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{\pict }}}}{\fs24 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
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\sb950 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin14 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n urma lecturii materialului prezentat spre
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\u259 ?:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
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ronica B\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?e (coordonator), }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 |Prof. Univ. Dr.| |
Psih. Cons}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \ul1 tantin P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu]}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i Dr. Psih.
Log. Margareta Tomescu at\uc1 \u226 ?t prin }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351
?i finalitatea sa - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 expresie a inten\uc1 \u355 ?iei autorilor
s\uc1 \u259 ?i, sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? de preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea \uc1 \u351
?i activitatea deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin }
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\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu caracter intra-
\uc1 \u351 ?i interdisciplinar - se \uc1 \u238 ?nscrie \uc1 \u238 ?n cercetarea
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
aplicativ\uc1 \u259 ? actual\uc1 \u259 ?, util\uc1 \u259 ?, deosebit de util\uc1
\u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi470 \li5 \ri10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
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\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii realizate mai sus
men\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, \uc1 \u8222 ?se impune prin cantitatea de informa\uc1
\u355 ?ii con\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ?, ca o \uc1 \u171 ?banc\uc1 \u259 ? de
date\uc1 \u187 ? ... ce se adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? marelui public \uc1 \u351 ?i care
se dovedesc instrumente moderne ... r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde unor necesit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i subiective \uc1 \u351 ?i obiective a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
satisfacere implic\uc1 \u259 ? eficacitatea actului terapeutic,
multidimensionat, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de particularit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile specifice persoanei umane, ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i comportament, aflat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n normalitate, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e, maladii, handicapuri
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, etc." (pag.l).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului, consider\uc1
\u259 ?m, pe baza studierii acestuia, c\uc1 \u259 ? ele s-au efectuat prin
consultarea unei bibliografii alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit\uc1 \u259 ? din dic\uc1 \u355 ?
ionare de specialitate \uc1 \u351 ?i alte lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri enciclopedice, rom\uc1
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dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarele existente de \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
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? de lucru poate fi u\uc1 \u351 ?or constatat\uc1 \u259 ? din examinarea
comparativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul propus noului dic\uc1
\u355 ?ionar, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cel al dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarelor intrate
deja \uc1 \u238 ?n circuitul informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens, ca exemplificare, cit\uc1 \u259 ?m: }{\i1 \fs18
Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarul de psihologie, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ed. Albatros, Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti,
1978, elaborat de regretatul prof. univ. dr. Paul Popescu Neveanu \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfenp1048 Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar enciclopedic de psihologie, }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ed.
Babei, Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, 1997 - realizat \uc1 \u351 ?i publicat \uc1 \u238 ?n
mai multe edi\uc1 \u355 ?ii - sub conducerea distinsei prof. univ. dr. Doctor
honoris causa al Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de Vest, Timi\uc1 \u351 ?oara,
Ursula Mariana - \uc1 \u350 ?chiopu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prin afirma\uc1 \u355 ?iile
noastre de mai sus nu am urm\uc1 \u259 ?rit subestimarea valorii teoretice \uc1
\u351 ?i a aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ilor practice ale viitorului dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar \uc1
\u351 ?i, implicit, nici negarea \uc1 \u355 ?inutei \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice a autorilor s\uc1 \u259 ?i, ci dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?. Preciz\uc1 \u259 ?m.
Ele au vizat un dublu scop: avertizarea, pe de o parte, a celor mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?
in familiariza\uc1 \u355 ?i cu utilizarea dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarelor \uc1 \u8222 ?
surprin\uc1 \u351 ?i" de a g\uc1 \u259 ?si con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi aproape
identice \uc1 \u238 ?n dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionare diferite, pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte,
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de anumite \uc1 \u8222 ?critici"
f\uc1 \u259 ?cute de dragul criticii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ri125 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-216 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin62 \rin125 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acest mod de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 elaborare a dic\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarului a solicitat eforturi intelectuale deosebite, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
urate pe parcursul multor ani, generate \uc1 \u351 ?i sus\uc1 \u355 ?inute de
interesul \uc1 \u351
?i dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a autorilor de a oferi unui cerc larg de cititori cu roluri
\uc1 \u351 ?i status-uri sociale diferite - de la studen\uc1 \u355 ?i la
profesioni\uc1 \u351 ?ti din diverse domenii, \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, asisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. - un instrument \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional - formativ, accesibil tuturor \uc1
\u238 ?n pofida deosebirilor existente \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te
fondul lor aperceptiv - intelectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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\li120 \ri82 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-226 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin120 \rin82 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De aseme}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nea, apreciem c\uc1 \u259 ? modul de
abordare, tratare, elaborare a dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului este \uc1 \u238 ?n
conformitate cu cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele principiilor deontologice ale onestit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, probit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice, dac\uc1 \u259 ? se ia \uc1 \u238 ?n considerare faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
aceste exigen\uc1 \u355 ?e, la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul lor, se moduleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de concretizarea operei (articol, comunicare,
tez\uc1 \u259 ? de licen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, masterat, doctorat, tratat, pe de
o parte, dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionare pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qj \fi461 \li168 \ri58 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-226 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Un plus valoric cantitativ-
calitativ al dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului consider\uc1 \u259 ?m a fi, pe l\uc1 \u226 ?
ng\uc1 \u259 ? cei circa 2300 de termeni, cele trei anexe: Anexa A - 31 figuri;
Anexa B - Profile bucale - 30 figuri, Anexa C - 6 tabele care sporesc
accesibilitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului tematic.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi461 \li197 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-221
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u354 ?
in\uc1 \u226 ?nd cont de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul ideativ bogat, cu multiple
aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ii practice, \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse domenii de activitate uman\uc1
\u259 ? al dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului, men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd doar c\uc1
\u259 ? titlul acestuia \uc1 \u8222 ?Elemente de Logopedie \uc1 \u351 ?i Psihologie
medical\uc1 \u259 ?", ca \uc1 \u351 ?i bibliografia consemnat\uc1 \u259 ?,
probeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pruden\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1
\u259 ? a autorilor, - ne consider\uc1 \u259 ?m autoriza\uc1 \u355 ?i a propune
publicarea acestuia pentru a intra ca \uc1 \u8222 ?instrument" util \uc1 \u238 ?n
patrimoniul vast al \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei-ne\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei noastre" (Ion B\uc1 \u226 ?tlan), pe deplin con\uc1 \u351 ?
tientizat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri816 \sb461 \lisb0
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prof. univ. dr.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri797 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prof. emeritus}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qr \li0 \ri355 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin355 \cbpat16
\tql \tx3350 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 6 Iunie 2004}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 STELA
TEODORESCU}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li4358 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li3211 \ri0
\langfenp1048 \column }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Motto: \uc1 \u8222 ?Nimeni nu \uc1 \u238 ?
ncepe cu propria sa g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire. Fiecare g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te
prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vremea lui, o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? stare de fapt a
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i a punerii problemelor, stare \uc1 \u238 ?n
care el se integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de la care porne\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u238 ?n cercetare."}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \sb5
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 N. Hartmann}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri77 \sb888
\lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin77 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 CUV\uc1
\u194 ?NT \uc1 \u206 ?NAINTE}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o epoc\uc1 \u259 ? marcat\uc1 \u259 ? de
muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii fundamentale \uc1 \u238 ?n cele mai diverse ramuri ale \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, etap\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
ampl\uc1 \u259 ? revolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?
i tehnologie, asist\uc1 \u259 ?m la dezvoltarea \uc1 \u351 ?i influen\uc1 \u355 ?a
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii legit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii fenomenelor naturii \uc1
\u351 ?i societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii asupra omului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea conduce \uc1 \u351 ?i
stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? progresul omului la nivelul cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor epocii
contemporane, al propriului s\uc1 \u259 ?u mediu, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i al
societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n general.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n acest context, apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia unui dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar se impune prin cantitatea de informa\uc1
\u355 ?ii con\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ?, ca o \uc1 \u8222 ?banc\uc1 \u259 ? de
date", mai ales prin acelea ce se adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? marelui public \uc1 \u351 ?i
care se dovedesc instrumente moderne \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? a
omului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dic\uc1
\u355 ?ionarul \uc1 \u8222 ?Elemente de Logopedie \uc1 \u351 ?i Psihologie
medical\uc1 \u259 ?" r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde unor necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
subiective \uc1 \u351 ?i obiective a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror satisfacere implic\uc1
\u259 ? eficacitatea actului terapeutic, multidimensionat, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
specifice persoanei umane, ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportament,
aflat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n normalitate, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n diverse suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e, maladii, handicapuri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La \uc1
\u238 ?nceputul sec. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 XX }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s-au conturat interese deosebite
pentru comunicare, pentru dezvolta}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru terapia
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj, survenite din cauze organice \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a altor entit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i nosologice psiho-medicale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\fi475 \li5 \ri19 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin19 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tii - medici, psihiatri, psihologi,
psihologopezi, etc. - apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? progresele realizate \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihodiagnoz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
actuala mentalitate social\uc1 \u259 ? cu privire la condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
copilului \uc1 \u351 ?i a drepturilor omului, ceea ce spore\uc1 \u351 ?te interesul
Logopediei \uc1 \u351 ?i al Psihologiei medicale, cu ramura sa Psihologia
patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, cu demersurile lor comune \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
sistemului unitar educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional al societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
rom\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u351 ?ti contemporane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fiind prima lucrare de acest gen la noi, terminologia
selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (2300 de termeni), se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la no\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile fundamentale ale celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? discipline, cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere
cele ale limbajului sub toate aspectele sale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la alte
procese psihice - normale \uc1 \u351 ?i morbide - care permit \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i conturarea tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor
caracteristice \uc1 \u351 ?i specifice diverselor persoane cu evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
normal\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor aflate \uc1 \u238 ?n
suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Terminologia este de actualitate, \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarele de mare
circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea
curent\uc1 \u259 ? a laboratoarelor experimentale, \uc1 \u238 ?n clinici, \uc1
\u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?colile speciale, cabinete medicale \uc1 \u351 ?i de
logopedie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
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\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? semnal\uc1 \u259 ?m
c\uc1 \u259 ? multe dintre dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarele de specialitate s-au epuizat,
mare parte dintre ele nefiind accesibile la nivel mediu. Prezentul dic\uc1 \u355 ?
ionar reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? fondul de no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihomedicale de
strict\uc1 \u259 ? utilitate \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i al}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
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\ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
diverselor handicapuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Actul educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i terapeutic - aplicativ de
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, este abordat prin teme de confluen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ale biologiei, fiziologiei, psihologiei \uc1 \u351 ?i
sociologiei, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i ale tehnicii medicale de v\uc1 \u226 ?rf, prin
termeni care circumscriu cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? laturi ale cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii: -
cea instructiv-preventiv-curativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i - cea de for\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
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\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea considerentelor
noastre, aducem urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele argumente}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
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\langfenp1048 motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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a)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 este un act de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i instrument de
informare, de sintez\uc1 \u259 ? a termenilor de specialitate al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut este, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?t posibil, red}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 at la nivel mediu;}
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\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se remarc\uc1
\u259 ? preocuparea ambelor discipline, \uc1 \u238 ?n egal\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1
\u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea, educarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
recondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, at\uc1 \u226 ?t de
fraged\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i controversat\uc1 \u259 ?, preocupare
concretizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile aplicative
ale logopezilor, neurologi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor, psihiatrilor, psihopedagogilor;}
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\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
fiziologia activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase superioare \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologia, surse indispensabile progresului uman \uc1 \u351 ?i liant al acestor
discipline, termenii contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? defini\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, comportamente, destinate obiectivului de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i apreciere a valen\uc1 \u355 ?elor
biopsihosociale ce \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc \uc1 \u8222 ?fenomenul uman" \uc1
\u238 ?n diverse situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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\plain \qj \fi461 \li139 \ri115 \sb130 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-216 \slmult0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceste deziderate nu pot
fi cu adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat formative f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? o tratare care s\uc1
\u259 ? asigure accesibilitatea termenilor, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere
nivelul marelui public c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Procesul de
democratizare a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei va c\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?ta \uc1
\u351 ?i prin con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului nostru o mai mare
r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, r\uc1 \u259 ?spunz\uc1 \u226 ?nd actului
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 S\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tatea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, corela\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice ale unor boli acute \uc1 \u351 ?
i cronice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i aspectele psihosociologice ale bolii
\uc1 \u351 ?i ale medicinei, problematica v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a
sexelor, a diagnosticului \uc1 \u351 ?i a interven\uc1 \u355 ?iilor terapeutice, a
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor bolnav (logopat) \uc1 \u351 ?i specialist, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i incidentele patologice, psihosociologice ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
moderne, etc. sunt relevate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune specific\uc1 \u259
?. \uc1 \u238 ?n felul acesta, r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice de psihodiagnoz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?, cap\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? un cadru editorial institu\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizat, axat pe
necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile actuale \uc1 \u351 ?i de viitor ale omului,
posesor al unei \uc1 \u238 ?nalte culturi \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1
\u351 ?i tehnice menite s\uc1 \u259 ? contribuie la p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea \uc1 \u351
?i realizarea s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii publice.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este firesc ca
terminologia s\uc1 \u259 ? fie abordat\uc1 \u259 ? interdisciplinar pentru c\uc1
\u259 ?, evolutiv \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, psihicul si comportamentul
uman dispun realmente, obiectiv, de o serie de sub \uc1 \u351 ?i
supradetemin\uc1 \u259 ?ri de competen\uc1 \u355 ?a tuturor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?elor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi461 \li226 \ri24 \lisb0
\langfenp1048 Autorii s-au implicat cu devotament, pasiune \uc1 \u351 ?i
competen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la elaborarea dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sub toate formele
de degradare a fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul inform\uc1 \u259 ?rii
cititorilor, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i al amelior\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i
eradic\uc1 \u259 ?rii acestor suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Lucrarea se dore\uc1 \u351 ?te
un argument \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Elaborarea dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarului reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
rolul unei experien\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ndelung verificat\uc1 \u259 ? a
autorilor, consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? au obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia morala \uc1
\u351 ?i profesional\uc1 \u259 ? de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i materializa astfel contribu\uc1
\u355 ?ia la edificarea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, la promovarea culturii \uc1
\u351 ?i a s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mentale a
contemporanilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a genera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor viitoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \li3346 \ri0 \sb86 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3346 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 10}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Necesitatea acestui dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar a fost sugerata
de cel ce a fost }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prof. Dr. Psiholog Constantin Paunescu, }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n memoria c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia nutrim un g\uc1 \u226 ?nd
pios acum, la realizarea acestui deziderat. Terminologia abordat\uc1 \u259 ?
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?
eficacitatea actului terapeutic \uc1 \u351 ?i progresul asisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei
psiho-medicale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin10 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\uc1 \u350 ?tiind ca orice act de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut \uc1 \u351 ?i util, ne exprim\uc1 \u259 ?m speran\uc1 \u355 ?a
c\uc1 \u259 ? discursul \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific va fi folositor
slujitorilor din \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt,
studen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor din universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i - de la facult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de profil - familiilor ce au copii cu nevoi speciale,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a ignora toate celelalte categor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ii de cititori.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi461 \li10 \ri10 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin10 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dator\uc1
\u259 ?m recuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor de
prestigiu care, prin experien\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?naintat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i fructificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific-enciclopedice, consultate de noi \uc1 \u351 ?i indicate
\uc1 \u238 ?n bibliografie, ne-au fost diriguitoare \uc1 \u238 ?n e\uc1 \u351 ?
alonarea \uc1 \u351 ?i sinteza con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului terminologiei abordate,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a plan\uc1 \u351 ?elor din anexa dic\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nutrim
speran\uc1 \u355 ?a c\uc1 \u226 ? ceea ce
noi n-am spus sau am spus prea pu\uc1 \u355 ?in, vor spune urma\uc1 \u351 ?ii
no\uc1 \u351 ?tri, anima\uc1 \u355 ?i de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i puternic\uc1 \u259 ?
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a fi folositori \uc1 \u238 ?n munca de documentare
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea aplicativ\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi461 \li10 \ri10 \sb5 \lisb0
A\uc1 \u351 ?tept\uc1 \u259 ?m o decantare valoric\uc1 \u259 ? de la cei \uc1 \u238
?n drept s\uc1 \u259 ? o fac\uc1 \u259 ? - cu bun\uc1 \u259 ? inten\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, \uc1 \u8222 ?sine ira et studio" - \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? totul este susceptibil de a fi ameliorat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Credem \uc1
\u238 ?n interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor care vor spori, cu
trecerea vremii, valoarea \uc1 \u351 ?i popularitatea acestei lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adres\uc1
\u259 ?m gratitudinea noastr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod deosebit Editurii PIM
pentru profesionalismul \uc1 \u351 ?i disponibilitatea cu care a r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns
interesului nostru, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i inimo\uc1 \u351 ?ilor
tehnoredactori, Br\uc1 \u238 ?ndu\uc1 \u351 ?a Benghiac \uc1 \u351 ?i Corina
Poturu, prin str\uc1 \u259 ?dania c\uc1 \u259 ?rora dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarul a
v\uc1 \u259 ?zut lumina tiparului, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii tehnice
\uc1 \u351 ?i estetice dintre cele mai bune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Veronica B\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?e}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li4594 \ri0 \sb19 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin4594 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Coordonator}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 ^\uc1 \u355 ?. 1BS4}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin5453 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 *\uc1
\u9632 ?*\uc1 \u171 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li10 \ri0 \sb2746
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 11}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qc \li10 \ri0 \sb2746 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin10
\plain \li3034 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa19 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3034 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li3034 \ri0 \lisb0
\sa19 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3034 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols2 \colsx331 \colno1 \colw3033 \colsr331 \colno2
\colw2932 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb1176 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abandon }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lips\uc1 \u259 ? de
preocupare pentru soarta unei fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e; p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?sirea
sau ruperea leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor afective; dezaprobarea de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? iubit\uc1 \u259 ?. Desp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?irea sau
retragerea interesului, a sentimentului de dragoste; absen\uc1 \u355 ?a (decesul)
unei rude apropiate \uc1 \u351 ?i a sprijinului acordat, toate aceste situa\uc1
\u355 ?ii pot fi tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite ca abandon. Evenimentul are un rol relevator,
reacti-v\uc1 \u226 ?nd situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii dureroase, care pot genera conduite
nevrotice, subiectul reac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd fie prin triste\uc1 \u355 ?e
profund\uc1 \u259 ?, fie prin agresivitate feroce, vagabondaj, fapte antisociale,
negativism. In unele cazuri (decesul p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor), subiectul
devine susceptibil \uc1 \u351 ?i devine sensibil reac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd
puternic la cea mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? frustrare. Spunem c\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul
devine \uc1 \u8222 ?abandonic" c\uc1 \u259 ?ci, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi
realmente abandonat, tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te teama permanent\uc1 \u259 ? de
a nu fi p\uc1 \u259 ?-r\uc1 \u259 ?sit. Adesea adopt\uc1 \u259 ? o supunere
anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?ad}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e cei din jur.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qj \li19 \ri0 \sb202 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitate de a
merge, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca aceast\uc1 \u259 ? inaptitudine s\uc1 \u259 ?
se datoreze unor leziuni neurologice sau musculare. Energia fizic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i sensibilitatea sunt p\uc1 \u259 ?strate. Acest simptom este cauzat de
un conflict intrapsihic \uc1 \u351 ?i este des \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit
\uc1 \u238 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n nevroze (cu deosebire isterie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cromozoniial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anomalie pri-vind num\uc1 \u259 ?rul de
cromozomi sau structu-ra lor, chiar numai a unui cromozom. Celulele somatice
con\uc1 \u355 ?in 46 cromozomi (44 autozomi + 2 gomozomi sau cromo-}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri29 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5
\langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zomi sexuali). \uc1 \u350 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?a a demonstrat c\uc1 \u259 ? maladia Langdon Down se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
unui cromozom (21) supranumerar (1959, R. Turpin, J. Lejeune, M. Gauthier).}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe
l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? observa\uc1 \u355 ?iile cromozo-mice privind num\uc1
\u259 ?rul, exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i abera\uc1 \u355 ?ii cromozomiale de
structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fiec\uc1 \u259 ?reia dintre ele \uc1 \u238 ?i
corespund tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri deose-bite. Ele sunt accidentale, se produc pe
parcursul unei diviziuni celulare \uc1 \u351 ?i pot afecta at\uc1 \u226 ?t
autozomii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i gomozo-mii. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a lor este
de aproximativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 6%o din na\uc1 \u351 ?tere (R.
Turpin, 1965). Pot }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 surveni \uc1 \u238 ?n orice familie, dar observa\uc1
\u355 ?ii-le atest\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? un rol \uc1 \u238 ?nsemnat \uc1
\u238 ?l are v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor (mam\uc1 \u259 ? f.
t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? sau de peste 40 de ani; tat\uc1 \u259 ?
peste 50 de ani, \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul fecund\uc1 \u259 ?rii).}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi451 \li24 \ri10 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diagnosticul
prenatal al abera\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor cromozomice se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?ntre a 12 \uc1 \u351 ?i a 14 s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
a gravidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii prin amniocentez\uc1 \u259 ? (prelevarea pe
cale trans-abdominal\uc1 \u259 ? de lichid amniotic \uc1 \u238 ?n care se scald\uc1
\u259 ? embrionul \uc1 \u351 ?i prepararea unei culturi de celule \uc1 \u238 ?n
laborator).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li29 \ri5 \sb206 \lisb0 \lisa0
Abera\uc1 \u355 ?ie mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = denaturare cogni-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1
\u351 ?i instabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ei. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
dezordine a actelor \uc1 \u351 ?i proceselor de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionamente \uc1 \u351 ?i interpret\uc1 \u259 ?ri gre\uc1 \u351 ?ite ale unor date
\uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii ce au loc \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
normale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Abnormalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtarea fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de limitele normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, fie limita
subnor-malului, fie a supranormalului. Nu poa-te fi considerat\uc1 \u259 ?
obligatorie \uc1 \u238 ?n sens patologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li34
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Absen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens
larg corespunde unei distrageri a particip\uc1 \u259 ?rii active \uc1 \u351 ?i
con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ente, momentan\uc1 \u259 ?, trec\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Ca form\uc1
\u259 ? de manifestare clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a micului acces}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect }\sectd \sbknone \pgwsxn16834
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li3106 \ri0 \sb86
\colw720 \colno3 \colw2932 \colsr706 \colno4 \colw3024 \colsr72 \colno5 \colw720
\colno6 \colw2913 \endnhere \pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri34 \lisb0 \lisa0
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin34 \cbpat16 \absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7003
\posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs26 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\cbpat16 \tql \tx3346 \absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7003 \posy1
\dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gice. Principalele direc\uc1
\u355 ?ii de prevenir}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a activ\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale psihologiei sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ?
orientarea \uc1 \u351 ?i se-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
un anumit prag.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lec\uc1 \u355 ?ia
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? formarea profesio-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }
\langfenp1048 nal\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? adaptarea muncii la posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Activare a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?turii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = intensificarea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 subiectului.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opt}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 im\uc1 \u259 ? a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de transmitere a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr
\absw6283 \absh-4310
\phmrg \pvpara \posx7003 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i de educare intelectual\uc1
\u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346 \absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg
\pvpara \posx7003 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acomodarea }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles general, adap-}
\langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin intermediul celor mai eficiente}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tare, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? acestui
proces, un organ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 metode (algoritmi, euristic\uc1 \u259 ? etc);
cre\uc1 \u351 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346 \absw6283 \absh-4310
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau
un organism p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oate suporta u\uc1 \u351 ?or}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18
terea ponderii ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii elevilor \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nsu-}
\langfenp1048 modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile mediului exterior.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\uc1 \u351 ?irea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i exersarea
opera\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Acomodarea are loc at\uc1 \u226 ?t la nivel}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ilor
intelectuale (dezvoltarea ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346
\absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7003 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mental (psihic) \uc1 \u351 ?i senzorial, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i social.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i a
independen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea intelec-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pentru J. Piaget \uc1 \u8222 ?
acomodarea \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
tual}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
formarea deprinderilor,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu asimilarea" este
principalul mecanism}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi-3374 \li3384 \ri0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de adaptare.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1
\langfenp1048 Activare nespecific\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = efectul provo-}
\langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cat de impulsuri activatoare ce vin de la}
\nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346 \absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg \pvpara
\posx7003 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Act ratat }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune al c\uc1 \u259 ?rei rezultat vizat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
sistemul reticular asupra cortexului,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 explicit nu este atins, urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd a fi \uc1 \u238
?nlo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cunoscut sub conceptul de \uc1 \u8222 ?nivel de}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li10 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10
\rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3346 \absw6283 \absh-4310 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7003 \posy1
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuit printr-un
altul.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activare".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 epileptic, const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pierderea
paroxistic\uc1 \u259 ?, de foarte scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?,
total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?i-al\uc1 \u259 ?, a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ei, fiind conservat\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia static\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri14 \sb211 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abstractizare;
Abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = produs al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? (abstrac-\uc1 \u355 ?ie) de mi\uc1
\u351 ?care ascendent\uc1 \u259 ?, pe vertical\uc1 \u259 ? a intelectului. Proces
bipolar, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? din elementele discriminate, ceva se
extrage \uc1 \u351 ?i re\uc1 \u355 ?ine (dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Bruner \uc1 \u8222 ?se
ca-tegorializeaz\uc1 \u259 ?"), iar restul se las\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n plan
secundar \uc1 \u351 ?i se ignor\uc1 \u259 ? deliberat. In mod necesar,
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de cele dou\uc1 \u259
? opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii: generali-zarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
concretizarea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li14 \ri5 \sb206
{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie analitic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie refle-xiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ambele ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni sunt
conce-pute \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ? (J. Piaget) ca fiind
complementare; abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia analitic\uc1 \u259 ? are ca punct de plecare
obiectele asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?rora ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul,
fiind modul de formare al cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 despre
reali-tatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iar abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia reflexiv\uc1
\u259 ? (constructiv\uc1 \u259 ?) are ca surs\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile su-biectului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asupra obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i constituie
modul de formare al cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor despre realitatea }{\i1
\langfenp1048 subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abulie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ? a
voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, prin pierderea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a lua
hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?ri, dar mai ales prin incapacitatea de a trece de la
hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?re la fapte, pentru atingerea scopului propus.
Subiectul este inert, os-cilant \uc1 \u238 ?n timp \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat asupra
motive-lor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra mijloacelor de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona-
re. Chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? se declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune, aceasta este u\uc1 \u351 ?or abandonat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355
?a pri-melor obstacole. Din cauza lipsei de energie voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea este abando-nat\uc1 \u259 ? chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li24
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acalculie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitatea de a recu-
noa\uc1 \u351 ?te sau de a elabora semne num}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 erice}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 14}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i de a opera cu ele. Dup\uc1
\u259 ? H. Hecaen (1965), acalculia reune\uc1 \u351 ?te alexia \uc1 \u351 ?i
agrafia pentru cifre \uc1 \u351 ?i numere, discal-culia de tip spa\uc1 \u355 ?
ial \uc1 \u351 ?i pierderea opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor aritmetice de baz\uc1 \u259 ?.}
Accelera\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = amplificarea vitezei de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere
\uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere somatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
dezvoltare psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, ca efect al gradului de civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Preocuparea prive\uc1
\u351 ?te mai ales v\uc1 \u226 ?rstele tinere (pubertate, adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li14 \ri14 \sb206 \lisb0
Acceptor de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = model, consti-tuit la nivelul cortexului,
de organizare reflex\uc1 \u259 ?, stereotip-dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?
nde-pline\uc1 \u351 ?te func\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei instan\uc1 \u355 ?e de con-
trol \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea executat\uc1 \u259 ?. Este un
model aferent, capabil s\uc1 \u259 ? prevad\uc1 \u259 ? parametrii rezultatelor
viitoare (previziunea) \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? le compare cu rezul-tatele reale
de la sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul ac\uc1 \u355 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iunii.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R.K. Anohin, referindu-se
la vor-bire, atest\uc1 \u259 ? formarea unui acceptor de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune la
nivel de fraz\uc1 \u259 ?, cu o ordine a cuvintelor, uneori chiar cu anticiparea
sensului, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? fie vorba de fiecare cuv\uc1
\u226 ?nt, \uc1 \u8222 ?ci de un \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg sistem se-mantic".}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acceptorii au}{\fs18
diverse arii de inte-grare, se organizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ierarhic pe baza \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnirii dintre impulsurile aferente \uc1 \u351 ?i cele retroaferente;
au o mare \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?-tate \uc1 \u238 ?n decodificarea mesajului
verbal, al \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\ri0 \sb206 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Accident }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = eveniment
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?tor, v\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u259
?tor pe plan material, corporal sau mental. Acesta provoac\uc1 \u259 ? blocaje \uc1
\u238 ?n mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, apare
dezechilibrul emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar pierderea controlului
\uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii critice. Acestea au leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1
\u259 ? cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u351 ?i cu experien\uc1 \u355 ?a. Prevenirea lor
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea cauzelor prin
mijloace tehnice, medicale \uc1 \u351 ?i psiholo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Act voluntar }{\fs18
component\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii voluntare, av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd o desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare intern\uc1 \u259 ? sau extern\uc1 \u259 ?,
dispun\uc1 \u226 ?nd de autoreglaj verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i care se declan\uc1 \u351 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor decizii. Vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un scop
formulat con\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? efort voluntar.
Caracteristic actelor voluntare este c\uc1 \u259 ? ele sunt anticipate, dirijate
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, iar atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se automatizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? devin
postvoluntare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Activare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea excitabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii S.N.C. sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui stimul de ori-gine periferic\uc1
\u259 ? (senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, vizua-l\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de origine cortical\uc1 \u259 ?). Activarea d\uc1 \u259 ? o
baz\uc1 \u259 ? fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice (mai ales
emotive: furie, anxietate). Acti-varea este \uc1 \u238 ?n direct\uc1 \u259 ?
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu persona-litatea (persoanele introvertite se com-port\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?activate" c\uc1
\u259 ?ci rit-murile lor electroencefalografice sunt mult mai rapide,
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii mai vii la durere). Activarea permite
prefe-rin\uc1 \u355 ?a unora pentru anumite activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Recurgerea la droguri duce la o cre\uc1 \u351 ?te-re}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acromegalia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }
\langfenp1048 akron }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - extremita-te; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 megal - }
\langfenp1048 mare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ); boal\uc1 \u259 ? endocrin\uc1 \u259 ?, ne-
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o exa-gerat\uc1 \u259 ?
dezvoltare a extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor cor-porale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
scheletului facial, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? hipersecre\uc1 \u355 ?iei hormonilor de
cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere (somatotropi) hipofizari. Studiul ei a fost f\uc1 \u259 ?cut de
Pierre M\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1 \u351 ?i Gheorg}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 he Marinescu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Activitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n
general, ansamblu de acte al unei fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e vii, fiind o tendin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ?. St\uc1 \u259 ? la
baza tuturor compor-tamentelor (copii - animale). Se disting diferite categorii de
activitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-g\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se at\uc1 \u226 ?t
modalitatea specific uma-n\uc1 \u259 ? de adaptare la mediu, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i aceea de adaptare a mediului la condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia socio-uman\uc1
\u259 ?. In ambele cazuri este vorba de activitatea nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?
inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? (refle-xul, care nu este dec\uc1 \u226 ?t o eliberare de
energie ca reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie la un excitant) \uc1 \u351 ?i de activitatea
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?, a creie-rului, care pune \uc1 \u238 ?n
joc mecanisme de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de o extrem\uc1 \u259 ? complexitate din}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li10 \ri0 \sb216 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\colsx322 \colno1 \colw3057 \colsr322 \colno2 \colw2947 \colsr1541 \colno3
\colw3216 \colsr144 \colno4 \colw2976 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li34 \ri0
\langfe1033 \langfenp1033 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft7042 \shptop4037
{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 30480}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Line 11}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp
{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care rezult\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntreg psihicul (sentimente, fenomenele g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, etc). Nota
defini-torie a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii este transformarea de materiale
\uc1 \u351 ?i a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n ansam-bluri informa\uc1
\u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i prin acomodarea acestora la sistemul psihocomporta-
mental al individului sau grupului. Se disting: activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
senzoriomotorii, co-municative, cognitive, afectiv-volitive, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? cooperarea \uc1 \u351 ?i comu-nicarea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Activitate ludic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18
conduit\uc1 \u259 ? de joc, specific\uc1 \u259 ? copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei mici; ea
satisface trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele imediate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?l ajut\uc1
\u259 ? pe copil s\uc1 \u259 ? se adapteze la realitate, pe care \uc1 \u238 ?n-
cearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? o st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226
?neasc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li10 \ri19 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
denumire (1912 - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov) prezint\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355
?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i procesele ce se des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? la
nivelul superior al sistemului nervos central al omului. Acestuia \uc1 \u238 ?i
revine rolul decisiv \uc1 \u238 ?n conducerea tutu-ror proceselor organice \uc1
\u351 ?i comporta-mentale. Prin intermediul activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ner-
voase superioare se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? echilibra-rea cu mediul intern \uc1 \u351
?i extern. Studiul fiziologic al rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor corticosubcor-ticale, al
reflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate intero-ceptive \uc1 \u351 ?i exteroceptive, pune
\uc1 \u238 ?n eviden-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea corela\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n S.N.C. exist\uc1 \u259 ?
dou\uc1 \u259 ? aparate centrale dife-rite: \uc1 \u8226 ? aparatul de conducere
direct\uc1 \u259 ? a impulsului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? aparatul de
conec-tare \uc1 \u351 ?i deconectare a circuitului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\fi480 \li5 \ri38 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin38
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, formarea
conexi-unilor (leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor) \uc1 \u238 ?ntre stimulii din me-diul intern
sau extern \uc1 \u351 ?i anumite func-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale organismului, ale
analizatorilor, se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? conform elementelor \uc1
\u351 ?i agen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor stimulatori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In activitatea nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioa-
r\uc1 \u259 ?, func\uc1 \u355 ?iile de baz\uc1 \u259 ? sunt analiza \uc1 \u351 ?i
sin-teza, care au loc simultan \uc1 \u351 ?i constant,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li38 \ri0 \sb360 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin38 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conform principiilor: a) determinismu-lui,
care afirm\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fiziologia cerebra-l\uc1 \u259 ?
totul este obiectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i determinat cau-zal; b) structuralismului, privind
core-la\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre dinamica nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i struc-
turile ce-i stau la baz\uc1 \u259 ?; c) unitatea din-tre analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i sinteza cortical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 In activitatea nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ? se
include \uc1 \u351 ?i sistematizarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? sisteme
de semnalizare, prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? efectiv unitatea fiziolo-gicului
cu psihologicul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Actualizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = trecerea din stare poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ial-latent\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n stare activ\uc1 \u259 ?, fapt ce se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
procesele de memorie (recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere-reproducere), la trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?
e, mo-tive, aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e afective, deprin-deri; un rol
important revine autoactua-liz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, a tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ei spre
exprimarea \uc1 \u351 ?i realizarea pulsiunilor specifice eului (inten\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, proiecte, aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod de in}{\fs18 \dbch
terven\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n ordi-nea extern\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
intern\uc1 \u259 ? de modelare, for-mare \uc1 \u351 ?i transformare, f\uc1 \u259 ?
cut \uc1 \u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?tient de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre subiect (\uc1
\u238 ?n cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cauz\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1
\u351 ?i mijlocit instrumental (cu-no\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, metode, teste,
desene, modele etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de mi}
\langfenp1048 jloace \uc1 \u351 ?i metode care se adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? unei
cazuistici \uc1 \u351 ?i se exercit\uc1 \u259 ? asupra sensibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea
educ\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii aspectelor dete-riorate.
Are la baz\uc1 \u259 ? un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ional, fiind
proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, idea\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u226 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practic-
terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele posibile pe baza diagnosticului diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acufenee }
\langfenp1048 = senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii auditive anormale (zgomote, \uc1 \u355 ?iuituri
etc), penibile dato-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }
\langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
rit\uc1 \u259 ? persiten\uc1 \u355 ?ei lor, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de afec\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni craniene \uc1 \u351 ?i otice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
{\b1 \fs18
Acuitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a
sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii absolute \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iale, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele minime ce
pot fi sesizate \uc1 \u238 ?ntre stimuli, deci dup\uc1 \u259 ? pragu-rile
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale; \uc1 \u8226 ? capacitate rezolutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
analizatorului: tactilo-vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, kines-tezic\uc1 \u259 ?, auditiv\uc1
\u259 ?, olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?, termic\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Poate fi static\uc1 \u259 ?
sau dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de stimuli (imobili
sau \uc1 \u238 ?n mi\uc1 \u351 ?care).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\sb202 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin182 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = valoare maxim\uc1 \u259 ? de intensitate a
stimulului, care dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te pragurile \uc1 \u351 ?i
se transform\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii dureroase. In
terminologia medical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?acut" se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la boli cu
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie scurt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri clinice
intense.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Adaptare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces complex de obi\uc1 \u351 ?nu-ire
\uc1 \u351 ?i integrarea organismului la condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii-le de mediu;
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea organismului prin \uc1 \u238 ?nglobarea schimburilor dintre
el \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu; c\uc1 \u226 ?nd aceste schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri favorizea-z\uc1
\u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea normal\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului, acesta se
consider\uc1 \u259 ? adaptat. Fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a vie dispune de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
plasticitate, datori-t\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?reia este posibil\uc1 \u259 ?
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea echili-brului cu mediul s\uc1 \u259 ?u interior, procesul
vital necesit\uc1 \u226 ?nd o perpetu\uc1 \u259 ? reajustare a organismului pentru
restabilirea echili-brului mereu rupt. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? ajustare se
opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o suit\uc1 \u259 ? de schimburi ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncetate
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre corp \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unei duble ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni: a subiectului asupra obiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, a obiectului
asupra subiectului. Potrivit concep\uc1 \u355 ?iei piajetiene (J. Piaget)
via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? ascult\uc1 \u259 ? de ace-lea\uc1 \u351 ?i legi
structurante ca via\uc1 \u355 ?a organic\uc1 \u259 ?. Adaptabilitatea este
dezvoltat\uc1 \u259 ? maxim la om, (ea fiind caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? tuturor
orga-nismelor vii) care nu numai c\uc1 \u259 ? se con-formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cerin\uc1
\u355 ?elor mediului, ci \uc1 \u238 ?l \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18
transform\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 \uc1 \u238 ?n concor-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? cu necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale. Activitatea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? o component\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o form\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? a adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii. A\uc1 \u351 ?a se explic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea social\uc1 \u259 ?, proces de integrare
activ\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei \uc1 \u238 ?n micro \uc1 \u351 ?i macro-colectivul
social \uc1 \u238 ?n care tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te. Cele mai dese
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de acomodare survin \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatie, \uc1 \u238 ?n
diferite psihoze, \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenii de toate gradele, \uc1 \u238 ?n
epilepsie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adaptare
mental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Piaget, \uc1 \u8222 ?o
echilibrare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre asimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i acomo-dare"; se produc
schimburi \uc1 \u238 ?ntre su-biect \uc1 \u351 ?i obiecte efectuate la
distan\uc1 \u355 ?e spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporale; g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea \uc1 \u238 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i se or-ganizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? lucrurile, rea-lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o interdependen\uc1 \u355
?a permanent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre asimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i acomodare.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adaptare
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o lege a sensi-bilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n modificarea tonu-sului analizatorilor sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor stimul\uc1 \u259 ?ri specifice de intensitate con-
stant\uc1 \u259 ?. Sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a stimulilor puter-nici, nivelul de
sensibilitate, excitabili-tate al analizatorilor scade (adaptare senzorial\uc1
\u259 ? negativ\uc1 \u259 ?) iar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul sti-mulilor slabi, cre\uc1
\u351 ?te (adaptare senzori-al\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?). A.s. are \uc1
\u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui mecanism de optimizare a recep-\uc1 \u355 ?
iei. Cel mai larg registru adaptativ \uc1 \u238 ?l are sistemul vizual \uc1 \u351 ?
i olfactiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Adezivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? manifestat\uc1
\u259 ? prin v\uc1 \u226 ?scozitate afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, lentoare
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-motorie, negativism, insisten\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ma-niera de a cere ceva, polite\uc1 \u355 ?e
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, afectare pueril\uc1 \u259 ?, perseverare, iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Adezivitatea este un aspect comporta-mental caracteristic epilepticilor \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect }\sectd \sbknone \pgwsxn16834 \pghsxn11909
\marglsxn1315 \margrsxn1316 \margtsxn893 \margbsxn360 \guttersxn0 \lndscpsxn
\headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li3082 \ri0 \sb106 \lisb0 \lisa0
\sbkpage \pgwsxn16834 \pghsxn11909 \marglsxn1301 \margrsxn1301 \margtsxn910
\colsr1464 \colno3 \colw3220 \colsr144 \colno4 \colw3009 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adinamie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = lips\uc1 \u259 ? de energie psiho-motor\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n patologia psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n diverse boli, ca: nevroze, psihopatii, depresii, intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?
ii cronice, farmaco-dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adipsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa senza\uc1 \u355 ?
iei de sete \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n melancolie,
confuzie mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a }
\langfenp1048 = perioada vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintre copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie (pe care o
continu\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1 \u259 ?,
marcat\uc1 \u259 ? prin transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri corpo-rale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice,
care \uc1 \u238 ?ncep \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 12-13 ani \uc1 \u351 ?i se termin\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 18-20 ani. Apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i durata
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei variaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? sex, \uc1 \u355 ?
ar\uc1 \u259 ?, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii geografice \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu socio-economic.}
ntre structurarea fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?
este un raport de inter-dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Ritmurile dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii orga-nice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologice nefiind egale, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ? feluri de fenomene \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n inte-riorul
fiec\uc1 \u259 ?reia intervin unele dispropor-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, decalaje,
contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 St\uc1 \u259 ?rile conflictuale sau critice nu fac parte
din desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea normal\uc1 \u259 ? a ado-lescen\uc1 \u355 ?
ei. Fenomenele de criz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sin-droamele psihologice pot fi
prevenite \uc1 \u351 ?i evitate \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?nd
cauzele: frustra\uc1 \u355 ?ie edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, lips\uc1
\u259 ? de idealuri, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie
social\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Sub raport psihologic, adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a se caracterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? prin hipersensibilitate, trecerea c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un stadiu superior al
dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale, c\uc1 \u259 ?tre posibilitatea g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii teoretice \uc1 \u351 ?i reflexive, prin ex-pansiunea fanteziei \uc1 \u351 ?i
a sentimentelor ca \uc1 \u351 ?i prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor conflicte motiva\uc1
\u355 ?io-nale \uc1 \u351 ?i afective. Se contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? interesele
profesionale \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, apare instinctul sexual, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de
libertate, de autono-mie, se precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? aptitudinile particu-lare.
Con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine se ad\uc1 \u226 ?nce\uc1 \u351 ?te,
descoperind \uc1 \u351 ?i pe cei din jur, stabilind}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 noi raporturi cu ei.
Adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ii consti-tuie o entitate social\uc1 \u259 ? dinamic\uc1 \u259
?, bogat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n virtualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Inser\uc1
\u355 ?ia social\uc1 \u259 ?, mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? de adaptarea social\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i calificarea pro-fesional\uc1 \u259 ? duce la realizarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i des\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r-\uc1 \u351 ?irea personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i vocea = adolescen\uc1
\u355 ?a, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd caracteristic o explozie a cre\uc1 \u351 ?te-rii,
(men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?m \uc1 \u351 ?i cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea laringelui)
\uc1 \u351 ?i sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a hormonilor androgeni se produce \uc1 \u351 ?
i dezvoltarea organelor fonatorii, mai frecvent la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i,
\uc1 \u238 ?n mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? Ia fete. Cre\uc1
\u351 ?terea larin-gelui se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? anteroposterior, con-comitent cu
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?n lungime \uc1 \u351 ?i
l\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ime a corzilor vocale. In lungime, corzile vocale cresc 1
cm la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i, 3-4 cm la fete. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i
camera de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? - faringele \uc1 \u351 ?i si-nusurile
faciale, produc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se o adap-tare func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a muscula-turii interioare \uc1 \u351 ?i exterioar\uc1
\u259 ? a laringelui la raportul de dezvoltare a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului organism al
fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Are loc o muta\uc1 \u355 ?ie fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea medie a vocii, la b\uc1 \u259 ?rba\uc1 \u355 ?i cu o
octav\uc1 \u259 ?, iar la fete cu o ter\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Vocea cu care se
vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te devine aspr\uc1 \u259 ? uneori \uc1 \u351 ?optit\uc1 \u259 ?,
prezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd salturi. Muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia se face \uc1 \u238 ?n registrul
profund \uc1 \u351 ?i falsetul propriu-zis. Muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia complet\uc1 \u259 ?
se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd vocea este fixat\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime, volum, registru \uc1 \u351 ?i tonalitate,
reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd vocea unui adult.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exist\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia vocii vorbite \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?ntate
(cele vorbite 12 ani, cele c\uc1 \u226 ?ntate 14 ani) \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de lungimea laringelui. \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe s\uc1 \u259 ? se evi-den\uc1
\u355 ?ieze proeminen\uc1 \u355 ?a cartilagiului tiroi-dian. Caracteristica
principal\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pierderea foarte
evident\uc1 \u259 ? a tonurilor \uc1 \u238 ?nalte \uc1 \u351 ?i restr\uc1 \u226 ?
ngerea volumului \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada de v\uc1 \u226 ?rf a muta\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
iar c\uc1 \u259 ?tre sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul muta\uc1 \u355 ?iei cap\uc1
\u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? o profunzime mare \uc1 \u351 ?i volumul se extinde din nou.
La}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\b1 \fs24 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i, v\uc1 \u226 ?rful
muta\uc1 \u355 ?iei este la 14-15 ani, muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia complet\uc1 \u259 ?
realiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 18-19 ani. La fete, schimbarea apare \uc1
\u238 ?ntre 12-14 ani, se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? mai pu\uc1
\u355 ?in spectaculos (\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un interval scurt - 6 luni), laringele
cre\uc1 \u351 ?te pu\uc1 \u355 ?in, numai cu o ter\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i se stabilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 16 ani. Muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia
normal\uc1 \u259 ? a vocii are ca substrat organic dezvoltarea cartilagiilor
laringie-ne \uc1 \u351 ?i a corzilor vocale. Muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii anormale ale vocii
au loc \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei puber-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
tardive, dup\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 15 ani, la sexul masculin, c\uc1
\u226 ?nd vocea nu devine suficient de grav\uc1 \u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u226 ?nd o voce feminin\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n registrul
de mijloc, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vocea de falset (sub\uc1 \u355 ?ire, r\uc1
\u259 ?gu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, aspr\uc1 \u259 ?, uneori diplofonic\uc1
\u259 ?, fatigabilitate rapid\uc1 \u259 ?). Este necesar un tratament hor-monal
prepuberal, cu doze adecvate gradului de insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
gonadal\uc1 \u259 ?; de asemenea, se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? educarea logo-
pedic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii vocale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nl\uc1 \u259 ?tura-rea timidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qj \li67 \ri125 \sb202 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? o tulburare \uc1 \u238 ?n meca-nismul psihic al vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n im-posibilitatea de a exprima sau a \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elege cuvintele spuse sau scrise; afazia - sin-drom neuropsihic ce
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbu-rarea sau pierderea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
psihice orale sau grafice, cu conservarea apa-ratelor periferice de execu\uc1 \u355
?ie sau de re-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ie a limbajului; este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? de tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri intelectuale, corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor unor
leziuni cerebrale localizate (M. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Botez, Al. Sen, }
\langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Drobot\uc1 \u259 ? - 1971). Dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum este
interesat\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de exprimare sau de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elegere a vorbirii, afazia este moto-r\uc1 \u259 ? (tip expresiv, afazia lui
Broca) \uc1 \u351 ?i (sau) senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? (tip receptiv, afaz}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ia
lui Werniche).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afazia motor\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? varia\uc1 \u355 ?ii: imposibilitatea de
exprimare a cuvintelor spuse (afazia motor\uc1 \u259 ? propriu-}{\fs20 \dbch
zis\uc1 \u259 ? sau }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afemia) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i
imposibilitatea de a scrie }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (agrafia).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\fi470 \li10 \ri38 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin38
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afazia senzorial\uc1
\u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se \uc1 \u238 ?mparte de asemenea \uc1 \u238 ?n
dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 surdi}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate verbal\uc1
\u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd bolnavul nu \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elege ce i se spune prin viu grai \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cecitate
verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elege ceea ce este scris (alexia); (dup\uc1 \u259 ? Gh. Pendefunda, E. Nem\uc1
\u355 ?eanu, \uc1 \u350 ?tefanache Elena). }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etio-logia afaziei: }
\langfenp1048 accidente cerebrale vas-culare, traumatisme cra}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 niene,
encefali-te, tumori cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i tranzitoriu pe parcursul unor maladii
(diabet, intoxi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii). Toate formele de afazie sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n-
so\uc1 \u355 ?ite de fenomenul de ecolalie \uc1 \u351 ?i de amnezie; \uc1 \u8226 ?
imposibilitatea de a repro-duce numele obiectelor, dar cu posibili-tatea
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii acestor nume \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o list\uc1 \u259 ?
prezentat\uc1 \u259 ? (anomie); \uc1 \u8226 ? prin impo-sibilitatea de
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a melodiilor cunoscute, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a
notelor muzicale (amuzia), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a imposibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a c\uc1 \u226 ?nta o melodie cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?. S-au
deter-minat cauzele: leziuni \uc1 \u238 ?n prima circum-volu\uc1 \u355 ?iune
temporar\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?. Cele mai u\uc1 \u351 ?oare forme
pot fi compensate spon-tan sau printr-un program de recuperare logopedic\uc1
\u259 ? dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? de speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Exa-minarea unui afazic se
face \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu func\uc1 \u355 ?iile principale ale limbajului: de
exprimare \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegeri a vorbirii. (Vezi Anexa
A - Fig. 1. a. \uc1 \u351 ?i b.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate elementar\uc1 \u259 ?
a reacti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective; o emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie primar\uc1
\u259 ?, ca-racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin mare intensitate, expan-sivitate \uc1 \u351
?i durat\uc1 \u259 ? redus\uc1 \u259 ?, exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? direct \uc1 \u238 ?n
comportament. Afectele sunt variabile \uc1 \u238 ?n tonalitatea lor afectiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pot fi numite dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii (pozitive sau negative)
cum ar fi: furii, abandonul de sine, agresivitatea oarb\uc1 \u259 ?, starea de
groaz\uc1 \u259 ?, accesele nest\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nite de r\uc1 \u226 ?s sau
pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns. \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t intervine o \uc1 \u238 ?ngustare a
c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
legisla\uc1 \u355 ?ie se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere
\pard \plain \li3072 \ri0 \sb67 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3072 \rin0 \cbpat16
\colw3019 \colsr1474 \colno3 \colw3220 \colsr144 \colno4 \colw2985 \endnhere
\pard \plain \qj \li67 \ri0 \sb298 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Line 12}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 are \uc1 \u238 ?n
vedere dac\uc1 \u259 ? infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea a fost comis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n stare de afect. In psihologia modern\uc1 \u259 ? se are \uc1 \u238 ?n
vedere prevenirea sau \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea efectelor negative ale
afec-telor, prin trecerea la analiza detaliat\uc1 \u259 ? a situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afectivitate }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul proceselor, st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1
\u355 ?iilor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale sau afec-tive. Este o component\uc1 \u259 ? a
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice indisolubil legat\uc1 \u259 ? de cogni\uc1 \u355 ?ie
(cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-tere, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i
activitatea voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?. Tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile afective sunt bipolare: se
consu-m\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n momente pozitive \uc1 \u351 ?i negative, \uc1
\u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de stres. \uc1 \u238 ?n toate momentele vie\uc1
\u355 ?ii sale subiectul tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te st\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1
\u355 ?io-nale, dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu manifeste, cel pu\uc1 \u355 ?in latente. Se
subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ? rolul energizator indispen-sabil pentru adaptare al
factorilor emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ionali. Reprimarea par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? sau
total\uc1 \u259 ? a emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor duce la nevroze. Este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?
educarea \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective adecvat\uc1 \u259 ?
ca sens, valoare \uc1 \u351 ?i grad de intensitate \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu
activitatea pe care o desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Un rol important
\uc1 \u238 ?n combaterea agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii are \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?i educarea conduitelor altruiste \uc1 \u351 ?i
a valorilor mora-le. Obiectivul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor afecte su-perioare, al
educ\uc1 \u259 ?rii pasiunii tinerilor pentru mari \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?ptuiri
pe t\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?m econo-mic, tehnic, cultural, este fundamental. Este
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? educarea simultan\uc1 \u259 ? a sim-\uc1 \u355 ?ului realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului critic, a ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
obiective, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd astfel o deplin\uc1 \u259 ? maturizare
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (Andrei Cosmovici). Mediul social \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355
?ia influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? afectivitatea, ajut\uc1 \u259 ? la
con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectualizarea unor afecte, la stimula-
rea un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ora, la inhibarea altora.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afectivitatea paradox\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
tulburarea \uc1 \u238 ?n-cadrat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n paratimii (perversiuni
ale con-\uc1 \u355 ?inutului timic induse printr-o mo-dificare a calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei stimul - r\uc1 \u259 ?s-}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 puns).
Calitatea emo\uc1 \u355 ?iei devine opus\uc1 \u259 ? celei obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuite
\uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-sul emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional
este inversul celui a\uc1 \u351 ?tep-tat, bolnavii reac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?
nd paradoxal la unele evenimente. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? o discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre tem\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns: la o
veste trist\uc1 \u259 ? bolnavul reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? izbucnind
\uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?s, \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unui succes, bucurii,
se \uc1 \u238 ?ntristea-z\uc1 \u259 ?, chiar \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe s\uc1 \u259 ? pl\uc1
\u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? (se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenii
- Aurelia S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Afemia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitatea bolnavului de a folosi
limbajul vorbit, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a par\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? sau absent\uc1 \u259 ? a integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii acestei
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Survine mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsia determinat\uc1 \u259
? de leziunea emisferului frontal st\uc1 \u226 ?ng (L\uc1 \u259 ?z\uc1 \u259 ?
rescu-Bro\uc1 \u351 ?teanu) sau la nivele subadiacente (Popescu-Neveanu).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aferent }{\fs18
impuls, tract nervos, proces ce se propag\uc1 \u259 ? ca influx \uc1 \u238 ?nspre
centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i de la periferie (de la organele periferice receptoare
aflate \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi, tendoane, organe interne). Direc\uc1
\u355 ?ia cen-tripet\uc1 \u259 ? este proprie nervilor senzitivi, care se mai
numesc aferen\uc1 \u355 ?i (sau fibre nervoase aferente) \uc1 \u351 ?i care
culeg \uc1 \u351 ?i conduc impulsurile spre centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = (aferent\uc1 \u259 ?) transport de impulsuri \uc1 \u351 ?i
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de la periferie la centru, mecanism nervos opus \uc1 \u351 ?i
com-plementar eferenta\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? me-canisme presupun
convergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reci-proc\uc1 \u259 ? conversiune
(trecerea uneia \uc1
\u238 ?n cealalt\uc1 \u259 ?). Este vorba de relevarea regla-jului feed-back-
urilor ca modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de retroaferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie (sau
aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie secun-dar\uc1 \u259 ?) (vezi \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acceptor
de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
Afilia\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spre
asociere cu al\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cunosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd grada\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?
i variante de la prietenie \uc1 \u351 ?i ata\uc1 \u351 ?ament p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? la total\uc1 \u259 ? dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
de altul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Este o caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din geneza
social\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i prin \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?inerea \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea acesteia
prin rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interpersonale. Se au \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere cazurile de
hiperdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a copiilor frustra\uc1 \u355 ?i de
asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
cazu-rile contrare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii declar\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? prefer\uc1 \u259 ? singur\uc1 \u259 ?tatea, ceea ce ascunde \uc1
\u238 ?n-totdeauna un grav disconfort spiritual. Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a spre
afilia\uc1 \u355 ?ie se accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul
trece prin st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de anxietate. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile atest\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? per-soanele cu anxietate crescut\uc1 \u259 ? evit\uc1 \u259 ?
afilia-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd cele slab anxioase o caut\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afinitate }
\langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective de atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
simpatie, motivat\uc1 \u259 ? prin asem\uc1 \u259 ?nare spiri-tual\uc1 \u259 ?:
idei, sentimente, v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, statute \uc1 \u351 ?i roluri
asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare; adesea prive\uc1 \u351 ?te rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
dintre individ \uc1 \u351 ?i grup. Poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca o compatibilizare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
membrii grupului. \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile intra-individuale afinitatea
apare \uc1 \u351 ?i ca senti-ment al apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?ei la grup sau colecti-
vitate (M. Zlate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Afonemie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (descris\uc1 \u259 ? de unii autori sub
numele de moghilalie); pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area eliptic\uc1 \u259 ?, fie prin
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui sunet sau a mai multor sunete (ra\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? -
a\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; frate -frate), ceea ce determin\uc1 \u259 ? o vorbire
incorect\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?tirbit\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
eles semantic \uc1 \u351 ?i de expresivitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\ri125 \sb197 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin72 \rin125
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 qfonie }
\langfenp1048 - mu\uc1 \u355 ?enie); incapa-citatea de fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
pierderea total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a vocii, datorit\uc1
\u259 ? paraliziei mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chilor coardelor vocale sau afect\uc1 \u259 ?rii
cen-trilor nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i ce-i comand\uc1 \u259 ?; adesea se \uc1 \u238 ?n-\uc1
\u355 ?elege \uc1 \u351 ?i incapacitatea de a c\uc1 \u226 ?nta sau in-tona corect,
cauzata fiind \uc1 \u351 ?i paralizia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nervilor recuren\uc1 \u355 ?i responsabili de
coar-dele vocale (parez\uc1 \u259 ? recurent\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afrazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (termen creat de
Fleury); de\uc1 \u351 ?i bolnavul poate pronun\uc1 \u355 ?a, el nu utilizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesul just al cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului (Emilia
Jurc\uc1 \u259 ?u).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Africate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (semioclusive); consoane cu caracter complex a c\uc1
\u259 ?ror articulare \uc1 \u238 ?n-cepe cu ocluziune \uc1 \u351 ?i se
termin\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o constric\uc1 \u355 ?ie; ele se compun din dou\uc1 \u259
? consoane, una oclusiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alta constric-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n rostire durata de timp a unei consoane (c = ce) este
egal cu t+s, iar g (ge) este egal cu d+j. Aceste consoane se scriu totdeauna urmate
de vocalele e \uc1 \u351 ?i i, form\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunete ce se scriu \uc1 \u8222 ?
ce-ci" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?ge-gi". Toate aceste vocale \uc1 \u351 ?i
consoane se rostesc f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ro-tunjirea buzelor, ba mai mult,
pentru corecta formare a vocalelor \uc1 \u238 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i i, buze-le trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? comisurile puternic retrase (pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia r\uc1
\u226 ?sului). (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Emilia Jurc\uc1 \u259 ?u).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ageuzie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierdere sau perturbare
a sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii gustative. Este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de
leziuni rinencefalice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (latinescul }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agitare" - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a ac-\uc1
\u355 ?iona, a mi\uc1 \u351 ?ca); un comportament mo-tor, verbal, afectiv-
intelectual, pre-cipitat \uc1 \u351 ?i spasmodic, dezordonat, cu re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ii confuze, hiperactive dar ineficient, parazitar, care \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedica
finalizarea ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunii. Totul este \uc1 \u238 ?n dezacord cu
exigen-\uc1 \u355 ?ele unei conduite echilibrate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n agita\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihomotor\uc1 \u259 ?
sub for-m\uc1 \u259 ? de criz\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile
anxioase \uc1 \u351 ?i reac-tive) apar aspecte clinice variabile: iri-tabilitate
marcat\uc1 \u259 ?, grimase, gesturi intempestive, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri colerice,
re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ii inadecvate. Agita\uc1 \u355 ?ia este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1
\u259 ?-tur\uc1 \u259 ? constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, la care se adaug\uc1
\u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb77 \lisb0 \lisa0
\sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs2 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols2 \colsx7234 \colno1
\colw720 \colsr7234 \colno2 \colw720 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb29
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs16 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 20}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 21}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols4 \colsx211 \colno1 \colw3163 \colsr211
\colno2 \colw3062 \colsr1440 \colno3 \colw3110 \colsr254 \colno4 \colw3014
\endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li154 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-202 \slmult0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cele
mai multe cazuri, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea nefa-vorabil\uc1 \u259 ? a factorilor de
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aglosie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anomalie nativ\uc1 \u259 ?, foarte rar\uc1 \u259 ?,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din absen\uc1 \u355 ?a limbii ca organ fi-zic. In aceast\uc1
\u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area cu-vintelor este extrem de
dificil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ?
laborioase antrenamente cu ajutorul buzelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb226
\langfenp1048 Agnozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gnosis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-tere); sindrom
neuropsihic, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n tulburarea senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? a
obiectelor, per-soanelor, lucrurilor etc. Este imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? convertirea
elementelor senzoriale \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii simbolice (Taylor).
Este cauza-t\uc1 \u259 ? de un deficit al func\uc1 \u355 ?iei de analiz\uc1 \u259 ?
la nivelul segmentului cortical al unui anumit analizator (M. Botez, Alex.
Sen, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Drobot\uc1 \u259 ?). Clasificarea agnoziilor se face
dup\uc1 \u259 ? aparatul senzorial \uc1 \u238 ?n: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agno-zie
auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care cuprinde mai multe forme clinice: \uc1 \u8226 ? surditate
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (ele-mentar\uc1 \u259 ?), c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul nu
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i nici nu poate diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ia un sunet de
clo-pot, sonerie, motor, afirm\uc1 \u226 ?nd doar c\uc1 \u259 ? au-de ceva; \uc1
\u8226 ? surditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ? sau surditate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
(observat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afazie), caracteri-zat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
audi\uc1 \u355 ?ie aparent normal\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? copilul
aude, \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de cuvinte, doar sunete, zgomote confuze, surdul nu
identifica cuvinte, nu poate repeta cuvin-tele, dec\uc1 \u226 ?t unele silabe
izolate, astfel c\uc1 \u259 ? nu \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege nici sensul
cuvintelor; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ag-nozia tactil\uc1 \u259 ? (stereagnozia)
sau astereo-gnozia, este tulburarea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului tactil, caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? prin imposibilitatea recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terii unui obiect numai prin
pip\uc1 \u259 ?it; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agnozie gustativ\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 d) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ? apar de obicei \uc1
\u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt greu de diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iat de agnozie \uc1
\u351 ?i de anosmie; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agnozie vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, forma
cea mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cu cele mai diverse modele simptomatolo-
gice, care se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? leziunilor cere-brale localizate at\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u238 ?n cap\uc1 \u259 ?tul central al}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 analizatorului vizual
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n zona interferen\uc1 \u355 ?ei occipito-
parietal\uc1 \u259 ?. Cele mai cunoscute
tipuri ale agnoziei vizu-ale sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? agnozia obiectelor concrete sau
paragnozia, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n imposibili-tatea de a recunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te vizual obiectul prezentat \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a sa; \uc1 \u8226 ?
agnozia culorilor (cecitate cromatic\uc1 \u259 ?) - lipsa capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te culorile, dac\uc1 \u259 ? sunt
prezentate simultan (aria 19 Brod-mann); \uc1 \u8226 ? alexia agnozic\uc1 \u259 ?,
imposibilita-tea de a citi un text tip\uc1 \u259 ?rit sau scris cu m\uc1 \u226 ?na.
Este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu agrafia; \uc1 \u8226 ? agno-zia cifrelor (acalculia),
imposibilitatea de a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te cifrele \uc1 \u351 ?i semnele aritmetice
(+, -, x, : etc.) ceea ce }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 face imposibil orice fel de calcul; \uc1
\u8226 ? agnozia figurilor simbolice, figuri geometrice;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qj \li62 \ri62 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin62 \rin62
{\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agnozia Bodaur sau prosopoagnozia, nerecunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea membrilor familiei;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li62 \ri67 \lisb0
\lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin62 \rin67 \cbpat16 \tql \tx235 \itap0 \ls2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agnozia
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri paro-xistice ale schemei
personale; \uc1 \u8226 ? agnozia video-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?,
imposibilitatea orient\uc1 \u259 ?-rii \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu pe cale
vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin dezordine video-spa\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ?, imposi-bilitate de orientare, comparare, grupa-re etc.
Subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii nu se comport\uc1 \u259 ? ca ni\uc1 \u351 ?-te infirmi (orbi,
surzi), ci \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i ignor\uc1 \u259 ? deficien\uc1 \u355 ?a.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Agorofobie }
\langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agora - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pia\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 phobos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fric\uc1 \u259 ?); tulburare psihic\uc1 \u259
? mani-festat\uc1 \u259 ? prin team\uc1 \u259 ?, fobie de spa\uc1 \u355 ?iile
deschise \uc1 \u351 ?i ample (str\uc1 \u259 ?zi largi, c\uc1 \u226 ?mp)
gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a nu p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?si locu-
in\uc1 \u355 ?a, de a merge pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? ziduri, de pla-sare \uc1
\u238 ?n col\uc1 \u355 ?urile \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?perii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Agrafia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (a
- }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 graphein }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -
scriere); afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
imposibilitatea de a exprima ideile prin scris; pierderea sau tulburarea
func\uc1 \u355 ?iei de exprimare a ideilor prin scris. Ea poate fi asociat\uc1
\u259 ? sau nu cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri afazice. Este foarte rar\uc1 \u259 ? la
copii, m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ai}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? fiind disgrafia (mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?
in grav\uc1 \u259 ?); agrafia este o form\uc1 \u259 ? de apraxie, datorat\uc1 \u259
? unei disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii din creierul st\uc1 \u226 ?ng la dreptaci; ea poate fi
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?,
independent\uc1 \u259 ? de orice tulbu-rare motorie \uc1 \u351 ?i survine la o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care mai \uc1 \u238 ?nainte a scris normal. Grafismul se
p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ?, subiectul put\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n general
s\uc1 \u259 ? copie liter\uc1 \u259 ? cu liter\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Agramatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de vorbire
\uc1 \u351 ?i scris \uc1 \u238 ?n care nu mai sunt respectate regu-lile gramaticale
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, expri-marea devine
incorect\uc1 \u259 ?. Este frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenie,
encefalopatii cronice post-traumatice; agramatismul este cauzat de leziuni ale
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Agresivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament distructiv \uc1 \u351 ?i
violent orientat spre persoane, obiecte sau spre sine; caracter de lupt\uc1
\u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?zboinic al unui subiect, care nu fuge de dificul-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i nici de lupt\uc1 \u259 ?. Agresivitatea se poa-
te manifesta \uc1 \u351 ?i sub o form\uc1 \u259 ? calm\uc1 \u259 ?, non-violent\uc1
\u259 ?, dar totdeauna \uc1 \u238 ?n ofensiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n ostilitate;
nu este de origine instinctiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ci un rezultat al \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i al imita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351
?i antrenamentului}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Agresivitatea este str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1 \u259 ? de frustrare,
de nesatisfacerea unor dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e vii, de restan\uc1 \u355 ?e de somn, de
izolare abso-lut\uc1 \u259 ?, de lipsa unei afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni sau de ali-
mentarea unui sentiment de devalorizare personal\uc1 \u259 ?, aspecte care pot duce
la pr\uc1 \u259 ?-bu\uc1 \u351 ?irea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
subiectului. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd agresivitatea ia propor\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
forme nocive este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? recurgerea la psihoterapie \uc1 \u238 ?n
variantele ei de joc, de desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare a resentimentelor \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u351 ?edin\uc1 \u355 ?e speciale de grup sau individuale, de terapie ocupa-\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u226 ? sau reac\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u226 ?, care presupune
diminuarea agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care este stig-matizat\uc1 \u259 ?,
sortit\uc1 \u259 ? oprobiului public. Un aspect al agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii poate desemna}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \li0 \ri125 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin125 \cbpat16
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1
\u259 ? a luptei pentru perfor-man\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, prin termenul de
combativitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Ajustare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = adaptare acomodativ\uc1 \u259 ?; pu-nerea
de acord a unui organ de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu o surs\uc1 \u259 ? de stimulare a
sistemelor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ile unui tip de activitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ajutorare specializat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organizarea ajutor\uc1
\u259 ?rii copiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i elevilor ce \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?m-
pin\uc1 \u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i deosebite \uc1 \u238 ?n
satisfacerea exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor unei \uc1 \u351 ?colarit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i normale, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i a deprinderilor funda-
mentale (alfabet, scriere, citire, vorbire, calcul aritmetic), ajutorare
oficializat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n aprilie 1990.
