep a ra te d p o rti on s o f th e gl o b e H ere w ere to b e s een
.
hun dred s o f va ri eti es o f pl an ts s om e g ath ere d o n th e

,
s l o p es o f th e H im a l a y a s o th ers c ol l e c te d i n th e fo re s ts
,
o f G erm a n y ; o th ers a g a in tra n s pl a n te d with i n fin ite
la b or from E thi o pi a a n d th e s ou rces o f th e N ile .
H ere were p ro p a g a te d th e ora n ge a n d th e p om eg ran

ate o f S yri a ; th e p a lm o f Egyp t ; th e ta m a ri n d O f
B arb a ry ; th e fra gra n t b a l s a m o f A ra bia Vas t

.
gro ves o f mulb erri es in dic a te d th e importan c e a tta che d

to th e m a n ufa ctu re o f s ilk .
I n th e m a n ifo ld a v o c a tio n s eith er c onn ected with or

depen den t u pon th e pu rs uit o f a griculture ~ —in th e ,
rea ri n g o f c a ttl e a n d h o rs es i n th e b ree din g o f s h e e p

, ,
in th e culture o f b ees — , th e M o or O f th e P en in s ula

a tta in e d to th e high es t d e g re e o f p ro fici en cy Th e .
Ara bi an h o rs e lo s t n o n e o f hi s in c omp ara bl e qu a lities

in th e clim a te o f An da lu s i a a n d to hi s s wiftn es s a n d
,
en du ra n ce a re to b e a ttribu te d m a n y o f th e m os t s i g
n a l victo ri es which a tte n d ed th e p ro gres s o f th e M o s
l em a nn s . Th e s ilky a n d a bun d a n t fleece o f th e

merin o s h ee p o we s its fin en es s a s well as its n a me to
th e p e culi a r meth o d by which fl o ck s were ten d ed a n d
pro pa ga te d u n d er th e l a ws o f th e We s tern Kh a lifate .
Immen s e n umbers were con ducte d twice ea ch ye a r b e

tw een th e P yren ea n s lo p es a n d th e pl a in s o f E s tre
ma dura by thi s mean s s e curin g fres h a n d con tin u a l
,
pa s tura ge a n d equ a lly a vo idin g th e droughts o f s um

,
me r a n d th e s torm s O f win ter Th e org a n iz ation which

.
co ntro lled th es e migra tion s protecte d by th e a utho rity

,
o f th e g ove rn m en t e v en tu a lly a cquire d th e imp or

,
tan c e a n d th e p o wer o f a p o litic a l in s titution .I t was

des ign a ted th e M es ta a n d a d o pte d by th e C as tili an s

, , ,
i ts p rivil e g es b e c o m e o pp re s s ive th ro ugh a bu s e s lo n g

,
pra cti s ed wi th impun ity were un til th e middle o f

, ,
th e l a s t c en tu ry wh en th ey w ere l a rg e ly cu rta iled on e

, ,
o f th e m o s t i n to l era bl e g ri e va n c es en du re d by th e
S p a n i s h p ea s an try .
Th e rich n es s o f th e P en in s ul a i n va lu a bl e min era ls

“
n o t o n ly f a cili ta te d th e d ev el o pm en t O f th e a rts b u t
a id e d m
,
a te ri a lly in th e e s ta bli s h m en t o f c o mm erc e
with fo reign n a tion s Th e s ilv er min es o f Iberi a were

.
fa mou s from a ll a n tiquity a n d a fter centu ries o f n eg

,
le ct u n der b a rb a ria n mi s rule th eir trea s u re s were a ga in

ma d e a va ila bl e u n d er th e en erg etic a dm i n i s tra ti on Of
th e Kh a lifs o f C ord o v a I n th e n e ighb orh o o d o f Li
.
n a res a re s till to b e tra ce d th e s qu a re pi ts Of th e Ara b ,
s id e by s id e wi th th e ci rcul a r e xc a v a ti on s o f th e R O
m a n ; a n d th ei r n umb er e xc ee din g five h u n dre d in this

,
s in gl e l o c a li ty
, i n dic a tes th e m a gn itude o f mi n i n g
o p era ti o n s a pu rs ui t wh o s e i n tellig en t p ro s e cu tio n a n d
,
e c on o mic a l m a n a g em en t con tribu te s o much to th e
ma teri a l w ea lth o f a c o mmu n ity F rom th e s an ds o f .
th e D a rro a n d th e T a gu s w ere e xtra c te d c on s iderable

qu a n ti ti es o f go ld I n S p a in th e c en tre Of th e l arg es t
.
,
d e p o s its o f cin n a b a r in th e a n ci en t wo rld th e p ro ,
ducti on O f quicks ilver w a s o n e o f th e m o s t pro fita ble

e mpl o ym en ts O f M oori s h i n du s try A t Ab al a day s
’
.
,
j ou rn ey fro m th e c a pita l were min es wh e re a thou

,
s a n d w o rkm en w ere c on s ta n tly e mpl o y e d Th e s up e .
ri o r qu a li ty o f th e c o pp er u ten s il s th e u n riv a lle d tem ,
p er o f th e s teel bl a d es f o r which An d a lu s i a es p e ci a lly

,
w a s ren o wn ed a tte s t n ot on ly th e e xc ellen c e Of th e

,
res p e c tive o res fro m which th o s e m eta l s w ere Ob ta in ed ,
b u t th e s kill requi re d f o r th e fa bric a tio n o f th e l a tter

in to o bj e cts o f u tility a n d b ea uty in th e wo rks h ops
a n d a rmo ri e s o f A h n eri a S evill e Gran a da a n d To
, , ,
l ed o .
F o r lea gues b e fo re a pp ro a chin g th e grea t An d alu

Th e a nn u a l y i eld o f Oil b y th e A xara fe at S evill e

w as tw o mill ion on e hun dre d a n d eighty s e v en th ou -
s a n d five h un d re d g a ll o n s ; e ve ry d a y du ri n g th e o liv e
h a rves t a h un dre d an d twen ty fiv e tho u s a n d ga llo n s

-
w ere brought in to th e city Al l Africa As i a a n d

.
, ,
Euro p e were s uppli ed with thi s u s e ful article o f foo d

by th e plan ta tio n s o f S outh ern S p a in I t w a s n ot .
with out rea s on th at th e Olive tree— the s ourc e o f s uch

-
wea lth th e emblem o f p ea ce— s h o uld h a ve b een re

,
ga rd e d a s bles s ed by b oth th e M o s lem a n d th e J ew .
R os es w ere s o a b un d a n t at C o rdo va th at tw enty five -
p ou n ds o f th e lea ve s o n ly brought tw o di rh ems a n d ,
e very o n e w a s a t lib erty to pluck a ll th e fl o w ers h e
d es ire d fro m th e h edge s th a t bo rdere d th e highwa ys

o r i n p riva te g roun d s a p rivil e g e which w a s n ever
,
a bu s ed . I n l o c a lities un fa vo ra b l e to cultiva ti on th e
de ficien ci e s Of th e s o il were s upplie d by un tirin g in dus
try . W a lls o f p on derou s ma s o n ry s upported terraces
wh ere th e v ery cli ff s were ma de pro ductive a n d wh ere ,
o n ly a bu s h or a vi n e c ould b e pl a n te d th e n a rro w
s p a ce w a s u tiliz e d No t o n ly w ater bu t l oa m an d
.
'
,
fertilizin g m ateria ls were brough t f ro m great d i s

tan ces .
Th e dim en s io n s th e s pl en d o r th e Opul en ce o f th e
, , ,
prin cip a l citi es a maz ed th e foreign er a ccu s tomed to

th e c ro wd ed qu a rters a n d s qu a li d wretch ed n e s s Of th e
Euro p ea n ca pita ls Al l were s urrou n d e d by s uburbs
.
,
th em s elv es Of v a s t e xten t s tretchi n g as f a r as th e ey e

,
could rea ch Th e moun ta in s lo p es o f Almeri a a n d

.
M a l a ga w ere co vered with vi n eyard s ; in th e pl a in s

were th ou s an d s o f a c res o f s ug a r c a n e in th e ma rs hes
-
,
ric e pl a n ta ti on s
. Th e g a rd en s o f Al m eri a e xtended
f or a ra diu s o f tw en ty mil es n orth ea s t a n d w es t , ,
from th e h a rbor Th e s up rem e imp orta n c e O f th e

.
a gricul tura l i n teres t a s a ff e ctin g th e g en era l welfa re
o f a c o mmu n ity w a s n ev er m o re con clu s iv ely dem on
s tra ted th a n b y th e dis a s trous re s ul ts c on s e qu en t u p on

th e xpul s ion o f th e J ews a nd th e M ori s coes Thes e

e .
res ults h a v e a lrea dy b een a llud e d to i n th es e p a g es .
Th e d es truc tive po licy which blotte d o ut a g rea t civili

za ti on b rough t with i t i ts own pu n i s hm en t Exten s ive
.
re gi on s which un der th e M os l ems p roduc ed i mm en s e

,
re ven u es a re a t th e p re s en t d a
,
y b a rren a n d u n i nh ab
i ted . Th e s o l e tra c es o f former p ro s p erity in dis tricts
n o w re lin qui s h e d to th e b a n dit a n d th e s muggl er a re
di s clos ed by moun ds d es ign a tin g th e s ites o f forme r

villa g es Wh ere were on c e en dles s plan tati on s o f
.
va lu a ble trees a re n o w drea ry wa s tes des titute o f all

vegeta ti on in c a p a ble o f s upportin g a n ima l life curs e d
, ,
with etern a l drought an d ho peles s s terility Th e citi es .
h a v e lo s t by f a r th e greater p o rti on o f th eir i nh a b i

ta n ts ; th e villa g es h a v e dwi n dl e d to h a mlets ; th e
a n ci en t h a mlets h a v e d i s a
p p ea red / [fl th e P en in s ula ,
un der th e Ara bs th ere were n o un cultiva te d tra cts

,
e xc e p t th o s e c o v ere d by th e fores ts ; in th e middl e

o f th e l a s t c en tu ry i n E s trem a du ra — n ot i n cludi n g
th e m o un ta in re gio n s which embra c e d on e thi rd o f th e -
a re a o f th e p ro vi n c e— th ere w ere tw o hun dre d th ou
s a n d a cre s a b a n don e d ; i n L a M a n ch a forty fiv e tho u -
s a n d ; in th e di s trict o f Utrera thi rty on e th ou s a n d

-
.
Th e on ly lo ca liti es wh ere a g riculture s till flo u ris hes

a re th os e wh ere N a ture h a s dis tribu ted h er ch o ic es t
favors ; wh ere th e n e ces s ity f or a rdu ou s la b or do es

n ot ta x th e ca p a ci ty o f n a tive i n do l en c e ; wh ere th e
pro ducts o f th e ea rth g ro w in s pon tan eous p ro fu

s io n ; wh ere th e s ys tem s o f i rrig a ti on a n d till a g e in tro
d u ced by th e M oo rs s till p revail with out s ubs tan tia l

a ltera ti on dis clos in g th eir unrivalled a d a pta bili ty to
,
_ th e pu rpos es o f rura l i n du s try

_
.
The gre a t productiven es s o f th e s o il a n d th e pro x

imity o f th e M e diterra n ea n n a tu ra lly s ugg es ted th e
de velo pmen t o f n a tu ra l res ourc es an d th e exten s i on
o f c o mm erc e i n M o ori s h S p a in With th e an cient
.
Arab th e pre datory in s tin ct a lon e took preceden ce o f

,
th e m erca n til e p ro p en s ity Th at p ro p en s ity re c e ived

.
a trem en dou s i m pul s e fro m th e fo un d ati on O f I s l a m .
E n co ura g e d by th e pre c e pts a n d ex a mple o f th e

P ro ph et wh o a s th e fa ctor o f Kh a dij a h h a d vi s ite d
, , ,
th e ci ti es o f S yri a th e c a lli n g o f th e m e rch a n t s oon

,
c ame to b e re g a rded by e very M os lem a s a pro fes s ion

o f h on o r a s w ell a s o f p ro fit Th e inh a bita n ts o f th e
.
D es ert were f o r th e mos t pa rt divid e d in to tw o

, ,
cla s s es — tho s e w h o o rg a n iz e d c a ra va n s a n d th o s e wh o
,
plu n dere d th em C e n tu ri es b e fo re th e H e gira a

.
,
lu c ra tive tra de w a s c a rri ed o n b etween th e di s tricts

o f M e cc a a n d Y em en a n d th e rich citi es o f I n di a ,
As s yri a a n d Egyp t Littl e e ff o rt th e re fore w a s

, .
re qui r e d f o r th e e s ta bli s hm en t Of p ro fita bl e c o mm er
c i a l i n te rc ou rs e b etw een th e s ea p orts o f th e S p a n i s h
P en in s ula a n d th o s e which a t frequ en t in terva ls dotted

th e s h ores o f th e M editerra n ea n Al m o s t c oin ciden t
.
wi th th e C on qu es t a n ex ten s ive tra d e w a s i n a ugu rate d .
Th e c on tro l o f th e s ea by th e n a vy o f th e kh a lifs
e x ten d e d imm e a s ura bly th e f a cili ti e s o f m erc a n til e
i nterc ommun ic a ti on Th e grea t ma rk ets o f Ch ri s ten

.
d om m a in ta in e d th e clo s es t rel a tio n s with th e Opulen t

h ou s es o f Almeri a a n d M a l a g a ; th e wa re s o f C o n
s ta n ti n o p l e Ven ice a n d G en o a foun d re a dy p u r
, ,
ch a s ers in th e ba z a a rs o f C ordo va a s well a s i n tho s e

O f th e provin ci a l c a pita ls o f An d a lu s i a a n d A l M a gh -
reb . B u t th e d a u n tl es s s pirit o f th e M o o ri s h M os l em
w a s n ot limi te d to m a ri tim e tra d e ; hi s f a c tors were
to b e fo un d i n eve ry c o un try a cc es s ibl e to th e i n fl u
en ce s a n d th e en terp ri s e o f civiliz a ti o n ; hi s c a ra va n s
tra vers e d wi th equ a l ra pidity a n d p ers e v e ra n c e th e

fo re s ts o f Eu ro p e th e des erts o f E thio pi a th e illi mit
, ,
a b l e pl a in s O f C en tra l A s i a , th e m a rs h e s a n d j un gl es
O f H in du s tan Th e mys teri o u s p erils o f un explored

.
s ea s th e fierc e as p e ct a n d s a v a g e m an n ers o f wild a n d

,
b a rb a rou s tribe s th e formida ble Obs ta cles pres ented

,
b y tra ckles s wa s tes a n d p es tilen ti a l s wa m ps were all ,

61 8 H I ST O R Y OF THE
to th e p i
enter r s e o f th e S a ra c en s A mb er was th rown
.
u p in c on s i derab le qua n tities a roun d Li s b on Th e .
p earl fis h ery w as an im portan t oc cu p ation o f the

n a tives o f V al en c i a a n d Ali ca n te I n th e n eighb or .
h oo d Of Al m eria qu an tities Of ex qui s ite ony x and

a g a tes w ere f oun d R ock s a lt w a s abun dant —a
.
,
great hill o f it s too d n ear S ara gos s a Th e mountains .
Of Alh a ma were compos e d Of gyp s um w hi ch a ff orded ,
th e fin es t qu a lity o f plas ter D e pos its o f la pis lazul i

.
-
exi s ted at L orc a A t M a c ael were in exh a us tible beds

.
o f whi te m a rb l e th a t riva ll e d in lu s tre an d b ea uty th e
pro duct o f th e G re cia n qu a rri es o f P enteli cus The .
moun ta i n s o f An da l us ia a b oun de d with j a s p er Car .
th a g en a y i eld ed a m ethys ts R ubies were min ed near

.
M ala ga
I nlan d traffic wa s a s s i s ted by mea n s o f fa i rs —th os e
.
po pular mercan tile e xp e di en ts which fos ter trade and

a t th e s a me tiI n e d ev elo p th e s o ci a l in s ti n ct s Of
hu man ity — in s tituti on s e s p ecia lly a cce ptable to s em i
,
barb arous n ation s an d lon g fa milia r to th e people of

Ara b i a E a s e Of c omm uni c a ti on th e mos t p oten t o f
.
,
civilizin g in fluen c es promoted thi s na tion al inter

,
ch an ge O f b oth c omm o diti es an d idea s Th e di s p o .
s iti ou Of m erch a n di s e p ro fita b l e a s i t w a s whil e th e

, ,
os ten s ible motive w a s by n o m ea n s th e m os t i m p or

,
tant Obj ect Of th es e po pul a r a s s embl ies F am iliar .
i ty with dis ta n t c ommun i tie s th e con vers a tion of

,
s tra n g ers th e va ry in g p a n o ra m a o f n o v el a n d inter

,
es tin g s cen es the e xcitemen t a n d bus tle a ttend an t

,
u pon th e con greg ation O f v a s t multitudes are won ,
d erf ul s timu la nts to th e in tell ectua l fa culti es Th e .
literary con tes ts f or p oetic a l s uprem ac y whi ch were

s a id to h a v e form e d a di s tin ctive fe a ture o f th e m i hty
g
con cours e of O kh a d were revived in th e fairs o f An da
lu s i a Whil e th e l a tter were des ign ed f or provinci al
.
ben efit th ey in fa c t p a rtook largely o f a cos mo

, , ,
p olitan ch ara cter The ir fame attra cted comm erci al

.
s p eculators from th e mos t di s tan t c oun tri es Articles .
Of great rari ty an d va lue were exp os ed f or s ale in

th eir b ooth s Th e tra n s a cti on s con clud ed within th eir
.
lim its were n ot in ferior in importa n c e to thos e which

h a d crea ted th e comm e rcia l p ro s p erity o f M a l a g a an d
Alm eri a . Th e circu m s ta n c es in ciden t to thei r in s ti
tution a nd s urroun di n g s o ff e re d re pres en tati on s o f
tro pic a l life s tran g e to th e eyes o f Chri s ten d om Th e .
en dl es s lin es Of plo ddin g c a m els l oa de d with p re ciou s

,
s tu ff s ; th e s pl en di d ly c a p a ri s on e d h ors es ; th e s ump
tuou s li tters en clos in g th e b e auties O f th e ha rem ;

th e s ullen a n d fero cio us eu n uch s ; th e retin u es o f the
n obl es glitterin g wi th s tee l a n d go ld ; th e s w armi n g
crowds in th e white rob es o f th e Ori en ta l ; th e en ch ant

in g la n d s ca p e with i ts gro ves O f p a hn oran g e a nd
, , ,
pomegran a te its ripplin g waters i ts fra gra nt exotics ;

, ,
th e n a rro w s treets c o v ered with a wn in g s to exclud e th e

s un ; th e ga y p a vili on s ; th e s tra n g e c os tum es o f lu x u
ri ou s A s i a a n d b a rb a ric Afric a ; th e mi n gl ed a ccen ts
Of a s c ore o f idi oms ma n ifes te d on highway thor

, ,
ou g h f a re a n d pl a i n th e
, foreign in flu en c e which ,
a pp a ren tly es ta bli s h e d f o re v er h a d oblitera ted th e

,
Roman a n d G othic tra di tion s o f th e P en in s ula NO .
s uch s p ecta cl e c o uld b e e l s e wh ere exhibited un l es s i n
countries wh ere E a s tern cus toms h a d h eld s wa y from

tim e imm emori a l Th e e ff e ct o f thes e p eriodic a l
.
a s s emblies up o n th e co mmercia l litera ry a n d s o cia l

, ,
l ife o f M oha mm e da n S p a in w a s O f th e highes t im p or

tan ce .
Gre at as w as its in tern a l tra ffi c i t w a s n eces s arily

,
to its foreign m erc a n tile c onn e cti on s th at th e M oori s h

em pi re l ook e d f or i ts m o s t p ro fita ble return s I ts g eo .
gra phical pos iti on w a s un u s u a lly fa vorable f or the

pros ecution o f ma ritim e en terp ris e Th e M ed iterra .
n ean g a v e its tra ders rea dy a cc es s to all th e mos t

civiliz ed countri es O f th e world B ut a f ew h ours s ail
.
’
s ep ara ted th em from th e p orts Of N orth ern A fri c a ,

wh ere were a m as s e d th e rich c ommo diti es O f th a t va s t

c on tin en t Th e B a y o f Bi s c a y a ff orde d a p a s s a g e f o r
.
th eir ve s s el s to th e h a rb ors O f F ra n c e a n d B rita i n .
Acco rdin g to Ed ris i th ey e xplored M a de ira th e

, ,
C a n a ri es a n d th e Azo res fou r hu n dre d ye ars b e fo re

,
th o s e i s l a n d s were o ccupi e d by Eu ro p ea n s Th rough .
th e p a s s e s o f th e P yren e e s th ey c o uld re a ch th e m a r
kets Of N o rth ern Eu ro p e T h u s bro ught in con ta ct
.
wi th remote n a ti on s which h a d n o o th er me a n s Of
c o mmun ic a tion th e Eu ro pea n M o ors en j oyed peou
,
li a r c o mm erci a l a dva n ta ges which th ey were n o t s lo w

to imp rove Th e c a rryin g tra d e o f th e P en in s ula w as
.
l a rgely in th e h a n d s o f th e J ews Th e l a tter h a d.
been a luc ra tive s ou rc e o f reven u e to th e G oths a s ,
th ey we re s ub s e qu en tly to th e p e rs e cu tin g S p a n i a rd s .
Th ey we re th e b a n k ers th e imp o rters th e ca rri ers o f

, ,
th e e mpi re Th ey imp a rted a la rg e Sh are o f th eir

.
en ergy a n d e n te rp ri s e to th e M o s l em s a l rea dy en vi ou s
,
o f th e i r s ucc es s a n d th e i r O pul en c e I n th e n in th c en
.
tury a n e x tra ordi n a ry imp etu s w a s c omm u n ic a te d to

th e i n terc ou rs e with th e O ri en t ; i n th e ten th th e m er
ch a n ts O f S p a in a n d S icily pra ctic a lly en gros s ed th e
c o mm erc e O f th e M e diterran e a n Ev ery pro vi s i on
.
w a s m a de f o r b oth s e cu ri ty a n d p ro fit Armed g al .
leys p atrolled th e c oa s ts a n d c on vo ye d th e fl eets o f

merch a n tmen a s th ey tra vers e d th e s e a s Th e in la n d .
merc a n tile tra n s a ction s o f th e S p a n is h M o s lems were

prob a bly n ot i n feri o r in imp orta n ce to the ir m aritime
ven ture s Th e di s c o very o f in n um era ble coin s a n d
.
pie c es o f j e welry on th e c o a s t o f S c a n di n a vi a a n d
a lo n g th e riv ers o f G erm a n y a n d P o l a n d i n dic a tes ,
mo re c erta in ly th a n a n y hi s toric a l record c ould d o th e ,
fo rm er p res e n c e o f th e a dven tu ro u s tra d ers Of th e

P en in s ula Th e kh a lifs h a d c on s ular a gen ts in I n di a
.
,
Chin a a n d P ers i a Th ey s ent m a gn ific en t gifts to

, .
O ri en ta l p oten tates Th ey n e g oti a te d trea ti es with

.
th e b a rb a ri a n p ri n c es o f C en tra l Afric a T rib a l h os .

