Dr.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

OZONE AND THE PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERE WITH

SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Semester IX

Seminar Paper on

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Submitted to-
ASST. PROF. MR. ABDULLAH NASIR
Submitted by-
SHIVAM JAISWAL
2013-18, B.A LL.B (Hons.) Roll NO. 122
Enrollment No. 130101120

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INDEX

1. Acknowledgement ...................3
2. Introduction .................... 4
3. Natural behaviour of ozone in the environment and its role ..........5

4. Why and how the ozone protection and protection of atmosphere has
become a global problem? ....................6
5. Consequences of Ozone layer depletion ...............7
6. Some important International Conventions and Protocols ...........9
-Stockholm Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Environment
1972
-Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air-Pollution 1979
- United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea 1982
-Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone layer 1985
-Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer 1987
(Including London and Copenhagen Amendments)
-Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992
-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994

7. Role of India in dealing with the Ozone layer depletion ............14

8. Conclusion .....................17
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................18

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank respected Mr. ABDULLAH NASIR Sir, for giving
me such an excellent opportunity to show my skills, through my project and
enhance my knowledge on this topic.

This paper is the result of extensive ultrapure study; hard work and labor, put into
make it worth reading and this was possible only with the heartiest support of my
subject teacher.

I wish to acknowledge that in completing this project I had full support of my

library staff. This project would not had been completed without the help of my
university’s library Dr. Madhu Limaye library that had various quality books on
the chosen topic and the university’s internet facility that helped me in making my
research a success.

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 INTRODUCTION

There is something special about the planet Earth. The air, water, land and every other essential
thing which needs a living being to stay alive is present on the surface of Earth and that makes it
a very special and unique is respect to other heavenly bodies. Every living creature in this world
lives either on the land or in water or in air. As the world wide population keep growing from
years to years various alternate resources to sustain has been continuously exploring, results to
this- human being keep exploring land as well as water. It is not wrong to say that human being
for its own interest is continuously creating a nuisance to other living beings. In doing so not
only other living creatures are been affected but our natural resources are also affected- the river,
ocean, ponds continuously contaminated by chemicals and hazardous waste released from
factories, from the continuously emission of harmful gases from industries, motor vehicle and
the dumping of lethal wastes are all creating lot of pollution on the surface of earth which results
into the lethal condition for living on this planet.

There are various treaties and agreement that has been signed by an International Organizations
and in between the countries to deal with the Environment protection especially in the last 20-30
years. The growing concern is not only for the present generation who is utilising all the
resources but the concern is also for our future generation in a form of sustainable development.

This paper concerns with the protection of atmosphere and ozone layer. I will discuss all the
relevant issues which are directly and indirectly related with the said issue. In this paper; firstly I
will discuss the natural behaviour of ozone in the environment and its role. Secondly, I will
discuss how and why the ozone protection and protection of atmosphere has become a global
problem. Thirdly, I will discuss some aspects regarding the adverse effects resulting from the
depletion in ozone layer. Fourthly, I will discuss the major treaties that has been signed and
ratified among the International Organization and the respective nations. Fifthly, I will discuss
the role of India in dealing with this global problem and How far India is eager to deal with this
problem and lastly, in the end a brief conclusion about the said discussion.

The environment is the surrounding in which we live. However there are number of legal
definitions. The environment consists of all, or any, of the following media, namely the air,
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water, and land; and the medium of air includes the air within buildings and the air within other
natural or manmade structures above or below the ground1. The environment is complex with the
interrelation between different species, ecosystems and life cycles. It does not operate in a
broadly autonomous legal system such as probate, housing, or employment law. It cuts across a
number of disciplines and it is rare for even environmental practitioners to be familiar with all its
various facets. Unsurprisingly environmental law has for some time been cited as a growth area
in the legal profession and, it shows the society’s awareness about the environment2.

Natural behaviour of ozone in the environment and its role

Ozone is a gas found in the atmosphere in very small amounts, averaging about three molecules
of ozone for every 10 million air molecules. But despite its scarcity, ozone plays very significant
roles in the atmosphere. Ozone is mainly found in two regions of the Earth's atmosphere. Most
ozone (about 90%) resides in a layer that begins between 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kilometres)
above the Earth's surface and extends up to about 30 miles (50 kilometers). This region of the
atmosphere is called the stratosphere. The ozone in this region is commonly known as the ozone
layer. The remaining ozone is in the lower region of the atmosphere, which is commonly called
the troposphere3.

The ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and the lower atmosphere
(troposphere) are chemically identical, because they all consist of three oxygen atoms and have
the chemical formula O3. However, they have very different roles in the atmosphere and very
different effects on humans and other living beings. Stratospheric ozone referred to as "good
ozone" plays a beneficial role by absorbing most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet
sunlight, allowing only a small amount to reach the Earth's surface. The absorption of ultraviolet
radiation by ozone creates a source of heat, which actually forms the stratosphere itself (a region
in which the temperature rises as one goes to higher altitudes). Ozone thus plays a key role in the
temperature structure of the Earth's atmosphere. Without the filtering action of the ozone layer,

1
Section 1(2) of Environmental Protection Act, 1990 of United Kingdom.
2
Paul Stookes, “A Practical Approach to Environmental Law”, 2 nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Pg No.9-11.
3
http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm

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more of the Sun's UV-B radiation would penetrate the atmosphere and would reach the Earth's
surface. Many experimental studies of plants and animals and clinical studies of humans have
shown the harmful effects of excessive exposure to UV-B radiation. At the Earth's surface, ozone
comes into direct contact with life-forms and displays its destructive side (hence, it is often
called "bad ozone"). Because ozone reacts strongly with other molecules, high levels of ozone
are toxic to living systems. Several studies have documented the harmful effects of ozone on
crop production, forest growth, and human health4.

Why and how the ozone protection and protection of atmosphere has become
a global problem?

The ozone layer filters out dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, thus protecting life
on Earth. Scientists believe that the ozone layer was formed about 400 million years ago,
essentially remaining undisturbed for most of that time. In 1974, two chemists from the
University of California startled the world community with the discovery that emissions of man-
made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a widely used group of industrial chemicals, might be
threatening the ozone layer. The scientists, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, postulated
that when CFCs reach the stratosphere, UV radiation from the sun causes these chemically-stable
substances to decompose, leading to the release of chlorine atoms. Once freed from their bonds,
the chlorine atoms initiate a chain reaction that destroys substantial amounts of ozone in the
stratosphere. The scientists estimated that a single chlorine atom could destroy as many as
100,000 ozone molecules. The theory of ozone depletion was confirmed by many scientists over
the years. In 1985 ground-based measurements by the British Antarctic Survey recorded massive
ozone loss (commonly known as the “ozone hole”) over the Antarctic, providing further
confirmation of the discovery. These results were later confirmed by satellite measurements.

The discovery of the “ozone hole” alarmed the general public and governments and paved the
way for the adoption in 1987 of the treaty now known as the Montreal Protocol on substances
that deplete the Ozone Layer. Thanks to the Protocol’s rapid progress in phasing out the most

4 http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Ozone.html

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dangerous ozone-depleting substances, the ozone layer is expected to return to its pre-1980s state
by 2060–75, more than 70 years after the international community agreed to take action. The
Montreal Protocol has been cited as “perhaps the single most successful international
environmental agreement to date” and an example of how the international community can
successfully cooperate to solve seemingly intractable global environmental challenges5.

Consequences of Ozone layer depletion that concerned global-

a. Effects of Human and Animal Health

With the continuous penetration of solar ultraviolet radiation the impact on human and
animals are drastic as various type of skin diseases and other infectious diseases are
occurring. UV radiation exposure in the naked eye leads to damage of the cornea and lens of
the eye.

b. Effects on Terrestrial Plants

In forests and grasslands increased ultraviolet radiation is likely to result in changes in

species composition thus altering the bio-diversity in different ecosystems. It also affect the
plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form, secondary metabolism etc.

c. Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems

It is feared that increased levels of UV exposure can have adverse impacts on the
productivity of aquatic systems. High levels of exposure in tropics and subtropics may affect
the distribution of phytoplankton which form the foundation of aquatic food webs. A recent
study has indicated that 6-12% reduction in phytoplankton production in the marginal ice
zone due to increase in UV rays. It also damages early development stages of fish, shrimp
and other amphibians.

d. Effects on Air Quality

5
http://www.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/events/121113-vital-graphics-book.