Ajutorarea nu se substituie ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii cadrelor didac-tice \uc1 \u351 ?i
se exercit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n
afara \uc1 \u351 ?colii. Se distinge ajutorarea speciali-zat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
dominant\uc1 \u259 ? pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea cu dominant\uc1
\u259 ? reeducativ\uc1 \u259 ?; ajutorarea din casele de copii, de adaptare, unde
sunt elevi afla\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u351 ?i care conti-nu\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? frecventeze clasa obi\uc1
\u351 ?nuit\uc1 \u259 ?. As-pecte ale ajutor\uc1 \u259 ?rii specializate: \uc1
\u8226 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nile f\uc1 \u259 ?cute de psihologii de la leag\uc1 \u259
?nele de copii; \uc1 \u8226 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile psiho-logopezilor din centrele
logopedice \uc1 \u351 ?i punctele lo-gopedice, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd obiectiv ajutorul
spe-cializat, reeducarea vorbirii \uc1 \u238 ?n toate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire, oral \uc1 \u351 ?i scris, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u8226 ? terapia complex\uc1 \u259 ? a com-portamentului adecvat acestor
obiecti-ve. Este necesar acordul p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i pe
c\uc1 \u226 ?t se poate tot concursul lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Alalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lips\uc1 \u259 ? sau slab\uc1
\u259 ? dezvoltare a vorbirii sau S.N.V.; sindromul de ne-dezvoltare a vorbirii sau
afazie conge-nital\uc1 \u259 ?; audimutitate. Persoanele dispun de auz normal
\uc1 \u351 ?i de dezvoltare intelec-tual\uc1 \u259 ? comun\uc1 \u259 ?, deci nu pot
fi \uc1 \u238 ?ncadrate \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul debilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
mintale. Alalia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 22}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect }\sectd \sbkpage \pgwsxn16834 \pghsxn11909
\colw3158 \colsr226 \colno2 \colw3043 \colsr1411 \colno3 \colw3225 \colsr144
\colno4 \colw2976 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li130 \ri0 \sb278 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se dato}{\fs18
reaz\uc1 \u259 ? unor disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale zonelor corticale ale vorbirii,
\uc1 \u351 ?i este de trei fe-luri: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 motorie, senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mixt\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (E. Verza,
1969). \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? este posibil\uc1 \u259 ?
educarea vorbirii mai ales c\uc1 \u226 ?nd auzul nu prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o sc\uc1
\u259 ?dere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Alergie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihalergie; }{\fs18
sindrom de cefalee, palpita\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u351 ?oc, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile conflictuale, profesionale (F. Barron, 1962).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Alexie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
pierderea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-ge
limbajul scris asociat\uc1 \u259 ? de regul\uc1 \u259 ? cu agnozii \uc1 \u351 ?i
afazii; este o form\uc1 \u259 ? de ag-nozie vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, sinonim\uc1 \u259 ?
cu cecitatea ver-bal\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt diferite grade de alexie por-nind de la
incapacitatea de recunoa\uc1 \u351
?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n lectur\uc1 \u259 ? a cuvintelor scrise p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? la ilizi-bilitatea literelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a cuvintelor. Alexia se
dovede\uc1 \u351 ?te uneori de natur\uc1 \u259 ? conge-nital\uc1 \u259 ?, numit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dislexie de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de
leziuni cerebrale la nive-lul ariilor parastriate care \uc1 \u238 ?nconjoar\uc1
\u259 ? sci-zura calcanic\uc1 \u259 ?. Necesit\uc1 \u259 ? tratarea conco-
mitent\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor cauzelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Alfa, ritm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (EEG) = ritm bioelectric
cerebral, \uc1 \u238 ?n general de aspect sinusoidal, cu frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a de
8/13 c/s \uc1 \u351 ?i amplitudinea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 10-100 microvol\uc1 \u355 ?
i, \uc1 \u238 ?nscris cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?-dere \uc1 \u238 ?n zonele occipitale, la
subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de veghe (relaxat psiho-senzorial \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
ochii \uc1 \u238 ?nchi\uc1 \u351 ?i), ritm care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o re-ac\uc1
\u355 ?ie de atenuare la stimulare senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere
vizual\uc1 \u259 ? (deschiderea ochi-lor) sau la solicitarea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei
subiectului. (Aurelia S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Alfabetizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
cititului \uc1 \u351 ?i a scrisului, o problem\uc1 \u259 ? major\uc1 \u259 ? a
contem-poraneit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; este o problem\uc1 \u259 ? de cultur\uc1
\u259 ? a maselor, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul rural. \uc1 \u8222 ?De-
clara\uc1 \u355 ?ia universal\uc1 \u259 ? a drepturilor omului" adoptat\uc1 \u259 ?
de ONU, prevede \uc1 \u238 ?n articolul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 26 dreptul egal la instruc\uc1 \u355 ?iune
pentru orice individ, b\uc1 \u259 ?rbat sau femeie. \uc1 \u350 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
de carte este ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi inegal r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lume. \uc1 \u354 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rile evoluate au un procent de
alfabetizare de peste 90%, \uc1 \u238 ?n vreme ce \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rile
subdezvoltate au un procent foar-te sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut; alfabetizarea func\uc1 \u355
?ional\uc1 \u259 ? este un instrument de civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i de
cultu-r\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n cel mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt grad.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Algezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate
neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ? de a resim\uc1 \u355 ?i durerea. Pragul algezie repre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? pragul sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dureroase de orice
gen. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i im-plicit a
pragurilor dureroase se reali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
analgezice sau anestezice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aliena\uc1 \u355 ?ie mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = denumire general\uc1
\u259 ? dat\uc1 \u259 ? tuturor bolilor mintale. In psihia-tria actual\uc1 \u259 ?
termenul este tot mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in folosit, \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te o mai larg\uc1 \u259 ? circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofie -
sociologie. Ca-tegorie nosologic\uc1 \u259 ? de subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i aliena\uc1
\u355 ?i mintal care sunt incapabili s\uc1 \u259 ? duc\uc1 \u259 ? o via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i necesit\uc1
\u259 ? supra-veghere permanent\uc1 \u259 ?. Aliena\uc1 \u355 ?ia mintal\uc1
\u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o destructurare a eului, \uc1 \u8222 ?ne-bunia, fiind
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? de ea \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i"
(H.Ey.). Subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i construie\uc1 \u351 ?te un \uc1 \u8222
?eu" inadecvat social, este un inadap-tat \uc1 \u351 ?i nu comunic\uc1 \u259 ?
normal cu al\uc1 \u355 ?ii; este \uc1 \u238 ?nchis \uc1 \u238 ?n propriul univers
informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal, se confund\uc1 \u259 ? cu acesta \uc1 \u351 ?i nu poate
judeca obiectiv (1972, E. Pamfil \uc1 \u351 ?i D. Ogodescu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Altruism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }
\langfenp1048 alter }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - altul); princi-piul moral opus egoismului,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea dezinteresat\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru binele celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i oameni; atitudine de maxim\uc1 \u259 ?
generozitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\b1 \fs26 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Altul
generalizat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ermen ce totali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? atitudinile
armonice ale colec-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, grupului, asupra unui obiect
sau persoane (p\uc1 \u259 ?rere unanim\uc1 \u259 ?) a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum sunt
percepute de subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n raportarea la mediul social.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Altul semnificativ }
\langfenp1048 = termen specific psihologiei sociale, care prec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 izeaz\uc1
\u259 ? gru-pul sau persoana c\uc1 \u259 ?tre care cineva \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?ndreapt\uc1 \u259 ? aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu care se compar\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz efectele altului
semnificativ pot fi negative asupra atitu-dinilor individuale, sau optime, favori-
z\uc1 \u226 ?nd o socializare armonioas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Am\uc1 \u226 ?nare }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = su}
\langfenp1048 spensie, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e ce se pot opri \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite
momente ale activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i pot r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne un timp suspendate, f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a ajunge la consumarea lor comple-t\uc1 \u259 ?. Este o
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irii \uc1 \u351 ?i re\uc1 \u355 ?
inerii reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor impulsive, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei centrale \uc1 \u351 ?i a tuturor mijloacelor culturale pe
care le implic\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane.
Am\uc1 \u226 ?narea este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?-s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? specific
uman\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea delibe-r\uc1 \u259 ?rii compensa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i inven\uc1 \u355 ?iei (M. Ralea); am\uc1 \u226 ?narea este,
\uc1 \u238 ?n fond, nu o oprire a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i (Stela Teodo-rescu, 1972), ci numai a celei externe, \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate
activitatea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? se intensific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea
chibzuirii. (P. Janet)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Amauroz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orbire, cecitate; lips\uc1 \u259 ? in-
tegrl\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a vederii; prin exten-siune
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i a altor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii senzoriale sau
comunicative. Cauzele constau \uc1 \u238 ?n afectarea aparatului ocular, a c\uc1
\u259 ?ilor afe-rente sau a centrilor de proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie corti-cal\uc1
\langfenp1048 Ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mediul fizic \uc1 \u351 ?i
moral \uc1 \u238 ?ncon-jur\uc1 \u259 ?tor care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
asupra individu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i determin\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n parte)
comportamen-tul s\uc1 \u259 ?u. Studiindu-se ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a diferitelor}{\fs20
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grupuri
s-a demonstrat experimental c\uc1 \u259 ? agresivitatea este mai puternic\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n me-diile sociale cu o structur\uc1 \u259 ? autoritar\uc1 \u259 ?
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n grupurile democratice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-a constatat c\uc1 \u259 ? ameliorarea re-
la\uc1 \u355 ?iilor interumane \uc1 \u238 ?n colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
de munc\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? o eliberare a energiei nefolosit\uc1 \u259
? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? atunci, \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a randamentului. Condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile fi-zice ale muncii
(lumin\uc1 \u259 ?, temperatur\uc1 \u259 ?, umiditate, ventila\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
iluminatul, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i zgomotele sau muzica folosit\uc1 \u259 ? judicios) au
inciden\uc1 \u355 ?e reale (pozitive sau nega-tive) asupra productivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ambidextrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate uman\uc1 \u259 ?, con-trar\uc1 \u259 ?
domina\uc1 \u355 ?iei func\uc1 \u355 ?ional-operative a uneia din m\uc1 \u226 ?
ini \uc1 \u351 ?i respectiv emisfere cerebrale, asupra celeilalte; abilitate de a
se folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n mod egal de ambele m\uc1 \u226 ?ini \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
diversitate de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ambiegal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip psihologic la care ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?
ele extratensive \uc1 \u351 ?i introversive se echilibreaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
considerat \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-logie drept cel mai echilibrat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ambiguitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259
? unei co-munic\uc1 \u259 ?ri sau a unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii care per-mite mai
multe interpret\uc1 \u259 ?ri; ambigu-itatea s\uc1 \u259 ? nu se confunde cu
echivocul \uc1 \u351 ?i cu expresia de \uc1 \u8222 ?dublu sens". \uc1 \u238 ?n
motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, afectivitate, coexist\uc1 \u259 ? pulsiuni, ten-din\uc1
\u355 ?e, atitudini contrarii, sunt calificate uneori ambigui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ambi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = imbold
puternic de implica-re a for\uc1 \u355 ?elor personale de angajare vo-luntar\uc1
\u259 ? spre atingerea unui scop, \uc1 \u238 ?n po-fida oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror
obstacole. Poate fi folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sens negativ, prin alegerea
unor scopuri meschine, lipsite de valoare social\uc1 \u259 ?, realizabile prin
mijloace care sfideaz\uc1 \u259 ? normele morale. Mijloacele demne }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 folosite
pentru alegerea lor con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb72
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs2 \dbch \af2
\par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 25}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \li0 \ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect }\sectd \sbkpage \pgwsxn16834
\colno1 \colw3028 \colsr24 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2928 \colsr1459 \colno4
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fer\uc1 \u259 ? ambi\uc1 \u355 ?iei un con\uc1 \u355 ?
inut etic \uc1 \u351 ?i favori-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea personalit\uc1
Ambivalen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie general-con-
tradictorie sau bipolar\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului psihic; stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional-volitiv\uc1 \u259 ? de tr\uc1 \u259 ?ire concomitent\uc1 \u259 ? a unor
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e contrare fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de unul \uc1 \u351 ?i acela\uc1 \u351 ?i obiect sau situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie;
subiectul se bucur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?ntris-teaz\uc1 \u259 ?
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un obiect, persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
simte \uc1 \u351 ?i atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i respingere. Uneori,
aceste situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii contradictorii se traduc \uc1 \u238 ?n conduite
patologice, mai ales c\uc1 \u226 ?nd contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ia este
ireductibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie, a
c\uc1 \u259 ?rei modifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri bru\uc1 \u351 ?ce de dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
nu ne sunt com-prehensibile. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de
norma-litate, dar structurarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n
ordinea consisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei valorice, duce la predominarea anumitor
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, sco-puri, idei \uc1 \u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? reducerea \uc1
\u351 ?i diminu-area complexelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a aspectelor mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
valabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ambliopie
}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = termen folosit pentru a de-semna st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de diminuare
accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? a vederii, mai ales pe acelea ce nu sunt datorate erorilor de
refrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie ale ochilor \uc1 \u351 ?i deci nu pot fi corectate prin
ochelari; sau a acelor cazuri \uc1 \u238 ?n care (aparent) nu se constat\uc1
\u259 ? leziuni \uc1 \u238 ?n structura ochiului. Ambliopia poate fi congenital\uc1
\u259 ? sau do-b\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?, temporar\uc1 \u259 ? sau
permanent\uc1 \u259 ?, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri nefericite poate fi evolutiv\uc1
\u259 ?, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la orbire. Unii ambliopi purt\uc1 \u259 ?tori de
ochelari pot urma \uc1 \u351 ?coala de mas\uc1 \u259 ?, normal\uc1 \u259 ?, pe
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd al\uc1 \u355 ?ii trebuie integra\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul special.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amenin\uc1 \u355 ?are }
\langfenp1048 = act, atitudine, prin care se comunic\uc1 \u259 ? iminen\uc1 \u355 ?
a unei nepl\uc1 \u259 ?ceri, unei daune pentru cel c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se
adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ?; anticipare a unei frustr\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Sub influen\uc1 \u355
?a stresant\uc1 \u259 ? a amenin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, comportamentul celui
c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se adreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? regreseaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amentiv }
\langfenp1048 = sindrom caracterizat prin-tr-o simptomatologie polimorf\uc1
\u259 ?, cu ele-mente confuze, cu incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ideativ\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amintire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
reactualizarea prin repro-ducere a unor fapte, idei, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, me-
morate, fenomen de evocare, de stoca-re. Amintirea intervine spontan, asocia-tiv
sau prin explorarea inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sistematic\uc1
\u259 ? a stocurilor memoriei. Amintirea este un eveniment unic al vie\uc1 \u355 ?
ii spirituale \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t se \uc1 \u238 ?nsereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit context de actualitate; amintirea nu este niciodat\uc1
\u259 ? fidel\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind o interpretare, o schematizare a reali-t\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amnezie }
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 mnesis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - me-morie); sl\uc1 \u259 ?bire sau pierdere
a memoriei (par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? sau total\uc1 \u259 ?); amnezia nu
trebuie confundat\uc1 \u259 ? cu uitarea, care este un fe-nomen normal; amnezia
este un feno-men patologic consecutiv unor trauma-tisme craniene, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de confuzie minta-l\uc1 \u259 ? etc. Amnezia poate afecta oricare din procesele
memoriei (fixarea, p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea, reproducerea). Amnezia ia diferite for-me:
}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 a) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amnezia retrograd\uc1 \u259 ?, o urmare a perturb\uc1
\u259 ?rii evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii (amnezie de evo-care) care se poate datora unor
leziuni vasculare sau traumatisme cerebral}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amnezia
de fixare sau anterogradat\uc1 \u259 ?, nefiind re\uc1 \u355 ?inute evenimentele
petrecute dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?vire; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c) }{\fs18
sunt cunoscute \uc1 \u351 ?i forme mixte, care constau \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri ale tuturor proceselor memoriei; \uc1 \u8226 ? am-nezia isteric\uc1 \u259
?, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv; su-biectul nu poate suporta fapte,
perioade care \uc1 \u238 ?i provoac\uc1 \u259 ? suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e morale, ca o
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare; \uc1 \u8226 ? amnezia lacuna-r\uc1 \u259 ?,
asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu accesele epileptice, cu perioade de confuzie mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, intoxica-\uc1 \u355 ?ie alcoolic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i alte forme de
afazii, agnozii, posterioare a primelor dou\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iuni temporale \uc1
\u351 ?i ale plicii curbe. Agnozia este bilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd le-
ziunea este \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u226 ?nga \uc1 \u351 ?i unilateral\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n le-ziunile emisferului drept.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amorf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?
tears\uc1 \u259 ?, lip-sit de ambi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, nep\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tor;
amorful tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?-te clipa prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i risipe\uc1 \u351 ?te timpul \uc1 \u238 ?n pl\uc1 \u259 ?
ceri \uc1 \u351 ?i distrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii realmente frivole; c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351
?tig\uc1 \u259 ? simpatia celor deopotriv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se
acomodeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amor-propriu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sentiment de \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1
\u259 ? apreciere fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria persoan\uc1 \u259 ?; este
un sentiment firesc \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional de conser-vare \uc1 \u351 ?i
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de aspecte denigrante.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Amuzie }{\fs18
incapacitatea de a percepe muzica \uc1 \u351 ?i a desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura o
activitate muzi-cal\uc1 \u259 ?, de a reproduce vocal sau instru-mental melodia.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anabolism }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul proceselor de asimilare organic\uc1 \u259 ? opus
catabolismului, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la dezasimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1
\u259 ?rei dominare genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? structuri somatice \uc1 \u351 ?i
comportamente contrare celor legate de anabolism. Anabolismul genereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de senzualitate, bonomie, sintonie, ener-gie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anaclitic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen
psihanalitic, indi-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd o aso}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ciere cu ceva sau o sprijinire pe
ceva. Anaclitice sunt tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile ce intervin la adult similar ca la
copilul privat de mam\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ce se instalea-z\uc1
\u259 ? progresiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada priva\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de asisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? matern\uc1 \u259 ?, tocmai datorit\uc1 \u259 ? valorii afective
a ata\uc1 \u351 ?ament}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ului anterior.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Analgezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa sau suprimarea tem-
porar\uc1 \u259 ? a sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dureroase; poate fi
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd locul (unele puncte ale
pielii, mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor, regiuni ale organe-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor interne) este insensibil la durere.
Analgezie general\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te extrem
de rar, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul nu dispune de termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile nervoase
libere subcutana-te. Analgezia poate fi indus\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t medi-
camentos, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i suges-
tie sau prin mijloace de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, antre-
nament, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o organizare psiho-com-portamental\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anal}{\b1 \fs18
iz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de desfacere sau descompunere a unui
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreg \uc1 \u238 ?n p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale componente;
fenomen de diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iere \uc1 \u351 ?i selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie opus
sintezei; analiza se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu aceas-ta. La nivel intelectual produce
efecte de segrega\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de total\uc1 \u259 ? deta\uc1 \u351 ?are a ele-
mentelor \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor transform\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le \uc1 \u238
?n abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u8226 ? Analiza reflexiv\uc1 \u259 ? por-ne\uc1
\u351 ?te de la datele experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei pentru a medita asupra esen\uc1 \u355
?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i sensului lucru-rilor, asupra genezei \uc1 \u351 ?i finalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor. \uc1 \u8226 ? Analiza de nivel intelectual (S. Ru-
binstein) se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin interme-diul unor cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e sintetice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-drul unei consider\uc1
\u259 ?ri sintetice a \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-gului. Analiza este metoda utilizat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n majoritatea sistemelor pedagogice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Analiz\uc1 \u259 ? tranzac\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? psi-ho-terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?
axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile care apar \uc1 \u238 ?ntre membrii
grupului psiho-terapeutic sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-
terapeut.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Analizor }
\langfenp1048 = sistem neurofiziologic, care permite unitatea organelor de
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cere-brale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P.
Pavlov). Analizorul este un apara}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t anatomo-fiziologic unitar, care
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? analiza \uc1 \u351 ?i sinteza diferitelor tipuri de stimuli
pe baza ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii conju-gate a mai multor segmente structural-func\uc1
\u355 ?ionale: \uc1 \u8226 ? periferic, \uc1 \u8226 ? instrumental \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u8226 ? central (periferic: receptorii, inter-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mediar c\uc1 \u259 ?ile nervoase de
conducere a procesului excita\uc1 \u355 ?iv; central: cortexul, emisferele
cerebrale unde are loc analiza \uc1 \u351 ?i sinteza superioar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i impulsurile cen-trifuge descendente, conexiunea invers\uc1 \u259 ? de
comand\uc1 \u259 ?). Acest aparat asigur\uc1 \u259 ? controlul modului de
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare a com-portamentului (conexiunea invers\uc1
\u259 ? de control).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Analogie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = judecat\uc1 \u259 ? de la particular la
particular; este susceptibil\uc1 \u259 ? de eroare \uc1 \u351 ?i de aceea trebuie
completat\uc1 \u259 ? cu induc\uc1 \u355 ?ia, deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ia, analiza, sinteza
\uc1 \u351 ?i conexiunea cauzelor. Judecata prin analogie are un caracter
descriptiv \uc1 \u351 ?i caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? inte-ligen\uc1 \u355 ?a
intuitiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? din exten-siune. Judecata analitic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sintetic\uc1 \u259 ? din comprehensiune are un caracter
abstract \uc1 \u351 ?i e proprie inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.
Jude-cata evolutiv\uc1 \u259 ? se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? ambelor catego-rii, \uc1
\u238 ?ndeosebi celei de a doua (N. M\uc1 \u259 ?rgineanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb221 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anamnez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 anamnezis - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amintire); ansamblu de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
culese prin investigare direct\uc1 \u259 ? de la subiect, fie de la persoanele din
anturajul s\uc1 \u259 ?u, cu privire la antecedentele sale personale sau
accidentele morbide precedente. Prin ex-tensie, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie se urm\uc1
\u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te recon-stituirea etiologiei cazului; anamnez\uc1 \u259 ?
orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? diagnosticul \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudinea tera-peutic\uc1 \u259 ?
a terapeutului (medic psiholog -logoped). Elementele furnizate prin an-cheta
familial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ? permit inves-tigatorului
s\uc1 \u259 ? descopere rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii cauzale \uc1 \u238 ?ntre anumite
fapte, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?ri, factori nocivi.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anartria }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de exprima-re verbal\uc1 \u259 ? cu p\uc1 \u259 ?
strarea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? tulburare. Anartria apare \uc1 \u238 ?n afa-zia motorie.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri0 \sb77 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anemie
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea debitului masei
sangvine cerebrale (fie prin he-moragii, hemoftizie, lezarea unor vase mari,
melen\uc1 \u259 ?, hemoragii uterine etc, fie prin boli discrazice sangvine (ane-
mii pernicioase). Tabloul simptoma-tologie con\uc1 \u355 ?ine tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de tip nevrotic (ame\uc1 \u355 ?eli, astenie, somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) sau
de tip confuzo-oniric. \uc1 \u238 ?n discraziile san-gvine (anemia
pernicioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i hipocro-m\uc1 \u259 ?) se instaleaz\uc1
\u259 ? un sindrom neuroane-mic cu simptome hematologice, pares-tezia
extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, arflexie \uc1 \u351 ?i rareori polinevrit\uc1
\u259 ?. Din punct de vedere psihic, at\uc1 \u226 ?t anxietatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
depresia sunt frec-vente, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i tabloul confuzooniric
\uc1 \u351 ?i simptomele paranoide. Terapia cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?toare fiec\uc1
\u259 ?rui tip de caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este salutar\uc1 \u259 ?, cu efecte
pozitive \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra psihicului - la nevoie \uc1 \u351 ?i simptomatic
-\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de psi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hotrope.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anestezie }{\fs18
(gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anaisthesis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - insensi-bilitate); pierderea sau
suprimarea fa-cultativ\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n scop medical) a sensibi-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n genere (a celei dureroase \uc1 \u238 ?n
special); poate fi realizat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se ac-\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu narcotice asupra creieru-lui, sau regional (local) de tipul
rahia-nesteziei; este cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i anestezia moral\uc1
\u259 ?, la persoanele care au pierdut capacitatea de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? la bine \uc1 \u351 ?i la r\uc1 \u259 ?u (subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i repro\uc1 \u351
?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? nu mai pot iubi ca \uc1 \u238 ?nainte familia, nu
mai simt nici bucuria, nici durerea). Anestezia afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u238
?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de obi-cei de delirul de auto-acuzare (melan-colie,
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive, reactive).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Angajare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deplin\uc1 \u259 ? adeziune,
consec-vent\uc1 \u259 ?, cu participare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n efortul
volitiv de a se atinge scopul social sau individual propus}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , prin \uc1
\u238 ?nfr\uc1 \u226 ?ngerea ob-stacolelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Angoas\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare
de nelini\uc1 \u351 ?te sau anxie-tate maxim\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o a\uc1 \u351 ?-teptare \uc1 \u238 ?nfrico\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i opresiv\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o iminent\uc1 \u259 ?
suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau nenorocire. Pro-duce indispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
profund\uc1 \u259 ?, tensiune emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? oxilant\uc1 \u259 ?,
perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional exagerate. }
\langfenp1048 Cauzele: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un conflict interior (dezaprobarea unei per-
soane iubite), care reactiveaz\uc1 \u259 ? un vechi sentiment de abandon, datorat
unor precedente dureroase. De cele mai multe ori aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare se
asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu modifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegetative (palpita\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, transpi-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tremur\uc1 \u259 ?turi, vedere \uc1 \u238 ?nce\uc1
\u355 ?o\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?, voce stins\uc1 \u259 ? etc). Angoasa \uc1 \u238
?n sine nu este un fenomen patologic, ea fiind legat\uc1 \u259 ? de condi\uc1 \u355
?ia uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Este un fenomen psiho-somatic multidimensional, care se dez-
volt\uc1 \u259 ? la diverse nivele de gravitate, fiind dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de
vulnerabilitatea subiec-tului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Anomal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ?
nepatologic\uc1 \u259 ?, deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? apropiat\uc1 \u259 ? de
infirmitate, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i de maladie. Se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e fizice, senzoriale \uc1 \u351 ?i intelective (para-lizii,
orbire, ambliopie, surdomutitate, hipoacuzie, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, oligofre-nie). Este diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat de termenul \uc1
\u8222 ?anor-mal" (de competen\uc1 \u355 ?a medicilor), anomal fiind de
competen\uc1 \u355 ?a defectologilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a pedagogilor specializa\uc1
\u355 ?i, \uc1 \u351 ?i nu a psihi-atrilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anomaliile buzelor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile fone-melor cauzate de anomalii labiale pot fi analizate \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de 5 parametri:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia buzelor \uc1
\u238 ?n repaus: \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal, buzele sunt alipite una de alta complet,
\uc1 \u238 ?nchiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd orificiul bucal, \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii patologice, create de obstacole anatomice endonazale sau de
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii de sept nazal, malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii congenitale
endonazale, vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?ii adeno-ide, hipertrofii \uc1 \u351 ?i cozi de
cornet, polipi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri86 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }
\langfenp1048 endonazali, rinite hipertrofice, tumori endonazale, tumori de cavum,
fracturi ale oaselor nazale, etc, buzele sunt}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-deschise
chiar \uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de repaus din cauza sindromului de
obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie nazal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
respiratorie con-secutiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care sile\uc1 \u351 ?te subiectul a respira
pe gur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a vorbi pe nas (rinolalia \uc1 \u238 ?n-
chis\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul prezen\uc1 \u355 ?ei vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
adenoide, aspectul fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei este lipsit de expresie, sub denumirea \uc1
\u8222 ?facies adeno-idian". \uc1 \u238 ?n toate aceste cazuri se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nesc o serie de substituiri de foneme (parafonemia sunetelor
\uc1 \u8222 ?m"-\uc1 \u8222 ?n". \uc1 \u238 ?n paramitacism, fonemul \uc1 \u8222 ?
m" este \uc1 \u238 ?nlo-cuit cu \uc1 \u8222 ?b" (mama - baba), iar \uc1 \u8222 ?n"
cu \uc1 \u8222 ?d" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (noi - doi).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ri62 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin58 \rin62 \cbpat16 \tql
\tx749 \itap0 \ls3 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 b)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
Dimensiunea buzelor, redus\uc1 \u259 ?, poate \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedica uneori
articularea fonemelor \uc1 \u8222 ?f \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?v", \uc1 \u8222 ?
p", \uc1 \u8222 ?b", \uc1 \u8222 ?m" chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
buzelor prea mari. De obicei buza inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? compenseaz\uc1 \u259 ?
anomalia buzei superioare.}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \fi466 \li58 \ri48 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin58 \rin48
c)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Rigiditatea buzelor, \uc1 \u238 ?n caz de sechele pos}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t-
traumatice (arsuri \uc1 \u351 ?i cica-trice retractile vicioase (se produce o
rigiditate consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a buzelor, care motiveaz\uc1 \u259 ? articularea
deficitar\uc1 \u259 ? a bila-bialelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a labiodentalelor.}{\i1
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin96 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx806 \itap0 \fs20
{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 d)}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Motilitatea buzelor,
se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? cazuri: \uc1 \u8226 ?
paralizia facial\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? de tip
spastic; \uc1 \u8226 ? paralizia}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 buzei superioare,
asociata de obicei \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu alte paralizii.
Parezele unilaterale}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale nervului facial justific\uc1
\u259 ? lipsa de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 motilitate a buzei superioare de
partea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afectat\uc1 \u259 ?, deoarece nervii motori
ai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 buzelor provin din nervul facial. Gura}{\fs18
\line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 este tras\uc1 \u259 ? de partea bolnav\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
timpul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vorbirii altern\uc1 \u226 ?nd pronun\uc1
\u355 ?ia sunetelor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 labiale. Lipsa de motilitate face
impo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sibil\uc1 \u259 ? rotunjirea necesar\uc1
\u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ?rii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vocalelor \uc1 \u8222 ?o" \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?u", c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a consoa-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }
\langfenp1048 nelor bilabiale \uc1 \u8222 ?p", \uc1 \u8222 ?b". Paralizia buzei}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 superioare este de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1
\u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0
\sb62 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\nowidctlpar \lin96 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx806 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb322 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pareza p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ii
anterioare a limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i uneori de paralizia velar\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce
\uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area consoanelor labiale \uc1
\u238 ?n timpul vorbirii. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz, buza apare f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? vestibul, lung\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de suple\uc1
\u355 ?e, ceea ce d\uc1 \u259 ? fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei un aspect \uc1 \u238 ?mpietrit.
(Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 2). }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile labiale: -
buza superi-oar\uc1 \u259 ? despicat\uc1 \u259 ? cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
literatura de specialitate sub denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?cheilo-schizis" (\uc1
\u238 ?n popor \uc1 \u8222 ?buz\uc1 \u259 ? de iepure") este o afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin fisura buzei superioare.
Acest viciu de conforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin lips\uc1 \u259 ? de substan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? poate provoca alterarea \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar impo-sibilitatea
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii fonemelor bilabia-le, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul c\uc1 \u226 ?nd buza inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? nu poate compensa aceast\uc1 \u259
? anomalie a buzei superioare. Operarea despic\uc1 \u259 ?turii anterioare labiale
este recomandat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei de 6 luni (Prof.
dr. Valerian Popescu). Refacerea chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ? a buzei superioare trebuie
f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? cu grij\uc1 \u259 ?, evit\uc1 \u226 ?nd asimetrii \uc1
\u351 ?i inegalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale zonei de contact cu buza
inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul cicatricei respective, deoarece prin fanta
r\uc1 \u259 ?mas\uc1 \u259 ? poate p\uc1 \u259 ?trunde aerul, susceptibil ar
transforma bilateralele \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?uier\uc1 \u259 ?toare. (Vezi
Anexa A - Fig. 3.). }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile labio-
nazo-alveolare, tot congenitale, pot tulbura pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia corect\uc1
\u259 ? a bilabialelor \uc1 \u8222 ?p"-\uc1 \u8222 ?b", a labio-dentalelor \uc1
\u8222 ?f'-\uc1 \u8222 ?v" \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales a lingvo-dentalelor t, d, n, 1,
r, \uc1 \u355 ?, s, z \uc1 \u351 ?i a lingvo-prepalatalelor \uc1 \u351 ?, j, ce-ci,
ge-gi. Terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? (ortofonic\uc1 \u259 ?) a acestor dislalii
organice se \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe postoperatoriu chirur-gical, care are ca scop
refacerea anato-mo-topografic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?qvasi normal\uc1 \u259 ?" a
regiu-nii labio-nazo-alveolare, care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? viciul de conforma\uc1
\u355 ?ie amintit. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? la 6
luni, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o \uc1 \u351 ?edin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau 2 \uc1 \u351 ?
edin\uc1 \u355 ?e, la interval de 2-4 luni, mic\uc1 \u351 ?or\uc1 \u226 ?nd
dehiscen\uc1 \u355 ?a respectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (Dr.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Valerian Popescu). (Vezi Anexa A -Fig. 4. - a, b, c, d).}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li38 \ri0 \sb216 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anomaliile
dcnto-alveolare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie amintim: cre\uc1 \u351 ?
terile suplimentare dentare; lipsa incisivilor superiori dentali (congenital\uc1
\u259 ? sau post-traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?; din\uc1 \u355 ?i insuficient
dezvolta\uc1 \u355 ?i; implanta\uc1 \u355 ?ie vicioas\uc1 \u259 ?,
proalveolit\uc1 \u259 ? supe-rioar\uc1 \u259 ? etc; anomalii ce pot altera arti-
cularea fonemelor, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a con-soanelor labio-dentale \uc1 \u351 ?i
lingvo-den-tale. \uc1 \u238 ?n privin\uc1 \u355 ?a lingvo-dentalelor se \uc1
\u238 ?n-registreaz\uc1 \u259 ? interdentism lingvo-dentar, prin p\uc1 \u259 ?
trunderea v\uc1 \u226 ?rfului limbii \uc1 \u238 ?n fanta ocluziei deschise. }
\langfenp1048 Proalveolit\uc1 \u259 ? superi-oar\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a unei degluti\uc1 \u355 ?ii infan-tile, face ca
arcada alveolar\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se lungeasc\uc1 \u259 ?, a\uc1 \u351 ?
a \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t v\uc1 \u226 ?rful limbii cu greu va ajunge la
incisivii superiori pentru pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia consoanelor \uc1 \u8222 ?n",
\uc1 \u8222 ?1" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?r". \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
proalveolit\uc1 \u259 ? bimaxilar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu sunt pronun\uc1
\u355 ?ate corect explozivele bilabiale \uc1 \u351 ?i labio-dentale, buzele \uc1
\u351 ?i lim-ba neput\uc1 \u226 ?nd efectua compresia necesa-r\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 retro-alviolita }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 superioar\uc1 \u259 ? logopa-
tul pronun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?P \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de \uc1
\u8222 ?p", iar \uc1 \u238 ?n retro-alviolita inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? consoanele
siflante \uc1 \u8222 ?s", \uc1 \u8222 ?z", \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u351 ?",, j" sunt
defectuos pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ate. O rea implanta\uc1 \u355 ?ie a din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
poate fi compensat\uc1 \u259 ? de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile de suple\uc1
\u355 ?e ale limbii, atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu este vorba de o bre\uc1
\u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la incisivii centrali sau lateral\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Un aspect interes}
\langfenp1048 ant de anomalie dento-alveolar\uc1 \u259 ? ni-1 ofer\uc1 \u259 ?
inocluzia vertical\uc1 \u259 ?, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu o ocluzie deschis\uc1
\u259 ? (mardex opertus - \uc1 \u350 ?t. G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea, M. Piti\uc1 \u351 ?) cu
diasteme \uc1 \u351 ?i treme, caz \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt deranjate consoanele
bilabiale prin neputin\uc1 \u355 ?a aproprierii buzelor una de alta, iar
labiodentalele prin insuficienta apropiere a buzei inferioare de margi-nea
incizal\uc1 \u259 ? a frontalilor maxilari.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\column }{\b1 \fs24 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dac\uc1 \u259 ? apare vreo bre\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
incisiv\uc1 \u259 ?, limba se inclaveaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acest orificiu,
falsific\uc1 \u226 ?nd pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia corect\uc1 \u259 ? a consoa-nelor
lingvo-dentale, care devin inter-dentale. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? bre\uc1 \u351 ?a este
lateral\uc1 \u259 ? este alterat\uc1 \u259 ? pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia corect\uc1
\u259 ? a constric-tivelor (\uc1 \u351 ?, s, j, z) din cauz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259
? limba, \uc1 \u238 ?n tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a acoperi bre\uc1 \u351 ?a,
suprim\uc1 \u259 ? canalul median de scurgere a aerului necesar unei pronun\uc1
\u355 ?ii corecte, jetul de aer av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o traiectorie lateral\uc1 \u259 ?
(sigma-tism lateral). (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 5., a, b,c.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anomaliile fonemelor prin
despic\uc1 \u259 ?tu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ra }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 labio-maxilo-palatin\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot dup\uc1 \u259 ? cri-teriul etiologic, men\uc1 \u355
?ion\uc1 \u259 ?m dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme clinice mai deosebite, ce pot fi generate
fie de cauze func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, fie organice: dislalia oligofrenilor;
rinodislalia (rino-fonia) (vezi tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile respective (litera d \uc1
\u351 ?i r). (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 7)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anomaliile labio-dentale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea mai re-
prezentativ\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de anomalie labio-dentale este
proalveolit\uc1 \u259 ? dentar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care scurtimea buzei
superioare este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? adesea cu lungimea anormal\uc1 \u259 ? a
din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor incisivi superiori centrali, cu gingii groase \uc1 \u351 ?i
proeminente. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii buzele nu se mai pot \uc1
\u238 ?mpreuna, a\uc1 \u351 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t are loc o deforma\uc1
\u355 ?ie acustic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Anomaliile limbii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 area sau chiar
imposibilitatea limbii de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n-deplini func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
fonetic\uc1 \u259 ? este justificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unor
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, ca: macroglosia (congenital\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndit\uc1 \u259 ?), acromega-lia juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?, limfangiomul difuz, creti-
nismul, mongolismul, microglosia, an-chiloglosia, glosoptoza, limba bifid\uc1 \u259
?, limfangiomul limbii, chistul limbii, pare-ze \uc1 \u351 ?i paralizii ale limbii
(vezi \uc1 \u351 ?i aglosie). Ele sunt afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni organice \uc1 \u351 ?i
afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? articularea fonemelor lingvo-dentale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Amintim existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui fren lingual scurt \uc1 \u238 ?
ncriminat ca factor etiologic al variatelor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de vorbire, produ-
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd o insuficient\uc1 \u259 ? mobilitate a limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u226 ?nd ridicarea complet\uc1 \u259 ? a apixului, mi\uc1 \u351
?care absolut necesar\uc1 \u259 ? arti-cul\uc1 \u259 ?rii consoanelor lingvo-
dentale. Nu-mai \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unei anchiloglosii prin fren scurt, care
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? o interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259
? o scurt\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de convalescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se
recomand\uc1 \u259 ? recupera-rea func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? articulatorie
pentru ca subiectul s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i fixeze ortofonic consoa-nele
lingvo-dentale. Nu este indicat\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
frenului scurt, dar nu de o scurtime grav\uc1 \u259 ?, ci sunt necesare
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii de gimnastic\uc1 \u259 ? lingual\uc1 \u259 ? pentru \uc1 \u238
?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?ciei \uc1 \u351 ?i
inflexibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii limbii. Sunt numeroase cazuri care pre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? inter-ven\uc1
\u355 ?ia chirurgicala a frenului scurt, ex-plicate prin absen\uc1 \u355 ?a
terapiei logope-dice la timp \uc1 \u351 ?i dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cauz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anomaliile maxilarelor }
\langfenp1048 = cea mai re-prezentativ\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de anomalie a
man-dibulei este }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 progenia, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 denumit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?ma-crognatism mandibular" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?progna-tism
inferior"; se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea exagerat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea \uc1 \u238 ?n volum a osului mandibular
(macrognatism al-veolar) \uc1 \u351 ?i prin aceasta, mandibula afl\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se deplasat\uc1 \u259 ? mezial (\uc1 \u238 ?nainte) fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
maxilarul superior, pe care \uc1 \u238 ?l dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?
te adesea de jur \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur, oprindu-i dezvoltarea; se inverseaz\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia buzelor: buza inferioar\uc1 \u259 ?
situat\uc1 \u259 ? anterior fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cea superioar\uc1
\u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? anomalie congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259
? prin raportul invers de ocluzie a din\uc1 \u355 ?ior frontali este unul din
semnele principa-le ale ocluziei mezializate. Tot o afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-une
congenital\uc1 \u259 ? (pseudoprogna\uc1 \u355 ?ia man-dibular\uc1 \u259 ?) este
alunecarea \uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
maxilarului superior. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? malforma-\uc1 \u355 ?ie mandibular\uc1
\u259 ? este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
vicioase dentale (palato-\uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
rota-\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale incisivilor superiori \uc1 \u351 ?i vestibulo-\uc1 \u238 ?
nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i rota\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale incisivilor inferi-ori).
C\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? progna\uc1 \u355 ?ie superioa-
r\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? spa\uc1 \u355 ?ii inter-dentare, jetul de aer
eliminat prin acestea favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia sigmatismului \uc1
\u351 ?i a zigmatismului; de asemenea, sunt alterate labiodentalele \uc1 \u351 ?i
bilabialele, consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a ocluziei inverse frontale, care
face ca buza de jos s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-neasc\uc1 \u259 ? cu
dificultate din\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i buza de sus. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
fonetice cauzate de pragmatismul superior sunt datorate fap-tului c\uc1 \u259 ?,
contactul incisivilor superiori cu buza inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? nu permite a se aduce
\uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie corect\uc1 \u259 ? buzele ori limba (\uc1 \u238 ?
napoia din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor frontali superiori). Pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia consoanelor
siflante (s-\uc1 \u351 ?; z-j) este u\uc1 \u351 ?or deformat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n sensul sigmatismului aden-tal sau palatal. In concluzie, ambele for-me de
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii congenitale carac-terizate prin malocluzii, din cauza deca-
lajului pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ional dintre cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? maxi-lare,
determin\uc1 \u259 ? anomalii at\uc1 \u226 ?t de ordin es-tetic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i fonematic, privind pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia corect\uc1 \u259 ?. (Vezi
Anexa A - Fig. 6).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Anomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\i1
\langfenp1048 nemos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lege); dezordine, dezorganizare a unui sistem de valori
acreditat tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ional, specific subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor dezr\uc1 \u259 ?
d\uc1 \u259 ?cina\uc1 \u355 ?i de mediul lor social sau care au pierdut sistemul
lor de valori, fiind predispu\uc1 \u351 ?i inadapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, delic-ventei.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anonimie }
\langfenp1048 = refuzul unui bolna}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 v psihic de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te numele \uc1
\u351 ?i de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i atribui un nume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anorexia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? sau
nevro-z\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n refuzul aliment\uc1 \u259 ?
rii; su-biectul se blocheaz\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?ial fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de aces-tea, devine aproape insensibil la foame.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?, se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la su-gari \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unui conflict cu mama, \uc1
\u351 ?i la copilul 3-10 ani, explicabil\uc1 \u259 ? prin ca-pricii,
hiperemotivitate, opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii menite s\uc1 \u259 ? atrag\uc1 \u259 ?
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia adul\uc1 \u355 ?ilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anorexia mental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament ce se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? la adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i, mai ales la fete \uc1 \u351 ?i
femeile tinere (15-25 ani), \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?e-leas\uc1 \u259 ? ca o
regresiune cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de difi-cultatea condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?
de mediul fami-lial; uneori este component\uc1 \u259 ? a unor tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
psihice mai complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i necesit\uc1 \u259 ? psihoterapie \uc1 \u351 ?i
asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? endocrinologi-c\uc1 \u259 ?. Cel mai eficace
tratament psihotera-peutic ar fi o separare temporar\uc1 \u259 ? (2-3 luni) de
mediul familial, \uc1 \u351 ?i o dirijare a intereselor \uc1 \u351 ?i
preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rilor subiectului spre lumea din jur \uc1 \u351 ?i spre o
profesiune corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare cu posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
\uc1 \u351 ?i do-rin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale. Farmacoterapia prevede o chimioterapie
anxiolitic\uc1 \u259 ? la recomanda-rea medicului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anormal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce este \uc1 \u238
?n afara nor-melor; devia\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i anormal nu poate fi o
delimitare net\uc1 \u259 ?, ele fiind puncte extreme ale unui continuum; \uc1 \u238
?n curba lui Gauss, normalul se plaseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n zona de
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a valori-lor, iar anormalul
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? abaterea de la valoarea \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia
general\uc1 \u259 ? a modelului uman. Anormal nu este totuna cu patologicul.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anosmie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }
\langfenp1048 an - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asme }
\langfenp1048 - mi-ros); pierderea par\uc1 \u355 ?ial-selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau
total\uc1 \u259 ? a sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii olfactive, cauzat\uc1
\u259 ? de leziuni ale receptorilor din fosele nazale sau ale centrilor olfactivi
din lo-bul temporal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
Anosognozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a-\uc1 \u351
?i recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te propria hemiplegie, bolna-vul consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd
propriile membre para-lizate, apar\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd altei persoane.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anoxie }{\fs18
rarefiere sau suprimare a oxigenului distribuit de s\uc1 \u226 ?nge \uc1 \u355 ?
esuturilor, care determin\uc1 \u259 ? alter\uc1 \u259 ?ri celulare, mai ales la
nivelul forma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor nervoase superi-oare, care sunt extrem de
vulnerabile. Poate surveni la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere ca urmare a unui act obstetric
dificil (copilul este \uc1 \u238 ?nvine-\uc1 \u355 ?it). Se \uc1 \u238 ?
ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? metode de reanimare rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci
dup\uc1 \u259 ? 5-10 minute se pot instala leziuni cerebrale ireversibile,
generatoare de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurologice \uc1 \u351 ?i de ariera\uc1 \u355 ?
ie mental\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Anozodiaforie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = star}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e psihic\uc1 \u259 ? manifes-
tat\uc1 \u259 ? prin indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? amuzat\uc1 \u259 ?, uneori
euforic\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria-i
tulburare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anticipare }
\langfenp1048 = demers al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii asupra unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ce
poate fi executat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nain-tea stimulului la care corespunde
adapta-rea. Este o caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? a re-flect\uc1
\u259 ?rii, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? anticipativ, prin elaborarea
sistemelor reflexe. Orice schem\uc1 \u259 ?, model, concept etc, are o baz\uc1
\u259 ? anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? (cititul, descifrarea unei probleme, partituri
muzicale). \uc1 \u238 ?n citire, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia vizual\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1
\u351 ?irului de semne devanseaz\uc1 \u259 ? cuvintele, care se decodific\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i pronun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. G\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea este eminamente
anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anticipare opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
elaborare an-ticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? a structurilor operatorii ne-cesare pentru
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i formarea pro-gresiv\uc1
\u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii. Se recurge la an}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 trena-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 mentul modelatori u (vezi termenul antre-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nament
modelatoriu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antidepresive - antidelirante }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o sea-m\uc1
\u259 ? de medicamente introduse \uc1 \u238 ?n tera-peutic\uc1 \u259 ? cu ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune antidepresiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care au proprietatea de a reduce
sau antogo-niza delirul (neuroleptice). Au ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de stimulare a
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei, produc sti-mulare psihomotorie, influen\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? di-namogeneza \uc1 \u351 ?i diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? depresia. Efectul
apare dup\uc1 \u259 ? o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de laten-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
(zile, s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni de la aplicarea trata-mentului).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antinomie }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea modern\uc1 \u259 ?, antinomia
are sensul de contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ie dialectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (ex. \uc1 \u8222 ?
exist\uc1 \u259 ? o cauz\uc1 \u259 ? primor-dial\uc1 \u259 ? a lumii (divinitatea)"
- \uc1 \u8222 ?nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? o cauz\uc1 \u259 ? primordiala a lumii" sau
\uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?n lu-me exist\uc1 \u259 ? libertate - \uc1 \u238 ?n lume
exist\uc1 \u259 ? numai determinism"). La Kant, antino-mia desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
contradic\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care ajunge ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea pur\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? explice
lumea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antipatie }
\langfenp1048 = raport afectiv de respinge-re tacit\uc1 \u259 ? a unei persoane,
neaccept\uc1 \u226 ?nd modul ei de a fi, comportarea, sensi-bilitatea etc;
incompatibilitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? resim\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? ca
lips\uc1 \u259 ? de contact \uc1 \u351 ?i de aderen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (nu ca
ur\uc1 \u259 ?). Antipatia poate fi spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nemotivat\uc1
\u259 ?, motivat\uc1 \u259 ? doar prin nepotrivire de structur\uc1 \u259 ?
organic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; antipatia poate fi dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? prin ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente de valoare \uc1
\u351 ?i o mai bun\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antrenament autogen }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? psi-ho-terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihoprofilactic\uc1 \u259 ? ela-borat\uc1 \u259 ? de neuropatologul german J.H.
Schultz; folosit\uc1 \u259 ? ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n tratamentul unor
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihosomatice, \uc1 \u238 ?n pre-zent ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? de
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? a oamenilor normali, s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?to\uc1 \u351 ?i, dar care desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ce implic\uc1 \u259 ? utiliza-rea maxim\uc1
\u259 ? a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor lor psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i fizice
(aviator, sportivi); antrenament}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colno4 \colw2947 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li67 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 autogen preia
unele scheme din practi-cile yoga, la care se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? teoria \uc1 \u351
?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? a sugestiei \uc1 \u351 ?i autosugestiei, ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n experien\uc1 \u355 ?ele medicale de hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ?.
Autorul consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? prin concentrare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
autosugestie, \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de relaxare psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ?, se poate
ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine o autore-glare a st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor corporale. Pe plan soma-tic
se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o deconectare organic\uc1 \u259 ?, cu destindere
muscular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vascular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i eliberarea
automatismelor neurovege-tative cardiace, respiratorii \uc1 \u351 ?i digestive.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antrenament
modelatorii! }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul sistemului de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? anti-
cipativ\uc1 \u259 ? se propune un antrenament care s\uc1 \u259 ? modeleze opera\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i coordon\uc1 \u259 ?ri opera-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale:
reversibilitatea, tranzitivitatea, asociativitatea, aspecte necesare
pentru progresul \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Modelul de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune elaborat se interiorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, apoi se exteri-
orizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? succesiv prin aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ii practice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antrenament
psihologic modelat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = for-m\uc1 \u259 ? concret\uc1 \u259 ? de aplicare a
principiilor model\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n organizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
scopul ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de modelare pot fi diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate dou\uc1 \u259
? accep\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale ter-menului de antrenament psihologic mo-delat: - ca
instrument de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai profund\uc1 \u259 ? a
fenomenelor psihice im-plicate \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n spe\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; - \uc1 \u351 ?i ca in-strument de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
efectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dirijarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihice. Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte sunt unitare. Se apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? prin experi-mentarea \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicarea antrenamentul psi-holog}
\langfenp1048 ic modelat }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine o cunoa\uc1 \u351
?tere mai bun\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a complexit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
fortificarea \uc1 \u351 ?i poten\uc1 \u355 ?area diferitelor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Antrenament psihotonic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? de preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire
psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
sportive. O form\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de antrenament}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ideomotor, deoarece
principiul acestor tehnici const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n modificarea tonusului
muscular prin concentrarea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? ce se repercuteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
favorabil asupra func-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihosomatice; antrenamentul psi-hotonic
apare ca o abilitate con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? de fructificare a modific\uc1
\u259 ?rilor fiziologi-ce \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologice provocate de relaxa-rea
muscular\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ?. Antrenamentul psihotonic implic\uc1 \u259
? parcurgerea a trei faze: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 faza ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?
(adeziunea total\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?n practicarea exerci\uc1
\u355 ?iilor de relaxare muscular\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ); }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 faza \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irii antrenamentului autogen dup\uc1 \u259 ? metoda lui J.H.
Schultz \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 faza special\uc1 \u259 ? de
antrenament psihosomatic modelat, vi-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea
tonicit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i eficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei
musculaturii \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea valorific\uc1 \u259 ?rii ulterioare. Metoda bine
aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? elimi-n\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihosomatice
resim\uc1 \u355 ?ite \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de concurs (team\uc1 \u259 ?, insomnie,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri musculare, stres, incapacitate de concentrare \uc1 \u351 ?i
mobilizare, etc). Se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n profilaxia oboselii \uc1
\u351 ?i ca un mijloc de restabilire \uc1 \u351 ?i refacere a organismului
dup\uc1 \u259 ? efort.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Antropologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a omului
\uc1 \u351 ?i a operelor sale. Conform tradi\uc1 \u355 ?iei se dis-ting: \uc1
\u8226 ? antropologia fizic\uc1 \u259 ? - disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? care studiaz\uc1
\u259 ? caracteristicile morfologi-ce ale diferitelor oase umane, servindu-se mai
ales de m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?tori \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? antropo-logia
cultural\uc1 \u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i aplic\uc1 \u259 ? cerceta-rea
la faptele de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?. Reprezentan\uc1 \u355 ?ii acestei a doua \uc1
\u351 ?coli pornesc de la principiul c\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355
?elege omul este necesar s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 situezi \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul s\uc1 \u259 ?
u social. Prin prisma faptelor de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? este posibil s\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegi fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antropometrie }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anthotropor -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 om; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 metros - }{\fs18
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?); tehnici de m\uc1 \u259 ?su-rare folosite \uc1
\u238 ?n cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile asupra cor-pului omenesc, efectuate prin m\uc1
\u259 ?sura-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea diferitelor segmente care \uc1 \u238 ?l alc\uc1 \u259
?tu-iesc. Aplicarea acestei metode contri-buie la cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea regulilor
propor\uc1 \u355 ?io-n\uc1 \u259 ?rii omului, a modific\uc1 \u259 ?rii acestora
\uc1 \u351 ?i a sensului lor \uc1 \u238 ?n tot timpul fenomenului de variabilitate
din perioada de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere individual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, concretizat \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei
umane. Antropome-tria este un auxiliar indispensabil \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea
normelor de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sex \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
popula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i a normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cre\uc1
\u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii unui copil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anulare retroactiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
mecanism psiho-logic care \uc1 \u238 ?l determin\uc1 \u259 ? pe subiect s\uc1 \u259
? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndeasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se comporte astfel ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i cum o serie de acte, cuvinte, g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri anterioare ale
acestuia
nu ar fi avut loc niciodat\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest comportament cores-punde unui
mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a \uc1 \u8222 ?Eului", destinat s\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rteze \uc1 \u8222 ?an-goasa" datorat\uc1 \u259 ?
apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei de sentimente sau de idei inacceptabile pentru persoa-na
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?. Anularea retroactiv\uc1 \u259 ? des-cris\uc1
\u259 ? de Freud, se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea magic\uc1 \u259 ?, prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi \uc1 \u238 ?n
ritualurile obsesionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Anxietate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = plasat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul
emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, anxietatea a fost definit\uc1 \u259 ?, (J. Delay) modific\uc1
\u226 ?nd o formul\uc1 \u259 ? a lui P. Janet, ca \uc1 \u8222 ?o team\uc1 \u259 ?
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? obiect aparent". Se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? prin st\uc1
\u259 ?ri de nelini\uc1 \u351 ?te, team\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1
\u355 ?a unor cauze care s\uc1 \u259 ? le provoace. Termenul este sinonim al
angoasei, cu precizarea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n angoas\uc1 \u259 ? sunt
prezente modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri fiziologice (transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, sufo-care,
puls accelerat). Anxietatea patolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?
ie cu cea normal\uc1 \u259 ?, este caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin excesul, durata
\uc1 \u351 ?i in-tensitatea sa. Ca simptom psihopatologic se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n melancolia anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
n nevroza obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fobic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n debutul psihozelor
sau \uc1 \u238 ?n afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni endocrine \uc1 \u351 ?i cardiace.}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri29 \sb10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anxietatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i vocea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vocea poate fi influen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1
\u259 ? de anxietate. Mecanismele producerii anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt
multiple, dar este foarte probabil s\uc1 \u259 ? intereseze pre-ponderent sistemul
adrenergic. \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri tracul se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin hipoto-
nii, disfonii, afonii, \uc1 \u238 ?n care predomin\uc1 \u259 ? componenta
emotiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Emo\uc1 \u355 ?iile pot fi \uc1 \u351 ?i stimulative asupra
vocii, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunt de slab\uc1 \u259 ? intensitate; sunt depresive
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunt foarte puternice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aparat psihic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen psihanalitic prin care se
atribuie psihismului o anume capacitate de a t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ransmite \uc1 \u351 ?i
transforma o energie determinat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea
sa \uc1 \u238 ?n sistem sau instan\uc1 \u355 ?e. Aparat psihic nu trebuie \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles \uc1 \u238 ?n sens anatomic, ci semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o
organizare \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile urmeaz\uc1
\u259 ? o ordine care fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? locul diferitelor sisteme. Func\uc1
\u355 ?ia aparatului psihic este men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea nivelului cel mai sc\uc1
\u259 ?zut posibil al energiei interne al unui organism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia vorbirii }
\langfenp1048 = se crede c\uc1 \u259 ? vorbi-rea a depins de schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri
fiziologice \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imea laringelui,
care s-a produs \uc1 \u238 ?ntre Homo erectus \uc1 \u351 ?i Homo sapiens, cu 45.000
\uc1 \u238 ?nainte de Hristos. Descope-rirea unui os hioid (la baza limbii) \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o pe\uc1 \u351 ?ter\uc1 \u259 ? din Israel, dovede\uc1 \u351 ?te
c\uc1 \u259 ? omul din Neanderthal era \uc1 \u238 ?nzestrat cu darul vorbirii (acum
60.000 de ani). Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?-rile au avut loc la Qumrat - Israel (l\uc1 \u226
?ng\uc1 \u259 ? Marea Moart\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate care se
define\uc1 \u351 ?te printr-o slab\uc1 \u259 ? emotivitate; inactivitate \uc1 \u351
?i lentoare reactiv\uc1 \u259 ?; apatic este opus colericului; om al conformis-
mului, introvertit, secretos, spirit ra\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal, slab\uc1 \u259 ?
emotivitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li91 \ri0 \sb283 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\shpleft6970 \shptop1579 \shpright6970 \shpbottom2145 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxmargin
posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv
0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apatie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a }{\fs18
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pathos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pasiune) stare
de pasivitate, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de energie, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de lipsa
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i a oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror mobiluri spre ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune; indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
problematica vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii cotidiene; apatia este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ia fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, de o dis-func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? (insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tiroidian\uc1 \u226 ? sau
suprarenal\uc1 \u259 ?), de o tulburare nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? (depresie, confuzie
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) sau de anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ii de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?
(deten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u351 ?omaj, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apercep\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (ad }{\fs18
la; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere);
termen introdus de Laibnitz, pentru a desemna percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ? spre deosebire de percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-
ente; este ceea ce Kant desemna prin con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
sine; apercep\uc1 \u355 ?ie este proce-sul prin intermediul c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia se
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? noi cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Popescu
Neveanu precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? apercep\uc1 \u355 ?ia este experien\uc1
\u355 ?a perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? ce se
activeaz\uc1 \u259 ? selectiv, servind ca instrument (model) \uc1 \u238 ?n noile
acte de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere. De aceea fondul
aperceptiv semnific\uc1 \u259 ? totalitatea experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei, tendin\uc1
\u355 ?ele ce pot mijloci perceperea \uc1 \u351 ?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1
\u238 ?n ge-nere (\uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rile alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuiesc fondul aperceptiv). In psihologia con-temporan\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul de
apercep\uc1 \u355 ?ie este \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit cu alte concepte: etalon, mne-
moschem\uc1 \u259 ?, cod, model etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apeten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = actualizarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea unor dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e ce duc la satisfacerea unor
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e materiale sau spirituale; stare preferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ?, opus\uc1 \u259 ? inapeten\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apical }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apex - }
\langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rf); articularea consoanelor prin apropierea v\uc1 \u226
?rfului lim-bii de din\uc1 \u355 ?i, de alveole, de bolta pala-tului.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aposteori }{\fs18
(lat. - \uc1 \u8222 ?din ceea ce urmea-z\uc1 \u259 ?"), adic\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1
\u259 ? cercetarea faptelor,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dup\uc1 \u259 ? experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofia kantian\uc1 \u259 ?, desemna cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele provenite numai din experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238
?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu cele pro-venite apriori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apraxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 praxis - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune); \uc1 \u8226 ?
incapacitate de executare a gesturilor adecvate unui scop, \uc1 \u238 ?n
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurologice,
elementare, para-lizii, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri involuntare sau tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de sensibilitate; \uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia este \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera motorie
ceea ce este agnozia \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei (Ed. Claparede).
Sintetizarea lui Charlex Foix permite clasificarea apraxiilor \uc1 \u238 ?n forme:
ideatorii, motorii, melochinetic\uc1 \u259 ?, ideomotorii, constructi-v\uc1
\u259 ?, amuzia apraxic\uc1 \u259 ? vocal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i instru-
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, afagoapraxia etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) Apraxia ideatorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este conside-rat\uc1
\u259 ? ca o agnozie de utilizare a obiecte-lor uzuale la comanda examinatorului,
dar poate efectua prin imitare; (nu poate deschide robinete, nu poate descuia u\uc1
\u351 ?a, aprinde o \uc1 \u355 ?igar\uc1 \u259 ?, nu se poate \uc1 \u238 ?
mbr\uc1 \u259 ?ca, dezbr\uc1 \u259 ?ca etc). Apraxia ideatorie este
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziuni ale extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
posterioare a primelor dou\uc1 \u259 ? circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iuni temporare \uc1
\u351 ?i ale plicii curbe. Ea este bilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd leziunea
este \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u226 ?nga \uc1 \u351 ?i unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n leziunile emisferului drept.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\li0 \ri77 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin77 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) Apraxia motorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (mielo-
kinetic\uc1 \u259 ?) intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? de obicei un teritoriu mai restr\uc1
\u226 ?ns. Ea const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o tulburare a formulei chinetice
pentru mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, afect\uc1 \u226 ?nd
toate formele de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care simple sau complexe, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?ri spontane
sau la cerere, sau imitate, fiind urmarea unei leziuni la nivelul scoar\uc1
\u355 ?ei motorii. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest aspect se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
apraxia membrului superior prin imposibilitatea unor mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
ele-mentare ca: \uc1 \u8226 ? flexia \uc1 \u351 ?i extensia seg-mentelor, r\uc1
\u259 ?sfirarea degetelor, opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia degetului mare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri-}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor gestuale cu caracter conven\uc1 \u355 ?ional ca:
salutul, aplaudatul, piept\uc1 \u259 ?natul, b\uc1 \u259 ?r-bieritul,
c\uc1 \u226 ?ntatul la pian, vorbitul la te-lefon, etc. \uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia buco-
linguo-facial\uc1 \u259 ? -tulburare bilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, ce const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n im-posibilitatea de a executa mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile la
comand\uc1 \u259 ?, la nivelul musculaturii cefali-ce: umflarea obrajilor, \uc1
\u238 ?ncre\uc1 \u355 ?irea frun\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ridicarea \uc1 \u351 ?i cobor\uc1
\u226 ?rea alternativ\uc1 \u259 ? sau concomitent\uc1 \u259 ? a obrajilor,
fluieratul, su-flatul sau diverse grimase. De asemenea este imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?
executarea unor acte reflexe: sugerea, mastica\uc1 \u355 ?ia, degluti\uc1
\u355 ?ia, scoaterea limbii. Toate acestea sunt de-terminate de leziuni
localizate \uc1 \u238 ?n aria precentral\uc1 \u259 ? inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? a
emisferului cere-bral dominant; \uc1 \u8226 ? afagoapraxia - este im-posibilitatea
de a \uc1 \u238 ?nghi\uc1 \u355 ?i, la comand\uc1 \u259 ?, cu conservarea
reflexului de degluti\uc1 \u355 ?ie, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziuni \uc1
\u238 ?n aria Broca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n girusul precentral st\uc1 \u226 ?
ng \uc1 \u351 ?i supramar-ginal; \uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259
?rilor expresive mi-mice - imposibilitatea red\uc1 \u259 ?rii st\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre musculatura facial\uc1 \u259 ?
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziuni \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunea pre-central\uc1 \u259 ?
motor\uc1 \u259 ? a capului; \uc1 \u8226 ? amuzia apra-xic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 vocal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (imposibilitatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de a c\uc1
\u226 ?nta din gur\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i cea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instrumental\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (incapaci-tatea de a c\uc1 \u226 ?nta la un instrument,
de\uc1 \u351 ?i mobilitatea elementar\uc1 \u259 ? a membrelor superioare este
conservat\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? amuzia melo-kinetic\uc1 \u259 ?: pierderea
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a efectua gesturi fine ale m\uc1 \u226 ?
inii, determi-nat\uc1 \u259 ? de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor
motilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii voluntare (calea piramidal\uc1 \u259 ?);
\uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia mersului \uc1 \u351 ?i a redres\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin pierderea
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a coordona membrele infe-rioare \uc1 \u238 ?n
mers, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui deficit motor, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259
? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ataxice de tip cere-bral, vestibular sau proprioceptiv,
deter-minat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziuni frontale; \uc1 \u8226 ? apraxia mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor oculare: const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n imposibi-litatea
dirij\uc1 \u259 ?rii voluntare a privirii de-terminat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziuni
localizate \uc1 \u238 ?n lobul frontal, occipital \uc1 \u351 ?i parietal.}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs2 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\sb302 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin48 \cbpat16 \tql
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 c)\tab }{\b1 \i1 \fs18
Apraxia ideomotorie, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 int}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eresea-z\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?
t actele simple c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cele compli-cate, \uc1 \u351 ?i poate
fi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (leziuni la nivelul corpului calos)
sau }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin afectarea regiunii
parieto - plic\uc1 \u259 ? curb\uc1 \u259 ? (plic\uc1 \u259 ? curb\uc1 \u259 ?,
girus supramargina-lis \uc1 \u351 ?i por\uc1 \u355 ?iuni din parietala
ascendent\uc1 \u259 ?). Este forma cea mai sever\uc1 \u259 ? de apraxie,
interes\uc1 \u226 ?nd mai ales mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile intranzi-tive.