62 2 HI ST ORY OF TH E
n ar y p ri ce in th e b a zaars Of C a iro an d C ordova was

a th ou s an d pi ec es Of g o ld Th e J ews an d th e monk s .
o f Fra n c e a d e pt s in a n e x e cra ble o ccu p ati on

, p ro ,
v id ed th e h arem s with white eu n u ch s Timbucto o an d .
th e di s tri cts Of th e N ig er c o n tribu te d b l a ck s o f gig an

ti c p rop orti on s an d fero ci ou s a s p e ct to b e en roll e d in ,
th e b od y gu a rd o f th e kh al if s Th e h aw k s s o g en er
’
-
.
,
a lly u s ed i n th e s p ort o f th e Middl e A g es were f or ,
th e m o s t p a rt b re d o r fu rn i s h e d by th e M os l em m er
ch an ts T h ey a ls o i m p orte d from A fric a wild a ni
.
mals s uch a s lion s g ira ff es a n d leo p a rd s f or z ool ogi

, , , ,
c al c o ll e cti on s a n d f o r s a l e in di s ta n t co untri es A .
lion in th e m arkets Of Ch in a w a s va lued at thirty th ou

s a n d roll s o f s i lk Th e ca m el ea s il y d omes ticated in
.
,
An d alus i a a lwa ys comma n de d a high pri ce a s a beas t

,
Of burd en Th e prin cip a l empori u m s Of media val

.
c ommerc e an d intern a tion a l e xch a n ge wh ere were ,
c ollected th e m os t va lu a ble p ro du cts o f a hun dred

ki n gdoms all o f which p a id tribute to M oori s h enter
,
p ri s e a n d wea lth were C o n s ta n tin o pl e A lex an dria

, , ,
M a la g a an d P a lermo
, .
Th e g reat c en tre s O f m a n ufa cturin g a n d merc an

til e a ctivi ty w ere s itu a ted Ou th e M editerran ea n Of .
thes e Al meri a w a s th e m os t im p ortan t

, From th e .
e xtreme E as t fro m th e N ub ia n d es erts from the

, ,
coa s t o f G uin ea fro m di s tan t B rita in from the

, ,
froz en region s Of th e N orth tra ders crow ded h er ,
s treets an d m a rk ets I n h er ha rbor were to b e encoun

.
tered th e s hip s of ev ery m a ritime n ati on H er eight .
hun dre d s ilk fa ctori es emplo yin g more th an eight ,
th ou s a n d loom s s en t fo rth go ld a n d s ilver ti s s ues

, ,
c arpets curta ins rob es — wh o s e d eli cate texture and

, , ,
ex qu i s ite d es ig n s exc ell e d th e fin es t pro d ucts Of the
Ori ent Th e iron an d c o pper uten s ils m ade b y h er

.
a rti s an s en j oy ed a n e x ten s ive re p u t ati on f or du ra
b ility a n d fin i s h Th e infl u x Of s tran gers wh o con

.
tributed to h er w ea lth an d s h are d h er h os pitali ty may

be c onj ectu red from th e fa ct th at n in e hun dred and

s e venty c a ra v a n s a ri es withi n h er wa lls w ere re gis tere d
to p a y th e e xci s e on win e .
At M a la g a a n oth er g reat s ea p ort were s itu ated

, ,
th e la rg es t p otteri es in An da lus i a wh ere w a s m a n u ,
factured th e p orcela in wh o s e s urfa c e o f en a melled

g old s ilver a n d co pp er w a s d u e to a pro ce s s kn own
, ,
o n ly to th e Ara b s Of S p a i n Th e cl a y foun d in th e
.
vicin ity w a s p eculi a rly a da pted to th e pu rp os es o f

th e p otter a n d h a d c en tu ri es b e fore a s s um e d th e s y m
,
metric a l fo rm s o f cla s s ic eleg an ce un der th e dexterou s

h a n ds o f th e R om an Th e e ff orts o f an tiquity h a d
.
,
h owever been s urpa s s ed by th e M o ors wh o i n tim e

, ,
brought this in dus try to a perfection h ereto fore u n

kn own I n o th er town s s uch as Va len cia Mu rci a
.
, , ,
Mu rvie dro a n d C a la ta yu d i t w a s a ls o purs u ed with

, ,
great s ucces s Th e res ourc es Of mo d ern in gen uity

.
h a ve b een ta xe d in va in to dis c o ver th e s e cret which

c ould give to a p orcela in v as e th e p e culia r fin i s h which ,
while pre s ervi n g un chan ged th e colors o f th e meta ls ,
in crea s ed f a r mo re tha n a n y burn is hin g c ould e ff e ct

th e lu s tre o f i ts b rilli a n t s urfa c e I n n o city in th e .
world exceptin g th o s e o f Chin a w a s th e fa bricati on

, ,
o f p orc e l a i n pu rs u e d with s uch s kill a n d pro fit a s a t
Ma la ga I ts expo rta tion w a s on e o f th e mo s t lucra

.
tive s ou rc es o f wea lth en j o ye d by th e ki n gdo m o f

G ra n a da With th e p eo pl e thi s in du s tria l purs u it
.
,
wa s n ot m erely a vulg a r tra d e c a rri e d on f or m er

c en a ry m otiv es b ut a n o ccup a tion which p ermitte d
,
a n d en c o ura g e d th e d ev el o pm en t o f th e high es t s ci
en ti fic a n d a rti s ti c in s tin cts O f hum an ity Th e v a s es .
of gra c e ful form a n d e xquis ite de c ora ti on which

ca me from th e M a la gan potteri es were ea gerly
s ought a fter b y th e o pul ent a n d luxu ri ou s o f every
lan d Th e perfe ction Of thi s bra n ch o f th e c eramic

.
a rt with th e s e cret o f th e m eta l lic en a m el d i s a

p
ea red with th e fin a l con qu es t o f th e city Thi
p s .
fa ct is n ot its elf re ma rk a ble fo r th e a dvent o f

in ,
th e S p a n i s h d o min a ti on w a s s ign a liz e d by th e d e

s truc ti on o f m a n y form s o f u s e ful i n du s try ; b ut i t
i s a bs o lu te ly un p re c e dente d th a t a m a n ufa cture o f

s uch m a g n itude wh o s e e xtent a n d p erfe ction were
,
es ta bli s h e d by s o m a n y in di s puta ble p roo f s s h ould ,
n ot h a ve l e ft in ta c t to p o s teri ty a s i n gl e s p e cim en o f
i ts exc ell en c e Th ere i s n ot p o s itiv ely kn o wn to b e a

.
g en uin e pi ece O f th e fa m ou s m eta llic p ottery o f M a l

a g a i n exi s ten c e S om e fra gm en ts h a ve b een fo un d
.
i n th a t c ity wh o s e gl a s s y s u rfa c e di s pl a y e d th e bril

,
lia n t lu s tre which ex c ite d th e wo n der o f c on temp o

ra u c ou s n a ti on s ; b u t n o E u ro p ea n mu s e um or p riv a te
co lle c tion i t i s a lmo s t c erta in n o w p os s e s s es a n a rticle

, ,
which exhibits thi s m a rke d p e culi a rity o r wh o s e o rigin , ,
with a n y d e gre e o f p rob a bility c a n b e a s s ign e d to th e ,
grea tes t c en tre o f th e c era mic a rt in th e mediaeva l

world .
N o t f o r th e fa b ric a tion o f s ilk s a n d p ottery a lon e

w a s M a l a g a fa m o u s H er gl a s s a n d p a p er h er uten
.
,
s il s o f i ron a n d c0 p p er th e c o mpl e x a n d e l e g a n t l a b ors

,
o f h er c a bin et m a k e rs a n d j o in ers
-
a l s o en j o y e d a ,
wid e a n d d es erve d c elebrity .
Th e u s e o f m eta l s a s a m ea n s Of o rn a m enta tion w as

a l s o fre qu en tly a ppli e d to l ea th er Thi s w a s f or th e .
mos t p a rt ma de a t C o rd o v a wh o s e pro ducts were con

,
ced e d to b e o f s up erior qu a lity a n d c omm a n de d th e ,
high es t pric e in every ma rk et S om e o f th e ta n n in g .
vats huge v es s el s o f terra c otta i n which thi s m ateri a l

,
-
,
w a s p re p a re d a re s till to b e s een in S p a i n
, Th e .
lea thern h a n gin g s p ro du c e d in th e c a pita l we re j u s tly

ra n k e d a m o n g th e mo s t imp orta n t o f i ts n um erou s
m an ufa ctu res By s om e in gen i ou s pro c es s th e s kins

.
were ren dered a s s o ft a n d plia ble a s th e fin es t cloth ,
a n d w ere th en d e c o ra te d in a cc o rd a n c e wi th th e c a n on s
o f Ara bic ta s te which wi th o u t O ff en din

, , g th e ey e with
glarin g con tra s ts could bl en d i n h arm on y th e rich es t
,
a nd th e c on s tan t pu blic ation o f n ew work s f or wh os e

c ompos iti on if p os s es s ed o f merit i n credible p re
, ,
miums were p a id mus t h a v e ca u s e d a n imm en s e con

,
s ump ti on o f p a p er A p ro fe s s ion h eld in s u ch h onor

.
,
an d wh o s e pro du ction s were re w a rded with s uch

m un i fic en ce n a tural ly a ttra cte d to i ts ra n ks th e n ob le
,
a n d th e l ea rn e d o f every M o s l e m n a ti o n ; a n d es p e
c i a lly w a s thi s th e c as e in th e P en i n s ul a wh ere th e ,
high es t litera ry a dvan tag es were en j oye d even by

fa mili es o f humbl e ra n k ; a n d wh ere e duc ati on amon g
a ll cl a s s es w a s n o t o n ly a reli gi o u s du ty b u t a s tigm a ,
a tta ch ed to i ts n e gl e c t I n c on s equ en c e o f thi s li ter

.
,
a ry pu rs uits b e c a m e n ot o n ly a f a s hi o n b u t a plea s u re ;
a c o rre c t ta s te w a s form e d ; p o p u l a r emul a ti on w a s

a rou s e d ; th e m a n ufa cture o f b oo k s w as multipli ed ;
a n d th e p a l a ce s o f th e rich irres p ective Of th eir n a

,
ti on a l i ty were fil l ed wi th c o ll e cti o n s which would h a ve

,
pro vo k ed th e as ton is hmen t o f a lea rn e d cl erk o f

F ra n c e o r B rita in wh o s e s up eri ority o ve r h i s paris h
,
i o n ers c on s i s te d in hi s a b ility to w rite a n ille gible

s c ra wl a n d to in ton e th e s erv i c e— wh o s e m ea n in g h e
o ften did n o t c omp reh en d a n d th e a pplic ati on o f

,
wh os e tea chin g s w a s a m a tter O f con j ecture— in a

b a rb arou s j a rgo n Of m on ki s h L a tin C a re f or the .
pres erv a tion a n d fa ciliti es f or th e pu rch a s e o f th es e

, ,
litera ry trea s u res ke pt p a c e with th ei r origi n a l p rO

ducti on B in din g in l eath er w a s p erfe ctly u n ders tood
.
,
a n d th e el a b o ra tely d ec o ra te d c as es in which th e v ol
um es were Often en clos ed were de p os ited u pon s h elves

o f a ro m a tic a n d p reci ou s woo d s s uch a s c e d a r a loe
, , ,
eb on y a n d s a n d a l
, .
Th e ch a n g e fro m th e roll Of th e a n ci en ts to th e
s qu a re fo rm Of b ook s n o w u s e d d a tes fro m th e middl e
o f th e fifth c en tury Th e a rt h a d a lrea dy re a ch ed a

.
high de gree o f p erfe c tion b e fore th e es tabli s hment o f

I s l a mi s m I ts bes t e ff o rts w ere origin a lly a s m ight
.
,
b e con j e cture d c on fin e d to w orks on s a cre d s ub j ects

, .
B i n din gs en rich ed wi th ivory gems c ameos med al , , ,
lion s a n d cl as ps Of th e preciou s metals were a dorned

,
with th e utmos t s kill Of th e golds mith a n d th e la pi

‘
d ary Th e Ara bs a n d es pe ci a lly th o s e o f S p ain

.
, ,
th e s ea t o f th e grea tes t cultu re o f th e ra c e — e xc ell e d ,
in thi s a rt a s i n a ll o thers to which th ey dilig en tly

,
applie d their ta len ts a n d their in du s try Th e s upe .
ri ori ty O f th ei r m a teri a l s th e b ea uty o f th en d es ig n s

, ,
th e brilli a n cy o f the ir colo rs a n d th e pro fu s i on o f

,
th ei r o rn a men ta ti on were p rov erbi a l Th e va lu e o f .
thei r c ov ers c a u s e d th e di s a pp e a ra n c e a n d mutila tio n

o f g reat n um b ers Of work s n o w e ith er en tire ly l os t or
,
exi s ti n g on ly i n a fra gm en ta ry c o n diti on A t th e s a ck .
o f C o rd o va th e B erb ers u s e d th e le a the r o f p ric eles s

,
volumes f o r s an d a ls Th e C a s tili a n in va der s tripp ed

.
oth ers o f th ei r g old a n d j ew els a n d co n te mp tu o u s ly
ca s t th e m a n u s cripts a wa y Th e ma gn ificen ce o f
.
thos e s a crific e d to th e m a lign an t en e rgy o f Xim en es

in th e d es tructi on o f M os lem l e a rn in g at Gra n a d a on ly
in ten s ifie d th e p rej udic e exis tin g a ga in s t Ara bic liter
a tu re i n th e mi n d o f ev ery ig n ora n t a n d i n fu ri a te d
bigot o f th e time .
Th e tra d e in b ook s h eld a high ra n k in th e com

merci a l world ; its p ro fits corres p on de d wi th i ts m er
ca n ti l e imp o rta n c e ; a n d i n th e tim e o f Al H a k e m II -
.
th e b ook s ell ers i n C o rdo va a lon e n um b ered mo re th an

twen ty th ou s an d .
Th e v a riou s kin d s o f textile fa brics m a n ufa ctured

by th e S p an i s h Ara b s embra ced every s pe cies o f s tu ff s
a n d e very s tyl e o f p a ttern I n a dditi on to s ilk th e
.
,
fin e meri n o woo l s o f Lu s itan i a a n d th e c otton a n d

fl a x f or which An d a lus i a w a s lon g f a mo u s furn i s he d
to th e wea v er s uppli es o f ra w m a teri a l un s u rp a s s ed in
s tren gth a n d d elic a cy o f fib re S ilk in tro duc ed i n to
.
S p a i n by th e M oors h a d f or c en turi es b een kn own to

the inh a bitan ts o f Y emen wh o h a d b ec om e fa mili ar
,
with it thro ugh th eir tra de with Chin a I ts u s e w a s .

fo rbidden to m en by M o h a mmed in who s e time it ,
w a s a m a rk o f e ff emi n a cy ; b ut thi s prohibi ti o n w a s

c on s ta n tly a n d s ys tema tic a lly eva de d by th e a rtifice
o f min glin g a f ew th rea d s o f w oo l o r c o tto n i n the
w eb o f th e f a b ric . E s s en ti a lly a n article o f luxury ,
th e a m oun t c on s um e d i n th e P en i n s ul a i n dic a ted the

pros p erou s c on diti on o f a s o ci ety which c ou ld a ff o rd
to pu rch a s e i n s uch qu a n ti ti es a m a teri a l th a t in m an y
c ou n tri es c omm a n de d extra va g a n t p ric e s A s an
.
a rticl e o f e xp o rt n o n e w a s m o re i n de m a n d or m ore
p ro fita ble Th e b ro a d a n d di s c ern i n g g ov ern m ent o f

.
th e kh a lifs which i n a cc ord a n c e with th e tru e p ri n

, ,
c i p l e s o f p oli tic a l e c o n o my p ro m ote d e v e ry im p o rta n t

,
bra n ch O f co mm erc e reg a rd e d i ts cultu re a n d ma n u

,
fa ctu re wi th p e culi a r fa vo r I t w a s by an es peci al

.
p ro vi s i on Of th e l a w e x e mpte d fro m ta x a tion Th ey .
en co u ra g e d by b o u n ti es th e pl a n tin g o f mulb erry
trees . I n a dditi on to th e i n cre dible n um b ers o f th es e

to b e en c o u n tere d in th e v a lleys o f G ra n a d a V a l en cia , ,
a n d Al m eri a th e city o f J a e n wh o s e clim a te a n d

, ,
s itu a ti o n w ere rem a rk a bly p ro piti o u s to th e re a ri n g o f
s ilk w o rm s w a s th e c en tre o f th ree th ou s a n d h a mlets

-
,
de vote d to thi s lucra tive in du s try While i n S p a in .
s ilk w as a c omm on m a te ri a l f o r th e a pp a rel o f th e
rich el s e wh e re i n Eu ro p e i t w a s o n e o f th e ra res t Of
,
c omm o dities a n d a c o mm erci a l cu ri os ity I t formed .
p a rt o f th e mo s t pre ci ou s booty o f th e C ru s a ders .
R elic s were en cl os e d in i ts fo lds a s th e mos t c os tly

o f f a b ric s . I t w a s s p rea d up on th e a lta rs o f n o bl e
c a th edra ls M on a rch s w ere d elighte d with th e p os
.
s es s i on o f a s m a ll pi e c e o f a s tu ff which f o r g en era
ti on s h a d fille d th e s h o p s a n d fu rn i s h e d th e wa rd rob es
O f w ea lthy citiz en s o f G ran a d a C o rdova a n d S eville
, ,
.
By th e cultiv a ti o n o f a s in gl e bra n ch Of man u f a c

tu re s in a p a rticul a r lo c a lity th e s ub j e cts o f th e kh alif
, ,
pro fitin g by e xp eri en c e by th e tran s mi s s ion o f h eredi

,
ta ry ta le n t to s ucc es s iv e g en era tion s by th e im p rove

,
n op ol y in i ts m ats an d b as kets Of es p arto th at tough ,
A fric an g ra s s wh os e emplo ym ent dates from th e

,
o ccu p a ti on o f I b eri a b y th e C a rth a gi n i a n s a n d wh os e ,
manifol d us es are s o a dmira bly a da pte d to the re

u ire m e n t s o f a t ro pic a l c lim a te T h e m i ll s o f S a ra
q .
g os s a a n d M urci a built up on b oats moored over the

,
ra pid cu rren ts o f th e Eb ro a n d th e G u a da l avi ar ,
were reno wn e d f or th e e xc ell ent ch ara cter o f th eir

flour Th e drug m arket Of L orc a wa s univers a ll y
.
-
res orted to b y phys ici a n s a w a re th a t th eir rep uta ti on

,
d ep en ded on th e p urity Of th e me dicin es th ey ad minis

tered a n d relyin g u p on th e Offi ci a l s u pervis i on o f the
governm ent as a s ufli ci en t gu aran ty o f their excel Q
len ce NO s u ch org a n iz e d an d cO Op erative s ys tem f or

.
-
th e p ro ducti on o f c o mm o diti es a n d fa bri cs h a d a t th at

time b een a d o p ted b y a n y oth er n a ti on in th e w orld .
Th e foun der s a rt p a rtic ula rly exempli fie d i n th e c as t

’
in g o f p on d erou s pi ec es o f m eta l w a s p ra c ti s ed with ,
a s urp ri s in g d eg ree Of s kill C ord ova con tain ed at

.
leas t one es tabli s hm en t o f thi s d es cripti on wh ere were ,
ma d e the figure s f or th e decora tio n o f th e foun tain s

a t M edin a a l Za h ra
- -
Th e u s u a l diffi culti es a tten ding
.
th e ev en di s tributi on o f th e m olten m etal d urin g the

o p era ti on o f c a s tin g s eem to h a v e b een enti rel y o ver
come in th e e x a mples to b e m et with in th e mu s eums

Of Euro p e an d th e res ults a pp ea r to ha ve been as
,
com plete an d s ati s fa ctory as in th e perfected proces s es

o f th e p res en t d a
y .
I n every d ep a rtm en t Of s ci en tific la bor i n every ,
pra cti cal Op era tion O f life deman din g a high d egree
Of m ech an ic al s kil l th e S p a n i s h M oor exhib ited on
,
a ll oc c as i on s a p re c o ci o u s a n d rem a rk a b le i n gen u ity .
T h ere was no fiel d too ex ten s ive n o d etail too ins ig ,
n ifica n t to b e i n v e s tig a ted b y h is en t erpri s in

,
g gen ius .
Th e m a rvellou s s c o p e o f h i s p o wers w a s th e g reates t

fa ctor o f hi s s u cc es s Like th e famous E ngl is h phi
.
l OS Op h er h e s eem ed to h a ve ta ken all know ledg e to

,
MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E UROPE 68 1
be hi s p rovin ce H i s inte llectu a l fa culties g ras ped

.
a n d u tiliz ed in a n i n s ta n t c o n c ep ti on s th a t i n dividu a l s
o f oth er n a ti on s wo uld h a ve a n d i n fa ct Often did , , , ,
ca s t a s ide with c on tempt Th e pi on eer o f modern .
progres s th e p erma n en t tra c es h e h a s le ft up on civili

,
zati o n a n d h i s s a luta ry cu s to m s a do pte d by p o s terity

, ,
i n d efia n c e o f p o pul a r O dium a n d tra ditio n a l p rej u

dice a re un willin g tributes Of n a ti on a l a n d eccles ia s
,
tic a l h os tility to th e ta len ts a n d grea tn es s o f a n a cc om
p lis h ed p eo ple to who m his to ry i s in debted f o r th e

s ol e b righ t s p ot on th e d a rk ma o f m e d i mv a l Eu ro p e
p .
F or th e c o mm o dities o f E uro p ean c on v en ien c e a n d

O ri en ta l luxury were b a rtered in num era ble pro ducts
Of M oo ris h a gricultu re min in g en terpri s e a n d ma n u
, ,
factu rin g s kill —th e Oils th e fruits th e s ugar th e

, , , ,
ric e th e c o tto n o f An d a lu s i a a n d Va l e n ci a ; c o chi n ea l

, , ,
which a bou n de d in man y p a rts o f th e P en in s ula ;

th e a n tim o n y a n d quick s ilver o f E s trem a du ra ; th e
rubi es a m e thys ts
, a n d p ea rl s o f Alic a n te a n d C a r
,
tha g en a ; th e li n en s o f S a la m a n c a ; th e w oo llen s o f
S ego vi a ; th e s ilks Of Gra n a d a ; th e da mas ks o f
Almeri a ; th e bla des a n d a rmo r O f S eville a n d T oledo .
Th e p ro duct o f th e p a p er mills o f X a tiva f a mo u s-

,
th rough ou t th e E as t w a s a nn u a lly e xp orted i n l a rg e

,
qu a n titie s M a la g a di s po s e d o f th e mos t o f its ex qu i

.
s i te c era mic m a n uf a ctu res in S y ri a a n d C o n s ta n ti
n o le
p . F rom C ordova c a me th e en a melled l ea th er ,
lo n g fa m ou s fro m th e n a me o f th e Omm ey a d e c a pi ta l .
Th e ho rs es o f th e H is p a no Ara b breed we re tra n s -
p orte d i n grea t n u mb ers even as f a r a s P ers i a I n .
th e ki n gd o m Of G ra n a d a a hu n d red th ou s a n d were
regul a rly m a i n ta in e d f or th e u s e o f th e c rown An .
d alu s ia en j o ye d a n in f a mo u s c el eb rity a s th e prin cip a l

market f or eun uch s in th e wo rld Th e s upply c a me .
from F ra n c e G a lici a a n d B a rb a ry through th e me

, , ,
dium Of C hri s tia n a n d H ebre w d ea l ers by wh os e ,
ins tru men ta lity a ls o th es e u n fortun ates were p re

, ,
p a re d f or th e hum il i atin g s ervice o f th e s era glio V a s t .
multitud es o f oth er s la v es th e p ro duc e Of fora y an d,
con qu es t were a ls o di s pos e d o f fro m tim e to tim e ;

,
a s i n gl e e xp e dition o f Al M a n s ur c o n v eye d to C o r
-
d ova n in e th o u s a n d C h ri s ti a n ca ptives Thu s e xclu .

