Epithermal Deposits in Volcanic Arcs: Understanding and Exploration (Slides)

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Epithermal deposits in volcanic arcs: Understanding and exploration (slides)
Conference Paper · March 2015
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University of Ottawa
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Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
R  Overview: epithermal Au-Ag deposits

R  Causes of fundamental characteristics
R  Arc-hosted epithermal features
R  Link to deeper porphyry Cu-Au deposits
Global Gold Endowment
39.3%

Lin
ke
d

(+ >70% world Cu)
From Goldfarb, 2014;
data from Lipson, 2014
J.W. Hedenquist 1
Cu-Au
High & intermediate Low

sulfidation
From R. Goldfarb, after Groves et al. (2005)
Porphyry systems High-sulfidation Au-Cu

Ep
ithe
Epithermal
veins Au-Ag
rm
(Pb-Zn)
al
Base of lithocap
(advanced argillic
alteration) Distal Pb-
Zn skarn
Replacement
Zn-Pb-Ag
Sillitoe, 2010
Economic Geology
Porphyry
Cu-Au Proximal Cu-
Au skarn
J.W. Hedenquist 2
Sl
Ya
Wa RMt
Vi To
Waldemar Lindgren, 1922:

“epithermal” = over, above;
<1 km deep (<300 oC)
Arcs Rifts alkalic
HS IS LS LS(a)
Hedenquist et al., 1996, 2000
Location of Principal Epithermal Gold Deposits

Western
Pacific
Belt
Tethyan Belt
Eastern
Pacific
Belt
Arribas et al., 2000�
J.W. Hedenquist 3
≤800oC hypogene vapors,

with HCl, SO2
Vapor condensates,
pH <1
White Island, New Zealand: drowned fumaroles, 2007
Satsuma Iwojima, Japan
pH 0.2
acidic stream,
pH ~0.6
J.W. Hedenquist 4
Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy),

barren
pH 1-2,
Quartz-alunite,
H2SO4
barren
HCl
Early: High T magmatic

Base of lithocap R  Coupled brine + vapor
R  Potassic (~500oC) +
advanced argillic lithocap
R  Wavy qtz veins, no halo
R  Cu sulfides (but barren
lithocap)
Sillitoe, 2010
Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy)

± enargite, Au (HS)
Quartz-alunite
IS veins
ica
i t em
h
W p, tn Early: High T magmatic
Base of lithocap C R  Coupled brine + vapor
R  Potassic (~500oC) +
advanced argillic lithocap
R  Wavy qtz veins, no halo
R  Metal sulfides (barren
lithocap)
Sillitoe, 2010
Porphyry
Cu (Au)
J.W. Hedenquist 5
Geometry of lithocaps
(and HS ore)
  Lithology-controlled
lithocap alteration horizon Lithology-
controlled
  Structure-controlled lithocap
feeder zone Mineralization
(enargite + Au)
Structure-
controlled
Sillitoe, 1995
Chang and White, 2005
Steven and Ratté, 1960
J.W. Hedenquist 6
Summitville, Colorado
Nansatsu district, Japan (~1 Moz Au):

Iwato high sulf’dn deposit (Maruyama pit)
Inset: qtz-alunite halo, sharp ctc with vuggy qtz, to r.)
J.W. Hedenquist 7
Urashima et
al., 1981
First recognition of lithocap control
Tuff breccia
Nansatsu Group
Mohong Hill
quartz-alunite
lithocap
J.W. Hedenquist 8
Most ore (~70%)

in root zone of
lithocap, in
Lepanto fault or
its splay branches
Lepanto
fault
Hedenquist et al., 1998;

Chang et al., 2011
Dickite ±
kaolinite
Quartz-
alunite
Dickite ± NW end of lithocap:
kaolinite qtz-alunite cliffs at
unconformity, with
1 km
kaolinite halo
Chang et al., 2011
J.W. Hedenquist 9
X Small
workings,
1-4 g/t Au
Breccias
< 50 ppb Au
1 km
Chang et al., 2011
Lepanto HS:> 0.9

Mt Cu & 102 t Au
Buaki
porphyry FSE porphyry:
892Mt @ 0.5% Cu
& 0.7 g/t Au
Victoria veins, 11
Mt @ 7.3 g/t Au +
Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn
Guinaoang
porphyry, 500
Teresa veins, 0.8 Mt Mt @ 0.4% Cu
@ 5.74 g/t Au & 0.4 g/t Au
Nayak veins
1 km
Mohong Hill
porphyry + HS
Chang et al., 2011
J.W. Hedenquist 10
FSE porphyry
Lepanto
>4 k Victoria veins

m
Chang et al., 2011
Lepanto HS Victoria IS
500 m
Vuggy qtz, en
+ Au ore
Qtz-alun (py), Far Southeast
dick-kaol porphyry Cu
Chang et al., 2011
J.W. Hedenquist 11
X-section
Candiotti et al., 1990
J.W. Hedenquist 12
Banded
rhodoch
quartz-
rosite ve
Muscovite
halo
in
Temp. oC 100 200 300