Clinic se disting dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme de apraxie ideomotorie: }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de
evocare, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul nu poate evoca formula
kinetic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor gesturi uzuale, dar imit\uc1 \u259 ? pe examinatori; }
\langfenp1048 de executare, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nd cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te
formula kinetic\uc1 \u259 ? a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, pe care trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? le execute, dar este imposibil de a efectua spontan sau automat actul
motor respectiv. Apraxia nu este o agnozie, ci mai degrab\uc1 \u259 ? o amnezie
motorie.}{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\tql \tx538 \itap0 \ls4 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 d)\tab }
{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Apraxia constructiv\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o tulbura-re a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor plastice (aranjare, modelare, desenare),
\uc1 \u238 ?n care elementele spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii sunt
gre\uc1 \u351 ?it dispuse, determinate de leziuni localizate fie \uc1 \u238 ?n
emisferul cerebral drept, (form\uc1 \u259 ? mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
mai accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? pe linie spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-vizual\uc1 \u259 ?) fie
\uc1 \u238 ?n cel st\uc1 \u226 ?ng; \uc1 \u8226 ? apra-xia \uc1 \u238 ?mbr\uc1
\u259 ?catului - dezorganizarea ges-turilor care primesc actul \uc1 \u238 ?
mbr\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Toate formele de apraxie pot fi compensate
spontan sau prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de recuperare dirijat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Apreciere }{\fs18
aser\uc1 \u355 ?iune privind o anumi-t\uc1 \u259 ? ierarhie, pe baza compara\uc1
\u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiecte,
fenomene, persoane, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni etc. Aprecierea este o opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i apare \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terii; este o judecat\uc1 \u259 ? de valoare \uc1 \u351 ?i poate fi }{\i1 \fs18
just\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd reflect\uc1 \u259 ? adecvat datele
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fals\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu reflect\uc1 \u259 ? aceste date. Asupra aprecierii
pot influen\uc1 \u355 ?a st\uc1 \u259 ?ri subiective, interese etc. Este
important\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\colno1 \colw720 \colsr7210 \colno2 \colw720 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb10
\footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols5 \colsx34 \colno1 \colw3134
\colsr34 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw3033 \colsr1450 \colno4 \colw3220
\colsr144 \colno5 \colw2990 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li115 \ri0 \sb283 \lisb0
aprecierea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? poate reflecta
just datele realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aprecierea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ==}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li67 \ri14 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
experiment pedagogic \uc1 \u351 ?i natural pe baza unor exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
obiec-tive \uc1 \u238 ?n fi\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a rezultatelor activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?colare. Se cere \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectului o
autoa-preciere, fiind un criteriu de sinceritate \uc1 \u351 ?i putere de g\uc1
\u226 ?ndire obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Aprecierea se face \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i ai clasei/grupei.
Metoda apreci-erii obiective prezint\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tratarea individual\uc1 \u259 ? a elevilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
vali-darea probelor \uc1 \u351 ?i testelor cu caracter \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1
\u355 ?ific, \uc1 \u238 ?n orientarea \uc1 \u351 ?i autoorientarea \uc1 \u351 ?
colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ia tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-turilor de personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i a
aptitudinilor: este important\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n general, dar mai ales
\uc1 \u238 ?n judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de valoare cu transfer \uc1 \u238 ?n
ac-tivitatea oamenilor (\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, art\uc1 \u259 ?,
activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?colare practice etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aprehensiune }{\fs18
stare similar\uc1 \u259 ? anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dar de mai mic\uc1
\u259 ? intensitate; are \uc1 \u351 ?i sensul \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii }
\langfenp1048 sau surprinderii a ceva real, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a faptelor
psihologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Apriori }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259 ? de mai \uc1 \u238 ?nainte
\uc1 \u351 ?i precede un eveniment sau o experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Termen
folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n gnoseologia cla-sicii (Kant), \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elesul unei cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?teri care nu depinde de nici o experien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind universal\uc1 \u259 ?; este totu\uc1 \u351 ?i
criticat\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile apriorice au
o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? ne\uc1 \u238 ?ndo-ielnic\uc1 \u259 ? cu
experien\uc1 \u355 ?a; apriori se opune fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de aposteori,
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere ce vine dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dintr-o experien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aprosexie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ? de aten\uc1
\u355 ?ie voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin lipsa posibi-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a se concentra asupra unui fenomen, no\uc1 \u355 ?
iune \uc1 \u351 ?i de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i dirija efortul spre o anume ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune. Aprosexia apare \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenii profunde; sindroame fronta-}
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
confuzive etc. (Vezi Aurelia S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aprozodie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ficarea
intona\uc1 \u355 ?iei vorbirii, prin \uc1 \u351 ?tergerea inflexiunilor obi\uc1
\u351 ?nuite \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n deplin\uc1 \u259 ? concordan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia cuvintelor (frecvent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aptitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie natural\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i do-b\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului care
mijloce\uc1 \u351 ?te reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activitate,
posibilitatea de a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona \uc1 \u351 ?i a ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine
performan\uc1 \u355 ?e; aptitudinea este ceea ce permite dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ierea
indivizilor, cu o educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie ega-l\uc1 \u259 ?, din punct de vedere al
randamentu-lui - \uc1 \u238 ?n domenii: intelectual, senzorial, artistic, practic,
motor etc. Ele sunt elemente ale talentului \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1
\u238 ?n }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 speciale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (muzic\uc1 \u259 ?, pictur\uc1
\u259 ?, matematice) \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 generale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?a, memoria, aten-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, spirit de observa\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Cele
speciale se disting p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 13-14 ani, fiind ne-cesar\uc1
\u259 ? o relativ\uc1 \u259 ? individualizare a pro-cesului instructiv-educativ
\uc1 \u351 ?i diagnos-ticarea lui precoce, neconfirm\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se teoria
independen\uc1 \u355 ?ei aptitudinii. Talen-tul rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea specific\uc1 \u259 ? a aptitudinilor. Cei ce se disting
prin ap-titudini complexe (speciale \uc1 \u351 ?i genera-le) \uc1 \u351 ?i
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? epoc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul de activitate, de
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? istoric\uc1 \u259 ? pentru societate, constituie
geniul. Aptitudini-le sunt sisteme opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale stabilizate, superior
dezvoltate \uc1 \u351 ?i de mare efici-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Arc reflex }
\langfenp1048 = structur\uc1 \u259 ? morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? a
reflexului, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din: 1) calea aferent\uc1 \u259 ?; 2) conexiunea
central\uc1 \u259 ?; 3) ca-lea eferent\uc1 \u259 ?. Orice reflex este un meca-nism
de autoreglaj ce include cu nece-sitate \uc1 \u351 ?i feed-back-ul, sau conexiunea
invers\uc1 \u259 ?, de retroaferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie venit\uc1 \u259 ? de la efector.
Se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? deci o a patra com-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0
ponent\uc1 \u259 ? iar \uc1 \u238 ?n reflexele concrete se multiplic\uc1 \u259 ?
secven\uc1 \u355 ?ial impulsurile efe-rente, de diverse tipuri.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\langfenp1048 = stare a unui copil sau adult \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziat
\uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea sa. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?rziere
se evalueaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu media grupului c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia
\uc1 \u238 ?i apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine individul \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i poate fi global\uc1 \u259 ? sau, dimpotri-v\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? nu
afecteze dec\uc1 \u226 ?t o parte a per-sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. C\uc1
\u226 ?nd sunt atinse func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psi-hice, subiectul este incapabil s\uc1
\u259 ? reu-\uc1 \u351 ?easc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?;
dac\uc1 \u259 ? este vorba de un copil, acesta se dovede\uc1 \u351 ?te inapt
s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nve-\uc1 \u355 ?e; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ia intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 corespunde u}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nei
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?e congenitale a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?-rii inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?
ei, care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? precoce \uc1 \u351 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n principiu, nu
poate fi niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? recuperat\uc1 \u259 ?. Ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ia
grav\uc1 \u259 ? are un pro-centaj \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 3-6 %o \uc1 \u351 ?i se poate
datora ere-dit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, unei fragilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a
cromozomului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 X }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (transm}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 is de femeie \uc1 \u351 ?i care
poate afecta pe to\uc1 \u355 ?i b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?ii n\uc1 \u259 ?
scu\uc1 \u355 ?i de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i mam\uc1 \u259 ?), unei abera\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cromozomice (ca \uc1 \u238 ?n sindro-mul Down), unei leziuni organice a cre-
ierului, ca urmare a unei boli a mamei \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada gravidit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (cum ar fi rubeola), unui traumatism cranian perinatal, unei
encefalite, etc. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ie intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?
ror cauze r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n necunoscute, dar care par a fi \uc1 \u238 ?n
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu o \uc1 \u8222 ?neglijen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
cultural\uc1 \u259 ?" (ca \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul copiilor s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatici) sau cu
o caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? precoce. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ia afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apare cel mai adesea
la indivizi cu o inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
corespunde unei imaturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice, ca o consecin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a fixa\uc1 \u355 ?iei la o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? treapt\uc1
\u259 ? a copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei; se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un ata\uc1 \u351 ?
ament excesiv fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i; prin
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a de autono-mie, egoism, puerilitate, put\uc1 \u226 ?nd evolua
favorabil sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a psihoterapiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Articularea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fona\uc1 \u355 ?ia mai
dispune de un organ propriu, ce se integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n}
{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile altor organe. Schematic,
apa-ratul fonator se poate \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
trei etaje: \uc1 \u8226 ? etajul inferior respirator; \uc1 \u8226 ? etajul
mijlociu, vibrator; \uc1 \u8226 ? etajul superior, re-zonator. Aceste segmente sunt
coman-date de centrii corticali \uc1 \u351 ?i anume de centrii moto-buco-faringo-
laringieni \uc1 \u351 ?i ai mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor respiratori, \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1
\u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? de-penden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de centrii auditivi, unde
se face reprezentarea mental\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului care va fi emis, \uc1 \u351 ?i
centrii g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii. (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 8, 9)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
1.\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Etajul inferior (cutia toracic\uc1 \u259 ?, cu mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii
respiratori, pl\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nii \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?ile
inferioare respiratorii) are ca principal\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ie asigurarea
schimburilor chimice \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aer \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u226 ?nge \uc1 \u351
?i numai secundar, furnizarea aerului necesar producerii sunetului.}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 2.\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringele este organul principal al
fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? la acest nivel iau na\uc1 \u351 ?tere
sunetele prin \uc1 \u8222 ?sec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea" co-loanei de aer expirator de
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre coarde-le vocale. Pentru producerea sunetului sunt necesare:
\uc1 \u8226 ? punerea coardelor vo-cale \uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
fonatorie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? producerea vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor coardelor
vocale. Pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fo-natorie a coardelor vocale se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
astfel: prin contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor ariari-tenoidian \uc1 \u351
?i cricoaritenoidieni laterali, are loc o afrontare a coardelor vocale pe
toat\uc1 \u259 ? lungimea lor, iar prin contrac-\uc1 \u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor
tiroartenoidieni interni \uc1 \u351 ?i cricotiroidian, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i a mu\uc1
\u351 ?chilor perila-ringieni, se produce o rigidizare a coar-delor vocale.
Pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai cobor\uc1 \u226 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? a laringelui influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fonatorie a
coardelor vocale. Vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ia coardelor vocale reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
fenomenul cel mai important al fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei, la acest nivel lu\uc1 \u226 ?nd
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere sunetul glotic. Asupra modului de producere a vibra\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor coardelor vocale nu avem p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi o
teorie unanim admis\uc1 \u259 ?. Observarea glo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard
3.\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tei prin laringoscopie,
stroboscopie, se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele
aspecte: \uc1 \u8226 ? coar-dele vocale vibreaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe toat\uc1 \u259 ?
lungimea lor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n planul glotic (ori}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zontal); \uc1 \u8226
? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ampl-itudinea vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 depinde de \uc1 \u238 ?
ndep\uc1 \u259 ?r-tarea celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? coarde vocale; ea este }{\b1 \i1
\langfenp1048 mare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (2,5 mm de fiecare parte, pentru vocile grave) \uc1 \u351
?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 mic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lmm, pentru vocile acute).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 3. Sunetul laringal variabil ca
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime \uc1 \u351 ?i intensitate se
propag\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile aerie-ne
supraglotice, mai \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n hipofaringe, iar de
aici, fie numai prin cavitatea buca-l\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i orificiul bucal,
fie \uc1 \u351 ?i prin rino-farin-ge \uc1 \u351 ?i fosele nazale, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin c\uc1 \u259 ?
tre exterior. Dintre aceste cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, cele mai importante
pen-tru fona\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt faringele \uc1 \u351 ?i cavitatea bu-cal\uc1
\u259 ?, care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? pere\uc1 \u355 ?i fic\uc1 \u351 ?i, pere\uc1
\u355 ?i rigizi \uc1 \u351 ?i mobili \uc1 \u351 ?i pere\uc1 \u355 ?i moi \uc1 \u351
?i mobili. Prin deplas\uc1 \u259 ?rile pere\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ca \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
con-tactul limb\uc1 \u259 ?-pere\uc1 \u355 ?i numit }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 articulare, }
\langfenp1048 ia na\uc1 \u351 ?tere o mul\uc1 \u355 ?ime de configura\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ale acestor cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i care din bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia
de armo-nice ale sunetului laringian, selecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?resc pe acelea care au frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ele forma\uc1
\u355 ?iilor, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd na\uc1 \u351 ?tere timbrului voca-lic, adic\uc1 \u259
? vocalelor. Pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, tre-cerea aerului expirator printre
obstacole-le formate de organele de articulare (limb\uc1 \u259 ?, v\uc1 \u259 ?l
palatin, maxilare, buze) d\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere consoanelor. Deci,
consoanele se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, spre
deose-bire de vocale care, ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial, se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
laringe. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? locul \uc1 \u238 ?n care se formea-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, consoanele se \uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1 \u238 ?
n: \uc1 \u8226 ? labiale: B, P, M; \uc1 \u8226 ? labioden-tale: F, }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V; }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? bidentale: T, D; \uc1 \u8226 ? siflante: S, Z,
T, S, J (nesonante fricative); \uc1 \u8226 ? linguo-palato-dentale: L, N, R
(sonante-lichide); \uc1 \u8226 ? guturale: C, G, H, K, Q, R (gutural).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fosele nazale, cu}
\langfenp1048 pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor rigizi nu se pot acorda cu sunetul laringian
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i
totdeauna pe ace-ea\uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd
v\uc1 \u259 ?lul palatin este}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cobor\uc1 \u226 ?t, rinofaringele particip\uc1 \u259 ? la
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?-rirea sunetelor grave; la o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l-\uc1 \u355 ?ime a sunetului variabil\uc1 \u259 ? cu
individul, v\uc1 \u259 ?lul palatin \uc1 \u238 ?nchide accesul sunetului spre
rinofaringe \uc1 \u351 ?i fosele nazale. Tim-brul nazal nu rezult\uc1 \u259 ?
dintr-un fenomen de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ci prin excitarea aerului din
fosele nazale de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre unda sonor\uc1 \u259 ? laringian\uc1 \u259 ?;
neput\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se propaga cu u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la
exterior, aceast\uc1 \u259 ? und\uc1 \u259 ? zdruncin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntregul aparat facial, produ-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii bine resim\uc1
\u355 ?ite \uc1 \u351 ?i folositoa-re \uc1 \u238 ?n autocontrolul emisiei, dar care
nu au nimic de-a face cu rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a acusti-c\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd
prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie ale laringelui, limbii,
mandibulei, v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin \uc1 \u351 ?i prin contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor faringelui se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine o concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre lucrul laringelui \uc1 \u351 ?i configura\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
mo-ment a cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, se
rea-lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? acordul fonorezonan\uc1 \u355 ?ial. In aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie lucrul coardelor vocale este u\uc1 \u351 ?urat \uc1 \u351 ?i
stimulat; \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb, atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
acest acord, asupra vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor coardelor vo-cale au loc retroac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni inhibatoare (dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u350 ?t. G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea \uc1
\u351 ?i Marcela Piti\uc1 \u351 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asialie (salivar\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = uscarea mucoasei
bucale, cu v\uc1 \u259 ?dit\uc1 \u259 ? greutate \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n mestecarea alimentelor. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cu atropin\uc1 \u259 ?, opiu \uc1 \u351 ?i ca fenomen secundar \uc1 \u238 ?n
tratamentul cu neuroleptice majore.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asiduitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate a voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
de perseveren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u226 ?rguin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n capacitatea de a
urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri neab\uc1 \u259 ?tut un scop, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un ritm
sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut, cu o energie mereu \uc1 \u238 ?mprosp\uc1 \u259 ?tat\uc1 \u259
?. Este o calitate necesar\uc1 \u259 ? pentru \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunilor dificile \uc1 \u351 ?i de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 Asimbolie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a func\uc1 \u355 ?iei sim-bolice;
mai mult dec\uc1 \u226 ?t afazia, implic\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1
\u351 ?i a simbolisticii nonverbale, gestic\uc1 \u259 ?, figurativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
geometric\uc1 \u259 ?, numeri-c\uc1 \u259 ? etc. Ating\uc1 \u226 ?nd centrii
senzoriali \uc1 \u351 ?i motori, asimbolia perturb\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd deci \uc1 \u351
?i agnoziile. Asimbolia afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai operarea cu simboluri, ci
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asimetrie func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = car}
\langfenp1048 acteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor analogice din cele
dou\uc1 \u259 ? emis-fere cerebrale, inclusiv a organelor de sim\uc1 \u355 ?
perechi, de a avea o dezvoltare ine-gal\uc1 \u259 ?, unul dintre centrii
dispu\uc1 \u351 ?i simetric fiind mai activ \uc1 \u351 ?i ocup\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? dominant\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1
\u259 ? unii autori (Ananiev B.) asimetrie func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a
organelor perechi este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?, elementul dominant \uc1 \u238 ?nde-
plinind un rol decisiv \uc1 \u238 ?n coordonarea sistemului. Astfel, prin asimetrie
func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? se accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ? decalajul dintre
imaginile monoculare, fuziunea lor du-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd la efectul percep\uc1 \u355 ?
iei spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului tridi-mensional (stereoscopie). Asimetria func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? pregnant \uc1 \u238 ?n dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?
ierea celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u226 ?ini, de regul\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u226 ?
nga fiind mai sensibil\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere tactil \uc1 \u351 ?i servind
la fixarea obiec-tului, iar dreapta dispun\uc1 \u226 ?nd de mai mult\uc1 \u259 ?
for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i capacitate de coordonare moto-rie,
\uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t intervine dominant \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-
uni. Psihofiziologii americane au afirmat c\uc1 \u259 ? asimetrie func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? emisfere este foarte accentuat\uc1
\u259 ?, dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dind caracter de specializare: st\uc1 \u226 ?ngul asi-
gur\uc1 \u226 ?nd simbolismul verbal, iar dreptul percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia spa\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea predominat\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
sau alteia din emisfe-re, s-ar explica tipurile speciale de activi-tate nervoas\uc1
\u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Asimilare, acomodare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n fiziologie,
asimilarea este procesul prin care fiin-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ele vii transform\uc1 \u259 ? elementele lor sub-
stan\uc1 \u355 ?iale, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, J. Piaget, \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria sa
psihogenetic\uc1 \u259 ?, denume\uc1 \u351 ?te asi-milarea \uc1 \u351 ?i acomodarea
ca procese de integrare a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de mediu la structura
intern\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului; asimi-larea \uc1 \u351 ?i acomodarea
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese psihice ale acomod\uc1 \u259 ?
rii la mediu, \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care aceasta se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de adoptarea vital\uc1 \u259 ? sau bio-logic\uc1 \u259 ?
propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ?. Trebuie subliniat faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? adaptarea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este subor-donat\uc1 \u259 ? adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n
general. Asimilarea reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? orice incorporare sau \uc1 \u8222 ?ab-
sorb\uc1 \u355 ?ie" de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin intermediul unor scheme sau
modele opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Acestea condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul
acomo-d\uc1 \u259 ?rii, care poate fi perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ?, intelec-tual\uc1 \u259
?, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionala, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tien-
t\uc1 \u259 ? sau incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?
t noile con-\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi produc \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu schemele efecte de
deformare sau destr\uc1 \u259 ?mare a vechilor scheme, se impun cicluri ope-
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale specifice, noi combin\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii complementare de scheme, acomodarea cu func\uc1 \u355 ?iile
ei de restructu-rare, apare \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu asimilarea ca o dimensiune
complementar\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de care via\uc1 \u355 ?
a \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? nu ar fi posibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin
succesivele acomod\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i reacomod\uc1 \u259 ?rii se reface
echilibrul per-turbat de noile acte de asimilare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asinergie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau
diminuarea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplini simultan bi-
manual diverse mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri care alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea motorie, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale cerebelului.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = totalitatea m\uc1 \u259 ?-
surilor \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor de sprijin acordate de o persoan\uc1
\u259 ? specializat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?
ririi, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?to\uc1 \u351 ?irii
psihice a unui subiect. Se face \uc1 \u238 ?n trei modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
prin-cipale de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) profilactic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 urm\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rind prevenirea apari\uc1
\u355 ?iei unor manifes-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri nedorite sau diminuarea for\uc1 \u355 ?elor
psihice; \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens se identific\uc1 \u259 ? cu igiena mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, medical\uc1 \u259 ?, psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?. Psihiatria modern\uc1 \u259 ?
a cunoscut o rapid\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltare, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de
\uc1 \u8222 ?a trata" a ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut \uc1 \u8222 ?a preveni", de la caracterul
clinic la cel social, de la izolare la reintegrare, ceea ce presupune perceperea
psihiatriei moderne drept un complex de activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i exercitate
pe baze \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u351 ?i umane pentru protejarea,
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea \uc1 \u351 ?i recupe-rarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?tate mintal\uc1 \u259 ?; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) uzua-l\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ajutarea omului aflat \uc1 \u238
?ntr-un impas, o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c) }{\fs18
a.p. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terapeutic}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al c\uc1 \u259
?rei scop este vindecarea pe calea interven\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihologice a unor
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri indezirabile sau boli psihice. Asisten\uc1 \u355 ?a
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? presupune cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea profund\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i multilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a omului c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se acord\uc1 \u259 ?
asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea se acord\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i omului s\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tos cu scopul de a-i facilita adaptarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? la
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii dificile. Specialistul folose\uc1 \u351 ?te: persuasiu-nea,
organizarea regimului de munc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, a mediului de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul cre\uc1
\u259 ?rii unui climat favorabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ( J. Locke, sec XVII);
ter-men ce d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 enot\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura,
asocierea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre anumite fenomene psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t
introdu-cerea uneia atrage \uc1 \u238 ?n mod automat apari-\uc1 \u355 ?ia
celorlalte. A. se creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca urmare a contiguit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii lor \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd impor-tan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
vivacitatea impresiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i repetarea tr\uc1 \u259 ?irii lor
simultane. \uc1 \u238 ?n evocare poate in-terveni \uc1 \u351 ?i asem\uc1 \u259 ?
narea sau contrastul, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? legile acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase
superioare, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi acelea, care intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n fasonarea
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tu-rilor temporare. Deci asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt \uc1 \u238 ?
ntotdeauna mijlocite de c\uc1 \u226 ?mpuri, an-sambluri sau sisteme, av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd un caracter dinamic \uc1 \u351 ?i complex. Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt
intrasistemice \uc1 \u351 ?i intersistemice, la di-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 verse niveluri sunt
dispuse ierarhic. Le-g\uc1 \u259 ?turile dintre diverse niveluri, dispuse ierarhic.
Leg\uc1 \u259 ?turile dintre diverse ele-mente psihice nu sunt \uc1 \u238 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ? numai de ordin asociativ, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
se-mantic \uc1 \u351 ?i (sau) implicativ. Pedagogia contemporan\uc1 \u259 ?
subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?a motivelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a interesului
pentru fixarea facil\uc1 \u259 ? a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, pentru
tr\uc1 \u259 ?inicia lor \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru rolul pe care-1 pot avea \uc1 \u238 ?
n via\uc1 \u355 ?a indivizilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii verbale libere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = la sf\uc1 \u226 ?
r\uc1 \u351 ?itul sec XIX, F. Galton a \uc1 \u238 ?ncercat pe el \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i experien\uc1 \u355 ?a asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iilor libere ver-bale,
tr\uc1 \u259 ?g\uc1 \u226 ?nd concluzia c\uc1 \u259 ? ideile \uc1 \u351 ?i
cuvintele \uc1 \u8222 ?pun \uc1 \u238 ?n lumin\uc1 \u259 ? cu o ciudat\uc1 \u259 ?
precizie bazele g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii omului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?i dezv\uc1
\u259 ?luie anatomia mental\uc1 \u259 ? cu mai mult\uc1 \u259 ? lips\uc1 \u259 ? de
menajament dec\uc1 \u226 ?t ar dori-o". Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? constatare a \uc1
\u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?ntat pe psihiatri (C. H. Kent \uc1 \u351 ?i A.J. Rosanov) \uc1
\u351 ?i pe psihanali\uc1 \u351 ?ti (C.G. Jung) s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntocmeasc\uc1 \u259 ? liste de cuvinte suscep-tibile s\uc1 \u259 ? sondeze
problemele psihologi-ce ale pacien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? le
rezolve complexele. Metoda este \uc1 \u238 ?ntrebuin\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n criminalistic\uc1 \u259 ? (se noteaz\uc1 \u259 ? timpul de reac\uc1
\u355 ?ie, semnele emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, presiunea sangvin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile electrodermale). Subiectul este obligat s\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ?spund\uc1 \u259 ? imediat la cuvinte-stimul cu primul cu-v\uc1 \u226 ?
nt care-i vine \uc1 \u238 ?n minte (localizate incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient). Metoda
poate fi utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? pentru studiul limbajului copiilor (pro-ba Kent
Ressanofl) sau al adul\uc1 \u355 ?ilor pentru determin\uc1 \u259 ?ri tipologice (A.
Iva-nov Smolenski, P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?io}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nism }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = curent
psihologic ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n relaxarea asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei ca
feno-men central \uc1 \u351 ?i fundamental \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
manifestarea proceselor psihice. A fost semnalat fenomenul asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? de la Aristotel, care a ini\uc1 \u355 ?iat \uc1 \u351 ?i
clasifi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 carea
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor dintre procese: a) con-tiguitate; b) asem\uc1 \u259 ?nare
\uc1 \u351 ?i c) contrast.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ionismul consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? ori-ce
proces sau forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihic\uc1 \u259 ? supe-rioar\uc1 \u259 ? este
rezultatul unui lan\uc1 \u355 ? sau com-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii asociative. \uc1 \u238 ?
n epoca modern\uc1 \u259 ?, W. Wund \uc1 \u351 ?i E. Thorndike s-au sprijinit
\uc1 \u238 ?n lucrurile lor pe ideea asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Timp \uc1 \u238 ?
ndelungat s-a \uc1 \u238 ?ncercat a se explica fenomenele psihice prin legile
asocierii (behaviorismul, Watson Y., Spence K., B. Skinner, ceea ce reduce
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de explicare \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ific\uc1 \u259 ?. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile au dovedit c\uc1 \u259 ? acestea au o
sfer\uc1 \u259 ? foarte redu-s\uc1 \u259 ? de variabilitate, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n
faptele elementare de memorie \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi. Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ionismul
a fost contrazis \uc1 \u351 ?i dep\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?it prin gestaltism,
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionalism, psi-hologia cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?, psiho-logia conduitei, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asomatognozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs18 \dbch
tulburare a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei schemei corporale (somatognozie), ca-
racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin ignorarea sau nerecu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terea unuia sau mai
multor segmen-te ale corpului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = n\uc1 \u259 ?zuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional; an-samblu de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e care \uc1
\u238 ?l propulseaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe om c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un ideal, c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
realizarea capa-cit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale. Nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
ie depin-de at\uc1 \u226 ?t de factorul individual, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de
factorii sociali; nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie nece-sit\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere de sine, a valo-rii proprii, a aptitudinilor \uc1
\u351 ?i limitelor per-sonale. Idealul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu voca\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
personale pentru a nu avea deziluzii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Astazie (Abazie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = imposibilitatea de a se
men\uc1 \u355 ?ine \uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie vertical\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
vorba de o tulburare func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? care se aseam\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? cu paraplegia (paralizia mem-brelor inferioare), dar de care se
deose-be\uc1 \u351 ?te profund, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? nu i se cu-}
\langfenp1048 noa\uc1 \u351 ?te cauza organic\uc1 \u259 ?. Se \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 abazie }{\fs18
(sau isterie), care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin convulsii tumultoase, }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spasticitate, pierderea limbajului vorbit. }{\fs18
Este o isterie anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astenie }{\fs18
stare rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din deficitul for\uc1 \u355 ?elor vitale,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin iritabi-litate \uc1 \u351 ?i hipersensibilitate,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin fatigabilitate sporit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
reduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie a capa-cit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de lucru; stare de
oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? per-manent\uc1 \u259 ? pe care simpla odihn\uc1 \u259 ? nu o
poate reduce. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de anorexie, insomnii,
nevralgii, vertijuri \uc1 \u351 ?i labilita-te vegetativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Din punct de
vedere psi-hic este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de hipomnezii,
lentoare intelectuala, dispersarea \uc1 \u351 ?i instabilitatea aten\uc1 \u355 ?
iei. Este punctul de pornire \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse maladii mintale. Poate fi conse-
cin\uc1 \u355 ?a unei infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii (hepatit\uc1 \u259 ? viral\uc1 \u259 ?,
encefalopatii, a unor disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii endocri-ne sau insuficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? suprarenal\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astenofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? intensiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i par\uc1 \u355 ?i-al lucid\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1
\u259 ? dureros; cu toate c\uc1 \u259 ? per-soana m\uc1 \u259 ?rturise\uc1 \u351 ?
te deschis inutilitatea anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale, este \uc1 \u238 ?n
acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp do-minat\uc1 \u259 ? de ea. Astenofobia genereaz\uc1
\u259 ? o stare de tensiune puternic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1
\u259 ? de disconfort; de obicei este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
un cortegiu de manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegeta-tive: transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
tahicardie, asialie, sealor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ee etc. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n depresie, schizo-
nemie, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Astereognozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de agnozie tactil\uc1 \u259 ?
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din incapacitatea de a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te obiectele, formele
\uc1 \u351 ?i calit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile de factur\uc1 \u259 ? ale
suprafe\uc1 \u355 ?elor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Astigmatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = defec\uc1 \u355 ?iune a vederii datorit\uc1
\u259 ? discordan\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n construc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
coeficien\uc1 \u355 ?ii de reflec\uc1 \u355 ?ie ai globilor ocu-lari, curburile
fiind net diferite \uc1 \u238 ?n pla-nurile perpendiculare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
ele. Se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colsr226 \colno4 \colw3014 \endnhere \pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \absw6283 \absh-773 \phmrg \pvpara \posx130
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 corecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
ochelari cu lentile restant, oferind modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cilindrice.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 soci}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? ulterioar\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ataraxie }
\langfenp1048 = stare de calm, \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?care \uc1 \u351 ?i
senin\uc1 \u259 ?tate sufleteasc\uc1 \u259 ?; modera\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n
sa-tisfacerea pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ata\uc1 \u351 ?ament }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune, simpatie dura-
bil\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cineva sau de ceva.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atavism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial
ereditar al unei spe-\uc1 \u355 ?e sau rase; apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia la un individ a
unor caracteristici ereditare, pe care p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
bunicii nu le-au posedat, dar care se presupune a fi apar\uc1 \u355 ?inut unor
str\uc1 \u259 ?mo\uc1 \u351 ?i mai \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rta\uc1 \u355 ?i;
ele sunt f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
biologic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru indivizii actuali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ataxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a - }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 taxis = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rdine); f\uc1
\u259 ?-r\uc1 \u259 ? ordine; tulburare a coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii mi\uc1 \u351 ?-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor voluntare prezint\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
do-u\uc1 \u259 ? forme; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) motorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b)
static\uc1 \u259 ?; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) ata-xia motorie este caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? prin inca-pacitate de a coordona mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile membre-lor
inferioare sau superioare, mersul de-venind nesigur, greoi, cu oscil\uc1 \u259 ?
ri \uc1 \u238 ?n toate direc\uc1 \u355 ?iile; b) ataxia static\uc1 \u259 ? -
pierderea coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii musculare \uc1 \u238 ?n ortostatism \uc1 \u351 ?i
uneori \uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?ez\uc1 \u226 ?nd. Ataxia este
provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de leziunile unor c\uc1 \u259 ?i nervoase sau a centrelor din
S.N.C, care coordo-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?r}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ile
(cerebel, lob frontal).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ataxofemie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afectarea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii ver-bale,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de coordo-nare a aparatului fonator,
conduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la o distorsionare a sunetelor \uc1 \u351 ?i cuvintelor.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ateliere
terapeutice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? activ\uc1 \u259 ? a terapiei de
readaptare ce se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii (medicale, educative) care trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? bolnavul \uc1 \u238 ?n
perioada acut\uc1 \u259 ? a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Atelierele terapeutice
ofer\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitatea continu\uc1 \u259 ?rii tratamentului de \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre\uc1 \u355 ?inere a poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului de munc\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20
Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de orientare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i concentrare focalizat\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor psihocomportamentale \uc1 \u238 ?
n vederea unei optime \uc1 \u351 ?i facile reflect\uc1 \u259 ?ri, sau a unei
interven\uc1 \u355 ?ii eficiente. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest proces are loc ierarhizarea
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor: unele sunt promovate, iar altele re\uc1 \u355 ?inute,
inhibate, cele concurente sunt excluse. Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? proces bipolar: pe de o parte intensificarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
focalizarea, pe de alta, distragere \uc1 \u351 ?i deconcentrare. Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia
nu dispune de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, nu confer\uc1 \u259 ? sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, dar este implicat\uc1 \u259 ? ca factor dinamogen \uc1 \u351 ?i selectiv
\uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; este \uc1
\u238 ?n ajutorul activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere dar nu
se con-fund\uc1 \u259 ? ce ea. Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia este pus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu dominanta cortical\uc1 \u259 ? (A. Uhtomshi). La actul de
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie particip\uc1 \u259 ? toate componentele vegetative, hormonale
\uc1 \u351 ?i motorii, \uc1 \u238 ?n declan\uc1 \u351 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?i
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea reflexelor de orientare. Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia este re-zultatul
unui proces de activitate neuro-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? cu mai multe
componente:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin58 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx192 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 influx nervos specific acelei senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii;}{\fs20
\rin67 \cbpat16 \tql \tx192 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1
\u351 ?i alt influx colateral care ajunge la}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 substan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? reticular\uc1 \u259 ? din mezencefal, o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18
activeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aceasta trimite impulsuri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 spre scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i o
activare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 difuz\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1
\u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de veghe. Ca}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dovad\uc1 \u259 ?:
dac\uc1 \u259 ? aceste c\uc1 \u259 ?i colaterale sunt}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
sec\uc1 \u355 ?ionate se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?a.}{\fs18
\line
\langfenp1048 Tot colateralele activeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i substan\uc1 \u355
?a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reticular\uc1 \u259 ? talamic\uc1 \u259 ?
care stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mod selectiv scoar\uc1
\u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 astfel reflexul
necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat de orien-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tare - investigare, care se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 explorarea mediului.
Acest reflex de-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 termin\uc1 \u259 ? o activare
continu\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i speci-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fic\uc1 \u259 ? a
diverselor arii ale contextului,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 exprim\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se \uc1 \u238 ?n starea de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie. A.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? mobilizare, activare, energi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zare \uc1 \u351 ?i
organizare, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? va focaliza
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia, \uc1 \u238 ?n special prin ariile frontale direct implicate
\uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia cen-trele nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i dominan\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n reglarea energiei. Focarul dominant determin\uc1
\u259 ? prin induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u238 ?n jur \uc1 \u351 ?i astfel se creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? zona cu excitabilitate
optim\uc1 \u259 ? care corespunde obiectului (acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii)
din centrul aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t aceasta corespunde
\uc1 \u351 ?i trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i genereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri afective pozitive, aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ional-afective vor genera, orienta \uc1 \u351 ?i regla aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia, o vor
men\uc1 \u355 ?ine cu u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? timp \uc1 \u238 ?
ndelungat. De re\uc1 \u355 ?inut, c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n formele mai complexe
de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, in-tervine voin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i deci forma\uc1
\u355 ?iunile reticu-lare subcorticale sunt reglate cortical \uc1 \u351 ?i paralel
cu orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i tonificare pentru ceva; are loc paralel, concomitent,
inhi-barea altor stimuli, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd fenomenul de filtraj senzorial
\uc1 \u351 ?i de selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? chiar de la
nivelul receptorilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei reticulare. Ceea ce
intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul focaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii este
clar \uc1 \u351 ?i bine re-flectat, cea ce corespunde zonei periferi-ce este mai
vag recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u351 ?i interpretat. Aici intervin mecanismele
verbale prin intermediul lobilor frontali. Deci, feno-menul de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie
presupune regl\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i autoregl\uc1 \u259 ?ri de nivele
diferite. Perfec\uc1 \u355 ?io-narea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1
\u259 ? elaborarea, fixa-rea \uc1 \u351 ?i generalizarea mecanismelor de ac-tivare,
selectare, orientare, concentrare, ceea ce duce la o aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie u\uc1 \u351
?or de instalat \uc1 \u351 ?i eficient\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de natura reglaju-lui, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 involuntar\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (intern\uc1 \u259 ? sau extern\uc1 \u259 ?) sau }{\i1
\langfenp1048 voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (intern\uc1 \u259 ? sau
extern\uc1 \u259 ?). \uc1 \u8226 ? Extern\uc1 \u259 ?: intensitatea, nouta-tea,
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau dispari\uc1 \u355 ?ia brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a unor stimuli,
complexitatea lor. \uc1 \u8226 ? Intern\uc1 \u259 ?: in-teresul, fenomene afective.
Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia invo-luntar\uc1 \u259 ? apare sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a acestor
fac-tori interni \uc1 \u351 ?i externi \uc1 \u351 ?i este avantajoas\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? mecanismele neurofiziologice asigur\uc1 \u259 ? eficien\uc1
\u355 ?a pentru o activitate f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ? apar\uc1
\u259 ? oboseala. Aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
autoreglat\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tient este superioar\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1
\u226 ?t prin mecanismele de producere c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i efectele ei.
Rol important au meca-nismele verbale \uc1 \u351 ?i lobii frontali. Deci orientarea
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? intensific\uc1 \u259 ? acti-vit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihice c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i inhib\uc1 \u259 ? pe
cele colaterale, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?nd excitan\uc1 \u355 ?ii
pertur-batori \uc1 \u351 ?i men\uc1 \u355 ?ine concentrat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
durat\uc1 \u259 ? necesar\uc1 \u259 ? acelei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Ea
se men\uc1 \u355 ?ine cu consum energetic \uc1 \u351 ?i nu pentru mult timp. Prin
repetarea ei se creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un grad de automatizare al ei, transfor-m\uc1
\u226 ?nd-o \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem de deprinderi \uc1 \u351 ?i se nume\uc1 \u351
?te aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie postvoluntar\uc1 \u259 ? care nu necesit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ncordare obositoare. Cele trei forme se \uc1 \u238 ?mbin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i se complemen-tarizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile
structurale ale aten-\uc1 \u355 ?iei variabil dezvoltate \uc1 \u351 ?i deci
diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iate sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? volumul - segmentele in-forma\uc1
\u355 ?ionale concomitent relevate; \uc1 \u8226 ? concentrarea,
contrar\uc1 \u259 ? distragerii; se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse
grade \uc1 \u351 ?i este func-\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei dominante (punct de optim\uc1
\u259 ? excitabilitate); \uc1 \u8226 ? stabilitate caracteristi-c\uc1 \u259 ?
temporar\uc1 \u259 ? a concentr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a modu-lui de
organizare; \uc1 \u8226 ? distributivitatea sau plurifocalizarea a., func\uc1 \u355
?ionarea ei \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii, o concomitent\uc1 \u259 ?
de mai multe dominante (Uhtomski); \uc1 \u8226 ? comu-tativitatea (flexibilitatea,
mobilitatea), este capacitatea de restructurare rapid\uc1 \u259 ?; cam 1/6 dintr-o
secund\uc1 \u259 ? este permis\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci peste acest prag se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? iner-\uc1 \u355 ?ia aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ceea ce poate fi
contraindi-cat \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite profesii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atestat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = act prin care se
atest\uc1 \u259 ? ceva; certificat sau diplom\uc1 \u259 ? de studii; a ates-ta; a
face dovad\uc1 \u259 ?, a dovedi, a confirma pe cineva \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un grad
superior \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?nt sau \uc1 \u238 ?n cercetare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1033 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft6946 \shptop-235 \shpright6946
{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = indiferentism
afectiv; glacia-litatea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; lips\uc1 \u259 ? de afectivitate sau
foarte slab\uc1 \u259 ? raportare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu cei din jur. De la
hipotimie, pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? ce se agraveaz\uc1 \u259 ? boala, se
poate ajunge la atimie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Atitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? sau
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a corpu-lui \uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de un eveniment sau aspect al realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; fel de a
fi, de a se comporta; a lua atitudine a-\uc1 \u351 ?i ar\uc1 \u259 ?ta cu fermitate
p\uc1 \u259 ?rerea. Din punct de vedere psihologic, atitudinea este o modalitate de
reportare la o clas\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? de obiec-te sau fenomene prin
care subiectul se orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? selectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i se
autoregleaz\uc1 \u259 ? preferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial. A. este un vector major al
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i include motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
sco-puri \uc1 \u351 ?i preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare Com-ponenta
executiv\uc1 \u259 ? presupune un mod de autoreglare ce are la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
eforturi volun-tare sus\uc1 \u355 ?inute. Omul, ca valoare suprem\uc1 \u259 ?
impune categoria atitudinilor: \uc1 \u8226 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de oameni
(\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ?
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine (cultivarea) propriei individualit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se ajunge la narcisism, nici la
umi-lin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, modestia fiind corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu demnita-tea;
\uc1 \u8226 ? atitudinea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales cele
profesionale (voca-\uc1 \u355 ?ia = suma aptitudinilor profesionale aso-ciate cu
atitudini corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare). Ati-tudinea, fiind o latur\uc1 \u259 ?
component\uc1 \u259 ? a ca-racterului relativ constant\uc1 \u259 ?, are o structu-
r\uc1 \u259 ? orientativ-reglatorie, execut\uc1 \u226 ?nd o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i evaluativ\uc1 \u259 ? a perso-
nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i Pot fi clasificate: \uc1 \u8226 ? atitudini inte-
lectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? perceptive (cu efecte de se-lectivitate
explicate prin motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i modele perceptive). Atitudinea
este un concept cheie \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea caracterului,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie evaluativ\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales prin
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul lor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-unile corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Componenta a-fectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
este bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe un proces cogni-tiv, fiind un antecedent preparatoriu al}
\langfenp1048 comportamentului. \uc1 \u350 ?i cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u8222 ?Eul"
este mai puternic, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t atitudinile sunt mai independente \uc1
\u351 ?i mai deschise, mai suple; cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t este mai slab, cu at\uc1
\u226 ?t atitudinile sunt mai rigide. Atitudinile sunt marcate bipolar (negative
sau pozitive; favorabile sau nefavorabile), av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
intensitate (de la ur\uc1 \u259 ? la dragoste, de la indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? la pasiune), ceea ce face s\uc1 \u259 ? fie ordonate pe scale. (Vezi Anexa
A - Fig. 10 )}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Atom social (sociogram\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = re\uc1 \u355 ?eaua de rela\uc1
\u355 ?ii de atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie - respingere - indi-feren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
ale unui individ cu cei din jur. Reprezentarea grafic\uc1 \u259 ? a ansamblului
unui grup minuscul se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te socio-gram\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atonie }{\fs18 \dbch
diminuare a tensiunii norma-le, fiziologice, pe care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? unele
organe contractile, \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de repaus. Neurologic, apare \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul c\uc1 \u226 ?nd leziu-nea se afl\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul neuronului motor
periferic (prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n poliomielit\uc1 \u259 ? acu-t\uc1
\u259 ?) sau \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cinile posterioare senziti-ve
sau mixte (senzitivo-motorii); apare \uc1 \u238 ?n polinefrite. Are loc \uc1
\u351 ?i o sc\uc1 \u259 ?dere a tonusului afectiv bazai (\uc1 \u238 ?n depresii
\uc1 \u351 ?i anxietate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Atrofia cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminua}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea unila-
teral\uc1 \u259 ? sau ambilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a emisferelor cerebrale, ca urmare a
distribu\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i reduc\uc1 \u355 ?iei substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
cerebroneuronale, printr-un proces de scleroz\uc1 \u259 ?. Termenul are un
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut anatomopatologic, ca urmare a existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei unor
leziuni de diverse tipuri la nivel celular. A.c. este un proces dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndit, deci exclude hipo-plaziile \uc1 \u351 ?i aplaziile cerebrale. Clinic,
simptomatologia, de\uc1 \u351 ?i divers\uc1 \u259 ? semiolo-gic, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
sigur se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? planuri
principale: neurologic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic. Deficitul psihic se constat\uc1
\langfenp1048 prin}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?;
certi-tudinea diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? necesit\uc1 \u259 ? efectuarea unei
investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ii radiologice (P.E.G), care are o mare valoare de
obiectivizare a atrofiei cerebrale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? o simptomatologie confuzional
delirant\uc1 \u259 ?, sub forma}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unor episoade tranzitorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Audien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblu persoanelor care recep\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
mesajele difuzate (audi-tori \uc1 \u351 ?i spectatori) \uc1 \u351 ?i cititorului de
c\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i. A. este \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de canalele
de comuni-care, informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul comuni-ca\uc1
\u355 ?iei, fondul afectiv, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i intere-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 sul, v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, nivelul cultural al auditorului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Audimutitate }{\fs18
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a limbajului f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o paralizie,
mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea buzelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a limbii fiind normale, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
audi\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Diagnosticul se pune cu precizie \uc1 \u238 ?n jur de 5 ani,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci manifestarea inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei la ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti copii
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un contrast impre-sionant fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a limbajului. Diag-nosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al
audimutit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (afa-zie congenital\uc1 \u259 ? de expresie) se
pune fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de surditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ? (afazie
congenital\uc1 \u259 ? de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, sau agnozia auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o audi\uc1 \u355 ?ie aparent normal\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci copilul aude \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de cuvinte, sune-te sau zgomote
confuze. \uc1 \u238 ?n audimutitate, chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? copilul
progreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? oarecum \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicarea lui expresiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
are un lim-baj agramat, cu mari gre\uc1 \u351 ?eli de articu-lare, ceea ce nu-i
permite s\uc1 \u259 ? ia parte la via\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ?,
depinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd de familie \uc1 \u351 ?i la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1
\u259 ?. Reeducarea este foarte dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, etiologia obscur\uc1 \u259 ?,
iar cazurile sunt destul de rare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Absen\uc1 \u355 ?a complet\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului la
co-piii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 3-5 ani, ne face s\uc1 \u259 ? ne g\uc1 \u226 ?ndim
\uc1 \u351 ?i la o psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? (mutism psihogen sau elec-tiv). Diagnosticul
se pune \uc1 \u238 ?ntre surdimu-titate, audimutitate \uc1 \u351 ?i mutitate
autistic\uc1 \u259 ?, fapt care ne oblig\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ndrum\uc1 \u259 ?m copilul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ?tre neuropsihiatria infantil\uc1 \u259 ? sau
la otologi, fiind posibil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?n diferite grade d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e encefalopatii leziona-le. Audimutitatea
sinonim cu }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afazia }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 congenital\uc1 \u259 ? de evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 sau alalie ideo-patic\uc1 \u259 ?; este congenital\uc1 \u259 ? (f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de auz, defecte psihice sau anomalii ale
organelor fonatorii), are evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie favo-rabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cursul terapiei logopedice, fiind posibile unele sincinezii \uc1 \u351 ?i o apra-
xie ideomotorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li38 \ri0 \sb202 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
Audiometru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozitiv pentru m\uc1 \u259 ?su-rarea
comportamentelor proceselor au-ditive; generator de sunete, amplifica-tor,
atenuator, conductor aerian sau telefonic, microfon \uc1 \u351 ?i sistem de \uc1
\u238 ?nregis-trare (cu butoane) a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului subiec-tului la stimulii
auditivi. Sunt 3 tipuri dup\uc1 \u259 ? destina\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tonal, verbal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfenp1048 verbo-tonal. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe audiograme se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu grafice
ale curbelor \uc1 \u238 ?nregis-trate ca rezultat al pragurilor absolute \uc1 \u351
?i relative luate la diverse niveluri de in-tensitate, dar mai ales la nivelul
mini-mei intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i perceptibile. Explorarea func\uc1
\u355 ?iei auditive se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin depistare cu metode
subiective, obiecti-ve, de audi\uc1 \u355 ?ie tonal\uc1 \u259 ? supraliminar\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vocal\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Audiometria \uc1
\u351 ?}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i acumetria }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt metode subiective cunoscute de
oricare otolog, utilizate la copiii mai mari \uc1 \u351 ?i la adul\uc1 \u355 ?i.
\uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Audiometria tonal\uc1 \u259 ? supralimi-nar\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 prin care se determin\uc1 \u259 ? sediul lezi-unilor \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul hipoacuziilor cohleare, cuprinde recruitmentul sau fenomenul de \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u259 ?rire a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
auditi-ve. Prin recruitment \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegem o pertur-bare \uc1
\u238 ?ntre intensitatea senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei auditive \uc1 \u351 ?i intensitatea
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? a stimulului acus-tic care a provocat senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Orice
mo-dificare a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei dintre intensitatea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? a
stimulului sonor \uc1 \u351 ?i caracteristi-cile psiho-senzoriale ale senza\uc1
\u355 ?iei, con-stituie o manifestare patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, o dis-}{\fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colsr331 \colno4 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li77 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
{\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft6998 \shptop3931 \shpright6998 \shpbottom10267
45720}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn
wzName}{\sv Line 15}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}
{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 torsiune a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Audiometria
tonal\uc1 \u259 ? la copii se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin proba Peep-Show a lui
Dix \uc1 \u351 ?i Hollpike (1947) care se poate aplic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a de la v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta de 3 ani }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 12 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ani \uc1 \u351 ?i jum\uc1 \u259 ?
tate, dup\uc1 \u259 ? felul cum se com-port\uc1 \u259 ? copilul \uc1 \u351 ?i
dup\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul s\uc1 \u259 ?u mental. Rezultatul corect al acestui examen
este de 80% la 3 ani \uc1 \u351 ?i de 90% la 4-5 ani. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? 6 ani copilul
este \uc1 \u238 ?n stare s\uc1 \u259 ? fie supus la un examen audio-metric clasic:
tonal, liminar, supraliminar \uc1 \u351 ?i vocal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi197
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Audiometria vocal\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 (dup\uc1 \u259 ? princi-piile fonetice) cu ajutorul testului de
inteligibilitate, se poate executa mai bine la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u351 ?
colar\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului c\uc1 \u226 ?nd semne-le fonetice sunt bine
cunoscute. Aceste teste audiometrice vocale se pot practica la casc\uc1 \u259 ? sau
\uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mp liber: s-au constituit liste de c\uc1 \u226 ?te 10
cuvinte bisilabice, verbe care se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n audiometria
vocal\uc1 \u259 ? pentru copoii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 2 \uc1 \u351 ?i 9 ani. Se
num\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? cuvintele auzite gre\uc1 \u351 ?it \uc1 \u351 ?i
procentul se d\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? num\uc1 \u259 ?rul de cuvinte corect
auzite. Pentru m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea just\uc1 \u259 ? a audi\uc1 \u355 ?iei sunt
necesare minimum 100 de cuvinte. Co-piii cu antecedente familiale \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?rcate: surditate familial\uc1 \u259 ?, incompabilitate san-
gvin\uc1 \u259 ?, infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii virale \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul gradit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ingerarea anumitor droguri de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre gra-
vid\uc1 \u259 ?, malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii auriculare, prematurii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
cei cu meningit\uc1 \u259 ?, o infec\uc1 \u355 ?ie viral\uc1 \u259 ?, renal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n antecedente sau endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? (hi-pofiz\uc1 \u259 ?,
tiroid\uc1 \u259 ?); to\uc1 \u355 ?i ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti copii trebuie
supraveghea\uc1 \u355 ?i de serviciile de pediatrie. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18
Audiometria obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cup}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rinde urm\uc1 \u259 ?-
toarele metode pentru determinarea gra-dului audibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii:
electrodermografia; electroencefalografia; electrococleogra-fia; impedansometria.
Prin aceste meto-de se depisteaz\uc1 \u259 ? surditatea la sugar, copil mic, la
simulan\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul medico-legal \uc1 \u351 ?i la
adul\uc1 \u355 ?i cu leziuni ale sistemului nervos central care nu pot coopera la
examenul lor auditiv prin metode subiective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qj \fi470 \li72 \ri0 \sb38 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit
se exploreaz\uc1 \u259 ? trei inten-sit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i: 30, 60, 90 dB
(decibeli). Traseele ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de unde: \uc1
\u8226 ? unda }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ara}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea nervului
auditiv; \uc1 \u8226 ? un-da }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 arat\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea
nucleului cohlear; \uc1 \u8226 ? unda III, a olivei superioare; \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u8226 ? un-dele }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 IV }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V, }{\fs18 \dbch
activitatea tuberculilor quadrigemeni. Avantajele metodei con-stau \uc1 \u238 ?n
executarea examenului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n-tr-un laborator de
neurofiziologie; f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o anestezie prealabil\uc1 \u259 ?,
la orice v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, nefiind utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? calea transtim-
panic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Aura }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = semn premonitoriu ce precede apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor simptome
definite. Este \uc1 \u238 ?n fond o manifestare focal\uc1 \u259 ?, de scurt\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, de obicei identic\uc1 \u259 ? la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i bol-
nav (isterie, epilepsie, migren\uc1 \u259 ? etc), reprezentat\uc1 \u259 ? clinic
prin simptome de ordin motor, senzitiv-senzorial, vege-tative sau psihice, ce pot
avea uneori o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie localizatoare a focarului. A poate fi
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a adapta m\uc1 \u259 ?suri de pre\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pinarea crizei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aura uman\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen cu cauz\uc1 \u259 ?
nee-lucidat\uc1 \u259 ? deplin, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n emana\uc1 \u355 ?
ii bioelectrice dispuse \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul corpului
uman eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iate prin fotografiere. Este numit \uc1 \u351 ?i aura
vital\uc1 \u259 ? - pus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
S. Kirlian, care consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? dimen-siunile aurei ar fi
propor\uc1 \u355 ?ionale cu capacitatea vital\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom const\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n replie-rea total\uc1 \u259 ? asupra propriei lumi l\uc1 \u259 ?
untri-ce; mod de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire necritic\uc1 \u259 ?, centrat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
subiectivitate, rupt de realitate, do-minat de fantezie \uc1 \u351 ?i reverii. A.
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te diverse grade de dezvoltare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre nor-mal \uc1 \u351
?i patologic \uc1 \u351 ?i apare sub dou\uc1 \u259 ? for-me distincte: a) agitat,
subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?ncer-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd pe plan
imaginar experien\uc1 \u355 ?e care-1 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau duc la
extaz; b) calm,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tip contemplativ, \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul se
complace idilic prin iluziona}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re sau con-solare. Auti\uc1 \u351 ?tii sunt
cazurile de intro-versiune accentuat\uc1 \u259 ?; oric\uc1 \u226 ?t de bizare ar fi
tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile subiectului, ele nu intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n conflict
direct cu realitatea, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? lipsei de continuitate logic\uc1 \u259 ?
a autis-mului. Jung \uc1 \u351 ?i Maslow \uc1 \u238 ?l consider\uc1 \u259 ? doar un
fenomen compensatoriu, ce se desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n diverse grade \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i patologic. \uc1
\u238 ?ntreaga via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a su-biectului este
polarizat\uc1 \u259 ? asupra propriilor lui dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e, angoase, produc\uc1
\u355 ?iei ale ima-gina\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau delirului. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238
?ntre lumea real\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i lumea proprie este imposibil\uc1
\u259 ?, impenetrabil\uc1 \u259 ?, incomprehensiv\uc1 \u259 ?. P. Janet
consider\uc1 \u259 ? autismul ca fiind pierderea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului realului, iar
aceasta duce la e\uc1 \u351 ?u-area absolut\uc1 \u259 ? a sentimentului rela\uc1
\u355 ?iilor interumane, f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?nd din autist \uc1 \u8222 ?un
pr\uc1 \u259 ?bu-\uc1 \u351 ?it" \uc1 \u238 ?n propria fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n neantul s\uc1 \u259 ?u. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe
variante: \uc1 \u8226 ? a. infantil Kanner, \uc1 \u8226 ? a. infantil precoce, \uc1
\u8226 ? a. primar, \uc1 \u8226 ? psihopatie autistic\uc1 \u259 ? Asperger (sinonim
cu A. Kanner), \uc1 \u8226 ? a. convulsiv, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest ultim caz,
reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita tratamentului crizelor epileptice atrage dup\uc1 \u259 ? sine
dis-pari\uc1 \u355 ?ia autismului \uc1 \u351 ?i compensarea pro-gresiv\uc1 \u259 ?
a fenomenelor de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autoapreciere }{\fs18
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i defectelor
proprii, a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, apti-tudinilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
atitudinilor, a tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor de personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i a
gradului de dezvoltare. Acest act se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin compara\uc1 \u355 ?
ie cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i oameni \uc1 \u351 ?i suscit\uc1 \u259 ? evaluarea
produselor muncii proprii, a sensului comportamentelor sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
particula-rit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autocatarsis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
(catharsis - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 purificare); mod de exprimare individual\uc1 \u259 ? prin
scris, muzic\uc1 \u259 ?, desen etc, utilizat uneori \uc1 \u238 ?n scop
terapeutic, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u351 ?i cunoasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1
\u259 ? mai bine emo\uc1 \u355 ?iile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autocentric }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = subiect care \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i concen-treaz\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile, sentimentele, ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunile asupra propriei persoane, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n adolescen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, are loc o schimbare a sen-sului orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii
autocentrice a copilului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autocontrol }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie complementar\uc1
\u259 ? comenzii, prin care se supravegheaz\uc1 \u259 ?, pe baza
retroaferenta\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor suplimentare,
propriile reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamente, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd
ponderea, accelerarea sau suspendarea lor, \uc1 \u238 ?n con-formitate cu cerin\uc1
\u355 ?ele programului, si-tua\uc1 \u355 ?iei (P. Popescu Neveanu). A. apare ca o
st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nire de sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autocritic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = analiz\uc1 \u259 ? a
propriei con-duite \uc1 \u351 ?i recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea erorilor, a actelor de
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lcare a normelor morale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luirea lipsurilor din propria acti-vitate. A. este util\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care este realist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i orientat\uc1 \u259 ? autoeducativ, prin eliminarea erorilor de conduit\uc1
\u259 ? determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd restructur\uc1 \u259 ?ri profunde ale personalit\uc1
Autocunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea de sine prin
sine fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259
? impregnat\uc1 \u259 ? de su-biectivism. Nu este vorba de dedublare a con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ci de un demers stadial, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
pe care-1 realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? individul \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii de sine, demers util at\uc1 \u226 ?t pentru autoeduca\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i stabilirea nivele-lor de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie
individual\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru psihodiagnoz\uc1
\u259 ?. A. presupune autoob-serva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, autoapreciere, critic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i auto-valorizare, deci raportare \uc1 \u351 ?i evaluare
calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru evitarea subiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
Zapan propune \uc1 \u8222 ? metoda aprecierii obiective" iar U. \uc1 \u350 ?chiopu,
G\uc1 \u226 ?rboveanu \uc1 \u351 ?i P. Mure\uc1 \u351 ?anu propun testul \uc1
\u8222 ?celor trei profile", omul concret, omul ideal \uc1 \u351 ?i al}{\fs20 \dbch
\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb34 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colsr7171 \colno2 \colw720 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\plain \li0 \ri0 \sb19 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\pard \plain \qj \li101 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin101
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 propriei persoane, metoda
autentic\uc1 \u259 ? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a psihismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autodep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ire }{\fs18
responsabila atitudine fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
prin activitate; principiu de baz\uc1 \u259 ?, lege fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
proiectarea \uc1 \u351 ?i efectuarea unor ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ce dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?esc de fiecare dat\uc1 \u259 ? posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de
moment ale subiectului, sporindu-le progresiv. A. implic\uc1 \u259 ? un nivel
superior \uc1 \u351 ?i pozitiv de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 utoeduca\uc1 \u355 ?ia }
\langfenp1048 = proces de formare a propriei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u351 ?i conduite, con-form unor modele \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e pe
baza unor eforturi personale. Cel \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u238 ?n
acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp obiect \uc1 \u351 ?i subiect al educa-\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Automatism
mental }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = termen psihopa-tologic, stare de t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ulburare a con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul are impresia pierderii
st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirii propriilor procese \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri psihice, care sunt ie\uc1 \u351 ?ite de sub controlul propriei
voin\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Automatism mintal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces autonom caracterizat prin halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii
prihosenzo-riale simple, automatism motor \uc1 \u351 ?i ideo-verbal, dedublarea
mecanic\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i anticipare ideativ\uc1
\u259 ?, inten\uc1 \u355 ?ii abstracte, stranietatea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii. Subiectul
are con-vingerea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n creierul s\uc1 \u259 ?u p\uc1 \u259 ?
trund g\uc1 \u226 ?n-duri str\uc1 \u259 ?ine, c\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea
\uc1 \u238 ?i este manevra-t\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ? actele \uc1 \u238 ?i sunt
comentate \uc1 \u351 ?i coman-date din afar\uc1 \u259 ?. Uneori apare \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenome-nul de ecou al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii (ecolalia), cu ca-racter adi\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, constatator sau comenta-tiv. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?
te \uc1 \u238 ?n elementele schizo-ide, \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri confuzionale
sau toxice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb211 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Automatizarea ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunilor psihomotorii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
proces de transformare prin interiori-zare \uc1 \u351 ?i exersare repetitiv\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n baza stereo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ri0 \sb38 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin67 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tipiilor dinamice \uc1 \u351 ?i a fenomenelor
de feed-back, a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor con\uc1 \u351 ?tient - vo-luntare, \uc1 \u238
?n ac\uc1 \u355
?iuni autorizate de con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Automatizarea
decurge din exerci-\uc1 \u355 ?iu, care presupune condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare
reflex\uc1 \u259 ? sau stereotipizare. Automatismele con-serv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i repet\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce a fost achizi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nat, dar valoarea
lor adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ? depinde strict de modul cum sunt integrate \uc1 \u238 ?n
conduita inteligent\uc1 \u259 ?. Este ceea ce }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov
numea stereotip dinam}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ic, iar cibernetica \uc1 \u8222 ?o matrice
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?". In automatism nu trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se
absoluti-zeze nici rigiditatea \uc1 \u351 ?i nici desprinderea de controlul con\uc1
\u351 ?tient. Reglajul con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ent nu este suspendat, ci restructurat,
reduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la supravegherea genera-l\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u351 ?i cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t o activitate este mai
complex\uc1 \u259 ?, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t ea necesit\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni automatizate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autonomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care se conduce dup\uc1 \u259 ? legi
proprii, independent; \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia contemporan\uc1 \u259 ? are un sens
apropiat de cel al autodetermin\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin autoreglaj con\uc1 \u351 ?}
\langfenp1048 tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autopuni\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ? a in-
stinctului de conservare: pedepsire a propriei persoane prin diferite mijloace
(privarea de satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ii, nesatisfacerea unor trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e),
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la flagelare, auto-mutilare, suicid. Este prezent\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pato-logia psihic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (depresie, melancolie,
schizofrenie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Autoreglaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = posibilitatea unui sistem de a se echilibra \uc1
\u238 ?n raport cu un pro-gram care poate fi stabil (fix) sau apt de
reorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri (sinonim cu auto-con-ducere). Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
principal\uc1 \u259 ? este cone-xiunea invers\uc1 \u259 ? (feed-back pozitiv sau
negativ) \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia de complementaritate dintre func\uc1
\u355 ?ia de comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i control. Orice sistem biologic
(organismele vii)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este un sistem cu autoreglaj, ceea ce condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? permanenta lui adaptabi-litate, \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga activitate
psiho-compor-tamental\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi interpretat\uc1 \u259 ? ca un sistem
autoreglabil, la toate nivelurile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autoritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = impunere a unei influen\uc1 \u355 ?e de
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un subiect sau o institu\uc1 \u355 ?ie asupra altora, cu scopul de
a-i face s\uc1 \u259 ? se confor-meze; este o putere recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?, accep-
tat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n consens cu cei c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se
adre-seaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Autoritatea educativ\uc1 \u259 ? se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine prin:
exemplul pozitiv, comportare \uc1 \u351 ?i preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire profesional\uc1
\u259 ?, exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i spirit de r\uc1 \u259 ?
spundere \uc1 \u238 ?n opera educativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autoritate educativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
calitate, con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd din ascendentul fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de copil,
posi-bilitatea domin\uc1 \u259 ?rii acestuia prin capaci-tatea de a se impune
\uc1 \u351 ?i de a ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine din partea lui recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
rolului educativ (al p\uc1 \u259 ?rintelui, educatorului). Se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine
prin exemplu personal pozitiv, compor-tare adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? misiunii educative,
bun\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire profesional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?, exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i spirit de r\uc1
\u259 ?spundere, d\uc1 \u259 ?ruire de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i dragoste fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cei educa\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autoscopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = perceperea de c\uc1
\u259 ?tre su-biect, ca \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o oglind\uc1 \u259 ?, a imaginii pro-
priului s\uc1 \u259 ?u corp, proiectat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afara lui, \uc1
\u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul perceptual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autosugestie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate general uma-n\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i form\uc1 \u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ? de sugestie, con-
st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n auto influen\uc1 \u355 ?area propriului psi-hism
\uc1 \u351 ?i (sau) a st\uc1 \u259 ?rii fiziologice, pe baza unei idei sau imagini
mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i a unor mecanisme incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente de \uc1 \u8222 ?
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare" \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rire a
Eului. Poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o autosu-gestie }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spontan\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 dar spre deosebire de aceasta \uc1 \u351 ?i de cea }{\i1 \fs18
provocata }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 (prin) persu-asiune din afar\uc1 \u259 ?, de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? autorizat\uc1 \u259 ? sau prin hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ?), autosuges-
tia con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? este un proces de educare a}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 imagina\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, realizat \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cu participare
volitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul \uc1 \u238 ?mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?irii unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de disconfort
psihofiziologic. \uc1 \u350 ?i aici poate fi vorba de o \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n sugestie), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de convingerea suscita-t\uc1 \u259 ? de
adjuvan\uc1 \u355 ?i (autoritatea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a specialistului). Exemplu
poate fi activi-tatea yoga - care demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? o per-forman\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a autoreglajului mintal \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera proceselor vitale.
A. este o meto-d\uc1 \u259 ? de psiho-terapie \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul cre\uc1 \u351 ?
terii rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederii \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, \uc1 \u238 ?
n bine. Se urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te relaxarea emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259
?, distra-gerea de la simptomele maladiei, \uc1 \u238 ?ncu-rajarea somnului,
evitarea abuzului de medicamente. Se urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te echilibra-rea
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii personale \uc1 \u351 ?i a sporirii eficien-\uc1 \u355 ?ei
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este ilustrativ antrena-mentul autogen.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autotelic }
\langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (autos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sine,}{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 telios - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scop); ceea ce are
scop \uc1 \u238 ?n sine; ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i este sie\uc1 \u351 ?i
scop, purt\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n sine propria finalitate imanent\uc1 \u259 ?.
Jocul copi-lului poate fi apreciat o astfel de activi-tate, ca o preg\uc1 \u259 ?
tire pentru via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. In sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns define\uc1
\u351 ?te o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau un profil al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui
specific este dat de predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblul de scopuri
personale a mecanismelor de autoap\uc1 \u259 ?-rare, autoprotec\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u351 ?i autodezvoltare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autotopoagnozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i integrare, care face imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? localizarea unui segment al
corpului. Este o agnozie de schem\uc1 \u259 ?, uneori aso-ciat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
sentimentul \uc1 \u8222 ?pierderii" unui segment sau altul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autozom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cromozom somatic sau
nesexual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz
\langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ia perceperii stimulilor acustici prin intermediul
urechii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colw720 \colsr7162 \colno2 \colw720 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\pard \plain \qj \fi230 \li0 \ri0 \sb341 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iile
mecanice care se propag\uc1 \u259 ? prin mediul gazos, solid sau lichid - care
constituie sursa de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, complex\uc1 \u259 ? pentru om; este o
modalitate de prim ordin pentru a putea comunica. Percep-\uc1 \u355 ?iile
vibratorii cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 16-20.000 hz., frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, sufer\uc1 \u259 ? comprim\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i di-lat\uc1 \u259 ?ri
succesive ale particulelor mediu-lui, ca und\uc1 \u259 ? elastic\uc1 \u259 ?. A.
este str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat de activitatea intelectului: auzul verbal constituie
baza aferent\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului. Teoria rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei (cea mai
important\uc1 \u259 ? dintre teoriile audi\uc1 \u355 ?iei), arat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? senza-\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile auditive
sunt emina-mente succesive \uc1 \u351 ?i prezint\uc1 \u259 ? calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de intensitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime \uc1
\u351 ?i timbru, cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?tor caracteristicilor undelor acus-tice,
respectiv de amplitudine, frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i form\uc1
\u259 ?. Pragurile diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale se deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? distinct pentru
t\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?i-me,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci asupra perceperii sunetelor in-fluen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea dintre intensita-tea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259
?l\uc1 \u355 ?imea sunetelor. Adaptarea po-zitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
sensibilizarea este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia sunetelor (mai
ales a ce-lor verbale). Fenomenul masc\uc1 \u259 ?rii (ecra-n\uc1 \u259 ?rii), se
constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? sunetele joase le
estompeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau acoper\uc1 \u259 ? pe cele \uc1 \u238 ?nalte, dar
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia invers\uc1 \u259 ? nu este posibi-l\uc1 \u259 ?. Senza\uc1 \u355
?iile auditive \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc un rol important \uc1 \u238 ?n perceperea
\uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea timpului, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n orientarea
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? rolul lor este mai redus. Cel mai bine se dife-
ren\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? sunetele din direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii laterale, iar cel
mai slab cele provenite din spatele subiectului Pe frontul auzului fizic fun-
damental se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? auzul muzical \uc1 \u351 ?i verbal,
ca modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i perceptive, specifi-ce, dob\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz absolut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aptitudine
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n identificarea \uc1 \u351 ?
i reproducerea unui sunet, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi raportat la alte sunete
cu valori cunoscute. Este o \uc1 \u238 ?nsu-\uc1 \u351 ?ire de mare utilitate
pentru activitatea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 muzical\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd un sunet este
recunos-cut prin rapo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rtare la altele, emise de un instrument sau
fixate bine \uc1 \u238 ?n memorie, intervine auzul relativ.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz intern }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un fel de reprezent\uc1
\u259 ?ri auditive dezvoltate procesual, pe un fond mental, asemenea percep\uc1
\u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rilor nemijlocite.