,
s iv e o f oth er b oo ty p ri s on ers o f w a r w ere a s ou rc e Of

,
c on s ta n t a n d en ormou s reven u e to th e s tate ’

.
Th e n atura l res ourc es o f S i cil y a n d its f ortun a te

p os i ti on a s th e en trep Ot o f th e E a s tern a n d We s tern
,
M editerra n ea n were th e m ean s Of en richin g i ts p eo

,
p l e b eyo n d th a t o f a n y territory o f e qu a l a rea k n own

in a n y a g e Th e h a rbors o f P a l erm o a n d S y ra cu s e
.
were con s ta n tly cro wd e d with s hippi n g S icilia n m er .
ch a n tm en w ere to b e en co un tere d i n e ve ry Eu ro p ea n
p o rt ; th ey bro ugh t c argo es o f s la ves ivory an d go ld , ,
du s t fro m th e c oa s t o f Guin ea ; th ey tra vers e d th e

c a n a l o f S u ez —reo pen e d by th e Egypti an kh a lifs
, ,
an d , bra vin g th e temp es ts Of th e R ed S ea a n d th e

I n di a n O c ean p en etra te d to th e S pic e I s la n d s O f th e
,
f a r dis ta n t E a s t Th e in tim a te re l a ti on s o f th e M oor

.
i s h p rin c es o f S icily with th e kh a lifs o f C o rd o va a n d

th e Byz a n ti n e e mp e ro rs pl a ce d withi n rea ch o f th eir
merch an ts e very a rticle o f po pula r res ea rch a n d com
m erci a l va lu e I n e xch a n g e f or th e s e th ey e xp o rted
.
,
th e v e g eta ble a n d min era l p ro ducti on s o f th e i s l a n d ,
c otton h emp gra p es ora n ges s uga r win e a n d oil ;

, , , , , ,
co pp er lea d i ron a n d m ercury ; ro ck s a lt s a l a mmo

, , ,
-
,
-
mi a c a n d vitri ol ; c a ttle a n d h o rs es ; a n d th e s h ell fis h

,
-
fro m which w a s e xtra cted th e Tyria n p urple Th e .
pro fits o f thi s e xten s iv e c omm erc e were n a tura lly p ro

d u ctiv e o f en o rm ou s w ea lth ; th e w a rehou s es o f th e
S icili an citi es were cro wde d with va lu a ble merch a n di s e
o f e v ery c on c e iv a bl e d es crip ti on ; th e h ou s es o f th e
P alermi tan m erch a nts riva lled th e p a l a c es o f s ov er
ei g n s ; a n d th e p eo pl e i n e ff em in a c
y a n d v o lu ptu ou s
n es s in n o res p e c t s u rp a s s e d b y th e inh a b i ta n ts o f a n
,
writers O f th at ep o ch a llu de with out comm ent to th e

c omp a s s a s a n in s trum ent p erfectly fa mi li ar to th e
s e a men o f th e M edi terra n ea n TO th e Mu s s u lm an .
th e m a g n et p o s s es s ed a three fo ld s ign ific a n c e a n d

va lue I t guide d his ves s el a c ros s th e tra ckles s waters
.
in de p en d en tly o f th e a pp ea ran ce o f th e s tars I t in di .
ca ted un erri n gly th e cou rs e o f th e c a ra v a n i n the
D es ert con s tan tly men ace d by th e p erils o f thirs t and

,
Of th e s imoo m A n d it en a ble d th e piou s wors hipp er

.
,
h owever dis tant fro m th e M o s que Of M e cc a to as cer ,
ta in i n a n in s ta n t th e p o i n t to whi c h h e s ho u ld di re ct
hi s fa ce durin g th e h o u rs Of pra yer .
Th e la b ori o u s a n d e x h a u s tive i n ves tig ati o ns Of

R ein a n d F a ve L e B on a n d Vi a rd ot h a ve d emon
, , ,
s tra te d b e yo n d di s pute th a t th e Ara b s were th e in
ven to rs o f gun p owder a n d a rtill ery While it w as .
a dmitte d th a t th es e d es tru c tive a g en ts w ere in tro du c ed
in to Euro p e by th e M oors o f S pa in th e ir dis covery ,
w a s lon g un iv ers ally a s crib e d to th e C hi n es e As a .
m atter o f fa c t th ey were firs t m a de u s e Of in S y ri a

,
a n d Egyp t p ro b a bly a s e a rly a s th e b e ginn in g o f th e

,
thirteen th c en tu ry Th e prim itive lo mb a rd s o f th e

.
S ulta n o f Egypt which c a s t g reat ba lls o f s ton e ter

, ,
ri fied th e a rmy o f S t L o ui s i n 1 2 49 Artillery w a s

. .
empl oy e d by th e M o ors b es i e g ed i n N i ebl a by Alfons o ,
X i n 1 2 5 7 A cc ordin g to I b n Kh a ldun i t w a s u s ed
.
, .
-
,
by Abu Yu s uf Emir o f M oro cco a t th e s i ege Of

-
, ,
S idj ilm es a in 1 2 73 I bn al K h atib s a ys th at c a nn on

, .
- -
were ma de in Gran a da b e fore 1 300 an d men tions ,
I bn a l H a d j a s f a mou s f o r h is s kill in th ei r manu

fi -
fa cture After th a t tim e th ey a re frequ en tly men

.
ti on ed by th e S p a n i s h hi s tori a n s o f th e R econ ques t .
Thei r firs t a pp earan ce in th e wa rs o f F ran c e w as i n

1 338 Th e E a rl s o f S a li s b ury a n d D erby wh o s erved
.
,
in th e a rm y Of Alfon s o XI b e fo re A l gezira s in ,
1 34 2 c a rri ed th e kn o wl edge o f th e i n v en ti on to E n g
,
lan d four ye ars b e fore th e b attle o f C recy an ep och ,

which ma rks its gen era l a d o ption i n E uro p e Con .
s i d erin g th e i mmen s e mili ta ry s up eri ority which w e

s ho uld n a tu ra lly a ttribute to a peo ple e xclus ively
a cqu a in te d with th e fo rmul a f o r th e m a n ufa ctu re o f
g un po wd er a n d e xp eri en ce d in i ts a pplic ati on to fire

a rm s , it i s re m a rka ble th a t thi s en orm ou s p ow er w as
n ot m o re p ro fita bly utiliz e d by th e S p a n i s h Ara bs ,
wh o p os s es s e d i t a c en tu ry b e fo re th e p orten to u s s e cret
became kn own to th e n a ti on s o f Chris ten dom .
Am on g th e M os lem s th e o perati on s o f w a r were

,
ra rely c a rri e d On a cco rdin g to a d efin ite pl a n Military .
s ervice w a s n o t me rely a m a tter Of p a tri o tis m or l o

y
a lty i t w a s a re ligi ou s du ty im p o s ed by h i s fa ith up on
,
e very M u s s u h n a n a n d fro m which o n ly th e i n firm

,
a n d th e a g e d w ere e x emp t A s o f O ld i n th e D es ert

.
,
ea ch cl a n m a rch ed un d er i ts h e re dita ry c omm a n d er .
I n im p o rta n t c a mp a ign s th e a rmy w a s m a rs h a lled in

fiv e gra n d divi s ion s s ymb olica l o f th e fiv e c a rdin a l
,
prec e pts o f I s la m a n a rra n g ement by which th e va lor

,
o f th e wa rri or w a s s tren g th en e d by th e s ti mulu s o f
fan atic a l z ea l Th e K oran w a s a lwa ys i n s ight eith er

.
,
born e like a s ta n da rd on th e p o in t o f a la n c e or h eld

in th e h a n d o f th e g en era l as h e dire cte d th e m a n oeu
,
v res o f th e fi eld Th ere w a s n o re gular a ttempt at

.
org a n iz a ti on .Th e troo p s de p en de d l a rgely on th e

en emy f o r s ub s i s ten c e Th e c a va lry w ere g en era lly
.
cla d in m a il ; th e in fa n try were a s a rule little better , ,
th a n a h a lf a rm e d ra bble
-
If repuls e d a t th e firs t
.
on s et i t w a s a l m o s t imp o s s ibl e to ra lly a M os l em a rmy

,
.
Am on g th e mo s t re ma rka ble in s titution s o f th e

Ara bs o f S p a in w a s th e R iba t or s tation o n th e from ,
ti er o f th e en emy which fo rme d th e mo del o f th e

,
orders O f milita ry m o n k s o f th e Middl e Ag es Thes e .
e s ta bli s hm en ts were s tron gly fo rtifie d c a s tl es ga rri ,
s on ed by d ev ou t s o ldi ers w h o exp e cte d th e re c omp en s e

,
promis e d by th e K oran f or c on s ta nt s ervic e a g ain s t

th e in fid el . Th e l ei s ure tim e o f th eir o ccup ants w a s
s p en t in re ligi o u s e x erci s es M a n y piou s vo lun teers .
s ought gl o ry a n d h ol i n es s i n th e d a n g ero u s life which
th e exp o s ed p os iti on Of th es e ou tp o s ts a ff ord e d Th e .
la tter gu a rd ed th e pa s s es o f e very h o s tile co un try ;

th ey w ere fou n d on th e b ord ers o f I ta ly L a n g u ed o c , ,
C a s tile Ar a gon P ortug a l Th eir rule s o f di s cipl in e

, , .
,
th ei r v o ws a n d th ei r p en a n c e s p res en te d a s trikin g
,
a n a l o gy to th os e o f th e o rd ers o f S a n ti a g o Al c an ,
ta ra a n d C a la tra v a wh o s e o rg a n iz a ti on th ey ev i
, ,
d en tly s ugg es te d Th ei r fou n da tion p re c e de d tho s e

.
o f th e H o s pita l a n d th e T e mpl e by m o re th a n tw o
hu n dre d a n d fifty yea rs .
Th e c o in a g e o f th e Omm ey a d es o f S p a in w a s th e
pures t th e mos t a rti s ti c in d es ign th e m os t el eg a n t
, ,
in e x e cuti on which h a d to th a t time been k n own in

,
Eu ro p e I t w a s c o mp os ed o f th e din a r o f gold equ a l

.
, ,
to tw o d oll a rs ; th e di rh em o f s ilver e qu a l to tw el ve
'
, ,
c en ts ; a n d va ri ou s s ma ll pi ec e s o f Co pp er o f fl u ctu
a ti n g v a lu e .
Th e b a l a n c e wh o s e v a lu e to th e m erch a n t w oul d
,
n ot b e fully a pp a ren t u nl es s h e w ere d e p rive d o f i t ,
i s a l s o a n in ven ti o n O f th e Ara b s Th e M o o ri s h un it .
o f lin ea r m ea s u re w a s re p res en te d by a h o rs e h a ir S ix .
O f th es e pla c e d tog eth er were e qu a l to a gra in o f

ba rley ; s ix gra in s o f b a rle y ma de a fin g er brea dth ; -
fou r fin g ers a pa lm ; s i x pa lm s a cubit O f mo dern .
weights i n o rdin a ry u s e th e gra i n re pre s en te d by a

, ,
b a rley c orn a n d th e c a ra t a d a pted fro m th e s ee d o f

-
, ,
th e p ea h a ve d es c en d e d with o ut a ltera ti on fro m th e

,
Ara b s to o u r go lds miths a n d j ew ellers .
Th e p o litic a l religio u s a n d d o m e s tic in s titution s o f

, ,
th e Ara b s which a cc oun t i n a m e a s u re f or th e a m a zi n g

,
ra pidity o f th ei r p ro g res s in Eu ro p e a s e l s e wh ere

,
were a ls o l a rgely res p on s ible f o r th e d o wn fa ll Of the ir

power Th e ir g o vern men t derive d from th e p atri
.
,
a rch a l org a n iz ati o n o f th e D es ert a n d c on fi rm e d b y
th e rev ere d p re c e p ts o f I s l a m pl a ce d a b s o lutely u n ,

s ubj e c ts Un d er b oth th e k a di wh os e Ofli ce w a s in

.
, ,
ve s te d with a certa in de gree o f s an ctity a s we ll a s o f

s e cul a r p o w er dis p en s e d j u s tic e a t th e p o rta l s Of th e
,
m os que H i s p os ition w a s ra ther s a c erdota l th an j u

.
d i cia l H e w a s on e o f th e in terpreters Of th e K o ran

.
,
th e o rigin a l s o u rc e o f a ll M os l em j u ri s pru d en c e In .
hi s a pp o in tmen t th e g rea te s t c a re w a s e x ercis e d O n ly .
in dividu a l s c on s picu ou s f or lea rn in g e xp eri en c e a n d , ,
in tegrity were c on s idered eligible to s uch a re s pon s i

b l e emp lo ym en t Even th e Kh a lif ob eye d hi s s um.
mon s Th e C hi e f K a di wh o h a d s up ervi s i on over all

.
,
th e o th ers w a s th e m os t p o werful dign ita ry o f th e

,
empi re .
Th e Ara b s l e ft n o e x ten s ive c o d e o f l a ws like th at

o f th e Vi s ig oth s wh erein th e rights o f pers on s a n d ,
th e p en a lti es o f c rime s a re s y s te m a tic a lly en umerate d

a n d de fin e d A s th eir g overn m ent w a s p res ume d to
.
b e th eo cra tic i ts p rin cipl es were n e c es s a rily un a lter

,
a bl e . O f l egi s l a ti on in th e m od ern un d ers tan din g o f ,
th e te rm th ey kn e w n othi n g
, Th e d e c rees O f th e kh a .
lifs ba s e d up on th e c on s tructi on o f th e K ora n a n d

,
th e tra di ti on a ry O pi n i on s o f th e P ro ph et e mb o di e d in
th e S un n a h fo rm e d th e en tire b o dy o f le g a l p rin cipl es
,
and p re c ed en ts a va ila bl e f or th e in s truction a n d

guid a n c e o f m a gis tra tes .
Am on g th e o th er Offi ci a l s o f th e a dmin i s tra tion

were th e H a j ib or P rime Min i s ter ; th e Vizi ers wh o , ,
c omp os e d th e Diva n or C o un cil ; a n d th e K a tib s or ,
S e creta ries All o f th em were mere a dvi s e rs o f th e

.
s o v ere ig n an d th ei r a u th o rity w a s
, e xc e p t un d er ,
e x tra ordin a ry ci rcum s ta n c es on ly n o mi n a l , .
Th e m o s t imp o rta n t s ub ordin ate O ffic e w a s th at o f

th e M oh tes i b o r S up ervi s or o f M a rk ets wh o h eld
, ,
c ou rt a t th e g ate o f th e m o s qu e H i s emi s s ari es p a id .
frequ en t vis its to all pro vi s i on m erch a n ts a n d drug

gi s ts prev en te d th e u s e o f fa l s e weigh ts a n d m ea s
,
u res th e s a le o f da ma g ed foo d an d a dul tera te d med i

,
MOOR SH
I E M P I RE IN E UROPE 6 39
c in es th e o v erch argin g a n d ch eatin g Of purch as ers

,
.
Their duties a ls o exten ded to th e protecti on Of beas ts

o f bu rd en fro m th e in h um a n i ty O f th ei r drivers a n d ,
o f children from c ru el pun i s hm en t by p aren ts a n d
s ch ool m a s ters
-
Th ey di s p ers ed s treet crowds Th ey
. .
pres cribed s an ita ry re gulation s Th e a uthority O f th e .
M ohtes ib w a s en fo rc e d by fin es an d s c ou rgin g an d , ,
li ke mos t Ara b j udicia l fun cti on ari es from h is de ci ,
s i on th ere w a s n o a pp ea l .
I n th e d emea n o r o f th e S p a n is h kh a lifs th ere wa s

li ttle o f th a t h a ughty res erve which we a re a ccu s tome d
to a s s o ci a te wi th th e e xerci s e o f th e iI n p eri a l dign ity .
F or gen eration s n o a tmo s ph ere o f e xclu s i on s u r

rou n d e d th e m on a rch A s a rul e h e w a s eas y o f
.
,
a cc es s to th e m ea n es t Of hi s s ub j e cts With th e p atri

.
a rch a l c on d es c en s ion o f hi s fore fa th ers h e fre qu en tly ,
s at in j udgm en t a t th e g a te o f h i s p a l a c e H e de .
lighte d in a s s umin g di s guis e s an d in vis iti n g by n ight

th e m os t h umble pre ci n cts O f h i s c a pita l H e s up er .
in ten ded in pers on th e con s tru cti on o f great public

wo rk s ; in th e erecti on o f religiou s edifices i t w a s ,
n ot un u s u a l f o r himto l a b or f or a c erta in time ea ch

,
d a y with h i s o w n h a n d s H is ch a rity a duty en j o i n ed

, .
,
by th e fa ith o f which h e w as th e n ation a l rep res en

tative w as b o un dl es s a n d w a s g rea tly a bu s e d
, , In .
th e e x e cu ti o n o f th e la ws hi s s en ten c e w a s O ften cru el

,
ev en to fero city ; b ut a n a p t quotati on o r a w ell

turn e d c o uplet o ften tu rn ed as ide th e a x e o f th e ex e
cu ti on er A fortun a te e ven t— th e birth o f a n heir
.
,
a re co v e ry from illn es s th e tidin g s O f an imp o rta n t

,
victory— a ff ord ed a n o cc a s ion f or a n oble exh ibition

.
o f g ra titud e a n d m ercy th e p a rdon o f crimin a ls th e

, ,
li bera tion Of Chri s ti an ca ptives th e la vi s h di s tribution

,
o f a lm s Th e high a n d gen erou s qu aliti es which d is

.
tin g u i s h ed th e pri n c es o f th e Omm ey a d e lin e— qu a li

ti es c on firm e d a n d d ev el o p ed b y a l earn e d educ a ti on
prevented th e ex ercis e o f th os e acts o f tyrann y whi ch
Often Sprin g from th e pos s es s ion o f un lim ited a n d

i rre s p on s ible p o wer B u t with all th eir greatn es s th eir
.
,
clem en cy th eir g enero s ity th e kh a lifs were u n iv er

, ,
s a ll y h a te d Th e o b s equi ou s s ub mi s s ion e x a cte d by

.
th ei r Offic e w a s highly re pugn a n t to th e n a tiv e i n d e

en d en c e o f th e Ara b wh o s e ch eri s h e d tra diti on s
p ,
re quire d O b edie n c e on ly to th e chi e fta i n o f hi s trib e .
Th e d o ctors o f th e l a w w h o reg a rd e d a ll l ea rn in g
,
in c on s is ten t with th e Ko ra n a s h eretica l or s u s pici ou s ,
h a d n o a dmira ti on f o r a s ov ere ig n wh o c o llec te d g rea t

libra rie s tra n s la te d th e in fid el wo rk s o f a n tiquity a n d
, ,
p a tron iz e d s tudi es wh o s e re s ults s a vo re d o f ma gic a n d

s o rc e ry . Am o n g th e a ris to cra cy th e s pirit o f in s ub
o rdin a ti o n a lw a ys s tro n g w a s in ten s ifi e d by th e v i gi
, ,
la n c e a n d s ev erity with which it w a s s uppres s ed by ,
th e m em o ry O f p a s t ren own a n d by th e h o p e o f futu re ,
re vo lu ti o n th a t migh t Op en a n a v en u e to th e th ron e .
Th e in c on gru o u s el em en ts c omp os in g th e m as se s h eld ,
to g eth er s olely by fea r i n c a p a ble o f fu s i o n d etes ti n g

, ,
e a ch o th er wi th u n qu en ch a bl e h a tre d y et j o in i n g in ,
th e u n ive rs a l ex e cra ti on o f th e i r rul ers were re a dy f o r ,
a n y e me rg en cy which might a ff o r d a n O pp ortun ity f or

bl oo d s h ed a n d ra pin e I t w a s th e in to l era n t fa qui s
.
w h o w ere res p on s ible f o r th e d elug e o f Afric a n b ar

b a ri a n s th a t o v erwh elm e d th e empire I t w a s th e p op .
u l a ce which ren o u n c e d i ts a ll e gi a n c e to th e g o vern
men t i n th e h ou r o f n a tio n a l p eril Th e a mbiti on o f .
riva l n o bl es es ta bli s h e d th e s c o re o f p etty kin gd o m s
wh o s e dis s en s ion s a n d w ea kn es s m a de p o s s ible th e s u c

ces s o f th e c o mm on en emy .
'
No r were th e ch a ra c ters o f th e kh a lifs a lwa y s s uch
a s in s pi re re s p e c t C on s id era ti on s o f politic a l ex p e
.
d i en c y if n ot o f u n qu es tio n in g religi ou s b elie f en

, ,
forc e d th eir s trict Ob s erva n c e o f th e c ere mo n i es O f

public wors hip B ut with this c on c es s i on to p o pula r
.
prej udic e th e a ppa rent d e voti on a l Obliga tion s o f th e

,
S ucc es s ors o f th e P ro ph et n ot in frequ en tly termi

which c on v eye d n o ex al te d idea o f hi s s in cerity as th e

ven era te d h ea d Of a grea t religio u s s ys tem O ften ,
rea ch e d th e o u ts ide w orld Mu s ic re prob a te d by th e

.
,
K oran a s a n i n c entiv e to idlen es s an d vic e w as o n e Of ,
th e m o s t p o p ul a r a mu s em en ts o f th e i m p eri a l c ou rt .
Th e lic en ti o u s d a n c es o f th e E a s t which h a d ren dered

,
S p a i n i n fa m o u s fro m th e da ys o f th e P h oen ici a n s ,
were da ily p erfo rme d in th e p re s en ce o f a ri s to cra tic

a s s embli es . Th e p a la ce s w a rm ed with cata mites a nd
bu ff oon s As trolo gy a n d divin a ti on es p eci a lly con
.
,
d em n ed by M oh a mm e d a s remin i s cen c es o f P a ga n is m
a n d o ff en s iv e to G od were pra ctis e d everyw h ere
, ,
a lm o s t wi th o ut co n c ea hn e n t While thes e vi ol ati on s

.
o f M o s l em l a w by i ts re p res en ta tiv e h o rrified th e d e
v o u t i t a ff o rde d a p ern ici o u s ex a mpl e to th e p eo ple

, ,
ev er rea dy to p ro fit by th e fo ibl es O f th ei r s up eri o rs .
Un der th e la ter kh alifs M o o ris h s o ci ety in th e P en in

,
s ul a b e c a m e fri g h tf ully c o rrupt Th e s ecret con tempt

.
f o r religion w a s o n ly a cc en tu a te d by th e a pp a rent
re g a rd m a n ifes ted f o r i ts ou tw a rd Ob s erv a n c es I nfi .
d el ity w a s rife a mon g a ll cl a s s es Th e p eo pl e fro m

.
,
th e n o ble to th e b egg a r i n dulg e d i n b rutalizin g s en s u

,
a li ty. I n th eir e xce s s e s th ey on ce m ore d em o n s tra ted

th e truth o f th e p ri n cipl e th a t th e high e s t civiliz ati on
a s w ell as th e m o s t d eg ra d e d ig n o ra n c e a re e qu a lly
un fa vora ble to th e d evel o pmen t o f prin ciples o f mo

ra li ty ; th a t th e h a rd s hip s en du red by ra c es th e l ea s t
rem o ve d fro m th e b rute c rea ti on a n d th e

p ro fl ig acy
e n g en d ere d by th e s pl en d ors o f th e m o s t p o li s h e d s o ci
eti es a re a lik e de s tructiv e o f th e n o bl e s t i n s tin c ts O f
m an kin d ; or in th e la n gu a g e Of th e g reat D utch

,
his tori an th at a s in gular a n a lo gy e xi s ts betwe en th e

,
”
vic es o f d e c a d en c e an d th e vic es o f b a rb a ri s m Th e.
h eartles s cyn ic al an d deb a uch e d a tm os ph ere whi ch

, ,
e n v el o p e d th e c ou rt o f H i s ch em II a n d wh o s e evil
.
,
e ff ects u on th e n a ti on th e g rea t a biliti es O f Al M a n

p o
-
s ur w ere n ot s uffi cient to re d eem O ff ered n o s u

, g g es
ti on of piou s s pirit un d er wh os e in fluen ce th e

th e
kh a lifa te w a s fo un ded Th e en ormou s wea lth o f th e
.
coun try p ermitte d a dis pla y o f lic en s e a n d luxury o f

which th e a n n a ls o f deg en era te Ro me a lo n e c an f u r
n i s h a p a ra ll e l Th e m a rk ets were c ro wd ed with
.
fema le s la ve s c olle cted fro m s uch di s tan t regi on s as

F in la n d E thi o pi a H in du s ta n a n d th e C a uc as u s O f
, , ,
.
th es e th e h a rem O f th e Kh a lif a b s o rb ed a l a rg e p ro
p orti on ; th a t o f A l N a s s ir c on ta in ed n ea rly s even
-
tho u s a n d I n a n a g e wh en in telle ctu a l a cc o m plis h

.
men ts were v a lu ed a lmos t a s h ighly a s th e ch a rms o f

pers on a n d m a n n er it wa s n o un u s u a l circums ta n c e
,
f or a n e duc a te d s l a ve to b rin g four th ou s a n d pi e c es

o f g o ld .Th e dres s o f even th e o rdin a ry fema le s e rvi
tors O f th e h a re m e xceed e d i n rich n es s th e a ttire o f
wea lthy la di es O f to d a y ; tha t o f th e fa vo rite s o f th e
-
prin ce dis pla ye d th e pro dig a l ma gn ificen ce O f th e mo s t

o pul en t a n d p o w erful o f empi re s .
I n th e ce le bra ti on o f public fes tiv a ls th e p omp o f

th e n obl e s a n d me rch a n ts —~th e go rg eo u s a pp o in tments
o f th ei r h o u s eh o lds th e ir imp os in g a rra y o f s l a v es a n d
,
eun uch s th e b ea uti es O f th e i r s e ra gli o th e gli tte ri n g

, ,
da ma s c en e d a rmor th e s ilk s emb ro idere d with gold

, ,
th e s h een o f p ric eles s g ems — a wa k en e d th e a s ton i s h

ment O f th e s tra n ger a n d prov oke d th e s ullen a n d
imp oten t a n ger Of th e po pul a c e I n th e hom es o f .
th e wea lthy th e ra res t p erfum es — es s en c es o f ro s e

, ,
j a s min e an d ora n ge th e in c en s e O f mu s k a n d a mb er
, ,
gri s — di ff u s e d through th e p a la ti a l a p a rtmen ts th e

o do rs s o g ra te ful to th e s e n s e s O f th e vo luptu ou s Ara b .
Th e ba th a t o n c e a re ligio u s n e c es s ity a hygi en ic in s ti

, ,
tu ti on a n d a n i n s trumen t Of luxu ri ou s pl ea s u re v i ed
, ,
i n th e s plen d o r o f its e quipmen t a n d furn itu re with

th e m os t s ump tu o u s e s ta bli s hm en ts Of im p eri a l Ro me .
Th e public b a th s w ere u s ed— a s th ey s till a re in a ll

M os lem coun tri es — n ot a lon e f or th e purp o s es o f res t
a n d a bluti on b u t f or g o s s ip en terta in m en t a n d in
, , ,
trigu e . u s ua l f or women to p as s man y h ou rs

I t was
w ithin th ei r p re cin cts a tten d e d b y th e ir s l a ve s to b e ,
reg a l ed wi th d e lic a te con fe cti on s a n d to b e s oo th e d

,
b y th e mu s ic Of itin eran t mus ici an s Th e p ern icious .
e ff e c ts o f th e p res en c e o f evil g e n ii wh o a c c ordi n g , ,
to a n a n ci en t s up ers titi on w ere b eli ev e d to h a un t th es e

,
lo c aliti es were a verted by th e re p etiti on o f piou s texts

,
a n d b y th e w ea rin g Of a mul ets M oh a mm e da n p re

.
j udice n ot wi th ou t c a u s e rega rd e d th e public b ath

, ,
w i th s u s pici on a s a c on v en i en t m e a n s o f m ora l co r
rup ti on ; a n d th o s e wh o s e circum s ta n c es p ermi tted i t ,
s urro un de d thi s i n s tituti o n Of p ers on a l en j o ym en t a n d
religi ou s n e c es s ity with th e p riva cy o f d o m es tic life .
I n th e a b o d es Of th e rich it w a s in v es te d with a ll th e
s pl en d o r which th e c o mm a n d o f un l i m ited m e a n s c ould
p rovi de Th e tes s e ll a te d floor w as co mpo s ed o f th e