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 Reduction of stratospheric ozone and increased penetration of UV-B radiation result in
higher photo dissociation rates of key trace gases that control the chemical reactivity of the
troposphere. This can increase both production and destruction of ozone and related oxidants
such as hydrogen peroxide which are known to have adverse effects on human health,
terrestrial plants and outdoor materials. Increased troposphere reactivity could also lead to
increased production of particulates such as cloud condensation nuclei from the oxidation
and subsequent nucleation of sulphur of both anthropogenic and natural origin.

e. Effects on Materials

An increased level of solar UV radiation is known to have adverse effects on synthetic

polymers, naturally occurring biopolymers and some other materials of commercial interest.
UV-B radiation accelerates the photo degradation rates of these materials thus limiting their
lifetimes.

f. Effects on Climate Change

Ozone depletion and climate change are linked in a number of ways, but ozone depletion is
not a major cause of climate change. Atmospheric ozone has two effects on the temperature
balance of the Earth. It absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation, which heats the stratosphere. It
also absorbs infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, effectively trapping heat in the
troposphere. Therefore, the climate impact of changes in ozone concentrations varies with the
altitude at which these ozone changes occur. The major ozone losses that have been observed
in the lower stratosphere due to the human-produced chlorine- and bromine-containing gases
have a cooling effect on the Earth's surface. On the other hand, the ozone increases that are
estimated to have occurred in the troposphere because of surface-pollution gases have a
warming effect on the Earth's surface, thereby contributing to the "greenhouse" effect. In
comparison to the effects of changes in other atmospheric gases, the effects of both of these
ozone changes are difficult to calculate accurately6.

6
Sivasakthivel. T and K.K. Siva Kumar Reddy, “Ozone Layer Depletion and its Effects: A Review”, International
Journal on Environmental Science and Development, Vol 2,No. 1, Feb 2011.

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As it has been above said that air pollution is a global problem and that is why this necessitates
International Cooperation in fighting the battle against the transboundary atmospheric pollution.
International conventions and declarations have stressed the need for a co-operative spirit from
all the countries that is developed and developing countries both. Co-operation through
multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively
control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects. In International Customary
law on transboundary pollution, two principles enjoy significant support-

(a) A duty to prevent, reduce and control pollution and environmental harm.
(b) A duty to cooperate in mitigating environmental risks and emergencies7.

Some important International Conventions and Protocols are being discussed

below-

1. Stockholm Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972

India participated in this conference to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the
natural resources of the Earth including the preservation of the quality of air and control of
air pollution. According to the preamble, the main aim of the declaration was to shape a
common outlook and common principles to inspire and guide the world in the preservation
and enhancement of the human environment. This was considered to be the imperative for
the well being of people and for economic development throughout the world. It further
recognized the necessity to defend and improve the human environment for present and
future generations through established goals of peace and for worldwide economic and
social development. Principle 1 and 2 of the Stockholm Declaration says it the responsibility
of man ‘to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations’.

The declaration also lays down that the discharge of toxic and other substances and the
release of heat should not exceed the capacity of the environment and in this context it has to
be ensured that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The
principles from 11-17 requires the various states to make environmental policies, regional

7
Birnie PW and Boyle Alan E, International Law and the Environment, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.

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 planning including planning for human settlements and urbanisation and appropriate
institutions with a view to manage environmental resources and hence environmental quality.
Significantly, state should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to their development
planning to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve
environment.

Principle 21 says that- “the states having the sovereign right to exploit their own resources
pursuant to their own environmental policies’, they have ‘the responsibility to ensure that
activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction’.

It has been opined that this principle has remained a highly influential statement in the
subsequent development of law and particularly in multilateral treaties including the Geneva
Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Ozone convention.

2. Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air-Pollution 1979

This convention agreed under the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 1979,
was the first real attempt to set up a formal framework of controls over air pollution between
nations. The convention was purely preventative in nature and contained no liability
provisions. The treaty came into force in 1983 and most of the major industrial European
states are signatories along with USA and Canada. India is not the part of this. The
convention is a classic example of a political compromise solution to an international
problem. It is a framework treaty, which sets out various broad principles of cooperation and
joint research into the problems of transboundary air pollution8. The convention created a
network between the contracting states by committing them to sharing information,
conducting research and consulting on policies and strategies to combat air pollution9.

3. United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea 1982

8
Environment Law by Stuart Bell and Donald McGillivrary, Oxford Publication, Eight Edition. Pg No. 517.
9
Principle 3-8 of the Convention.

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 The convention required the states to adopt law and regulations to prevent, reduce and
control pollution of the marine environment from or through the atmosphere, applicable to
the air space under their sovereignty.

4. Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone layer 1985

The convention was entered into force on 22 September 1988. India was just a party to it
only. It obliged the signatory parties to take appropriate measures to protect human health
and environment against adverse effects resulting from modification of the ozone layer. For
this purpose, guidelines were laid down relating to research, transmission of information,
exchange of information, cooperation in the legal, scientific and technical field. The
contracting parties were required to adopt appropriate legislative and administrative measures
and harmonise appropriate policies to control limit or reduce activities likely to have adverse
effects due to modification of ozone layer. Once again the nature of these measures is not
defined. Developing countries like India, were concerned that restrictions in the use of ozone
depleting substances might affect adversely to industrial development. While the countries
like the USA, which had unilaterally reduced presumption of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC),
were in favour of a strong regime to restrain the use of ozone depleting substances. Article 4
of the convention said only required state to ‘cooperate, consistent with their national laws,
regulations and practices’10.

The convention proved inadequate to satisfy the concerns of developing countries that CFC
substitutes might not be available to them or would be prohibitively expensive and the issue
was opened in later negotiations.

5. Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 (Including
London and Copenhagen Amendments)

10
Sanjay Upadhyay and Videh Upadhyay, “ Handbook on Environmental Law- Water Laws, Air Laws and the
Environment’, Volume II, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Pg No. 131.

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 Montreal Protocol is a classic example of the harmonious collaboration between scientists,
industry and policy makers. It is in fact a unique and historic protocol in the environment
protection11.

Adopted under the Vienna Convention, the protocol entered into force on 1 January
1989(London Amendments were enforced on 8 October 1992 and Copenhagen Amendment
in November 1992).

The preamble to the amended protocol states that its aim is to protect the ozone layer by
taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emission of Ozone
Depletion (ODS) with the ultimate objective of their elimination, on the basis of
developments in scientific knowledge, taking into account technical and economic
considerations and bearing in mind the development needs of developing countries. The
protocol lays down measures to control/ regulate the production, consumption, import and
export of substances listed in the annexure A and B to the protocol. It also provides for
cooperation between the parties in promoting research, development and exchange of
information on maters relating to controlled substances. Further, the parties to the protocol
are obliged to assess the control measures atleast every four years after 1990. The protocol
also adopts new financial and technical incentives to encourage developing states in
particular, to switch over as quickly as possible to alternative substances and technologies.
Further, the problem of non-parties is dealt by banning trade in controlled substances with
these states12.

6. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992

The UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 adopted the declaration. It

reaffirmed the declaration of the Stockholm convention. The main objective of the
declaration was to build upon the Stockholm convention with the goal of establishing global
partnership through co-operation among the states, key sector societies and people. It
recognised the integral and interdependent nature of the earth and aimed to work towards

11
Christos Zerefos, Georgios Contopoulos and Gregory Skalkeas, “Twenty Years of Ozone Decline- Proceedings of
the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol”, Springer Publication.
12
Article 4

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 international agreements that seek to protect global environment and developmental systems.
In the light of the controversies, between the developed and the developing states on the
question of use of ozone depleting substances, the assertion that standards applied by some
countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other
countries, in particular developing countries assumes significant. In this context, the
declaration that environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect
the environmental and development context to which they apply is particularly important13.
Further, the declaration mandates development of law regarding liability and compensation
for victims of pollution and damage by the states. Also of importance is the principle that
national authority should endeavour to internalise environmental costs and use of economic
instruments taking into account the polluter pays and precautionary principle.14

7. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994

Though the convention was concluded at Rio de Janiero in 1992, it came into force in the year
1994. Article 2 of the framework states that the objectives of the convention as to achieve
stabilisation of green house gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change has since indicated that definition of what is ‘dangerous’ is a political
judgement. Article 3 lays down guidelines for the signatory parties for achieving the objective of
the convention. These include precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimise the
cause of climate change and to mitigate its harmful effects, use of precautionary principle and
promotion of sustainable development etc. The commitments of the parties are listed in Article 4
of the convention. The industrialised countries committed themselves to the aim of returning
their greenhouse gas emissions (not covered by the Montreal Protocol) to their 1990 levels by the
year 2000. It has been suggested that a more realistic option would be to ask the industrialised

13
Principle 11 further says that ‘standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted
economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries’.
14
Supreme Court in the case of MC Mehta V. Union of India (1997) said that the precautionary principle and the
polluter pays principle are part of the environmental law of the country.

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countries to move the base year from year from 1999 to 2000 in recognition of the failures of the
nineties15.

Role of India in dealing with the Ozone layer depletion

(a) Since 1993, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has played a crucial
role in the phase- out of ozone depleting substances by the Government of India and has
been instrumental in implementing US$ 40 million in multilateral fund projects.
(b) As a result of support, India completely phased out production and consumption of
Chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride and halons, man-made chemicals responsible
for the depletion of the Ozone Layer. This remarkable milestone was achieved two years
ahead of schedule. With this achievement, India has contributed significantly to this
global environmental cause, by reducing 25,000 ozone depleting particles tonnes and a
further potential of 23,000 ozone depleting particles.
(c) carbon tetrachloride, a harmful chemical is used by some of the largest steel
manufacturing units in the country, to clean steel. Today, many steel companies,
including the country’s largest public sector undertaking in the steel sector, use
tetrachloroethene which is less harmful for the environment.
(d) manufacturers of metered dose inhalers have completely transitioned to ozone-friendly
and affordable alternatives, demonstrating the potential for environment-friendly public
health management in the country.
(e) As a next step, UNDP is supporting the Government of India in phasing out Hydro
chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by 2030, as part of the country’s commitment to the
Montreal Protocol16.

The Indian Judiciary has been very conscious of the need to protect and preserve our
environment. The Apex Court has held that the right to a clean and healthy environment is a
facet of the right to life enshrined under Article 21 of the constitution. The court has taken

15
Ibid. Page No. 129-134.
16
http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/protecting-the-
ozone-layer-protecting-the-global-environment.html

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cognizance in various occasions on the hazards of illegal and indiscriminate mining of iron ore
or discharge of toxic effluents into water bodies or the deteriorating quality of air etc.

In Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd v. Bombay Environmental Action Group17, the court
stressed that ‘with major threats to the environment, such as climate change, depletion of natural
resources, the eutrophication of water systems and biodiversity and global warming, the need to
protect the environment has become a priority.

In the case of Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board v C Kenchapppa18, the High Court
said that-

“The entire world is facing a serious problem of environmental degradation due to

indiscriminate development. Industrialization, burning of fossil fuels and massive deforestation
are leading to degradation of environment. Today the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, the
principal source of global warming is 26% higher than pre-industrial concentration. The Earth’s
surface reached its record level of warming in 1990. In fact, six of the seven warmest years on
record have occurred since 1980, according to the World Watch Institute’s 1992 report. The rise
in global temperature has also been confirmed by the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate
Change set up by the United Nations in its final report published in August 1990. The Global
warming has led to unprecedented rise in the sea level. Apart from melting of the polar ice it has
led to inundation of low- lying coastal regions. Global warming is expected to profoundly affect
species and ecosystem. Melting of polar ice and glaciers, thermal expansion of seas would cause
worldwide flooding and unprecedented rise in the sea level if gas emissions continue at the
present rate. Enormous amount of gases and chemicals emitted to by the industrial plants and
automobiles have led to depletion of ozone layers which serve as a shield to protect life on the
earth from the ultra-violet rays of the sun.”