Este o activitate structurat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz muzical }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitatea de percep-\uc1
\u355 ?ie auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? cultural pe baza auzului
fizic, \uc1 \u238 ?n conformitate cu codul \uc1 \u351 ?i valorile muzicale; sistem
de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ascultare, descifrare, reproducere -producere a sunetelor
cu valoare muzi-cal\uc1 \u259 ?. Are ca variabil\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imea sau tonalitatea, de aici \uc1 \u238 ?
nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tatea auzului relativ \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales absolut (\uc1 \u238 ?
n limbaj curent \uc1 \u8222 ?ureche muzical\uc1 \u259 ?").}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz verbal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (fonetic) = submodalitate
a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei auditive adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? recep\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u351 ?i pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei limbajului. \uc1 \u238 ?n structura au-zului verbal
fundamental, auzul fone-matic mediaz\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea \uc1
\u351 ?i identifi-c\uc1 \u259 ? fonemele. Auzul fonematic, ca par-ticularitate a
auzului uman, se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? procesual pe un fond mental, asemenea oric\uc1
\u259 ?rei percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i este o activitate structural\uc1
\u259 ?, adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? recep\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i pro-nun\uc1 \u355 ?
iei limbajului. \uc1 \u238 ?n structura percep-\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
recep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, fundamental este auzul fonematic ce mediaz\uc1 \u259 ?
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea \uc1 \u351 ?i identificarea fonemelor ca elemente
semantice. Tulburarea a. v. const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa maturiz\uc1 \u259
?rii acestei particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i care face aproape
imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? exersarea laturii expresive a limbajului oral. Aceast\uc1
\u259 ? deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? explic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mare par-
te vocabularul s\uc1 \u259 ?rac, exprimarea greoa-ie, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile de evocare a cuvintelor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i fluxul verbal
neadecvat, iar la hipoacuziei altera}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea vocii ca intensi-}{\fs20
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate \uc1 \u351 ?i muzicalitate.
Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice anatomo-patologice fac
distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie etimo-logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
intre no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1 \u8222 ?deficit de auz fonematic" \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u8222 ?deficit au-ditiv frust" (Dublin 1951 \uc1 \u351 ?i Gerard 1952),
ignorat ca atare, cu o persisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ndelungat\uc1 \u259 ?, numit \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?hipoacuzie nucle-ar\uc1
\u259 ?". Este vorba de un deficit auditiv special, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n deficit de sintez\uc1 \u259 ? auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?,
foarte des \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dislalia
receptiv - senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?, de natur\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ? (sau de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Studiile anato-mopatologice medicale indic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i terme-nul de \uc1 \u8222 ?disacuzie neural\uc1 \u259 ?" (Goadhil
1956), care apare datorit\uc1 \u259 ? leziunilor de tip encefalopat, cu
simptomatologie de tip afazic. Aceste caracteristici confer\uc1 \u259 ? o
individualitate aparte acestor categorii de logopa\uc1 \u355 ?i, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
mai multe asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu audiomutitatea, dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cu
hipoacuzia pro-priu-zis\uc1 \u259 ?, prin ne\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea
limbajului; scurt\uc1 \u259 ? memorie pentru cuvinte, incapaci-tatea evoc\uc1 \u259
?rii lor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de receptare a evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor
\uc1 \u351 ?i de receptare a cuvintelor \uc1 \u351 ?i propozi\uc1 \u355 ?iil}{\fs18
or.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Auz verbal }
\langfenp1048 = modalitate de percepere auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? adecvat\uc1 \u259 ?
recep\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei limbajului. \uc1 \u238 ?n
structura auzului verbal, fundamentul este auzul fonematic care mediaz\uc1 \u259 ?
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea \uc1 \u351 ?i identificarea fonemelor. Mai u\uc1 \u351 ?or
se identific\uc1 \u259 ? vocale-le dec\uc1 \u226 ?t consoanele \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre consoane, exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ieri (mai
u\uc1 \u351 ?or labialele, bilabialele, mai greu oclusivele, ficati-vele,
vibranta \uc1 \u8222 ?r" etc). Cuvintele se aud \uc1 \u351 ?i se recepteaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de intensitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i claritatea
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei care presupune reducerea zgomotului de fond \uc1 \u351 ?i
p\uc1 \u259 ?stra-rea unei redundan\uc1 \u355 ?e moderate. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?to-rii
au constat c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n auzul verbal intervine \uc1 \u351 ?i
ideomotricitatea corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare a aparatului vorbirii, (coardele vocale
\uc1 \u351 ?i celelalte componente). Deci, ascultarea vorbirii altuia nu este numai
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ci}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i o vorbire interioar\uc1 \u259 ? proprie, ce repro-duce
\uc1 \u238 ?n micro vorbirea altuia. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre auzul verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i
articulare sunt rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii ne-cesare. De aceea, \uc1 \u238 ?n
surdomutitate, pa-cientul neauzindu-se pe sine \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbirea lui, intervin
perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i modul\uc1 \u259 ?rii
ei. Coordonarea cuvintelor fiind perturbat\uc1 \u259 ? se ajunge la dizartrie
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Avitaminaz\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinonim
cu \uc1 \u8222 ?caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?"; stare
rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din insatisfacerea nevoii de asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
afecti-v\uc1 \u259 ?, mai ales la v\uc1 \u226 ?rste copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei. Priva-
rea de asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? matern\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
patern\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului poate duce la perturbarea \uc1 \u351 ?i fr\uc1 \u226
?narea dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii somatice, psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale. Din
acest motiv, s-a con-statat regresiunea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, apatie \uc1 \u351 ?i
chiar deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri caracteriale, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite \uc1 \u238
?n delicventa juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 A}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 xiom\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (grecescul }{\i1 \fs18
axioma - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opinie; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 axios }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat);
enun\uc1 \u355 ? prim \uc1 \u351 ?i nede-monstrat \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem, din
care se deduc alte enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri (teoreme) pe baza anumitor reguli. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de teo-reme, care sunt nu numai valide, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i
deductibile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Axis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = a doua ver}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tebr\uc1 \u259 ? cervical\uc1 \u259 ?, care
se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu atlasul (prima vertebr\uc1 \u259 ? cervical\uc1
\u259 ?, de form\uc1 \u259 ? circular\uc1 \u259 ?, care se articuleaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sus cu osul occipital \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n jos cu
axisul, suport\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga greu-tate a capului \uc1 \u351 ?i
care \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? consti-tuie pivotul de rota\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
capulu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Axon }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = prelungire a neuronului, denu-mit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fibra
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o expansiune
citoplasmatic\uc1 \u259 ? lung\uc1 \u259 ? prin care influxul nervos se
propag\uc1 \u259 ? centri-fug, de la corpul celulei spre alt\uc1 \u259 ?
celul\uc1 \u259 ? sau spre un organ efector: cilindru-axil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \li0 \ri0 \sb48 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 B}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bagdasar Florica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medic - cercet\uc1 \u259 ?tor
\uc1 \u238 ?n probleme de ini\uc1 \u355 ?ieri a elevilor \uc1 \u238 ?ncep\uc1 \u259
?-tori din clasele elementare \uc1 \u351 ?i gr\uc1 \u259 ?dini\uc1 \u355 ?e de
copii \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul scrisului. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?urate \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1964 - 1968 \uc1 \u238 ?n mai multe \uc1 \u351 ?coli
din Capital\uc1 \u259 ?, au dus la con-statarea c\uc1 \u259 ? scrisul vertical este
superior celui oblic, c\uc1 \u259 ? scrierea vertical\uc1 \u259 ? este tot
at\uc1 \u226 ?t de bine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de elevul
dreptaci, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de elevul st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci (\uc1 \u8222 ?Importan\uc1
\u355 ?a neurifiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei scriitor - spa\uc1 \u355
?iu grafic \uc1 \u238 ?n predarea scrierii" - 1964). Pe aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i linie se
\uc1 \u238 ?nscrie comunicarea \uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n
colaborare C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu) la Congresul Societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
Logopedie \uc1 \u351 ?i Fo-niatrie din 1969 de la Viena referitoare la m\uc1
\u259 ?surile de prevenire a deregl\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de citire, scriere \uc1
\u351 ?i ortografie la elevii din ciclul primar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Balbism }{\fs18
(b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ial\uc1 \u259 ? - logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ?);
tulburare a vorbirii, frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? la copii, mai rar\uc1 \u259 ? la
adul\uc1 \u355 ?i, rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din defectuoasa reglare a limbajului
\uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin dezordinea intermitent\uc1 \u259 ? a
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin repet\uc1 \u259 ?ri a \uc1
\u238 ?nceputului cuvintelor, uneori convulsive sau }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin
blocaje a unor foneme, indiferent dac\uc1 \u259 ? sunt vocale sau consoane. Au loc
emisiuni precipitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n rafale, urmate de momente de dificultate
\uc1 \u238 ?n articularea unor cuvinte, ceea ce face ca acestea, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
eforturi, s\uc1 \u259 ? fie adesea articulate incorect. Din descrierea de mai sus,
distingem dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme de logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a)
clonic\uc1 \u259 ? - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin repeti\uc1
\u355 ?ii ale}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 silabelor ini\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b)
tonic\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? invers, prin imposibilitatea
articul\uc1 \u259 ?rii primei silabe, ceea ce presu-pune chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i unele
grimase, crisp\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie se cunosc faze tran-zitorii de
u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? care, nere-
mediate prin terapie logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? la timp, se pot transforma \uc1 \u238 ?n
forme mai complexe de limbaj, asociate cu o ne-vroz\uc1 \u259 ? aferent\uc1 \u259 ?
ei (E. Verza), cum este logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapeutica medica}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i logope-
dic\uc1 \u259 ? se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de cauzele
neu-rosomatice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice. Paralel cu aceas-t\uc1 \u259 ? dubl\uc1 \u259
? terapie se impune \uc1 \u351 ?i o psihote-rapie \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul
reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii ortofonice, prin \uc1 \u238 ?ncurajarea la o vorbire \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un ritm mediu articulator prin m\uc1 \u259 ?suri de relaxare (c\uc1
\u226 ?ntec, num\uc1 \u259 ?rare, recit\uc1 \u259 ?ri, sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere \uc1
\u351 ?i stimulare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tu-r\uc1 \u226 ?
nd treptat teama de vorbire, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n public. Preciz\uc1 \u259 ?m
c\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea res-pectiv\uc1 \u259 ? se produce \uc1 \u351 ?i pe fondul
unei emotivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i accentuate, ceea ce duce la complex de
inferioritate, fapt pentru care pacientul cu greu \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile, ideile, autosugestion\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
negativ. Din acest impas trebuie scos prin tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie. Reeducarea obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit\uc1 \u259 ?: prin
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii de articulare a cuvintelor cu structuri fonoarticulatorii
diverse, paralel cu reglarea suflului respirator \uc1 \u351 ?i a ritmului de
articulare. Psihoterapia se va extinde \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra grupului (familie,
prieteni, clas\uc1 \u259 ?) pentru a fi cooperant, pentru ca pacientul s\uc1
\u259 ? nu fie frustrat de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ncurajare (s\uc1 \u226 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?ture ironia, subaprecierea,
blamul). Tulburarea nu este permanent\uc1 \u259 ?, poate disp\uc1 \u259 ?rea
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd starea somatic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?l fac sigur pe sine \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
are un suport moral. Poate reap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i factori care au produs-o, fiind intermitent\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\colsr283 \colno4 \colw2985 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \fi470 \li67 \ri0 \sb5
\langfenp1048 To\uc1 \u355 ?i factorii educativi sunt che-ma\uc1 \u355 ?i s\uc1
\u259 ? neutralizeze efectele negative ale acestei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ac\uc1
\u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra cauze-lor, asupra condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor obiective,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i subiective ale comportamentului verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i motor,
ajut\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 s\uc1 \u259 ? se modifice el \uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351 ?i,
prin crearea unui nou reflex condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ionat al ritmului vorbirii \uc1
\u351 ?i al stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederii \uc1 \u238 ?n sine.
Preciz\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea respectiv\uc1 \u259 ? nu se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unor leziuni ale organelor fonatorii, c\uc1 \u259 ? poate
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea dup\uc1 \u259 ? o emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie brusc\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1
\u259 ? o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnim mai des la st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci \uc1
\u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la sexul masculin.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?
ielii (dup\uc1 \u259 ? Seeman) ar fi o modificare dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a aparatului
palido-striat, provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
afective violente. Transmiterea ere-ditar\uc1 \u259 ? a b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?
ielii este sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? de majo-ritatea autorilor (Seeman).}
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Gh. Marinescu, b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? are la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? un dezechilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre procesul de excita\uc1 \u355 ?
ie \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie la nivelul centrilor motori ai limbajului.
Ea poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o urmare a unor traumatisme 'obstreticale, a unor
maladii infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase. Se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? ca tratament profilactic
evitarea emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor puternice, a traumelor psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i a
bolilor infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, a nu se atrage aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia copilului asupra
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii sale de vorbi-re, iar corectarea s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1
\u259 ? cu mult\uc1 \u259 ? bl\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u355 ?e, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?nd frica de vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u226 ?nd
curajul. Se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i introducerea c\uc1 \u226 ?
ntecului \uc1 \u238 ?n exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iile ortofonice, deoarece \uc1 \u238 ?n
c\uc1 \u226 ?ntec tulburarea nu se mai produce, debitul respirator fiind foarte
ordonat. Metoda vorbirii (citirii) simultane cu logopedul (asoci-at\uc1 \u259 ?)
este prima etap\uc1 \u259 ? a corecturii, urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de vorbirea spontan\uc1
\u259 ?, independent\uc1 \u259 ?, res-pect\uc1 \u226 ?nd toate cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
impuse pe parcur-sul terapiei logopedice. Toate aceste recomand\uc1 \u259 ?ri au ca
urmare vindecarea complet\uc1 \u259 ? a b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ielii \uc1 \u238
?n procent de 80% a cazurilor, recidive av\uc1 \u226 ?nd doar 20% din cazuri. In
toate cazurile este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asocierea psiho-terapiei cu logoterapia
\uc1 \u351 ?i farmacoterapia (medica\uc1 \u355 ?ie simptoma-tic\uc1 \u259 ?
sedativ\uc1 \u259 ? - bromur\uc1 \u259 ? de Ca, de so-diu, valerian\uc1 \u259 ?,
etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Baraj }
\langfenp1048 = simptom const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ntreru-perea
brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, care se poate relua,
cu sau f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu faza
anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Se poate manifesta \uc1 \u238 ?n plan verbal sau motor
\uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin oprirea brusc\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva se-cunde a desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca subiectul s\uc1
\u259 ? par\uc1 \u259 ? tulburat de aceast\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Reluarea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii se face fie \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? de activitate, fie \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu
totul nea\uc1 \u351 ?teptat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Baraj psihic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = suspendare, oprire brus-c\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nemotivat\uc1 \u259 ? a unui act; apare \uc1 \u351 ?i la
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii normali \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de stres sau
examinare. Specialistul va folosi elemente de psihoterapie prin alunecare la
diverse discu\uc1 \u355 ?ii, pentru a-1 scoate din inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Barbituric }
\langfenp1048 = medicament cu toxicitate redus\uc1 \u259 ?, folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod curent prin farmacoterapie pentru propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale
calmante \uc1 \u351 ?i hipnotice (gardenal, vero-nal, imenactol, etc.) Folosirea
abuziv\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor produse este periculoas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Barbiturism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare psihic\uc1
\u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? toxicomanilor, epilepticilor \uc1 \u351 ?i unor ne-
vrotici, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin lene intelec-tual\uc1 \u259 ?, apatie,
hipomnezie, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de ini-\uc1 \u355 ?iativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale, uneori \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
somatice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Barier\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ?, mecanism de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, datorat unei motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii negative \uc1 \u351 ?i care
duce la ignorare, refuz, abando-nare. Ascetismul este astfel \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?eles ca ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva exceselor de senzu-alitate.
In psihologia \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, este fe-}
\langfenp1048 nomenul de inac}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceptare \uc1 \u351 ?i rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? activ\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele adul-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor (p\uc1 \u259 ?rinte, profesor), adesea
rezultat din faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia nu \uc1 \u355 ?in seama de mo-
tivele reale de conduitei infantile, pun\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-1 \uc1 \u238 ?n
dificultate, neglij\uc1 \u226 ?nd rolul succe-sului \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea
aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor copilului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Baterie de teste }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de probe stan-dardizate, care
vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? diagnosticarea diverselor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri \uc1
\u351 ?i procese psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea prognozei adecv\uc1 \u259 ?rii
individului la o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, profesiune, etc. (Exemplu:
bateria de teste pentru inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru personalitate,
baterie de teste pentru caracter Hartilorne-Mai, Binet, Terman, FI. \uc1 \u350 ?
tef\uc1 \u226 ?nescu Goang\uc1 \u259 ?, Al Ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Beatitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare psihic\uc1
\u259 ? de calm, senin\uc1 \u259 ?tate, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
de euforie, cu deta-\uc1 \u351 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i pasivitate fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de realitatea din jur, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de uitarea
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n-conjur\uc1 \u259 ?toare.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Betacism }{\fs18
denumire specific\uc1
\u259 ? a disla-liei sunetului }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este cazul alter\uc1
\u259 ?rii, omi-terii sau \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirii sunetului (parabeta-cism) \uc1
\u238 ?n diferite pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii (ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial, median, final) \uc1 \u238
?n cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt sau chiar a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai multor sunete.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Be\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor neuro-psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i
motorii care apar \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii acute, masive,
produse volun-tar sau accidental. Manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile motorii constau \uc1
\u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia succesiv\uc1 \u259 ? a unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de incoordonarea motorie, tulburare de
vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i tonus muscular sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut. Pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea
convulsii \uc1 \u351 ?i pierderea controlului sfincterian. Tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?rile
psihice sunt reprezentate de exube-ran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, iluzii,
halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dire \uc1 \u351 ?i
vorbire. Termenul comun define\uc1 \u351 ?-te be\uc1 \u355 ?ia alcoolic\uc1
\u259 ?, be\uc1 \u355 ?ia de dioxid de car-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\ri82 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin82 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bon, de be\uc1 \u355 ?ia muscarimic\uc1 \u259
? (cea a con-sumatorului de ciuperci), de tip Amanito, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
be\uc1 \u355 ?ia ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncurilor (apare la scafandri).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bilingvism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = practic\uc1 \u259 ? a
dou\uc1 \u259 ? limbi; pre\uc1 \u351 ?colarii \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? cu u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? limbile vorbite \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul
lor; speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tii (E. Pichon) apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
bilingvismul poa-te tulbura func\uc1 \u355 ?iile ordonatoare ale lim-bajului; prin
faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz copilul este supus influen\uc1 \u355 ?
elor a dou\uc1 \u259 ? culturi, a dou\uc1 \u259 ? moduri de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire
diferite, a dou\uc1 \u259 ? sisteme de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
cuvinte \uc1 \u351 ?i concepte, care nu se supra-pun exact. Al\uc1 \u355 ?i
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?tori (D. A. Wagner, 1980) apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?,
dimpotri-v\uc1 \u259 ?, bilingvismul aduce un avantaj intelectual fa\uc1 \u355 ?a
de monolingvism, dar c\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi surs\uc1 \u259 ? de tensiuni \uc1 \u351
?i de dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bioenergie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = terapeu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic\uc1
\u259 ? a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei fina-litate este con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea curen\uc1
\u355 ?ilor vegetativi care circul\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul corpului,
resim\uc1 \u355 ?irea acestora, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege-rea disfunc\uc1
\u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i regenerarea armoniei
\uc1 \u8222 ?corp - spirit", prin \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tura-rea inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i desc\uc1 \u259 ?tu\uc1 \u351 ?area fluxului energetic. S-a
pornit de la ideea c\uc1 \u259 ? suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a spiritului se exprim\uc1
\u259 ? prin corp \uc1 \u351 ?i este cu putin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
sc\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?m de ea ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra corpului.
Exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iile fizice, masajele, pantomimele, strig\uc1 \u259 ?te-le, r\uc1
\u226 ?sul \uc1 \u351 ?i pl\uc1 \u226 ?nsul, muzica \uc1 \u351 ?i desenul \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i au locul lor \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?edin\uc1 \u355 ?ele de
bioener-gie. Datorit\uc1 \u259 ? acestor forme de expresie, tensiunea
muscular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? dimi-nueaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i o nou\uc1 \u259 ? energie se elibereaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Biogenetic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = principiu formulat
de Haechel (1866) conform c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia evolu-\uc1 \u355 ?ia individului
reproduce treptele par-curse anterior de spe\uc1 \u355 ?ele din care provi-ne,
formula corect\uc1 \u259 ? fiind \uc1 \u8222 ?ontologia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\pard \plain \qj \li91 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin91
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 repet\uc1 \u259 ? filogenia";
principiul nu este pe deplin confirmat de embriologie. Astfel, tentativele de a
explica stadiile dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i de
personalitate a copilului prin stadiile mari ale dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii culturale
ale omenirii, nu a dus la rezultate concludente. Aceste stadii ale dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii psihice ale omenirii se pro-duc concentrat, eliptic \uc1 \u351 ?i mult
modificat prin interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia modificat\uc1 \u259
? a mediului \uc1 \u351 ?i a educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Biosocial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = particularitate a
proceselor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor care au at\uc1 \u226 ?t
o determinare biologic\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i una social\uc1
\u259 ?, (v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, sex); mod de abordare a psihicului uman,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ut\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? echilibreze factorii biologici \uc1
\u351 ?i sociali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Biroul
Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional de Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre biologia
omului \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? consider\uc1 \u259 ?
m trei modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i: individualitatea biologic\uc1 \u259 ? a
copilului, etapa ontogenetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i starea de s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?tate. Particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile biologice individuale trebuie
luate \uc1 \u238 ?n considera\uc1 \u355 ?ie, c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai mult posibil, prin
observare direct\uc1 \u259 ?, teste de comportare, etc. Acestea pun proble-me
dificile, de a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror rezolvare depinde \uc1 \u238 ?n mare parte
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?colarilor \uc1 \u351 ?i cali-tatea
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 B.I.E., cu sediul la Geneva, creat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1925, \uc1 \u351 ?i-a constituit un statut, valabil \uc1
\u238 ?n mare p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? azi, din 1929. Este o insti-tu\uc1 \u355 ?
ie cu caracter semioficial, o institu\uc1 \u355 ?ie interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? privat\uc1 \u259 ?; condus\uc1 \u259 ? de un consiliu, care alege din s\uc1
\u226 ?nul s\uc1 \u259 ?u un co-mitet executiv, care nume\uc1 \u351 ?te un
director, un director-adjunct \uc1 \u351 ?i un secretar gene-ral. Cel dint\uc1
\u226 ?i director, Ed. Claparede, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1929,
apoi J. Piaget p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1967, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd a
demisionat. \uc1 \u238 ?n urma consti-tuirii organiza\uc1 \u355 ?iei ONU \uc1 \u351
?i a UNESCO, cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii au lucrat \uc1 \u238 ?n
colabo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 rare \uc1 \u351 ?i organizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? anual (iulie) o con-
ferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de instruire public\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Boala Langdon - Down }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ?
parti-cular\uc1 \u259 ? de oligofrenie, descris\uc1 \u259 ? de L. Down (1866). }
\langfenp1048 Etiologie - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anomalii cro-mozomiale \uc1 \u351 ?i anume
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui cromozom suplimentar ata\uc1 \u351 ?at perechii 21, (de
aceea se mai nume\uc1 \u351 ?te trizomie cromozomial\uc1 \u259 ?), sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor factori externi nocivi ca: embriopatiile toxiinfec\uc1
\u355 ?ioase, alcoolismul cronic (\uc1 \u238 ?n special al mamei), tulbur\uc1 \u259
?ri endocrine \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales c\uc1 \u226 ?nd v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mamei se
apropie de 45 de ani. Boala se recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?te din primele luni dup\uc1
\u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere; st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?ezut \uc1
\u351 ?i merge cu \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere, este apatic; aspectul somatic
caracteristic: craniul mic, fa\uc1 \u355 ?a rotund\uc1 \u259 ?, ochi oblici,
\uc1 \u238 ?ngustarea fantei palpebrale; uneori \uc1 \u351 ?i strabism convergent,
pleoape \uc1 \u238 ?ngro\uc1 \u351 ?ate, adesea infectate, gene rare, nasul turtit,
gura mic\uc1 \u259 ? ve\uc1 \u351 ?nic \uc1 \u238 ?ntredeschis\uc1 \u259 ?,
limba \uc1 \u238 ?ngro\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?, adesea cu \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1
\u355 ?uri (limb\uc1 \u259 ? geo-grafic\uc1 \u259 ?), urechile malformate \uc1
\u351 ?i uneori anormal plasate; membrele scurte, de-getele mici, v\uc1 \u226 ?
rfuri p\uc1 \u259 ?trate, abdomenul destins. Malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii interne:
diverse cardiopatii, anomalii ale tractului gas-tro-intestinal. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri psihice: nedez-voltare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? de intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i diferi-te, de obicei idio\uc1 \u355 ?enie 65%, imbecilita-te 60%, debilitate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? 15%.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi475 \li0 \ri91 \sb5
\langfenp1048 Debilii L. Down sunt tip armo-nic: lini\uc1 \u351 ?ti\uc1 \u355 ?i,
afectuo\uc1 \u351 ?i, sensibili, ascul-t\uc1 \u259 ?tori; foarte rar se \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc agresivi, instabilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, negativism. Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial se face cu alte categorii
de oligofreni, criteriul de dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?iere const\uc1 \u226 ?nd mai
ales \uc1 \u238 ?n caracte-rele somatice particulare. Deficitul intelectual se
poate accentua sau com-pensa \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o mic\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1
\u259 ?. Prognosticul r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne rezervat, datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei sc\uc1 \u259 ?zute la boli intercurente; mortali-}{\fs20
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea
este de 6 ori mai ridicat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de popula\uc1
\u355 ?ia normal\uc1 \u259 ?. Tratamentul este de multe ori paleativ \uc1 \u351 ?i
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?suri igienice \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihopedagogice. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tratamen-tul medical }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (farmacoterapie):
administra-re de hormoni tiroidieni, acid glutamic. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tratament
profilactic: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este posibil\uc1 \u259 ? de-pistarea precoce at\uc1 \u226
?t a riscului genetic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a copiilor purt\uc1 \u259 ?tori
de anomalii cromozomiale, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din via\uc1 \u355 ?a intraute-
rin\uc1 \u259 ?, evit\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se astfel na\uc1 \u351 ?terea unui co-pil cu
boala Langdon - Down (aceasta se face prin studiul cariotipului p\uc1 \u259 ?
rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor cu antecedente \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rcate prin amnio-
centez\uc1 \u259 ? se determin\uc1 \u259 ? cariotipul f\uc1 \u259 ?tului din
lichidul amniotic). M\uc1 \u259 ?suri psihope-dagogice variaz\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? caz, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de intensitatea deficitului
intelectual. Se vi-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u351 ?colarizare elementar\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area unor deprinderi practice \uc1 \u351 ?i
utile, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i crearea unor reflexe condi\uc1
\u355 ?ionate simple.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Boal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = categorie fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a medi-cinei,
tradus\uc1 \u259 ? prin deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e de activita-te, adaptare \uc1 \u351 ?
i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie a organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i a persoanei. Substratul bolii
poate fi o anomalie de dezvoltare, o leziune morfo-logic\uc1 \u259 ?, o tulburare
subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii etice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale. Nu
exist\uc1 \u259 ? frontiere nete \uc1 \u238 ?ntre boal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate. Trebuie deosebite }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bolile psihice }{\fs18
(nevroze, psihopatii, psi-hoze) de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice }
\langfenp1048 din bolile curente (febr\uc1 \u259 ?) sau de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
simptomele psihi-ce }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale bolilor, accidentelor (ex. durerea).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Boal\uc1 \u259
? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 psihogen\uc1 \u259 ? = care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
special reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile de tip isteric. Ele con-stituie un grup polimorf de
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihotice \uc1 \u351 ?i nevrotice \uc1 \u238 ?n al c\uc1 \u259
?ror deter-minism multifactorial intervin ca factori etiologici principali traumele
psihice, iar apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor sunt
influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate at\uc1 \u226 ?t de factori somatici, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i de factori genetici predispozan\uc1 \u355 ?i. Cea mai general\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai comun\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?
ire a psihogenezei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la dou\uc1 \u259 ? mari
categorii: \uc1 \u8226 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri reactive (psihoze reactive) \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u8226 ? nevroze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Bradichinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lentoarea anormal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
global\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihomotorii, mani-
festat\uc1 \u259 ? prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i facies inexpre-
sive, lipsa ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativei pentru activitatea spontan\uc1 \u259 ?.
Evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu fenomene de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihomotorie; se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n boala lui Parkinson \uc1 \u351 ?i epilepsie, iar
\uc1 \u238 ?ncetinirea vorbirii (bradilalia) \uc1 \u238 ?n afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iunile
sistemului nervos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Bradifazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = greutate, t\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?g\uc1 \u259 ?
neal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n-cetineal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbire;
cuvintele silabisite (\uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie, barbiturism, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bradifemie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de ritm a
vor-birii, vitez\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?, frecvent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n bolile psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n care exist\uc1 \u259 ? o inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ie psiho-motorie, cu \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinirea procesului idea-tiv, ea fiind
expresia verbal\uc1 \u259 ? a bradi-psihiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bradifrenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinirea ritmului
de desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare a proceselor psihice, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n
realizarea unei conduite (\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri postcomi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, depresii, inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ii, etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bradilalia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este vorbirea anormal de lent\uc1
\u259 ?, cu intervale mari \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cuvinte, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
form\uc1 \u259 ? extrem\uc1 \u259 ? bradifazia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bradipsihism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom de desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura-re extrem de lent\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor psihice \uc1
\u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor motorii; bradilalia este vorbi-rea anormal de
lent\uc1 \u259 ?, cu intervale mari \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cuvinte, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
form\uc1 \u259 ? ex-trem\uc1 \u259 ? bradifazia. Bradipsihismul carac-
terizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rile depresive, oligofrenia, epilepsia \uc1
\u351 ?i schizofrenia. Se combate prin tratamentul bolii, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i printr-
un sistem de exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii speciale menite s\uc1 \u259 ? organizeze \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un ritm din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai rapid activitatea intelectual\uc1
\u259 ?, verbal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\sb14 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols3 \colsx4690 \colno1 \colw3067 \colsr4690
\colno2 \colw3206 \colsr154 \colno3 \colw2942 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li48 \ri0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fizic\uc1 \u259 ?. Bradichinezia se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n Boala lui Parkinson \uc1 \u351 ?i epilepsie, iar \uc1 \u238 ?
nce-tinirea vorbirii (bradilalia) \uc1 \u238 ?n afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile sistemului
nervos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bruxism }
\langfenp1048 = automatism masticator ce survine \uc1 \u238 ?n somn, caracterizat
prin con-trac\uc1 \u355 ?ii bru\uc1 \u351 ?te, repetate, la nivelul mu\uc1 \u351 ?
chi-lor masticatori (scr\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?nitul din din\uc1 \u355 ?i).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Toate
clasific\uc1 \u259 ?rile sunt doar ori-entative, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
vedere faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? nici una dintre aceste categorii nu poate fi
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? doar ca efect al unui factor exogen sau endogen.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bulimie }{\fs18 \dbch
(sinonim hiperaxenie); exa-gerarea instinctului alimentar; foame continu\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, dincolo de necesi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile organice, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de o perturbare neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ?; se
presupune c\uc1 \u259 ? de multe ori apare ca o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
supracompen-sare a unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de frustra\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259
?. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n bolile nevrotice,
demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, oligofrenie, schizofrenie cronic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs44 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \up1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Calm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = starea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? de echilibru
bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe autocontrol, dozare a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i de
evitare a enerv\uc1 \u259 ?rii, panicii \uc1 \u351 ?i dezn\uc1 \u259 ?-dejdii;
luare de decizii adecvate situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei concrete f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
a pierde echilibrul \uc1 \u351 ?i esti-marea exact\uc1 \u259 ? a consecin\uc1 \u355
?elor pozitive \uc1 \u351 ?i negative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u226 ?mp psihologic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = expresie ce desem-
neaz\uc1 \u259 ? toate faptele fizice, biologice, so-ciale, psihologice (con\uc1
\u351 ?tiente sau incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tiente) care exist\uc1 \u259 ? la un moment dat
pentru un individ sau un grup, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora aceste fapte le determin\uc1 \u259
? comportamen-tul (K. Levin).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Canal de comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = traseu struc-turat de
natura fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? (sau tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?) prin care se transmit mesaje
informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale cu o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? vitez\uc1 \u259 ?. Analizatorii
sunt considera\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? drept
canale de comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Capacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (vezi betacism-parabeta-cism);
alterarea \uc1 \u351 ?i omiterea sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?c", iar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
\uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirii lui \uc1 \u8222 ?c" cu un altul pe care logopatul \uc1
\u238 ?l articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? greutate, este paracap}
\langfenp1048 acism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Capacitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri
func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?n uniune
cu deprin-derile, cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele, experien\uc1 \u355 ?a
necesar\uc1 \u259 ?, care duc la ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni eficiente, performan-te. Spre
deosebire de aptitudine, care re-prezint\uc1 \u259 ? numai un segment al
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceasta se demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai prin fapte.}
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin34
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Capacitate de admisie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cantitate de
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie detectat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i transmis\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n unitatea de timp de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre analizator, \uc1 \u238 ?n calitatea
sa de canal de comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Ea este diferit\uc1 \u259 ? pentru fiecare
analizator, dar nedep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ind aproximativ 10 bi\uc1 \u355 ?i,
li-mit\uc1 \u259 ? peste care recep\uc1 \u355 ?ia senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? este
tulburat\uc1 \u259 ?. In genere este capacitatea unui sistem de recep\uc1 \u355 ?
ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i transmi-tere a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caracter }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor psihi-ce pentru individ. Apare ca nucleu al
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t exprim\uc1
\u259 ? partea profund individual\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
valoarea moral personal\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caracter, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 profil psi-ho-
moral evaluat dup\uc1 \u259 ? consisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
stabilitate. Se admite azi c\uc1 \u259 ? achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iile datorate mediului,
educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, experien-\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i efortului personal,
grefate pe tem-perament, de care ele sunt indisolubile, contribuie \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial la conturarea caracterului fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui individ.
Atitudini-le, deprinderile nu sunt niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? con-tractate \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod pasiv, subiectul partici-p\uc1 \u226 ?nd la acestea activ. Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea ca-racterelor are loc prin observare di-rect\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caracterologie }{\fs18
studiul caracterelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi clasificarea lor dup\uc1
\u259 ? anu-mite criterii, integr\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gia
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u350 ?coala franco-olandez\uc1 \u259 ?
(Heimans \uc1 \u351 ?i Wiersma), ca \uc1 \u351 ?i aceea a lui C.G. Yung, sus\uc1
\u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? toate caracterele sunt susceptibile de reducerea la opt
ti-puri, care se combin\uc1 \u259 ? celor trei factori fundamentali ai persoanei
umane: emo-tivitate, activitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?sunetul. Psiho-logia
utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? datele biografice, ob-serva\uc1 \u355 ?ia direct\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i testele (chestiona-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\sb302 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs2
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 60}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rele -
psihodiagnostic) pentru a analiza caracterele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
vezi }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 avitaminoz\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cariotip }{\fs18 \dbch
ordonarea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? a cromozomilor dintr-o celul\uc1 \u259 ? a\uc1
\u351 ?a cum au fost fotografia\uc1 \u355 ?i sau ordona\uc1 \u355 ?i dup\uc1
\u259 ? imagi-nea microscopic\uc1 \u259 ?. Deoarece forma \uc1 \u351 ?i num\uc1
\u259 ?rul cromozomilor sunt o caracteris-tic\uc1 \u259 ? a speciei, cariotipul
este un criteriu de apropiere genetic\uc1 \u259 ? a speciei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Catabolism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen ce
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? global procesele de dezasimila\uc1 \u355 ?ie opuse celor
asimilatorii. Predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a acestui proces condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? aspectele astenice (Viola, Knetschmer), dar \uc1 \u238 ?n plan com-
portamental d\uc1 \u259 ? mare excitabilitate, sensi-bilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i
activism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Catalepsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare anormal\uc1 \u259 ?, constatat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul hipnotic \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unor ma-ladii
psihice sau somatice, care const\uc1 \u259 ? din lentoarea, iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u351 ?i lipsa de indepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii musculare \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice. Subiectul are o figur\uc1 \u259 ? de
cear\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355
?epenit, cu mutism \uc1 \u351 ?i este incapabil de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni precis
orientate \uc1 \u351 ?i bine coordonate. Este simptom al unor focare de
demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, isterie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Catamnez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen }{\fs18 \dbch
folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n psihia-tria infantil\uc1 \u259 ?, menit s\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u259 ?uzeasc\uc1 \u259 ? tera-pia \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?
permit\uc1 \u259 ? prognoze asupra evolu-\uc1 \u355 ?iei subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i
a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale de adaptare social\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Catatimie }{\fs18
modificarea subit\uc1 \u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor afective c\uc1 \u259 ?tre una
din extreme, fie depre-siune, triste\uc1 \u355 ?e, apatie, fie euforie, exube-
ran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Catatonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom complex care cu-
prinde tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihomotorii \uc1 \u351 ?i pertur-b\uc1 \u259 ?ri
neurovegetative (se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc une-ori \uc1 \u238 ?n boli
infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, encefalite, dar mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie. Se
carac-terizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o stare de pasivitate, negativism (refuzul de a
vorbi, de a m\uc1 \u226 ?nca), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i prin acte de violen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, fu-rie care \uc1 \u238 ?l fac periculos pentru anturajul s\uc1
\u259 ?u. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare poate fi trec\uc1 \u259 ?toare, periodic\uc1
\u259 ?, cronic\uc1 \u259 ?. Etiologia este ipote-tic\uc1 \u259 ?; ar fi de origine
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, ca o retragere din realitate, asemenea autis-mului. Dup\uc1
\u259 ? al\uc1 \u355 ?ii ar fi de origine orga-nic\uc1 \u259 ?. Terapeutica:
neuroleptice sau \uc1 \u351 ?o-cul electric.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Categorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fiecare \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are cate-goriile ei de concepte, la
care face mereu referire \uc1 \u238 ?n investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i inter-
pret\uc1 \u259 ?ri. In psihologie, c. ocup\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nea,
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia, procesul, starea, informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, structura, \uc1 \u238
?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea, etc. Prin gene-ralizare, orice act psihic, inclusiv per-
cep\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rile, schemele mo-torii sau
verbale, devin categoriale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Catharsis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 katharsis - }{\fs18 \dbch
purificare); opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie de desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare \uc1 \u351 ?i eliberare,
du-p\uc1 \u259 ? sensul originar, datorat lui Aristotel, care constatase c\uc1
\u259 ? identificarea dintre spectatori \uc1 \u351 ?i personajele teatrale duce la
efecte de purificare, de relaxare. S. Freud renun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la
hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i propune metoda psihanalitic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n care fenome-nul \uc1 \u351 ?i metoda ocup\uc1 \u259 ? un loc central,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci aducerea \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i analiza con-flicteor, a tensiunilor nervoase, produc un efect
de destindere. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? meto-d\uc1 \u259 ? ofer\uc1 \u259 ? subiectului
ocazia de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i des-c\uc1 \u259 ?rca energia pulsional\uc1 \u259 ?,
investit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n experien\uc1 \u355 ?a traumatizant\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cauzalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de
investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ii, analize, practici centrate pe cazuri indi-viduale, iar
datele \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?mintele
extra-se din studiul lor s\uc1 \u259 ? serveasc\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?ele-gerea \uc1 \u351 ?i diagnosticarea, rezolvarea unor noi cazuri. Medicina
modern\uc1 \u259 ? apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? boli
\uc1 \u238 ?n genere, ci numai bol-navi individuali. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia
diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
industrial\uc1 \u259 ?, metoda cazului dob\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te o tot mai
mare exten-siune. J. Piaget arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n conceptul
de cauzalitate este \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a
de a c\uc1 \u259 ?uta \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori \uc1 \u238 ?n afara
cauzelor care au determinat un caz.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cauz\uc1 \u259 ? intern\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = motivul
intern, care de\uc1 \u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? asimilarea unor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ex-terne, declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ca un determi-nant
direct \uc1 \u351 ?i imediat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cavitate d}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
cavitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n care are loc fenomenul de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
(rezonator). Ea nu creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sunetele, ci doar \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?
re\uc1 \u351 ?te acele armonice cu frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?e apropiate de
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a sa caracte-ristic\uc1 \u259 ?; prin aceasta timbrul sunetului
complex este modificat de rezonator. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd dou\uc1 \u259 ? cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt cu-plate \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre ele rezult\uc1 \u259 ? un singur rezo-nator cu dou\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?peri care se influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? reciproc. Acesta
este \uc1 \u351 ?i cazul cavi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor faringian\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, principalii rezonatori ai aparatului
fonator. Pentru producerea vocalelor, cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile bucal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i faringian\uc1 \u259 ? pot c\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1
\u259 ?ta variate configu-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ii; odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu schimbarea de
form\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i volum se schimb\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sunetele
proprii ale cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd unele armonice ale
su-netului produs de laringe sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rite la anumite
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?e caracteristice, sunetul devine articulat; aceste
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?e se nu-mesc forman\uc1 \u355 ?ii vocalei, care sunt
diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i de la vocal\uc1 \u259 ? la vocal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caz }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie metodologic\uc1 \u259 ?, con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
izolarea unui individ, conside-rat reprezentativ dintr-o categorie bine
delimitat\uc1 \u259 ?. Metoda cazului a fost ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial folo-sit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, apoi a dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit o larg\uc1
\u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ele sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i umane, cre\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? a
anali-zei de caz.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caz
limit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = subiect ce se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
zon\uc1 \u259 ? de frontier\uc1 \u259 ? a dou\uc1 \u259 ? clase sau a dou\uc1 \u259
? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihologice. \uc1 \u238 ?n patolo-gia mental\uc1 \u259 ? este
c.l. cel ce are Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 71 \uc1 \u351 ?i 84%, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci
simptomele observate sunt intermediare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i psi-hoz\uc1 \u259 ?. Personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile limit\uc1 \u259
? fiind extrem de labile, fragile, nu este indicat trata-mentul psihanalitic.}
Cazuistic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de investiga\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, analize \uc1 \u351 ?i practici centrate pe cazuri particulare (individuale),
rezultatele ex-trase din studiul cazurilor servind pen-tru \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i rezolvarea unor noi cazuri. Metoda cazului dob\uc1
\u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te o tot mai mare extensiune \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
industrial\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cecitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea reprezen-t\uc1
\u259 ?rilor optice, fapt care duce la nerecu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terea vizual\uc1 \u259
? a obiectului. Se dato-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? unei leziuni occipitale, cu sediul \uc1
\u238 ?n circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iunile 2 \uc1 \u351 ?i 3 din emisfe-rul dominant
(Dr. Aurelia S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu). Pen-tru cei care nu citesc \uc1 \u238 ?n Braille
exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?ortofoane" care convertesc literele \uc1 \u238 ?n
sunete, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? de citit"
(Kurzweil Reading Machine - K.R.M.).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cefalee }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere acut\uc1 \u259 ? de cap provoca-
t\uc1 \u259 ? de surmenaj, intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i diverse maladii
care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? nervii cranieni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\sb485 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs2
\colno4 \colw2947 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri10 \sb53 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cenestezie }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii viscerale,
duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la o imagine a mediu-lui intern, exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntotdeauna printr-o stare organic\uc1 \u259 ? pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ?
sau nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ?. Are rol de baz\uc1 \u259 ? senzorial\uc1 \u259
? pentru con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cenestopatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a cenesteziei
(a sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii viscerale) caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri organice penibile (furnic\uc1 \u259 ?
turi, arsuri) generale sau locali-zate. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu li se poate g\uc1
\u259 ?si semne obiective somatice, ele relev\uc1 \u259 ? o psihopa-ti}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e sau un
simptom al unei nevroze astenice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Centru
nervos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = nucleu format din gru-pe neuronale situate \uc1 \u238 ?n zona
cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie a sistemului nervos central, ce realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? integrarea
unor informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de un anumit fel \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie specific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
reglaj.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cenz}{\b1
\langfenp1048 ur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ia intelectului \uc1
\u351 ?i a con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei morale, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din
aprecierea critic\uc1 \u259 ? a tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, ideilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
actele comportamentale. Prin c. se apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? o selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul variantelor \uc1 \u351 ?i alterna-tivelor
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale. Este \uc1 \u351 ?i un mecanism
de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a celui ce controleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i supune tr\uc1
\u259 ?irii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente pulsiunile \uc1 \u351 ?i tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele de
origine incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercetare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1
\u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii de investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat\uc1 \u259 ? sistematic \uc1 \u351 ?i organizat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea culege-rii de noi
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a prelucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i veri-fic\uc1 \u259 ?
rii lor \uc1 \u351 ?i a formul\uc1 \u259 ?rii de noi cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin-\uc1 \u355
?e \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice sau a stabilirii unui adev\uc1 \u259 ?r. Se
deta\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cercetarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fun-damental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
privind \uc1 \u238 ?mbog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?irea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei
\uc1 \u351 ?i cea aplicat\uc1 \u259 ?, viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd controlul, prin mij-
loace \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ifice, a unui domeniu al reali-}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea optimei lui organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
optimiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercetare
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?
metodologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care urm\uc1 \u259 ?-
re\uc1 \u351 ?te s\uc1 \u259 ? stabileasc\uc1 \u259 ? indici, criterii de
eficacitate maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor ce se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un domeniu de activita-te \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259
? elaboreze procedee ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale de organizare a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n general. Ea are mai multe etape \uc1 \u8222 ?
ultima fiind lua-rea deciziei pe baza rezultatelor cerce-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1
\u351 ?i aplicarea \uc1 \u238 ?n practic\uc1 \u259 ? a m\uc1 \u259 ?surilor ce duc
la sporirea eficacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cerebel }{\fs18
forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea encefalului si-tuat\uc1 \u259 ? dorsal \uc1 \u238 ?n por\uc1
\u355 ?iunea inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? a trunchiului cerebral. Particip\uc1 \u259 ? la
regla-rea fin\uc1 \u259 ? a tonusului muscular al respira-\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
tensiunii arteriale, metabolismului glucidic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cerebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? la care
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, cerebralul corespun-
de sangvinicului lui Hipocrate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Certitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = siguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n veracitatea unui fapt de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere. Implic\uc1 \u259 ? o de-
monstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie care nu las\uc1 \u259 ? nici un loc pen-tru \uc1 \u238 ?
ndoial\uc1 \u259 ? sau eroare. Opus\uc1 \u259 ? oscila-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor aleatorii.
C. se sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine obiectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectiv prin convingere.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Chemorecep\uc1
\langfenp1048 = modalitate senzoria-l\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se semnalizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri-le chimice din mediul extern sau intern exemple: }
\langfenp1048 extern\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sensibilitatea gusta-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intern\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
chemorecept\uc1 \u259 ?rii din aparatul circulator \uc1 \u351 ?i digestiv care au
rol de modificarea compozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei chi-mice a s\uc1 \u226 ?ngelui \uc1 \u351
?i lichidelor din orga-nism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Chestionar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? care
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n administrarea unei serii de \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri care se succed conform logicii interne a cer-cet\uc1 \u259 ?rii
unor indivizi, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept scop dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luirea
unei opinii, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de per-sonalitate etc. \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?rile trebuie astfel formulate \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1
\u259 ? permit\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri adecvate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Choree }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = maladie nervoas\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales la copii (C. Syderman)
manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri anormale, dezordonate,
ne-ritmice, prin agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie global\uc1 \u259 ?, haotic\uc1 \u259 ?
ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncetat\uc1 \u259 ?. Deseori este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1
\u259 ? de ticuri \uc1 \u351 ?i grimase repugnabile. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n contex-tul
encefalopatiilor, ca o perturbare cro-nic\uc1 \u259 ? sau acut\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n urma unei infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii care atinge straturile cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ii
ale encefalului. Este comb\uc1 \u259 ?tut\uc1 \u259 ? medical \uc1 \u351 ?i
totodat\uc1 \u259 ? prin tehnici speciale de reeducare a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?rii voluntare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cibernetica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? metodologic\uc1 \u259
? conceput\uc1 \u259 ? de Nombert Wiener (1948) ca \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a procesului de comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i con-trol \uc1 \u238 ?n
sistemele tehnice, \uc1 \u238 ?n organisme vii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
sistemele sociale. Toate siste-mele complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i hipercomplexe), in-
clusiv omul, constituie obiectul c. din perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Cuprinde principiile investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
analizei, prin-cipiul conexiunii inverse (feed-back-ului), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i metoda analogiei. Prive\uc1 \u351 ?te patru aspecte: \uc1 \u8226 ?
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, \uc1 \u8226 ? sistemic, \uc1 \u8226 ? de reglare \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? de strategie a jocului. Psihologia cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?
abordeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu o metodologie cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ia proceselor psihice, ireductibile la mecanismele lor fiziologice \uc1 \u238 ?n
diferite etape ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor umane \uc1 \u238 ?n
structura ierarhizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i relativ stabil\uc1 \u259 ? a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ciclotimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? spre o evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie tehnico-
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? ciclic\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sinusoidal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu alternan\uc1 \u355
?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntre st\uc1 \u259 ?ri active, euforice \uc1 \u351 ?i depresive
(atonie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?ndoitur\uc1 \u259 ?);
zon\uc1 \u259 ? a suprafe\uc1 \u355 ?ei corticale delimitat\uc1 \u259 ? prin ad\uc1
\u226 ?ncituri, plieri, \uc1 \u351 ?i care amplific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-
tinderea \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilitatea func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale creierului.
Delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? ariile \uc1 \u351 ?i de\uc1 \u355 ?ine relative
specializ\uc1 \u259 ?ri; c. ma}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i importante determinate sunt delimitarea de
scizuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Citire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comple-
mentar\uc1 \u259 ? scrierii; este o activitate condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?
de coordon\uc1 \u259 ?ri verbo-acustice, optice sau de coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?e
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre mo-dele acustice \uc1 \u351 ?i cele grafice ale cuvinte-lor,
posed\uc1 \u226 ?nd semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Const\uc1 \u259 ? din perceperea
grafo-verbal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, \uc1 \u238
?n timp ce scrisul este o codare de la analiz\uc1 \u259 ? la sintez\uc1 \u259 ?,
citirea este o deco-dificare ce evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la sintetic la analitic.
Pentru cititorul exersat textul devine reduntant, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t el
nu mai ur-m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te asemenea \uc1 \u238 ?ncep\uc1 \u259 ?
torilor liter\uc1 \u259 ? cu liter\uc1 \u259 ?, ci identific\uc1 \u259 ? cuvinte
\uc1 \u351 ?i propo-zi\uc1 \u355 ?ii dup\uc1 \u259 ? anumite indici de
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-tere, integra\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o strategie a
lecturii, \uc1 \u238 ?n citire se constat\uc1 \u259 ? o cot\uc1 \u259 ? de
discifra-bilitate a textului \uc1 \u351 ?i un indice de predic-tibilitate ce
urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Real, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia grafic\uc1 \u259 ? devanseaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i ofer\uc1 \u259 ? baz\uc1
\u259 ? pentru aceasta. At\uc1 \u226 ?t superficilita-tea, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i profunzimea lecturii sunt de-pendente de m\uc1 \u259 ?sura angaj\uc1 \u259
?rii opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor intelectuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Citire dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, rapid\uc1 \u259 ?
(tahilectur\uc1 \u259 ?)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 = o tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? destinat\uc1 \u259 ? amelior\uc1 \u259 ?rii
lectu-rii la nivelul celor trei parametri de baz\uc1 \u259 ?: vitez\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i memorare. Cel mai dificil de
ameliorat este viteza de lectur\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea
poate fi sporit\uc1 \u259 ? prin familiarizare cu un anumit gen de materiale }
\langfenp1048 scrise, memorarea prin nota-rea ideilor principale, a paragrafelor,}
\langfenp1048 \sect
}\sectd \sbknone \pgwsxn16834 \pghsxn11909 \marglsxn4502 \margrsxn3908
\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri14 \sb48 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 capitolelor, pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura parcurgerii
lor. Prin diferite tehnici \uc1 \u351 ?i exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii se dimi-nueaz\uc1
\u259 ? diferite tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale vitezei: ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?ntoarcerii la textul deja parcurs, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de subvocalizare
(articulare \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?nd sau \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?oapt\uc1
\u259 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o vibrare a laringelui sau
mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea buzelor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de
urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire cu degetul a r\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-rilor de cuvinte. Se ajunge
astfel la l\uc1 \u259 ?rgi-rea c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului vizual activ, fiind legate mai
multe cuvinte prin sens. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? un ci-titor cult cite\uc1 \u351 ?te circa
300 de cuvinte pe minut (60 de pagini pe or\uc1 \u259 ?) prin c. d. r. se poate
citi de 3-10 ori mai repede.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Citogenetica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a geneticii care
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? procesele ereditare \uc1 \u238 ?n corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu
structurile \uc1 \u351 ?i cu evenimentele celula-re, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi legate de
num\uc1 \u259 ?rul, morfo-logia \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile
cromozomilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grad de culturalizare a vie-\uc1 \u355 ?ii
sociale. \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ia presupune
concretizare, obiectivare \uc1 \u351 ?i generalizare a valorilor, termenul se
identific\uc1 \u259 ? frec-vent cu cultura material\uc1 \u259 ?, dar implic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prelungiri \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei
spirituale \uc1 \u351 ?i se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n comporta-mente
adecvate existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei culte, calificate ca civilizate.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Claparede Eduard }
\langfenp1048 = a tr\uc1 \u259 ?it \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1873 -1940, 29 septembrie;
psihopedagog \uc1 \u351 ?i medic elve\uc1 \u355 ?ian. \uc1 \u350 ?i-a f\uc1 \u259 ?
cut studiile de me-dicin\uc1 \u259 ? la Leipzig, unde a cunoscut pe W. Wund, apoi
la Paris unde a cunoscut \uc1 \u351 ?i colaborat cu A. Binet. \uc1 \u238 ?ntors la
Geneva, a ini\uc1 \u355 ?iat un curs despre senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n 1899,
iar \uc1 \u238 ?n 1901, \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu Th. Flaurnoy, \uc1
\u351 ?eful catedrei de psihologie experimen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? a Universit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiat \uc1 \u8222 ?Archi-ves suisses de
psychologie". \uc1 \u238 ?n 1908 \uc1 \u238 ?i urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la catedr\uc1
\u259 ? lui Flaurnay, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n 1912, \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu
psihologul Pierre Bovet, \uc1 \u238 ?nfiin\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? cunoscutul
Institut de \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u8222 ?Jean Jacques Rou-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sseau", care a acaparat tot ceea ce a fost
mai bun din munca lui Claparede. A fost printre fondatorii Biroului Inter-na\uc1
\u355 ?ional de Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u351 ?i primul s\uc1 \u259 ?u director.
Ca psiholog, s-a realiat direc-\uc1 \u355 ?iei experimentale psihologiste \uc1
\u351 ?i a sus-\uc1 \u355 ?inut metoda testelor, comb\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u226 ?nd
unele exager\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale freudismului \uc1 \u351 ?i ale gestal-tismului. Ca
pedagog a militat pentru o pedagogie experimental\uc1 \u259 ?, bazat\uc1 \u259 ?
func-\uc1 \u355 ?ionalist pe psihologia experimental\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului.
Lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia copilu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i Pedagogie
experimental\uc1 \u259 ?" scris\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1909 (\uc1 \u238 ?n
traducere rom\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ? 1924 - prof. Emerit dr. Victoria C.
Petrescu \uc1 \u351 ?i prof. de lb. francez\uc1 \u259 ? Elvira Balmu\uc1 \u351 ?)
se afl\uc1 \u259 ? acum la edi\uc1 \u355 ?ia a IX-a, postum\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i ref\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? de Pierre Bovet, care expri-ma la 29 sept.
1940: \uc1 \u8222 ?Niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? ca acum, golul pe care 1-a l\uc1 \u259 ?sat
nu mi s-a p\uc1 \u259 ?rut mai mare".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Claritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de a reflecta distinct \uc1 \u351 ?i rele-
vant anumite \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri \uc1 \u351 ?i structuri, per-mi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd astfel o cert\uc1 \u259 ? recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a lor. W.
Wurndt a deosebit pragul intensit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii de pragul
clarit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
cartezian\uc1 \u259 ? se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te pentru a carac-teriza g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a. Zona con-\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei clare este \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1
Clarviziune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege \uc1
\u351 ?i prevedea clar \uc1 \u351 ?i relevant evenimen-tele \uc1 \u238 ?n baza unei
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndiri realiste \uc1 \u351 ?i perspicace. Un alt sens, cu acelea\uc1
\u351 ?i efecte de prevedere limpede a unor evenimente, ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? prin prog-noz\uc1 \u259 ?, ilumin\uc1 \u259 ?ri
spontane, trans\uc1 \u259 ? sau alte dota\uc1 \u355 ?ii ce se pretind a fi
supranatu-rale. Acest sens este apropiat de cel de premoni\uc1 \u355 ?iune.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clas\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = cat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 egorie de elemente reunite prin tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259
?turi comune. Clas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, unitate de baz\uc1
\u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?colii, format\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-un num\uc1 \u259 ?r de elevi
de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i program\uc1 \u259 ?, cu aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
profesori, \uc1 \u238 ?n aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i sal\uc1 \u259 ?. C. \uc1 \u238 ?n-
depline\uc1 \u351 ?te o multipl\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ie instructiv-
educativ\uc1 \u259 ?, supun\uc1 \u226 ?nd elevii unui proces de socializare,
stimul\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i la cooperare \uc1 \u351 ?i la acomodarea cu via\uc1 \u355 ?
a \uc1 \u238 ?n colectiv, la comunitatea de interese. Experien\uc1 \u355 ?a pe-
dagogic\uc1 \u259 ? recomand\uc1 \u259 ? o cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere temei-nic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la zi a naturii \uc1 \u351 ?i specificului cla-sei}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clasificare }
\langfenp1048 = proces de stabilire a clase-lor de obiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni sau de concepte dup\uc1 \u259 ? o schem\uc1 \u259 ? de distribu\uc1
\u355 ?ie, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe anumite criterii de esen\uc1 \u355 ?ialitate,
genealo-gie, etc. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Piaget este o activitate permanent\uc1 \u259 ?
a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii ce realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? inte-gr\uc1 \u259 ?ri la diverse
niveluri. Forma superioa-r\uc1 \u259 ? a clasific\uc1 \u259 ?rii este
sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe ierarhizare, nu numai a obiectelor, ci
\uc1 \u351 ?i a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clastomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? spre distrugerea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor obiecte-lor
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite. Simptom al psihozei mania-co-depresive sau al
idio\uc1 \u355 ?eniei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Climat psihic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aspectul global al c\uc1 \u226 ?m-pului psihosocial are
sens de atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? sau de \uc1 \u8222 ?mediu
psihic" \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-drul grupului social conteaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ?
structura \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea grupului; \uc1 \u8226 ? compozi\uc1
\u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile grupului; \uc1 \u8226 ?
personalitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentul individului. \uc1 \u238 ?n general,
acest termen poate fi considerat \uc1 \u351 ?i o dis-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1
\u259 ? colectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, un microcli-mat psihic. Pentru aceasta este
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? adoptarea motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei de grup de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
individ \uc1 \u351 ?i reglarea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de grup de valori morale
\uc1 \u351 ?i profesionale \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irii
incompatibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor afective \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clinic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calificarea metodelor de in-
vestiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihice, bazate pe observa\uc1 \u355 ?ii directe asupra
pacientului \uc1 \u238 ?n joc, activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, convorbiri de
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? infantil\uc1 \u259 ? (J. Piaget) sau Ia orice v\uc1
\u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? asupra com-portamentului \uc1 \u238 ?n munc\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de metode statistice sau de laborator.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clonic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (grecescul }{\i1 \fs18
klonos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie); apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia spontan\uc1
\u259 ? sau provocat\uc1 \u259 ? a unor trepida\uc1 \u355 ?ii ritmice, ca urmare a
alungirii bru\uc1 \u351 ?te a unui tendon. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n leziunile c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor piramidale \uc1 \u351 ?i
are impor-tan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n clinica psihiatrici \uc1
\u238 ?n stabilirea diagnosticului diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial. \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedie
este vorba de repet\uc1 \u259 ?rile de silabe, sune-te sau cuvinte \uc1 \u238 ?n
vorbirea copilului cu logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ? (b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ?), care apare pe un fond emotiv labil, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei tensiuni
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, a unei labilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihoafective, a
unei boli. Adesea aces-tea au loc \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor blocaje de scurt\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?nceputul vorbirii. La cei mici se \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? chiar c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu pot pronun\uc1
\u355 ?a toate sunetele sau unele cu-vinte mai lungi, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u8222 ?
se \uc1 \u238 ?ncurc\uc1 \u259 ?" re-pet\uc1 \u226 ?nd fie c\uc1 \u226 ?teva
silabe, fie cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Coardele vocale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vasomotricitatea la-ringelui;
la om are un grad de perfec-\uc1 \u355 ?ionare care nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? la
animale. Larin-gele uman, cu mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul s\uc1 \u259 ?u vocal -organ cu
un \uc1 \u238 ?nalt grad de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ialita-te \uc1 \u351 ?i cu un
randament func\uc1 \u355 ?ional consi-derabil, are nevoie de o reglare circu-
latorie perfect\uc1 \u259 ?. Interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului cordal
este extrem de fin\uc1 \u259 ?, termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile nervoase motrice ale mu\uc1
\u351 ?chiului vocal sunt cu mult mai fine ca ale altor mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi \uc1
\u351 ?i care impresioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin bo-g\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia
aparatului nervos de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Structura foarte fin\uc1 \u259 ? a termina\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor ner-voase motrice se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin necesita-tea de adaptare a
corzilor vocale la varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile continue ale limbajului uman. Tripla
func\uc1 \u355 ?iune a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului corzii vocale (fonatorie, respiratorie
\uc1 \u351 ?i sfinc-terian\uc1 \u259 ?) explic\uc1 \u259 ? num\uc1 \u259 ?rul mare
de pl\uc1 \u259 ?ci motrice. \uc1 \u238 ?n concluzie, nervul recurent se \uc1 \u238
?ntinde \uc1 \u238 ?n evantai \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul cordal, unde se
ramific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i d\uc1 \u259 ? bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
ele-mente nervoase, de o mare diversitate \uc1 \u238 ?n termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile
lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cod }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sisteme
de coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre elementele mesajelor. Codul
asigur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i transcrierea
mesajelor dintr-un alfabet ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial, \uc1 \u238 ?n alfabetul propriu sis-
temului de transmisie. Limba reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? cel mai perfec\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat \uc1 \u351 ?i bogat sistem de coduri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Codare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie de traducere,
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gere a unui mesaj informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul unui sistem oarecare. Acest prim cod este adesea supus opera\uc1
\u355 ?iilor de decodare (alerg\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se semnele cele mai potrivite pentru
transmisie), pentru ca \uc1 \u238 ?n final, la nivelul central al sistemului, s\uc1
\u259 ? se reali-zeze opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia de decodare, de extragere a mesajului
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional din ultimul cod. Decodarea presupune o serie de
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n sens invers recod\uc1 \u259 ?rilor succesive.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Coeficient de
dezvoltare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Q.D.) = raport \uc1 \u238 ?ntre nota ob\uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ? la o scar\uc1 \u259 ? de dezvoltare psihomotor\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i acea care presupune c\uc1 \u259 ? a fost ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? de
un copil mediu, de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?
cronologic\uc1 \u259 ?, la acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i probe psihometrice. Acest coe-
ficient este multiplicat cu o sut\uc1 \u259 ? spre a se evita zecimalele.}{\fs20
\cbpat16 \tql \tx677 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 _}{\fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\i1 \fs16 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta de dezvoltare}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tlhyph \tx2155 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 y.D. = }{\fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\i1 \fs16 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 x }{\fs16
100}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta real\uc1
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0 \sb38 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
Coeficient de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (QI) = raport}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dintre v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mental\uc1
\u259 ? a unui copil}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
(apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? prin metoda testelor) \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta sa real\uc1 \u259 ?:}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li514 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin514 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx1099 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 _ ,}{\fs16 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }
\langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta }{\i1 \fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mental\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \li490 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin490 \rin0 \cbpat16
\tql \tlhyph \tx2150 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Q.l. }{\fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs16 \dbch
\langfenp1048 }{\i1 \fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 x }{\fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta real\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Altfel spus, raportul dintre nota ob\uc1
\u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? la un test \uc1 \u351 ?i nota ce se presu-pune a fi
ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? de cineva la nivel mediu, de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i test de inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal, v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
corespunde cu cea cronologic\uc1 \u259 ? (Q.l. = 100), iar deficientul
intelectual \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe sub 70%; cea superioar\uc1 \u259 ? peste 130%.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cogni\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18
ansamblu actelor psihice pur cognitive, independent de motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tensiuni, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Psihologia
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? are drept obiect de studiu mecanismele g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se elaboreaz\uc1 \u259 ? cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e de la percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, memorie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la formarea
conceptelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentului logic. Pe baza testelor
cognitive (testele de nivel \uc1 \u351 ?colar), care permit evaluarea cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor unui subiect, se pot face aprecieri calitative \uc1
\u238 ?n vederea selec\uc1 \u355 ?iei profesionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Colectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grupuri sociale ce au
unitate de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i scop, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
coeziunea acestora. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? psihologul Panait Golu, grupul cu un triplu
sens - cadru, factor \uc1 \u351 ?i destinator al educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Dup\uc1
\u259 ? M. Zlate: grup constituit, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i destina\uc1 \u355 ?ie educativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Coleric }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip temperamental, puternic, neechilibrat,
excitabil \uc1 \u351 ?i de personalita-te, caracterizat prin relativ\uc1 \u259 ?
sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciune a inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei, o puternic\uc1 \u259 ?
emotivitate \uc1 \u351 ?i nevoie de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
imediate. Adesea apare nest\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea de sine, im-}{\fs20 \dbch
pulsivitatea, agita\uc1 \u355 ?ia, ner\uc1 \u259 ?bdarea, une-ori chiar
depresie, \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ia spre st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de alarm\uc1 \u259
? exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?. Tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tura dominant\uc1 \u259 ? a
colericului este mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in m\uc1 \u226 ?nia, c\uc1 \u226 ?t vivacitatea
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sale, exuberan\uc1 \u355 ?a. Deseori se constat\uc1 \u259 ? o
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie dubl\uc1 \u259 ?, si-nusoidal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ascensiuni
\uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?deri ale ca-pacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de lucru cu
oscil\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?ntre entuzi-asm, temeritate \uc1 \u351 ?i stare de
abandon, decep\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u238 ?n dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iile activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor, de idealul de
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se pot afirma ca oameni ai marilor idealuri,
ini-\uc1 \u355 ?iative, capabili s\uc1 \u259 ? se concentreze maxi-mal \uc1 \u238 ?
n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt ex-traverti\uc1
\u355 ?i, foarte comunicativi, orienta\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n prezent \uc1
\u351 ?i viitor. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? descrierile bi-bliografiei, au fost colerici }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L. Car}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agi-ale \uc1 \u351 ?i L. Rebreanu.}
Combinatoric\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = posibilitatea a nenu-m\uc1 \u259 ?rate
variante de construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i recon-struc\uc1 \u355 ?ie
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? (la nivelul grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
formale, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd identitate, inversiune, nega\uc1 \u355 ?ie, recipro-
citate). J Piaget admite posibilitatea unor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii de acest fel
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 11-12 ani, care, c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 14-15 ani cap\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? un caracter nou, fundamental, disting\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
combina\uc1 \u355 ?ii opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional-logice \uc1 \u351 ?i imaginative,
libere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comisur\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = punct de unire a dou\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u355 ?i anatomice (buzele, pleoapele etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comi\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alitate }{\fs18 \dbch
(epilepsie); maladie a encefalului, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unor desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1
\u259 ?ri neu-ronale, cu expresie specific\uc1 \u259 ?, paroxistic\uc1 \u259 ?,
apar \uc1 \u238 ?n urm\uc1 \u259 ? unor traumatisme, tumori sau altor cauze. Are
mai multe forme (unele pe fondul pierderii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei)
bolnavul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o faz\uc1 \u259 ? tonic\uc1 \u259 ? de rigidi-tate
motorie, urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de o faz\uc1 \u259 ? clonic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri bru\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u351 ?i dezarticul-ate. Ultima faz\uc1 \u259 ?, stertoroas\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?ncheie ac-cesul epileptic prin respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie zgomotoa-s\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i hipotonie prelungit\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Como\uc1 \u355 ?ie cerebral\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom cauzat de traume}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le craniene,
manifestat prin pierderea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i
asociindu-se
cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri somatice ce se pot finaliza cu moartea.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Compara\uc1 \u355 ?
ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin care se stabilesc asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i deosebirile din-tre lucruri, fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e sau idei.
Cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, ex-presie sau no\uc1 \u355 ?iune care serve\uc1 \u351 ?te pentru
a compara ceva. Deci, asocierea a doi termeni (obiecte, persoane, ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni) cu scopul relief\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri
asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?-toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Compatibil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care poate exista \uc1 \u238 ?
mpre-un\uc1 \u259 ? cu altceva; care se \uc1 \u238 ?mpac\uc1 \u259 ? cu ceva; o
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie (calitate) care se poate exerci-ta simultan cu altceva; care
admite solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii; potrivire \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? enun\uc1
\u355 ?uri (caractere) care nu se exclud reciproc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Compensa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de contraba-
lansare a unei deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e, insatisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau nerealiz\uc1
\u259 ?ri, la un loc, a unei decom-pens\uc1 \u259 ?ri. La deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ii
senzoriali se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? compensatoriu, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele
mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalte nivele, organele de sim\uc1 \u355 ? vali-de. Transferul
compensator, al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui concept a fost precizat de A Adler, D. Damaschin,
a fost asociat \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ? cu
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei legi de baz\uc1 \u259 ?. Compensa\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin eforturi orientate \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul ini\uc1
\u355 ?ial deficitar, fie prin efort \uc1 \u238 ?ndreptat asupra unui alt
domeniu \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
ob\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? rezultate excep\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. C. se poate realiza
fie \uc1 \u238 ?n form\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, fie
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comp}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eti\uc1 \u355 ?ia aferentelor }{\fs18
proces neu-rofiziologic cu desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare spa\uc1 \u355 ?iotem-
poral\uc1 \u259 ?, care st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza verigii aferente a procesului
perceptual. Const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fil-trarea aferentelor venite pe
diferite c\uc1 \u259 ?i,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 3175}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}
{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Line 16}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i centru
nervos, unele fiind l\uc1 \u259 ?sate s\uc1 \u259 ? treac\uc1 \u259 ? m}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ai
departe, altele nu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Competi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie care apare
\uc1 \u238 ?n in-teriorul unui grup cu privire la o sarci-n\uc1 \u259 ?, privind
performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturi interpersonale. S-a demonstrat
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ra-porturile integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n
grupuri se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in rezultate superioare din punct de vedere competitiv
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n competi\uc1 \u355 ?ia interindi-vidual\uc1 \u259 ?.
Psihologii \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? fac distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n competi\uc1 \u355 ?ia intergrupurilor are loc cooperarea.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Complex }
\langfenp1048 = (termen introdus de C. G. -^hing) desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
totalitate de tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi
personale, cu un fond foarte intens, declan\uc1 \u351 ?ate de evenimente,
situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane, care au un caracter frustrant. Se
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o structur\uc1 \u259 ? dinami-c\uc1 \u259 ? incon\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nzestrat\uc1 \u259 ? cu mecanisme de autoreglaje la
nivelul \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, o surs\uc1
\u259 ? de dezechilibru (emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii, atitudini conduite cu caracter
conflictual, rezult\uc1 \u226 ?nd din situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, mai ales
familiale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Complex de inferioritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o form\uc1 \u259 ? frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? la copii \uc1 \u351 ?i adul\uc1 \u355 ?i, deri-
vat\uc1 \u259 ? din rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interindividuale \uc1 \u351 ?i fami-liale
(copil-adult, adult-adult) subiectul devenind con\uc1 \u351 ?tient de unele
sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciuni,
ne\uc1 \u238 ?mpliniri, nerealiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Sentimentul de inferioritate
provoac\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de compen-sare ineficiente. Efectele acestui
senti-ment sunt deprimante. Copilul se retrage \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, se
izoleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se consoleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu mici realiz\uc1 \u259
?ri. Uneori \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?, unele perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
puternice se mobilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
tenace de autoperfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionare, com-pens\uc1 \u226 ?nd inferioritatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rt\uc1 \u226 ?nd descurajarea. Familia
are obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia s\uc1 \u259 ? creeze un climat favorabil stimul\uc1
\u259 ?rii pozitive \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea copilului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Complexul lui
Oedip }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ata\uc1 \u351 ?amentul psihic, erotic al copilului pentru p\uc1
\u259 ?rin-tele de sex opus, considerat a fi pozitiv, iar alternativa opus\uc1
\u259 ?, ata\uc1 \u351 ?amentul fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de p\uc1 \u259 ?rintele
de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sex este considerat negativ. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii autori,
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii anormale, poate fi sursa unor nevroze, a
homosexualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. (S. Freud).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comportament }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul reac\uc1
\u355 ?iilor adaptative, obiectiv observabile, pe care orice organism prev\uc1
\u259 ?zut cu sistem nervos le execut\uc1 \u259 ? ca r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns la stimuli
din ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de asemenea, obiectiv-observabili (echivalent
al termenului de behavior). P. Janet introduce termenul de \uc1 \u8222 ?conduit\uc1
\u259 ?" cu o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie mai complex\uc1 \u259 ?. Comportamentul
depinde at\uc1 \u226 ?t de individ, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de mediu \uc1
\u351 ?i are \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna un sens: de satisfacere a trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?
elor, de reducere a tensiunilor (C. L. Huli).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comportament aberant (deviant) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care se abate de la normele
acreditate de sistemul social, merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
conflict social \uc1 \u351 ?i cu valorile culturale. Incapacitatea de a-\uc1
\u351 ?i rezolva propriile contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ii, o conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
repetitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? care deranjeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
pe cei din jur. Este specific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie, nevroz\uc1
\u259 ? obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?. Abaterile cu sens negativ-antivaloric de tipul
delicventei, vagabondajului, negativismului, mal-forma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
caracteriale \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar al psi-hopatiilor reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? devieri
moral-caracteriale, iar psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? a educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei
acord\uc1 \u259 ? interes studiului etio-logic \uc1 \u351 ?i preventiv al }{\b1
\langfenp1048 ca.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Comprehensiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinonim cu \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gere
(francez\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul de cuprindere (\uc1 \u238 ?n
german\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222 ?Verstehende Psyholo-gie"). Are sensul de
psihologie intro-spec\uc1 \u355 ?ionist\uc1 \u259 ? (Dithey \uc1 \u351 ?i Spenger).
Se re-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 zum\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales la descrierea fenomene-lor psihice \uc1
\u238 ?n baza intui\uc1 \u355 ?iei, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a pre-tinde
explicarea lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Comprehensiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (comprehensiune); ca-re \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege
u\uc1 \u351 ?or; de a p\uc1 \u259 ?trunde con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul unei probleme.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Compulsiune }
\langfenp1048 = constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere intern\uc1 \u259 ? de tip obsesional, care
oblig\uc1 \u259 ? la o conduit\uc1 \u259 ? repetitiv\uc1 \u259 ?; are semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ia unui sindrom patologic; dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu este exercitat\uc1 \u259 ?,
duce la o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a angoasei. Are uneori un caracter demoniac \uc1
\u351 ?i este \uc1 \u238 ?n fond o obse-sie. S. Freud - \uc1 \u8222 ?forma\uc1
\u355 ?iuni de compro-mis, pulsionale, suficient de puternice pentru a se plasa
deasupra principiului pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comunicare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = transmiterea (inten\uc1 \u355 ?
iona-t\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu) de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mesaje, destina-te s\uc1 \u259
? influen\uc1 \u355 ?eze persoana \uc1 \u8222 ?receptor". Se produce o ac\uc1 \u355
?iune asupra lui \uc1 \u351 ?i un efect retroactiv asupra persoanei emi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?toare (feed-back) care la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i este \uc1 \u238 ?
nsufle-\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicarea interuman\uc1 \u259 ?,
limba-jul se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe procese psihomotorii, \uc1 \u238 ?n care un loc
deosebit revine componen-tei con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii. Paralel cu
comu-nicarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ? se pot utiliza mijloace neverbale cu func\uc1 \u355
?ie de semnalizare; ati-tudini posturale, mimico-gesticula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care pot
s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?easc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259
? comple-menteze comunicarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ? (limbajul ectosemantic).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Comutativ }{\fs18
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a sistemelor de re-flexie de a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde schimb\uc1
\u259 ?rilor din ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a-\uc1 \u351 ?i
adecva comportamentul la acestea. Se presupune un reflex la ambian\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n deplasarea aten-\uc1 \u355 ?
iei de la un
obiectiv la altul; reorienta-rea prompt\uc1 \u259 ? a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei de la
o }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 activitate la alta, ce intervine subit.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conativ }{\fs18 \dbch
(cona\uc1 \u355 ?ie); desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? latura pulsional\uc1 \u259 ? de
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, efort, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?inere energetic\uc1
\u259 ?; reune\uc1 \u351 ?te afectivul cu voli-\uc1 \u355 ?ionalul. Ar fi opus
cognitivului (non-cognitiv), uneori \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleg\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
doar volitivul rupt de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Concentrare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = latur\uc1 \u259 ? a dinamicii
pro-ceselor nervoase fundamentale, con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n revenirea excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?
iei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 iradiate, la focarul ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial. Neurofiziolo-gic este
expresia focarului de excitabi-litate optim\uc1 \u259 ? sau a dominantei.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Concept }{\fs18
instr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ument intelectual (no\uc1 \u355 ?i-une)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de
vederi, idei cu privire la probleme filosofice, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ifice,
literare, cu privire la natur\uc1 \u259 ?, la psihic, societate etc, cu o
interpretare unitar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Concret }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opus abstractului; ceea ce reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? o realitate nemijlocit\uc1 \u259 ?, pal-pabil\uc1 \u259 ?; caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? prin continuitate, unitate. Senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile, percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile
reproduc concretul prin imagini, iar reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?-rile dispun de un grad
variabil de con-cretitudine. Logopedia debuteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ge-nere
printr-un grad variabil de concreti-tudine, at\uc1 \u226 ?t pe plan psihic prin
intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
materiale de per-cepere vizual-auditiv\uc1 \u226 ?. Practica \uc1 \u351 ?i tera-pia
logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? probeaz\uc1 \u259 ? concretismul activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Condi\uc1
\u355 ?ionare reflex\uc1 \u259 ? (operant\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proces de formare a unui nou
reflex, a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unei noi conexiuni nervoase prin aso-cierea
repetat\uc1 \u259 ? a unui stimul indiferent. Acesta din urm\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rit printr-o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie necondi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionata, devine semnal al ei \uc1 \u351 ?i produce acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i efecte ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i stimulul necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov).}
\colsr7138 \colno2 \colw720 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin5 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3370 \absw6259 \absh-778
intoxi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie, infec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, febr\uc1 \u259 ?,
alcoolism, numai \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite limite, legea percep-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etc.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iei fiind
relativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Opus\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii pavloniene
clasice, este metoda condi\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii operante (B. Skinner),
\uc1 \u238 ?n care se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? un stimul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?ritor
cu o mi\uc1 \u351 ?care, o opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t
subiectul uman ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine reflexul cerut \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
fire\uc1 \u351 ?ti ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. Diversele posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare re-prezint\uc1 \u259 ? modele elementare ale procesu-lui
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conduit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (P. Janet)
activitatea sau ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea sub toate formele: intern-subiecti-ve \uc1
\u351 ?i extern-motorii, ceea ce semnific\uc1 \u259 ? unitatea dintre psihic
\uc1 \u351 ?i faptele de com-portament. Accentul se pune pe modul de a se
conduce \uc1 \u351 ?i de a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona mintal \uc1 \u351 ?i motor al
subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie dat\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n
sfera conduitei, spre deosebire de comportament, sunt delimitate at\uc1 \u226 ?t
reac-\uc1 \u355 ?ii obiective \uc1 \u351 ?i observabile, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i feno-mene interne subiective. Procesele psihi-ce senzoriale,
intelective \uc1 \u351 ?i afective sunt concepute ca fiind conduite interne. Du-
p\uc1 \u259 ? P. Janet, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a este o conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
intern\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? instrumental (semne,
simboluri) prin care subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?ine rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cu lumea. \uc1 \u350 ?i limbajul este un sis-tem de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? al
colabor\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Conexiunea invers\uc1 \u259 ? (feed-back; retro-ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune) }
\langfenp1048 = principiu cibernetic care de-semneaz\uc1 \u259 ? informa\uc1
\u355 ?ia invers\uc1 \u259 ?, provenit\uc1 \u259 ? de la efector c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
receptor, (deci a efec-tului asupra cauzei) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nchegarea
circui-telor reflexe autoreglatorii, fiind princi-piul de baz\uc1 \u259 ? al
adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui sistem la mediu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Confabula\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = asocieri
fanteziste \uc1 \u351 ?i absurde \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul unei relat\uc1 \u259 ?
ri, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul acoperirii lacunelor de memorie, sau \uc1 \u238 ?n
contextul unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mintale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conflict
intern (disonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lupt\uc1 \u259 ? de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, de interese, de
mo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tive, ciocniri de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, atitudini opu-se; poate fi
doar de moment sau este persistent. \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii poate
c\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?ta o form\uc1 \u259 ? dramatic\uc1 \u259 ?,
provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de o tensiune intrapsihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Multe din aceste
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii pot fi dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ite prin op\uc1 \u355 ?i-
uni \uc1 \u238 ?n favoarea unor tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e cu semni-fica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
superioar\uc1 \u259 ?. E. Claparede sus\uc1 \u355 ?i-nea: \uc1 \u8222 ?fiecare
satisfacere de dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e as-cunde \uc1 \u351 ?i o renun\uc1 \u355 ?are".
Sunt momente inevitabile \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a unei persoane; poate fi
manifest sau lent, cu simptome de dezordine a conduitei \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de caracter.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Conformism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu atitudi-nea de fidelitate
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de grup; accepta-rea normelor sociale, morale, de
educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ceea ce face s\uc1 \u259 ? nu se izoleze de comunitatea din
care provine. Noncon-formismul este un act de curaj, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
aspect critic, ceea ce atrage adesea pedepsirea celui \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1
Confort spiritual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de echil}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ibru \uc1 \u351 ?i satisfac\uc1
\u355 ?ie rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din acordul cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile absen\uc1 \u355 ?ei conflictelor. Are
loc realizarea de sine nestingherit\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un climat de
echita-te, \uc1 \u238 ?ntrajutorare, cooperare \uc1 \u351 ?i creare, umanism
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Confuzie mental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 atologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care ideile sunt \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u226 ?lcite, trec\uc1 \u259 ?toare, dar uneori durabile. Se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale lucidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de obtuzie. Are loc
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea defici-tar\uc1 \u259 ? a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, memoriei,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, ceea ce creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezorientarea subiectu-lui \uc1
\u238 ?n timp \uc1 \u351 ?i spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu. Subiectul pierde datele corecte
despre el (nume, ziua, localitate) este r\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?cit.
Nu este o stare de demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, subiectul f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1
\u226 ?nd eforturi pentru a se redresa. Este produs\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch
Congenital }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = apreciere a \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor,
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, maladiilor de
origine ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? sau din na\uc1 \u351 ?tere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conota\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un semn lingvistic
care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la un ansamblu de obiecte care au note comune. \uc1 \u238
?n sens psihologic, de lar-g\uc1 \u259 ? circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, conota\uc1 \u355 ?
ia constituie acel as-pect al semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iei unui cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, ce
nu este comun tuturor vorbitorilor unei limbi. Acel cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, at\uc1 \u226
?t conotativ c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i denotativ, are semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
lexic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i semantic\uc1 \u259 ? stabil\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Consecven\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = decurgerea logic\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii din alta; ceea ce respect\uc1 \u259 ? cerin-\uc1 \u355 ?ele
principiilor g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, legile \uc1 \u351 ?i regulile de formare \uc1
\u351 ?i transformare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem deductiv. Este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
caracter, de convingeri ferme.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Consens = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de
cooperare \uc1 \u351 ?i interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de acord. Unitate de
orientare \uc1 \u238 ?n sentimente \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dire \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre membrii unui grup social. Este o convergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de opinii
publice sau individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Conservare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntotdeauna printr-o coordonare \uc1 \u351 ?i constituie o condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
obligatorie a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?
io-nale. J. Piaget - \uc1 \u8222 ?orice conservare con-struit\uc1 \u259 ? se
fundeaz\uc1 \u259 ? simplu pe identitate". Conservarea este al II-lea proces al me-
moriei (p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei); este ceea ce face posibil\uc1
\u259 ?, ulterior, recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1 \u351 ?i reproducerea. Contra
conserv\uc1 \u259 ?rii mne-zice este uitarea. Anumite persoane au instinctul}{\fs18
conservare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Constan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea
constant\uc1 \u259 ? a dimensiunilor structurii. Aceasta \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\langfenp1048 Constela\uc1 \u355 ?ia aferentelor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces neu-rofiziologic
cu desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-tem-poral\uc1 \u259 ?, care
st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza verigii aferente a procesului de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sinteza aferentelor venite pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i dife-
rite la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i centru nervos. Pe aceast\uc1 \u259 ? baz\uc1 \u259 ? se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un fond aferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, peste care se suprapune
oric\uc1 \u226 ?nd o nou\uc1 \u259 ? aferent\uc1 \u259 ?, a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei
valoare func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? va fi momentan\uc1 \u259 ?, va fi
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de acest fond.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Constitu\uc1 \u355 ?}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii congenitale morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihofizio-logice ale
unui individ. Unii cercet\uc1 \u259 ?-tori sintetizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? opt tipuri
constitu-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (E. Dupre), al\uc1 \u355 ?ii trei tipuri
(Kretschsner) \uc1 \u351 ?i C.G. Jung doare dou\uc1 \u259 ?: introversiune \uc1
\u351 ?i extraversiune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Const}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 itu\uc1 \u355 ?ie somatopsihic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nzestra-rea ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui in-divid (persoan\uc1
\u259 ?) exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i-\uc1
\u351 ?are, reactivitate, temperament, predis-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, aptitudini etc.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Constr\uc1
\u226 ?ngere = determinarea unei ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni printr-o presiune
exercitat\uc1 \u259 ? din exterior \uc1 \u238 ?n mod organizat prin moravuri
\uc1 \u351 ?i opinii. Poate fi exercitat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i din\uc1 \u259 ?
un-trul subiectului de norme, idei, intim asimilate \uc1 \u351 ?i care se bucur\uc1
\u259 ? de autorita-te, \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ? legea
constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngerii este decisiv\uc1 \u259 ? (E. Durkheim).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiinciozitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce se dez-v\uc1 \u259 ?luie printr-
un efort depus de o per-soan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii activit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor la un
nivel superior cantitativ \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ, \uc1 \u238 ?n afara oric\uc1
\u259 ?rei constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngeri, ci din proprie con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere imediat\uc1 \u259 ?
pe care fiecare din noi o are despre exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?a sa, despre actele sale,
despre lumea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i interioar\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\i1 \fs18
Epistemologie: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?act cu \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?" care presupune reducerea fenomenului la esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a
formei la con\uc1 \u355 ?i-nut, a particularului la general, a \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?m-pl\uc1 \u259 ?torului la necesar. Ea organizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? datele
sim\uc1 \u355 ?urilor \uc1 \u351 ?i ale memoriei. Sunt mai multe trepte ale con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ea fiind determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de ceea ce precede
adormi-rea. \uc1 \u350 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta, con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
nu este abolit\uc1 \u259 ?, ci are loc con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
oniric\uc1 \u259 ?. Re-la\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihismul incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tient poate fi de
sinergie, complemen-taritate sau contrarietate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Contagiune afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = transmiterea
de la un om la altul a unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective de entuziasm, depresiune,
alarm\uc1 \u259 ?, bucurie, team\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ngrijorare, care se
bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i empatie. Este
frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia maselor (\uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie
specifi-c\uc1 \u259 ? isteriei). \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a
copilului se produce trecerea de la adult; este o metod\uc1 \u259 ? de modelare a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a copilului.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Contractur\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = stare de contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie pre-lungit\uc1 \u259 ? sau
permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
rigiditatea fibrelor com-ponente \uc1 \u351 ?i determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de pierderea
temporal\uc1 \u259 ? sau definitiv\uc1 \u259 ? a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
de decontrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Contrast senzorial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea sensibi-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ca urmare a interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii stimuli-lor net
diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i (chiar opu\uc1 \u351 ?i), care ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1
\u259 ? succesiv sau simultan asupra ace-luia\uc1 \u351 ?i analizator. Logica
formuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? principiul contrariilor. In contrastul suc-cesiv are loc
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii senzoria-le fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de stimulul ce urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la scurt interval, dar diferit cal}{\fs18
itativ. In contras-tul simultan are loc accentuarea reci-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proc\uc1 \u259 ? a
stimulilor prezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i moment \uc1 \u238
?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul perceptiv. Contras-tul succesiv are o sfer\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1
\u238 ?ntindere mai mare dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cel simultan. Mecanismul se explic\uc1
\u259 ? prin procesul de induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie re-ciproc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
autoinduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie ale diferitelor c\uc1 \u226 ?mpuri receptoare ale unuia
\uc1 \u351 ?i acelu-ia\uc1 \u351 ?i sistem aferent.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Convergen\uc1 \u355 ?a aferentelor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este un
proces neurofiziologic care st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza verigii aferente a procesului
perceptual \uc1 \u351 ?i const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n aferentarea aceluia\uc1
\u351 ?i neu-ron cu informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii care provin simultan sau succesiv pe mai
multe c\uc1 \u259 ?i senzori-ale, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd efecte pozitive sau negative
asupra neuronului respectiv. Fenome-nul se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1
\u351 ?te la nivelul neuronilor forma\uc1 \u355 ?iei reticulat\uc1 \u259 ?, din
nucleii tala-mici, hipocamp, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i din ariile senziti-ve
\uc1 \u351 ?i motorii asociative din cortex. In to\uc1 \u355 ?i ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti
centri nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i au loc tot mai ample opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii de sintez\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par
}\pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri5 \sb211 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Convingerea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are sensul
de certitudi-ne logic\uc1 \u259 ?. Op\uc1 \u355 ?iunile subiective \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie de conflict valoric se impun printr-o necesitate intern\uc1
\u259 ?. C. rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din aso-cierea unei idei cu o trebuin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i din le-g\uc1 \u259 ?tura afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu
acea idee sau norm\uc1 \u259 ?; este ap\uc1 \u259 ?rat\uc1 \u259 ? cu energie
\uc1 \u351 ?i argumente c\uc1 \u226 ?nd este contestat\uc1 \u259 ?, de aceea c.
repre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?o idee for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?" care se
impune prin comportament \uc1 \u351 ?i argumente etice, so-ciale, \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, profesionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Convorbire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (conversa\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic
\uc1 \u238 ?nche-gat\uc1 \u259 ?), metod\uc1 \u259 ? pentru studierea persona-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii subiectului, care permite infor-marea terapeutului
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i solu\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea problemelor subiectului. Tehnica c.
presupune, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i la chestionar, o serie de \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?
ri clare, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se interveni \uc1 \u238 ?n dirijarea
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor, cre\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se un climat de \uc1 \u238 ?
ncredere \uc1 \u351 ?i deschiderea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 liber\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre terapeut,
care probeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mult\uc1 \u259 ? afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i
bun\uc1 \u259 ?voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Convulsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
brusc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i invo-luntar\uc1 \u259 ? a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unei des-c\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?ri neuronale. Sunt
cunoscute con-vulsii tonice \uc1 \u351 ?i clonice. Primele se ca-racterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? prin rigidizarea corpului, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd celelalte se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? printr-o serie de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri musculare ritmice. Sunt
pre-zente ambele \uc1 \u238 ?n logonev}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 roze, \uc1 \u238 ?n balbism,
caracteriz\uc1 \u226 ?nd un creier hiperexcitabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cooperare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament colaborativ \uc1
\u238 ?ntre 2-3 persoane sau grupuri, \uc1 \u238 ?n vede-rea unui scop cunoscut,
interesul tuturor fiind egal. Trebuie stabilite sarcini \uc1 \u351 ?i un consens
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre participan\uc1 \u355 ?i. P. Janet se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la sensul
de baz\uc1 \u259 ? al cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cooperare, }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune colectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, definin-du-se conduitele sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Coordonare }
\langfenp1048 = modalitate opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de punere \uc1
\u238 ?n ordine a unor elemente, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i stabilirea unei
inter-rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni sistemice \uc1
\u238 ?ntre ele. P. Janet: \uc1 \u8222 ?asimi-l\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
acomod\uc1 \u259 ?ri reciproce a unor sche-me de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune". Dup\uc1 \u259
? acest autor, c. re-prezint\uc1 \u259 ? modalitatea central\uc1 \u259 ? a
constitui-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
intelectuale. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? sintez\uc1 \u259 ? de opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii logice,
coor-donate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un mod nou, poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?a. Chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?rile afective sunt supuse
coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii, structur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n sentimente. C. se
identific\uc1 \u259 ? cu autore-glajul conduitelor individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copii s\uc1 \u259 ?
lbatici }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = copii abandona\uc1 \u355 ?i, crescu\uc1 \u355 ?i de
animale; se cunosc vreo 30 de cazuri. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? R. M. Zingg, ei nu emit nici
un sunet vocal omenesc, nu vorbesc, se deplaseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n patru
labe, se hr\uc1 \u259 ?nesc ca animalele, adulmec\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?i alimentele, apoi le iau cu gura; \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i exprim\uc1
\u259 ? suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a url\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca lupii. Cazurile cele mai cunos-}
cute sunt: s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatecul de la Aveyron \uc1 \u351 ?i al \uc1 \u8222 ?
copiilor lupi" de la Midnapore; cel de la Aveyron - Victor - descoperit \uc1
\u238 ?n 1799, \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? de 10-12 ani, tr\uc1
\u259 ?ia gol, \uc1 \u238 ?n stare s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
p\uc1 \u259 ?durea de la Lacaune (la hotarul dintre Tarn \uc1 \u351 ?i Aveyron).
Acesta a fost \uc1 \u238 ?ncredin\uc1 \u355 ?at unei institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
surdomu\uc1 \u355 ?i unde psiho-logul J.M. ltard s-a str\uc1 \u259 ?duit zadarnic
vreme de 5 ani s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 educe. Alte dou\uc1 \u259 ?-feti\uc1 \u355 ?e, una
de 4 ani, alta de 8 ani, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora li s-a dat numele de Amala \uc1 \u351 ?i
Kamala, au fost capturate \uc1 \u238 ?n India, \uc1 \u238 ?n 1920. Ele tr\uc1 \u259
?iau \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o pe\uc1 \u351 ?ter\uc1 \u259 ? la un loc cu lupii. Umblau
\uc1 \u238 ?n patru labe; au fost \uc1 \u238 ?ncredin\uc1 \u355 ?ate unor
misionari, dar n-au reu\uc1 \u351 ?it dec\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1 \u259 ? articuleze
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva cuvinte \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? umble \uc1 \u238 ?n picioare.
Au murit repede (cea mic\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? un an, cea mare dup\uc1
\u259 ? 8 ani de la descoperirea ei, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se
adapteze la via\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Toate aces-te cazuri demonstreaz\uc1
\u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?a me-diului asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii fiin\uc1 \u355
?ei umane. Mediul furnizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ajuns\uc1 \u259 ? la
maturitate, excitan\uc1 \u355 ?ii corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tori pentru ca func\uc1
\u355 ?ia s\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltat\uc1 \u259
?, \uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa lor func\uc1 \u355 ?ia r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne
virtual\uc1 \u259 ? sau se atrofiaz\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Concluzii: }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n afara cadru-lui social, copiii s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatici nu
se pot so-cializa autonom, nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? limba-jul, g\uc1
\u226 ?ndirea, nu posed\uc1 \u259
? voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i senti-mente omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti; \uc1
\u238 ?mprumut\uc1 \u259 ? comporta-mentul \uc1 \u351 ?i regimul de via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? al animale-lor adoptive; dup\uc1 \u259 ? capturare nu sunt ac-
cesibili educ\uc1 \u259 ?rii dac\uc1 \u259 ? au dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci sistemul lor nervos nu mai
dispune de plasticitatea necesar\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a permite construirea unor pro-
cese a\uc1 \u351 ?a de complexe ca g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul.
Iat\uc1 \u259 ? rolul decisiv al socializ\uc1 \u259 ?-rii \uc1 \u238 ?n uma}
\langfenp1048 nizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Copii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? pe
traiectoria dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ?rii de la procrea\uc1 \u355 ?ie p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la adoles-cen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada
intrauterin\uc1 \u259 ? evolu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\colno2 \colw2932 \colsr1464 \colno3 \colw6292 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eaz\uc1 \u259 ? polimorf amintind \uc1 \u351 ?i de alte
spe\uc1 \u355 ?e dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea uman\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1
\u351 ?tere dispune de un poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial uman \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
neactivat \uc1 \u351 ?i nemotivat, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii normale
devi-ne subiect al unei accelerate dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ca obiect al educa\uc1
\u355 ?iei. C. parcurge stadii ce se succed din punct de vedere soma-tic,
intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i afectiv, pe care Psiholo-gia copilului le relev\uc1 \u259
?, ca o alternativ\uc1 \u259 ? a adultului de perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Persoana
copil trebuie cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i considerat\uc1 \u259 ? valoric pe
etape.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copil \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = copil care nu \uc1 \u355 ?ine pa-sul cu
ritmul normal al achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?co-lare, nu \uc1 \u238 ?
ntotdeauna sunt deficien\uc1 \u355 ?i din punct de vedere intelectual, ci din cauze
independente de voin\uc1 \u355 ?a lor: situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie fami-lial\uc1 \u259 ?,
boal\uc1 \u259 ?, schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri de domiciliu, dificil\uc1 \u259 ?
adaptare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i dezin-
teresa\uc1 \u355 ?i, etc. Terapeutul ortopedagog \uc1 \u238 ?l poate ajuta s\uc1
\u259 ? recupereze \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie }{\fs18
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 0-11-12 ani, cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarea periodi}
\langfenp1048 zare: 0-1 an = v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta sugarului; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f-3 }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ani
= perioada antepre-\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?; 3-7(6) ani = perioada pre\uc1
\u351 ?co-lar\uc1 \u259 ? (mic\uc1 \u259 ?, mijlocie, mare); 7-10-11 ani = perioada
\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe
preadolescenta. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ? este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica form\uc1 \u259 ?rii adultului din punct de vedere psiho-
motor \uc1 \u351 ?i al diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierii progresive, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
universul copilului se l\uc1 \u259 ?rge\uc1 \u351 ?te, iar interesele sale
cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? volum, el \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i descoper\uc1 \u259
? persona-litatea paralel cu achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iile cognitive \uc1 \u351 ?i
procesul comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i al socializ\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copui\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
leg}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?, liant, cuplare a ele-mentelor
propozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau ai termenilor unei judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i;
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a verbului \uc1 \u8222 ?a fi" care neag\uc1 \u259 ? sau
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
subiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i predicatul logic (conjunc\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?nici").}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Corectitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate ce
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n respectarea riguroas\uc1 \u259 ? a regulilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i nor-melor. Privind activitatea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? sau
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, are un sens logic. C. g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii este condi\uc1
\u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de: claritatea \uc1 \u351 ?i precizia ideilor; respectarea
principiu-lui non-contradic\uc1 \u355 ?iei; \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeierea pe ar-gumente
a \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uirii ideilor. Din punct
de vedere moral are mai multe \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-suri: onestitate,
respectarea normelor de munc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire
social\uc1 \u259 ?, con-secven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n respectarea
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului dat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Coree }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = maladie nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?, numit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?dansul Sf\uc1 \u226 ?ntului Guy care ajunge \uc1 \u238 ?n
special copiii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 7-13 ani, care au condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii igienice
precare (lipsi\uc1 \u355 ?i de aer \uc1 \u351 ?i lumin\uc1 \u259 ?). Nu se
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te precoce \uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri involuntare, agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ?,
grimase, scris ur\uc1 \u226 ?t, neregulat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tratament: }{\fs18
igien\uc1 \u259 ?, re-paus, exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii dozate; \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri
benigne permite o educare. Coreea \uc1 \u8222 ?Syderman" - acut\uc1 \u259 ?, este
de natur\uc1 \u259 ? reumatismal\uc1 \u259 ?, infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i apare \uc1 \u238 ?n meningite \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n alte
maladii infantile (rujeola, oreionul, tu\uc1 \u351 ?ea convulsiv\uc1 \u259 ?).
Coreile cronice apar la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1 \u259 ? (C. lui Huntington);
caracterizate prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri coreice lente, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1
\u355 ?ite de o alterare a caracterului (agresivitate sau depresie) \uc1 \u351 ?i a
inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. C. este o maladie ereditar\uc1 \u259 ?,
degenerativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care atinge creierul \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales nucleii
cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ii centrali de la baza creierului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Core}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre doi termeni, \uc1 \u238 ?
n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? unul nu poate exista f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? cel\uc1
\u259 ?lalt, modificarea unuia antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? modificarea celuilalt (ex.
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere-afectivitate). \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-logie se folose\uc1
\u351 ?te coeficientul de core-la\uc1 \u355 ?ie dintre variabilele m\uc1 \u259 ?
surabile, in-trodus de Spearman.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Coterapeut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un viitor psihoterapeut}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 stimulent pentru imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care se
exerseaz\uc1 \u259 ? timp de un an \uc1 \u238 ?n apli-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 membru),}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-
2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 carea principiilor
psihoterapeutice sub}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ndrumarea \uc1 \u351 ?i supravegherea psihotera-}
\langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Credi}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens figurativ, c. este}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \fi-3374 \li3374 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin3374 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3341 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
peutului experimentat.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orice op\uc1 \u355 ?iune sau opinie
ferm\uc1 \u259 ?; atitudi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nea unei persoane fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o idee sau un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3341 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 Cotient intelectual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Q.I.) = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fapt, pe care le consider\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntemeiate. P.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
introdus\uc1 \u259 ? de W. Stern 1912) compl}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 et\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 Janet face distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre credin\uc1 \u355 ?
ele ra-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conceptul
de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ? al lui A.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i experimentale pe de o parte,}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Binet,
reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd un raport \uc1 \u238 ?ntre v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i credin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
personale \uc1 \u351 ?i sentimentale}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea cronologic\uc1 \u259
?, \uc1 \u238 ?nmul\uc1 \u355 ?it cu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe de }{\fs18
alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, \uc1 \u238 ?n care elementul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \li29 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin29 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 100 (pentru eliminarea zecimalelor) \uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional intervine prea pu\uc1
\u355 ?in sau deloc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care devine un coeficient al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Puterea unei credin\uc1 \u355 ?e variaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la
o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
intelectuale, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd compara\uc1 \u355 ?ii indi-}{\fs18
\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 persoan\uc1 \u259 ? la alta sau chiar la aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 viduale \uc1 \u351 ?i
intraindividuale prin urm\uc1 \u259 ?rirea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoan\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de argumentele}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 men\uc1 \u355 ?inerii, cre\uc1
\u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i a descre\uc1 \u351 ?terii coe-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 momentului,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }
\langfenp1048 ficientului \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul \uc1 \u238 ?naint\uc1 \u259 ?rii
\uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Posibilitatea efectu\uc1 \u259 ?rii uneia sau mai}
\langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Credulitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ncli}{\fs18
na\uc1 \u355 ?ie de a crede cu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 multor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i practice sau
mintale. C.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici un fel de verificare,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, priceperi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cele spuse de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Implic\uc1 \u259 ? naivitate. C.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi, la baza c\uc1 \u259 ?rora
stau \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este
necritic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i poat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e permite influen-}{\fs20 \dbch
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea \uc1
\u351 ?i aptitudinile.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri nocive,
decep\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \absw2923 \absh-4651
\phcol \pvpara \posx3394 \posy163 \dfrmtxtx38 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Creier }{\fs18
forma\uc1 \u355 ?ie nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din emisferele
cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i din structu-rile care le unesc. Morfologii deose-besc: c.
mare (emisferele cerebrale), creierul mic (cerebelul), bulbul (medu-la ablogata),
telencefal + diencefal, me-zencefal. Diencefalul cuprinde talamu-sul, hipotalamusul
(\uc1 \u238 ?n conexiune cu hi-pofiza sau glanda pituitar\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?
i epitala-musul (\uc1 \u238 ?n conexiune cu epifiza sau glanda pineal\uc1 \u259 ?).
Suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a cu circum-volu\uc1 \u355 ?iuni este }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cortexul }
\langfenp1048 ce}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rebral - p\uc1 \u259 ?tu-r\uc1 \u259 ? de substan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cenu\uc1
\u351 ?ie. Neocortexul -por\uc1 \u355 ?iunea cea mai recent\uc1 \u259 ?
filogenetic, atinge la om o dezvoltare \uc1 \u351 ?i o organi-zare incomparabil\uc1
\u259 ? cu ale oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui ani-mal. Este constituit din 6 straturi celu-
lare \uc1 \u351 ?i conduce func\uc1 \u355 ?iile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii con\uc1 \u351 ?
ti-ente ca vorbirea, ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativa. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zona de
asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cea mai nou ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? filoge-netic
are 3 regiuni: prefrontal\uc1 \u259 ?, tempo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
parietooccipital\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de\uc1 \u355 ?ine}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Creativitate }{\fs18
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de a crea, care exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n stare
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? la orice persoa-n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la
toate v\uc1 \u226 ?rstele. Este strict depen-dent\uc1 \u259 ? de mediul socio-
cultural \uc1 \u351 ?i necesi-t\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii favorabile pentru a
se dezvol-ta. Are mai multe \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesuri: inventivita-te,
spirit creator, talent. Conformismul este o piedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n calea
creativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i teama de a nu gre\uc1 \u351 ?
i. Intre Q.I. \uc1 \u351 ?i factorul originalitate este o corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
semnifica-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?. La nivelul personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c. este
o interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune optim\uc1 \u259 ?, generatoare de nou, dintre
atitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i aptitudini. Apti-tudinile nu sunt creative prin ele \uc1
\u238 ?nsele, ci devin astfel \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care
sunt activate \uc1 \u351 ?i valorificate prin motive \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini
creative }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavelcu). C. este o forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune
permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? s-au introdus elemente de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?are creativ\uc1 \u259 ? (brainstorming \uc1 \u351 ?i si-nectica, \uc1
\u238 ?n care grupul ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de sintez\uc1
\u259 ?, legat\uc1 \u259 ? la om de deter-minarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, prin ariile sale de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd func\uc1
\u355 ?ii mult mai compli-cate dec\uc1 \u226 ?t realizarea interconexiunilor
regiunilor corticale. (Vezi Anexa A -Fig. 11)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Crepuscular }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom al tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, caracterizat printr-o profund\uc1 \u259 ?
alterare a reflect\uc1 \u259 ?rii senzoriale, cu p\uc1 \u259 ?s-trarea
automatismelor motorii, ceea ce exprim\uc1 \u259 ? un aspect relativ coordonat \uc1
\u351 ?i coerent al actelor \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentului bolnavului. Este o
alterare a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, care poate dura de la c\uc1 \u226 ?
teva minute p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la c\uc1 \u226 ?teva zile. Pe acest fond pot
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea elemente halucinator-delirante \uc1 \u351 ?i anxie-tate, care duc
la o stare de agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psiho-motorie. Starea crepuscular\uc1 \u259 ?
poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?-rea \uc1 \u238 ?n: diencefaliz\uc1 \u259 ?, epilepsie,
isterie, tu-mori de lob tem}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poral etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces dinamic de
dezvolta-re, care \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu fecundarea; este o impulsie
care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? organis-mul viu; este un proces de organizare
progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u355 ?esuturilor, a organelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a
comportamentului \uc1 \u351 ?i se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pe maturizare, dar depinde \uc1 \u351 ?i de influ-en\uc1
\u355 ?ele mediului (care favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzie
dezvoltarea) \uc1 \u351 ?i de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?-terea
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te faze bru\uc1 \u351 ?te, de consoli-dare \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar de
regresie (mai ales pe plan mintal, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor obstacole).}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cretinism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1
\u259 ? cronic\uc1 \u259 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ? endocrin\uc1 \u259 ?,
echivalent\uc1 \u259 ? cu imbecilitatea; desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o form\uc1 \u259 ?
etiologic\uc1 \u259 ? a oligo-freniilor. Se datore\uc1 \u351 ?te unei
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?e tiroidiene grave (mixedem), ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii intrauterine sau \uc1 \u238 ?n
primele luni dup\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere. Clinic, boala se ma-nifest\uc1
\u259 ? prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri somatice carac-teristice: facies \uc1 \u238 ?n
lun\uc1 \u259 ? plin\uc1 \u259 ?, gur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-deschis\uc1
\u259 ?, macroglosie, abdomen volumi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nos; uneori subiectul este supraponde-ral.
Psihic, se constat\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere \uc1 \u238 ?n
dezvoltarea psihomotorie (evident\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 VI" }
\langfenp1048 lun\uc1 \u259 ?); este apatic, greoi, in-diferent la stimulii din
mediu, mimic\uc1 \u259 ? inexpresiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Mersul \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbitul apar
cu mare \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere; din\uc1 \u355 ?ii vicios implanta\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i caria\uc1 \u355 ?i precoce, membre scurte, dis-propor\uc1
\u355 ?ionate fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de trunchi, tegumen-te uscate, o
slab\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltare intelectua-l\uc1 \u259 ?. Interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia
\uc1 \u238 ?n mixedemul congenital prin instituirea unei opoterapii de sub-
stitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie poate atenua apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia oligofreni-ei, cu condi\uc1
\u355 ?ia ca aceasta s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 6 luni; dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceast\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ?, orice interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ne inutil\uc1 \u259 ?, deficitul intelectual fiind ireversibil
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? Aurelia S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Criestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cutanat\uc1 \u259 ? de rece \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui stimul termic
corespun-z\uc1 \u259 ?tor; generat\uc1 \u259 ? de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri nevrotice,
nefritice, arteriosclerotice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Crim\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iune grav\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu legea civil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i moral\uc1 \u259 ?;
sunt dou\uc1 \u259 ? feluri de c: \uc1 \u8226 ? cele patologice, ale celor ce
sufer\uc1 \u259 ? de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mentale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ?
celelalte obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuite. In prima grup\uc1 \u259 ?, ele sunt pro-duse
\uc1 \u238 ?n momentele de confuzie men-tal\uc1 \u259 ?, care succed uneori crizei
comi-\uc1 \u355 ?iale; dup\uc1 \u259 ? criz\uc1 \u259 ?, subiectul nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i
amin-te\uc1 \u351 ?te nimic. A }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 categorie de crime este
reprezentat\uc1 \u259 ? de faptele celor care nu sunt nici nevrotici, nici nebuni,
dar care prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile lor au optat pentru izolarea de societate.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Criminalogie }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? multidiscipli-nar\uc1
\u259 ? care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de: \uc1 \u8226 ? fenomenele crimei, \uc1 \u8226 ?
comportamentele infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iona-le, \uc1 \u8226 ? particularit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile individuale crimi-nale \uc1 \u351 ?i structurile psihice
particulare ale persoanei criminalului; \uc1 \u8226 ? combaterea \uc1 \u351 ?i
prevenirea actelor criminale \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u8226 ? mij-}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 loacele de reeducare. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cr}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iminalistic\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18
care reune\uc1 \u351 ?te procedee de depistare a crimei \uc1 \u351 ?i a f\uc1 \u259
?ptuitorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Criptomnezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o paramnezie ca-racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
uitarea unor date impor-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tante sau oameni apropia\uc1
\u355 ?i, crea\uc1 \u355 ?iile, ope-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rele, sunt prezentate de bolnav ca
fiind produc\uc1 \u355 ?ii propri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n
schizofrenie, psihoze presenile, parafrenie, oligofrenii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Criteriu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = indicator, norm\uc1
\u259 ?, sistem de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu care se
efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? o evaluare sau compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238
?n care varia-bila psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ?. Succesul profesional este descompus \uc1 \u238 ?n mai multe
variabile-criteriu. Astfel se poate determina performan\uc1 \u355 ?a
prealabil\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii respective (poten\uc1
\u355 ?ialul de reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? profesional\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Critic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = proces intelectual de discrimi-nare a adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului de
fals, a valorii de nonvaloare, a punerii lor \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Spiritul critic este o atitudine ce tinde spre evaluarea riguroas\uc1 \u259 ? a
faptelor, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a tolera ceva din ceea ce nu se
justific\uc1 \u259 ? valoric. Critica este constructiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a ignora ceea ce
este pozitiv \uc1 \u351 ?i sprijinindu-ne pe aceasta, acord\uc1 \u259 ?m
oamenilor \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u351 ?i contri-buim la diminuarea \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea defici-en\uc1 \u355 ?elor.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Criza }{\fs18 \dbch
manifestare brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a unei ruperi de echilibru. Toat\uc1 \u259 ?
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? este jalonat\uc1 \u259 ? de crize, prima
criz\uc1 \u259 ? fiind chiar intrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
(na\uc1 \u351 ?terea) \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\i1 \fs18
\uc1 \u355 ?ipete. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vin apoi altele: \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rcarea, intra-rea \uc1 \u238 ?n gr\uc1 \u259 ?dini\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?, adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a,
menopauza, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul psihiatric curent, acest termen se
utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de obicei pentru desemnarea simptomato-logiei paroxistice
epileptice sau isterice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exist\uc1 \u259 ? c. de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere legat\uc1
\u259 ? de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii dizarmonice ce intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355
?ia organismului; momentele de c. nervoa-s\uc1 \u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ii a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror rezol-vare coincide cu dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea c. In genere, c. psihice pot fi calificate ca normale sau
anormale, ca tranzitorii sau persis-tente; ele pot fi intelectuale, mnezice,
voli\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales afective \uc1 \u351 ?i de
personalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Criza epileptic\uc1 \u259 ? psihomotorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = acest tip de criz\uc1 \u259 ?
se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsia par\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? (localizat\uc1 \u259 ?, focal\uc1 \u259 ?) cu simpto-matologie
complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se concretizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? clinic prin
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice ce constau dintr-o alterare \uc1 \u238 ?n grade
variabile a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1
\u259 ? de automatisme, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu \uc1 \u351 ?i cu crize
organovege-tative. Automatismele pot fi: automa-tisme ambulatorii, gestuale,
verbale, gelastice, fuga epileptic\uc1 \u259 ?; unele din ele sunt de natur\uc1
\u259 ? temporar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cromozom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune filiform\uc1 \u259 ?
pla-sat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul nucleului celulelor, care prin
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa (acid dizoxiri-bonucleic, histone \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
substan\uc1 \u355 ?e spe-cifice), \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te func\uc1 \u355
?ia de purt\uc1 \u259 ?tor al materialului ereditar. Num\uc1 \u259 ?rul \uc1
\u351 ?i forma c. sunt caracteristici speciei. Omul de\uc1 \u355 ?ine dou\uc1 \u259
? seturi a c\uc1 \u226 ?te 23 de c. dispu\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n perechi; 22 de
perechi sunt autozomi sau omologi func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, iar o pereche este
constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din heterozomi sau c. sexuali, diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i prin
combinarea \uc1 \u238 ?n perechea cromozomic\uc1 \u226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n celulele
masculine (XY) \uc1 \u351 ?i cele feminine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (XX).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cronaxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = timpul minim
necesar pentru a ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine un efect excitator, de o intensitate egal\uc1
\u259 ? cu dublul reobazei. Reobaz\uc1 \u259 ? - sinonim prag galvanic; in-
tensitate minim\uc1 \u259 ? a curentului galvanic care provoac\uc1 \u259 ? o
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unui \uc1 \u355 ?esut}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colno4 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri48 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-240
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin48 \cbpat16 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 me de g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi de lucru care}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 marea
deprinderilor, curba \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 constituie mecanisme
de achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 urc\uc1 \u259 ? ini\uc1 \u355 ?
ial brusc, apoi mai lent \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350 \absw6312
\absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 noile date, inform}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Prin acumul\uc1 \u259 ?ri}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor facile \uc1 \u351 ?i invers
\uc1 \u238 ?n cazul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 progresive, aceste instrumente mentale,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor dificile; ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial evolueaz\uc1 \u259
? lent}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mecanisme de
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dau form\uc1 \u259 ? con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\u351 ?i apoi urc\uc1 \u259 ? brusc. Are de obicei o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\tql \tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863
cret\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i, pro-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 form\uc1 \u259 ?
de \uc1 \u8222 ?S" ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial iar apoi form\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch
\rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656 \posy1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 moveaz\uc1 \u259 ? creativitatea,
contribuie la cui-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spiral\uc1 \u259 ?. Curba lui Gauss \uc1
\u238 ?nregistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tivarea limbajului etc. Prin educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia inte-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 form\uc1 \u259 ? de clopot. Exemplu: reprezenta-}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lectual\uc1 \u259 ?
se urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i formarea mo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tive-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea normal\uc1 \u259 ? a efectivelor \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor superioare ale \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, stimularea \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 note: note
mici, mijlocii \uc1 \u351 ?i mari. (Vezi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin1382 \cbpat16 \tql
\tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezvoltarea intereselor de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anexa A, Fig. 12)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Dup\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u350 ?t. B\uc1 \u226 ?rs\uc1 \u259 ?nescu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cutanat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = complexul senzorial cu re-}{\fs20 \dbch
\lin34 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Curaj }{\fs18 \dbch
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? caracterial\uc1 \u259 ? de ordin}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceptori periferici \uc1 \u238 ?n piele \uc1 \u351 ?i care
in-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 voli\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n capacitatea de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
clude: tactul, sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul termic, dureros \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\tql \tx3350 \absw6312 \absh-4863 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7656 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38
\nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 informare con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a
obstacolelor \uc1 \u351 ?i de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alte forme de
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie protopatic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune consecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de risc.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sensibilitate la lumin\uc1
\u259 ?, A. Leontiev).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nu
implic\uc1 \u259 ? absen\uc1 \u355 ?a fricii, ci st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?
nirea \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
substratul cutanat}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 des\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?irea ei.
Emmerson spunea: \uc1 \u8222 ? S\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18
reprezint}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? senzorium comun, adic\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu-\uc1 \u355 ?i fie
team\uc1 \u259 ? de nimic,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai mult dec\uc1 \u226 ?t}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 la baza tuturor celorlalte organe de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de team\uc1 \u259 ?."}{\fs18
\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sim\uc1 \u355 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nervos sau muscular. Cronaxia este un parametru al
excitabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervilor \uc1 \u351 ?i mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor.}
Culpabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare a celui care este dominat de ideea c\uc1 \u259 ?
a comis o gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i resimte \uc1 \u238 ?n
oarecare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? vinov\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa. C\uc1
\u226 ?nd acest sentiment devine intens, el poate determina nevroza sau chiar nebu-
nia. Unii tr\uc1 \u259 ?iesc sentimentul de culpa-bilitate intens, dureros \uc1
\u351 ?i caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se pedepseasc\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? se
mutileze (omoare), consider\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 o amenin\uc1 \u355 ?are pentru va-
loarea sa personal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cultur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune care
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? to-talitatea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor acumulate
\uc1 \u351 ?i a va-lorilor create de umanitate. Orice socie-tate uman\uc1 \u259 ?
posed\uc1 \u259 ? cultura sa, care condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea
total\uc1 \u259 ? a membrilor s\uc1 \u259 ?i. Cultura transform\uc1 \u259 ?
individul \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un tip determinat. Cultura \uc1 \u238 ?i d\uc1 \u259 ?
omului uma-nitatea sa. Copiii s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatici nu au nimic omenesc. Cultura
este apanajul omului. Cultura este un fenomen de socializare bazat pe \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, ceea ce permite inte-grarea individului \uc1 \u238 ?
n grupul s\uc1 \u259 ?u. Cultura \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?area c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu mai este
generativ\uc1 \u259 ?, nu produce valori noi. Fiind un subsistem al microsistemului
social, c. prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un nivel de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i
o mare complexitate. Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia prin cul-tur\uc1 \u259 ? are \uc1 \u351 ?i
un pronun\uc1 \u355 ?at caracter axiolo-gic. Cultura este o sintez\uc1 \u259 ? de
idei \uc1 \u351 ?i de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e sistematizate. Direc\uc1
\u355 ?ia pro-spectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie (pedagogie)
presu-pune o c. general\uc1 \u259 ? elastic\uc1 \u259 ? care s\uc1 \u259 ? dea
individului posibilitatea unei adapt\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i integr\uc1 \u259 ?
ri rapide la dinamismul \uc1 \u351 ?i mobi-litatea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii contemporane.
In psiholo-gie se men\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? metoda culturolo-gic\uc1
\u259 ? const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din cercetarea \uc1 \u351 ?i explica-rea forma\uc1
\u355 ?iunilor de personalitate prin studiul morfologic al culturii de aparte-}
\langfenp1048 nen\uc1 \u355 ?a culturalului \uc1 \u351 ?i socialului, alc\uc1 \u259
?tu-ind un sistem interac\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ategorie
filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? ex-prim\uc1 \u226 ?nd rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre subiect
\uc1 \u351 ?i obiect al asimil\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i reconstruc\uc1 \u355 ?
iei informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, a lunii obiective de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre su-biect. C.
comun\uc1 \u259 ? este studiat\uc1 \u259 ? de gno-seologie, iar cea \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? de epistemo-logie. C. este recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?
ca un proces ce reune\uc1 \u351 ?te senzorialul \uc1 \u351 ?i logicul, empi-
ricul \uc1 \u351 ?i teoreticul, care se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?
continuu \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii dintre
subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i lumea sa. Specificitatea, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i ascensiunea
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii rezid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n aceea c\uc1 \u259 ?, nu
numai c\uc1 \u259 ? asimileaz\uc1 \u259 ? lumea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? a obiectelor, dar
\uc1 \u351 ?i pe cea a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nilor, ele devenind, prin interiorizare,
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce
se achizi\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu privire la realitatea intern\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i extern\uc1 \u259 ?, din familie, \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?
sau proprie experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Acumularea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1
\u355 ?elor este \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de mijloacele de infor-ma\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile intelectuale ale
subiectului, de personalitatea lui \uc1 \u351 ?i de metodele ce le poate utiliza.
Orice cu-no\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? despre un obiect sau fenomen
este relativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de metodele folosite de
subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i difer\uc1 \u259 ? de la un subiect la altul, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de fondul informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1
\u355 ?ele sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-se, memorate \uc1 \u351 ?i reproduse
la momente potrivite, ele reflect\uc1 \u226 ?nd lumea fenome-nelor reale \uc1 \u238
?n creierul uman (pe plan subiectiv). Cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t fondul achizi\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor cre\uc1 \u351 ?te, are loc reorganizare calitativ\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora, o
modificare a structurii per-sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pe plan cognitiv,
intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i afectiv. Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? nu
se reduce la orizontul de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259
?-\uc1 \u355 ?ate. Procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor duce la cristalizarea unor instru-mente mintale; no\uc1
\u355 ?iuni, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii, sche-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Curba de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = exprim\uc1 \u259 ? grafic modific\uc1 \u259
?rile de ordin cantitativ \uc1 \u351 ?i calita-tiv ce intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihofiziolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? a unei persoane \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de timp. Se impun trei tipuri de curbe de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie: a) cea care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
accelerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n primele perioade de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o reducere a ritmului \uc1 \u238 ?n perioadele urm\uc1
\u259 ?toare; b) cea care expri-m\uc1 \u259 ? un ritm lent al evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u238 ?n primele perioade \uc1 \u351 ?i o intensificare a ritmului
ulterior; c) cea care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? un ritm uni-form \uc1 \u351 ?i moderat
pe \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg parcursul intervalului studiat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Curba lui Gauss }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a fost
studiat\uc1 \u259 ? simultan at\uc1 \u226 ?t de S. P. Laplace, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i de K. F. Gauss, \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o modalitate de
reprezentare normal\uc1 \u259 ? a efectivelor \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
valorile lor. Exemple: curba \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii:
se \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? pe abscis\uc1 \u259 ? inves-ti\uc1 \u355 ?iile de
timp, iar pe ordonat\uc1 \u259 ? progre-sele \uc1 \u351 ?i gre\uc1 \u351 ?elile. Se
constat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n for-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cutezan\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? comporta-
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, definit\uc1 \u259 ? prin curaj, sfidarea primejdiei,
temeritate, \uc1 \u238 ?ndr\uc1 \u259 ?zneal\uc1 \u259 ?. Din punct de vedere
cognitiv, c. este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de afirmarea ideilor noi, valoroase \uc1
\u351 ?i personale, \uc1 \u238 ?n pofida oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror riscuri.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cverulen\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
revendicatoare a unei persoane care se crede nedrept\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ?, frustrat\uc1 \u259 ?. Se carac-terizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin atacarea
adversarului, cu o mare for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, caracter
ostil \uc1 \u351 ?i o tenacitate deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea sco-
pului propus: admonest\uc1 \u259 ?ri verbale, re-clama\uc1 \u355 ?ii, scrisori,
polemic\uc1 \u259 ?, pamflete, chemare \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a justi\uc1
\u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Michaux, este modul de re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ie al psihopatului
revendicativ, im-pulsiv, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd anarhic, exploziv. Formele
de cverulen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? persistent\uc1 \u259 ?, ela-borat\uc1 \u259 ?,
continu\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt paranoia \uc1 \u351 ?i hipo-condria. Cvereulen\uc1
\u355 ?ii sunt \uc1 \u8222 ?proceso-mani", tr\uc1 \u259 ?ind delirul de
revendicare,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colsr4464 \colno2 \colw3033 \colsr10 \colno3 \colw720 \colno4 \colw2932
\endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin violen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?pentru a
face s\uc1 \u259 ? triumfe revendic\uc1 \u259 ?ri derizorii (Bernard). Ace\uc1
\u351 ?tia sunt veritabili \uc1 \u8222 ?persecuta\uc1 \u355 ?i - persecu-tori",
care merg p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la crim\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a r\uc1 \u259 ?
zbuna o pretins\uc1 \u259 ? injusti\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dactilocanpsodinie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
sensi-bilitate caracterizate printr-o durere vie, insuportabil\uc1 \u259 ? la
frecarea
degetelor m\uc1 \u226 ?i-nii. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n episodul postcritic al epi-
lepsiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dactilologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de comunicare prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259
?ri conven\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, cu ajutorul degetelor, pe baza alfabetului dactil
inventat de L. Epee, utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n mutitate. Con\uc1 \u355 ?ine at\uc1
\u226 ?tea semne digitale c\uc1 \u226 ?te litere sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n alfabetul
limbii respective. Ast-fel, cuvintele se comunic\uc1 \u259 ? pe cale vizua-l\uc1
\u259 ?. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit\uc1 \u259 ? prin demutizare, mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu normalii prin labio-lectur\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru
orbii - surzi, un mod de comunicare tactil\uc1 \u259 ? (prin dermografie -trasare
de litere pe palma celui ce recep-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?). Olga
Scarodoskaia (oarb\uc1 \u259 ? -surdo - mut\uc1 \u259 ?), a scris cartea \uc1
\u8222 ?Lumea \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia mea". (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 13)}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dai ton }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? orientat\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?principiul \uc1 \u351 ?colii active", inspirat\uc1
\u259 ? din lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile lui J. Dewey \uc1 \u351 ?i al M\uc1 \u259 ?riei
Montesori. A fost ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ora-\uc1
\u351 ?ul Dalton (S.U.A) \uc1 \u351 ?i const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi
\uc1 \u238 ?n individualizarea \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, con-trar \uc1 \u351 ?coli tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ce
constr\uc1 \u226 ?nge elevul s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nve\uc1 \u355 ?e ce i se
d\uc1 \u259 ?. Metoda per-mite independen\uc1 \u355 ?a intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a
fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui elev \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilitatea de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i alege mate-
riile preferate, pe care le poate studia \uc1 \u238 ?n laboratoare de specializate,
unde dispune de fi\uc1 \u351 ?iere cu informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, metode de lucru,}
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch
referin\uc1 \u355 ?e pe care \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
le utilizeze. D\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitate elevului de a progresa conform ritmului
\uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor pro-prii, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? a fi fr\uc1 \u226 ?nat sau dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it de colegi.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Daltonism }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare congenitale a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei vizuale cromatice,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n imposibilitatea de a percepe culorile ro\uc1
\u351 ?u (protanopia) \uc1 \u351 ?i verde (deuterano-pia). Wagel Dalton, cel care a
descris aceast\uc1 \u259 ? anomalie, suferea el \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i de
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? boal\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceasta se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin-tr-o
defec\uc1 \u355 ?iune constitutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului vizual (cele 2 culori se
confund\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele). Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri recente au
ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat corela-\uc1 \u355 ?ii existente \uc1 \u238 ?ntre bolile
afective \uc1 \u351 ?i defectul de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie cromatic\uc1 \u259 ?,
semnal biologic al unor tipuri depresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Daltoni\uc1 \u351 ?tii morali }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen propus de
Mausoley celor \uc1 \u8222 ?anestezi\uc1 \u355 ?i ai sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului moral"
(al\uc1 \u355 ?i autori: \uc1 \u8222 ?idio\uc1 \u355 ?i morali" sau anormali
morali); acele persoane carac-terizate prin anormalitate, inafectivi-tate,
inadaptabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i impulsivitate. To\uc1 \u355 ?i la un loc formeaz\uc1
\u259 ? categoria de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i ai degenera\uc1
\u355 ?ilor morali, precur-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sorii psihopa\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
dizarmonicilor din psihiatria contemporan\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Damaschin Dorin }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1914-197}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 7) = psi-holog
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n cu contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii importante \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul
defectologiei, autor al unor studii cu privire la \uc1 \u8222 ? oligofrenii
dota\uc1 \u355 ?i" \uc1 \u351 ?i la recuperarea deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor (mai ales
orbi \uc1 \u351 ?i ambliopii), prin diverse strategii de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. Lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri importante \uc1 \u8222 ?Defec-
tologia", \uc1 \u8222 ?contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n problema com-
pens\uc1 \u259 ?rii deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor motrici", \uc1 \u8222 ?Teoria \uc1
\u351 ?i practica compensa\uc1 \u355 ?iei".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Darvinism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teoria evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionist\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tate revolu\uc1 \u355 ?ionar\uc1
\u259 ? elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? de Charles-Robert Darwin (1808-1882)}{\fs20
\pard \plain \li10781 \ri0 \sb77 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin10781 \rin0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conform c\uc1
\u259 ?reia speciile se transform\uc1 \u259 ? treptat unele din altele prin
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea urm\uc1 \u259 ?torilor factori: 1. variabilitatea sau
diversitatea modific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor organismului datorit\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1
\u355 ?iilor interne \uc1 \u351 ?i influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele de mediu; 2. ereditatea,
prin care se fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i transmit din genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u238 ?n genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie, variatele caractere dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite;}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 suprapopula\uc1 \u355 ?ia:
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sporire a num\uc1 \u259 ?rului indivizilor speciei peste
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de subsisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? oferite de mediu,
lupt\uc1 \u259 ? pentru existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru supravie\uc1
\u355 ?uire, lupt\uc1 \u259 ? dat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul aceleia\uc1
\u351 ?i specii sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntre specii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apropiate;}{\fs18 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia natural\uc1
\u259 ?, care duce la trierea \uc1 \u351 ?i continuitate celor mai ap\uc1 \u355 ?i,
mai bine adapta\uc1 \u355 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?. D. este prima demonstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie argumentat\uc1 \u259 ? a origi-nii
animale a omului, care a zdruncinat concep\uc1 \u355 ?iile crea\uc1 \u355 ?
ioniste \uc1 \u351 ?i fixiste, spriji-nind ateismul. D. a pus bazele psiholo-giei
genetice. Neodarvinismul sau gene-tica, antropologia cultural\uc1 \u259 ?
continu\uc1 \u259 ? dar-vinismul clasic.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D\uc1 \u226 ?rzenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate
voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din reunirile consecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
fermit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i cutezan\uc1 \u355 ?ei; se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin persevera-re activ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? energetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
stabilit\uc1 \u259 ?; orice \uc1 \u238 ?ncercare ce vi-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? schimbarea
atitudinal\uc1 \u259 ? este repri-mat\uc1 \u259 ?. D. izvor\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
te din convingerea \uc1 \u238 ?n juste\uc1 \u355 ?ea cauzei pe care o sluje\uc1
\u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i pre-supune t\uc1 \u259 ?rie a voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351
?i pasiunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dat
\langfenp1048 = ontolog}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ic, ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? rea-litatea
obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, independent de subiect; epistemologic obiectul cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii, luat ca atare, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi supus prelucr\uc1
\u259 ?rii sau interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rii (fapt senzorial elementar \uc1 \u351 ?i
brut, \uc1 \u238 ?n concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia englez\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prin extensie, \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 . semnific\uc1 \u259 ? un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1
\u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice prezente la un moment dat, imediate, impuse
obiectiv de \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anterioare, care
\uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc rolul de premise (senzoriale sau intelectuale), pentru c\uc1
\u259 ? abia ulterior s\uc1 \u259 ? fie supuse unei prelucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri sau
colabor\uc1 \u259 ?ri. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etimo-logic: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (adj) dat - oferit, d\uc1
\u259 ?ruit, pus la dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Datorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = etimologic lat. \uc1 \u8222 ?debitorius" -
categorie central\uc1 \u259 ? a eticii, ca disci-plin\uc1 \u259 ? valoric-
normativ\uc1 \u259 ?, denot\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd
obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia moral\uc1 \u259 ?. Este o necesitate intern\uc1 \u259 ? care
reclam\uc1 \u259 ? un anu-mit comportament subiectului. D. se afirm\uc1 \u259 ? ca
un imperativ investit de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o autoritate normativ\uc1 \u259 ?
transcendent\uc1 \u259 ?, care constr\uc1 \u226 ?nge individul s\uc1 \u259 ?
aib\uc1 \u259 ? o anu-mit\uc1 \u259 ? conduit\uc1 \u259 ?, interzic\uc1 \u226 ?nd
comiterea unor fapte sau gesturi reprobabile. Doar ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a mo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? prin
constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngeri, persuasiuni, etc. c\uc1 \u259 ?ci pe parcurs se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? o moral\uc1 \u259 ? autonom\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18
Grigora\uc1 \u351 ? (Universitatea Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i) afirm\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
libertatea voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sine qua non a \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinirii da-toriei, iar libertatea trebuie \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1
\u259 ? ca fiind con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a unei necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i. D. mo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? este o dimensiune esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a
bine-lui moral, care se apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? prin-cipiul lucrului
bine f\uc1 \u259 ?cut.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
D\uc1 \u259 ?ruire de sine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
caracterial\uc1 \u259 ? manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin disponibilitatea de a se devota
unei persoane admirate, unor cauze sociale, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice,
nobile, dinco-lo de interesele personale, sau chiar de instinctul de conservare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Debilitate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (infirmitate, sl\uc1 \u259 ?-biciune). Forma cea mai
u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1
\u259 ? a oligo-freniei, de sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciune a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii psihi-ce. Cuprinde 80% din totalul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzieri-lor
mintale (Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 50-70%, respec-tiv v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1
\u259 ? de 9-10 ani). P\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta pre\uc1 \u351
?colar\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? poate tre-ce neobservat\uc1
\u259 ?. Dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?are}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atrag
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii deficitare a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii
(care este concret\uc1 \u259 ?, dar opera-\uc1 \u355 ?iile de generalizare,
abstractizare, coor-donare sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? sunt imposibile). Sfe-ra
intereselor este mai limitat\uc1 \u259 ?, afectivi-tatea s\uc1 \u259 ?rac\uc1 \u259
?, cu caracter instabil. Debilul mintal \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te greu limbajul oral \uc1 \u351 ?i scris; este
incapabil de calcul mintal, cri-tic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i discriminare. Sub
aspect compor-tamental are priceperi \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi de conduit\uc1
\u259 ? civilizat\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt educabili, pot fi \uc1 \u351 ?colariza\uc1
\u355 ?i, fiind capabili s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nve\uc1 \u355 ?e, s\uc1 \u259 ?
scrie, s\uc1 \u259 ? citeasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?easc\uc1 \u259 ? unele no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni concrete (C.