.
I a res t m a I bl es Th e w a lls w ere en c ru s te d with m os a ic

. .
Th rough cu rio u s ly wrough t win do ws o f c olo red glas s

th e temp ere d ligh t b rok e i nto a th o u s a n d v a ri e g ated
hu es Th e pip es were o f m as s y s ilve r th e v es s el s not
.
,
in fre qu en tly o f g old I n th e o u ter a p artmen ts th e

.
floors were c o vere d with s ilken c a rp ets a n d ta pers , ,
fro m which ema n a ted th e mo s t exquis i te a n d cos tly

p erfum es bu rn e d s lowly i n glitteri n g lu s tre s o f
,
ro ck c rys ta l a n d a l a b a s ter
-
Th e lu x ury o f th e M os
.
l em cul min a te d in th e b ath Th e la tter b orro wed

.
,
fro m th e Rom an s w a s in ves ted with a m a gn i ficen ce

,
unkn own e ven to th e s u mptu ou s th ermm o f th e

C aes a rs Th e a n cien ts with all th ei r civiliz ation were
.
, ,
un a cqu a in te d with s oa p which i s a n in ven ti on o f th e

,
Ara b s . A n in di s p en s a bl e a pp en d a g e to th e wors hip

Of I s la m th e firs t buildin g erected in a city oc cu pied
,
by th e M u s s uhn an a rms w a s on e des ig n ed f or p ur

,
po s es Of public a bluti on I n s ome res pects it even

.
to ok p re c e d en c e o f th e m os qu e f or a C h ri s ti a n c h urch
,
could b e p uri fie d an d con s ecrate d to reli gi ous s erv i ce ,
bu t n o co rres p on din g s ub s tituti on o f th e b ath w a s

Th e m a x i ms o f phil o s o phy , th e en j oym ent o f un

u a ll ed e duc a ti o n a l p rivi le g e s , th e enl a rg em en t Of
q
th e m en ta l fa cultie s O bta in ed by tra ve l , w ere a like un
a bl e to div es t th e S p a n i s h Ara b s Of pu erile s u p ers ti
ti o n s . Th e ten a city with whi ch hum a n n a tu re cl in gs

to th es e l e g a ci es o f ig n ora n ce w a s w el l un d ers too d by
M oh a mm e d , w h o in co rp orate d m an y o f th em into hi s
religi on Th e o rdin a ry M o o r o f th e e p o ch o f Al
.
H a kem II w a s a s s in c ere a b elie ver in th e im portan ce

.
o f drea m s , i n th e s ig n ific a n c e o f o m en s , in th e o ccult
virtu es o f a mulets , a s th e B e d ouin w h o ro amed o ver

th e D es ert five hun dre d ye a rs b e fo re th e H e gi ra .
Even th e mos t wi s e a n d phil os o phic a l o f th e kh a lifs

en terta i n e d divin e rs a n d a s trol o g ers I t will re quire
.
b u t a n in s tan t s re fl e cti on to re c a ll to th e mi n d o f the

’
rea d er even ts in h i s own e xperi en c e which de mo n s tra te

th e i n era dica bl e ch a ra c ter o f s imi l a r s up ers titi o n s a,
wea kn es s i n cid ent to hum a n ity from which n o ra ce ,
a g e o r civiliz a ti on s eem s to b e en tire ly f ree

,
. Th ere
were m a n y kin ds o f ma gi c a n d en ch a n tme n t f or th e
c oun te ra cti on o f wh o s e e ff e cts variou s c eremo n ies were
pres cribe d Th e m os t d re a d ed o f th es e w a s th e e vil
.
ey e a b eli e f in wh o s e in flu en c e f o r c en tu ri es p rev a
, ,
l en t a mo n g O ri en tals w as re c ogn iz e d by M o h a mmed

,
him s elf O f s ov ereign effic a cy i n a vertin g its cou s e

.
qu en ces w ere th e ej a cu l a tion o f well k n o wn te xts a n d

-
th e p o s s es s i o n O f c erta i n ta li s m a n s.Th e h an d which

,
re p res en te d s ymb o lic a lly th e fiv e c a rdi n a l prin ciples
o f I s l a m w a s o n e o f th e m o s t p o pul a r fo rm s o f th e
,
la tter L on g b e fore th e in va s ion o f T a rik i t h a d b een

.
,
th e mo s t gen era lly a do pte d e mbl em f or prote c ti on

a g a in s t m a l ig n i n flu en c e u s e d i n th e M o s l em w orld .
I t w a s pro b a bly o f P a g a n o rigin lik e m a n y o f th e

,
a n ci en t s ymb o l s o f I s l a m . Th e R o m a n s m a y h a v e
re c e iv e d i t fro m th e A ra b s f or i t a pp e a rs i n th e c en tre
,
o f a l a u rel wre ath o n a n im p eri a l s ta n d a rd up on th e
c olumn o f T ra j a n K in g s s cu lp tured it on th e key

. .
MOORI SH E M PIRE IN EURO P E 647
s ton es o f pa la c es P ea s a n ts p a in ted it over th e

th eir .
doo rways O f th eir h ovels I t w as on e o f th e d evic es o f

.
the kh a lifs C a rve d in j et c a rn elia n or a g ate it w as

.
, , ,
priz e d by women mo re highly th a n th e c o s tlies t g em .
A t th e ti me o f th e C on qu es t o f Gran a da i t w a s s o fre
quen tly worn th at th e s uppres s ion o f i ts u s e claim ed
th e a tten ti on o f th e e ccles i a s tic a l a uth oritie s an d ,
s evere p en a lti es w e re den o un c e d a g a in s t al l i n wh o s e
pos s es s ion it w a s fo un d I n defia n c e o f th es e Oh

.
s tacl e s
, h o wever th e cu s to m s urvive d an d th e ta li s
, ,
ma n ic h a n d— a lon g with th e crucifix th e Agn u s D ei , ,
th e ros a ry a n d o ther a cc es s ori es o f Chri s ti a n s u p ers ti

,
ti on — i s s till to b e m et wi th a mo n g th e moun ta in p ea s
a n try o f S p a in .
Th e f ertile min d Of th e Ara b wh os e ea rly exis ten ce ,
h a d b een p as s ed a mid s t th e im pres s iv e s olitud e O f th e

D es ert delighted to peo ple with im a gin a ry b ein gs th e
,
lim itles s do ma in O f th e in vi s ible wo rld Th e le a rn ed .
s o ci ety o f C o rdo v a w a s f a r fro m ren o u n cin g a b e li e f
s a n c ti o n e d by th e religi on O f th e s ta te a n d en terta in e d
f o r ce n turi es by th e a ri s to cra cy o f Ara bi a Th e my s .
teri es o f d em o n o lo gy ex erted a n un c on tro ll a ble f a s

cin a ti on o v er th e mul ti tu d e An in fin ite g ra d a tion o f
.
p ower a n d m a lign ity ch a ra cteriz ed th e va s t a rra y o f

s pirits, fro m th e hid eou s gh oul th at h aunte d th e
ch arn el h o u s e a n d th e c emetery to th e m a j es tic geni i
-
th a t s to o d in th e pres en c e o f th e c eles ti a l thron e ,
whos e a rm or bla zin g wi th light a n d j ewels re c a lls th e

p an o ply o f Milto n s a n g els ; wh os e gig a n tic forms
’
as s um e d a t will th e s h a p es o f s era ph s o r pill a rs o f
va por ; a n d wh os e ma rti a l h o s ts in ves te d with a ,
s tra n g e rea li ty a pp ea re d to th e e xcita bl e Ara b a n

,
a rmy o f s en ti en t b ei n g s ra th er th a n th e g org e ou s
ph a n toms o f a n en ch an ted vi s i on .
Th e civil org a n iz a tion o f th e S p a n i s h Kh a lifa te

w a s o n e Of th e p ro digi es o f th e a g e O rder w a s en .
fo rc ed by regul ation s wh o s e eff e cts were e xperi en ced

e qu a lly in th e c a pita l a n d in th e extreme frontier out

p os t Of th e e mpire J u s tic e w a s a dmi n is tere d qui ckly
. ,
wi s ely imp arti a lly T a x es were reg ula rly a p p or

, .
ti on ed a n d th e l a b orer w a s a lwa ys s ure Of th e en j oy

,
m en t o f th e pro du ct o f hi s to il By me a n s o f wa tch .
to w ers a n d b ea c on s in form a tion c ould b e tra n s mitted

,
o v er g rea t di s ta n c es in a s h ort tim e I n a f ew h ours .
th e a pp ro a ch o f a n en emy w a s kn o wn th ro ugh out all

An da lu s ia A s ea rly as th e reign o f Abd al R a hm an
.
- -
II an ex ten s ive s ys tem o f p os ts w a s e s tablis h ed Th e

. .
s ta ti on s wh ere rel a ys Of s wi ft h ors es were ke pt f or

,
th e s ervic e o f th e g o vernm en t w ere ea ch un d er ch arg e ,
Of a n Offi cer wh os e duty it w a s to c orres p on d di rectly

with th e kh a lif a n d to in form him o f a ll th at tran s
,
p ired in th e vicin ity which mi ght c om e to h i s kn owl

e dg e .Where mo re ra pid co mm unic ation w as meces
s a ry , c a rri er pig eon s w ere empl oy e d f or th e tra n s
-
mi s s ion o f im p o rta n t des p atch es a cu s to m in tro duced ,
fro m S icily S ix hun dre d yea rs a fter thi s th ere w as

.
n o p o s ta l s y s tem in a n y c oun try Of E uro p e Th e .
highways w ere prote cted by b a rra ck s from which ,
p a trols were re gula rly deta iled to wa tch o ver th e

s a fety o f tra ve ll ers a n d to k ee p ord er in th e s u rroun d
in g c oun try Al l offi ci a l s with out e xc e ption were

.
, ,
directly re s p on s ible to th e s o vereign an d h eld th eir ,
pla c es du rin g h is plea s ure A n a rmy Of s pies in e very

.
foreign c ou rt an d i n th e c oun c il a n d h o u s ehold o f

e very p ro vin c i a l g o v ern or k e p t th e c ou rt in form ed
n ot on ly o f m a tters which a ff e c te d th e p olicy O f
grea t ki n gdo ms bu t Of th e m os t trivi a l circums ta n c es

,
growin g ou t Of th e in terc o urs e Of da ily life Wh en .
a n ew p ro vin c e w as c on qu ere d i t w a s th e firs t du ty ,
o f th e im p eria l s e creta ri es to p re p a re s ch edul es o f its
a g ricultura l a n d m in era l res ou rces its c omm erce its , ,
wea lth a n d its po pulation

, .
Th e ch a ra cter Of th e M u s s u lm a n s o f S p a in w as
d efil ed by a ll th e vic es wh ich fo llo w in th e tra in Of
verbi al f or vin d ictiv en es s an d turbul ence ; th os e o f

X eres f or p oliten es s a n d e lega n ce Of manners Na .
tional d eg en era cy ea rly in dic a te d th e a pp roa chin g a n d

i nevitab le di s s oluti on Of th e empire Th e p os terity .
o f th e c on qu erors w h o in three yea rs h a d ma rch ed

,
from Gibra ltar to the c en tre Of F ra n c e b ecame in ,
th e cou rs e Of a f ew g en era ti o n s c o w a rdly e ff emin ate , ,
corru p t Th e geo gra ph er I b n H a uk al w h o vis ited

.
-
,
S p a in i n th e tenth c en tury des crib e d th e p eo ple o f ,
th e P en in s ula a s feeb le i n bo dy a n d light a n d va cil

latin g in ch ara cter I b n S a id w h o wrote in th e
.
-
,
elev en th e xp res s es s u rp ri s e th a t th e C a s til ia n s h a d

,
n ot l on g b e fore exp e ll ed th e m fro m th e l a n d Even

‘
in a n a g e Of d e c a d en ce ho we ver th e i n fluen ce Of
, ,
former tra dition s wa s n ot ea s ily o blitera ted D es pite .
rev olu ti on con fl a g ra ti o n a n d Afric a n b arb a rity Cor

, , ,
dova in th e twelfth c en tu ry w a s s till th e intellectual

c entre o f S p a in Th e di ff eren c e b etween th e two
.
great citi es o f An da lu s i a w a s fro m th e beginn in g in

d ic a ted b y th e fa ct th at wh en a s ch ol a r di ed h is b ook s
were s ent to C ordova to b e s o ld ; b u t th e ins tru ments
o f a mu s ici an w ere a lw a y s di s p os ed o f to th e b es t
a dva n ta g e a t S e vil l e .
With th e S p ani s h M oors a plurality o f n ames was

c on s idered a n in dica tion o f s o ci a l im p ort an ce an ,
Opin ion which h a s b een tran s mitted to th e S p an iards .
Th e b ea rd a ls o fro m re m ote a n tiqu ity reg arded as

, ,
a Sig n Of dign ity a n d wi s do m a m on g O ri en ta l s and
o ften rea chin g to th e gi rdl e w a s a c cordi n g to u ni

, ,
vers al cu s tom a mo n g lea rn ed M o s lems o f th e P en in

s u l a res tric ted in l en g th to a p a lm
, O nl y th e fa qu is .
a nd th e d oc tors o f th e l a w w ore l on g h a ir No one .
e x c ep t s la ves w a s s h a ven TO s eiz e a p ers on b y th e

.
bea rd w as an un pa rd on a ble ou tra g e an d even to touch ,

’
a w om an s h a i r w a s a n i n s ult whi c h m igh t h a v e c os t
th e O ff en d er his life a t th e h a n d s Of th e mob The .
kh a lifs an d all pers on a g es o f ran k dy ed th ei r b eards

red with h en n a to dis tin gui s h thems elves from th e

Chri s ti an s a n d th e J ews wh o were n ever p ermitted to
,
us e it .
NO cha ra cteri s tic Ara bs o f S p a in w as more

of th e
ma rked th a n th ei r p a s s io n a te love o f j ewels a n d p er
fum es Acco rdin g to th eir belie f a n d tra diti on s every
.
pre ciou s s ton e h a d i ts p e culi ar virtu e Th e emera ld .
b an is he d evil s pirits ; th e ruby p os s es s e d th e pro perty

o f m a g n ifyi n g O bj e c ts ; th e tu rqu o i s e a ff o rd ed i m
mun ity from mi s fo rtun e Th e c a t s ey e w as s u p.
’
-
pos e d to ren der th e we a rer in vi s ible M oh a mme d h a d .
de cla re d th at th e c arn eli a n c on ferred h a ppin es s up on

its p os s es s o r Th e s a pphi re b a n i s h e d m ela n ch oly
. .
Th e dia m o n d w a s b e n e fici a l i n in s a n ity ; th e O p a l cured

s ore ey e s ; th e red b ez oa r w a s a s a fe gu a rd a g a in s t
-
p oi s on Th e ta li s ma n ic qu a li tie s pres ume d to b e in

.
heren t in m a n y gems were p a rtly a ttributed to th e

a s tra l i n flu en c e s upp os e d to a ff e ct i n a n im a te O bj e cts
a s w ell a s li vin g o rg a n i s m s a n d p a rtly a s c rib e d to th e

,
D ivin e E s s en c e believed to p erva de a ll ma tter TO b e .
effic a ci ou s i t w a s in di s p e n s a ble th a t th e cutti n g or en

,
gra vin g o f a s ton e s hould b e don e while ce rta in con

s tell a ti on s w e re i n th e a s c en d a n t Th e M oori s h l a pi.
da ric s were experts in th eir a rt Wi th th e a id o f th e .
b ow c o pp er wh eel s a n d em ery they p ro duce d w ork

, , ,
little i n feri o r to tha t o f th e mo s t s kilful di a mon d

cutter O f to d a y Even in th e s ea l a n i n di s p en s able
-
.
,
ma rk o f co n s e qu en c e wi th th e M os lem th e s h a p e h a d ,
ordi n a rily a n imp o rta n t s ig n ific a n c e Th os e o f th e .
kha lifs we re u s u a lly rou n d o r polygo n a l ; tho s e O f

diploma tis ts s qu a re ; th os e o f fin a n ciers o va l .
Lo ve o f flo wers w a s a v erita ble p as s ion a mo n g th e

S p an i s h M os lems A s th ey were th e grea tes t b ota
.
n i s ts i n th e w o rld s o n o oth er n a ti on a pp roa ch e d th em

,
in th e p erfe cti o n o f the ir fl ori cu ltu re a n d th e a rdor

with which th ey pu rs u ed i t Th e pro fu s ion a n d v a .
ri e ty o f bl os s o m s o f ev ery des crip ti on w ere m a rvell ou s

an d en ch antin g ; ea ch h a d a meani n g b y whos e ai d ,
ten d er s en tim en ts could b e c on vey ed wi thout th e in

s trum en tali ty o f s p eech ; th e y w ere as s o ci a te d with
ev ery p ub lic c erem on y a n d wi th th e mo s t p ros a i c oc
c u rren ces o f d om es ti c lif e ; th ey di s p en s ed th eir f ra
f m h ic l v o f th e p al a c e ; th ey
g r a n ce ro t e p r e es s a s e
covered th e cotta g e Of th e l a b orer ; th ey form ed th e

da ily de coration o f th e luxuri an t tres s es o f th e prin
ces s an d the p ea s a nt ; their ga rla n ds were th e common
pla ythin gs Of th e in fa n t ; o n th e ma rble column which
m arked th e s epul chre o f a virgin w as s culptured a
‘
s in gl e ros e .
Th e s o cia l life Of th e M oors O f S p a in a n d S icily

pres ents u s with a picture a t on ce lively s ens u al in , ,
tell ectu al — wh ere th e high e s t phys ic a l en j oymen t di

, ,
ves ted Of every fea ture O f co a rs en es s was varied by ,
th e c on s tan t exhib i tio n Of w i t a n d learn in g To a con .
s i d erabl e exten t — y et f a r les s th a n a t th e p res en t d ay

,
i n M oh amm ed an la n ds — i t w a s a s a n ec es s a ry res ult

, ,
Of th eir domes tic regul a tion s b o un de d by th e walls ,
Of th e h arem A fe veri s h a c tivity s uch a s p erva des

.
,
th e a tmo s ph ere O f o u r m o d ern citie s a n d which s h ows

n o a b a tem en t a fter s un s et w a s u n kn o wn to th e Mos
,
l em res id en ts Of C ord ov a a n d P a l ermo Th e s treets .
o f th os e g rea t c a pita l s a lm o s t imp a s s a b l e b y d ay

, ,
were at n ight d es erte d s a ve by th e gu a rdia n s o f th e ‘
pea ce I n th e c o urt yard s o f private man s ion s on

.
-
,
th e oth er h a n d a ll w a s mi rth a n d g a y ety

, L a m ps o f .
colore d glas s were s u s p en de d fro m th e bal con i es Th e .
a i r w as l a d en with th e g ra te ful Odors o f c o un tl es s
blos s oms F rom th e terra c e which crown ed every

.
M oori s h dwellin g c ould b e tra c e d th e s ilv ery G u a dal

qui vir a s i t w oun d i ts ~
, tortu o u s w a y th rou gh en dles s
Olive an d p om egra n a te pla n ta tio n s a nd th e glimmer; ,
in g rows of lights b el on gin g to th e s uburb an villas

whi ch ex ten d ed to th e di s ta n t s lo p es o f th e S i erra
M oren a F rom th e dee p s h a do ws Of the p ahn and
.
in S outh ern S p a in Th e wo men don n ed th eir rich es t

.
a pp a rel . Th e ir form s were en velo p e d in ch emis es of

th e fin e s t li n en ; th eir tro u s ers which rea ch e d to th e ,
kn e e were blu e g re en y ello w o r s c a rlet ; th ei r tun ic

, , , , ,
o f two co lo rs w a s richly emb ro id ere d with g o ld

,
.
L e ggin gs in m an y folds i m pa rte d to th eir lo wer limbs

a s i n gul a rly clum s y a n d a wkwa rd a pp e a ra n ce Th eir .
feet were en clo s e d i n s lipp ers An a mple ga rmen t .
. whi ch c ould b e u s e d f or bo th a clo a k a n d a veil e ff ec

tu a lly c o n c ea l e d th e id en tity o f th e own e r i n th e m ov
i n g cro wd s To a c omb pl a ce d a t th e b a ck o f th e h ea d
.
w a s a tta ch e d a s c a rf o f ele g a n t m a teri a l a n d g a uzy

tex ture th e p rototyp e o f th e S p an i s h m a n till a
, Th e .
m a teri a l o f th e c os tum e c ommo n to e very cla s s w a s

o rdi n a rily o f s ilk F o r o rn a m en ts th e rich dis pl ayed
.
,
a p ro fu s i on o f d a zzlin g g em s ; t h e p o or w ere fo rc ed
to b e c o n ten t with j i n gli n g c o i n s a n d a mul e ts All .

,
with o ut exc eption like th e M o s lem fe ma le s O f to d a y

,
-
,
h eighten e d th e lu s tre o f th eir eyes with a n timo ny an d

s ta i n e d th e i r fin g er tip s with h en n a -
The ir n o men .
c l a tu re w a s s ugg e s tive o f th e ro m a n ti c ch a ra cter
which in ve s te d the ir bea u tiful co u n try S uch n a mes .
”
as S a ida H a ppy ;
, S ob eih a Auro ra ; S a fia , ,
Pu re R omm a n P o m egra n ate, L o n ili on ,

”
P ea rl ; Za h ra F lower w ere c o mmon a mon g
, ,
th e S a ra c en s o f S p a i n .
Un der th e S p a n is h Ara bs wo m en en j oy e d p rivi ,
le g es from which th ey were rigidly e xclude d in oth er

M o h a mme da n c oun tri es Th ey a pp e a re d e v erywh ere.
u n veil e d A s men ti on e d in a p revi ou s ch a pter public

.
,
O pin io n n o t o n ly p ermitte d b u t o p en ly en c ou ra ged , ,
th e i r p a rticip a ti on i n th e n a tio n a l a n d p ro vin ci a l c on

tes ts f o r th e p a lm Of litera ry e xc e ll en c e Th e ra re .
e duc a ti on a l f a ciliti e s o f th e kh a lif a te w ere a t th ei r
di s po s a l M an y— p ro fic i en t in p oetry philos o phy

.
, ,
gra mma r a n d rh etoric— exci te d u n ivers a l a dmiration

,
by th e s co pe an d v a riety O f th ei r men ta l a cc o mpli s h

MOORI SH E M P I RE IN E UR OPE 6 55
men ts S ome even b ec a me th e politic al a dvis ers o f

.
grea t s overeign s Th es e ci rcmn s tan ces s o fa vo ra ble

.
,
to th e dev elo pmen t a n d e x a lta ti on o f th e f ema l e ch a r

a cter e v en tu a lly p ro cu re d f or th e s ex a c on s idera tion
,
el s ewh ere d en i e d A s M o h a mm eda n is m w a s th e firs t

.
O f creed s to s p on ta n eou s ly reco gn iz e th e right o f

woma n to a n a meli orati on O f h er s o cia l c on diti on s o ,
in th e P en in s ul a th e H is p a n o Ara b in ve s ted h e r p er
-
s on a l i ty wi th a dig n i ty a n d a n imp o rta n c e h ere to fo re
n o t c on c ed e d to h er meri ts by m embe rs O f a n
y ra c e
or religi on . F ro m s uch n ovel do ctrin es were e volved
th os e chiv a lrou s s en timen ts which imp a rte d to Eu ,
rop e , e ff ec ted s uch a s a luta ry re form a ti on i n th e
in tercou rs e a n d s o ci a l u s a ges o f me diae va l s o ci ety .
M oh amm eda n S pa in pres en ts th e on ly in s ta n ce i n ,
a n ci en t o r m o de rn h i s to ry o f a c oun try u n der wh o s e

,
la ws a n d cu s to ms wo ma n did n o t exis t i n a s ta te o f
tutel a g e . Th e qu a li ty o f in fa n t o r ch a ttel h a s to a ,
grea ter o r les s e xten t a lwa ys s eemed in s ep a ra ble from

,
h er c on dition Amon g ra c es high es t i n th e s c ale o f

.
civiliz a tion h er in ferio rity a ppea re d th e mo re s trikin g

, ,
pa rtly from a ctu a l lega l di s a bilities p a rtly fro m con ,
tra s t . I t i s tru e th a t a mon g th e Greek s when Ath en s ,
w a s a t th e s ummit o f h er ren o wn th ere w ere fem a l e s

,
o f p o li s h ed e duc a ti on o f e xte n s ive k n owl edg e gifte d

, ,
with ta l en ts o f th e high es t ord er a ble to c o pe in every

,
intellectu a l ex erci s e with th e mos t di s tin gui s he d s ch ol

a rs philo s o ph ers a n d s ta tes m en
, , B u t thes e were f ew
.
in n umb er a n d b e l o n g e d to a cla s s which m o d ern