Musc
1 km (ser)
Dietrich et Barren
al., 2007
14.7-
14.1 Ma
13.7 Ma
13.5 Ma
J.W. Hedenquist 13
Catchpole et al., 2012
Miocene volcanic Year discovery (production)
arc, Peru: mid 80s (1993)
2000 (2005)
>100 Moz gold in
high-sulfidation in N.
Peru; S. Peru thought 1996 (1998)
to be “Ag district”
Alto Chicama, Peru: 14 Moz Au PR

2000 (2004)
1997 (2002)
ARUNTANI
ARCATA Ag
2008: CHUCAPACA
J.W. Hedenquist 14
Discovery of a new ore type (high sullf’dn) in abandoned

Pb-Zn-Ag (intermediate sulf’dn) vein mining district
Tucari dome-hosted high sulf’dn Au mine
J.W. Hedenquist 15
Chucapaca
Aruntani
Gold rush to southern Peru in 2004
J.W. Hedenquist 16
Canahuire (San Gabriel) resource model & pit shell, 2011
W E
lisation
Minera
100E
300W
Open
g/t Au 700W
Looking North
Lithocap stageBarren lithocap stage

(shoulder of intrusion)
w/r <10 w/r >>10

Barren early stage
–
300 m
J.W. Hedenquist 17
sm
wm
Cu, Au
Phyllic overprint
White mica (wm) ––
300 m
Pyrophyllite
Smectite clays (sm)
Enargite Cu-Au-Ag
Veins Au-Ag-(Pb-Zn±Cu)
Porphyry Cu-Au
Hedenquist and Taran, 2013
Co. Cocañez barren lithocap
Co. Cocañez: Barren quartz-

alunite lithocap (16.1 Ma);
related to Perol porphyry?
Minas Conga: Perol porphyry

(15.8 Ma), 10 km east of
Yanacocha (8-12 Ma)
J.W. Hedenquist 18
Assess level of erosion…

Potential for deeper
porphyry Cu deposits,
even if lithocap is barren
Veins?
ica
em
hit
W
Patchy dickite
- pyrophyllite to
white mica,
vein stockwork
Porphyry
Cu-Au?
Sillitoe, 2010
McLaughlin, California, 3.5 Moz Au:

Low-sulf’dn veins beneath sinter
(old Hg mine)
Henley, 1983
J.W. Hedenquist 19
Discovered on last traverse of 1995 season
Big Bend Zone: 40% of all

metal of the Kupol deposit:
low-sulf’dn epithermal vein
J.W. Hedenquist 20
Au
Ag
B. Thomson et al., Kinross, Nov 2013
Kupol clay minerals (cross section, looking N)
B. Thomson et al., Kinross, Nov 2013
J.W. Hedenquist 21
Higher T Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003
Early alunite Kochbulak
Sulfide rich
IS (and HS)-
state sulfides Intrusion
Higher Ag:Au Arcs source
andesite of NaCl
Lower T
Kupol
Adularia-calcite
Sulfide poor Basalt
Rifts source
LS-state bimodal of H2S?
sulfides
Low Ag:Au
J.W. Hedenquist 22
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Epithermal Deposits in Volcanic Arcs: Understanding and Exploration (Slides)

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Epithermal deposits in volcanic arcs: Understanding and exploration (slides)

Conference Paper · March 2015

Epithermal gold exploration View project

Porphyry copper exploration View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

R Overview: epithermal Au-Ag deposits

Global Gold Endowment

High & intermediate Low

From R. Goldfarb, after Groves et al. (2005)

Porphyry systems High-sulfidation Au-Cu

Waldemar Lindgren, 1922:

Arcs Rifts alkalic

Hedenquist et al., 1996, 2000

Location of Principal Epithermal Gold Deposits

Arribas et al., 2000�

≤800oC hypogene vapors,

White Island, New Zealand: drowned fumaroles, 2007

Satsuma Iwojima, Japan

Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy),

Early: High T magmatic

Porphyry systems Residual quartz (vuggy)

Steven and Ratté, 1960

Nansatsu district, Japan (~1 Moz Au):

First recognition of lithocap control

Most ore (~70%)

Hedenquist et al., 1998;

Chang et al., 2011

Chang et al., 2011

Lepanto HS:> 0.9

>4 k Victoria veins

Chang et al., 2011

Chang et al., 2011

Candiotti et al., 1990

Temp. oC 100 200 300

Catchpole et al., 2012

Miocene volcanic Year discovery (production)

arc, Peru: mid 80s (1993)

Alto Chicama, Peru: 14 Moz Au PR

Discovery of a new ore type (high sullf’dn) in abandoned

Tucari dome-hosted high sulf’dn Au mine

Gold rush to southern Peru in 2004

Canahuire (San Gabriel) resource model & pit shell, 2011

Lithocap stageBarren lithocap stage

w/r <10 w/r >>10

Hedenquist and Taran, 2013

Co. Cocañez barren lithocap

Co. Cocañez: Barren quartz-

Minas Conga: Perol porphyry

Assess level of erosion…

McLaughlin, California, 3.5 Moz Au:

Discovered on last traverse of 1995 season

Big Bend Zone: 40% of all

B. Thomson et al., Kinross, Nov 2013

Kupol clay minerals (cross section, looking N)

B. Thomson et al., Kinross, Nov 2013

Higher T Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003

Early alunite Kochbulak

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R  Overview: epithermal Au-Ag deposits