Pufan). Preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea lor se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351
?coli speciale (Maria-na Ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea) deoarece pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238
?naint\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? intervin
blocaje \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale care
argumenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? deficitul intelectual. Se impun cu necesitate diferite
tipuri de psihoterapie (artistic\uc1 \u259 ?, muzical\uc1 \u259 ?, ocupa\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, ludic\uc1 \u259 ?, de grup) (Lungu Nicolae, 1975). Spre
deosebire de celelalte forme de \uc1 \u238 ?napoiere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (idiot,
imbecil), debilul mintal, cu toate insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale mintale, se poate
adapta \uc1 \u351 ?i integra satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
acti-vitate util\uc1 \u259 ?. Etiologia d. }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 in. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este
variat\uc1 \u259 ?: factori genetici, traumatici, toxiinfec-\uc1 \u355 ?io\uc1
\u351 ?i, psiho-sociali, etc. Delimitarea d. ni. de normalitate nu este totdeauna
simpl\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre acestea dou\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nd o zon\uc1 \u259 ? de tranzi\uc1 \u355 ?ie reprezentat\uc1
\u259 ? de \uc1 \u8222 ?inte-lectul de limit\uc1 \u259 ?" (debitul lejer (f.r) cu
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror Q. 1. este situat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70-80-
85%, iar elementul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial care-1 delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe debil de
liminar este ca-pacitatea de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?
i de adaptare, mai dezvoltate la liminar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Debilitatea motorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sindrom) = stare
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? congenital\uc1 \u259 ? a motricitatii, adesea eredo-
familial\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat prin hiper-reactivitate osteotendinoas\uc1 \u259
?, frec-vent mai accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? la membrele supe-rioare,
hiperextensibilitate muscular\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 imposibilitatea \uc1 \u238 ?ntreruperii
voluntare a contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor musculare (paratonie), sin-cinezii, mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri nesigure \uc1 \u351 ?i greoaie. Sindromul are la baz\uc1
\u259 ? o insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, o imperfec\uc1 \u355 ?iune a func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor motorii. Sin-cineziile \uc1 \u351 ?i paratoniile au \uc1 \u238 ?n timp
o evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie tonic\uc1 \u259 ?-kinetic\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
(de persisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?). Diagnosticul de d. ni. pre-supune
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a ansamblului de simp-tome ce caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? acest
sindrom. Se impune terapie psihomotric\uc1 \u226 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ?
asupra fondului tonic (precizia, viteza mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor) ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i asupra organi-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii schemei corporale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Debit verbal }{\fs18
se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la aspectul cantitativ al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
verbale; tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rile d. v., \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii
acestuia (vorb\uc1 \u259 ?rie), sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite \uc1 \u238 ?n
st\uc1 \u259 ?rile anxioase, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1
\u259 ?rile normale la femei, isterice \uc1 \u351 ?i paranoice \uc1 \u238 ?n
special. Logoreea are o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere de debit verbal dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de
ritm. Dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?, debit verbal sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te la persoane timide, hiperemotive, \uc1 \u238 ?n
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?nd fie la
mutism psi-hogen (electiv), fie la mutism ackine-tic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deblocare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anularea blocajului (inhi-
b\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective) ce \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i exteriorizarea. In func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile individuale ale perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i de cauzele blocajului se dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1
\u259 ? mai multe tehnici de debloca-re: prin substan\uc1 \u355 ?e psihotonice,
prin electro\uc1 \u351 ?oc, psihoterapii individuale \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup de tip}
\langfenp1048 analitic, comportamen-tal, creativ, socioterapie, etc.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Debut }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen
introdus pentru a de-semna apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice.
De acest \uc1 \u238 ?nceput se leag\uc1 \u259 ? diagnosti-carea corect\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i instruirea precoce a tratamentului, cu modific\uc1 \u259 ?
rile necesare}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\plain \li10766 \ri0 \sb43 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin10766 \rin0 \cbpat16
\itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colno1 \colw3033 \colsr48 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2923 \colsr1382 \colno4
\colw3038 \colsr53 \colno5 \colw720 \colno6 \colw2932 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n evo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
ulterioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia debut-terapie va fi eviden\uc1 \u355 ?
iabil\uc1 \u259 ? de factorul cauzal. Spre deosebire de medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
toate ramurile ei, \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedie nu se poa-te stabili o corela\uc1
\u355 ?ie precis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre acuita-tea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii de
limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau prognosticul ulterior. Unele din ele
pot debuta discret, altele destul de pregnant, fiind urmate de remisii,
recidive, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de nevroze sau depresii de scurt\uc1 \u259
? durat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Decibel }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = unitate de m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? a nivelului de
presiune acustic\uc1 \u259 ? (simbolizat\uc1 \u259 ? dB) care reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
nivelul presiunii acustice al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui raport fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
pragul conven\uc1 \u355 ?io-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nal 2 x 10"}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \super1 5}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-
2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 N/m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\super1 2}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , luat ca nivel zero are }{\fs18 \dbch
logaritmul zecimal \uc1 \u238 ?nmul\uc1 \u355 ?it cu 20, astfel determin\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-se unitatea (dB). O ambi-an\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sonor\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 40 dB este conside-rat\uc1 \u259 ? lini\uc1 \u351 ?
tit\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 60 dB devine zgomo-toas\uc1 \u259 ?, la 80 dB
foarte zgomotoas\uc1 \u259 ?, iar aproape de 140 dB devine asurzitoare,
insuportabil\uc1 \u259 ?, ating\uc1 \u226 ?nd pragul durerii (dup\uc1 \u259 ? P.P.
Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Decilaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de elaborare a testelor psihologice
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? calculul procentual, ca unitate etalon fiind
folosi-t\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 decila. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Decilajul nu este o m\uc1
\u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?, ci un clasament. In func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de notele primi-te,
apare \uc1 \u238 ?n grafic o curb\uc1 \u259 ? care are aparen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui
\uc1 \u8222 ?S" culcat sau a unei semiogive. Se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
nu se aplice d. pe un e\uc1 \u351 ?antion mai mic de 100 de subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i. Se
va constata: - formarea unei reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri de ansamblu despre nivelul
general al performan\uc1 \u355 ?ei acelui colectiv; -performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
diferitelor probe nu puteau fi puse pe o baz\uc1 \u259 ? comparabil\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Decizie }
\langfenp1048 = decizia succede \uc1 \u238 ?n general unei deliber\uc1 \u259 ?ri.
Este o modalitate de a dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i un conflict cognitiv sau
afectiv \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ie nu se poate aprecia cu certitudine. Subiectul trebuie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ? opteze pentru o variant\uc1
\u259 ? anume, din }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai multe variante posibile. Actul
deci-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 zional este cerut de acele situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu grad de
incertitudine, \uc1 \u238 ?n care exist\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe c\uc1 \u259 ?i de
rezolvare, deci de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, toate av\uc1 \u226 ?nd probabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i diferite de uti-litate \uc1 \u351 ?i de succes. Etapele
deciziei (du-p\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu) sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? identi-ficarea
principalelor variante \uc1 \u351 ?i apre-cierea eficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; \uc1
\u8226 ? ierarhizarea efecte-lor dup\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? criterii:
utilitate (subiec-tiv) \uc1 \u351 ?i valoare social\uc1 \u259 ? (obiectiv); \uc1
\u8226 ? apre-cierea \uc1 \u351 ?anselor de reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i e\uc1 \u351 ?ec pentru fiecare variant\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
adaptarea unei stra-tegii de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune; \uc1 \u8226 ? etapa \uc1 \u8222 ?
dilemei" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?structura alternativelor"; \uc1 \u8226 ? alegerea
propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ? a variantei de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune con-siderat\uc1 \u259 ?
optim\uc1 \u259 ?, variant\uc1 \u259 ? care le \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tu-
r\uc1 \u259 ? pe celelalte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Decodificare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procesul de transfor-mare a semnalelor unui
mesaj \uc1 \u238 ?n vede-rea identific\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i
interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rii me-sajului de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre destinatar (receptor).
Psihologic, decodificarea \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? tre-cerea de la semn la
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de la informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia reproductiv\uc1 \u259 ? la cea
de co-mand\uc1 \u259 ?, de la reflex senzorial la senza-\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, etc. Forma cea mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? a
decodific\uc1 \u259 ?rii este \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea. \uc1 \u238 ?n
acti-vitatea logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?, d. este un proces care func\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? din momentul insti-tuirii rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei logoped-logopat.
Logope-dul decodific\uc1 \u259 ? din declara\uc1 \u355 ?ia logopatu-lui (familiei)
mesajul pe care ei doresc }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ?-1
comunice, definind categoria noso-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care acesta
se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Decompensare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces invers
com-pens\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ce const\uc1 \u259 ? din perturbarea echilibrului \uc1
\u238 ?n urma unui deficit, priva-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. De obicei apare \uc1 \u238 ?n
urma unei tra-ume psihice (sau fizice) \uc1 \u351 ?i este de origine reactiv\uc1
\u259 ?. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? sub mai multe forme: anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?,
depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?, oni-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ric\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale limbajului -\uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul logopediei. \uc1
\u238 ?n genere, d. presupune \uc1 \u351 ?i reversibilitatea \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii
simptomatologii, deci posibilitatea resta-bilirii echilibrului anterior d.,
specifice pentru fiecare caz \uc1 \u238 ?n parte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Decondi}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ionare }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces
terapeutic de-rivat din psihologia experimental\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?to\uc1 \u351 ?irii \uc1 \u351 ?i destinat elimin\uc1 \u259 ?rii
unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i de tip nevrotic.
Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? metoda de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a terapiei comportamentale,
numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i terapie prin decondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare. Decondi\uc1
\u355 ?ionarea este un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns la condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare (stimuli ce au
fost condi\uc1 \u355 ?iona\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mod patologic, alco-olism,
droguri, comportament nevrotic, etc), un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns neadaptativ, \uc1 \u238
?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?at prin condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare, care persist\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndelung timp, chiar dup\uc1 \u259 ? ce situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
precar\uc1 \u259 ? care a determinat condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea a fost modifi-cat\uc1
\u259 ?. Mecanismul principal prin care se produce d. este inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?, con-tra condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? numeroase
teh-nici de terapie prin decondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare: de-sensibilizarea
sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?, modelarea, antrenamentul afirm\uc1 \u259 ?rii de sine, etc,
teh-nici de a\uc1 \u351 ?a-zis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?sp\uc1 \u259 ?lare a
creerului".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Decroly Ovide (1871-1932) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medic, psiholog \uc1 \u351 ?i pedagog
belgian. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? studii \uc1 \u351 ?i experiment\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?
ndelungate efectuate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? de deficien\uc1
\u355 ?i mintali \uc1 \u351 ?i una de copii normali din Bruxelles, a elaborat un
sistem instructiv-educativ, cunoscut sub denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?metoda centrelor
de interes". Metoda s-a aplicat \uc1 \u238 ?n Belgia din 1922 \uc1 \u351 ?i
porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la teza c\uc1 \u259 ? formarea copilului este determinat\uc1
\u259 ? de doi factori: \uc1 \u8226 ? interesele copilului (nevoile lui) \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u8226 ? mediul, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?rui influen\uc1 \u355 ?e sunt determinate
tot de interese. Referindu-se la primul factor, patru sunt normele dominante:
nevoia de hran\uc1 \u259 ?, de lupt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva intemperiilor
de tot felul, de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lupt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?mpotriva primejdiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i nevoia de activitate. Cel de-al doilea
factor, mediul, furnizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mijloacele pentru formarea copilului \uc1
\u238 ?n toate direc\uc1 \u355 ?iile. Procesul de formare presupune parcur-gerea a
trei stadii mai importante: ob-serva\uc1 \u355 ?ia, asocierea \uc1 \u351 ?i
expresia. Concep-\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui D.O. este original\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a
fost ex-perimentat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n multe \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
printre care \uc1 \u351 ?i Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia, \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
o sintez\uc1 \u259 ? cu metoda tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?coala primar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dedublare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen psiho-patologic de
disociere a unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
prin dedublarea fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei; apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia a dou\uc1 \u259 ? Euri
diferite, ce evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? succesiv sau simultan \uc1 \u351 ?i
determin\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri de comportament. Dintre cele dou\uc1
\u259 ? Euri ce coexist\uc1 \u259 ?, unul normal, altul patolo-gic, ambele cu o
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, se sub\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elege ruperea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci Eul
nu se substituie realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. D. se \uc1 \u238 ?nscrie \uc1
\u238 ?n sfera tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei propriului
Eu, face parte din sindromul de depersonalizare \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie, isterie, psi-hoze alcoolice
\uc1 \u351 ?i maniacale, \uc1 \u238 ?n epi-lepsia temporal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = tip fundamental de ra\uc1 \u355 ?iona-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ment,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd di}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n trecerea de la aser\uc1 \u355 ?
i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 uni generale la concluzii asupra unor fapte particulare, deoarece
acestea sunt subordonate primelor. Deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ia este mult mai
riguroas\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t induc\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Conduita logic\uc1 \u259
? a deduc\uc1 \u355 ?iei este: dac\uc1 \u259 ? premizele sunt adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate,
concluzia este adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat\uc1 \u259 ?. O deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie corect\uc1
\u259 ? din propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te de-
monstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie. D. st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza pedagogiei deductive, un important
proces pedago-gic bidimensional: - s\uc1 \u259 ? se porneasc\uc1 \u259 ? de la
premize exacte, obiective, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cur-sul procesului educativ
s\uc1 \u259 ? se respecte regulile ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentului deductiv pen-}
\colw2928 \colsr1358 \colno3 \colw3052
\colsr62 \colno4 \colw720 \colno5 \colw2947 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li24 \ri10
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tru a se evita ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentele false
(sofismele); (dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u350 ?t. B\uc1 \u226 ?rs\uc1 \u259 ?nescu).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Defect
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul desem-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? un deficit ap\uc1 \u259
?rut \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul primei dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?ri a individului. El
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? efectul dispropor\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre trebuin\uc1
\u355 ?ele primare ale individului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ngrijirile ce i se
acord\uc1 \u259 ?. Defectul func\uc1 \u355 ?ional se caracte-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? Balint) prin urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele aspecte: \uc1 \u8226 ?
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia subiect-obiect este ex-clusiv bipolar\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia este eterogen\uc1 \u259 ? comparativ cu rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
oedipian\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? aceas-t\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie este
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de o for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dina-mic\uc1 \u259
? profund\uc1 \u259 ? (care \uc1 \u238 ?n sine nu reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un
conflict); \uc1 \u8226 ? limbajul adult este impro-priu pentru a explica ce se
petrece la ni-velul acestei rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Defectul func\uc1 \u355 ?ional ar
fi rezultatul unei caren\uc1 \u355 ?e afective \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul rela\uc1
\u355 ?iei copilului cu familia sa (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Defectologie }{\fs18
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? psihopedago-gic\uc1 \u259 ? care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de
particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihologice ale copiilor cu deficien\uc1
\u355 ?e fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i cu legile, metodele
\uc1 \u351 ?i tehnicile educ\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i reedu-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii
lor, a instruirii \uc1 \u351 ?i adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor la munc\uc1 \u259 ?.
\uc1 \u238 ?n contextul d. se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? pedagogia \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologia special\uc1 \u259 ? pentru toate categoriile de deficien\uc1 \u355 ?i,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i logopedia, ca disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? a profilaxiei \uc1
\u351 ?i terapiei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj oral \uc1 \u351 ?i scris.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deficient }
\langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? cu o lips\uc1 \u259 ?, o lacun\uc1 \u259 ?
morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ?
sau surveni-t\uc1 \u259 ?. Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele sunt anomalii, dar nu
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? ceva patologic. Se disting: d. senzoriale, motorii \uc1 \u351
?i mintale. Prin extensiune se vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i de deficien\uc1
\u355 ?i morali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Deficit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deficere - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a lipsi, a \uc1
\u238 ?nceta, a p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?si); pierderea (lipsa) morfo-}
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ? sau
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?, cu caracter tranzitoriu sau definitiv, \uc1
\u238 ?n-registrat\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii personalit\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?i sau al subsistemelor ei (senzorial, motor, afectiv,
intelectual, etc). \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hopatologie \uc1 \u351 ?i logopedie, deficitul
se refer\uc1 \u259 ? cel mai frecvent la func\uc1 \u355 ?iile intelectuale \uc1
\u351 ?i ale limbajului sub toate formele \uc1 \u351 ?i poate fi evaluat sub raport
calitativ prin raportare la normalitatea func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
folosind metode \uc1 \u351 ?i teste psihologice specifice \uc1 \u238 ?n
cuantificarea gradului de deficit senzorio-motor \uc1 \u351 ?i de limbaj. (Testul
Loreta Bender, Rever-sal, Wechsler, Raven, Binet-Simon, cuburile Kohs, labirintele
Parteus etc). \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de coeficientul ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut
prin punctaj se poate delimita gradul de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? idio\uc1 \u355 ?ia - 30%, chiar un Q.I. inferior
acestuia; \uc1 \u8226 ? imbecilitatea - corespunde unui Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 30-50
%; \uc1 \u8226 ? debilitatea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? - corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?-toare unui
Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 50-70%. Cei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70-80% pot fi considera\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? liminari, dar pot fi \uc1 \u351 ?i debil mintali, \uc1 \u238
?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de calitatea adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor sociale, de nive-lul
intelectual c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de caracteristicile afective ale
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unui copil cu
senescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?normal\uc1 \u259 ?", se \uc1 \u238 ?
nre-gistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? o diferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n anu-mite limite, tolerabile \uc1 \u238 ?ntre atitudinile verbale \uc1
\u351 ?i cele nonverbale (care se diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Defini\uc1
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logico-semantic\uc1 \u259 ?, exprimat\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie concret\uc1 \u259 ?, concis\uc1 \u259 ?,
prin care se indic\uc1 \u259 ? propriet\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile esen\uc1
\u355 ?iale ale unui obiect, fenomen, stare sau se precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui semn. D. stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te o identitate de
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre termenul de
definit \uc1 \u351 ?i explica\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul termenu-lui
definitor. Logica aristotelic\uc1 \u259 ? arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? defini\uc1
\u355 ?ia se construie\uc1 \u351 ?te prin raporta-rea la genul proxim \uc1 \u351 ?i
stabilirea dife-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ren\uc1 \u355 ?ei specifice. Dup\uc1 \u259 ?
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? formul\uc1 \u259 ? clasic\uc1 \u259 ?, func\uc1 \u355 ?iile
defini\uc1 \u355 ?iei sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? refe-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ial designatoare;
\uc1 \u8226 ? de introducere a unui termen sau expresii noi; \uc1 \u8226 ? de con-
centrare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei; \uc1 \u8226 ? de eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iere a
schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rilor intervenite \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u355 ?inut; \uc1
\u8226 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sintactic-calculatorie; toate justific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?nlo-cuirea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un context propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ional a definitului
prin definitor \uc1 \u351 ?i invers. Nici o defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie nu este
exhaustiv\uc1 \u259 ?, nu este in-failibil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i universal
valabil\uc1 \u259 ?, prin diver-sitatea perspectivelor
ep}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 istemologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Defulare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces invers reful\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ce
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n eliberarea tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor refulate, prin
readucerea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, redu-
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd tensiunile acumulate, prin activa-rea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
cathartice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Degenerare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par-\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ? a unor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri morfologice sau func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale \uc1 \u238 ?n urma ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii unor factori de mediu sau ereditari.
Ereditatea ocup\uc1 \u259 ? un loc central \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria degener\uc1 \u259 ?
rii. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest context se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu cauze exogene, fizice,
sociale, psihologice, care influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? terenul predispus -
sistemul nervos - sensibil la influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele degenerative.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Degenerescent\uc1 \u259 ?
\langfenp1048 = termen folosit de \uc1 \u351 ?coala francez\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sens cu dege-nerare. Se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o
degradare progresi-v\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ce se
accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ? din genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Prin extensiune se poate referi \uc1 \u351 ?i la domeniul psihic, spiri-tual
\uc1 \u351 ?i moral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Deja vu, deja conu, deja vecu, deja fait, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etc. =
(pseudomnezie); tulburare de memorie (\uc1 \u238 ?n special de evocare).
Fals\uc1 \u259 ? recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n sim\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul de familiari-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate, de
apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la propria experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 la prima \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnire cu fapte \uc1 \u351 ?i
evenimente noi. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri onirice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
epilepsie psihosenzorial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dele\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch
pierderea unui fragment de cromozom.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deliberare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a c\uc1 \u226 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?ri)
moment al ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii voluntare de examinare c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai complet\uc1
\u259 ? a unui fapt, cu relevarea argu-mentelor (pro \uc1 \u351 ?i contra) \uc1
\u351 ?i a motivelor \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii unei decizii. In d.
intervine reflexia con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, care influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? unele mobiluri afective. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? B. Zorgo, \uc1 \u238 ?n d.
intervin mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i factori: \uc1 \u8226 ? intensitatea trebuin\uc1 \u355
?ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru persoan\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226
? scopul ur-m\uc1 \u259 ?rit; \uc1 \u8226 ? aprecierea posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor de re-alizare; \uc1 \u8226 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele mediului; \uc1
\u8226 ? modul de structurare a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Are loc lupta
motivelor, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre factorii afectivi \uc1 \u351 ?i cognitivi.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Delict }{\fs18 \dbch
(vin\uc1 \u259 ?, gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?); infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de drept
comun s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o persoan\uc1
\u259 ?, ca o expresie a unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri patologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Delicvent\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a }
\langfenp1048 fi }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de vin\uc1 \u259 ?, a gre\uc1 \u351 ?i); desemneaz\uc1
\u259 ? o gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?, un conflict \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i societate, prin violarea legilor. D. poate fi de
ordin sociologic, etico-moral, biologic. Variabilitatea co-dului de legi de la o
\uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? la alta, de la o societate la alta, de la o epoc\uc1
\u259 ? la alta, atrage dup\uc1 \u259 ? sine \uc1 \u351 ?i variabilitatea com-
portamentelor ce pot fi etichetate ca delicvente. Aspectul etico-moral deriv\uc1
\u259 ? din raportul dintre con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a etico-moral\uc1
\u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i structurile socia-le; \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
c\uc1 \u226 ?t acestea sunt mai perfec-\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t e mai
mare posibilitatea ca persoana s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? delicvent\uc1
\u259 ?, presupun\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? o sincroniza-re
perfect\uc1 \u259 ? a celor doi termeni ai rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Astfel se poate
ajunge la afir-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ia paradoxal\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
to\uc1 \u355 ?i suntem delicven\uc1 \u355 ?i de un fel sau altul" (Geraud).}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Delincventa juvenil\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = fenomen ce cuprinde totalitatea \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lc\uc1
\u259 ?rilor de norme sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i morale, s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1
\u351 ?ite de tineri sub 18 ani, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lc\uc1 \u259 ?ri
sanc\uc1 \u355 ?ionate penal. Marea lor majoritate provin din familii
dezorganizate. Factori generatori al d.j. sunt subcultura (bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
valori negati-ve, deviante), filmele \uc1 \u351 ?i romanele ce cultiv\uc1 \u259 ?
violen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i agresivitatea, iar ca o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
intern\uc1 \u259 ?, frustra\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Fie c\uc1 \u259 ? tinerii provin din
familii paupere sau prospere, la ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia are loc o supradi-mensionare a
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i preten\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, iar realizarea lor o
vor pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i neacceptate de legile sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i morale. D.j.
poate fi clasificat\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? gradul de
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate; \uc1 \u8226 ? gra-dul de responsabilitate (intelect
redus); \uc1 \u8226 ? participare la comiterea delictului (sin-gur, \uc1 \u238 ?n
grup); \uc1 \u8226 ? instabilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? generat\uc1
\u259 ? de caren\uc1 \u355 ?e educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i de fragilitatea
Eului; \uc1 \u8226 ? inadaptarea social\uc1 \u259 ?, generat\uc1 \u259 ? de
exacerbarea sentimentului de insecuritate; \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul de rela\uc1 \u355 ?
ii socio-afective din familia t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?rului: ostilitate,
manipulare, limbaj violent \uc1 \u351 ?i trivial, pre-ocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri sexuale
precoce, minciuni \uc1 \u351 ?i fur-turi repetate, reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
atitudini dispro-por\uc1 \u355 ?ionate fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de diverse
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Delir }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pro}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 blem\uc1 \u259 ?
fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a psiho-patologiei, \uc1 \u8222 ?delirul a fost
dintotdeauna considerat drept fenomen fundamental al nebuniei" (K. Jespers);
dezordine a g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii, care face ca fapte imaginare s\uc1 \u259 ? fie
considerate drept fapte reale. Ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa este
mult mai larg\uc1 \u259 ?: tul-burare complex\uc1 \u259 ? care angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga personalitate, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca atare r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet pu-
ternic asupra tuturor func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sale psihi-ce (pe un fond patologic a
unor idei fal-se, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente gre\uc1 \u351 ?ite, concluzii abe-rante,
deformate, necorespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare rea-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii). D. se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un \uc1 \u351 ?ir \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg de
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, cum ar fi: iritabilitate, susceptibilitate, izolare,
suspiciune,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 preocupare excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor evenimente, c\uc1 \u259 ?
utarea unor explica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, schimbarea felului obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit de a
tr\uc1 \u259 ?i de p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? atunci. De la simple coinciden\uc1
\u355 ?e, presupuneri, nel\uc1 \u259 ?-muriri sau \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1
\u259 ?ri m\uc1 \u259 ?runte, per-soana \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ncepe s\uc1 \u259 ? emit\uc1 \u259 ? pre-supuneri, b\uc1 \u259 ?nuieli \uc1 \u351 ?
i s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i alimenteze falsa convingere cu argumente, s\uc1 \u259
? cau-te probe, etc. Treptat, \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga sa via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se
centreaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe false concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care aduc printr-un mecanism de
cerc vici-os, alte argumente \uc1 \u238 ?n sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea premi-zei, printr-
o fabula\uc1 \u355 ?ie extrem de bogat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i halucina\uc1 \u355
?ii intense. Receptiv \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncli-nat s\uc1 \u259 ? cread\uc1
\u259 ? orice ar putea s\uc1 \u259 ?-i ser-veasc\uc1 \u259 ? de explica\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, devine \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp inabordabil \uc1 \u238 ?n
fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unor argumen-te reale, logice, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n contradic\uc1
\u355 ?ie cu convingerea sa. D. are un caracter poli-morf \uc1 \u351 ?i
suport\uc1 \u259 ? multe transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri sau sublim\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
echival\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu un sindrom sau chiar cu o boal\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin d. se
poate \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege o psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? confuzo-oniric\uc1
\u259 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ? infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Delir la copil }
\langfenp1048 = delirul propriu-zis poa-te fi o entitate rar\uc1 \u259 ? la copil.
Delirurile copilului, sistematizate, cronice, au o tematic\uc1 \u259 ? predominant
imaginativ\uc1 \u259 ? (de-c\uc1 \u226 ?t interpretativ\uc1 \u259 ?). Ele pot fi}
\langfenp1048 cauzate de: instabilitate, reversibilitate, lipsa unei convingeri
absolute, care de fapt sunt caracteristici ale v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deliram tremens }
\langfenp1048 = poate fi: consi-derat un accident al alcoolismului cronic, aspect
dramatic al psihozelor alcoolice, care reclam\uc1 \u259 ? instituirea unor m\uc1
\u259 ?suri terapeutice urgente \uc1 \u351 ?i adecvate. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
prin tremur\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u351 ?i stare confuzo-delirant\uc1 \u259 ?. Pot
fi \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri so-matice: febr\uc1 \u259 ? ridicat\uc1 \u259
?, fenomene neuro-vegetative (ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tahi-cardie). Ipoteze patogenice: consum}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 excesiv \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat de alcool;
teren somatic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologic, care rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din catabolismul
alcoolului \uc1 \u351 ?i care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionea-z\uc1 \u259 ? electiv asupra
creierului (dezechilibru hidroelectrolitic). Etiopatia nu este pe deplin
elucidat\uc1 \u259 ?, dar are un prognostic favorabil. Diagnosticul nu ridic\uc1
\u259 ? proble-me mari, doar cel diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial (delirul acut azotemic,
encefalopatia).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Delta ritm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ritm EEG, unul din ritmu-rile principale
al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de a, p, O, ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii bioelectrice a
creierului format din oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate prin
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, amplitudine, morfologie, localizare, pro-
por\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n traseu; mod de r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns la stimuli.
Propor\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n traseu: absent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
normal. Ritmul delta este prezent \uc1 \u238 ?n primele luni de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, fiind considerat fiziologic la sugar, iar la adult are aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
considera\uc1 \u355 ?ie fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
numai \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de somn profund. \uc1 \u238 ?n afara acestor
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a ritmului delta reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un
element patologic. F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a constitui un element
definitoriu, \uc1 \u238 ?n unele afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni se \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale ritmului delta: isterie, nevroze
spasmodice, ima-turitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de comporta-
ment, traumatisme cranio-cerebrale, tu-mori cerebrale, boli vasculare, demen\uc1
\u355 ?e presenile, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Deltagism (paradeltagism) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dislalie specific\uc1 \u259 ?
sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?d" - fie prin altera-rea sau omiterea lui, fie prin \uc1
\u238 ?nlocuire (para) cu altul la a c\uc1 \u259 ?rui pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie copilul
nu \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpin\uc1 \u259 ? greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Sunetul (fonemul) este o consoan\uc1 \u259 ? dental\uc1 \u226 ?, alve-olar\uc1
\u259 ?, oclusiv\uc1 \u259 ? - sonor\uc1 \u259 ? (vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gramatica limbii
rom\uc1 \u226 ?ne).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Deme = grup cu \uc1 \u238 ?nrudire consanguin\uc1 \u259 ? sau
comunitate local\uc1 \u259 ? endogam\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Demen\uc1 \u355 ?e }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }
\langfenp1048 demen\uc1 \u355 ?ia - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nebunia); tulburare psihic\uc1
\u259 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ? (de obicei ire-versibil\uc1 \u259 ?), degenerare
profund\uc1 \u259 ?, globa-l\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihicului, care alte-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?iile intelectuale bazale
\uc1 \u351 ?i dezorganizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? conduitele sociale; de-structureaz\uc1
\u259 ? personalitatea, tot sistemul valorilor logice (de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, de
ju-decat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de adaptare la mediul social). Se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? proceselor de atrofie cere-bral\uc1 \u259 ?; este o
simptomatic\uc1 \u259 ? a leziunilor cerebrale. Pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?
scute, cum sunt oligofreniile (o alienare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult sau mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in profund\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin
incapacitate de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire abstract\uc1 \u259 ?, insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a limbajului, vocabular foarte s\uc1 \u259 ?rac, imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i comportament aberant, afectivitate re-dus\uc1 \u259 ? la trebuin\uc1 \u355
?e biologice. }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D. dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 depinde de}
\langfenp1048 caracteristicile leziuni-lor cerebrale, de natura bolii care a
provocat aceste leziuni. Astfel, sunt: d. toxice, d. neurologice, d. posttraumati-
ce, d. precoce, d. mixte (semne psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i neurologice), d. vasculare,
d. din boli infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, etc. Demen\uc1 \u355 ?ele pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea
la orice v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Un examen psihiatric \uc1 \u351 ?i neurolo-gic atent este
necesar pentru instituirea diagnosticului etiologic \uc1 \u238 ?n care tabloul
simptomatic apare cu mult\uc1 \u259 ? vreme \uc1 \u238 ?naintea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor psihice de tip deteriorativ.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Demen\uc1 \u355 ?e presenile }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 senile }
\langfenp1048 = (prese-nil\uc1 \u259 ?, d. }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Alzheimer); }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este un
sindrom demen\uc1 \u355 ?ial comun marcat de deteriora-rea sever\uc1 \u259 ? a
performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i cognitive ale subiectului
(aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, memorie, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, limbaj) c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i afecti-ve (desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?ri violente, iritabilitate,
alter\uc1 \u259 ?ri de la un pol la altul). Cea prese-nil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
alzheimerizare" (boala lui Alzhei-mer) ar fi un debut precoce al demen\uc1 \u355 ?
ei senile, care are o evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie lent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pro-}
\shpbypara \shpbyignore \shpwr3 \shpwrk0 \shpfblwtxt0 \shpz15
\shplid1041 {\sp {\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp {\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
17}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt
\langfenp1048 gresiv\uc1 \u259 ? spre deteriorare profund\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
global\uc1 \u259 ?. Debuteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70 \uc1 \u351 ?i 80 de
ani ca un sindrom p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siho-organic, peste care se suprapun }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch
episoadele }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 delirant-haluci-natorii, depresiv-hipocondriace, mai rar
maniacale \uc1 \u351 ?i de tip amnestic. Orientarea temporal\uc1 \u259 ?,
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, autopsihic\uc1 \u259 ? este pro-gresiv \uc1 \u351 ?
i sever afectat\uc1 \u259 ?, al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de pierde-rea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului
critic. Se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? insomnii cu agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie nocturn\uc1 \u259 ?, o
cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere pasager\uc1 \u259 ? a poftei de m\uc1 \u226 ?ncare,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de termo-reglare. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare, ce
poate dura mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i ani, apar tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri com-plexe de tip
agnozo-apraxo-afazic, in-continen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i deteriorare progre-siv\uc1 \u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?rii somatice.
Anatomopatologia demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? evidente leziuni atrofice cerebrale,
difuze, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror cauz\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
necunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? predomi-nant lobul
frontal cu pierderi neuronale care realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?pl\uc1
\u259 ?ci senile" (de form\uc1 \u259 ? circular\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n stea)
care sunt adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate \uc1 \u8222 ?cicatrici", \uc1 \u238 ?ncorpor\uc1
\u226 ?nd fragmente de neuroni atrofia\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i celule gliale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Demisie }
\langfenp1048 = (de demitere - a l\uc1 \u259 ?sa s\uc1 \u259 ? cad\uc1 \u259 ?);
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de renun\uc1 \u355 ?are la atribu\uc1 \u355 ?iile proprii
\uc1 \u351 ?i responsabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, generat\uc1 \u259 ? de o
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? defavorabil\uc1 \u259 ? sau
frustrant\uc1 \u259 ?, pe care persoana nu reu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te s\uc1
\u259 ? o dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?eas-c\uc1 \u259 ?. Este o atitudine de
inadaptare, pe o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? mai lung\uc1 \u259 ?, ce apare la persoane
imature, cu \uc1 \u8222 ?Eu" slab. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de par-
ticularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile structural-dinamice ale per-soanei \uc1
\u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ?, poate avea \uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la terapie, conflict \uc1 \u238 ?ntre Supra-eu
\uc1 \u351 ?i Eu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Demnitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = presupune con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a pro-priei valori, a
meritelor \uc1 \u351 ?i responsabi-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii morale. Respectul
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii se \uc1
\u238 ?mbin\uc1 \u259 ? armonios, implic\uc1 \u259 ? mo-destia, exclude narcisismul
\uc1 \u351 ?i megalo-mania. Dreptul la statutul de persona-litate se
justific\uc1 \u259 ? prin respectarea \uc1 \u238 ?nda-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toririlor sociale \uc1
\u351 ?i morale. Dezechili-brarea sistemului de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii valorizante
afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? d., duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la orgoliu, vanita-te sau umilin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i autoabandon.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Demonstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rocedeu logic
prin care se fundamenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul, \uc1 \u238 ?n structura
lui intr\uc1 \u226 ?nd obiectul sau teza de demonstrat, \uc1 \u351 ?i procedeul
logic propriu-zis de argumentare. D. poate fi cu caracter deductiv sau inductiv,
direct\uc1 \u259 ? sau indirect\uc1 \u259 ?. Trebuie ca argu-mentele s\uc1 \u259 ?
fie adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate, s\uc1 \u259 ? constituie ra\uc1 \u355 ?iuni suficiente
pentru teza dat\uc1 \u259 ?, procedeul logic s\uc1 \u259 ? respecte regulile
inferen\uc1 \u355 ?ei deductive sau inductive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Demoralizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament conse-
cutiv unui e\uc1 \u351 ?ec, unei nerealiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe linia aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor sau datorat unei afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni (psihice, somatice). Este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? per-sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor depresive, astenice,
imatu-re afectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pierderea \uc1 \u238
?ncre-derii \uc1 \u238 ?n for\uc1 \u355 ?ele proprii, descurajare, apatoabulie,
demisionarism. Poate fi individual\uc1 \u259 ? sau colectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i reflect\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ultim\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? pierderea sau repunerea \uc1 \u238 ?n discu\uc1 \u355 ?ie a valorilor
morale p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? atunci acceptate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Demostene }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = om politic \uc1 \u351 ?i
orator ateni-an (384-322 \uc1 \u238 ?.e.a). Orfan de tat\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ?
rac, cu defect de vorbire, reu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te prin efort \uc1 \u351 ?i
tenacitate s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?easc\uc1 \u259 ?
handicapul \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? un mare orator. Potrivit
legendei s-a sinucis dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-fr\uc1 \u226 ?ngerea r\uc1 \u259
?scoalei antimacedoniene a atenienilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dendrit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
de natur\uc1 \u259 ? proto-plasmatic\uc1 \u259 ? a neuronului, cu rol \uc1 \u238 ?n
re-ceptarea influxurilor nervoase. Se arti-culeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu termina\uc1
\u355 ?iile axonale f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sinaps\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dentale }
\langfenp1048 = consoane care se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin apropierea v\uc1 \u226
?rfului
limbii de din\uc1 \u355 ?ii incisivi sau inferiori. (Vezi Anexa B )}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deontologie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un cod
al moralei profe-sionale. Are rolul de func\uc1 \u355 ?ie dinamogen\uc1 \u259 ?
- \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii profesionale, de
permanent\uc1 \u259 ? deschidere spre tot ce e nou. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie,
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? toate \uc1 \u238 ?n-datoririle \uc1 \u351 ?i normele morale
pe care tre-buie s\uc1 \u259 ? le respecte psihologul; obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui de
a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona exclusiv pe linia respec-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tului
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de persoana uman\uc1 \u259 ?, a obiectivi-}{\fs18
t\uc1 \u259 ?tii absolute, p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea secretului profe-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 sional, autonomie necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
utili-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 zarea tehnicilor \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea lor.}
Dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de altul; rapor-tarea sinelui la o alt\uc1 \u259 ? persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, cu care
s\uc1 \u259 ? afle satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i ajutor \uc1 \u238 ?n
rezolvarea problemelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Depersonalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de destructu-rare a organiz\uc1 \u259
?rii psihice a persoanei. Subiectul are impresia c\uc1 \u259 ? Eu-1 propriu a fost
pierdut, c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i-a pierdut identitatea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i somatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te
dureros impresia c\uc1 \u259 ? a devenit str\uc1 \u259 ?in, p\uc1 \u259 ?str\uc1
\u226 ?nd con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
sale anterioare. Propriu \uc1 \u8222 ?Eu" devine un spectacol drama-tic pentru
subiect. Apare senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia de vid emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional, de gol interior,
printr-o anali-z\uc1 \u259 ? introspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. D. a fost ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial
descris\uc1 \u259 ? de P. Janet \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie. Automatismul mintal are
la baz\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea tensiunii psihologice, deci apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei de depersonalizare. Depersonalizarea nu dispune de o
terapie specific\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci prin tratamentul afec\uc1 \u355 ?
iunii de baz\uc1 \u259 ? se recap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a propriului Eu, iar uneori dis-pare spontan, dup\uc1 \u259 ? o
lung\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de persisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Depistare }
\langfenp1048 = element de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? al profilaxiei. Cu c\uc1
\u226 ?t se face mai timpuriu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 d. cazurilor manifeste, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor
nesemnalate, pe cale de a se constitui, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t instituirea unor
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri medico-educative-sociale complexe este mai prompt\uc1 \u259 ?.
Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele pozitive sunt: cresc \uc1 \u351 ?ansele de refacere a s\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, fie c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ncepe terapia, fie c\uc1 \u259 ? se rezolv\uc1 \u259 ? prompt; se \uc1 \u238 ?
nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? riscul de a deveni complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cronicizat\uc1 \u259 ? maladia, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Depresia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cel mai frecvent fenomen
patologic; se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o sc\uc1 \u259 ?dere a tonusului de
activitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i motorie, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? de o stare sufleteas-c\uc1 \u259 ? astenic\uc1 \u259 ?, de
triste\uc1 \u355 ?e exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, de deprimare \uc1 \u351 ?i fatigabilitate
sporit\uc1 \u259 ?, de anxietate. Este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie fireasc\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n situ-a\uc1 \u355 ?ii dificile din via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?:
moartea cuiva, insuccese, certuri, desp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?iri, divor\uc1
\u355 ? etc. Sunt posibile la orice v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?; abund\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i b\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?e. Este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? o distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
acestei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri: \uc1 \u8226 ? cea uzual\uc1 \u259 ?, la care ne-am
referit, \uc1 \u238 ?n care nu lipse\uc1 \u351 ?te obiectul suferin\uc1 \u355 ?
ei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aspectul psihopatologic, \uc1 \u238
?n care lipse\uc1 \u351 ?te obiectul suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar
starea pervertit\uc1 \u259 ?, deformat\uc1 \u259 ? a suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ei -
\uc1 \u8222 ?obiectul pro-priei sale suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e", care \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?ci-nile \uc1 \u238 ?n modul de
structurare al persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor. \uc1 \u238 ?n genere, cei
deprima\uc1 \u355 ?i au tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e de autorepro\uc1 \u351 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
vin\uc1 \u259 ?; scade at\uc1 \u226 ?t ritmul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i claritatea ei; au g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri negre (moarte, suicid), ne-
vroze ciclotimice etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Deprindere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = component\uc1 \u259 ? automotiva-t\uc1 \u259 ? a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin redu-cerea sau
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a controlului con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, adic\uc1 \u259 ? realizarea
spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i facil\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii respective. Se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin exersarea repetat\uc1 \u259 ?,
fundament\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin stereotip dinamic sau pe o matrice func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, efectorie \uc1 \u351 ?i a reflexelor. Reac\uc1 \u355 ?
iile se coarticuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se organi-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
structural, iar aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ia invers\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard
\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
{\sp {\sn lineWidth}{\sv 18415}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn
fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Line 18}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp
{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs2 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li0 \ri24 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin24 \cbpat16 \absw6283 \absh-3124
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fest\uc1 \u226
?ndu-se verbal (func\uc1 \u355 ?ia cathartic\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 portamentale antagoniste anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 limbajului)
\uc1 \u351 ?i mimicogesticular (limbajul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute
prin impactul progresiv al}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3336 \absw6283 \absh-
3124 \phmrg \pvpara \posx7598 \posy1 \dfrmtxtx38 \nowrap \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ectosemantic).}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sugestiei
terapeutului, cu imaginea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? axiogen\uc1 \u259 ?. Metoda const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Descrierea }
\langfenp1048 = (fr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 decrire); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 modalitate de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii de relaxare muscular\uc1 \u259 ? progre-}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reproducere
prin mijloace verbale (sau}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siv\uc1 \u259 ? (R.
Jakobson), \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit\uc1 \u259 ? prin rela-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin alte mijloace) a unei realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, tin-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 xare autogen\uc1 \u259 ?
(Schultz). Pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 z\uc1 \u226 ?nd spre o prezentare c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai
complet\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, itemii axiogeni}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 concret\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
sugestiv\uc1 \u259 ?, utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd detalii \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048
prezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i subiectului nu mai antrenea-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, care o
fac extensiv\uc1 \u259 ?. D.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 z\uc1 \u259 ? anxietatea
acestuia. Recent, desensi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reflect\uc1 \u259 ? spiritul de observa\uc1 \u355 ?ie al
persoa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bilizarea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
indi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nei, capacitatea sa
de evocare \uc1 \u351 ?i flexibi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vidual sau \uc1
\u238 ?n grup, utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd mijloace}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 litatea lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 audio-vizuale sau psihofarmacologice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (feed-back) \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? trecerea de la nivel verbal la cel senzorial \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai, unde controlul se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin receptorii
proprioceptivi. Deprinderile sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite pe cale de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, educare, habitudini, ce
func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza legii efectului, a exerci\uc1 \u355 ?
iului. Crearea \uc1 \u351 ?i culti-varea d. bune faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? adaptarea
la cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii, de mare importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? (J. Dewej). Sub impe-riul exemplului
r\uc1 \u259 ?u, apare condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea social\uc1 \u259 ? negativ\uc1 \u259
?, cu d. rele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Derealizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea \uc1 \u8222 ?func\uc1 \u355 ?iei realu-lui"
(P. Janet), c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul se simte deta\uc1 \u351 ?at, izolat de lumea
concret\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde \uc1 \u8222 ?familiaritatea".
D. este o ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire din realitate; este dezagregarea tr\uc1 \u259 ?irii
spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u8222 ?este o
alienare de la realitate" (Mayer-Gross). Prin d. este negat\uc1 \u259 ?
posibilitatea de anticipare, carac-teristic\uc1 \u259 ? omului normal. D. poate
duce la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o) dezordine mintal\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv\uc1
Deriva\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 EEG }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = traseu realizat
\uc1 \u238 ?n electroencefalografie de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?a de po-ten\uc1 \u355 ?
ial culeas\uc1 \u259 ? de doi electrozi. Num\uc1 \u259 ?rul deriva\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
utilizate variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de scopul urm\uc1
\u259 ?rit, de dimensiunile craniului subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i de capacitatea
tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? a aparatului. De regul\uc1 \u259 ? se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
deri-va\uc1 \u355 ?ii longitudinale \uc1 \u351 ?i transverse, iar me-toda
deriva\uc1 \u355 ?iilor permite stabilirea cu precizie a focarelor lezionale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Descartes Ren6
\langfenp1048 (15}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 96-1650) = (latini-zat, Renatus Cartesius); filosof
\uc1 \u351 ?i savant francez, \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeietor al filosofiei moder-ne,
reprezentant de seam\uc1 \u259 ? al ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalis-mului, consider\uc1 \u226
?nd prioritatea ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, care de\uc1 \u355 ?ine \uc1 \u8222 ?idei
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute". In concep-\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa, ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
este dat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod egal tuturor oamenilor, dar nu to\uc1
\u355 ?i o folosesc \uc1 \u238 ?n mod corect, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? lipsei unei
metode potrivite. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? D.R., criteriul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n claritatea \uc1 \u351 ?i distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor noastre. \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofie porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de
la \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiala cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii, \uc1 \u238 ?ndoial\uc1 \u259 ?
metodic\uc1 \u259 ?, consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? unicul fapt sigur, ce nu
poate fi pus sub semnul \uc1 \u238 ?ndoielii \uc1 \u351 ?i care poate fi punctul de
plecare al unei cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?teri (filosofii) este }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 constatarea: }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8222 ?m\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiesc, deci cuget; cuget, deci exist"
(\uc1 \u8222 ?Dubito ergo cogito; cogito ergo sum"). \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiala
cartezian\uc1 \u259 ? nu este sceptic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci metodologic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un fundament sigur al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii.
Metoda sa este }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ia, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ? por-neasc\uc1 \u259 ? de la adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri sigure \uc1 \u351 ?i
clare, cunoscute nemijlocit prin ra\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te totu\uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i valoarea cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te-rii experimentale. Descartes
formulea-z\uc1 \u259 ? conceptul modern
de }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?metod\uc1 \u259 ?": }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?
Ansamblu de reguli sigure \uc1 \u351 ?i u\uc1 \u351 ?oare, ce trebuie aplicate cu
exactitate pentru a descoperi adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?nd progre-siv
la cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea tuturor
fenomenelor. Filosofia cartezian\uc1 \u259 ? este dualist\uc1 \u259 ?, sus\uc1
\u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd existen\uc1 \u355 ?a indepen-dent\uc1 \u259 ? a dou\uc1
\u259 ? substan\uc1 \u355 ?e: \uc1 \u8226 ? material\uc1 \u259 ? (corpul, creierul)
cu atributul \uc1 \u238 ?ntinderii \uc1 \u351 ?i cea \uc1 \u8226 ? spiritual\uc1
\u259 ?, cu atributul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, cuget\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ambele supuse unui
principiu suprem: Dumnezeu, care a creat uni-versul, pe baza unor legi mecanice,
materialiste. La baza g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii pune latura materialist\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1
\u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Este o orientare antiscolastic\uc1 \u226 ? a
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalismu-lui, care a stat la baza progresului \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i al filosofiei. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere: }{\fs18 \dbch
\u8222 ?Discurs asupra me}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 todei de a ne conduce bine ra\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?uta adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351
?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?", \uc1 \u8222 ?Medita\uc1 \u355 ?ii metafizice", \uc1
\u8222 ?Principiile filosofiei", \uc1 \u8222 ?Geometria" etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = eliberare emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, care are loc c\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ncordarea intern\uc1 \u259 ? devine insuportabil\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i subiec-tul d\uc1 \u259 ? curs liber emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
sale, mani-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Desen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate grafic\uc1 \u259 ? sau
pictural\uc1 \u259 ? prin care subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259
? reproduc\uc1 \u259 ? sau s\uc1 \u259 ? produc\uc1 \u259 ? imagini ale unor
obiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ori exprim\uc1 \u259 ? ceva din proprie
ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativ\uc1 \u259 ?, sim\uc1 \u355 ?ire. Este o \uc1 \u238 ?mbinare de
imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?,
vizual-motric\uc1 \u259 ?. Dincolo de m\uc1 \u226 ?zg\uc1 \u259 ?lituri, la copii
este \uc1 \u351 ?i un limbaj \uc1 \u238 ?n care nu simbolizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce
v\uc1 \u259 ?d, ci ceea ce \uc1 \u351 ?tiu despre lu-cruri, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i modul cum \uc1 \u351 ?i-1 reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i afec\uc1
\u355 ?iunea sa. Desenul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mo-dul de structurare
a spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului, a pro-por\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. Desenul poate fi folosit ca
test individual sau ca test proiectiv. Ex.: testul omule\uc1 \u355 ?ului, al
arborelui, al familiei etc. Desenul reflect\uc1 \u259 ? personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i
dezvoltarea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului. De-senul are valoare
expresiv\uc1 \u259 ? (gestul grafic), \uc1 \u238 ?n care transpar aspecte tempera-
mentale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i natura reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor emotive.
Desenele au valoare proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?: semnifi-c\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut intrapsihic; au valoare narativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
valoare asociativ\uc1 \u259 ? (au loc condens\uc1 \u259 ?ri, deplas\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
substituiri \uc1 \u351 ?i simboliz\uc1 \u259 ?ri).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Desensibilizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? psihotera-
peutic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip comportamental, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionare clasic\uc1 \u259 ? (de tip pavlovian) al inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei reciproce
\uc1 \u351 ?i pe teoria \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii.
Metoda se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri com-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Designare }{\fs18
(sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 desemnare); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unui semn ca
simbol, de a avea o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o cate-
gorie de obiecte sau fenomene reale. Un gest poate fi indicativ \uc1 \u238 ?n chip
direct (limbaj ectosemantic), pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd cuv\uc1 \u226 ?n-tul este
designativ \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? nu reclam\uc1 \u259 ? prezen\uc1
\u355 ?a obiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i nu-1 reproduce pe acesta prin factura sa de semn
verbal, ci numai actualizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut conceptual, ce este
referitor la ceva real (ca idee). Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Roman Jakobson (1960), termenul
designare se identific\uc1 \u259 ? cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ia denotativ\uc1 \u259 ? sau
referen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n conturarea cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului asupra obiec-tului
semnificat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile labio-maxilo-palatine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt cele mai severe malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii
congenitale. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile totale \uc1 \u351 ?i
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cea mai simpl\uc1 \u259 ?, lueta bifid\uc1 \u259 ?,
exist\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe forme intermediare pe care chirurgia ORL le
rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie v\uc1 \u259
?lul reconstituit nu permite o fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie normal\uc1 \u259 ?, se
practic\uc1 \u259 ? o faringoplastie. Tratamentul chirurgical trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ?
fie urmat de cel logopedic (ortofonic).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Dest\uc1 \u259 ?inuire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = act interrela\uc1 \u355 ?ional prin care o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luie despre sine informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii reale.
Persoana care ascult\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? participe \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
fel sau altul la ceea ce i se spune. Dest\uc1 \u259 ?inuirea poate fi
voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? sau involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd presiu-nea unor
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective, acumulate duce la necesitatea desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1
\u259 ?rii lor. O condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de baz\uc1 \u259 ? este ca psihoterapeutul
s\uc1 \u259 ? fie neutru, spontan. Poate avea loc \uc1 \u351 ?i dest\uc1 \u259 ?i-
nuirea psihoterapeutului \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei terapeut-pacient,
cu caracter instrumen-tal, atent manipulat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
controlat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Destin }
\langfenp1048 = }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sm.fatalitate); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 for\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? inflexibil\uc1 \u259 ? care ar guverna evenimentele \uc1
\u351 ?i existen\uc1 \u355 ?a individual\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru antici, chiar zeii
\uc1 \u351 ?i alte fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e supranaturale erau supuse ydestinului.
Spiritul uman \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? nu a g\uc1 \u259 ?sit un r\uc1 \u259 ?
spuns corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor, no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de d. fiind intim legat\uc1
\u259 ? de ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional, ocult (chi-roman\uc1 \u355 ?ie, astrologie)
care \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? aproximeze destinul pe baza unor
presu-puse determin\uc1 \u259 ?ri individuale congenitale sau extraindividuale.
Schopenhauer afir-ma c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?pornind de la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere,
cursul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane este determinat p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n cele mai mici detalii". Ereditatea \uc1 \u351 ?i genetica vor apropia
ideea de destin de medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, elabor\uc1 \u226 ?nd conceptul de destin
biologic ca o sum\uc1 \u259 ? de variabile determinate, ce \uc1 \u238 ?ntregesc
personalitatea biologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Detectorul de minciuni }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de aparate
folosite pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nre}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gistrarea efec-telor fiziologice (modific\uc1
\u259 ?ri de ritm car-diac \uc1 \u351 ?i respirator, diminuarea rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?ei electrice a pielii, varia\uc1 \u355 ?ii de poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial
electrocerebral, etc, ale emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor provo-cate de \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u355 ?int\uc1 \u259 ? care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
stabilirea credibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unor relat\uc1 \u259 ?ri, r\uc1
\u259 ?s-punsuri sau afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale subiectului. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
metod\uc1 \u259 ? de stabilire a adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului pe baza corel\uc1 \u259 ?rii
verbale cu modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile vegetativ-motorii \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrate grafic
r\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u226 ?ne imperfect\uc1 \u259 ? datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
particulari-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor psiho-individuale, deosebite de la}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o
personalitate la alta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deteriorare;
Deteriorare mental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 concept ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? procesul de re-ducere
progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a randamentului intelectual, consecutiv senescen\uc1 \u355 ?
ei nor-melor patologice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei unor
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihice cronice; afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea se caracterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? printr-un deficit dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dit \uc1 \u351 ?i ireversibil al
diverselor compo-nente ale inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. D. m. progresea-z\uc1 \u259 ?
cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, dar sunt posibile dup\uc1 \u259 ? 25-30 ani. Indicele de
deteriorare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? semnific\uc1 \u259 ? un raport \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
rezultatele ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute la testele aplicate conform v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei,
\uc1 \u351 ?i cele anterioare. Tratamentul preventiv const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n eliminarea factori-lor etiologici: infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii, traumatisme; \uc1 \u238 ?
n celelalte cazuri este inoperant. Trata-mentul curativ const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n mijloace psi-hoterapeutice de reeducare prin stimu-larea aptitudinilor
intelectuale restante \uc1 \u351 ?i prin stoparea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor afective
nega-tive, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a sentimentelor devalori-zante.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Determinism }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologie, princi-piul de a c\uc1 \u259 ?rui promovare depinde
constituirea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?. Teorie a interac-\uc1
\u355 ?iunii universale, axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe ideea unei ordini care
guverneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cosmosul, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t geneza \uc1
\u351 ?i desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea tuturor proceselor \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomenelor din natur\uc1 \u259 ?, societate \uc1 \u351 ?i via\uc1 \u355 ?a
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a oamenilor se \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uie, fiind
supuse unei legit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i obiective. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o \uc1 \u238
?ndelungat\uc1 \u259 ? tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ie filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu indeterminis-mul), d. constituie una dintre strategiile
posibile prin care spiritul tinde s\uc1 \u259 ? reali-zeze un acord \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre coeren\uc1 \u355 ?a ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i devenirea
fenomenala, perceptibil\uc1 \u259 ? prin experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. La
nivelul omului, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd cel mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt \uc1 \u351 ?i specific sistem de}{\fs20
\colw2942 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri34 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 autoreglaj, determinarea
trece progresiv \uc1 \u238 ?n auto-determinare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deuteranopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = cecitate cromatic\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al\uc1
\u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din incapacitatea perceperii distincte a culorii
verzi; \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii
afecta\uc1 \u355 ?i de d. nu diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? verdele deschis de
ro\uc1 \u351 ?u \uc1 \u238 ?nchis, violetul de albastru.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deuteroneuron }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = al H-lea segment
al c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor somestezice (primul fiind proto-neuronul) oligosinaptice. Din
axonii acestui segment, d. situa\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n coarnele dorsale ale
m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei, este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit fasci-colul spinotalamic, care se
termin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n talamus, de unde informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt con-
duse la scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un al treilea neuron, talamo-cortical.}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Devian\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristicile anumitor comportamente
care se abat de la nor-mele acceptate \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul unui grup (societ}
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i), determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd conflicte \uc1
\u238 ?ntre persoana devian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i grupul respectiv.
Este vorba de o abatere de la normali-tate, at\uc1 \u226 ?t psihologic c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatric, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i valorico normativ. Etiologic
sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimina\uc1 \u355 ?i mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i factori: ereditari,
psihice, psihopatologici, socio-cultural, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd comportamentul aberant,
sub raport judiciar prive\uc1 \u351 ?te comportamentul antiso-cial (infrac\uc1
\u355 ?ional, delictual). Forme mai frecvente: recidiva, simularea, hetero \uc1
\u351 ?i autodistruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Devieri de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forme de
deze-chilibru psiho-mora}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l a persoanei, cauzate de influen\uc1 \u355 ?
e morbide de natur\uc1 \u259 ? socioge-n\uc1 \u259 ?, de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
morfo-func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale creierului. Se concretizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
atitu-dini \uc1 \u351 ?i fapte reprobabile ale persoanei prin care \uc1 \u238 ?
ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i fac\uc1 \u259 ? inser\uc1 \u355 ?ia
social\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin devieri de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? se sub\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elege tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de comportament,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de caracter, care au
devenit un mod constant, stil de a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? con-
duit\uc1 \u259 ? deviat\uc1 \u259 ? de la linia etic\uc1 \u259 ? de com-portament
se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?a scandaloas\uc1 \u259 ?,
depravat\uc1 \u259 ?, incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ent\uc1 \u259 ?, de tip
caracteriopatic, \uc1 \u238 ?n genere pe fond ereditar. Se impune terapia psi-
hopedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i medical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Devotament }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = consacrarea fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un ideal, aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, idee, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? din colectivitate, pe baza ata\uc1 \u351 ?
amentului sincer \uc1 \u351 ?i neimpus. Fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de obiectul d.
se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? constant, cu interes, bun\uc1 \u259 ?-voin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, grij\uc1 \u259 ?, sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere moral\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i mate-rial\uc1 \u259 ?, identificare de interese.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dewey }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 John (1859-
1952) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = filosof, so-ciolog, psiholog \uc1 \u351 ?i pedagog american. Ca
filosof de factur\uc1 \u259 ? idealist subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? este reprezentantul
\uc1 \u8222 ?instrumentalismu-lui", \uc1 \u238 ?n care cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ? nu reflect\uc1 \u259 ? realitatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ci
este nu-mai un instrument prin care omul adu-n\uc1 \u259 ? experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? util\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor sale. \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul
psihologiei \uc1 \u351 ?colare, consider\uc1 \u259 ? ereditatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
mediul (societatea \uc1 \u238 ?n pri-mul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd), factori hot\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u226 ?tori \uc1 \u238 ?n forma-rea omului, iar educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia -
rezultatul in-terac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii dintre ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti doi factori. Ro-lul
educatorului este redus la rol de consultant. \uc1 \u238 ?n pedagogie, \uc1 \u238 ?
n locul cli-matului autoritar tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ional din \uc1 \u351 ?coli,
introduce angajarea liber\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai demo-cratic\uc1 \u259 ? a
elevului, pe baza interesului poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial, aprioric pe plan individual.
Este reprezentantul curentului sociolo-gic \uc1 \u238 ?n pedagogie, al
democratismului educativ \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul accesului
tuturor la educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie (\uc1 \u351 ?i a adul\uc1 \u355 ?ilor), \uc1
\u238 ?n scopul adap-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii la ne-voile societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
moderne.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri de baz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222 ?Principiile psi-hologice", \uc1
\u8222 ?Democra\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie", \uc1 \u8222 ?
Caracterul \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentul uman", \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u350 ?colile de
m\uc1 \u226 ?ine".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colno1 \colw3052 \colsr10 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2937 \endnhere \pard
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dexterimetru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = experimenteaz\uc1 \u259
? abilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile motorii simple \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonarea
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ate
(dexterigraful).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dexteritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (dib\uc1 \u259 ?cie, ingeniozitate, is-cusin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?nare, abilitate); facultate ce
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile precise, rapi-
de, ingenioase, aptitudini practice (dacti-lografie, strung, instrumente muzicale,
tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? militar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sportiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
inginereasc\uc1 \u259 ?, artistic\uc1 \u259 ? etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezagregare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?
n sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns, corespunde disocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1 \u238 ?n sens
larg, diso-lu\uc1 \u355 ?iei. P. Janet a creat termenul \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
ele-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd incapacitatea de sintez\uc1 \u259 ?, de reunire \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o singur\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
personal\uc1 \u259 ?, feno-menele psihice elementare. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?mi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rile
ansamblului psi-(hic, a structurilor organizate superior. (Exemplu: comportamentul
adoptativ se reduce progresiv c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un nivel func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal
elementar). Primul sens se refer\uc1 \u259 ? co-notativ la aspectul calitativ al
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice, cel de-al II-lea traduce aspecte de reduc\uc1
\u355 ?ie cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezangajare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la sfera motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, la nivel de
atitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a unui subiect \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activitate. Aceas-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
t\uc1 \u259 ? atitudine poate fi motivat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i voluntar\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e
psihologice, fi-ind reflexul stingerii motivelor, interese-lor, aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor care-1 mobilizase \uc1 \u351 ?i ori-entase anterior pe subiect. Poate fi \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i expresia unor circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e
patologice (depresii, schizofrenii) \uc1 \u238 ?n care d. repre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? un
indice de prognostic negativ, conduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la izolarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
disocializarea subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dezavuare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i sanc\uc1 \u355 ?
iune moral\uc1 \u259 ? exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? prin desolidarizare cu o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, prin dezaprobarea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 actelor, ideilo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r, comportamentului
cui-va, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin condamnarea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nfie-rarea celor care \uc1 \u238 ?ncalc\uc1 \u259 ? anumite norme.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezechilibru psihic }
\langfenp1048 = lips\uc1 \u259 ? de armonie a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ?rile sale
datorate unor tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi exacerbate; comportament iritabil,
im-pulsivitate, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri atitudinale, insta-bilitate, perturbare a
sistemului de va-lori (mai ales morale). \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie, \uc1 \u8222 ?
psihopatie de structur\uc1 \u259 ? dizarmonic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii", f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? coexisten\uc1 \u355 ?a vreunui
deficit \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei (ciclotimie, hiperemotivitate,
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi nevrotice, uneori cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri organice
sau ale func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor cognitive tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi psihotice,
labilitate emotiv\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de carac-ter). La copii, o
urmare a influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
negative, climat familial traumatogen insecurizant, lipsa clima-tului afectiv \uc1
\u238 ?ntre copii \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezgust }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aversiune
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?; pro-cedeu terapeutic a psihoterapiilor com-
portamentale, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n elabo-rarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea unui reflex condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat negativ
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un comportament, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca scop
determinarea acelui comportament, ca frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
intensi-tate. Se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? cu succes \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze motorii, etilism
cronic, toxicomanii etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dezinteres }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa unei motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de obiecte materiale sociale sau spiritu-ale din mediul \uc1
\u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor, mani-fest\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, a curiozit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihomotorii fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un obiect, o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cei ce-1 \uc1 \u238 ?nconjoar\uc1 \u259 ?. Pendularea
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre interes - dezinteres este mai rapid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele normalului la copil. Este prezent\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n depresii melan-colice, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1
\u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? la perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
dizarmonice de tip schizoid.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezorientare spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporal\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = simp-tom psiho-patologic caracterizat prin pierderea capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii persoanei de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i reprezenta situa\uc1 \u355 ?
ii \uc1 \u238 ?n timp (dezorientare temporal\uc1 \u259 ?) sau \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1
\u355 ?iu (spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i de identificare a propriei
persoane, a propri-ei scheme corporale (dezorientarea alo-psihic\uc1 \u259 ?).
Acest simptom apare la defici-en\uc1 \u355 ?i mintali (oligofreni \uc1 \u351 ?i
demen\uc1 \u355 ?i), sau \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
amnestice anterore-trograde din sindromul Korsakov, \uc1 \u238 ?n presbiofrenie,
unde subiectul tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te ca actual un moment trecut al
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei sale (delir ecmnestic). Este o urmare a unor leziuni parieto-
occipitale, prin con-fuzie dreapta-st\uc1 \u226 ?nga, agnozii elective, cu
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de schem\uc1 \u259 ? corporal\uc1 \u259 ?, acalculie
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? (subiectul nu mai cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te locul
cifrelor. B\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nul confuz vagabondeaz\uc1 \u259 ? neinten\uc1
\u355 ?ionat pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i-a pierdut sim-\uc1 \u355 ?ul de
orientare; nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te patul \uc1 \u238 ?n spital, nu
poate localiza obiectele. Une-ori dezorientarea spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporal\uc1
\u259 ? este mai discret\uc1 \u259 ?, necesit\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri supli-mentare pentru a depista locuin\uc1 \u355 ?a, car-tierul,
aspecte concrete de m\uc1 \u259 ?surare a timpului cronologic \uc1 \u351 ?i a
timpului obiectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dezvoltare = proces de transformare progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i continu\uc1
\u259 ? de la inferior la superior, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n final la
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionali-tatea optim\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului, la maturi-tatea lui.