National Green Tribunal in Court on its Own Motion v State of H.P19 cautioned against the
dangers of global warming in the following manner:

17
(2006) 3SCC 434
18
(2006) 6 SCC 371
19
2014 SCC OnLine NGT 1

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“Global warming has a direct impact on environment and ecology of any zone. Global warming ,
a succession of hot summers through the 1980s seemed to bear out the conservationist’s
warming that the earth’s climate was warming up. This global warming, if it is indeed the case,
is a consequence of the large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by industries,
power stations and motor vehicles. The earth’s temperature will rise, the polar caps will melt,
raising sea levels and causing catastrophic flooding in low lying areas and large areas of
productive land will become desert. This global warming heat has affected various countries in
the world. The glaciers on the Mt. Blanc were melting causing slush; the impact of what keeps
on happening in the solar atmosphere and the sun directly affects our planet, hence there is a
need to tackle global warming. Environmentalists present a grim picture of the effects of global
warming with the mean temperature of the earth increased by about 1.6 degree Celsius. This is a
declaration made at a conference of Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Changes.
Global warming represents the increase in the average temperature of earth’s near surface air
and oceans.

It is indeed comforting that our judiciary appears to have adopted a hands-on approach in
acknowledging the challenges that climate change poses and placing environmental interests at a
higher pedestal20.

CONCLUSION

Human beings are really blessed that they by their intellect making every possible way to live
their life more comfortable. We have forgotten that our innovations and advances are not
disjointed from the environment we live in. We must bear in the mind that the Earth is not only
ours alone; it belongs equally to our future generations. So it is our collective responsibility to
repair the damage we and our predecessors have done and ensure that our future generations
inherit an environment in which they too can lead fruitful and comfortable lives.

The whole world is now cooperating towards the depletion of ozone layer and really Montreal
Protocol seems to be the most successful international cooperation in the world history and that

20
Usha Tandon, “Climate Change- Law, Policy and Governance”, Eastern Book Company, 2016.

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is on environment issue which makes it more crucial. It only shows that every country now
whether its developed countries or developing countries all are concern towards the depletion of
ozone layer and by signing treaties with International organizations only shows that every
country now has trying to contribute and cooperate towards the prevention of depletion of ozone
layer. Countries are now totally banning the CFC compounds and recently it came to know that
China has shut down 6 out of 5 industries which were releasing high amount of CFC, similarly
various similar provisions has been taken by other countries that shows international
cooperation.

Role of Indian judiciary is also very important in tackling with the issues of ozone depletion. In
many landmark cases both Supreme Court as well National Green Tribunal that shows India
eager to implement the talks done in the various international organizations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

 Usha Tandon, “Climate Change- Law, Policy and Governance”, Eastern Book Company,
2016.
 Paul Stookes, “A Practical Approach to Environmental Law”, 2nd Edition, Oxford
University Press.
 Sanjay Upadhyay and Videh Upadhyay, “ Handbook on Environmental Law- Water
Laws, Air Laws and the Environment’, Volume II, Lexis Nexis Butterworths.
 Environment Law by Stuart Bell and Donald McGillivrary, Oxford Publication, Eight
Edition.
 Birnie PW and Boyle Alan E, International Law and the Environment, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1992.
 Christos Zerefos, Georgios Contopoulos and Gregory Skalkeas, “Twenty Years of Ozone
Decline- Proceedings of the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal
Protocol”, Springer Publication.

Case Laws & Research Papers

Page 17 of 18
  Sivasakthivel. T and K.K. Siva Kumar Reddy, “Ozone Layer Depletion and its Effects: A
Review”, International Journal on Environmental Science and Development, Vol 2,No. 1,
Feb 2011.

 National Green Tribunal in Court on its Own Motion v State of H.P (2014 SCC OnLine
NGT 1
 Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd v. Bombay Environmental Action Group (2006) 3SCC
434

 Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board v C Kenchapppa ((2006) 6 SCC 371)

Websites

 http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successst
ories/protecting-the-ozone-layer-protecting-the-global-environment.html
 http://www.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/events/121113-vital-graphics-
book.
 http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Ozone.html
 http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm

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