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Advance Preparation/Comments
1. A “#” symbol after “rate” data indicates that equilibrium was not reached for that solute.
Membrane MWCO
Solute 20 50 100 200
0.0150
Na1Cl2 0.0000 0.0150
0.0300
Urea 0.0000 0.0094
Albumin 0.0000
Glucose 0.0040
Activity Questions:
1. No, none of the solutes tested passed through the 20 MWCO membrane. They were all too large.
2. Yes, Na1 Cl2 diffused through the 50 MWCO membrane.
3. Increasing the size of the solute slowed down the rate of diffusion.
4. Increasing the solute concentration increased the rate of diffusion.
Activity Questions:
1. They are moving with their concentration gradient.
2. The rate of facilitated diffusion increased when the number of carriers was increased.
3. Equilibrium was not reached with 100 membrane carriers and 10 mM glucose because the carriers became
saturated and unable to move the glucose across the membrane fast enough.
4. The membrane imbedded carrier in this simulation is only transporting glucose. It is not depending upon
the cotransport of Na1Cl2, so the addition of Na1Cl2 had no effect.
Activity Questions:
1. The 20 MWCO membrane generated the most pressure. Na1Cl2 diffuses through the other membranes.
2. The osmostic pressure increases proportionally with increasing solute concentration.
3. No, if solutes diffuse, no osmotic pressure is generated.
4. The albumin can’t diffuse, so osmotic pressure is generated on the left. The glucose is small enough
to diffuse.
Membrane (MWCO)
20 50 200 200
Solute Filtration rate (ml/sec) 1.00 2.50 10.00 20.00
Filter concentration (mg/ml) 0.00 4.81 4.81 4.81
Na1Cl2
Membrane residue present present present present
Filter concentration (mg/ml) 0.00 0.00 4.74 4.74
Urea
Membrane residue present present present present
Filter concentration (mg/ml) 0.00 0.00 4.34 4.34
Glucose
Membrane residue present present present present
Powdered Filter concentration (mg/ml) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
charcoal Membrane residue present present present present
Activity Questions:
1. The solutes filtered were too large to pass through the 20 MWCO filter.
2. The two variables that affected the rate of filtration were the size of the pores in the membrane and the
pressure applied to the filter.
3. The best way to increase the filtration rate in living membranes would be to increase the pressure applied.
The powdered charcoal had the largest molecular weight because it was not able to pass through the
filtration membrane.
S h ee t
and Permeability
A c t i v i t y 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion)
Re v i e w
1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Increasing the size of the solute decreases the rate of diffusion.
2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare
with your prediction? Urea was not able to diffuse because it was too large to fit through the pores. This matched the prediction made.
3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the
results compare with your prediction? Glucose was able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO; the albumin, however, was too large.
4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea.
The following are put in order from smallest to largest: sodium chloride, urea, glucose, and albumin.
1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs. Similarities
include: solutes move with their concentration gradient; the processes are both passive. A difference is that facilitated diffusion requires a carrier.
2. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport.
Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? With more carriers
present, more glucose is able to be moved across the membrane. The correct prediction is that the rate increases.
3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na1Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked
the
1 2
choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Na Cl should have no effect because it is not
required for the transport of the glucose. The carrier is only moving glucose.
1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na1Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did
1 2
the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the Na Cl concentration increased the osmotic pressure,
because it is a passive process. It is different because it is the movement of water, rather than solutes.
3. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water chases milliosmoles.” The net movement
of water is with its concentration gradient. This means that it moves toward the higher concentration of solutes.
4. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane
in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? The osmotic pressure
was generated by the albumin, which was too large to diffuse. The glucose diffused through the membrane.
A c t i v i t y 4 Simulating Filtration
1. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your state-
ment. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the pore size should proportionally increase
2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. The powdered charcoal did not
3. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results
compare with your prediction? At the lower pressure, all of the solutes were filtering through, so increasing the pressure just caused
1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell,
instead of other concentration ratios. The concentration of the ions is significant because sodium and potassium are transported
2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your
prediction? Sodium and potassium are required to move these ions using the pump. If one is absent movement will not occur.
3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results
compare with your prediction? Glucose is not tied in any way to the movement of sodium or potassium in this simulation.
4. Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your
answer. Glucose is moving with its concentration gradient through a carrier. This is facilitated diffusion.