,
prej udic e h a s bra n de d as i n fa mou s ; th e Athen i a n

wife o f th e tim e o f P ericles w a s little better th an a
s l a ve. Ch a rlema gn e i s gen era lly c on c ed ed to h a ve
b een th e m o s t en lighten ed Chris ti a n s overe ign o f his
e p o ch . Th e civiliz a tio n o f h i s d omin i on s O ff ers a vivid
contras t to th e d a rkn es s which en v elo p e d c ontemp o
ra n eou s s ta tes a n d ki n gd o m s .H e p ro fes s e d a t l ea s t a
n omi n a l res p e ct f or th e p rec e pts o f C h ri s tia n ity He .
publicly a vowe d him s elf th e ch a mpi on o f th e H oly

S ee . To th e p o licy in h erited by h is s ucc es s ors i s
la rg ely d u e th e s ub s e qu en t in creas e o f a uth ority which
res cu e d th e P a p a cy from c on tempt a n d m a d e th e
Bis h o p o f Rome f o r c enturie s th e dicta tor o f Eu rop e .
Th e l ea rn ing Of h i s c ourt m o difie d a n d i n a m eas u re

,
directed by Ara bic i n flu en c e w as f a r from me dio cre

, .
An d y et th e old chron icl es in form u s th a t thi s g rea t

prin c e in th e pres en ce o f hi s courtiers en g a g ed with
h i s s i s ter i n a p ers on a l en c oun te r wh o s e res ul t w a s
,
doubtful un ti l th e vigo ro u s u s e o f h i s s teel g aun tlet ,
which kn o cke d ou t s evera l teeth o f h i s a ma z on i an a d

ve rs a r
y g a v e h im th e a dv a n ta g e
, I f s uch w as th e
.
trea tm en t a cc orde d to l a di es o f th e h igh es t ra n k i n th e

Middle Ag es th e de gra d a ti on o f wom en belon gin g
,
to th e rem a in i n g ord ers o f s o ci ety c a n s c a rc ely b e con

cei v ed . Nor were thes e c o n diti on s m ateria lly im
prove d f or c en tu rie s Even s o la te a s 1 75 0 th e laws
.
,
o f E n gl a n d p ermitte d w o m en to b e trea te d with a
s everity a l m os t b a rb a rou s ; n or h a ve th e h umili a tin g
res tric ti on s b orn o f m a s c u lin e s up eri o rity b een i n ou r
a g e e n ti rely rem o v e d . D urin g th e reign of C h arles

I I illitera cy w a s a lmo s t un iv ers a l ; le arn in g in th e s ex
.
w as d e c ri e d a s p ed a n try o r w o rs e ; i t w a s ra rely th a t
a h ou s e wif e c o uld write h er n a m e ; a n d ev en th e p rin
c es s es o f th e roya l bloo d were un a bl e to s p ea k or s pell

gra mmatic a lly This c on dition born o f e ccles ia s tic a l
.
,
pre ce pt d erive d fro m th e cu s toms o f a remote an d

ba rb a rou s a g e a n d c on firmed by n a tion a l de pravity
wh o s e ten d en cy w a s to de pre ci a te an d ridicule female
virtu e i s a n un fa ilin g s ign o f m ora l p erve rs ity a nd
,
in telle c tu a l dec a den ce Eight hun dred y ea rs b e fore

.
,
women o f C ordo va h a d es ta blis he d an en vi a ble re puta

ti on f o r th e ir p ro fici en cy i n a ll th e a rts which con
tribute to th e culture o f n a ti on s ; f or th e s kill which
th ey exh ibite d in e v ery d e p a rtm en t Of s ci en tific re
s ea rch ; f o r th eir p ro fo un d a cqu a i n ta n ce wi th th e
as i tsproverb s a n d e pigra ms Th e es tim ation in which

.
th e S p a n i s h A ra b s h eld th e femin in e ch a ra c ter i s i n

d i ca ted by th e fo llo win g s a yin g O ften qu ote d b y ,
th e m a n d which i s a s old a s th e P h a ra o h s
, N ever ,
tru s t i n wo m en n or rely u p on th ei r v o w s f or their

, ,
plea s ure an d dis plea s ure d ep en d upo n th eir p a s s ion s .
Th ey o ff er a fa ls e a ff e cti on while p erfid y lu rks ,
within th ei r g a rmen ts By th e ta le o f J o s e ph b e
.
a dm o n i s h ed a n d gu a rd a g a in s t th e i r s tra ta g em s
, .
Th e que s tion o f p olyg a my i s on e which i s a hn os t

u n ivers ally vi ew e d through a fa l s e m e dium I ts ex .
i s ten ce i n th e torrid clim a tes Of th e E a s t fro m a p erio d

o f un kn o wn a n tiquity w o uld s eem to d em on s tra te
a t l ea s t th e p ra ctic a l u s e ful n es s if n ot th e s upreme ,
phys i o lo gic a l n ec es s ity o f a s ys tem which h a s e n dured

,
f or s o m a n y a g e s I t i s emin en tly un fa ir f o r u s to
.
con d emn a pra ctice s an ction e d by H oly Writ a nd

re c o gn iz e d by th e p a tri a rch s with out an a ccurate
,
kn o wledg e o f th e ethn olo gic a l c on diti on s un der which

i t i s p erp etu a te d Wh a t publi c o pin i on cu s tom an d
.
, ,
lon g exp eri en c e h a ve foun d to b e b en efici a l a n d h a ve

pro n oun c e d n o t in con s i s ten t with mo ra lity i s very ,
O ften n ot a qu es tion Of ethic s b u t m erely a m atter o f

,
e xp e di en cy I n s titu ti on s which n a ti on s inh a bitin g th e

.
tro pic s d e fen d a s n ec es s a ry c ould n o t b e a d o pte d with

ou t in j u ry by th e s luggi s h ra c es O f th e N o rth ; a n d o f
th ei r p ro p ri ety w e a t a di s ta n c e o f eight th ou s an d
,
miles a re in competen t n ot to s ay prej udic e d j udges

, ,
.
Th e w om en w h o ros e to s uch di s tin c tion u n der th e

kh a lifa te were withou t e xc e pti on me mbers o f polyg
, ,
a m ou s h ou s eh o ld s a circum s ta n c e which w o uld s eem

,
to e ff ec tu a lly c on tra dict th e p re v a len t id ea th at th e

s y s tem o f th e h a rem i n evita bly ten d s to i n tell e ctu a l
deb a s emen t Th e s ta n da rd o f mo ra l s u n de r th e H i s
.
p a no Ara b do min ation w a s prob a bly much s uperior to

-
th a t which n ow o bta i n s i n th e g re a t c a pita l s of Eu

ro p e Th e d e plo ra bl e con diti on o f m o d ern s o ci ety
.
,
even a mon g th e highly cultiva ted wh ere mon ogamy ,
n o mi n a lly e xi s ts i s di s clo s e d by th e frequ en cy o f

,
divo rc e ca s es a n d th e s ign ific an t revel atio n s Of c rimi

n a l s ta ti s tic s I t d emo n s tra te s that th e p rimitiv e im
.
pul s e which a mo n g b a rba ri a n s lea ds to c ommun a l

ma rria ge th e origin a l s o ci a l s tate o f m an— i s n ot
-
on ly n o t e x ti n c t b u t e v en g en era lly p rev a il s a lth ough

, ,
decorou s ly c o n cea led a n d h owe ver repugn a n t to , ,
every p rin cipl e o f m o ra lity mu s t b e re c o gn iz e d a s a ,
po werful a n d reta rdin g ele men t o f ou r boas te d civi

liza tion .
Th e chiv a l rou s c ou rte s y born o f in tellectu a l culture

an d re fin e d s u rrou n din g s which dis tin gui s he d th e
S p an i s h M o s l em s in a ll th e ph a s es o f th e i r s o ci a l life
w a s a s a b o v e s ta ted emi n en tly co n s picu ou s i n th e ir

, ,
trea tmen t o f fema l es Th e la tter we re f o r th e mos t .

,
p art highl y e duc ate d Ev en to d a y i n th e ha rem s o f

, .
-
,
C on s ta n tin o ple it i s n ot u n u s u a l to s e e women fin e

,
mu s ici an s excellen t c on vers a tio n a li s ts fa mili a r with

, ,
th e p ri n ciple s O f a rt a ble to exp res s th em s elv es fl u ,
ently i n th ree or fo ur l a n gu a g es S uch a cco mpli s h .
men ts a re s till s ufficien tly ra re to c on fer dis tin cti on

upon th eir po s s es s ors in L on don P a ris a n d New , ,
York Un der th e kh a lifs o f th e H ou s e o f Omm ey a h

.
,
th e m en ta l fa culti es o f th e s ex were cultiva te d to

a m a rk e d d e g ree ; n o fi eld o f li tera tu re w a s cl os e d
to th os e w h o a s pi re d to efni n en ce Th ey were every .
where re ce ive d with grea t res p e ct Th ey were n ev er .
in s ulted in publi c Th ey tra v ers e d di s tricts in revolt

.
with out mo les tation Th e la ws prote cte d th em a ga in s t .
th e exces s e s o f m a rita l j ea l o u s y I f divorc ed th e .

,
wife w a s c ertain o f ma in ten a n c e I t w a s s h e w h o a t .

,
marri a ge re c eive d th e dowry P ublic o pin i on d e

,
.
n oun c ed a s in fa mo u s th e hu s b a n d w h o p ermitted h i s
s p ou s e to l a b or i n o rd e r th a t h e migh t p ro fit by h e r
ea rn i n g s I n c a s e O f his d ea th s h e w a s e n title d to a
.
s h a re o f h i s es ta te All thin gs c on s id ere d th e lega l

,
.
,
s ta tu s o f wo m an un der th e k h a li fate a ppears to a d

v an ta g e when c omp are d with th a t to which s h e i s re
s tri cted b y m o d ern l egi s l ati on I f polyga my enta il ed
.
th e un h a ppi n e s s which foreign p rej udic e i s a ccu s

tom ed to a ttribute to i t th e pra c tic e wou ld l on g s in c e
,
h av e b een a b o li s h ed I t i s but a n atura l res ult o f

.
clima tic a n d phys i olo gic a l c on dition s a n a pp aren tly ,
in dis p en s able fa cto r i n th e ma in ten a n c e o f O ri en tal
S la very in Eu ro pe un der th e M os lems brou ght

with i t th e n umerou s p rivile g es a n d in dulg en t treat
men t en j oin ed by th e P ro ph et Th e M oh a mm edan
.
s l a ve w a s ra rely a bu s e d o r p ers e cu te d H i s a cc e p tan ce

.
o f th e f a ith O f I s l a m ren d ere d h i s m a n um i s s i on ea s y .
NO s tigma a tta ch ed to his c on diti on H e could a s p ire

.
to th e mo s t n o bl e m a trimon i a l a lli a n c e H e was.
eligibl e to th e m o s t im p o rta n t p ol itic a l e mpl o ym ents .
While hi s m a s ter w as en title d to ex erci s e des potic

a u th ori ty o v er him , th e p a tri a rch a l cu s tom s o f th e
Ori en t di s c o ura g ed all exhibiti on s Of unmerited
s ev erity a n d d e s i n a te d th e s l a v e ra th er a s a com
, g
p a n io n th a n a de pen d en t i n th e h o u s eh old I t w as .
c on tra ry to l a w to p ut him in ch a i n s H is pers on a lity

.
w a s n ever s a c rific e d to th e c on v en i en ce o f tra d e ; his

cla s s ific a tion a s a ch a ttel would h a ve b een a bh orrent
to a ll Mu s s ulm a n id ea s o f j u s tic e a n d huma n ity ; a n d
in thi s res p e ct th e l a w s o f th e K o ran a re imm eas u ra bly
s up erio r to th e p ro vi s i o n s o f R o m a n a n d An gl o
S a x on j u ri s pru den c e A n Oblig a tio n wh os e forc e the

.
,
la p s e o f time c ould n e ver dimin i s h w a s imp o s ed up on

,
th e d es c en d a n ts o f a free dm a n to a s s i s t a n d protect
a t th e ri s k o f th ei r liv es a ll m e mb ers o f th e fa mily
which h ad lib era te d th ei r a n c e s tor from b on d a ge .
Th e dign ity o f hum a n n a tu re w a s n ever o utra g ed

by th e in flicti on o f tortu re u pon th os e wh o m fa te h a d
c on demn e d to a s tate o f h elples s s u b j e c tion ; o n
th e c o n tra ry th e s l a ve w as u s u a lly e du c ated by h i s
,
lutio n s o f a rm i es on the m a rch an d in b attle A p art .
Of th e s a cred furn iture o f every H in du tem pl e the ,
b oa rd h a d a ls o a c a b a li s ti c a n d a s trologic a l s ignifi
c an c e L on g b e fore th e a pp ea ra n ce o f M oh amm e d
. ,
thi s g a m e w a s th e s o l a c e o f th e v a g ra n t s h eik s o f th e
D e s ert an d th e de light o f th e wea lthy tra ders o f
Yemen I t foll owe d ev erywh ere in th e tra in o f th e
.
M o s lem a rmi es I n S p a in it w as un ivers a ll y p o pul ar

. .
Th e ch es s m en o f th e kh a lifs were n o t i n feri or i n rich

n es s to th e oth er a cc es s ori es o f roy a l lu xu ry —th e ,
a rm s , th e pl a te th e fu rn iture Of th e p a la c e
, S ome .
w ere ma d e Of th e preci o u s m eta l s ; oth ers were curi

o u s l y c a rve d o f iv o ry ; m o s t o f th em w ere i n c ru s ted
with g em s Th e b oa rd s were Of ebo n y an d s an dal

.
wood in la id with g old I n thi s i n s tan c e a ls o a s i n .

, ,
ma n y oth ers th e prohibiti on o f th e K o ra n relatin g

,
to th e re pre s en ta ti o n o f a n im a l form s w a s di s reg a rd e d .
Th e S p a n i s h M os l em s w ere p as s io n a tely fon d o f

ch es s I t b e c a m e o n e o f th e fa v orite divers i on s o f
.
th e c o urt ; a n d it w a s n o u n u s u a l o cc urren c e f or
pl a ye rs to p a s s th e en ti re d a y en gros s ed by i ts fa s ci
n a tion s a n d en tirely oblivio u s o f th e i r s u rroun din g s .
Th e s to ry a lrea dy rela ted o f th e p rin c e wh o ple a ded

, ,
f o r tim e to fin i s h h i s g a m e a fter hi s d ea th wa rra nt h a d -
been rea d to him i s a n e x a mple o f th e a b s orbin g in

,
teres t e xci te d by thi s s ci en tific p a s tim e i n th e mi n d o f

th e M oo r C ards were kn o wn to th e Ara bs lon g b e
.
fore th e H e gi ra N a ip e th e S p a n i s h n a me f or them
.
, ,
i s fro m th e Ara bic wo rd n a ib vic eroy wh en ce , ,

”
com e s th e E n gli s h n a b ob I n tro duc e d i nto I ta ly .
by th e S a ra c en s th ey w ere at firs t c a lle d Th e G a me

,
o f th e Kin g s Th ey were n ot g en era lly u s ed in E u

.
ro p e u n til th e l a tter p a rt o f th e fou rteen th cen tury .
B a ckg ammon an d dra ughts w ere a ls o fa mili ar to th e

M oors o f S p a in Th e g eni us Of M o h a mm ed recog
.
n i zed th e hidd en d a n g er which b es et hi s fo ll o wers
when h e fo rb a de in dulg en ce in all ga mes o f ch an ce .

TO s uch a tempta tion th e a rd en t a n d ro m an tic n a ture

o f th e O ri en ta l i s p e culi a rly s u s ce ptibl e NO in f or .
mati on in thi s res p ect i s n ow o bta in able c on c ern in g

, ,
th e M o h a mm e da n p o p ul a tion O f th e P en in s ul a , b u t
th e c o pi o u s a cc o u n ts Of th e prev a len c e o f oth er vic es
un der th e domin a tion O f th e emirs a n d th e kh a lifs
would s eem to i n dic a te from th e g en era l s ilen c e on
,
thi s p oi n t th a t g a min g w a s n ot c o mm on ly p ra c ti s ed
, .
Th e f ea ts o f j ugglers were a s ourc e o f p o pul a r

a mu s emen t i n m e di aev a l C ord o va Thes e moun te .
b a n k s were in tima tely as s o ci ate d with itin era n t m in

s trel s an d ex temp o ra n eo u s rhymers who s e co a rs e ,
eff u s i on s
, wh ile th ey c ould s c arc ely b e dign ifie d by
th e n a me o f p o etry y et o ften c on tribute d to th e diver
,
s i on o f th e c o urt a n d wh o s e c a llin g a n d e x a mpl e p ro

,
d u ce d th e tro ub a d ou r s uch a n imp orta n t a g en t in th e

,
civiliz a ti on o f Eu ro p e Th e la s civi ou s con torti on s o f

.
th e d an c ers o f a n ci en t G a d es immo rta liz e d i n th e ep i

,
gra ms O f M a rti a l a n d which h a ve b een tran s mi tted

,
with pro b a bly tri fl in g ch a n g es through th e P hoen ician ,
C a rth a gin i an Ro man G othic an d M u s s u hn a n domi

, , ,
n a ti on s to th e S p a n i s h gyp s i es Of o u r d a y w e re c on ,
s tan tl y exhibite d in a ll the ir s ugg es tiv e in d ecen cy

, ,
be fo re th e a pprecia tiv e a udien c es o f M o oris h S p a in .
N othin g ca n i n dica te mo re po s itively th e gen era l re

la xa tion o f m ann ers th an th e p o pul a rity o f s uch a n
a mu s em en t . Even th e in dulgen t a n d p ro fli g ate s pirit
O f Ro man s o ci ety eye d it with marked di s fa vor Th e .
poets la mp oon ed th o s e wh o p atron iz ed o r en coura g ed

it. M o ra lis ts a n d legi s la tors c on d emn ed it a s a p ro
li fic s ourc e o f c orru p ti on M oh a mme d fo rb a d e i t to
.
hi s fol lo wers a s a relic o f P a ga n i s m a n d a n in cen tive

to im mora lity .Un der n o circums ta n c es did m en
p a rticip a te in it or in dee d in a n y o f th e terp s i
, , ,
ch orea n e x erci s e s p ra cti s e d by O rien ta l s Th e d a n c e .

,
a s w e u n d ers ta n d it w as u n kn o wn to th e M o s l em s
, .
Am on g them th e p ra ctic e w a s a b a n do n ed to fem a le

664 H I ST ORY OR TH E
pro fes s ion als wh o c on s titute d a c a s te wh o were d is

, ,
tingui s h ed b y a p eculi a r co s tum e a n d wh os e c al lin g ,
wa s in fa mous Thi s prej u dic e des c en ded from a re

.
,
m ote anti qui ty exi s ts in full force in all E as tern

,
c oun tri es to d ay Th e degra datio n o f H erodi as was

-
.
f a r more reprob a ted by th e H ebrews th an h er inb u

m an ity Th e ch ara cter Of th e b a ya dere o f I n di a o f
. ,
th e g h awa z ee Of Egyp t o f th e J ew es s o f T un i s Of
, ,
th e gyp s y o f S p a in inh eri tors Of th e l ew d P h oen i ci an

,
pos itions and g es tures i s famil i ar to all tra vellers

,
.
I n th e da n ces o f M o h amm e da n S p a in as i n thos e ,
s till p ra cti s ed a t C a iro th e l o wer limb s we re Sta ti on

,
a ry a n d a ll mo vemen ts were p erform e d with th e b ody

,
a nd th e arm s . Th eir iI n p rOp ri ety gen era lly con s i s ted

rath er i n th ei r s ugg es tiven es s th a n in a n y fl a gran t
p ers ona l e xpos ure R arely were th ey p erformed in

.
a c on dition o f n u dity ; a s a rul e th e form wa s c om ,
p l etel y en velo p ed in g ra c e ful fo ld s o f s ilk a n d l in en .
Th e d an cers k ept tim e with c a s tan ets whi ch w ere ,
origin a ll y s m a ll c o pp er cym b a l s a n d every m oti on ,
w as m a d e in p erfe ct c a d en ce with th e mus i c Th e .
extra ord i n a ry eff e ct Of th es e exh ib iti on s u p on th e
im a gin ation e ven wh en re pres en ted by women n ot

,
a d ep ts i n th e a rt can b e u n d ers too d on l y b y th os e wh o

,
h ave witnes s ed th em .
Th e tas te f or im pro vis a tion p erva d ed th e mu s i c o f

th e H is p an o Ara bs a s i t did th e ir poetry
-
Al thou gh .
to fore ign cars i t might a pp ea r wh o lly des ti tute o f

mea s ure an d harmon y th e mo n o tonous ex ecution o f
,
th e p erformer im pres s ed th e feelin g s o f h is a u di en ce

to an ex ten t in com p rehen s i b le to n a ti on s Of n orthern
blood . Th e p ro fo un dl y emoti on a l n ature o f th e
M oor read ily s u s c e ptibl e to ev ery ki n d o f m ental
,
exc it em en t an d p as s i on a tely d ev o te d to rhym e at one ,
time rou s ed hi m to fren zy a t a n oth er d ep rived him ,
Of con s cious nes s NO ra c e h a s ever enj oyed to an

.
eq ua l d e ree with th e Ara b s th e f a c u lty o f in ves tin

g g
th a t th e writers o f S p a in on this s u bj ect a re th e mos t

n u m ero u s a n d p roli fic o f a n y a g e .
Th e a n tip a thy with which thi s s ci en c e w a s reg a rd ed

by th eo logi an s did n ot prevent it from bein g th e d e
light o f th e p rin ce an d an in di s p en s a ble divers ion O f
th e p eo pl e I ts p ow er w a s s o g rea t th a t i t ea rly in
.
va de d th e s hrin es o f th e reli gion th a t co n demn e d it ,
a n d f o r c en tu ri es th e vers es o f th e K o ra n h a ve been
in ton ed i n th e mo s qu es Th e s tory teller recited h is

.
-
ta l es to mu s ic ; th e i tin era n t b u ff oon in ters p ers ed h i s

c oa rs e b u t expre s s ive p a n tomim e with rhymin g j es ts
a n d rib a ld s on g s Th e Ar a b n otes a re h a rs h n a s al
.
, ,
a n d gu ttu ra l un plea s a n t beyon d m eas u re to Euro

,
p ea n ea rs Th eir s c a le in cludes s eventeen in terva ls in

.
th e o c ta v e a n d i t i s s a id by l ea rn e d a uth ori ty on th e
,
s ub j e ct th a t th e I ta li a n fro m which ours i s d erived

, ,
w a s orig in a lly co pi e d with o u t a ltera ti on from th at

, ,
o f th e A ra b s o f S icily a n d S p a in .
Th e M o ors th oroughly u n d ers too d th e a lmos t m a gi

ca l e ff ec ts which f o ll o w th e j udici o u s empl o ym en t o f
mu s ic Not on ly w as it i n di s p en s a ble on a ll fes ti ve

.
o cc a s i o n s b u t i ts n ote s b ro ugh t c o n s o l a ti on a n d c om
,
fo rt to th e h o u s e o f b erea vemen t I t w as c on s idered.
a n imp o rta n t rem e di a l a g en t i n di s ea s e I t w a s u s ed

.
to c orrect th e di s tres s in g c on di tio n o f i n s o mn i a In .
th e h os pita l s o f g rea t citi e s b a n d s w ere c on s tan tly en

terta i n ed b ec a u s e i t w a s w el l kn o wn th at h a rm ony
,
o f s o u n d p ro m ote d c o n v a l e s c en c e I ts a ph ro dis i a c al
.
qu a liti es were a ppreci a ted an d utiliz e d to fully a s

grea t an exten t a s tho s e o f p erfumes — th e d elight o f ,
th e O ri en ta l I t w a s a fa v o rite m a xim o f th e Mus s ul

.
m a n do cto rs th at to h ea r mus i c i s to s in a g a in s t th e
l a w ; to m a k e mu s i c i s to s in a g a in s t religion ; to take
”
pleas u re in it i s to b e g uilty o f i n fidelity Notwith .
s tan din g thi s a n d th e f a ct th at i t was a n ath em a ti z ed

,
by M oh amm ed n o peo ple were more fon d o f it than

,
th e Ara b s ; a n d th e pro fe s s i on a l mu s i c i an wh os e ,
ta len ts h a d i d him a bov e medio crity w a s s ure o f

ra s e ,
dis tin gui s h e d a tten tion at th e court o f th e kh alifs ;

a nd , o n c e b e c o m e f a m ou s h e w a s th e re cipient o f
,
h on o rs els ewh ere res erve d f o r th e des c en d an ts an d th e

rep res en ta tives o f ro y a lty . I t w a s n o t un u s u a l f o r a
ma s ter o f hi s a rt to rec eive ten thou s a n d pi eces o f
gold f o r a s in gle p erfo rma n ce I n s trum en ts o f p er
.
c u s s i o n a n d e s p e ci a lly drum s a n d ta mb ou ri n e s
, were ,
mos t employed by th e S p a n is h M os l ems bu t th eir ,
con s tructiv e g en iu s pro duc ed ra dic a l ch a n g es in

o th ers ; th ey imp ro ve d th e guita r th e flu te a n d th e, ,
cla ri on et ; th ey were th e in ven to rs o f th e man doli n

a n d th e o rg a n .
I n equ es tri a n s p o rts which require d th e highes t

,
degree Of a dro itn es s a n d a gility th e M o o rs O f S p a i n

,
h a d n o s up erio rs . F i rs t a mon g th ei r p a s tim es o f this

des cription w a s th e bull figh t which h a d little in com
-
,
m on with th e mo dern s p e cta cle whos e revo ltin g ch a r