Nu este un proces liniar, pe parcurs au loc modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri, transform\uc1
\u259 ?ri, restructur\uc1 \u259 ?ri a unor forme comporta-mentale, duc\uc1 \u226 ?
nd la o mai bun\uc1 \u259 ? adaptare la mediu. D este un principiu de baz\uc1 \u259
? al psihologiei. La om, dezvoltarea este in-fluen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? de doi
factori: ereditatea \uc1 \u351 ?i mediul cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea specific\uc1
\u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia. Prin ereditate se transmit de la ascen-den\uc1
\u355 ?i la descenden\uc1 \u355 ?i unele caracteristici somatice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n oarecare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i anumite
particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i temperamentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S\uc1 \u226 ?mburele
ereditar de\uc1 \u355 ?ine predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii naturale, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? ca ele s\uc1 \u259 ? constituie un dat fix \uc1 \u351 ?i imuabil, fiind
\uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de mediu.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mediul
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? d. prin inte-rac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea social\uc1
\u259 ? (familie-\uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?, grup social), prin mijloacele de
transmiterea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor (radio, pres\uc1 \u259 ?, televizor).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copilul
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? anumite for-me de comportament prin
observarea \uc1 \u351 ?i imitarea persoanelor din grupul s\uc1 \u259 ?u, dar
\uc1 \u351 ?i prin intermediul influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor cultural-educative.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea ereditate - mediu determin\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental dezvoltarea
uman\uc1 \u259 ?. L. S. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi relev\uc1 \u259 ? o carac-teristic\uc1
\u259 ? logic\uc1 \u259 ? a psihogenezei umane, \uc1 \u351 ?i anume caracterul ei
sistemic: proce-sele psihice nu se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? separat unul de altul, ci
\uc1 \u238 ?n raporturi necesare intra-specifice
ce mijlocesc ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile globale cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a socio-uman\uc1
\u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de care d. psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? nici n-ar fi
posibil\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare stadiu, unul din procesele psihi-ce
ocup\uc1 \u259 ? un loc dominant \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu celelalte. Astfel, sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?n ordine: emo\uc1 \u355 ?ia, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia, reprezentarea,
memoria, vo-in\uc1 \u355 ?a, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea, sentimentele superioare,
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia. D. psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? presupune confruntarea dintre
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele subiectu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele ambian\uc1
\u355 ?ei, dintre aspi-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i, dintre constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngeri \uc1 \u351 ?i ini\uc1 \u355 ?iative,
dintre imaginea despre sine \uc1 \u351 ?i viziunea altora asupra sa. Trep-tat,
psihogeneza cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristici de personogenez\uc1
\u226 ?, prin asumarea de roluri responsabile ca personalitate consti-tuit\uc1
Diadocokinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea de a exe-cuta mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
alternative \uc1 \u238 ?n succesiune rapid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
sincroniz\uc1 \u259 ?ri bilaterale (\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u226 ?rtirea pumnilor,
mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea degete-lor \uc1 \u238 ?n evantai la ambele m\uc1 \u226 ?ini
sau}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\colw2932 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri34 \sb14 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 picioare).
Pierderea acestei abilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te
adiadocokinezie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Diagnostic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, o iden-tificare a unui
proces, abatere de la nor-mal, tulburare, pornind de la detalii ca-racteristice. D.
\uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t un efort de informare, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i unul decizional. Nu este un scop \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ci mijloc de
orientare, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia de recuperare a cazului, c\uc1
\u238 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n predic\uc1 \u355 ?ia prognosticului.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie nu se poate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vorbi de un diagnostic psihologic, ci de un
examen psihologic, de metode proprii de investi-gare (teste), care \uc1 \u238 ?n
final concur\uc1 \u259 ? la un diagnostic unic, rezultat al tuturor de-mersurilor
efectuate (examen neurolo-gic, fund de ochi, examen ORL, oftal-mologie etc). Orice
diagnostic este dat \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu personalitatea, v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta,
simp-tomatologia, etiologia, stabilind at\uc1 \u226 ?t as-pectul patologic,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i capacitatea res-tant\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului, a
persoanei, ca po-sibilitate de r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns la terapie \uc1 \u351 ?i
reinser-\uc1 \u355 ?ie normal\uc1 \u259 ? sau aproximativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Toate
acestea sunt valabile \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedie, in-dic\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se multiplele aspecte asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?-toare cu alte tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i elementul specific, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial pentru
delimitarea nosologic\uc1 \u259 ? a entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? munca de echip\uc1 \u259 ? inter-disciplinar\uc1 \u259 ? pen-
tru evitarea erorilor, cu efecte dureroase \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?gubitoare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diagram\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = instrument, construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie gra-fic\uc1 \u259 ?
care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea, evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile unor fenomene supuse studiului sau a unor rezultate
statistice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dialog }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = cea mai obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? a
comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii interumane, \uc1 \u238 ?n care dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe
persoane (plurilog) fac schimb reciproc de mesaje, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un scop comun de
cooperare sau al unui acord mintal. Cei doi parteneri interlocutori}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt pe r\uc1 \u226 ?nd
emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tori \uc1 \u351 ?i receptori, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un cod
comun - limba, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i un context comun.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = arta de a
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?a corect un text, cu claritate, \uc1 \u351 ?i respectarea pro-
zodiei; sunetele, silabele, cuvintele c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i sintagmele
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o unitate cu ritm \uc1 \u351 ?i muzicalitate. Realizarea
dic\uc1 \u355 ?iei de calitate depinde de elasticitatea, per-fecta mobilitate
\uc1 \u351 ?i antrenamentul orga-nelor, articula\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; sunt absolut
nece-sare pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia liber\uc1 \u259 ?, nefor\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? a
laringe-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii musculaturi buco-farin-giene,
al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de libertatea, naturale\uc1 \u355 ?ea mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor
fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Didactica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ramu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r\uc1 \u259 ? a pedagogiei, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
ca obiect de studiu sistemul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, formele de organizare, principii, metode, mijloace, programe,
problematizare \uc1 \u351 ?i euristic\uc1 \u259 ?, tehnici audio-vizuale, etc.
Latura informativ\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului este asigurat\uc1 \u259 ? prin plan, programe, manuale, iar
c\uc1 \u259 ?ile de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu-\uc1 \u351 ?ire, metodele specifice obiectelor
sunt cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?n metodicile respective, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se dezbate
concret latura tehno-logic\uc1
Didacticism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate defectuoas\uc1 \u259 ? de instruire \uc1
\u351 ?i educare, care pune ac-centul exclusiv pe comunicare \uc1 \u351 ?i pe
\uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351 ?irea dogmatic\uc1 \u259 ? a regulilor, defini\uc1 \u355
?ii, norme, etc. Este o modalitate exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? de a critica pe educat,
ceea ce creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1
\u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?bu\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? libertatea \uc1
\u351 ?i spiritul activ, creativ al elevului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Didactogenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare mo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rbid\uc1 \u259
?, de tip reactiv, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? la elevi,
creat\uc1 \u259 ? de gre\uc1 \u351 ?elile didactice ale dasc\uc1 \u259 ?lilor,
care-\uc1 \u351 ?i exagereaz\uc1 \u259 ? rolul, nu \uc1 \u355 ?in seama de oboseala
\uc1 \u351 ?i surmenajul elevilor, provo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd apatie
\uc1 \u351 ?i dezgust fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de studii \uc1 \u238 ?n
general, \uc1 \u238 ?nchiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n mutism electiv sau
depresie. Este similar\uc1 \u259 ? iatrogenilor, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri patologice ale
bolnavilor determina-te de conduita traumatizant\uc1 \u259 ? a medicului.
Didactogeniile creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? anxietate \uc1 \u351 ?i favo-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
fenomenul de dezadaptare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial semantic }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen
de compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie, (media\uc1 \u355 ?ie) \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
lin-gvistice. Se dau cuvinte ce trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie apreciate dup\uc1 \u259 ?
o scal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n termeni bipolari (antonime: frumos-ur\uc1 \u226 ?
t; elegant-grosolan etc). Se construie\uc1 \u351 ?te apoi \uc1 \u8222 ?portretul"
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului (ca semn \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ca structur\uc1 \u259 ?
sonor\uc1 \u259 ?), de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre subiect. Deci nu con\uc1 \u355 ?i-nutul
semantic este evaluat, ci numai sensul efectiv parasigmatic. Prin extensi-une,
tehnica d. s. a fost aplicat\uc1 \u259 ?, cu bune rezultate, \uc1 \u238 ?n
pedagogia social\uc1 \u259 ?, studiul personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (C.
Osgood 1954).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
iri \uc1 \u351 ?i grupe de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri psihocomportamentale
dup\uc1 \u259 ? care se deosebesc \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele persoanele,
microgrupurile \uc1 \u351 ?i marile colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i umane. D.
p. sunt calitative \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitati-ve, prev\uc1 \u259 ?z\uc1 \u226 ?nd
grada\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i confrunt\uc1 \u259 ?ri de structur\uc1 \u259 ?.
Se stabilesc \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu un model general al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii sau gru-pului \uc1 \u351 ?i de regul\uc1 \u259 ? uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de
\uc1 \u238 ?ncadrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n tipuri. Aceasta este obiectul de studiu a
psihologiei diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
proces de distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri sau puncte
apropiate, bazat pe inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?i-erile se ob\uc1
\u355 ?in prin aplicarea de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?riri deosebite la cei doi
stimuli.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La
baza acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii di-
feren\uc1 \u355 ?iale este activitatea reflex\uc1 \u259 ? a cre-ierului.}{\fs20
Dificultate \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = poate fi de diferi-te feluri:
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, debili-tate mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, instabili-tate motorie,
nivel cultural sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut, ca-ren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile de baz\uc1 \u259 ?, hipomne-zie, omisiune \uc1 \u238 ?n
formarea unor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee de lucru intelectual,
devieri de comportament etc. Dificultatea \uc1 \u351 ?co-lar\uc1 \u259 ? presupune
studiu de caz, descope-rirea cauzelor \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune asupra lor,
tra-tare individual\uc1 \u259 ? adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i integrare
adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n colectivul \uc1 \u351 ?colar.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Digestiv }{\fs18
unul dintre cele patru tipuri morfologice esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, ce se caracteri-
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un abdomen voluminos \uc1 \u351 ?i importante
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e vegetative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dilem\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de ra\uc1
\u355 ?ionament silogistic, disjunctiv-ipotetic (premisele disjunc-tiv-ipotetice,
iar concluziile pot fi jude-c\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i categorice sau disjunctive).
Sunt dileme simple \uc1 \u351 ?i complexe, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
argumentele aduse \uc1 \u238 ?n sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea concluziilor. Persoana
problematizea-z\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te mereu
argumentele \uc1 \u351 ?i contra-argumentele, se consum\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
este imposibil s\uc1 \u259 ? ias\uc1 \u259 ? din impas (psihaste-nie, nevroz\uc1
\u259 ? obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?, celebras-tenie, schizofrenie).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dinamism }{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?n psihologie, ansamblul motivelor, ten}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor ce sus\uc1 \u355 ?in conduitele \uc1 \u351 ?i
determin\uc1 \u259 ? conduite modificate; continu\uc1 \u259 ? interac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a. De aici \uc1 \u351 ?i restructur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
\uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dinamogen }
\langfenp1048 = proprietate a stimulilor externi \uc1 \u351 ?i interni, a
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i moti-velor, a reactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii emotive de a dina-miza organismul, cresc\uc1 \u226 ?nd tensiunea psihic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sporind capacitatea de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune.}{\fs20 \dbch
\colw720 \colno3 \colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb283 \lisb0 \lisa0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diogene din Sinopa (412-
323 \uc1 \u238 ?.e.n.) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 filosof grec cinic. Potrivit legendei, locu-ia \uc1 \u238
?ntr-un butoi \uc1 \u351 ?i umbla ziua cu un feli-nar aprins \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1
\u259 ?utarea unui \uc1 \u8222 ?OM".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diplacuzie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n examenul
audiometric cu audiometria tonal\uc1 \u259 ? liminar\uc1 \u226 ? sau su-
praliminar\uc1 \u259 ?, cu testele de recruitment \uc1 \u351 ?i audiometric
automatic\uc1 \u259 ?, al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de recru-itment ca element esen\uc1 \u355
?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n fiziopatolo-gia cohlear\uc1 \u226 ?, apare \uc1 \u351 ?i
displacuzia, sem-nalat\uc1 \u259 ? spontan de pacient c\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? el nu are aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime la o ureche
\uc1 \u351 ?i la alta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Diplopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de vedere binocular\uc1 \u259 ?,
anormal\uc1 \u259 ? datorit\uc1 \u259 ? discoordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii c\uc1 \u226 ?mpu-
rilor vizuale monoculare, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t fie-care obiect,
proiect\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n afara horopterului (locul geometric al
puncte-lor corespondente din cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? retine) este v\uc1 \u259 ?zut
dublu (Helmhoitz). Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? imagini concomitente ale aceluia\uc1
\u351 ?i obiect au \uc1 \u351 ?i o dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ? diferit\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unor
perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ner-voase, \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri fizice \uc1 \u351 ?
i se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cro-nic \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul strabismului extern.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dipsofobie }
\langfenp1048 = frica de a bea, frica de li-chide \uc1 \u238 ?n general. Este o
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? rar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie }
\langfenp1048 (dipso = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sete).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dipsomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e excesive,
hiper-dimensionat\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, impulsivi, ire-zistibil\uc1
\u259 ? de a consuma b\uc1 \u259 ?uturi alcooliza-te, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
intermitent, periodic. Succede st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor depresive. Trebuie dife-
ren\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? de polidepsia diabetic\uc1 \u259 ?, unde setea
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de pier-derea mare de lichide prin
rinichi -(poliurie). Trebuie diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
po-tomanie, trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?a permanent\uc1 \u259 ? de a con-suma orice lichid.
Psihoterapia are me-nire de a eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ia factorii externi care
precipit\uc1 \u259 ? crizele, de a pre\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpina noul}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acces prin internarea cazului c\uc1 \u226 ?nd }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se
simte iminen\uc1 \u355 ?a crizei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = prefix cu sens privativ; tulburare,
modificare, deprimare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Disabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitate pasager\uc1 \u259 ?, durabil\uc1 \u259 ?
sau permanent\uc1 \u259 ?, limitat\uc1 \u259 ? la o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
instrumental\uc1 \u259 ? (motorie, senzori-al\uc1 \u259 ?, adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
etc), sau asociind mai multe dintre acestea, care influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1
\u259 ? negativ via\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului aflat \uc1 \u238 ?n condi-\uc1 \u355 ?
ii normale de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pe care o poate
compensa. Uneori, necompen-sat\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre subiect, ceea ce
constituie un handicap. Toate dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de \uc1 \u238 ?n-
v\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, (deficitul hemiparetic, indife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?a
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? etc.) pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea dup\uc1 \u259 ? un accident
vascular cerebral, constituind disabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Pot fi fizice
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihice. Este antonimul termenului \uc1 \u8222 ?abilitate" consa-crat
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Disartrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 arhon - }{\fs18 \dbch
articula\uc1 \u355 ?ie); articula\uc1 \u355 ?ie dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, greoaie,
caracteriza-t\uc1 \u259 ? prin tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n execu\uc1 \u355 ?
ia mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor coordonate sincronic, ale aparatului fo-nator,
la care se pot ad\uc1 \u259 ?uga tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de ritm ale vorbirii
\uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile modula\uc1 \u355 ?iei vocii. Are la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? o afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-une neurologic\uc1 \u259 ? sau muscular\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i este evident\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area
consoanelor. Rostirea confuz\uc1 \u259 ?, disritmic\uc1 \u259 ?, disfonic\uc1 \u259
? are un evident aspect nazal, este mono-ton\uc1 \u259 ?, aprozodic\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea
nu afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? lim-bajul propriu-zis, poate chiar nici vor-birea \uc1
\u238 ?n general, ci doar latura ei instru-mental\uc1 \u259 ?, la un nivel
intermediar (\uc1 \u238 ?ntre organul periferic de execu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?
i centrul cortical de elaborare \uc1 \u351 ?i comand\uc1 \u259 ?). D. es-te
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de lezarea anumitor zone din S.N.C. \uc1 \u351 ?i se
observ\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni cerebrale:
meningoencefalite, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri vasculare, traumatisme cra-nio-cerebrale.
Forma grav\uc1 \u259 ? de disartrie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colw2942 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri43 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd vorbirea este aproape imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?
din cauza paraliziei mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor motori ai vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i
poart\uc1 \u259 ? denumirea de anartrie. Sub aspect gra-dual, \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1
\u238 ?n d. sunt posibile treceri succe-sive de la anartrie la apraxie, b\uc1 \u226
?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, dislexie central\uc1 \u259 ? motric\uc1 \u226 ?".
Terapia logo-pedic\uc1 \u259 ? este de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, prin
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii sistematice progresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Discalculie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch
disaritmetrie); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 per-turbarea \uc1 \u238 ?n opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizarea
aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n incapacitatea par\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? sau total\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicare a regulilor aritmetice. La copiii cu
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nor-mal\uc1 \u259 ? are caracter tranzitoriu, dar
sunt retarda\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
de struc-turare a spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului. Este remediabil\uc1 \u259 ? prin terapie
individual\uc1 \u259 ?. La oligofreni, ence-falopa\uc1 \u355 ?i, demen\uc1 \u355 ?
i, este total\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i incura-bil\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Discern\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?nt }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea unei per-soane de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i da seama
de faptele comi-se, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de urm\uc1 \u259 ?rile acestora, de a distinge
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre bine \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?u. Este una din condi\uc1 \u355 ?
iile sine qua non ale r\uc1 \u259 ?spunderii civile, delictuale, penale, sau
administra-tive. Este func\uc1 \u355 ?ia dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? de sintez\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i integrare normal\uc1 \u259 ? a psihismului, care
confer\uc1 \u259 ? persoanei calitatea de a efectua con\uc1 \u351 ?tient,
deliberat, subiectiv-motivat, fapte sau ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni concrete.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = modalitate
a conduitei acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii culte, superior organizate \uc1
\u351 ?i siste-matizate; are loc subordonarea con\uc1 \u351 ?tien-t\uc1 \u259 ?,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t intern c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i extern, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de princi-pii, norme, dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii (etc.) superioare. D. se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai prin executa-rea conform unor normative, ordine,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i prin organizarea automat\uc1 \u259 ? a conduitei
autocontrolate \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea deciziilor interne
(perceperea, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia, voin\uc1 \u355 ?a,
afectivitatea). Disciplina \uc1 \u351 ?i ini-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iativa creatoare sunt compatibile
la ni-vel valoric, conduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la auto-disci-plin\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? ia
alegere}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n planurile de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt din diverse \uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i din Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia, \uc1 \u238 ?n grupa
disciplinelor la ale-gere figureaz\uc1 \u259 ? la fiecare sec\uc1 \u355 ?ie obiecte
de profil ale sec\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau ale altor sec\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ca o modalitate
de diversificare a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
ntului \uc1 \u351 ?i de descoperire \uc1 \u351 ?i cultivare a \uc1 \u238 ?
nclina\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i aptitudinilor, un ghid \uc1 \u238 ?n
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pro-
fesional\uc1 \u259 ?, m\uc1 \u259 ?rind \uc1 \u351 ?ansele de succes \uc1 \u351 ?
colar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disconfort
spiritual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = insuficient\uc1 \u259 ? realizare a confortului spiritual, datorat
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interindividua-le
\uc1 \u351 ?i de grup, lipsei de echitate \uc1 \u351 ?i al unui climat nefavorabil.
Este cauza principal\uc1 \u259 ? a randamentului sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut al
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
Discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element psihopedago-gie fundamental \uc1
\u351 ?i specific personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii schizofrenului,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n dezorga-nizarea fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i haotic\uc1 \u259 ? a per-sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii globale (termen
sinonim cu disocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin fragmen-tarea
persoanei, tulburarea integrit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, lipsa de sincronizare a
proceselor psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Discret }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cel ce se comport\uc1 \u259 ? cu discer-n\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, care nu se amestec\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n activi-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ce nu-1 privesc, cel ce p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ?
secretul, este rezervat, modest, nu caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se afirme. Se
opune indiscre\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Discrimatopsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nume ce semnific\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri ale vederii culorilor, care in-clude daltonismul, tritanoptia, defecte
ale vederii (di \uc1 \u351 ?i tricromatice). Psiholo-gii au demonstrat
posibilitatea produce-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rii unor asemenea iluzii prin suprapu-nerea unui nou
pretext perceptiv peste vechea schem\uc1 \u259 ? cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?, pe care o
identific\uc1 \u259 ? doar par\uc1 \u355 ?ial (Al. Ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea, T. Slama-
Cazacu, W}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 und, Muller, Lyer).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Discriminare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie la nivel
inte-lectual, prin delimit\uc1 \u259 ?ri conceptuale, care opereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
comparativ preciz\uc1 \u259 ?rile g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii logice. In percep\uc1 \u355 ?
ie are loc deta\uc1 \u351 ?area obiectului de fondul perceptiv.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Discriminare
social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sociologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologia
social\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul denot\uc1 \u259 ? o tratare favorabil\uc1 \u259 ? sau
defavorabil\uc1 \u259 ? a unui categorii de persoane, care nu are leg\uc1 \u259 ?
tu-r\uc1 \u259 ? cu activitatea real\uc1 \u259 ?, veridic\uc1 \u259 ? a persoa-
nelor tratate astfel. Presupune elemente de na\uc1 \u355 ?ionalism, \uc1 \u351 ?
ovinism, narcisism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Discursiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = g}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u226 ?ndirea discursiv\uc1 \u259 ? par-curge din
aproape \uc1 \u238 ?n aproape toate ope-ra\uc1 \u355 ?iile unui algoritm logic,
respect\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu stricte\uc1 \u355 ?e, prin ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament corect
din punct de vedere formal, concluzia din premise. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal,
discursivitatea asigur\uc1 \u259 ? o urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire facil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i o \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? din partea
interlocutorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Disfazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este aspect afazic, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin aceea c\uc1 \u259 ? subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii doresc s\uc1 \u259 ? comuni-ce;
tulburarea lor de limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire este de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
organic\uc1 \u259 ?, neuronal\uc1 \u259 ?, de origine central\uc1 \u259 ? (c\uc1
\u226 ?mpul frontal 3, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i temporal, parietal inferior).
Poate fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?, vascular\uc1 \u259 ? sau tumo-
ral\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial avem \uc1
\u238 ?n vedere eliminarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihotice, as-pectele de deteriorare
profund\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? (demen\uc1 \u355 ?a) sau nedevoltarea
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? (oligofrenia). Afazia copilului, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i disfazia, au
simptome comune, ele-mente afazoide, care individualizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea de
limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i care impun o terapie logopedic\uc1 \u259
? de re\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?are a limbajului. \uc1 \u238 ?n
simptomatologia disfaziei se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te
intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ia prin cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, amnezia verbal\uc1 \u259 ?,
parafazia, ale-xia sau cecitatea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, jargonafazia etc. Mai frecvent
se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc dislexia \uc1 \u351 ?i disgrafia, dislalia
polimorf\uc1 \u259 ? de natu-r\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ?. Tratamentul este de
lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prognosticul par\uc1 \u355 ?ial
favorabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disfemie }
\langfenp1048 = modific}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 area timbrului vo-cal; survine \uc1 \u238 ?n
tulburarea de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie a cuvintelor \uc1 \u238 ?n logonevroz\uc1
Disfonemie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o form\uc1 \u259 ? simptoma-tologic\uc1 \u259 ? a
dislaliei, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin distorsiune fonetic\uc1 \u259 ?,
adic\uc1 \u259 ?, prin denatu-rarea articul\uc1 \u259 ?rii fonemului, care repre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? partea acustic\uc1 \u259 ? a fonemului, adic\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce
auzim c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se roste\uc1 \u351 ?te o vocal\uc1 \u259 ? sau o
consoan\uc1 \u259 ?; altfel spus, disfonemia reflect\uc1 \u259 ? redarea \uc1 \u238
?nveli\uc1 \u351 ?ului sonor al fonemului, necomform\uc1 \u259 ? cu tiparul fo-
netic al acestuia, stabilit \uc1 \u238 ?n baza de arti-culare a limbii (respectiv,
limba rom\uc1 \u226 ?-n\uc1 \u259 ?). Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? dislalie, prin distorsiune
fonetic\uc1 \u259 ? (disfonemia), se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? ne-respect\uc1 \u259 ?rii
punctului de articulare. Exemplu: sunetul \uc1 \u8222 ?t" rom\uc1 \u226 ?nesc este
o consoan\uc1 \u259 ? lingvo-dental\uc1 \u259 ?, iar dac\uc1 \u259 ? este
articulata lingvo-prepalatal, cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? un accent englezesc \uc1
\u351 ?i trebuie recuperat\uc1 \u259 ? corect \uc1 \u238 ?n lan\uc1 \u355 ?ul
vorbirii ortofonetice. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile fonematice, indiferent de
simptomatologia sub care se prezint\uc1 \u259 ?, de gradul extinderii sau de
localizarea lor topofonematic\uc1 \u259 ?, afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? profund structura
sunetului, deranj\uc1 \u226 ?nd toate uni-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale limbii din fluxul vorbirii, \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
aceasta, procesul comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii fono-auditive. Aceste as-pecte
raportate \uc1 \u238 ?n mod individualizat la nivelul sunetului denaturat, omis sau
substituit, creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? forma clinic\uc1 \u259 ? speci-fic\uc1 \u259 ? a
dislaliei simptomatice. Pentru elucidare asupra identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 104}
\langfenp1048 pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie de larg\uc1 \u259 ? frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, am redat tabelul denominativ al acestora, \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de aspectele principale ale dislaliilor. (Vezi Anexa C - Tab. 1.)}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disfonie }{\fs18 \dbch
modificarea timbrului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vocal. Poate fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? organic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iunile hipofizei, care aduce modific\uc1
\u259 ?ri somatice, metabolice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice, cu re-percusiuni
semnificative asupra vocii, vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?ntului. Emisia
vocal\uc1 \u259 ? este sl\uc1 \u259 ?bit\uc1 \u259 ?, vocea \uc1 \u238 ?ngro\uc1
\u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?, rugoas\uc1 \u259 ?, cu mo-dulare \uc1 \u351 ?i grade
diferite de disartrii; une-ori vocea este mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in inteligibil\uc1
\u259 ?, pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n special determina-
t\uc1 \u259 ? de macroglosie. Vocea obose\uc1 \u351 ?te u\uc1 \u351 ?or, este
monoton\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i frecvent se v\uc1 \u259 ?de\uc1 \u351 ?te len-
toare, datorit\uc1 \u259 ?, pe de o parte, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor mecanice \uc1
\u351 ?i pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte modific\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor psihice.}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 Disfonia func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului se deosebe\uc1
\u351 ?te de cea organic\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind produ-s\uc1 \u259 ? de o utilizare
incorect\uc1 \u259 ? a vocii f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? defec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
laringostropostopice. Poate fi determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de un torace str\uc1 \u226 ?
mt care mic\uc1 \u351 ?oreaz\uc1 \u259 ? volumul respirator (cu o oxi-genare
insuficient\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie superficial\uc1 \u259 ?);
copilul caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? o supli-menteze printr-o tensiune a
musculaturii laringiene \uc1 \u351 ?i perilaringiene, fapt care duce la o voce
r\uc1 \u259 ?gu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?; poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o glo-t\uc1 \u259
? ovalar\uc1 \u259 ? (fuziform\uc1 \u259 ?) care eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ?
disfonia hipochinetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie; poate fi
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?iilor adenoide care dau rinolalia \uc1
\u238 ?nchis\uc1 \u259 ? (clauza), care altereaz\uc1 \u259 ? vocea. Disfonia poate
persista toat\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu este corectat\uc1
\u259 ? printr-o reeducare potrivit\uc1 \u259 ?. Ortofonistul (logopedul) se va
ocupa de restabilirea fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i respira-\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? ce cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te bine copilul cu disfonie func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, sub aspectul st\uc1 \u259 ?rii generale, al st\uc1 \u259 ?rii
psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i al antu-rajului familial, educativ, care trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ?-1 ajute la reeducare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disfonografie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = erori }{\fs18
transcriere a limbajului oral \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul scris, conse-cin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a conflictului de individualitate receptiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i fenomenul lingvistic; con-tradic\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre structura
fonetic\uc1 \u259 ? (oral\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i fonografic\uc1 \u259 ? a
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, tulbur\uc1 \u226 ?nd at\uc1 \u226 ?t ritmul c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i unitatea proceselor de analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
sintez\uc1 \u259 ? cortical\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt frec-vente la \uc1 \u351 ?colarii
claselor 1-IV \uc1 \u238 ?n etapa de trecere de la limba uzual\uc1 \u259 ? la cea
de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a limbii literare. Terapia este facil\uc1
\u259 ?, cu excep\uc1 \u355 ?ia celor de natur\uc1 \u259 ? neuropsihic\uc1
Disforie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de afectivitate, m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anifestat\uc1
\u259 ? prin interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a irita\uc1 \u355 ?iei cu triste\uc1 \u355 ?ea;
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? astenic\uc1 \u259 ? o-pus\uc1 \u226 ?
celei de euforie, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd insatis-fac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, depresiuni; poate
fi trec\uc1 \u259 ?toare sau de durat\uc1 \u259 ?, anun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
melancolia. Este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de structura \uc1 \u351 ?i profilul
afectiv al subiectului. Logoreea \uc1 \u351 ?i anxietatea pot fi notate ca fenomene
secundare, care \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri timice.
Poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o serie de
dizarmonii ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (excitabil\uc1 \u259 ?,
exploziv\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Disfrenie antitonic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 carac-terizat
prin melancolie anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ne-gativism, ostilitate, ne\uc1 \u238 ?
ncredere (\uc1 \u238 ?n spe-cial fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de familie). Are
prognostic re-zervat, nefavorabil, din cauza evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei rapide spre
demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ic cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom
orga-nic - hiperactivitate, impul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sivitate, ex-citabilitate,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de comportament, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale proceselor
cognitive, mne-zice, de limbaj etc. Pentru diagnosti-care, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru
tratarea lui este nece-sar\uc1 \u259 ? o colaborare interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre: psihiatru, psiholog, logoped, pe-dagog. Terapiei medicamentoase i
se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pedagogi-}
\sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin29 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ?. Destructur\uc1 \u259 ?rile pot avea loc \uc1 \u238 ?n
sens negativ (hipofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie) sau pozitiv (hiper-func\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Ex.
hipermnezie - hipomnezie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Disglosie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (dis - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 defectuos; }{\i1
\langfenp1048 glossa }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -vorbire); alterarea p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ronun\uc1
\u355 ?iei multor for-me consecutive anomaliilor de structur\uc1 \u259 ? a
organelor periferice ale vorbirii. Fiind de natur\uc1 \u259 ? instrumental\uc1
\u259 ?, d. nu afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul \uc1 \u238 ?n structura sintactico-
semanti-c\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest sindrom \uc1 \u8222 ?instrumental", nefi-ind regresiv,
se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de sindroa-mele dismaturative. D. este sinonim\uc1 \u259 ?
cu \uc1 \u8222 ?dislalia mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?", fiind vorba de ano-malii ale
organelor periferice ale vor-birii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disgnozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie difuz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i incorect\uc1 \u259 ?, sau chiar ab-sen\uc1 \u355 ?a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei
vizuale a formelor \uc1 \u351 ?i c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ontururilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 Disgonosomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = abera\uc1 \u355 ?ie cromozomial\uc1
Disgrafia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = este o perturbare a limbaju-lui scris, a folosirii alfabetului
limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i al cuvintelor codificate sub forma grafe-melor. At\uc1 \u226 ?
t scrierea, adic\uc1 \u259 ? elaborarea \uc1 \u351 ?i producerea grafemelor,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i recep\uc1 \u355 ?iona-rea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea sintezei grafemelor, nu respect\uc1 \u259 ? cerin\uc1 \u355 ?
ele auzului fonematic \uc1 \u351 ?i ale limbajului oral, nici ale motricitatii \uc1
\u351 ?i orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale. La copilul cu dezvol-tare
normal\uc1 \u259 ? (liminar\uc1 \u259 ?), d. se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unor
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?e motorii sau contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii musculare exagerate
\uc1 \u351 ?i adesea unor tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. \uc1 \u238 ?
n sindromul disgra-fic, pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? componenta motric\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ? este incriminat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
componenta neu-rologic\uc1 \u259 ?, mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?.
Dislexo-disgrafia de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n patologia central\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului prin dificult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de analiz\uc1 \u259 ? temporo-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de operare a transferului simbolic dintr-o serie spa\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-una temporal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 invers.
La copilul normal psihic se constat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
formarea \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea abilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de scris-
citit nu este sufici-ent\uc1 \u259 ? numai perceperea corect\uc1 \u259 ? a limba-
jului \uc1 \u351 ?i grafemelor, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum nici reprezentarea \uc1 \u351 ?
i ordonarea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul paginii nu contribuie la
realizarea actu-lui lexic pe deplin. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest mecanism stereotip sunt
implica\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?factori de or-ganizare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?inere prin efort
voluntar" (E. Verza). \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul disgrafic sunt prezente multe
elemente de natur\uc1 \u259 ? afazic\uc1 \u259 ? care conduc la tulburarea
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei vizual-motrice \uc1 \u351 ?i a memoriei, datorate lez\uc1
\u259 ?rii centrilor parieto-occipito-temporali, concretiza\uc1 \u355 ?i prin: \uc1
\u8226 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale cunos-
cut\uc1 \u259 ? prin denumirea de hemianopsie dreapt\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
incapacitatea identific\uc1 \u259 ?rii simbolurilor verbale; \uc1 \u8226 ? dislexia
fone-matic\uc1 \u259 ? (ca o variant\uc1 \u259 ? a agnoziei alexi-ce). Terapia
(grafoterapia) reeduc\uc1 \u259 ? difi-cult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de
latelaritate, stimularea mo-tricitatii, suprimarea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
inutile, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u351 ?i a complexului de inferioritate prin redarea \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederii \uc1
\u238 ?n puterile proprii, prin terapie indivi-dualizat\uc1 \u259 ? de la caz la
caz.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disgramatism }
\langfenp1048 = incapacitatea d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e a for-mula gramatical actul vorbirii
(\uc1 \u238 ?n spe-cial dup\uc1 \u259 ? cinci ani), prin nerespectarea cerin\uc1
\u355 ?elor morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i sintactice ale limbii orale \uc1 \u351 ?i
scrise. Sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia terapeu\uc1 \u355 ?ilor logopezi
modul de folosire al declin\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, conjug\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, acordurilor
gramaticale \uc1 \u351 ?i regulilor ortografice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disimulare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = t\uc1 \u259 ?inuirea sau mascarea
unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri suflete\uc1 \u351 ?ti, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient, (bucuria, m\uc1 \u226 ?nia, dragostea, egoismul etc). Unii bolnavi
disimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i as-cund boala, spre protejarea
familiei. D. poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? a
caracterelor, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd persoana egoist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
intrigant\uc1 \u259 ? mi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 meaz\uc1 \u259
? sinceritatea, loialitatea etc, fiind de fapt ipocrit\uc1 \u259 ?, impostoare.
Uneori disi-mularea este socialmente necesar\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u8222 ?minciunile
conven\uc1 \u355 ?ionale"). Este des \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n structurile dizarmonice ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disjunc\uc1
\langfenp1048 = separare, diversitate, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri. D. poate fi exclusiv\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd leag\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii care nu pot
fi nici adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate nici false \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?; poate fi
neexclusiv\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd cel pu\uc1 \u355 ?in una dintre propozi\uc1
\u355 ?iile conectate este adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat\uc1 \u259 ?, sau c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
toate propozi\uc1 \u355 ?i-ile sunt false.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diskinezie }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, alterarea me-}{\fs18 \dbch
canismelor de reglare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii moto-rii; distorsionarea
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor voluntare cu apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i musculare involuntare sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de
ticuri, spasme}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , mioclonii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dislalia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (vorbire dificil\uc1 \u259 ?);
este cea mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? tulburare \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni organice sau func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a ele-mentelor periferice ale vorbirii; const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n imposibilitatea emisiei corecte a unui sunet sau a unui grup de sunete. Ea
cu-prinde deformarea sunetelor, substitui-rea, omiterea, inversarea lor spontan\uc1
\u259 ? sau reprodus\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce schimb\uc1 \u259 ? structura cuv\uc1
\u226 ?ntului \uc1 \u351 ?i aspectul semantic, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-sul,
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 5 ani nu
este consi-derat\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t depinde de ritmul propriu al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, deci are o
natur\uc1 \u259 ? fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? 6-7 ani are aspect
patologic at\uc1 \u226 ?t din punct de vedere etiologic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i psihofiziologic. \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1 \u355 ?ie de aspectele
cantitative \uc1 \u351 ?i calitative, de fonemele implicate morfostructural, de
gradul de extindere, pot fi d. simple (monomorfe) \uc1 \u351 ?i totale, generale
(poli-morfe). Varietatea lor depinde \uc1 \u351 ?i de specificul etiologiei, de
specificul lim-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 bii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de existen\uc1 \u355 ?a altor
handicapuri \uc1 \u351 ?i particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psiho-individuale
ale persoanei. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? modul de deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
aparatului verbo-motor se disting: dis-lalia organic\uc1 \u259 ? (anomalii ale
organelor periferice ale aparatului vorbirii: din\uc1 \u355 ?i, limb\uc1 \u259 ?,
bolt\uc1 \u259 ?, buze, maxilare) \uc1 \u351 ?i dislalia func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea defectuoas\uc1
\u259 ? a verbo-aparatului articu-lator: atrofia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor buzelor,
limbii, obrajilor, v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin, maxilare de-formate \uc1 \u351 ?i
mu\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? deformat\uc1 \u259 ?, iner-va\uc1
\u355 ?ie neterminat\uc1 \u259 ?, respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie superficia-l\uc1 \u259 ?
etc, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i o insuficient\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltare a auzului
fonematic \uc1 \u351 ?i a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei auditive. Pot fi frecvente \uc1 \u351
?i dislalii de cuvinte prin alterarea unor silabe: cu diftongi, triftongi sau grupe
de consoane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Abaterile de la natura fonemului pot fi clasificate \uc1 \u351 ?i grupate, form\uc1
\u226 ?nd grupa tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor dislalice sub aspectul calitativ. Din
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? grup\uc1 \u259 ? fac parte: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afonemia: }
\langfenp1048 o pronun\uc1 \u355 ?are eliptic\uc1 \u259 ?, a unuia sau mai multor
sunete (ex.: a\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de ra\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?; fate \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de frate); \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 para-lelia }
\langfenp1048 (parafonemia), substituirea sau al-ternarea unor sunete cu altele
similare sub aspect acustic sau articulator (scoal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de
\uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u355 ?ear\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de
cear\uc1 \u259 ?). \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz se denatureaz\uc1 \u259 ? structura
fonetic\uc1 \u259 ? exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntu-lui, dar \uc1
\u351 ?i semantica lui. Prefixul \uc1 \u8222 ?para" se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te la toate sunetele limbii. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disfonemia: }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alterarea
sunetului prin nerespectarea bazei de articula\uc1 \u355 ?ie; se
concretizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin toate formele de sigmatism: lateral, labiodental,
adental. (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 14)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dislalia audiogen\uc1 \u259 ? (otopatic\uc1 \u259 ?) }
\langfenp1048 = de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 natur\uc1
\u259 ? organic\uc1 \u259 ?, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de un deficit auditiv, prin leziuni
la diferite nivele ale analizatorului acustic; ca urmare, nu permit recep\uc1 \u355
?ia normal\uc1 \u259 ? a vorbirii, nici un autocontrol al propriei articu-}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lari. Leziunile ariilor
corticale \uc1 \u351 ?i subcor-ticale (talamus), c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor talamocorticale,
dau o hipoacuzie de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Hipoacu-zia provocat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
leziuni ale urechii medii, este hipoacuzie de transmisie afect\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u351 ?i biomecanica. Acestea consti-tuie o categorie aparte a dislaliilor,
du-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd la o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere \uc1 \u238 ?n structurarea
vorbi-rii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri fonoarticulatorii
caracteristice, determinate prin deficit auditiv congenit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al sau dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndit precoce.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\listtext
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoacuzia u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1
\u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afara unui deficit intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?
i psihic, \uc1 \u351 ?i nu efectu-eaz\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul, chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ?
exist\uc1 \u259 ? unele imperfec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni fanoarticulatorii.}{\fs18 \dbch
\lin10 \rin14 \cbpat16 \tql \tx134 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\listtext \pard \plain
\langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoacuzia medie se \uc1 \u238 ?
ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 40-70 de decibeli, \uc1 \u238 ?n special
pentru aspectele de conversa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i atrag o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?r-ziere \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i intelec-tului.}
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoacuziile sub 70 de decibeli
fac imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui limbaj, copi-lul
fiind mut, dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu se solicit\uc1 \u259 ? terapie special\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru demutizarea lui \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea
deprinderilor de labiolectur\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru ca limbajul s\uc1 \u259 ?
devin\uc1 \u259 ? mijloc de comunicare.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 Melodia vocii este monoton\uc1 \u259 ?, at\uc1 \u226 ?t }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 sub raportul intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i al \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tonale, ritmul
fiind conservat. Nu numai gradul de surzenie conteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i
inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?a hipoacuzicului \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta c\uc1
\u226 ?nd s-a produs surzenia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dac\uc1 \u259 ? este prenatal\uc1 \u259 ? (congenital\uc1 \u259 ?)
sau survenit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de 2 ani, va provo-ca cu siguran\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mutitatea, dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu se apeleaz\uc1 \u259 ? la
surdolog-logoped. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? defi-cien\uc1 \u355 ?a auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? se
instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? 6 ani, va afecta mult mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
vorbirea, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci simboliz\uc1 \u259 ?rile verbale au fost deja con-
solidate prin coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?ele lor gra-fice, iar achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
lingvistice sunt nu-meroase, at\uc1 \u226 ?t pe plan semantic c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i gramatical, consolidate prin activitatea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scris - cititului. Are g}
\langfenp1048 reut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?ierea
siflantelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?uier\uc1 \u259 ?toarelor.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n
hipoacuziile de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt afectate \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeosebi frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?nalte, deficientul auditiv neav\uc1
\u226 ?nd posi-bilitatea de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i controla nici \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
l\uc1 \u355 ?imile, nici timbrul vocii, reproduce doar ce aude, tonalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i par\uc1 \u355 ?iale sau necontrola-te, cu un volum de
intensitate excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adesea vocea-i strigat\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ac-cente de
intensitate plasat necorespun-z\uc1 \u259 ?tor, fapt care deranjeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
inteligibili-tatea vorbirii. Deforma\uc1 \u355 ?iile vocii sunt diferite,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? forma curb}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ei pragului tonal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cunosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd formele clinice (de
transmisie, de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u351 ?i mixte), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i caracteristicile de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? (apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia tul-
bur\uc1 \u259 ?rii vocii \uc1 \u351 ?i articul\uc1 \u259 ?rii, emisiei,
recep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ritmului etc), \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sediul
lezional, se poate stabili audio-metria (auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?) obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
pe baza im-pedansmetriei (timpanograma) \uc1 \u351 ?i diag-nosticul, interes\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i etapele de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dislalia
central\uc1 \u259 ? (de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = con-st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n incapacitatea de a pronun\uc1 \u355 ?a co-rect anumite sunete sau grupe de
sunete \uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin alterarea, \uc1 \u238 ?nlocui-rea
sau omiterea unor forme \uc1 \u238 ?n structu-ra silabelor sau a cuvintelor.
Termenul \uc1 \u8222 ?de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie" indic\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul ei
regre-siv, spontan sau dup\uc1 \u259 ? un tratament logopedic. Are un caracter
dismaturativ care se verific\uc1 \u259 ? prin faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? scade invers
propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
deosebit prin terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-pedagogic\uc1 \u226
?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? dislalie este favorizat\uc1 \u259 ? de dou\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri
de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii: intrinseci, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 manifestate printr-o
labilita-te neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ?, consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? unui factor ereditar
sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit; \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 extrin-
seci, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnire \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unor
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri din limbaj din mediu ambiant sau a bi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\pghsxn16834 \marglsxn2436 \margrsxn3176 \margtsxn1440
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lingvismului \uc1 \u238 ?
nainte de constituirea lim-bajului \uc1 \u238 ?n limba matern\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Factorii
etiologici sunt de natur\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? organic\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1
\u259 ? leziuni extrapiramidale consecutiv traumatismelor cerebrale \uc1 \u238 ?n
timpul na\uc1 \u351 ?terii, sau encefalitelor din pri-ma v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259
?, leziuni micro-sechelare, care exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o fr\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii fanoarticulatorii; \uc1
\u8226 ? factori somatopsihici \uc1 \u351 ?i constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionali,
reprezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i prin as-cenden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pe linie
paternal\uc1 \u259 ?, care au avut \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzieri \uc1 \u238 ?n
maturizarea fanoarticulato-rie; \uc1 \u8226 ? factori de natur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ?:
imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, vorbire infantil\uc1 \u259 ? dincolo de v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1
\u351 ?i limita fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?; supraprotec\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? de
natur\uc1 \u259 ? socio-familia-l\uc1 \u259 ? (lipsa afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii,
maltratarea, abando-narea etc). \uc1 \u8226 ? Al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori organici,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i psihogeni, au rol patogen \uc1 \u351 ?i
determin\uc1 \u259 ? sindromul dislalic, cu forme diverse, merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la suprimarea complet\uc1 \u259 ? a codului fonematic (Seeman,
1971 - \uc1 \u8222 ?Dis-lalii consecutive diverselor maladii ale sistemului nervos
central, dup\uc1 \u259 ? o leziune a creierului").}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierile \uc1 \u238 ?n
dezvoltarea vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a componen\uc1 \u355 ?ei motorii (mersul,
\uc1 \u355 ?inerea capului, apraxiile, controlul sfincterian) \uc1 \u351 ?i,
\uc1 \u238 ?n general, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
structurilor kinestezice \uc1 \u351 ?i auditive, sche-ma perceptiv-motorie se
perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu mare \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere, ceea
ce explic\uc1 \u259 ? labili-tatea \uc1 \u238 ?n pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tonusul
sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut \uc1 \u351 ?i elizi-unile. Dislalia central\uc1 \u259 ? are
urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele forme: motor\uc1 \u259 ?, receptiv-senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i forma psihogen\uc1 \u259 ? sau reactiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
prognosticul sunt favo-rabile dac\uc1 \u259 ? auzul este normal, motricita-tea
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectul nelezat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rinodislalia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o
form\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1 \u259 ? special\uc1 \u259 ? a dislaliei \uc1 \u238 ?n
care nazalitatea timbrului vocal (rinofonia) se r\uc1 \u259 ?sfr\uc1 \u226 ?nge
asupra melodiei vorbirii, cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri va-riate de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?are
(omisiuni, substituiri, distorsiuni fonematice). Deperdi\uc1 \u355 ?ia naza-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l\uc1 \u259 ?
zgomotoas\uc1 \u259 ? se suprapune sunetului fundamental vocal. M. Sovac (1956)
face unele preciz\uc1 \u259 ?ri terminologice: \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1
\u238 ?n care nazalitatea sunetelor, provenit\uc1 \u259 ? din cauze patologice se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special prin deformarea sunetului, ea trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? se numeasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?rinolalie", iar c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? defor-marea vocii, defectul de formare al su-netului se va
numi \uc1 \u8222 ?rinofonie". }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiopa-togenia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eviden\uc1 \u355 ?
iaz\uc1 \u259 ? rinodislalii \uc1 \u238 ?n afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile congenitale
labio-maxilo-palatine, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i cele dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite ale palatului
dur, v\uc1 \u259 ?lului moale (fisuri posttraumatice sau postvirale, pareze,
hemipareze ale v\uc1 \u259 ?lului \uc1 \u351 ?i ale luetei). Unele apar \uc1
\u238 ?n insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor v\uc1 \u259 ?lului \uc1 \u351 ?i a limbii (hipoto-mie
velar\uc1 \u259 ?, lingual\uc1 \u259 ?), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la lipsa de
contact a v\uc1 \u259 ?lului cu peretele exterior al faringelui.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere
etiopatoge-nic se deosebesc dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii: a) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 or-
ganic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i b) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?toa-rele forme: a) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
organic\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r. desc}{\i1
\langfenp1048 his\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (apperta) = prin insuficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? velar\uc1 \u259 ?, nu se poate forma istmul velo-faringian,
care separ\uc1 \u259 ? cei doi rezonatori, oral \uc1 \u351 ?i nazal; \uc1 \u8226 ?
r. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nchis\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (clausa) = prin obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?
ie nazal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i blocarea faringelui (vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
tumori ale cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nazale, rinofaringelui, faringelui);
\uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz presiunea intraoral\uc1 \u259 ? se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? participarea rezonatorului nazal, iar vorbirea are
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u8222 ?unui fund de sac"; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r.
mixt\uc1 \u259 ? = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coexist\uc1 \u259 ? factori etiolo-gici din ambele forme
citate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) \uc1
\u238 ?n cea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nesc form}{\fs18
e \uc1 \u351 ?i denumiri asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare, dar cu factori
etiologici specifici: \uc1 \u8226 ? cea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deschis\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18
cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri respirato-rii, hipoacuzie, surditate,
b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, dar mai ales hipotonie velar\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? cea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nchis\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de-
terminat\uc1 \u226 ? tot de hipotonie velar\uc1 \u259 ?, v\uc1 \u259 ?l cu luet\uc1
\u259 ? lung\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nchidere mare oto-}{\fs20 \dbch
laringian\uc1 \u259 ?. Toate se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n: -
despi-c\uc1 \u259 ?turi par\uc1 \u355 ?iale, asociate \uc1 \u351 ?i totale,
vegeta-\uc1 \u355 ?ii adenoide; - hipertrofia nodulilor lim-fatici din peretele
posterior al nasofarin-gelui, care alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc \uc1 \u8222 ?amigdala
nepere-che" (Luschka) care obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? vorbirea \uc1
\u351 ?i creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? rinofonia \uc1 \u238 ?nchis\uc1 \u259 ?
posterioar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dislexia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iei normale a
lecturii \uc1 \u351 ?i a limbajului scris. Constat\uc1 \u259 ?-rile cercet\uc1
\u259 ?torilor acestui sindrom lexico-grafic citeaz\uc1 \u259 ? convergen\uc1 \u355
?a elementelor neurologice cu \uc1 \u8222 ?elemente afectiv-socia-le". Ac\uc1 \u355
?iunea corelat\uc1 \u259 ? auditiv-vizual-motor\uc1 \u259 ? (A.V.M) este
transmis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n zonele corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare ale
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale pentru perceperea imaginii literei, \uc1 \u238 ?n
timp ce mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile globului ocular \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1
\u355 ?ia r\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor din text formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o transmisie \uc1
\u238 ?n lan\uc1 \u355 ? datorit\uc1 \u259 ? analizatorului motor. Analiza \uc1
\u351 ?i sinteza actului lexic este \uc1 \u351 ?i o urmare a auzului fonematic.
Actul lexic are loc prin cele trei meca-nisme de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie nervoas\uc1
\u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd locali-zarea parieto-occipitalo-temporal\uc1 \u259 ?, iar
prin lezarea acestei zone se produce dezintegrarea cititului manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
dife-rit. Formele consecutive manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor sechelare de intelect,
afectivitate \uc1 \u351 ?i com-portament (Q.I. 60-70%), cu specific de bradipsihie,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire intuitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, labilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i volitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, slab\uc1 \u259 ? motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie
pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, sunt cele mai frecvente, \uc1
\u238 ?n timp ce alexia \uc1 \u351 ?i agrafia sunt mai rar \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226
?lnite \uc1 \u351 ?i nu pot fi recuperate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dislexiile asociate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor spa\uc1 \u355
?iale sunt mai greu de corectat, mai ales st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?cia
contrariat\uc1 \u259 ? (amestecat\uc1 \u259 ?) diferit\uc1 \u259 ? pentru m\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, ochi, picioare, ureche. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri, pe
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este perceput\uc1 \u259 ? numai imaginea din
emisferul dominant, iar cealalt\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne sub pragul
perceptiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n dominan\uc1 \u355 ?a diferit\uc1 \u259 ? pentru ochi
\uc1 \u351 ?i pentru m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? (contrariat\uc1 \u259 ?), apare di-
socierea \uc1 \u351 ?i conflictul \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ceea ce vede ochiul \uc1 \u351 ?
i realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u226 ?na (S. T. Orton -1937). Dislexicul are
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i prin in-versiune de litere, silabe, cuvinte,
cifre, unele stabile, altele labile. De obicei sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite
de disgraf\uc1 \u238 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i disortogra-fii. At\uc1 \u226 ?t capacitatea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i nivelul pronun\uc1 \u355 ?iei
\uc1 \u351 ?i al elocu\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, ni-velul s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii normale senzoriale (auz-v\uc1 \u259 ?z-motricitate)
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t structurarea spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-
temporal\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i abilitatea de identificare,
ordonare, dis-criminare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dislexia poate fi: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fonematic\uc1 \u259 ?, optic\uc1
\u259 ?, literal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 verbal\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iar din punct de vedere genetic poate fi: }{\i1 \fs18
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ?, de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch
\u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
etiologic, poate fi: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instru-mental\uc1 \u259 ?, fals\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 (afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?), }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 paradislexia, pur\uc1 \u259 ?;
primar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 secundar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
(asimbo-lic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin5
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dislogie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i lim-baj, at\uc1 \u226 ?t sub aspectul formei c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i al con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului, consecutive tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, de logic\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? un substrat
neurologic evident; se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin alterarea caracteristicilor
esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii verbale (caracterul adresa-tiv,
situativ, stereotip, s\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?cie lexical\uc1 \u259 ?,
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a controlului real asupra emiterii de r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri,
dezorganizarea limbaju-lui, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i ale apara-tului verbo-motor). Sub diferite
aspecte se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze,
demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pre-senil\uc1 \u259 ?, psihoze \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihopatii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dismetabolie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale metabo-lismului. Metabolismul
define\uc1 \u351 ?te trans-form\uc1 \u259 ?rile biochimice \uc1 \u351 ?i energetice
care au loc \uc1 \u238 ?n organismele vii \uc1 \u351 ?i este consti-tuit din
dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese antagonice: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ana-bolismul, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care consta
\uc1 \u238 ?n sinteza unor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 constituen\uc1 \u355 ?i structurali, realizat\uc1 \u259 ? cu consum
energetic; \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 catabolismul, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care const\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n procese de degradare a unor constituen\uc1 \u355 ?i structurali sau
a unor com-pu\uc1 \u351 ?i chimici intermediari, cu eliberare consecutiv\uc1
\u259 ? de energie. Pentru men\uc1 \u355 ?ine-rea organismului \uc1 \u238 ?n stare
de echilibru metabolic este necesar ca alimenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie s\uc1 \u259 ?
aduc\uc1 \u259 ? zilnic cantitatea de calorii echiva-lent\uc1 \u259 ? cu consumul
energetic. Dismetabo-lismul indic\uc1 \u259 ? un aport caloric inferior consumului
energetic, iar bilan\uc1 \u355 ?ul orga-nismului devine negativ, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd aparatul caloric dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te
necesit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile energetice, plusul depun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se sub
form\uc1 \u259 ? de rezerve lipidice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dismnezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
func\uc1 \u355 ?iei mnezi-ce, de natura cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
calitativ\uc1 \u259 ? (hipomnezie, paramnezii (iluzii), amne-zii de fixare, de
evocare). Orice aspect calitativ presupune \uc1 \u351 ?i existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui
grad de dismnezie cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disociere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie opus\uc1
\u259 ? asocierii, necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?rile
intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i afective, care poate afecta grav structu-rile de
personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i unitate a eului. Ca semn psihopatologic este nucleu al
schizofreniei, al autismului, prin sl\uc1 \u259 ?bi-rea esen\uc1 \u355 ?ei
ideative, pierderea armoniei unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
continuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = nearmonizare a dou\uc1 \u259 ? structurii psihice (cognitiv-afecti-
ve, atitudinale) apar\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd aceleia\uc1 \u351 ?i per-soane
sau mai multora. Acest fenomen personal sau interpersonal dizarmonic este tr\uc1
\u259 ?it ca o stare confuz\uc1 \u259 ?, tensional\uc1 \u259 ?, de disconfort
psihic, gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd nevoia unor interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihosociale, cu
sens compensator, echilibrator. Astfel sunt: confruntarea principal\uc1 \u259 ? de
opinii, argu-mentarea ponderat\uc1 \u259 ? a propriilor opinii, emiterea \uc1
\u351 ?i recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aprob\uc1 \u259 ?rii
sociale etc, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul cristali-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii propriilor convingeri,
decizii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Disortograf\uc1 \u238 ?e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii corecte a ortografiei, adesea asociat\uc1
\u259 ? dislexiei, de\uc1 \u351 ?i persist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1
\u259 ? corecta-rea acesteia. Se concretizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n inca-
pacitatea de a scrie corect, de a citi corect, ci cu imersiuni \uc1 \u351 ?i
confuzii de grafeme relativ apropiate: m-n; f-v; b-d etc. D. poate fi o urmare a
unei laterali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i defectoase (st\uc1 \u226 ?nga-dreapta,
sus-jos) sau a unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri caracteriale \uc1 \u351 ?i afective. Apare
\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de deficit cognitiv, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
dislalice \uc1 \u351 ?i de com-portament. Terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? este
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de caz (etiologie, simptomato-logie).}{\fs20 \dbch
\nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin5 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 Disparitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a dou\uc1 \u259 ? serii de a fi
situate \uc1 \u238 ?n puncte spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale diferite; exemplu: proiec\uc1
\u355 ?iile retiniene monocu-lare nu sunt identice, ab\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se de la horopter (loc geometric al punctelor corespondente) \uc1 \u351 ?i
aceasta \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t fie-care ochi recep\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? aceia\uc1 \u351 ?i stimuli sub unghiuri \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
mod pu\uc1 \u355 ?in diferit. Prin suprapunerea central\uc1 \u259 ? a celor dou\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?mpuri vizuale se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine efectul de ad\uc1 \u226 ?
ncime sau relief. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd d. r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne \uc1 \u238 ?n
anumite limite, ea mijloce\uc1 \u351 ?te vederea tridimensional\uc1 \u259 ?, dar
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea acestor limite, din caza unor defec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
organice sau func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, duce la vede-rea dubl\uc1 \u259 ? sau
diplopie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dispersie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = coeficient rezultat din ra-portul unor valori individuale cu
valori-le medii admise \uc1 \u351 ?i care se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
afara acestora. Exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? procentual, de-fine\uc1 \u351 ?t}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e
coeficientul de variabilitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dispiazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anomalie \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea \uc1
\u355 ?e-suturilor, organelor sau a unei regiuni anatomice, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
aspecte deforma-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te sau la monstruozit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, unele
incompa-tibile cu via\uc1 \u355 ?a.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dispnee nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburarea actului
resp}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 irator, de obicei reducerea compo-nen\uc1 \u355 ?ei inspiratorii,
cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de o stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (negativ\uc1 \u259 ?
sau pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?) sau manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul deja
constituit al unei nevroze (anxioase, isterice). Este de natur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, dar solicit\uc1 \u259 ? o minu-\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259
? analiz\uc1 \u259 ? diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? (clinic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, tipul de personalitate) pentru a exclude posibilele cauze
organice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Disponibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n neurologie: c\uc1 \u226 ?m-puri corticale
\uc1 \u351 ?i mecanisme care \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? n-au fost exploatate
\uc1 \u351 ?i utilizate. Se apre-ciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cursul unei vie\uc1 \u355 ?i normale, subiectul nu reu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te
s\uc1 \u259 ? utilizeze dec\uc1 \u226 ?t maximum 15-20% din poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul
s\uc1 \u259 ?u neuronal. In psihologie sunt calificate ca disponibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile, cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele,
abilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile, valorile afective care nu sunt implicate
direct \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea cotidian\uc1 \u259 ?, dar constituie rezerve
pentru dezvoltarea creatoare a acesteia \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? indica-
tori ai vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii spirituale a subiectului (ca-zului). Imagina\uc1 \u355 ?
ia genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? continuu noi disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dispozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o organizare min-tal\uc1 \u259 ? care
orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe subiect \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit mod, f\uc1 \u226 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 chiar s\uc1 \u259 ? a\uc1 \u351 ?tepte, s\uc1 \u259 ? caute,
s\uc1 \u259 ? doreasc\uc1 \u259 ? o activitate anume (care i se p\uc1 \u259 ?rea
dificil\uc1 \u259 ?), s\uc1 \u259 ? fie sensibil la anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nclinat spre anumite conduite. D. a. rezult\uc1 \u259 ?
din acumularea, aglutinarea emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, intereselor, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
fond de tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri continue, generalizate. Ne referim la d. a. secundare
\uc1 \u351 ?i nu la cele primare, determinate de constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ia or-
ganic\uc1 \u259 ?, de\uc1 \u351 ?i includ dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia organic\uc1 \u259 ?
ca pe o component\uc1 \u259 ? a lor. Cauzele: st\uc1 \u259 ?ri fizice sau organice;
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dezvoltate \uc1 \u238 ?n activita}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te; oameni care au cea
mai mare}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a
fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia, exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd persoane care \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc
rolul princi-pal \uc1 \u238 ?n determinarea dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, factori
sociomorali \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Disprozodie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afazie de intona\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Tul-burare
de vorbire const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n alterarea melodicit\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii (la afazici),
care au un ba-gaj de cuvinte relativ important p\uc1 \u259 ?strat. Din
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? cauz\uc1 \u259 ?, ei dau impresia c\uc1 \u259 ? vorbesc cu un
accent de limb\uc1 \u259 ? str\uc1 \u259 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?. Tulburarea apare \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze, logone-vroze, epilepsie, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e, ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n bizareria discursul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ui schizofrenic.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Disritmie }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul modific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor anormale ale ritmului
encefalogramei (E.E.G) de baz\uc1 \u259 ? cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 8-12 c/s, dar
u\uc1 \u351 ?or instabile de la un moment la altul (unde pu\uc1 \u355 ?in mai
rapide sau pu\uc1 \u355 ?in mai lente, nesistematizate). Acest tip de disritmie
poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea ca indicator pen-tru diagnoza neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ?:
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni vasculare cerebrale, traumatisme cra-niene, meningioane,
tumori hipofizare sau epifizare, tumori de faz\uc1 \u259 ? posterioa-r\uc1 \u259 ?,
numeroase afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihiatrice. A. S\uc1 \u226 ?rbu citeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
aspecte ale E.E.G. rezul-tate dintr-o intricare de unde diferite pe acela\uc1 \u351
?i traseu (ritm dominant delta sau theta); d. cu ritm dominant beta; \uc1 \u351 ?i
d. poliritmic\uc1 \u259 ? prin intricarea frecven\uc1 \u355 ?elor lente cu cele
rapide. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, d. fiind reprezentate de un amestec
de unde }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diferite, poate crea confuziei de diagnostic.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dissinergie }{\fs18 \dbch
diminuarea sau pierderea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii motorii, care
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?urarea precis\uc1 \u259 ?,
simultan\uc1 \u259 ? a unor mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Poate fi o consecin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a afect\uc1 \u259 ?rii cerebelului sau a scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei
cerebrale, a m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei spin}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale, a dezechilibrului sim-patic-
parasimpatic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Dissintaxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modificare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a
limbajului scris prin alterarea regulilor sintactice, survenit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n oligofrenii, de-men\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
fenomen psihosocial ce reflect\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care
membrul unui grup social \uc1 \u238 ?l agreeaz\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?i
agreeaz\uc1 \u259 ?) pe cel\uc1 \u259 ?lalt (ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i) \uc1 \u351 ?i
care determin\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza unor tehnici de m\uc1 \u259 ?surare (E.
Bogarous), un grad mai redus sau mai ridicat de agreare a unui grup social, etnic,
profesional etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Distimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modificare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a afectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii bazale, polare, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? distimicii
sunt afecta\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de
evenimentele nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cute ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii, pre-zent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
reactivitate depresiv\uc1 \u259 ? accentu-at\uc1 \u259 ? la factorii
psihotraumatizan\uc1 \u355 ?i. Mobi-litatea proceselor cognitive este sc\uc1
\u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?; slabe rela\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?ri sociale, imbold
spre ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune diminuat. Constituie terenul pre-morbid favorabil
instal\uc1 \u259 ?rii depresiei de diferite intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
(hipertemiile de anxie-tate, depresie, euforie). Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? toate
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile afective (pozitive, negative) de la euforie}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la
depresie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Distorsiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire negativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
ilogic\uc1 \u259 ?, de evaluare eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, care constituie cauza princi-pal\uc1 \u259 ? a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. D. im-plic\uc1 \u259 ? simbolizare \uc1 \u351 ?i condensare
ce nu exprim\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul latent, dar prin modi-ficare
(deghizare) cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?anse de a fi acceptat. Dup\uc1
\u259 ? A. Bek ar exist\uc1 \u259 ? un num\uc1 \u259 ?r de \uc1 \u351 ?apte
distorsiuni (mai frec-vente \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze): \uc1 \u8226 ? generalizare
exage-rat\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u8222 ?nu sunt bun de nimic"); \uc1 \u8226 ? focali-
zare excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? (un singur am\uc1 \u259 ?nunt din context interpretat
independent); \uc1 \u8226 ? res-ponsabilitate excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? (toate e\uc1
\u351 ?ecurile, erorile altora sunt personalizate - \uc1 \u8222 ?eu sunt vinovat
pentru tot ce s-a \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?m-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 plat"); \uc1 \u8226 ?
referire la sine (\uc1 \u8222 ?orice gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ? a mea este
observat\uc1 \u259 ? de toat\uc1 \u259 ? lumea");}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dramatizare excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?
(vede numai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 partea negativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
anticipeaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e nepl\uc1
\u259 ?cute); \uc1 \u8226 ? deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie arbi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
trar\uc1 \u259 ? (concluzii nejustificate \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsa do-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 vezilor); \uc1 \u8226 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u238 ?n extremis,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? cale}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de mijloc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Distrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355
?iuni, contacte care ge-nereaz\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri pl\uc1 \u259 ?cute \uc1
\u351 ?i reconfortante prin deconectarea de preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile coti-diene, de
problemele grave ale existen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Are loc evaziunea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
sfer\uc1 \u259 ? de facilitate, surpriz\uc1 \u259 ?, umor, reg\uc1 \u259 ?sire de
sine. Este o form\uc1 \u259 ? a odihnei active prin divertismente artistice,
turistice, spor-tive etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Distragere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e de fixare a aten\uc1
\u355 ?iei; devia\uc1 \u355 ?ia aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei de un stimul suplimentar.
Subiectul este prea pu\uc1 \u355 ?in permiabil la informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
neput\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? le coordoneze pe cele care le de\uc1 \u355 ?ine.
Sunt posibile dou\uc1 \u259 ? variante de distragere:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 printr-o concentrare intens\uc1 \u259 ? a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o problem\uc1 \u259 ?, astfel
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t nu mai este}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 permiabil la alte
stimul\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe care \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mod normal ar
trebui s\uc1 \u259 ? le perceap\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
(frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ti deliruri cronice sistema-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 tizate, depresii) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u9632 ? printr-o dispersie a}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, neput\uc1 \u226 ?nd
coordona informa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iile primite, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd o exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
spontan\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Distributivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a aten\uc1
\u355 ?iei, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din urm\uc1 \u259 ?rirea conco-mitent\uc1 \u259 ? a
mai multor obiective sau ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni (operatori, dispeceri, activitate
militar\uc1 \u259 ?, sportiv\uc1 \u259 ?, didactic\uc1 \u259 ? etc). Este
posibil\uc1 \u259 ? elaborarea mai multor domi-nante cerebrale, neechivalente ca
inten-sitate; numai una din ele ocup\uc1 \u259 ? locul principal. Celelalte focare
de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie sunt asigurate prin automatizarea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs20
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 D}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nilor \uc1 \u351 ?i persist\uc1
\u259 ? la nivel subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tient. D.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dul, epileptoidul).