,
acteri s ti c s a re th e re s ult o f l on g c on tin u e d s a n guin a ry

-
a n d b ru ta lizi n g i n flu en c es . Th e p erfo rmers w ere a l l

o f n obl e birth ; th ey w e re s pl en didly m o un ted ; the ir
equipm e n ts w ere o f th e m o s t s ump tu ou s d e s c rip ti o n .
NO wea p on w a s a llo wed th em b u t a s h ort h ea v y j ave ,
li n wh os e p o in t w a s p a rtly en c as e d i n lea the r Th e

,
.
rul es o f th e s p o rt re qui re d th a t th e a n im a l b e kill e d by
a th ru s t a l on g th e s pi n e i n fro n t o f th e s h oulder to ,
deliver which pro p erly dem an ded grea t s kill a n d

a hn os t s up erhum a n s tren g th I f a blow w a s la n d e d
.
el s ewh ere , th e kn igh t w as c o mp ell e d to reti re fro m

th e a ren a ; if h i s wea p on w as b rok en o r lo s t h e w a s ,
a dj udg e d to h a v e s u s ta i n e d a n i rretriev a bl e di s gra c e .
Th e in tellig e n ce a n d tra in in g o f th e h ors e a n d th e

dexterity o f the rider were ordin a rily s uffi cien t gua r
an tees a g a i n s t di s as ter ; b u t th e o cc a s io n a l s a crific e
o f a c a v a li e r remi n de d th e s u rvivo rs o f th e fea rful
d an gers o f th e en cou nter T ra in ed from ea rly child

.
h oo d to th e u s e o f th e h ors e an d th e j a velin a c cus ,

tom ed to e v ery m anl y e x erci s e a depts in th e a rts of

,
th e tourn ey a n d th e c h a s e th e S p a n is h M o s lem s fou n d

,
in th e bull fig h t th e cli m a x o f en j oym en t s e con d on ly

-
,
to th e m a rti a l plea s u res a n d e xcitem en ts Of w a r Wi th .
s uch a n e duc a ti on ,i t i s n ot s tra n ge th a t th ey w ere

re c o g ni z ed a s th e fin e s t li ght c a v a lry in Euro p e .
O f e qu a l in teres t a n d o f even grea ter m a gnificen ce

, ,
w a s th e s p e cta cle p re s en te d by th e til t o f ree d s In .
its e xhibiti on a n d a cc es s ori es w ere di s pla ye d th e in ex

h a u s tibl e p ro fu s i on a n d Opul en c e o f M o ori s h luxury .
Th e s c en e w a s l a id i n on e o f th e m a n y s qua res o f th e
va s t M os lem c a pita l A s eri es Of a rc a des a nd gal
.
l eri es s upp orte d by co lumn s o f c o l o re d ma rbl e bril

, ,
li a n t with m o s a ic s a n d gilde d s tuccoes w ere c rowded ,
with a n en thu s i a s tic a udi en c e re p res en tin g th e n obles t

fa mil ies o f th e c o urt a nd th e wea lth a n d fa s hi on o f
th e prin cip a l city o f th e empire Th e Kh a li f w a s th ere
.
,
s u rro un d e d by hi s b o dy gu a rd gig a n tic bl a ck s from

-
,
th e Atlas a n d th e S o ud a n wi th g em s tudde d w ea p on s
,
-
a n d a rm or d a m a s c en e d with g o ld Th e b a lu s tra d es Of
.
th e g a lleri e s were hu n g with s c a rlet emera ld a n d s ky, ,
blu e velvet Th e i nm ates Of th e h a rem s mod els o f

.
,
th e vo luptu ou s typ e o f An d a lu s i a n b ea uty un v eile d , ,
re v ea l ed th e ir s mili n g f ea tu res to th e publi c g a z e — a ,
s igh t to b e wi tn es s e d i n n o oth er qu a rter o f th e M o
h a mmed a n w o rld . Th eir s ilk en clo a ks s tripe d wi th

e ve ry co l o r Of th e ra in b o w ; th ei r s tri n g s o f s up erb
j ewel s who s e c ollec ti on w a s a n a bs orbin g pas s ion with

,
ev ery M o o ri s h w o m a n o f ra n k ; th e g old en b elts a n d
bra c elets glea min g in th e s u n light ; th e p ers onal

ch arms o f th eir own ers en h a n c e d to th e utmos t by
,
e very res ou rc e o f a tti re a n d a d o rnm en t p re s en te d a ,
s pl en did a n d en ch a n ti n g pictu re u n s u rp a s s e d i n e ith er
cla s s ic o r medi aeva l times I n th e a udi en c e s ometimes

.
,
by c ou rtes y a mon g th e c a va li ers i n th e a ren a were to

b e s e en C as tili a n kn igh ts e xil ed f o r p oli tic a l rea s on s ,
o r c o mp etitors f or di s tin cti on i n th e n a tio n a l s p orts

all th e e b a ttl e —th e atta ck th e

x c itin g ph a s es of , ,
mél é e th e retreat
, I n th e con fu s in g movements o f
.
ea ch en c oun ter every f a cility w as a ff ord ed f or th e ex
h ibiti on o f th e high e s t deg ree o f s tren gth a ctivity , ,
a n d s ki ll T h eir obj e ct w a s n ot th e di s abl in g o f an

.
a n ta g oni s t bu t th e s eiz u re a n d reten ti on o f th e d ec o

,
ra ti on s whi ch a d orn e d b oth h ors e a n d rid er ; a n d in
th e e vo luti on s p erforme d f o r th e a cco mpli s hm en t o f

thes e en ds th e mos t d a rin g fea ts o f h o rs ema n s hip were
exhibited Th e co urs e Of th e rin g s term in a te d the
.
brilli an t fes tiva l Am on g th e bran ch es o f a tree

.
,
planted a t on e extremi ty o f th e a ren a were s us pen ded ,
a n u mb er Of ri n g s o f g o ld On e a fter a n oth er th e
.
c omp etitors f or kn ightly h on ors movin g a t th e great ,
es t s p eed en dea vore d to b ea r a w a y th es e tro phi es o f

,
a droitn e s s u p on th e p o i n t o f th e s l en d er ree d whi ch
s erv e d th e p urp o s e o f a l an c e A m a gn i ficent p riz e

.
,
u s ua lly a g olden v a s e enrich ed with j ewel s was ,
a wa rd ed th e victor wh o i n tu rn w a s exp ecte d to p re

,
s en t i t to th e l a dy wh o s e c o l o rs h e h a d w orn i n th e
contes t Th e ta l en ts o f th e mo s t f amous p oets o f the

.
kh alifate were e x erci s e d i n th e c elebrati on o f th es e

s pl en did s p e c ta cl es won d erful exhi b iti on s o f h um an
,
d exterity wh o s e a ttra ctiven es s w a s not m arred b y

,
s u ff erin g a n d which re vea l e d t o th e g rea te s t a d va n

,
ta ge th e chiva lro u s s en tim en ts a n d ma rti a l a rdor Of

a refin e d a n d p o li s h e d ra c e .
Nor w ere th es e th e o n ly s p o rts which o cc u pie d th e

lei s ure o f th e ele ga n t s o ciety o f the M o s lem court .
I ts memb ers ra rely p a rticip a ted in th e ch as e H a wk .
ing intro du c e d b y Abd a l R a hm a n I wa s ho w ever

,
- -
.
, , ,
a f a v orite div ers i o n with th e m ; th eir h a wk s w ere th e
fin es t a n d b es t tra in e d in Eu ro p e a n d th ey con s tituted ,
a n i m p orta n t a rticl e Of c o mm erc e es p ec i ally with ,
I taly F ran c e an d E n glan d I n th e extens ive g ar

, , .
den s o f Gran a d a a n d P a lermo were artifici al lak es ,
where n a va l s p ecta cles were frequ ently given u pon

a mu ch larg er s c a le tha n in th e a mphith eatre o f T itu s

durin g th e p ahn y da ys o f Imp eri a l Rome .
Un der a go vern men t wh o s e b en eficent p ol icy p ro

v i d ed w o rk f o r th e in du s trio u s a n d s h elter f o r th e
h elpl es s i t m a y well b e s upp o s e d th a t men dic a n cy w a s

,
n e ith er a n h on o ra bl e n or a luc ra tiv e p ro f es s i on Th e .
horrible e xh ibi tio n s o f real or s imul a te d de fo rmity

which i n S o uth ern Euro p e n o w s h ock th e eyes o f th e
tra veller were n ot to l era ted u n der th e M os l em d omi
n a tio n . While th e bes to wa l o f ah n s i s a c a rdin a l
prin ciple o f th e M oha mm eda n religio n its obj e cts , ,
when worthy were n ot p ermitted to O pen ly s olicit th e

,
a i d o f th e g e n erou s a n d s ymp a th etic p a s s e r b Th e

y
-
.
s u ff erin g a n d th e cripple d w ere c a rri e d to h os pita l s ,
wh ere every mea n s w a s a pplie d to e ff e ct th ei r res tora

ti on to h ea lth ; while th e im po s to r s eize d by th e p olic e
, ,
expi a te d in p ri s on o r u n der th e s c ou rg e th e p en a lty
o f hi s idl en es s a n d fra ud C on ducte d on a pla n o f

.
boun dles s ch arity n o factiti ou s imp edimen ts o f ra ce

,
or re ligi on in terp os e d to e xclude fro m th e public i n
s titu ti o n s th o s e u n fo rtu n a te s wh o s e phys ic a l a ffl i c
tion s cla im e d th e i n dulg e n c e o r th e g en erou s s o licitude

O f ma n kin d H o s pita ls were O p en to th e worthy a p
.
p li ca nt a n d th e J ew th e Chri s tia n e ve n th e ido l a ter

, , , ,
re ceiv e d wi thi n th ei r w a ll s th e s a m e a s s idu ou s c a re b e
s to w e d up on th e m o s t o rth o d o x M os l e m .
I n a ll its ten d en ci es th e s pirit o f M o o ri s h civiliz a

tion w a s e min en tly p ra c tic a l Even its s p ecula tive
.
la bors were rath er s erio u s tha n s p o rtive — th e o cc a ,
s i on a l rel a x a ti o n s o f a rdu o u s a n d p ro l on g e d m en ta l
e ff ort. I ts g ra n d a ims were th e s e cu rity o f th e in di

vidu al th e di s p en s a ti on O f i mp a rti a l j u s tic e th e s y s
, ,
tem a ti c d evelo pm en t o f th e n obl es t fa culti es o f th e

hum an i n telle ct th e a ma lg a m a ti on o f th e h etero gen e
,
ou s c o n s titu e n ts o f a p ro u d a n d tu rbul e n t s o ci e ty th e ,
pro gres s ive impro vemen t a n d dura ble pros p erity o f a

vas t a n d p o pulou s b ut con s ta ntly di s in tegra tin g em
, ,
pire I n th e a cco mpli s hment o f thes e en ds w ar wh ile

.
, ,
p res um e d to b e an Obj ect w a s in re ality b ut an in

,
s trum en t . P ubli c p oli cy requ ire d th e oc cu p a ti on of

th e s trea m s o f res tle s s b a rb a ri a n s a n d n eedy a d v en
tu rers in c es s an tly p ou rin g i n to th e P en i n s u l a F or .
th ei r emplo ym en t i n fo reign c a mp a ign s th e K oran ic ,
i n j un cti on o f p erp etu a l h os tility O ff ere d a plau s ible

a n d c on v en i en t e xc u s e Thi s pra ctic e while a pp ea l
.
,
in g a t on c e to th e religi o u s en thu s i a s m o f th e f a n a tic

a n d th e cupidity o f th e w a rri o r in s ure d th e s ucc es s ion
,
Of th e dyn as ty an d th e p erma n en c e o f the thron e .
Without its a id even th e a dm in i s trati on o f A l M an s ur -

,
direc ted by th e c on s umm ate a bility Of th a t lea der ,
mu s t s p ee dily h a ve fa llen I t re quire d s emi an n u al

.
-
c a mp a ign s fo ll o we d by an un brok en s ucces s ion o f

,
victori es to res tra in th e n ative i n s ub ordin a ti on o f the

,
Afric a n immigra n ts wh os e multi tud es c on s tan tly

, ,
re crui te d fro m th e i n n um era bl e trib e s Of M a u rita n i a ,
c on s ti tute d n ot on ly th e bulk o f th e army b u t th e ,
pre do min a n t e lemen t o f th e po pula ti on .
Thi s min glin g o f ra c es a n d th e res ultant pre valen c e

Of c ros s es c o mbin e d with th e in flu en c e o f clima te a n d
,
th e s tim ul a n ts o f milita ry a n d c o mm erci a l a ctivity ,
will re a dily a ccoun t f o r th e vers a tili ty Of th e H i s p an o

Ara b min d which w a s a mon g its mos t pro min ent
,
ch a ra cteris tic s No grea ter c on tra s t i n c omp a ra tive

.
e th n ol o gy ca n b e d ra wn th a n th a t p res en te d by th e
pre c a ri ou s an d b a rb a ric e xi s ten c e Of th e D es ert a nd

th e p o li s h e d a n d h ighly cul tiva te d life o f th e W es tern
Kh a lifa te i n its mo s t glori ou s d a y s An d y et but a .
c ompa ra tively in s ign ific a n t p eri o d o f time s e p a ra tes

th e v a g ra n t B e d o ui n wh o s e fa v orite o ccup a ti on w a s
,
th e plun d er o f h i s n e ighb ors a n d w h o re s en te d th e i n

terf eren ce o f even hi s a ckn o wl e dge d chi e fta in a s a n
in frin g em en t o f hi s lib erti es a n d th e S p an i s h A ra b
, ,
wh os e des p otic g overn ment in s ured th e en j oym ent o f

p ers on a l free do m a n d publi c tran quilli ty wh ere i ntel ,
mu s t f or th e p ro o fs o f i ts grea tn es s a n d th e
look
tro phi es o f i ts glory I ts s a lu ta ry i n flu en c e i n mo di
.
f y in g th e d eb a s e d i n s tin cts a n d s a v a g e m a nn ers Of

m edi mva l s o ciety i s n o lo n g er qu e s tion e d Th e en .
du ri n g impuls e it im p arte d to ph ilo s o phic a l in ve s ti

a ti on , i ts p ro s e cu ti on o f th e e x a ct s ci en c es , th e
g
c on s id era ti on i n which it h eld in telle ctu a l a bility , th e
h on ors with which i t rewarde d pro ficien cy i n litera
ture , tra n s mi tte d th ro u gh
m a n y g en era tion s h ave ,
pla c ed th eir s ea l upon th e civiliz ation Of th e twen tieth

c en tury Th e ob lig ati on s w e a re un der to th e S pan
.
i s h Ara b s c a n n ot b e to o frequ en tly n or too g en era lly

a ck n o wle dg e d ; a n d i n a s c ribi n g th e o rigi n o f ou r
p ro gre s s to th e n a ti on who s e g eni u s w as i ts in s pirin g

s pi ri t w e a re o n ly o ff e ri n g a j u s t a n d w ell d es erv ed
,
tribute o f g ra titud e .
I t w a s s a id by S en e c a Wh ere ver th e Rom an con

,
”
qu ers h e i n h a bits
, I t might w ith a lmos t e qu a l
.
,
truth b e a s s erte d o f th e Ara b th at wh erever h i s re

, ,
l i g i o n a n d h is la n gu a g e a re on ce es ta bli s h e d th ere th ey ,
will fo rever preva il Th e c oun tri es o rigin a lly s ub

.
due d by th e li euten a n ts Of th e P ro ph et a re s till M o

h amm ed an Th e idi o m o f M e cca i s s till s p ok en from
.
th e e a s tern s h o re o f th e Atl an ti c to th e C hi n a S ea .
N or d oes I s l a m s eem to h a ve l os t i ts p ower o f ex

a n s i o n I t s p ro g re s s h as n ever b een a rre s ted I t
p . .
h a s p en etra ted to C en tra l R u s s i a — i n th at empire its ,
vota ri es n umb er e leven milli on s I t i s th e f a ith o f .
hun d re d s o f th ou s an d s o f N egro es a t th e e qu ator I n .
Euro pe th ere a re s ev en mi llion M u s s ulm an s in I n di a ,
fif ty three mil li on in C hin a tw enty tw o million

-
, Th e
-
.
p eo ple o f S icily a n d S pa in a l on e Of th e great c olon i es

fou n d ed b y th e M os lem— th e s ea t Of hi s m os t highly
d evelo pe d civili z atio n th e h ome Of ra c es e qua lly a c
,
c ompli s h ed in learn in g a dvan ce d in a rts illu s tri ou s in

, ,
a rm s —w ere c o m p ell e d to
g o in to exi le o r ren oun ce
th e ir fa ith an d a b an d on th ei r l a n gu a ge I n n either .
MOORI SH E M P IRE IN E UROPE 675
of th es e c oun tries h a ve th e dis coveries th e inventions ,

,
a n d th e e xp eri en c e o f S i x c en tu ri es which h a v e l on g ,
been th e c ommo n pro p erty o f a ll n ation s exerted any ,
a pp re ci a bl e e ff e ct i n re p a irin g th e a wful d a m a g e con
s e qu en t o n M oo ri s h e xpul s i on .
Th e pro p a g a to rs o f a f orm o f re ligion which reli es

f or i ts s ucc es s up on th e ex termin a tion o f a l l w h o re
fus e a s s en t to its d o gma s h a v e c erta in ly little fa ith in
th e tru th o r th e c eles ti a l i n s pira ti on o f th e m a xims
which th e y deem it n e ces s ary to res ort to forc e to i n
cu lc a te. Du rin g th e a s cen d en cy o f th e p a p a l power
n o o n e wi thi n i ts rea ch c o uld publicly p ro fe s s h e reti
c a l do ctrin e s a n d live Un der th e Omm ey a d es a n d

.
th e Aghl a bi te s b oth th e mi s b eli ever a n d th e in fidel

were s a fe on th e p aymen t o f tribute Th e o cc a s ion a l .
outbu rs ts o f M os l em f a n a tici s m w ere dire cted a g a in s t
litera ture ; th e s piri t Of Chri s ti a n p ers e cu ti on — a s pirit

s a dly a t v a ri a n c e wi th th a t e vi n c e d by th e g en tl en es s
a n d m e ekn es s o f i ts Di v i n e F ou n d e r— ra g e d fie rc ely
a g a in s t b oth lite ra tu re a n d hum a n i ty Am ru a n d A l .
M a n s u r burn ed b ooks I n n o c en t III an d C a lvin

. .
tortu re d m en .
Th e A s s yri a n C a rth a gin ia n Roman a n d H i s p a n o

, , ,
Ara b empires la s te d e a ch a bout eight hun dre d yea rs .
O f tw o Of thes e th e mem ory a lon e s urvives A n u m .
b er o f d e fa c ed mo n umen ts a fra gmen ta ry litera ture

, ,
pres erve th e tra diti on s o f th e third Th e gen ius O f .
th e M o s lem s up eri o r to th o s e o f a ll h i s p re de c es s o rs
, ,
h a s p erp etua ted i ts elf i n th e s ci en tific in s pi ra tion a n d

pro gres s ive en ergy o f e v ery s ucc e e din g a g e Rem a rk .
a bl e f o r i ts u n p a ra ll el e d s ucc es s whil e h a mpere d by

,
trem en d o u s Ob s ta cle s — w a r s editi on di s o rd er b a r

, , , ,
ba ria n s uprema cy — i t i s i n s tructive to refle ct wh at i t

,
migh t h a ve a cc omplis h ed un d er th e mo s t fa vora ble

a u s pic e s wh en at th e height o f th eir pros p erity th e
,
M oors o f Euro pe c on troll ed th e M editerra nean Th e .
latter o ccu pi e d a n d colon iz ed in turn th e important

6 76 H I S T OR Y OR TH E
p os ts Of S ardin i a C ors ic a C ypru s M a lta

, , , Th eir .
re v en u es w ere ten fo ld g rea ter th a n th os e o f a n y con
temp o ra n eou s s ta te . Th e in exh a u s tibl e p o pul ation of

Afric a c o uld b e con s tantly dra wn on for hu n dre ds
o f th o u s a n d s Of s oldi ers wh o s e a b s temi ou s lives blin d
, ,
fa n a tici s m a nd reckles s bra very m a de th em mo s t for

,
mid abl e a dvers a ri es . Th e fle ets o f th e S icili an emirs

th rea ten ed th e c o a s t o f A s i a Min or Th e Ara b g ov
.
ern o rs O f S p a in e s ta bli s h e d p erm a n en t o u tp o s ts as f a r
a s Ly on s . Th e pira tes o f F ra x in et fortifie d a n d h eld

f o r m a n y y ea rs th e p a s s es o f th e Alp s Th e tra ck s o f
.
th e S a ra c en a rmi es m a rchi n g n orthwa rd fro m C a l a

bri a a n d s o uthward from P roven ce a n d S witz erlan d
o verl a pp e d on th e pl a i n s o f L omb a rdy S uch o p p or .
tu n iti es f or c on qu es t h a ve ra rely b een en j oy e d or

n e gl e c te d by a n y mili ta ry p ow er C ivil di s cord a nd
.
trib a l j ea lo u s y w ere a ll th a t p rev en te d Eu ro p e from

b e in g M oh a mm e d an iz ed I n th e poli ty O f th e Ara b s
.
,
wh erever domicile d th e tra diti on s Of th e D es ert i n

,
va ri a bly prev a ile d Th e org a n iz atio n o f th e s tate w as

.
mo d elled a fter th o s e o f th e fa mily an d th e tribe NO .
a ll ow a n c e w a s m a d e f or th e ch a n g e d con diti on s re
s u l ti n g fro m th e e xten s i o n o f d o min i on a n d th e in
crea s e o f kn o wledge Un der s uch c i rc ums tan c e s th ere

.
c ould b e n o c o h es i on a m on g th e p a rts o f th e c on s tan tly
totteri n g fa b ric o f M o s l em p ow er which i n fa ct w a s

, , ,
u n d erm in ed from th e very b eginn in g Fro m this in .
s ta bility th e W es tern Kh a lifa te h as b een wi th s ome

, ,
tru th c omp a re d to a B e d oui n en c a mpm ent

, Th e d e .
f ec ts Of a n a n om a lou s c on s tituti o n w ere a gg ra v ated

by in tes tin e c on flict F a cti on a l h os tility in Ara b ian
.
S pa in w as a lwa ys m ore pron o un ced a n d b itter th an

h atre d o f th e C h ri s ti an f o e .
A gre at victory an d a f ew un im portant s kirm i s h es

g ai n ed f or th e M o s lem s i n les s th a n tw o years con trol
Of th e rich es t kin gd om i n Euro pe To recon qu er it .
re quire d e ight c en turi e s a n d m o re th an five th ou s an d

s en t a n e x a mple with out p ara llel in th e hi s tory o f n a

ti on s Th e ir origin h a d n othi n g in c ommon with th a t
.
o f a n y Eu ro p ea n p e opl e Th eir religi on w a s a vowe dly

.
i n im ic a l to th e on e which w a s p ro fe s s e d fro m th e
M e di terra n ean c oa s t to th e verge O f th e Arcti c C i rcle .
Th eir p o litic a l a n d d omes ti c ins titution s were a bhor

ren t to th e f eeli n g s o f th e i r n e ighb o rs th ei r a lli es , ,
th ei r en emi es F ro m th e h ou r wh en T a rik lan ded at

.
Gibra lta r to th a t wh en B oa bdil s u rren dere d th e keys

o f th e Alh a mb ra w a s a p erio d o f c o n s ta n t a n d rel ent
les s h o s tility S uch circum s ta n c es a s thes e a re n ot

.
o rdin a rily p ro piti ou s to th e m a teri a l o r i n tell ectu a l
a dv a n c emen t o f m a n kin d .
I n th e fa c e o f s uch fo rmid a bl e o b s ta cle s a mighty

e mpi re w a s f o un d e d Th e v ery c a u s es which s eemed
.
li able to s eriou s ly a ff e ct its i nte grity a n d p erman en ce

in rea lity in c rea s e d its s tren g th I ts milita ry p ower .
b e ca m e a s ta n din g men a c e to every s tate o f C hri s

ten d om I ts fl eets o f a rm e d g a lleys d o min a te d th e
.
s ea s. Th e S a ra c en s O f S icily s a ck e d th e s ubu rb s o f
Rom e a n d i n s ulte d th e s a cre d m a j e s ty Of th e H oly
F a th er in th e Va tic a n I n every tra de c en tre o f th e
.
-
E a s t a n d W e s t i n th e s treets of C a n to n a n d D e lhi
, ,
i n th e b a z a a rs Of D a m a s cu s a lon g th e cro wd e d qu a ys
,
o f Al e x a n d ri a b es id e th e s c a ttere d w e ll s o f th e S a
,
h a ra a t th e grea t fa irs o f S we den G erm an y a n d

, , ,
Ru s s ia in th e s plen did ma rkets o f C o n s ta ntin o ple the

, ,
M oori s h merch a n ts a n d H ebre w brokers Of S p a in out

s tripp e d a ll c o mm e rci a l c o mp eti to rs i n th e a moun ts Of
th ei r pu rch a s es a n d th e s h rewdn es s o f th ei r b a rg a i n s .
Th e wea lth which res ulte d fro m thi s v a s t s y s tem o f

tra de w a s a l mo s t in con c e iva ble I n a dditi on th e a g ri
.
,
cultu ra l a n d min era l res ou rc e s o f th e c ou n try g reat in ,
th em s elves w ere d ev elo p ed b eyon d a l l p re c e d en t Th e

, .
trea s u res thu s a m a s s e d w ere e xp en d ed i n pu b li c work s ,
wh o s e n e gl ected ruin s a ma z e th e tra veller ; in th e p ro

moti on o f educa tion a l a dvanta g es th a t mo dern exp eri
en e a n d en er
c gy ha ve n ever been able to s urpas s ; in
th e c o ll ec ti on o f im men s e libra ri es ; i n th e ma in ten é
a n c e o f a c o urt with wh os e m a g n ific en c e th e tra di
ti on a l luxu ry o f th e Byz a n tin e p rin c es w a s n ot wo rthy

o f c o mp a ri s o n ; in th e c el ebra ti o n o f a w o rs hip wh o s e
fu rn iture a n d a ppo in tmen ts tran s cen ded in richn e s s ,
a n d b e a u ty th e v a u n te d p o mp a n d s em i b a rb a ric c ere
,
-
mon i a l o f p on ti fica l R ome .
I t i s b oth p o pul a r a n d fa s hi on a ble to a s crib e to th e

in flu en c e o f th e C ru s a des th e a wak en i n g O f th e s pi rit
o f p ro g res s which ul tim a tely l ed to th e reviv a l o f
letters a n d to th e p olitic a l a n d s o ci a l re gen era tion O f

Euro p e B u t th e Crus a d es were o n ly i n a n in dire ct
.
,
a n d s e c on da ry m a n n er a fa c tor O f civi liz a ti on

, On .
th e oth er h a n d th e ir g en era l ten den cy w a s s ign a lly

,
’
des tructive Th eir tra ck h a s b een comp a re d to th a t

.
le ft by a s wa rm o f lo cu s ts M a n y works o f clas s ic
.
gen ius p eris h e d i n th e s a ck o f C on s tan tin o ple Th e .
Mo s lem l ibra ry o f T ripoli which c o n ta in e d tw o h u n

,
dred th ou s a n d volum es w a s burn e d wh en th at city

,
w a s ta k en by th e s o ldi ers o f th e C ro s s I t i s a well

.
es ta bli s h e d fa ct th a t f ew o f th e l a tter w ere a ctu a te d
by religiou s mo tives Th eir crimes c a s t dis credit upon

.
th e ir c a u s e a n d s e cu re d th e ete rn a l c on tempt o f th e
O ri en ta l ; f o r even th e n a me o f Ch ri s tia n ity w a s u n
worthil y degra de d by s uch vile a s s o ci ati on s Th e .
res ults p ro duc e d up o n Eu ro p e by th e s e e xp e di ti on s ,
in s tea d o f b ein g huma n izin g were mo s t dis a s trou s

,
.
Wh ole di s tricts were de p o pul ated Th e h ere dita ry .
es ta tes Of th e n o bility w ere tra n s ferre d to th e Church ,
who s e min is ters a l on e po s s es s ed th e m ea n s o f p u r

cha s e a n d wh o through promotin g th e in s an e s pi rit
, ,
o f fa n a tici s m by which th e y s ub s e qu e n tly p ro fited ,
s ecure d a d oubl e m e a s u re o f c on s e qu en c e a n d p ow er .
Th e P a p a cy s o o n c on troll e d th e wea lth O f Chri s

ten d om a n d i ts i rre s p on s ibl e a u th ority i n cre a s e d i n
,
p ro p ortion to i ts i n flu en c e With des p oti s m c a me

.
tyra nn y , with tyra nn y p ers ec utio n Th e p rin ciple o f .
f o rcin g th e a c cepta n ce o f religio u s d o gma s up on

a rm e d en em i es w as e xten d e d to th e c on victi on Of
re c a lcitra n t s ecta ri es b y tortu re Th e a tro citi es o f

.
re ligi ou s c on flic t th e w a r o f th e Al big en s es th e un

, ,
s p ea k a bl e h orro rs o f th e I n qui s iti on th e m a s s a cre o f

,
S t B a rtho lo m ew a re la rg ely a ttributa bl e to th e s a n

.
,
g u i n a ry ta s te s e n g e n d e re d by th e C ru s a d es I n oth er .
res p ects as w ell th eir i n flu en c e w a s highly d etrim en

, ,
ta l to h um an ity . Th e y in trodu c ed vi ces hi th erto con

fin e d to th e E as t a n d which a re to thi s d a y blots u p on
,
th e s o ci ety o f th e g rea t Eu ro p e a n c a pita l s Th ey .
fil le d Euro p e with le pros y o r with an a ff e cti on s imi

l a r to i t fro m which emin en t m e dic a l a uth oriti es h a ve
,
de duc e d th e o rigin o f th e m os t ob s tin a te a n d loa th

s o me o f c on ta gi o u s di s ea s es Th ey i n ti od u ced th e
.
'
pla gu e on e vi s itation o f which s we pt a wa y thirteen

,
milli on pers on s . Th e ruptu re o f fa mily ti es o cc a

s i on ed by th e a b s en ce o f s uch multitud es fos tere d
e very fo rm o f lic en ti ou s n es s I n s om e p ro vin c es vas t

.
tra cts o f fe rtil e s o il s o on o vergro wn wi th b ru s hwoo d

, ,
rel a p s e d i n to p rim eva l wildn es s I n o th ers d e p rived

.
,
o f th e m ean s Of p res ervin g o rd er th e c oun try b ec a m e

,
a p rey to o u tl a w s While ten s o f th ous a n d s o f a rmed

.
fan a tic s were fightin g f or th e C hri s tia n c a u s e in S yri a ,
th e b a rb a ri a n s o f N o rth ern Eu ro p e w ere wo rs hippi n g

idols an d s erpen ts a n d o ff erin g hum a n s a crific es .
Th e C ru s a des h o we ver w ere n ot wh olly a n u n

, ,
mixed evil Th ey in crea s ed th e p ow er o f th e clergy

.
,
b u t th ey ex termin a te d a la rg e p art o f th e m os t worth

les s ele men ts o f s o ci ety I t h a s been es tim ate d th at
.
s i x mi lli on p ers on s p eri s h ed i n th e s e e xpe ditions .
Th ey m a d e th e P a p a cy a uto c rati c ; bu t by d es troyin g ,
feud a li s m through th e a lien a ti on o f th e es tates o f th e

b aron s th ey grea tly impro ved th e c on diti on O f th e
,
s erf . Th e n e c es s ity f or trea tin g vic tim s o f th e h or

ribl e m a l a di es c on tracted i n P a l es tin e l ed to th e f oun
s ea te d h atre d o f th e follo wers o f M oh a mm ed h ad

reta rd ed th e g en era l di ff u s i on o f i ts b en efits I n con .
s e qu en c e o f th e re p ea ted e xp e diti on s to P a l es tin e a n ,
in crea s e d d em an d f or th e man ufa ctu re s a n d th e a gri

cultura l pro ducts Of M o ori s h S p a in w as create d I ts .
la n gu a ge its improvi s ati on s i ts litera ture s oon b e

, , ,
ca me fa mili a r to Eu rop e Even its s p orts were .
b o rro wed an d th e gra c e ful c ou rs es o f th e a ren a

, ,
a da p te d to th e rud e a n d f e ro cio u s ta s tes o f b a ro n i a l
s o ci ety b e c a m e th e m o s t p o pul a r o f m e dia

,
e v a l diver
s i on s . Th e chiv a lric s en tim en ts i n s e p a ra ble fro m

kn ightly ex erci s es c o ntribute d to s o ci a l refin em en t a n d
to th e e x a lta ti on Of w om a n Th e troub a d ou r c a rried
.
e v erywh ere th e a m a to ry s o n g s which h a d l on g eu
ch a n te d th e poli s h e d s o ci ety o f A n dalu s i a Th e .
co a rs en e s s an d a s p erity o f feuda l m a n n ers were

s o ften e d a n d a m a rk e d i m p ro v e men t ch a ra c teriz e d
,
ev ery fo rm o f o ffi ci a l a n d d o m es ti c i n terc o u rs e It .
i s b eyon d th e P yren ee s a n d n ot to th e O rien t th a t th e

, ,
his to ri an mu s t look f o r th e origin o f mo dern civili

za ti on .
In pidity o f c on qu es t in exten t Of d omin io n in

ra , ,
s ucc e s s ful p ro p a g a ti on o f religi o u s b e li e f i n a bility ,
to pro fit by th e res o u rc e s o f N a tu re i n pro fun d ity o f ,
kn o wl edg e a n d vers atility O f in telle c t n o p eo ple h ave ,
e v er a pp roa ch e d th e A ra b s Th e ir c on qu e s ts were
.
s e cu re d a n d th ei r g o vern m e n t m a d e p e rm a n en t by
, ,
th a t p e culi a r p rovi s ion o f th ei r civil p o li ty which a p ,
pea lin g to th e s tron g es t o f human p as s i on s an d s an c

ti on e d by th e in j un c ti on s o f th e i r P ro ph et p ermitted ,
th e a ppro p ri a ti on o f th e w o m en o f v a n qui s h e d n a
ti on s . Th eir comm erc e to which i n a la n d de s titute
,
o f a g ricul tu ra l res o u rc es th ey w ere imp ell e d by n eces
s i ty d ev e lo p e d th e i r tra di n g p ro p en s i ties a n d by a s s o
, ,
cia ti on fro m a rem ote a e wi th th e i r en terp ri s in g

g
n e ighb ors th e P h oen ici a n s
, fa milia riz ed th e m with
,
th e m en Of a ll ra c es a n d th e p ro du cts o f a ll c o un tri es ;
enl a r e g d their fa culties ; s h a rpen ed their in tellects

a n d m a d e th em c a p a bl e o f b e c omin i ft r t im es
g n a e , ,
th e c on qu ero rs a n d th e la wgivers o f th e world P ro .
d i g i ou s en ergy a n d a gg re s s iv en es s w ere th eir lea din g

ch a ra cteris tic s Th es e tra its were in ten s ifie d by va ri
.
ou s s o m etimes by u n w orthy m otiv e s

, ,
— b y th e l ov e O f
,
plea s u re th e thirs t o f a va ric e th e fire o f a mbitio n

, , ,
a s w ell a s by th e p re c e p ts a n d p romi s es o f a religi on
con g en i a l to th ei r ta s tes their h a bits a n d their ex

, ,
c e s s ivel y ro m a n tic a n d a dv e n tu rou s n a tu re O f a ll .
th e dyn a s ti e s es ta bli s h e d by th e S ucc es s o rs o f th e

P ro ph et th at o f th e Omm ey a d e s O f S p a in i s i n
,
dis puta bly en title d to th e mos t e x a lte d ra nk .
Th e fo un da tion o f th a t dyn a s ty m a rk s a grea t

ep o ch i n th e hi s to ry o f Eu ro p e O f i ts n obl e de e ds
.
,
i n b oth w a r a n d p ea c e e very in dividua l o f M os lem

,
fa ith o r Ara b lin ea ge m a y w ell b e proud ; proud o f

i ts l on g lin e o f illu s tri ou s p rin ces ; p roud o f i ts c on
ques ts ; proud o f its civiliz a ti on which s urp as s ed th e
,
s pl en do rs o f Imp eri a l R o m e a n d wh os e a rts m o dern

,
s ci en c e h a s fo u n d i t imp o s s ibl e to s ucc es s fully imi
ta te ; p ro ud o f i ts u n e qu a lle d a g ricultu ra l p ros p eri ty ;

proud o f th e exquis ite b ea uty o f i ts e dific es s till p re ,
emi n en tly a ttra ctive ev en i n th ei r d e c a y ; p ro ud O f i ts
mighty c a pita l ; proud o f its a c a d emica l s y s tem with ,
its p erfe ct o rg a n iz a tion i ts c o lleg e s i ts lyce ums i ts

, , ,
libra ri es ; p roud O f th e va s t a tta in m en ts O f its s chol

a rs i ts s u rg e on s i ts ch e mi s ts i ts b o ta n i s ts i ts a s tron
, , , ,
om ers i ts m a th em a ticia n s ; p roud o f th e theo ri es o f

,
i ts philos o ph ers which f o r a th ous a n d y e a rs a mid s t

, ,
th e i n ce s s a n t fluc tu a ti on s O f hum a n O pi n i on a n d th e
in fin i te va ri a tion s o f religious b eli e f h a ve reta in e d ,
th e i r o rigi n a l fo rm a n d a re a cc e pte d a s c orre ct by

,
th e mo s t en ligh te n ed thin ke rs o f th e p re s en t a g e Th e .
des truction o f this won derful empire w a s a n even t o f

more tha n n a ti on a l s ign ifica n c e ; it w a s a mis fortun e
to b e d e plo red by every lov er o f lea rn in g f or a l l
6 84 H I ST ORY OF TH E MOORI SH E M P I RE
c omin g tim e F or evi l w a s th e d ay f or hu man

.
pro gres s wh en fro m h i s b attlemen ted w alls th e M oor

l ook ed down up on th e s ign in g o f a truc e cra ftily
d evi s e d f or th e betra ya l o f h i s kin dre d ; e vil w a s the
d ay wh en up on th e red to w ers o f th e Al h a mbra d e c o ,
ra te d by th e emi rs with p ro fu s e a n d u n ex a mpl e d m a g
n i ficen ce a n d which f or s ev en c en tu ri es h a d b een th e

,
s tron gh o ld o f M os l em p o w er th e h o m e o f M o s l em
,
a rt w ere ra i s e d th e victori o u s b a n n ers o f th e S p an i s h

,
mon a rchy s ugges tive i t i s true o f in cre dible a chieve

, , ,
m en t O f u n d a un te d va lor o f h ero ic s elf s acrifice Of

, ,
-
,
imp eri s h a ble ren o wn y et a t th e s a me tim e h a rbin g ers

,
o f a n en dl es s tra i n O f n a ti on a l c a l a miti es which like

,
a ven gin g a n d rel en tl es s furi es s ta lk e d un s een in th e

,
wa ke o f th e exultan t c on qu eror .
686 IN DE X
Alf on s o L, Kin g o f th As turi e as , i . 3 5 7 ; 11 15 e x p editions , 35 9 ; h i s
d ea t h , 3 61 .
Alf on s o I II .
, e xp l oits o f, i . 5 32 .
Alf on s o VI .
,
re fo rm s o f , I I . 1 62 p row es s o f, 1 83 ; e n ters T ole do ,
185 .
Alf on s o VI I I w i n s . b ttle a Of L as Na v as , ii 33 1. .
Alf on s o X .
,
gr ea t t l t a en s o f, ii . 44 1 ; liter ry a wor k s, 443 ; his
d ea t h ,
4 44 .
Alf on s o XI Gi br l t . 483
,
d ea t h o f, b f e o re a a r, I I . .
Al —
H k m I as n d s th
e thr n i 4 40 ; d f t h i un c les 4 43
. a ce e o e, . e ea s s , ,
4 4 4 ; qu ll r b lli f s uth n u bu rb 4 66 ; h i s u ffer

e s e e on o o er s , s
i g n d de th 4 74
n s a a , .
Al H k m I I
-
a i
e f i 636 637 ; h r ter f 668 ; hi s
.
,
a c c es s on o , .
, c a ac o ,
l ve f l rn in g 670; h i s gre t li br y 672 ; h i s rudition

o o ea , a ar , e ,
6 73 ; ttem pts t r f rm 676 ; p ub li c w ork s 677

a a e o , , .
Alh m b a igin f i 5 4 7 ; m g ifi
ra , o r e 5 2 5 ; g rd n s 5 2 9 o , . a n c en c ,
II . a e , .
Al h d g b ttl e f i 5 8 8
an e a, a o ,
. .
Al —H yth m I b Ob yd ppoin te d mi b y th e Kh lif i 2 90

a a -
n- e a e r a , . .
Al H r pp in te d m i b y th Vi c oy f Afri
-
or a o i 2 72 e r e er o c a, . .
Ali ru l r f Sp in ii 8 7 ; h i s v m u es 8 9 90 ; h i de th
, e o a ,
. se e re ea s r , , s a ,
93 .
Al —
M a ghreb, i ts e xt en t an d f rtility i e , . inv i n o f by
134 ; as o ,
Ab d ll h 1 38 ; b y I bn
a a , H j ij 14 1 ;
a , i s c n que r d b y Okb h
o e a ,
143 ; i i v d d by H s n a e as s an, 145 ; i fi n lly s ubj u g te d by

s a a
Mu s a , 1 62 .
Al Ma n s ur— s e e l b n ~a b i —
-
Amir .
Alm h des o a , i
r s e o f, ii . 255 .
Al Mo n d h i r, cha ra c te r o f ,
-
i . 5 33 ; is p o i s o n ed , 5 35 .
Almoravides , origi n o f , ii . 19 1 ; hey

t c on qu er Afric a , 1 94 ; t h ire
immen s e emp ire, 2 39 .
Al Morth a d a , ii 9 1
-
. .
Al Na z e r, Ki n g o f Gra n a d a , ii 4 5 4
-
. .
Al S amh, E m i r, i 2 73 ; i nva de s F ra n c e, 2 76 ;
-
. iskilled 2 77 , .
Al —
Z a ga l de fe a ts Chri s ti a n s , ii 5 63 ; b ec omes . kin g 5 9 1 ; b dic , a a
ti on o f , 664 .
AlZ k l c l p yd
-
ar a , e s ra of, ii . 1 64 ; qu a d ra nt of, iii . 4 35 ; su gges ts
lli pti c l b it
e a or , 4 77 .
Amu l t f A b i e s O ra s, . 36 .
An b a s a h —
I bn —
S oh i m s u cc ee d s Ab d—l a -
h
R a ma n , i . 2 87 his s e er v
i nv des S ep ti m n i 2 90
i ty , 2 8 8 ; a a a, .
A b i t p gr ph y f i 1 d rth of his tory 4 ; vis ited b y Phoe

ra a, o o a o , . ea ,
n ici n s 5 ; it gr t we lth 7 ; x em pti n from foreign

a , s ea a , e o
i flu c e 10 n en , .
I N DE X 68 7
Arab s their promin en i n nti qu ity i 16 ; their energy 1 6 ;

, ce a ,
.
,
p re d t ry in s tin ct p r d min t 1 6 ; in flu n c o f th e heik

a o
.
s e o an , e e s ,
1 9 ; di ff er c f m th r p tor l n ti n 1 9 ; bl d r en e ro o e as a a o s, oo e
v g 2 5 ; h bits f lif 2 7 2 8 ; tre tm t f w m n 2 8 ;

en e, a o e, , a en o o a ,
id l t y 30; r l ti n hi p w ith J w 32 ; tr d f 39 ;
o a r , e a o s e s, a e o ,
w d e fu l onr f th r c e 5 4 ; reb l ft r d th f M
r c a ree o e a , e a e ea o o
h mmed 1 2 8 a
Archit ture un d th e M r f Sp in iii 5 37—

, .
ec 5 40 er oo s o a , . .
Art b s n e f i n Ar b i iii 5 35
, a e c o , a a, . .
A turi f u d ti n o f th ki n gd m f i 34 1
s as , o n a o e o o , . .
Aur r ult n intrigues w ith I bn bi Am i i 69 1 ; pp

o a, s a a, th -
a -
r, . O o s es e
l tter 735 a , .
Av rr e iii 4 73—4 75
e o s, . .
Ayub I bn H b ib p rovi i on a l emir i 2 7 1 ; i s dep os e d by th e

- -
a , s , .
Kh lif 2 72 a , .
B di Ki g f G d
'
a s, 1 34
n o ra n a a, II . .
B lj —I b B h b ieg d i C ut i 3 14 ; li v d by Ab d l
a n- es r es e n e a, . re e e -
a
M lik 3 1 6 ; i z uth ity 3 1 7

e , se es a or ,
.
B l t k b y th F k i 4 5 0
a rc e o n a a en e ra n s, . .
B th iii 643 ; luxu y f 644

a s, . r o ,
.
B z i g f ii 65 1 ; p itul ti
a a, s e e o f 663 ,
. ca a on o , .
B do i s lif d h t f i 1 7
e u n , e an c a ra c e r o , . .
B e i Kh ldu c l f i 5 5 2
n -
a n, an o , . .
Be b igi
r e rs , o r d h t i ti c f i 1 36 ; l n gu ge
n an d gov c a ra c e r s s o , . a a an
m t 1 3 7 1 3 8 ; pp
e rn en d b y A b 3 1 3 32 5
, , O res s e ra s, , .
B mu d
er Ki g f Leo a, d s h m ge t Al M u i 72 7
n o n , ren er o a o -
an s r, . .
B h t u t fB l
e rn ar , kill d i 49 2
co n o a rc e on a , e , . .
B ez i e s de t u ti
r f iii 9 8
, s r c on o ,
. .
B i s c y i t u gg d s d v
a , s r lim te i 338 e ne s an se e re c a , . .
B l ck S t
a f K b i 35 on e o aa a, . .
B b dil t k p i
oa t Lu a 5 68 ;
en l s d 5 72 ; h i r s on e r a c en a , II . re ea e , s
w thl s ch or t 5 94 es a ra c e r, .
B t y f Sp i h M l ms iii 4 86 4 8 7
o an o an s os e , .
, .
B y z ti E mp i
an nediti f ft b b i que t i 70;
re , c on on o , a er a r a r a n c on s , .
i ts c i ety d i t p li y iii 3 70 372 ; d g d ti

so f ll
an s o c ,
.
- e ra a on o a
l es 38 1 382
c as s , ,
.
C ll igr phy s kill i iii 5 90

a a ,
n, . .
C m
ar t k by A b i
on a a en ra s, . 2 35 ; i ts S i e ge ra s e i d by Ab d -al
R hm n I 4 00 a a .
,
.
688 I N DE X
C h ge th e n c i nt c ity i ts origin a n d s plen dor i 147 14 8 ;

a rt a , a e , , .
,
tr de 1 4 8 ; r ligi n 1 5 1 ; b u i l din g s 1 5 2 ; th Me g ra 1 52 ;
a e o a
,
e , , ,
th e R m n c i ty i ts a rt o i ts le rn in g
a n d i ts vi c es 15 3 ; , s, a ,
a ,
t rme d b y H
s o n 154 as s a ,
.
C s trogi o n n i fi t tt k n ii 18 ; s urp ri s d b y Mos lems 2 9

a va ,
rs a ac o , . e , .
Ch aky th a,im p os tor r b els g in s t Ab d l R hm n I i 4 01 ;

e , e a a -
a -
a a .
, .
h i d e fe t n d de th 4 02
s a a a ,
.
Ch rl m gn inv d Sp in i 405
a e a e a es a , . .
Ch rl s M rtel h r cter of i 302 ; h t d b y th e c lergy 303 ;

a e a , c a a ,
. a e ,
inv d s P r ven e 309

a e o c , .
Chemi try i t gre t p r gres s i n th e P en ins ul iii 490—492

s ,
s a o a, . .
Ch s g me f i tr du d by th e Ar b s iii 66 1 662
e s, a o n o ce a ,
.
, .
Chri ti n tri but ri

s a f th e M ors iii 1 8 3 ; the i r trib ute n d
a es o o , . a
the i r p rivil e g 1 8 4 1 8 5 ; dis b iliti e f 1 8 6 1 89 ; p ers e

es , ,
a s o , ,
e
uti n
c f b y th e kh lifs 204—
o o 206 , a , .
Chris ti n ity m de n p r gre i n A r b ia i 4 1

a a o o ss a , . .
Church n diti n f be fore M h mme d i 66

, co o o ,
o a , . .
C id i s f ii 1 60; ch r cter n d reer of 2 2 0; v lor of 224 ;

, r e o , . a a a ca , a ,
dupli ity f 2 2 6 ; t k s V l enc i a 2 35 ; horr rs f th e s ieg

c o , a e a ,
o o e,
2 36 ; h i de th 2 3 7 s a , .
C ivil org n i z tion of th e Ar b s iii 638

a a a ,
. .
C l ergy in fl u n c f mon g th e Vis igoths i 1 75 ; th eir lu xury

, e e o , a , .
,
1 9 4 2 1 1 ; i n r s in g p w r of ii 42 0; w
, lth of 4 22
c ea o e , . ea ,
.
C mmerc e i t gr t extent un der th e Mo r iii 6 16—6 19

o , s ea o s, . .
C ord v b uty n d we lth of un der th Omm y d es i 618 619

o a, ea a a , e e a , .
,
s ub u rb s o f 62 2 ; t ken b y F rdi n n d I I I , ii 366 a e a .

, . .
C ount J uli n t u tr g ea n hi d u gh ter i 2 2 1 : enters

re s e n s o a o s a , .
Sp in 2 2 4 ; r ti re t C eut 2 59
a , e s o a, .
C v don g b ttle f i 35 0
o a a, a o , . .
D a ma s cu s b ea uty a n d w ea lth of c ity i

, , . 370 372 — .
D a n c es derived from th e Ori en t iii 663 , . .
De H a ute vill H e, o us e o f , ii . 54 .
E dris i , geo gra phy of , u . 71 .
E gi l on a , queen of Ro derick , ca p ture d at Merida , i . 2 46 ; marri es

Abd A z i z 2 69 -
al- , .
E gi h i s tyr n n y i 2 1 6
za , a , . .
E gy pt e ff ct o f i t c ivili z ti on on th e Arabs
, e s a , i . 1 32 :
E lvi r foun d ti n n d w rs of i 5 4 2—5 49 ;
a, a o a a , s urre n d ers to Ab d
l—
.
R hm n I I I 5 67
a a a .
, .
69 0 I NDE X
vi z ie f M oh mm e d de fe
H a s c h i m, r o a ,
a te d b y th e Ch i s ti n s i 5 19 r a ,
. .
H s d i mb s s dor of th e Kh li f i
a a , a a a a ,
. 5 9 3 ; cu res S a n cho th e F a t ,
5 95 .
H gie ra , i . 88 .
H i s c h em I .
, Em ir i , . 42 1 ; his c h a ra c te r, 4 22 ; i h h is
wa r w t
un c es , l 425 ; h is ar m i es
inv de Fr n c e 42 9 ; a a ,
h i s death 4 39 , .
H i s c h em I I . k pte in tutel g i 7 1 6 ; ev re re
a e, . s e s tr i n ts imp s e d
a o
h i m, 7 1 7 ;
on s a pp e a ra n c e of , 76 1 di .
H i s c h em I I I , 71 ; ea t o f , a t S a ra
. ii . h d gos s a, 1 08 .
H uma n s a c r fice s o f ra s , 37 i A b i . .
I be i th ei
r ans , ud ss d ig c e i 3 39 34 0
r r en e an n o ra n , .
, .
I b A bbn- mi is t f Z b i ii 1 2 9
as , n er o o a r, . .
I b n b i Ab d i v d
-
a -
Le d i d f t d i 5 76 5 77
a n a es on a n s e ea e ,
.
, .
I b —bi Ami
n a t -
m i s s i o t Af i r s en i 64 9 ; h i b s t i n thon n o r ca , . s oa e
g d e 68 6 ; ar ly n, f 68 8 68 9 ; d uc t f i ea r c a ree r o , , c on o ,
n
Af ic 69 3 694 ; b m vi z i 701 ; pp i t d h ' b

r a, , ec o es e r, a o n e a l ,
707 ; b u b ks f th lib y 7 1 0; rn s g i z es th my
oo o e ra r ,
reor a n e ar ,
7 1 1 ; b e me ul e f Mo i s h Sp ico 72 0; h i s c mp ig
s r r o or a n, a a ns ,
72 3 72 4 ; m d Al M s u
, 72 4 ; h i i v i o na f G lic i e -
an r, s n as n o a a,
7 3 8 ; h i s d e th 74 4 ; h i s ch t 74 4 74 5 a , a ra c e r, , .
I b Abu d e th f iii
n- , a o , .
I bn l Aw m b t i c l w k o f iii 607
-
a -
a , on a n a or , . .
I b D j hw
n- i f ii 1 06 ; g e t t l t f 1 1 2
a a r, r s e o , . r a a en s o , .
Ib F n- t K di f T
o ra i i v d s S i ily ii 1 2 ; h i s d th 1 7
a o un s , n a e c ea
pu s u s Ab d—l R hm
, , .
,
.
I b H b i b Vi e y f Af i c
n- a , c ro i 38 7 o r a, r e a -
a a n, . .
I b H ud f mily f ii 1 1 5
n- ,
a o , . .
I bn K u -
hien ev l t i 64 7 n, d f ts Al H kem 64 7 t ke to
s r o , . e ea -
a ,
a n
C d v 65 1 p t to de th 730
or o a, u a , .
Ib — S h b y d w e l th o f i 61 5
n o e ,
a ,
. .
I m p vi ti ro p i z d by A b i 5 0
sa on r e ra s, . .
I du t i l
n t i Sp i
s r a iii 5 75 —5 77
ar s n a n, . .
I n n oce t III b ility of 30

n .
,
a 11 . .
I t di t i t t
n er c iii 335
, s e rro rs , . .
I ig ti
rr i M
a i h Sp i iii 601 602
on n oo r s a n, .
, .
I b ll
sa h
e t a,of ii 5 39 ; h p pul ity e t s th e mp
c a ra c e r , . er o ar ,
n er ca
b f M l g 632 ; id my b f e B z 661
e o re a a a, a s ar e or a a, .
I s l m i t u p ec e den te d c
a , s e ni 61 63 ; s l w p g
r f wh a re r, .
,
o ro res s o , en
fi t p omulg ted 8 6 ; i ts me i g 1 1 3 ; duties e J m d by

rs r a ,
an n ,
n o e
i t 1 1 4 1 1 5 ; th b
, e fit i t ,
f e d on th e A bs 1 1 6 1 1 7 e en s c on e rr ra , ,
it g d hi v m ts 12 5
s ra n ac e e en , .
I m il I Ki g f G
s a d ii 4 5 9 n o ra n a a, . .
INDE X 69 1
J ime I of Ar gon
a . h te of a , c a ra c r ,
J ews p ers ecuti on of by Vi ig ths

, i fl ue ce of on c ivili , s o ,
n n ,
za ti o iii n, ly mm ce of 109 ; p rej udiec

. ea r co er ,
ga i t i n a ti quity 1 1 3 ; p p ity nd p owe of i n th e

a ns , n ,
ros er a r ,
Middl e Ages 1 1 8 1 1 9 ; g d i fl u c of i Sp in 1 2 7 ;
, , oo n en e ,
n a ,
great s chola rs 1 4 1 ; th d p s it i es f mediaev l culture , e e o ar o a ,
14 9 ; exp ul s ion f m Sp i d P rtug l 1 71 1 74 ro a n an o a , , .
J oh n d e Gorz mb d f th e G m E m p eror i 600

a, a as s a or o er an , . .
J unquera b ttle of i 5 8 3 , a , . .
K dir
a , ru er o f l T ol edo ii ,
. 1 79 ; e x p ll d e e , 1 84 .
K a h ta n i tes , feu d with M aa d i tes , i . 2 7 8 ; i ts dur ti on an d in tens ity

a ,
2 79, 2 80 .
K a i roa n ded b y Okb h i

f oun a , .
K h d i j h m rri s M h mm d i 8 4
a a a e o a e ,
. .
Kha ira n govern or o f M l g l l y f Ali 8 7

,
a a a, a o ,
11. .
Kha lifs gen er l ch r t r f ii 5 9 6

,
a a ac e o ,
. .
K ocei l c on s p i res a g i t Okb h i 1 4 4 ; i kill d 144

a a ns a , . s e ,
.
Koran i ts origin i 104 ; it

,
t t 1 06 ; ll g ric l im gery
, . s c on e n s , a e o a a ,
1 08 ; b en ign p r pt 1 09 ec e s, .
Koreis h gu rd i a ns o f t mp l f M
,
a i 81 e e o ecc a , . .
La s Na v s d e T ol b ttl f ii 3 3 1
a os a , a e o , . .
Leon t ken b y Al M n u r i 732

a -
a s , . .
L i b raries o f th e Ar b iii 4 70 a s,
Litera ture f th e Ar b s iii 4 5 7—

. .
o4 60 a ,
. .
Loj c rri d b y s to m
a a e r ,
Love C ou ts o f iii 80
,
r ,
. .
Luce r S r c en ol y f iii 5 2
a, a a c on o , . .
Ma gi c o f th e Ara b s i 3 6 ,
. .
Ma imon ides , iii 14 2 ; h i s lea rn i n g a n d h i s

. w or ks , 14 3, 1 44 .
Maj orca ta k en b y th e A ra gon es e ii 32 2 , . .
Ma la ga , c ity o f, i ts w ea lth a n d p ros p eri ty , 11. 61 8 ma n u fa ctures ,

6 19 ; s ie g e o f, 62 5 ; s urren der o f , 64 1 .
Ma lik - I bn -An a s , s ec t o f, i 4 35
—
. .
Manu fa ctures , iii 62 2 62 5 . .

69 2 INDE X
Ma rquis o f C di z t kes Alh m ii 5 4 7 5 4 8
a a a a, .
, .
Mecc a , i ts s i tua ti on d li m te i 39 ; c on ques t b y an c a , . Moham

me d , 9 0 .
Me dic in e, i ts a dv a nc e m en t and p erfection a mon g th e S p ani sh

Ara b s iii 5 1 1—5 1 6 , . .
Medi n a a l Z ahra origi f i 62 5 ; e xt n t d m gn i fic en ce 62 6 ;

- -
, n o , . e an a ,
p avilion 62 8 ; d es t oye d b y th e B erb ers 75 8

,
r , .
Men do z a C rdin l h i s gr tn es s n d ch r ter iii 2 34 2 37

, a a , ea a a ac , .
, .
Merid i ts s pl en did m n um n ts i 2 4 4 ; ta k en b y Mus a 2 45

a, o e ,
.
, .
Moal l k t i 4 6 4 9
a a , .
, .
Moha mme d al Ahm r p y h m ge t F rdin n d ii 404

- -
a a s o a o e a , . .
Mohammed b irth n d hildhoo d o f i 8 2 8 4 ; ma rri a ge o f 8 4 ;

, a c ,
.
, ,
h i s ha lluc in a ti on s 8 5 ; d th 9 1 ; ch r cter 92 ; dis trus t , ea ,

a a ,
o f hi ms el f 96 ; h i p rs on l pp e r n e an d ma nn ers 98 s e a a a a c , .
Mohamme d eldes t n f Ab d—l R hm

,
i 5 01 5 03 ; oh so o a -
a an
ta ins th e em
,
.
,
i r te 5 05 —5 07 ; h i s z l 5 08 ; death of 52 5 a ,
ea , , .
Moh mmed I I Ki n g f G n d ii 4 3 6
a .
, o ra a a, . .
Moha mme d I I I d ep s d ii 4 5 0 . o e ,
. .
Moh mmed I V as cen d s th th o

a ii 4 5 9 . e r n e, . .
Moh mmed V h i s l ove of p e c ii 4 8 7

a .
, a e, . .
Moh mme d VI vi s its T ol d o ii 4 96

a . e ,
. .
Mohamme d VI I p rid e of ii 5 03 .
, ,
. .
Mon as ti c i s m we lth of iii 35 1 365 ; i t c orrupti on 849

,
a ,
.
, s , .
Mon s ti c life i ts p mp n d l ux ury iii 364

a , o a , . .
Mon tfort E a rl of Lei s te r h i s ch r te iii 96

, ce ,
a ac r, . .
Montp elli er Un ive s i ty f ii 76 ; high a tta i nments of i ts p ro

,
r o ,
.
f es s ors , 78, 79 .
Mori s c oes , p ers ec uti n f b y Xim s iii 2 42 2 4 3 ; b n i shed to o o , en e , .

,
a
Leon a n d C s tile 2 4 4 ; tt m p t d re f rm o f 2 5 9 ; th e ir
a ,
a e e o ,
p rop erty c on fi t d 2 66 ; r b ll i n o f 2 68 ; e xile d from s ca e , e e o ,
Gr n a d 2 77 h d th ugh th e m untai n s 2 99 ; fin al
a a, c as e ro o ,
exp u l s i on from th P n in ul 3 18 3 19 e e s a, , .
M s h fi vi z i er of Al —
o a ,
H a k m I I i 65 1 ; riv lry w ith I bn abi e .
,
. a
-
Amir 707 ru in an d de th f 708

,
a o , .
Mos que of C ord v f un d e d b y A b d l R hman I i 4 1 4 4 1 5 o a o

-
a -
a , ,
65 4 ; mi n a ret 665 ; d c ri pti n of 65 7—

.
.
,
667 , es o , .
Mota d h i d P ri n c e o f S eville t l nts n d v i c es of 1 14 1 142

, , a e a , 1 .
,
.
Motami d as c en ds th e thr n e f S ville 11 1 68 o o e , . .
Muley H a s s a n enmity f t th e Chri s ti an s 11 505 ; domes tic

, o , o , .
troub le s o f 5 4 2 5 5 2 ; d e th o f 633 a
Mus a I bn —
.
, , ,
-
Nos s ey r h i s origin i 15 7 ; a pp oi n ted gen era l i n , ,
.
Afric a 15 8 ; h i s ch r c ter 1 5 8 1 5 9 ; builds nd equip s a

, a a , ,
a
fl eet 1 6 1 ; en t s Sp in 2 4 3 ; h i return through Africa

, er a ,
s ,
2 5 3 ; h i s p un i s hm n t n d d th 2 5 6 2 5 7 e a ea , , .
69 4 INDE X
P op ul tion o f Mooris h Sp in i 61 3 ; i ts great c iti es 61 4
a a , .
, .
P ottery perfection i n tt i e d b y Moo s iii 5 8 5 5 86

, , a a n r , .
, .
P ub lic wo k s of th e M i 6 14 6 1 8
r oors , .
, .
P ulg r ex p loit of ii 676

a , , . .
Qua dros , 11 44 9 . .
Ques a d a ta ken b y S a n ch o el B v ii ra o, . 4 47 .
Re d wa n Ven ega s , comm an der i n fight of th e Aj a rqui a , 11. 5 63 .
Reven ues kh a li f i 6 1 4
of th e s, . .
Ro de rick a c ces s i on o f i 2 1 9 ; h i s h
, , . c a ra c ter, 220; viola tes d a ugh
ter o f C oun t J ul i n 2 2 1 a , .
R on ces va lles rout o f i 4 06 , ,

. .
R us f h g rd en o f i 4 12 62 4
a a , a ,
.
, .
S a b a i 7 ; i ts an c i ent c ivili z a tion 8

, .
, .
S a l a d o ba ttl e o f th e ii 4 8 1
, , . .
S alern o Me dic a l S chool o f iii 4 5 ;

, ,
. i ts c on tr i bution s to med ic i n e
g y 46 4 7
a n d s ur er , , .
S muel R abbi o f G r n d l rn in g n d p ower o f

a , 1 31 a a a, ea a , 11 . .
S n cho el B r vo Ki ng of C tile ii 44 5
a - -
a , as , . .
S ncho th e F a t i 5 92 ; vis its C ord v 5 94

a , . o a, .
S anti a go des troye d b y Al Ma ur i 740 -

ns , . .
S a r gos s taken b y Mus i 2 4 9 u n der th e B en i H ud iii 44 8

a a a, .
-
, . .
S c ien ce i n Ara b i an S p in iii 4 76 4 77. a , .

,
S i nce i ts a chi evemen t iii 5 2 7—5 30

c e , s, . .
S ign iori l rights iii 38 7 38 8

e a , .
, .
S ep ti m n i a i ts origin
a d x t nt i 2 74 2 75
, an e e , .
, .
S erfs condi tion o f i n E ur p e iii 39 5 39 6 ; d e gra d ti on o f 397

, ,
o ,
.
, a , .
S evill e c p ture d b y M us i 2 44 ; urren d rs to F erdin n d ii

a a, . s e a , .
411 .
S ic il y grea t n a tura l a dva n ta ge s

, ii 1 cl s s ic tra dition s of 2 ; of, . a ,
con di ti on o f t ti m o f M o ri h i nv i on 7 ; invas ion of by

, a e o s as , ,
M os lems 9 1 0 mi x d p pu l ti o o f 62 ; s c i enti fic p rogres s

, , e o a n ,
o f i ts p eop l e 69 , .
S idi— Y ahy a treas on of 493, , 11 . .
S ilk manu f cture iii 62 5 a , . .
S i eb ert A rchb is hop of T l d he d s on s p i ra c y i 2 1 5

s , o e o, a c , . .
x S l a ves c a s te o f i 606 p w r n d in fl uen c e of 607

, , . o e a , .
S ia l li fe o f th e H is p n o Ar b i ii 652 65 3
oc a -
a , .
, .
I NDE X 69 5
Sp a in , c on diti on der th e kh lifs i

of , u n a ,
. 6 14 61 6 — .
St. J a m es th e Ap s tl l gen d f i 4 7 1
o e, e o . .
S tuc c o iii 5 4 9
, . .
S uleyma n Kha lif h i s cha ra c ter ii 8 5

, , , . .
S wo rd ven era te d i n Ara b i a i 9 4 ; imp orta n c e ,

. o f, a m on g th e
A bs iii 5 80ra , .
, 581 .
S yr cu s fi t s ie g
a e, rs e of, by th e Moo rs ii 13 ; s to rm e d by them
—
,
.
,
38 4 0 .
Ta lv aAr hbi h p f G n d h i h t iii 2 4 0

e ra , c s o o ra a a, s c a ra c e r, .
\ .
T ik inv d Sp i i 2 2 5 ; m h
ar a es thw d 2 37 qu a n, . a rc es n or ar ,
a rre s l
w ith M us 2 48 a, .
T rub tr che y o f i 5 01
a , ea r , . .
T x ti
a a f t i b ut ri s i 2 60
on o r a e , . .
T n dill
e C u t f C pt in G n r l f Gr d iii 2 4 0
a, o n o a a -
e e a o ana a, . .
T extil f bri iii 62 7

e a cs , . .
Th l ba a is d t p w i 3 1 8 ; h i ru lty 3 1 8
a ra e o o e r, . s c e ,
.
Th d mi r u r n d r M ur i t th A b i 2 4 7
eo o s r e e s c a o e ra s, . .
Th l gy i n A b i n Sp in iii 4 60
eo o ra a a ,
. .
T ol d i t t gth n d tiqu ity i 2 38 ; m

e o, s s ren r f it a an ,
. as s ac e o s c iti
z n by Al —H k m 4 60; b m i d p d nt 5 1 3
e s a e , eco es n e en e ,
.
T t Qu
o a, f N v h bility i 5 92 ; vi it C o d v
ee n o a a rre, er a , . s s r o a, 5 94 .
T i bu l o f th e W t
r na iii 602 603 a e rs , .
, .
T ub d urs in flu n
ro a f iii 82 8 3
o , e ce o ,
.
, .
Ub ed a s a c ke d b y th e Chris ti a n s , ii 34 0 . .
Utrera , G o m e z Men de z, govern or o f, kil l e d i n -

th e Aj a rqu i a , ii .
5 63 .
V l
a en c a i ta k en by J im ii a e, . 38 2 ; e xp l io u s n of M oors f ro m, iii .
3 14 .
V a s es f th H i p o A b iii 5 8 5 e s an o - ra s, . .
Vi ig th
s igi
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s , or f i n an ra on s o , . 1 66, 1 67 c on s t ituti on a n d
g ve m t 1 69 1 70 ; u il
o rn en , ,
co nc s, 1 71 ; hu h c rc es , 195 ; a rts ,
1 9 6 ; m n u f tur 1 9 6 ; m di c i a ac es , e n e, 19 7 ; d e s r s , 1 99 ; p ro fli
f th d li e of th i r p w r 2 63
g cy 2 2 7 a us ca es o e ec n e o e , .
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. .
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Wi ti za b ec omes ki n g i , . 2 17 ; his w i se m ea s ures , 2 1 8 ; hi s ex
c es s es , 2 19 .
W o men un der th Ar bs iii e a ,

. 4 4 6, 4 4 7 p rivil e ges o f, 65 5- 65 7 .
K at iv pros p rity
a, e o f, ii . 38 7 ; b es ieged b y J ime a , 38 9 ; s u rren der
o f, 39 1 .
Xim e n es ,C di l ch ar na , a ra c te r a n d or igin o f, iii . 2 35 , 2 36 ; bu r ns
A b ic m us c i pts
ra an r at Gr ana d a, 243 .
Ya hy f gui l da, reb lli n

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Y us u f , th e Alm vid inv d s Sp in ii 1 9 9 ; de th

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ter o f, 241 .
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. .
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a , l a hi h o i d f n c i 44 9 a rce o n a , s e ro c e e e, . .
Z ll c
a b ttle f ii 204
a a, a o , . .
Z m r s t rm d b y th M rs i 732
a o a o e e oo , . .
Z yd—I b n K s d v rru A d lu i i 2 38
e -
e a e o e ns n a s a, . .
Zi d t All h S lt
a e -
f Af ria ii 1 0 , u an o c a, . .
Zi y b th mu ic i n i 4 9 6 ; h i v r ti l ity 4 9 7
r a , e s a , s e sa
Z iy d—
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.
,
a Afl h p re f t id c n p i r y i 709 a , ec , a s o s ac , . .
Z b ir I b
o e l hi cc s d u i g th e i nv s i n
n- a f Afri s su es r n a o o ca, i .
Z n ri Heb r w p roph t i 2 89
o a a, e e , . .
E ND OF V L O UM E III .

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H I S T O RY

C o rd uba Famosh locu ples d c nom in e dic ta ,

H aos w rmm , P A SSI O S . P zLA c n

C up ti n—R evolts g i n s t th e P p cy—An t g n i m

C urt— Th S outh of Fr n c e—I t E ly C ivili z ti

di ti n f th e C lergy—Th e Un iver ity of M tp lli r

—Th Troub dour —Th e Alﬁg n s e —Th ir D eﬁ n c

of R me—A C ru de i p r ched g in s t Them—They

betw en th C ivili z tion f S i ily n d L gu d c

S u viv l f th Phil s ophi l Pri ip l s d Op i i n

In ﬂue c f th S miti R o C ivili z ti —E t pri e f

S ta tes men Phil ophe ,

Th ei r Nec ity t th R ul i g C l s e — They e

d ive to Us u y—T h eir P s p ity —

—Thei P ivil g s —Res t icti

C v ts C o diti s i S i ily Gre te S eve ity of

H e d f th Chu h— A bu f H i P ow er— R es ults of

th e Moors —P oli c y o f th e C rown —I tro duc tion o f th e

J Admi ni s tra tion of T a lavera—H i s P op u

l a ri ty —H p ers ede d by Ximen es —Th e Two Grea t

Sp a n is h C a rdi n a ls —Their Opp os ite Cha ra cters —I n

th e A ra b i c M a n us c ri pts — I n s u rrec ti o n o f th e Mo ri s c oes

a re E x il e d y hili p I I I —Their S uﬁeri n gs —E ﬂ ect

P ctices f P el tes d D eg d tio f th e P p c y

R eligi u H u e —Th e B y z n ti ne S ys tem— I ts Ch

dition f th Greeks —Th e P pl f W s t

s i on—Lif f th Nob l —H i Amu m t — Th e S e f

Chu h—I ts E xt di y Vit lity

Mos l m G re tn es s —H igh R k f S chol rs i Sp i n

Att inmen ts o f th e Kh lifs — Cha rac ter of A r b

L iter ture a P rogres s of S ienc e Th e Al x n d i n c e a r a

Mus eum—I t W n d erful D i s ov ri s — I ts C t i b uti n s

p ru den c H is tory e Geogr phy Phil s phy a o o

Al chemy Ch mi try Ph rm c y—Alb ertus M gnus

S urg y — I gn or c f their Theori s n d S ientiﬁ c

Applic ti n i n M diaev l E urop e P rev len c e f I m

p os tu re—F t lity o f E p id mics —Gre t Adva n c f th e

Ar b s i n Me dic l Kn w ledge—H os p ita l —T r tment

ti on r — C n tr s t b etw een th e Chri s ti n

Thei D bt to An tiquity—Thei E ly A chit ctu e

th e Mo l ems —Th H s ho Arch—I ts Ph l lic D e i

v ti a P rog es s f Artis tic E mbelli s h ment I ts

W de ful D ivers ity— B y z ntin e I ﬂuenc c E mp l oy

m t of E c u s tic T il e — Mos i c s of th e M que o f

Co d v S tuccoes — Thei C omp os ition d I n ﬁ ite

V iety of F m—S t l ctitic P en dentives —Woodwo k

D eriva tion H is pa no Ara b A chitecture D v l p

men t o f Art i n Moo is h Sp in—I ts Three E p h r a oc s

An im l F orms —P inti g d S c ulpture—Mu l D ec

orati —Th e I n dus t i l A t —Workin g of Met l

and I llumi n a tion—D es t u ti f th e Artis tic R m i r c on o e a ns

Agric ultur l S ys tem of th e Sp n i h Moors —I t W

bun l of th e W ters —Th e W k of I b al —

o f th P ins ul —Ma u f tu s —Th e G e t M s l m

P s p ity of S ic ily — Th M gnetic Needl — G

p ow de a n d Artill ery—W —C oina ge—Cha r t i ti

Polyg m y and Mor ls —S l very—Amus em ts —Th e

Othe P times —D nces —Mu s io

li i ti e of H i s p no A b C ivili z ati on—Th e C us des

m t en s o Con clus ion

C mmo erce e a on e ers o a es e

L angu d — S u viv l f th Phil phi l P i ip l s n d

TH E xtra ordin a ry impul s e to s ci en tiﬁc in ves tiga