D. nu trebuie con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 es}
\langfenp1048 te deductibil\uc1 \u259 ? la comut\uc1 \u259 ?ri rapide;}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fundat\uc1 \u259 ? cu no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de
delicvent\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din antrenament \uc1 \u351 ?i este o calitate}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 anormalitate, antisocialitate. Fenome-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa192 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diferen\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nul se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n afara patologicului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa192
Distructivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un fel de per}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 versiune instinctiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1
\u259 ? spre distrugere. Este o mani-festare exploziv\uc1 \u259 ? a
agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, satisf\uc1 \u259 ?-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nevoia de
afirmare a puterii, altfel dec\uc1 \u226 ?t prin mijloace elaborate (crea\uc1 \u355
?ie, comunicare, inova\uc1 \u355 ?ie etc). Este inde-pendent\uc1 \u259 ? de nivelul
intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i de edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? o
modeleze situa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal. Este o modalitate de manifestare a sadismului
(devastare, demolare, distru-gere a fericirii, a pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii altora). Este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor dizarmonice,
tipic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie
psihomotorie, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de comportament ale oligofre-nilor, epilepsie
Divergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sens al coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii
bino-culare, opus convergen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Prin d. axele oculare formeaz\uc1
\u259 ? un unghi, fiecare ochi fix\uc1 \u226 ?nd un alt punct. Termenul se mai
folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n desemnarea produc\uc1 \u355 ?iei
intelectuale extrem de liber\uc1 \u259 ? (fantezia fiind principalul mijloc al
crea\uc1 \u355 ?iei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dizarmonic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de personalitate se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-un dez-echilibru net, provoc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
de adaptare. Predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iile morale \uc1 \u351 ?i inte-lectuale sunt
independente una fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de alta, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
normal \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele nu trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? intervin\uc1 \u259 ?
dizarmonie, ceea ce ar \uc1 \u238 ?nsemna \uc1 \u8222 ?un semn de degenerare".
Armonia personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii reiese din acor-dul intim \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dizarmonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structur\uc1 \u259 ? de
personalitate a unor indivizi afla\uc1 \u355 ?i la extremele axei normal it\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice (hiperemotivul, in-stabilul, ciclotimul, paranoicul,
schizoi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Dizigot }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = gemenii proveni\uc1 \u355 ?i din dou\uc1 \u259 ? ou\uc1
\u259 ? distincte (gemeni fraterni).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se opune ereditarului,
cali-fic\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nd structurile, func\uc1 \u355 ?iile,
procesele \uc1 \u351 ?i toate cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ite dup\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere prin adaptare, integrare \uc1
\u238 ?n mediu, encultura\uc1 \u355 ?ie, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre premisele ereditare \uc1
\u351 ?i cele dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite nu este o discontinuitate, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?
dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dit exist\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza, prin modificarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
prelungirea ereditarului. Subliniem ca-racterul constructiv al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?
rii psi-hice umane, esen\uc1 \u355 ?ialmente dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Docilitate }
\langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a celor ce se supun cu u\uc1 \u351 ?
urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? altora; este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-tur\uc1
\u259 ? de caracter negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, ce se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin sl\uc1 \u259
?biciune voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i prin lipsa de r\uc1 \u259 ?spundere. D.
se opune spiritului de independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
combativitate; d. este necritic\uc1 \u259 ?, nediscriminatorie, manifes-t\uc1 \u226
?ndu-se prin supunere fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cei mai tari, mai reactivi sub
raport emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Docimologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 isciplin\uc1 \u259 ? psihologic\uc1
\u259 ? nou\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nrudit\uc1 \u259 ? cu psihotehnica, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd ca obiect analiza modului de desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura-re a
examenelor \uc1 \u351 ?i concursurilor, a not\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i
acord\uc1 \u259 ?rii calificativelor, a ra-portului \uc1 \u238 ?ntre factorii
obiectivi \uc1 \u351
?i subiectivi (ce depind de examinator), \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul m\uc1 \u259 ?ririi
corectitudinii hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i al diminu\uc1 \u259 ?
rii coeficientului de su-biectivitate (acesta nu a fost eliminat, dar semnificativ
diminuat prin supri-marea probelor orale sau \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrarea lor pe
baz\uc1 \u259 ? magnetic\uc1 \u259 ?, prin introdu-cerea chestionarelor gril\uc1
\u259 ? etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Dogm\uc1 \u259 ? - Dogmatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire
rigid, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? absolutizant\uc1 \u226 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii, care nu admite p\uc1 \u259 ?reri critice sau obiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238
?n formularea unor enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri. Pretinsele adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri absolute
sunt doar afirmate, argumentele contrarii fiind respinse a priori. Dogmatismul este
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tura pro-venit\uc1 \u259 ? de la
o autoritate (intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, politic\uc1 \u259 ?), adoptat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i urmat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntocmai, rigid, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? a se \uc1 \u355 ?ine seama de noile date ale cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii.
Termenii vin din dome-niul religiei (\uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul teologic, filo-sofic,
funciar, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e ale naturii \uc1 \u351 ?i social-politice).}
Dominant\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen introdus de A. Uhtomski pentru a
desemna zona cere-bral\uc1 \u259 ? sau focarul de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie ce domin\uc1
\u259 ? la un moment dat \uc1 \u351 ?i, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum arat\uc1 \u259 ? I.P.
Pavlov, atrage spre sine influxurile nervoase provenite din alte zone ale
creierului. D. implic\uc1 \u259 ? o zon\uc1 \u259 ? de optim\uc1 \u259 ?
excitabilitate. Principiul d. a fost folosit pentru explicarea reflexelor condi\uc1
\u355 ?io-nate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1
\u351 ?tientizat\uc1 \u259 ?, ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o
stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?-toare sau
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o component\uc1
\u259 ? de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, cu rol dina-mogen \uc1 \u351 ?i orientativ; are o
dubl\uc1 \u259 ? articu-lare: biologic\uc1 \u259 ? (necesitate intern\uc1 \u259 ?,
su-biectiv\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ?; dau coloratur\uc1 \u259 ?
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective, genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? sentimente \uc1 \u351 ?i pasi-uni;
apare ca o premiz\uc1 \u259 ? a actului volun-tar, iar controlul voluntar duce la
selec-\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor (\uc1 \u238 ?mplinirea sau represiunea d. \uc1 \u8222 ?
Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a este sub dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a sub voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?". \uc1 \u8222 ?Omul lipsit de
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e este un infirm, un mutilat" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavelcu).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dota\uc1 \u355
?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ansamblu de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale,
ereditare, care stau la baza dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i a
educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i care condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?n activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diverse
tipuri. Realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rile precoce se pun pe seama unei \uc1 \u238 ?nalte d.
naturale. Copiii supradota\uc1 \u355 ?i prezint\uc1 \u259 ? oarecare fragilitate
\uc1 \u351 ?i dizarmonie psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, de aceea se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? un
regim atent de educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru
\uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii unilaterale \uc1 \u351 ?i
consolidarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii prin multiple mijloace de
antrenament. Sunt socoti\uc1 \u355 ?i supradota\uc1 \u355 ?i cei care la bateriile
de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?esc punctajul de
120. Chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n con-di\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei d. de nivel
normal, pe baza exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iului \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei se pot
ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine performan\uc1 \u355 ?e dintre cele mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalte. \uc1
\u238 ?n sens negativ se disting copii subdota\uc1 \u355 ?i, care reclam\uc1
\u259 ? forme speciale de educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i compensa\uc1 \u355 ?
ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dottrens
Robert }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = peda}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gog elve\uc1 \u355 ?ian din cadrul
Institutului J.J. Rousseau". A lucrat \uc1 \u238 ?n B.I. \uc1 \u351 ?i al
U.N.E.S.C.O.; \uc1 \u351 ?i-a concretizat experien\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n
numeroase lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri, cu o larg\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire, \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii principale:
didactic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pedago-gie comparat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
experimental\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dramatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u355 ?iuni intense \uc1
\u351 ?i relevante conflictuale; succesiune de evenimente \uc1 \u351 ?i
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii impresionante, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?nd la un deznod\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?nt. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, R. Politzer a preconizat ca
variant\uc1 \u259 ? o psi-hologie concret\uc1
\u259 ?, axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe studiul eve-nimentelor concrete din via\uc1 \u355 ?a
individu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i pe conduita lui interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Drog }{\fs18 \dbch
farmacognozic, denume\uc1 \u351 ?te sub-stan\uc1 \u355 ?a natural\uc1 \u259 ? sau
sintetic\uc1 \u259 ? ce constituie principiul activ din medica-mente. Se impune
precizarea: medica-ment = drog + ingrediente, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? termenul de \uc1
\u8222 ?drog" este uneori folosit pentru a desemna medicamentul \uc1 \u238 ?n
general, confuzia pornind de la faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n limba englez\uc1
\u259 ?, medicament se spune \uc1 \u8222 ?drug", dar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?
medicine".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Substantivul \uc1 \u8222 ?drog" \uc1 \u351 ?i verbul
deri-vat \uc1 \u8222 ?a se droga" \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul laic (medi-cal) sunt
folosite pentru a denumi psiho-tropele, mai ales tranchilizantele. Nu de pu\uc1
\u355 ?ine ori, bolnavul nevrotic, personali-tate dizarmonic\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru a
convinge de intensitatea suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sale, afirm\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222
?m\uc1 \u259 ? droghez cu medicamente pentru a rezis-ta", afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ie care
reflect\uc1 \u259 ? un consum maxim de medicamente, nu neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat
tranchilizante. Trebuie f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? precizarea c\uc1 \u259 ?
stupefiantele - acele substan\uc1 \u355 ?e care determin\uc1 \u259 ? o stare de
iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fizic\uc1 \u259 ? - sunt tot
substan\uc1 \u355 ?e psihodislep-tice, al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror consum cronic duce la
toxi-comanie. Drogurile tari (heroina, cocai-na) trebuie diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate de
drogurile u\uc1 \u351 ?oare (ex.: ha\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?), distinc\uc1 \u355 ?
ie care nu poate fi dec\uc1 \u226 ?t artificial\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci de
multe ori exist\uc1 \u259 ? o politoximanie din drogurile u\uc1 \u351 ?oare.
Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i fizice ale oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei
toximanii - chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? este vorba de ha\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?,
heroin\uc1 \u259 ?, morfin\uc1 \u259 ?, alcool - sunt dezastruoase pentru s\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, toxicomanul constituind o mare proble-m\uc1 \u259 ?
social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i medical\uc1 \u259 ?, din p\uc1 \u259 ?cate greu de
rezolvat, poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial recuperativ biopsi-hic, situat \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1
\u259 ? pe o curb\uc1 \u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ?. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a mare a
patologiei nevrotice la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta tinere\uc1 \u355 ?ii se polarizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul e\uc1 \u351 ?ecului (\uc1 \u351 ?colar, profesional,
sexual) sau se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? factorilor de suprasolicitare, inadaptare sau
conduitei de sub- sau supraevaluare. Dintre particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
terapeutice ale juventopsihiatriei, re-marc\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ?
psihoterapia, \uc1 \u238 ?n toate for-mele sale, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1
\u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te aici terenul cel mai fertil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapiile biologice, aplicate pre-
coce, sunt urmate de rezultate deosebite, care au sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut mult r\uc1
\u259 ?sunetul negativ al acestor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Preven\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
profilaxia ating aici, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n pedopsihiatrie, cotele de
maxi-m\uc1 \u259 ? amplitudine, orice referire la s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii fiind nece-sar s\uc1
\u259 ? cuprind\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd, acest subgrup
popula\uc1 \u355 ?ional. \uc1 \u8222 ?De\uc1 \u351 ?i constituie o preocupare
relativ recent\uc1 \u259 ? a medici-nei", (Anghelu\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, Nica -
Udanciu) ju-ventopsihiatria a devenit un curent de interes \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
psihiatriei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Drogomanie (Narcomanie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = folosire sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? a
preparatelor ce induc efecte narcotice, sedative, stimulative, halucinatorii,
asupra sistemului nervos. Deprinderea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de drogul \uc1
\u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenomene de dependen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cro-nic\uc1 \u259 ? a absorbirii, de regul\uc1 \u259 ? doza
m\uc1 \u259 ?-rindu-se treptat. Influen\uc1 \u355 ?a asupra orga-nismului este
nefast\uc1 \u259 ?; se instituie inter-dic\uc1 \u355 ?ie asupra folosirii lor
\uc1 \u238 ?n afara indica\uc1 \u355 ?iei medicului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dromomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? irezistibil\uc1 \u259 ? spre vagabondaj, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihotice, postcritice ale epilepsiei, du-p\uc1
\u259 ? encefalit\uc1 \u259 ? sau traumatisme craniene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dubl\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mesaje contradic-torii, frecvent repetate, care
angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe persoane, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n distorsiunea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii: ca factor
de echilibru sau de tensiune \uc1 \u238 ?n familie; comunicarea se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? prin limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloace nonverbale: gestic\uc1 \u259 ?,
mimic\uc1 \u259 ?, ton. \uc1 \u238 ?n familiile cu echilibru precar apare o
discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n comu-nicare \uc1
\u238 ?ntre nivelul verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i cel nonverbal, circumscriind sfera dublei
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dumnezeu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune fundamental\uc1 \u259 ?
a religiilor monoteiste \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se afirm\uc1 \u259 ?
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e perfecte, transcendente, cauz\uc1 \u259
? primordial\uc1 \u259 ? a universului, rezerv\uc1 \u226 ?nd omului un destin
privilegiat, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? de adorarea
divinit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i de respectul \uc1 \u8222 ?
poruncilor"}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 revelate de fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a suprem\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
profe\uc1 \u355 ?i. Doctrina cre\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u259 ? clasic\uc1 \u259 ?
despre Dumne-zeu s-a constituit sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a filosofiei eleniste
\uc1 \u351 ?i a religiei iudaice, iar teologia medieval\uc1 \u259 ? a descifrat
tainele divinit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu argumente ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1
\u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii problematice: existen\uc1 \u355 ?a
\uc1 \u351 ?i natura lui Dumnezeu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Duplicitate = caracter al unei persoane care adopt\uc1 \u259 ?
dou\uc1 \u259 ? atitudini, joac\uc1 \u259 ? preme-ditat dou\uc1 \u259 ? roluri,
afi\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? sentimente \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri diferite
de cele pe care le are cu adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat. D. - falsitate, ipocrizie, opus
sincerit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i cutezan\uc1 \u355 ?ei, tr\uc1
\u259 ?deaz\uc1 \u259 ? defici-en\uc1 \u355 ?e caracteriale (om cu mai multe fe\uc1
\u355 ?e). D. apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine unor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
dizarmoni-ce. D. este o form\uc1 \u259 ? a disimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dur}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 at\uc1 \u259 ?
= desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea \uc1 \u238 ?n timp a siste-melor \uc1 \u351 ?i
proceselor. In concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui Bergson durata se opune categoriei de timp;
este timpul tr\uc1 \u259 ?it, intui\uc1 \u355 ?ia subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
devenirii, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce timpul m\uc1 \u259 ?surat sau matematic, obiectiv,
este abstract. Timpul psihic \uc1 \u351 ?i timp}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ul fizic.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Durere = sensibilitate
algic\uc1 \u259 ?, semnali-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd agen\uc1 \u355 ?ii de distrugere prin
traum\uc1 \u259 ?, presiune, distensie, inflama\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ardere etc. D. se
distinge de suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau durere psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, care
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? la
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia dat\uc1 \u259 ?. D. moral\uc1 \u259 ? este o stare
efectiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
negativ\uc1 \u259 ? care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri autodepre-
ciative, triste\uc1 \u355 ?e vital\uc1 \u259 ? dispropor\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259
?; implic\uc1 \u259 ? poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
autoacuzatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Durkheim Emil (1858-1917) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = socio-log de renume, \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeietor
al Sociolo-giei \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice; preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile pentru
psi-hologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihopatologie sunt indirecte. Societatea este v\uc1
\u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ? ca fenomen autonom care se autodetermin\uc1 \u259 ?. D.E.}
\langfenp1048 distinge fenomene sociale \uc1 \u8222 ?normale" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u8222 ?anormale".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Du\uc1
\u351 ?m\uc1 \u259 ?nie = form\uc1 \u259 ? de agresivitate manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin atitudini, gesturi, ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ostile ce pot ajunge p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la distru-gerea unei persoane. Sunt izvor\uc1 \u226 ?te din ur\uc1
\u259 ?, adesea nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?; poate fi unila-teral\uc1 \u259 ? sau
reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?; este individualist\uc1 \u259 ?, p\uc1 \u259 ?tima\uc1
\u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cele mai multe ori. Numai o motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie morala
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? de prin-cipiu o poate justifica, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd fermi-
tate \uc1 \u351 ?i combativitate pentru salvarea \uc1 \u351 ?i promovarea unor
valori superioare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 117}{\fs20 \dbch
\pghsxn16834 \marglsxn1661 \margrsxn10248 \margtsxn1440 \margbsxn720
\pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li3048 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 E}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li3360 \ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \sa211 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin3360
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 trarea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul
unei eficacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i maxime.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li3360 \ri0 \sb10 \lisb0 \sa211 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin3360
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 E}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecforare }
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie a memoriei prin care se reactualizeaz\uc1 \u259
? informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii anterior stocate, care erau considerate definitiv uitate.
Extragerea selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i activ\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora \uc1
\u351 ?i decodificarea lor se reconver-tesc prin reutilizarea dimensiunii tempo-
rale. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n psihozele posttraumatice, presenile, senile \uc1 \u351 ?i
vasculare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Echilibru }
\langfenp1048 = stare sta\uc1 \u355 ?ionar\uc1 \u259 ? a unui sis-tem. Este o
proprietate a unui sistem de for\uc1 \u355 ?e a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror rezultant\uc1
\u259 ? este nul\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru organismele s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toase,
e. este rezultatul elimin\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i anul\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1
\u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?tient sau incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
factorilor per-turbatori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Echilibrul \uc1 \u351 ?i dezechilibrul emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional }
\langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
component\uc1 \u259 ? a echilibrului psihic con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea contrar\uc1 \u259 ? a intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii celor
dou\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri afective polarizante: ste-nice \uc1 \u351 ?i
astenice; stare de tensiune relativ omogen\uc1 \u259 ?, cu evitarea excesului sau
defi-citului de mobilizare energetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru a men\uc1 \u355 ?ine
starea pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? evitarea situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
conflictuale, acordul corect \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, repri-marea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor impulsive
prin control voluntar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Echip\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grup mic, cu o bun\uc1 \u259 ? structur\uc1 \u259 ?
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, cu obiective \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
pre-cise de \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinit, fiecare membru av\uc1 \u226 ?nd roluri diferite,
coordonate de un condu-c\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Spiritul de echip\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? permit\uc1 \u259 ? poten\uc1 \u355 ?area eforturilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
concen-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? epileptic\uc1 \u259 ?, depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?, so-
matic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = crize epileptice (de r\uc1 \u226 ?s, de foame, de a}
\langfenp1048 ngin\uc1 \u259 ?), de fapt manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri nonepileptice,
echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?e epileptice; crize de somn, de nervi, migrene, psi-homotore,
crize temperamentale; prin extensie sunt considerate crize comi\uc1 \u355 ?i-ale
tip grand mal sau petit mal. Cele somatice - cardiovasculare, gastroin-testinale,
dispnee asmatic\uc1 \u259 ?, urogenitale, senzoriale, motorii, lombolgii etc. Cele
depresive sunt greu de pus \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dar pot fi: hipocondrii, obsesii, iritabili-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate,
delicvente, fug\uc1 \u259 ?, fobii etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Eclips\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? (amnezic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihic\uc1 \u259 ?)}
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = suprimare brus}
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? a
st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de veghe, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
circulatorii pasagere; uitare; cea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? - form\uc1 \u259 ? de delir
primar; subiectul are impresia c\uc1 \u259 ? i se sustrag g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile,
ideile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecmnezie }
{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptom (hipermnezie) de
amintire extrem de intens\uc1 \u259 ?, de tip eidetic, frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de \uc1 \u351 ?oc, isterie, epilepsie.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecoencefalografle }{\fs18
tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? modern\uc1 \u259 ? de neurodiagnostic, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
princi-piul propag\uc1 \u259 ?rii ultrasunetelor (cu frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de 1-6 megacicli) \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?esuturile craniene. Este util\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea etiologiei unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihoorganice
acute sau cronice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ecolalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen patologic de \uc1 \u8222 ?vor-bire dup\uc1
\u259 ? ecou" ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n repetare automat\uc1 \u259 ? a
cuvintelor \uc1 \u351 ?i gesturilor interlocutorului. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? red\uc1 \u259
? toat\uc1 \u259 ? propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia interlocutorului se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te
ecofrazie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Ecologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
multidisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ? care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre
organisme \uc1 \u351 ?i me-diul lor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. E. uman\uc1
\u259 ? studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t activitatea uman\uc1 \u259 ?
individual\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a colectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; preocuparea de seam\uc1 \u259 ? este poluarea mediului
\uc1 \u238 ?n marile ora\uc1 \u351 ?e (chimic\uc1 \u259 ?, sonor\uc1 \u259 ?,
moral\uc1 \u259 ?), pentru care se caut\uc1 \u259 ? mijloace \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1
\u259 ?i pentru reducerea sau prevenirea acesteia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecopraxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de imita-re automat\uc1 \u259 ? a gesturilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor al-tor persoane. Adesea este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? de eco-lalie. Termenul este sinonim cu }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eco-chinezie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecou }
\langfenp1048 = fenomen de repetare a unui sunet, care prin repetare se \uc1
\u238 ?ntoarce la sursa emitent\uc1 \u259 ? cu o intensitate suficient\uc1
Ecran senzorial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = zonele senzoriale de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie ale
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale active \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a
stimulului sau anticip\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 pe acesta; c\uc1 \u226 ?mp pe care se
contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? imaginea, iar reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rile mentale se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? normal pe acest fond.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ecto }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (cf. gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ektos - }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1 \u259 ?"); ele-ment de compunere, exprim\uc1
\u226 ?nd sensul de extern; situat \uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ectomorf }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de
personalitate care are la baz\uc1 \u259 ? criteriul morfologic de clasifica-re \uc1
\u351 ?i corespunde tipului temperamental cerebraton (rapiditate \uc1 \u238 ?n
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii; tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spre singur\uc1 \u259 ?tate,
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? bogat\uc1 \u259 ?, inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ectosemantic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = limbaj situat \uc1 \u238 ?n afara as-
pectului semantic; ex. comunicarea non-verbal\uc1 \u259 ? (gesturi, mimic\uc1 \u259
?, comportament, t\uc1 \u259 ?cere).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen social
fundamental \uc1 \u351 ?i original ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
societatea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
uman\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?mplinind
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia social\uc1 \u259 ? de in-formare \uc1 \u351 ?i de formare a
omului, ca su-biect al ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i
valorilor. E. se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin comunicare \uc1 \u351 ?i exerci\uc1
\u355 ?iu, prin modelarea comporta-mentului. Astfel, e. devine proces de dezvoltare
a omului \uc1 \u238 ?n general, educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ia fiind permanent\uc1 \u259 ?,
necesitatea ei din punct de vedere practic fiind axioma-tic\uc1 \u259 ?. Ereditatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i mediul sunt numai condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii pentru dezvoltarea individului,
e. r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nd factorul conduc\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Ac\uc1
\u355 ?i-unea educativ\uc1 \u259 ? este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? drept o latur\uc1
\u259 ? deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? a practicii sociale for-mat\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-o
succesiune ordonat\uc1 \u259 ?, fina-lizat\uc1 \u259 ?, de \uc1 \u8222 ?
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii" pedagogice, inte-grate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un program,
strategie, \uc1 \u238 ?n care fiecare pas, \uc1 \u238 ?n aplicarea opera\uc1
\u355 ?iilor este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat de informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile referitoare la
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i obiect, la finalitatea ei, la
programul desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatul ob\uc1 \u355 ?
inut: comportarea educa-tului. E. este o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune specializat\uc1
\u259 ?, efectuat\uc1 \u259 ? de persoane calificate, care-1 conduc pe educat
(persoan\uc1 \u259 ?) la forma-rea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, f\uc1
\u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca factorul uman s\uc1 \u259 ? fie purt\uc1 \u259 ?torul
sistemului social de valori. E. se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?
at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n forme institu\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizate (\uc1 \u351 ?
coal\uc1 \u259 ?, familie, orga-niza\uc1 \u355 ?ii politice \uc1 \u351 ?i ob\uc1
\u351 ?te\uc1 \u351 ?ti), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n forme
neinstitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizate (grupuri \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii
spontane), cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? laturi fiind complementare; abordarea \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? a celei dint\uc1 \u226 ?i constituie obiectul
pedago-giei }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (paid - agoghia = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conducerea copilului). E.
constituie \uc1 \u351 ?i o modalitate principal\uc1 \u259 ? de corec\uc1 \u355 ?
ie \uc1 \u351 ?i terapie specia-lizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul \uc1 \u238 ?
ntregii game de defici-en\uc1 \u355 ?e psihofizice, poten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
recupera-rea \uc1 \u351 ?i reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ia social\uc1 \u259 ? a
deficientului. E. supravegheat\uc1 \u259 ? este o form\uc1 \u259 ? particu-
lar\uc1 \u259 ? a educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i speci-ale de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i
ocrotire a minorilor \uc1 \u351 ?i de reeducare a lor. E. are multe ramuri:
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n familie; educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia adul\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
artistic\uc1 \u259 ?; educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia religioas\uc1 \u259 ?, ci-vic\uc1
\u259 ?, estetic\uc1 \u259 ?; fizic\uc1 \u259 ?; moral\uc1 \u259 ?; intelec-
tual\uc1 \u259 ?, toate fiind componente fundamen-tale ale e. care folosite cu
fine\uc1 \u355 ?e, preg\uc1 \u259 ?ti-re de specialitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i particularit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihoindividuale, reali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? atmosfera
educativ\uc1 \u259 ?, prin influen\uc1 \u355 ?a convergent\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor
factorilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Efect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = (rezultat); r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns determinat de o cauz\uc1 \u259 ?
cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? sau necunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie: fenomen
obiectiv ce intervi-ne \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. E. este precizat
dup\uc1 \u259 ? numele descoperitorului sau dup\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul
lor (stereofonic, microfonic, de mascare, perceptiv, de grup etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Efecte secundare sau reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii ad}
\langfenp1048 verse }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 efecte nedorite, ale medica\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihotro-
pe, \uc1 \u238 ?n special ale celei neuroleptice (re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ii toxice,
alergice, de sensibilizare or-ganic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?).
Acestea creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dis-func\uc1 \u355 ?ii de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Efector }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organ
periferic motor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau se-cretor asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia stimulii
nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i sau umorali determin\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de
r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns la o modificare semnalat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul ex-
tern sau intern. Stimulii de la nivelul centrilor nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chilor sau structurilor secretarii,
\uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce efectorii pentru stimuli hormonali sunt organe \uc1 \u355 ?
int\uc1 \u259 ? asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?rora hormonii \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
exercit\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea. Dar ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea orga-nelor
efectoare este permanent corectat\uc1 \u259 ? prin intermediul mecanismelor de
feed-back, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t aceste organe reali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
adaptarea rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i u\uc1
\u351 ?or modificat\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului la varia-\uc1 \u355 ?iile permanente
\uc1 \u351 ?i complexe ale mediu-lui extern \uc1 \u351 ?i intern.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Efectul placebo }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (efect
de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere); modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri obiective sau subiective,}
terapeutice ale medicamentelor mai noi (substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? martor,
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n far-macologia clinic\uc1 \u259 ?). Subiectul
c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se administreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?un placebo" poate fi
influen\uc1 \u355 ?at puternic \uc1 \u351 ?i de sugestie (chiar p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la 30% din bolnavi r\uc1 \u259 ?spund favo-rabil unui tratament,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? exclusiv sugestiei). Aceasta complic\uc1 \u259 ? testarea
clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a medicamentelor, ne\uc1 \u351 ?tiind c\uc1 \u226 ?t se
datore\uc1 \u351 ?te sugestiei \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?t medica-mentului; s-a
instituit metoda placebo-ului. Modurile de utilizare a placebo-ului sunt diferite
(form\uc1 \u259 ? farmaceutic\uc1 \u259 ? identic\uc1 \u259 ? organoleptic\uc1
\u259 ? cu a medica\uc1 \u355 ?iei vechi, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? principiul
activ al acestuia; dac\uc1 \u259 ? bolnavul nu cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te natura exac-
t\uc1 \u259 ? a medicamentului, este vorba de me-toda \uc1 \u8222 ?simplul orb" iar
dac\uc1 \u259 ? nici perso-nalul medical de supraveghere a bolna-vului nu cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te natura substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei administrate, avem de-a face cu metoda
\uc1 \u8222 ?dublului or}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Efectul tare, slab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = iluzie dup\uc1 \u259 ? care
intervalele de timp influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei
intervalelor spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale. Feno-menul contrar, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd intervalul
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia
intervalului tem-poral aparent, se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te efectul slab.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eferent }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a duc}
\langfenp1048 e afar\uc1 \u259 ?; a scoate); impuls \uc1 \u351 ?i traiect nervos ce
porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la centrii cerebrospinali c\uc1 \u259 ?tre periferie
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi (centrifugi), organe de sim\uc1 \u355 ?, organe
interne, coordon\uc1 \u226 ?nd acti-vitatea acestuia; este o caracteristic\uc1
\u259 ? a nervilor motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i senzitivi ce se opune nervilor
aferen\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\b1 \i1
\langfenp1048 eficacitate); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 efectul util al unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
motorii sau psihice, care este cuantificat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai precis
posibil (de obicei cu ajutorul unor pro-be). Exemplu: raportul dintre valorile
ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute la anumite teste psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 valorile
considerate normale la testele respective. Raportul \uc1 \u238 ?ntre scorul
ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut de o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sporul mediu corespun-
z\uc1 \u259 ?tor v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei persoanei respective este coeficientul de
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (Wechsler, 1958).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Efort }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = solicitare maximal\uc1 \u259 ? a
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor organismului sau mobilizare focalizant\uc1 \u259 ? a
disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor psiho-fizice \uc1 \u238 ?n direc-\uc1
\u355 ?ia atingerii unui scop, dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irii unui obstacol sau a
unei disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?nvingerii unei rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?e a
mediului sau a propriei persoane; \uc1 \u238 ?n sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns, se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?ncordarea neuromuscular\uc1 \u259 ? sau intelectu-
al\uc1 \u259 ? care intervine atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd solicitarea energetic\uc1
\u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te un anumit prag (absolut sau
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial), cel care cores-punde punerii \uc1 \u238 ?n consum a
rezervelor. W. Wund \uc1 \u238 ?l apropie de senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile de enervare
eferent\uc1 \u259 ?, iar W. James conside-r\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are originea \uc1 \u238 ?n centrii cerebrali. Efortul precede
oboseala.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ego }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = eu (lat.)}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Egocentrism }
\langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a face din sine centrul
universului; p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 6-7 ani este normal\uc1 \u259 ?, copilul
nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iind con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine de con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a lucrurilor; altfel spus, nu face diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea
dintre ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile asupra obiectelor ce-i apar\uc1 \u355 ?in \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre cele asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?rora doar ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? subiectul, dar apar\uc1 \u355 ?in lumii exterioare lui; e. nu trebuie
confundat cu egoismul, care este iubirea de sine excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Epis-
temologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ? precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? e. este o
conduit\uc1 \u259 ? intermediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre conduitele socializate
\uc1 \u351 ?i cele individuale; este speci-fic isteriei, mitomaniei, hipocondriacu-
lui, debilului mintal, paranoicului \uc1 \u351 ?i senilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i megalomanilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Egof\uc1 \u238 ?lie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = iu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bire
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de sine}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Egofonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = men\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
propriei per-soane \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o discu\uc1 \u355 ?ie; scoaterea \uc1 \u238 ?n
evi-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a propriilor calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i; este
prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n isterie, psihoza paranoical\uc1 \u259 ?, mania-
cal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Egoism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = subordoneaz\uc1 \u259 ? interesul se-menului, propriului s\uc1
\u259 ?u interes; situea-z\uc1 \u259 ? propriile interese mai presus de inte-resele
grupului social; este o diferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? subtil\uc1 \u259 ? a e.
\uc1 \u351 ?i narcisism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Egomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (de la manie) paroxismul patologic al
egoismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Egoparie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? cu consecin\uc1
\u355 ?e dezadaptive a unui subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i
membri ai grupului sau ai societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, determinat\uc1 \u259 ?
de supraevaluarea Eului, la personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?i structurate
dizarmonic. Are tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi caracteriale dominate de
egocentrism ca o necesitate imperioas\uc1 \u259 ? de afirmare \uc1 \u238 ?n dauna
altora; condus\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de agresivita-te, revendicativitate.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Egotism }{\fs18
atitudine rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din ego-centrism \uc1 \u351 ?i egoism,
manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? negativ \uc1 \u238 ?n planul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
interpersonale prin exagerarea propriei valori, cultivarea excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
propriilor interese, prin \uc1 \u238 ?n-singurare \uc1 \u351 ?i autoadora\uc1 \u355
?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eideism }
\langfenp1048 = reprezentare dincolo de li-mitele perceptive ale imaginii, a unui
obiect sau subiect absent \uc1 \u238 ?n acel mo-ment, dar care a fost perceput
anterior; sunt imagini vii \uc1 \u351 ?i complete, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? per-
turbarea numit\uc1 \u259 ? halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Forma ei-detic\uc1 \u259 ? este
opus\uc1 \u259 ? anaeideticului. Este rar \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? la adult, apare frecvent la copil \uc1 \u351 ?i adolescent.}{\fs20 \dbch
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li3106 \ri0 \sb278 \lisb0 \lisa0
\langfenp1048 Elaborare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de transformare a unor date;
ansamblu de opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelec-tuale, prin care elemente simple,
senza-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e, idei sunt transfor-
mate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proiect; este faza executiv\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor voluntare, a procesului de crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie ulterior luptei motivelor
\uc1 \u351 ?i hot\uc1 \u259 ?-r\uc1 \u226 ?rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia
freudian\uc1 \u259 ?, e. este transformarea \uc1 \u351 ?i combinarea coerent\uc1
\u259 ?, transfigurat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n simbolistica viselor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
care mai intervine o e. secundar\uc1 \u259 ?, de condensare \uc1 \u351 ?i de
\uc1 \u238 ?nscenare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sce-nariu, prin considerarea
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Elan vital }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (H. Bergson) - elanul vital al vie\uc1
\u355 ?ii (contingent al materiei vii \uc1 \u351 ?i nu predeterminat), trec\uc1
\u226 ?nd de la o genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie la alta prin intermediul organismelor
evoluate (la nivelul filogenezei biologi-ce) \uc1 \u351 ?i care formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura continu\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest principiu ar guverna \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreaga evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie a umanit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, st\uc1 \u259 ? la
baza psihologiei vitaliste: \uc1 \u8222 ?via\uc1 \u355 ?a noastr\uc1 \u259 ? este
orientat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de toate c\uc1 \u259 ?tre viitor"
(Minkowski).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Elecrodiagnoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = determinarea diag-nosticului \uc1 \u8222 ?
discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului" prin utili-zarea curentului electric, prin
stabilirea propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor bioelectrice ale \uc1 \u355 ?
esuturilor sau organelor. Metodele pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?
ite \uc1 \u238 ?n: - cele ce utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? biocuren\uc1 \u355 ?ii (EEG,
electrocarticografia, electromiografia); -
cele care utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? stimularea cu cu-rent electric (cromoximetrie,
stimulode-tec\uc1 \u355 ?ie etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Electroencefalografie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de in-
terpretare a unui traseu EEG pentru de-pistarea factorilor perturbatori ai traseu-
lui, fiind necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? se cunoasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?
se \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? seama de unele situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii care pot pro-duce
varia\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale traseului normal: \uc1 \u8226 ? ora din zi c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? examenul (diminea\uc1 \u355 ?a predomin\uc1 \u259 ?
ritmul \uc1 \u8222 ?alfa",}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri19 \sb5 \lisb0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 seara ritmul \uc1 \u8222 ?beta"); \uc1 \u8226 ?
temperatura (hi-pertermia induce ritm}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uri rapide \uc1 \u8222 ?alfa"
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?beta"; hipotermia, unde lente \uc1 \u8222 ?beta" \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?delta"); \uc1 \u8226 ? sexul (nu sunt deosebiri evidente \uc1
\u238 ?ntre sexe; doar la femei -timp premenstrual - alfa rapid; men-strual - alfa
lent \uc1 \u351 ?i beta cre\uc1 \u351 ?te, iar la menopauz\uc1 \u259 ?, accelerarea
ritmurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i posibile v\uc1 \u226 ?rfuri); \uc1 \u8226 ? factori
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionali (desincronizare \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
anxietate, furie); \uc1 \u8226 ? terapia unui num\uc1 \u259 ?r ridicat de
medicamente ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra traseu-lui, produc\uc1 \u226 ?
nd numeroase modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Aspectul normal al EEG este deter-minat de
succesiunea cu regularitate ritmic\uc1 \u259 ? a undelor ce difer\uc1 \u259 ? ca
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, form\uc1 \u259 ?, amplitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i
durat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care se grupeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ele fundamentale ale scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei: alfa, beta, tetha \uc1
\u351 ?i delta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Electromiografle }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nregis-trare a
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialelor bioelectrice ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
musculare. Electromiogram\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de
repaus nu eviden-\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea electric\uc1 \u259 ?, doar
poten-\uc1 \u355 ?iale de inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1
\u259 ?. La efort muscular apar unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i musculare (U.M) sub
form\uc1 \u259 ? de v\uc1 \u226 ?rfuri bifazice. Modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile patologice
ale electromio-gramei se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n unele boli
mus-culare, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni neurologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Electrotonus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = totalitatea modific\uc1 \u259 ?
ri-lor de excitabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i conductibilitate provocate \uc1 \u238 ?n
nerv la trecerea printr-o por\uc1 \u355 ?iune dintr\uc1 \u238 ?nsul a curentului
conti-nuu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Elegiac }
\langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihi-ce de
lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, predomin\uc1 \u226 ?nd emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u351 ?i sentimente de melancolie, triste\uc1 \u355 ?e, nostalgie.
Manifestarea elegiac\uc1 \u259 ? expri-m\uc1 \u259 ? visare \uc1 \u351 ?i
predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru sufe-rin\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eleva\uc1
\langfenp1048 (spiritual\uc1 \u259 ?) = presupune inte-riorizarea val}{\fs18
\super1 or}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 "}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 or}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 turale \uc1 \u351 ?i
capa-citatea de rec^P}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 tare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 . ceea ce duce la \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l-\uc1 \u355 ?are spirituala-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eliade Mire*}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 8}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1907-1986) }
\langfenp1048 = scriitor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, filosof ?>
istoric al religiilor. Stu-diaz\uc1 \u259 ? la Buca}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\super1 re}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?ti\uc1 \u187 ? Roma, Calcuta;
\uc1 \u238 ?nde-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pline\uc1 \u351 ?te misi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 un}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i
diplomatice culturale (Paris - Lisabona). Din 1956 - profesor la Universitatea din
Chicago. Specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n istoria religiil\uc1 \u176 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 r}
\langfenp1048
> opera sa ofer\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de sugestii \uc1 \u351 ?i conexiuni de o
deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 valoare \uc1 \u238 ?n <jc\uc1 \u187
?rneniul psihiatriei (tehnici }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale extazului, ocultismul, medita\uc1 \u355 ?
ii yoga \uc1 \u351 ?i Zen, deschid \uc1 \u176 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1
serie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 de}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 perspective \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
incomplet explorate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Eliberare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 star}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e depresiv\uc1
\u259 ? (distimie) care apare dup\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea unei
tensiuni psihice \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungate (suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a sau dispo-zi\uc1
\u355 ?ia unui mernbru din familie, prizonie-rat, suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e somatice
grele).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Emancipare }
\langfenp1048 \super1 =}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire de sub tutel\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n baza capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \super1 de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a tr\uc1 \u259 ?i \uc1
\u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona inde-pendent; la tifl}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 er}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 este}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportament
nonconformist; nu trebuie confundat\uc1 \u259 ? cu libertinajul \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 cu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nerespectarea
sistemu-lui de statute }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 rolwi}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Embolofazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 =}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tulburare de limbaj ca-racte}
\langfenp1048 rizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui fonem sau cuv\uc1
\u226 ?nt f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? sens \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul vorbirii. E. survine
\uc1 \u238 ?n encefalopatie, schizofrenie, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \li62 \ri0 \sb187 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin62
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 EmbriogeneZ\uc1 \u187 ?
sistemului nervos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 dezvoltarea S}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 N}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - uman \uc1 \u238 ?n
via\uc1 \u355 ?a embrio-nar\uc1 \u259 ?, proces f\uc1 \u176 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 arte}
\langfenp1048 timpuriu. \uc1 \u238 ?n a 18}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zi se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tubul neural din ectoderm, care se \uc1 \u238 ?nvelite \uc1
\u238 ?n mezoderm. Toate forma\uc1 \u355 ?iile ulterioare au caracteristici
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, sunt specifice ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Emergent }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teoria evolu\uc1
\u355 ?iei cu privire la procesul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii (Morgan). Teo-ria
sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia noilor calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i este absolut spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
imprevizibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Ast-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fel, \uc1 \u238 ?n
dezvoltarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, un nou com-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 portament apare din altul
anterior f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a putea fi redus la acesta.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Emerofonie }{\fs18
tulburare de vorbire ca-racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin blocaj verbal ap\uc1 \u259 ?
rute \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul nop\uc1 \u355 ?ii; apare \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze, st\uc1
\u259 ?ri anxioase, schizofrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Emetropie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = posibilitate normal\uc1 \u259 ? a
re-frac\uc1 \u355 ?iei oculare, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd focaliza-rea \uc1 \u238 ?n
centrul retinian, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a aco-mod\uc1 \u259 ?rii. In acest
fel
percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia distan\uc1 \u355 ?ei infinite se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe
retin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n con-di\uc1 \u355 ?ii de repaos.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Emotivitate }{\fs18 \dbch
predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre tr\uc1 \u259 ?i-rea frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i intens\uc1 \u259 ? a emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i primar\uc1 \u259 ? care apare p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele mai ne\uc1 \u238 ?nsemnate incita\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cre\uc1
\u226 ?nd dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective profunde \uc1 \u351 ?i de lung\uc1 \u259 ?
durat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? la un stimul sau
o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie oarecum nou\uc1 \u259 ?, nea\uc1 \u351 ?tep-tat\uc1 \u259 ?
sau care are o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica-\uc1 \u355 ?ie; pot fi, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
natura stimulului, pozi-tive sau negative, deci tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite cu o stare de
confort psihic, relaxare, satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau \uc1 \u238 ?ncordare,
depresie, nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, disconfort. Sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u226 ?nd coexis-t\uc1 \u259 ? ambii poli, subiectul
tr\uc1 \u259 ?ind o stare conflictual\uc1 \u259 ? de atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie -
respingere. Ambivalen\uc1 \u355 ?a poate avea valoare de simptom patologic
relev\uc1 \u226 ?nd disociativi-tate. E. se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
grade diferite de intensitate, de la foarte slabe la mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
explozive. Cele de intensitate medie au rol poten\uc1 \u355 ?iator al
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Din punct de vedere genetic, evolutiv \uc1 \u351
?i al nivelului integrator, se disting e. pri-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 mare \uc1 \u351 ?i secundare. Cele primare (afecte), spontane,
involuntare, de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, asemenea instinctelor, sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale,
gestic\uc1 \u259 ?, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegetative. E. comple-xe se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? mai slab, \uc1 \u238 ?n modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i mai
rafinate, influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de conven\uc1 \u355 ?iile socioculturale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Empatie }
\langfenp1048 = fenomen psihic (}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie sim-patetic\uc1
\u259 ? Bergson), de identificare emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? cu tr\uc1 \u259
?irile altei persoane, \uc1 \u238 ?n con-sonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu altul. Se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de simpatie, care e o stare
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? con-\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u8222 ?a sim\uc1 \u355 ?i cu" iar e., \uc1 \u8222 ?a sim\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n" (senzitivitate interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?) (o simetrie EU-EU). E.
st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza identific\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii psihologice a celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Empiric }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aspect al cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii care se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pe
observarea \uc1 \u351 ?i sesizarea perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ? a obiectului, spre
deosebire de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele teoretice, baza-te pe logic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i subordonate de ra\uc1 \u355 ?iona-litate. Prin metoda
empiric\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege totalitatea procedeelor
experimentale uti-lizate \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Empirism }
\langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie epistemologic\uc1 \u259 ? opus\uc1 \u259 ?
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalismului, care solu\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? unilateral \uc1
\u351 ?i simplist problematica gno-sologic\uc1 \u259 ?, postul\uc1 \u226 ?nd
primatul experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei perceptive comune \uc1 \u238 ?n dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea \uc1 \u351 ?i veri-ficarea tuturor cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Neput\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? explice \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?-tor temeiul obiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?tii, al certitudinii
datelor senzoriale \uc1 \u351 ?i ale metodei inducti-ve, empirismul clasic a tratat
\uc1 \u238 ?n spirit relativist valoarea cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii. Incapaci-tatea
total\uc1 \u259 ? de a explica geneza \uc1 \u351 ?i struc-tura abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor teoretice \uc1 \u351 ?i a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale cu caracter
apodictic; a cunos-cut e\uc1 \u351 ?ecul deplin al acestor orient\uc1 \u259 ?ri
epistemologice (dup\uc1 \u259 ? teoria kantian\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Termenul exprim\uc1 \u259
? o atitudine exagerat pragmatic\uc1 \u259 ?, desconsider\uc1 \u226 ?nd generali-
z\uc1 \u259 ?rile teoretice, adev\uc1 \u259 ?rurile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice \uc1 \u351 ?i normale ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ce decurg din aces-tea.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Encefal }{\fs18
partea principal\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemu-lui nervos central (SNC) situat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cutia cranian\uc1 \u259 ?. P\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ile
componente care-1 alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc: \uc1 \u8226 ? trunchiul cerebral (mezen-
cefal, puntea lui Varoni, bulb rahidian); \uc1 \u8226 ? cerebelul, \uc1 \u8226 ?
diencefalul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? telence-falul (emisferele cerebrale). E.
este organul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Este un ansamblu morfohistolo-gic de o complexitate
deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n bun\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?
necunoscut, caracterizat \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin modul de
distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i pondere a substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei cenu\uc1 \u351
?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i albe (Arseni, Golu, D\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?il\uc1 \u259 ?,
1983). Este sediul SN dotat cu cea mai complex\uc1 \u259 ? capacitate de
programare; func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? programe
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate genetic (relativ limitate \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite
majorita-tea prin \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, care asigur\uc1 \u259
? baza psihofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor adapta-
tive umane. (Vezi Anexe - Fig. 15)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Encefalit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces inflamator care}{\fs18
afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? por\uc1 \u355 ?iuni cerebrale, asociat cu un infiltrat
inflamator perivascular. Clinic se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin prezen\uc1
\u355 ?a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice (nespecifice \uc1 \u351 ?i de intensitate
variabil\uc1 \u259 ?). Dup\uc1 \u259 ? straturile sau componentele cerebrale
afectate, e. antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? diverse tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri vegetative,
motorii, intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihocomporta-mentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Encefalografia gazoas\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = (sin. pneu-moencefalografia); metod\uc1 \u259 ? radiologic\uc1
\u259 ? de investigare a con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului cutiei cra-niene folosind drept
mijloc de contrast aerul. Poate fi total\uc1 \u259 ? sau frac\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ?, caz \uc1 \u238 ?n care progresia contrastului gazos}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este urm\uc1 \u259 ?
rit\uc1 \u259 ? etap\uc1 \u259 ? cu etap\uc1 \u259 ?, vizual. Are indica\uc1
\u355 ?ii largi; tumori, malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii vas-culare, atrofii, inflama\uc1
\u355 ?ii meningiale \uc1 \u351 ?i cerebrale. Are contraindica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
minime. E.g. total\uc1 \u259 ? are un scop orientativ, fiind utilizat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n traumatologie, \uc1 \u238 ?n inventari-erea leziunilor
inflamatorii ale S.N. \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n suspiciunile unui proces \uc1
\u238 ?nlocuitor de spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u238 ?n care fundul de ochi nu
indic\uc1 \u259 ? prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a hipertensiunii intra-craniene.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Encefalopatii infantile
sechelare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 af}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni cerebrale cu caracter congeni-tal sau
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit (fie la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n prima
copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie), care determin\uc1 \u259 ? oprirea \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltare a
creierului copilului. Un num\uc1 \u259 ?r ridicat de factori nocivi exogeni, care
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra sistemului nervos central, antenatal (al
embrionului, f\uc1 \u259 ?tu-lui), perinatal sau postnatal, deci \uc1 \u238 ?nainte
de matura\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de extensitatea \uc1
\u351 ?i intensitatea leziunilor produc tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neuropsihice de o mare
diversitate. Lezi-unile au fie un }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 caracter func\uc1 \u355 ?ional }
\langfenp1048 tran-zitor, cu restitu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ie ulterioar\uc1
\u259 ? integral\uc1 \u259 ?, fie un }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 caracter structural }{\fs18
distructiv, irever-sibil, gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ultim\uc1 \u259 ?
instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cica-trici, sechele definitive. Acest aspect
constituie factorul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial definitoriu al sindromului denumit \uc1
\u8222 ?encefalopatie in-fantil\uc1 \u259 ? sechelar\uc1 \u259 ?". Din punct de
vedere clinic, terapeutic \uc1 \u351 ?i prognostic, factorul etiologic are o
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? relativ redus\uc1 \u259 ?, de o mai mare
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie fiind mo-mentul agresiunii. Acest moment gene-reaz\uc1
\u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea a dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme funda-mentale de
encefalopatii infantile seche-lare; \uc1 \u8226 ? embiopatiile determinate de lezi-
uni intracraniene \uc1 \u238 ?n primele trei luni de sarcin\uc1 \u259 ?,
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? organogenetic\uc1 \u259 ? care se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
clinic prin anomalii de dezvoltare, malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
monstruozi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i; \uc1 \u8226 ? fetopatiile \uc1 \u351 ?i
encefalopatiile deter-minate peri sau postnatal (traum\uc1 \u259 ?, tumoare,
maladie) anterior maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 depline a S.N. caracterizate prin leziuni
distructive ale encefalului imatur, dar conturat \uc1 \u238 ?n morfologia sa
general\uc1 \u259 ?. Dintre mijloacele de investigare, pneumoencefalografia \uc1
\u351 ?i electroencefa-lografia pot fi utile \uc1 \u238 ?n evaluarea defici-tului
anatomic \uc1 \u351 ?i, uneori, \uc1 \u238 ?n confirma-rea diagnosticului de
encefalopatie. Clinic se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri neu-
rologice, deficit motor \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic (\uc1 \u238 ?napo-iere mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, imaturitate, instabilitate psiho-motorie).}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
Combaterea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eficient\uc1 \u259 ? a encefalopatiilor infantile
sechelare, problem\uc1 \u259 ? cu ample repercusiuni socia-le, economice \uc1 \u351
?i psihologice, impune \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd m\uc1 \u259 ?suri
profilactice, care au ca prim reper cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea etiologiei. Odat\uc1
\u259 ? instalate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile, terapia com-plex\uc1 \u259 ? va fi
orientat\uc1 \u259 ? spre combaterea deficien\uc1 \u355 ?elor evidente \uc1 \u351 ?
i evitarea com-plic\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, a reducerii handicapului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
gradului de dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18
Encefaloza }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? cro-
nic\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin leziuni dege-nerative (\uc1 \u351 ?i
nu inflamatorii infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase) ale masei neuronale, de origine meta-
bolic\uc1 \u259 ? sau vascular\uc1 \u259 ?. E., sinonim cu en-cefalopatia, cu
etiologie toxic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i in-fec\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii autori, ce o incri-mineaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia delirimului tre-mens.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Encopresie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incontenen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a materiilor fecale, ce sur}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vin la unii copii (analogic
enureziei) \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul somnului nocturn.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Encoprezis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = defeca\uc1 \u355 ?ie
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ? care apare \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?
rei leziuni organice ce ar putea s\uc1 \u259 ? o explice. La copii pare a fi
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de factori psihoafectivi stresan\uc1 \u355 ?i, adesea pe un
te-ren de imaturitate psiho-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Bene-ficiaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n larg\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de metode psiho-terapice.}
\langfenp1048 Encultura\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?n antropologia
cultura-l\uc1 \u259 ?) desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? procesul de asimilare a valorilor \uc1
\u351 ?i componentelor, sub forma unei \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri continue pe toat\uc1 \u259 ? perioada vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1
\u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, e. este global\uc1 \u259 ?, nedi-feren\uc1 \u355 ?
iat\uc1 \u259 ? (prin exces de imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie), \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce \uc1
\u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a matur\uc1 \u259 ? ea devine refle-xiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
selectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, creatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Endocrinologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? biomedica-
l\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca obiect glandele cu secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie
intern\uc1 \u259 ?. Primul tratat d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e endocrinologie a fost publicat
\uc1 \u238 ?n 1909 de savantul rom\uc1 \u226 ?n C. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parhon,
profesor de neurologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatrie la Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i. Lui i se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? teoria determinismului endocrin, al psihozelor afective ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i sistematizarea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice care \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc endocrinopatiile. Studiul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihohormonale
face obiectul psihoendocrinologiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Endofazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = formulare verbal\uc1 \u259 ?
interiori-zat\uc1 \u259 ?, lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de reprezentarea mental\uc1 \u259 ? a
propriei voci. Sinonim cu limbajul inte-rior.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Endogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = factori patogeni interni, \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ? insuficient elucida\uc1 \u355 ?i, care ar determina \uc1 \u238 ?n
principal schizofrenia \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoza mani-aco-depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fapt
pentru care aceste boli sunt cunoscute \uc1 \u351 ?i sub denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?
psihoze endogene". Termenul este opus exogenului, stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ii venite din
mediul extern.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Endomorf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ermenul indic\uc1 \u259 ? tipul de
personalitate pe criteriul de dezvoltare \uc1 \u238 ?n care predomin\uc1 \u259 ?
organele interne, a visce-relor; ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i au corpul
gras, moale, rotund, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? relief muscular, iar viscerele \uc1
\u351 ?i aparatul digestiv ocup\uc1 \u259 ? un loc important. Acestui tip
morfologic \uc1 \u238 ?i corespunde temperamentul \uc1 \u8222 ?viscerato-nic",
caracterizat prin sociabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i dra-goste de m\uc1 \u226 ?ncare.}
\langfenp1048 Endomorflne }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grup de peptide endo-gene dotate cu
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii biologice asem\uc1 \u259 ?-n\uc1 \u259 ?toare efectelor
farmacologice ale morfinei \uc1 \u351 ?i care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
competitiv cu aceasta \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te fixarea de
receptori pentru opiacee, situate pe membranele celulare din \uc1 \u355 ?esutul
cere-bral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Endomorfism }
{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n tipologia lui
W.H. Sheldon, ansamblul caracteristicilor en-domorfismului: toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de se-meni \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de propria persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, nevo-ia de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1
\u351 ?i aprobare din partea celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i, atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru
confort \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii".}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Energie }
\langfenp1048 = termen care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca-pacitatea global\uc1 \u259 ?
de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a unui sis-tem. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? un nivel optim al energiei
poten\uc1 \u355 ?iale care permite o bun\uc1 \u259 ? recep-\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a
excita\uc1 \u355 ?iilor exterioare, deter-min\uc1 \u226 ?nd o excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie
echilibrat\uc1 \u259 ? a energi-ei de-a lungul c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor sistemului nervos,
prin care organismul \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?i-
n\uc1 \u259 ? sau s\uc1 \u259 ? restabileasc\uc1 \u259 ? acest nivel con-stant.
Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
caracteriza-te prin nivele de energie nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? care difer\uc1 \u259 ?,
mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in calitativ, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de nivelul
optim. G\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea este un exemplu de proces care func\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u8222 ?energie legat\uc1 \u259 ?", implic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia cu cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
energie ce favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? excitarea pro}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cesului g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Engramare }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor prin care se produce stocarea
informa-\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n memorie, \uc1 \u238 ?n unit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i conven\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale specifice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se admite c\uc1 \u259 ? ar exista
dou\uc1 \u259 ? etape diferite care ar caracteriza acest proces. \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n prima faz\uc1 \u259 ?, informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia primit\uc1 \u259 ? din
memoria senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care urmele sti-mulilor se p\uc1 \u259
?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in de 0,5 secunde; este preluat\uc1 \u259 ?
de memoria pri-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mar\uc1 \u259 ? (cu
durat\uc1 \u259 ? mai mare, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cinci minute), \uc1 \u238
?n care se produce o prelucrare corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, codificat\uc1 \u259 ? la acest nivel, pe suport bioelectric. Engramarea
este \uc1 \u238 ?n acest moment vulne-rabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alterabil\uc1
\u259 ? sub efectul unor agre-siuni externe (un \uc1 \u351 ?oc psihic, anestezie,
anoxe etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M.
Golu afirm\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? baza neurofizi-ologic\uc1 \u259 ? a acestui
nivel ar fi constituit\uc1 \u259 ? de re\uc1 \u355 ?ele reverberante (adic\uc1
\u259 ? cu proprietatea de readucere \uc1 \u8222 ?la intrare" a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei de la \uc1 \u8222 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire"). \uc1 \u8226 ? Faza a doua este cea a
memoriz\uc1 \u259 ?rii de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? o baz\uc1 \u259 ? stabil\uc1
\u259 ?, iar ope-ratorii de engramare indexeaz\uc1 \u259 ? engrame-le la adrese
precise, de unde pot fi reac-tualizate. Engrama devine rezistent\uc1 \u259 ? la
agresiune \uc1 \u351 ?i persisten\uc1 \u355 ?a ei \uc1 \u238 ?n timp este,
teoretic, nelimitat\uc1 \u259 ?. Ca suport biochimic al memoriei de lung\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? a fost presu-pus acidul dezoxiribonucleic, de pe care
acidul ribonucleic ar transforma infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ia codificat\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cu toat\uc1
\u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?a acestei pro-bleme \uc1 \u351 ?i tot efortul f\uc1
\u259 ?cut \uc1 \u238 ?n laboratoarele de cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri, \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ? nu s-a ajuns la o teorie coerent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
verificabil\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului de engramare. Ultimii ani au adus date noi cu
privire la rolul sistemului hormonal \uc1 \u351 ?i al endorfinelor \uc1 \u238 ?n
procesul memoriz\uc1 \u259 ?rii. (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 16)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Engram\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
termenul indic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?amprenta" care r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne
fixat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul nervos \uc1 \u238 ?n urma fiec\uc1 \u259 ?
rei experien\uc1 \u355 ?e senzoriale tr\uc1 \u259 ?i-te, \uc1 \u238 ?n plan neural,
s-ar traduce ca model al unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Conceptul se leag\uc1 \u259 ? de
memorie, de func\uc1 \u355 ?iile de fixare, evocare, reactualizare, iar studiile de
psiho-neurologie \uc1 \u351 ?i biochimie celular\uc1 \u259 ? au adus
contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de valoare \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te
metabolismul neuronal \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ionali-tatea acestuia \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul circuitelor n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 euronale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Entitate }{\fs18 \dbch
esen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui lucru, obiect, sistem, construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd esen\uc1 \u355 ?a, determinarea fiind unitar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i concret\uc1 \u259 ? (corespunde conceptului, prin-cipiu, categorie).
In terminologia actua-l\uc1 \u259 ?, prin e. se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege o
form\uc1 \u259 ? distinct\uc1 \u259 ? de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
delimitat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o serie de atribute care-i confer\uc1 \u259 ? unitate,
identita-te \uc1 \u351 ?i individualitate, separ\uc1 \u226 ?nd-o de alte p\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i cu care este inconfundabil\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n
medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul de entitate clinic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 Entropia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n fizic\uc1
\u259 ?, dar prin extrapolare; Shanon o refer\uc1 \u259 ? la ni-vel informa\uc1
\u355 ?ional, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? exprim\uc1 \u259 ? gradul de
dezorganizare a unui sistem, plec\uc1 \u226 ?nd de la ideea c\uc1 \u259 ?
echilibrul siste-mului este asigurat de starea cu cea mai mare probabilitate.
Entropia semnific\uc1 \u259 ? dezordine \uc1 \u351 ?i uniformizare, iar
informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ia semnific\uc1 \u259 ? ordine \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iere. \uc1 \u238 ?n lumina acestei concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, toate sisteme-le
biologice devin antientropice, feno-menul biologic opun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1
\u238 ?n perma-nen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii entropiei. Cu c\uc1
\u226 ?t un sis-tem biologic este mai complex, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?i
scade mai mult entropia. Din acest punct de vedere, sistemul nervos, psi-hismul,
sunt considerate sisteme cu cea mai mare ordine \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitate de infor-
ma\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Boala psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este privit\uc1 \u259 ? ca un fenomen de
cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a entropiei, a de-zordinei \uc1 \u351 ?i dezorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?
rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Entropie
negati}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (negentropie); \uc1 \u238 ?n termodinamica
actual\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
extensie \uc1 \u238 ?n toate \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele ce folo-sesc analiza
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, desemnea-z\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? fie
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei energii nedegra-date, apte de a efectua o ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune, un lucru oarecare; \uc1 \u8226 ? fie energia poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?
continu\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n compu\uc1 \u351 ?i cu entropie mic\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? fie ceea ce duce la o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n
starea de organizare prin noi achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ii infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
\uc1 \u351 ?i deci o m\uc1 \u259 ?rire a gradului de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 probabilitate cu care se
pot face predic\uc1 \u355 ?ii asupra comportamentului sistemului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Entuziasm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de
exaltare, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o activitate creativ\uc1
\u259 ?, a unor scopuri cu valoare social\uc1 \u259 ?; emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie pro-
vocat\uc1 \u259 ? de izb\uc1 \u226 ?nda unei idei, de un eveni-ment, de o \uc1
\u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? apreciere dat\uc1 \u259 ? realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
E. presupune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 puternice, pas}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iune, constan\uc1
\u355 ?a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor de realizare a scopurilor; e.
este o constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea care propulseaz\uc1 \u259 ?
persoana \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea unor obiective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Enun\uc1 \u355 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = secven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? finit\uc1 \u259 ? a unei idei, a unui principiu,
constituit\uc1 \u259 ? ca exprimare a unui sens, a unui \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
eles complet. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd enun\uc1 \u355 ?ul are un caracter declarativ (de
afirmare sau negare a ceva despre altceva), el este forma lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? de
exprimare a unei judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de predic\uc1 \u355 ?ie. E.
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? persoanele normale, echilibrate, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?n
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu nivelul de
instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de latura psihismului care
sufer\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri (de nivelul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1
\u351 ?i al afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, se re-flect\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n modul de formulare al enun\uc1 \u355 ?u-rilor, o abatere de la normal
(paranoicii, obsesivo-depresivii, etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Enurezis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulb}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 urare (copil pre\uc1
\u351 ?colar, \uc1 \u351 ?colar) ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pierderea
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i repetat\uc1 \u259 ? a urinei (noaptea \uc1
\u238 ?n timpul somnului sau mai rar, ziua), dup\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de
2-3 ani; e. este de dou\uc1 \u259 ? ori mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? la b\uc1 \u259 ?
ie\uc1 \u355 ?i dec\uc1 \u226 ?t la fete. E. este provocat \uc1 \u238 ?n mai
mic\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de cauze organice (lipsa unor leziuni
ale aparatu-lui urinar sau ale altor boli), fiind atribuit unor factori psihogeni,
factori de mediu (temperatur\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?),
caren\uc1 \u355 ?e educa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale, imaturitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
fragilitate a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, demisie \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1
\u355 ?a efortului de antrenament a mic\uc1 \u355 ?iunii (se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te
sugestia \uc1 \u351 ?i hipnoza \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoterapie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Epicritic - epicritic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calificativ dat formelor de sensibilitate apte s\uc1
\u259 ? opere-ze discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?ri fine, s\uc1 \u259 ? reproduc\uc1 \u259 ?
pro-priet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile stimulului, \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cu sensibilitatea primar\uc1 \u259 ?, difuz\uc1 \u259 ?, calificat\uc1 \u259 ? ca
protopatic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisb0
Epifiz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. glanda pineal\uc1 \u259 ?; o gland\uc1 \u259 ?
endocrin\uc1 \u259 ?, endocranian\uc1 \u226 ?, cu rol sincro-nizator,
implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n organizarea sezo-nier\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor cerebrale, \uc1 \u238 ?n special al celor corelate cu reproducerea, cu
echi-librul electronic al organismului, legat\uc1 \u259 ? de activitatea
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? simpatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile
primite asupra ritmurilor biologice endogene. Hormonul glandei este melatonina,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept precursor seratonina, cu ritm circadian, melato-nina fiind
maxim\uc1 \u259 ? noaptea, iar serato-nina, ziua. E. are rol \uc1 \u238 ?n
reproducerea \uc1 \u351 ?i reglarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cerebrale
\uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul ciclului somn-veghe \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n p\uc1 \u259 ?
strarea echilibrului electrolitic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Epigenez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie conform c\uc1 \u259 ?
reia \uc1 \u355 ?e-suturile \uc1 \u351 ?i organele apar treptat \uc1 \u238 ?n cur-
sul ontogenezei, din \uc1 \u355 ?e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 suturi mai sim-ple formate anterior.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Epiglot\uc1
\u259 ? acut\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (virotic\uc1 \u259 ?) = edem im-portant al
vestibulului laringian cu imi-nen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sufocare. Terapeutica
impune obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia repaosului \uc1 \u238 ?n cas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cortizo-noterapie (Superprednol, palidin, unde ultrascurte 30 de minute la limita
supe-rioar\uc1 \u259 ?, aerosoli cu tirotricin\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
prescrip\uc1 \u355 ?ie medical\uc1 \u259 ? de specialitate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Epilepsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1
\u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? cronic\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizata prin crize
neuropsihice repetate, datorate desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?rii excesive
patologice a neuronilor cerebrali, asoci-at\uc1 \u259 ? cu manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
clinice variate \uc1 \u351 ?i mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri electroencefalografice. E. mai
este definit\uc1 \u259 ? drept o tulburare paroxis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i tranzitorie a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor creierului care se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?
brusc, dispare spontan \uc1 \u351 ?i are tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? evident\uc1
\u259 ? spre repetare. No\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de e. se atribuie unui grup de boli
caracterizate prin manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri con-vulsive \uc1 \u351 ?i (sau)
echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?ele lor intercri-tice. Progresele considerabile f\uc1 \u259 ?
cute \uc1 \u238 ?n diagnosticarea \uc1 \u351 ?i tratarea acestor boli se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? aparaturii tehnologiei de v\uc1 \u226 ?rf: \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistr\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe band\uc1 \u259 ? videomagnetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul unui circuit TV interior a crizelor paroxistice \uc1 \u351 ?i prelucrarea
electroence-falogramelor pe calculator etc, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
medicamentelor anticonvulsivante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te epilepsia \uc1 \u351 ?
i vocea, se precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? orice criz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ncepe prin tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de expresie verbal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
repeti-\uc1 \u355 ?ia necontrolat\uc1 \u259 ? a unui cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt sau a unei
fraze. E. este o entitate clinic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n practica medical\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
pediatric\uc1 \u259 ?. Variantele \uc1 \u238 ?n care simptomele se combin\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele sunt numeroase \uc1 \u351 ?i disomogene at\uc1 \u226 ?t din
punct de vedere semiologic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca modalitate de debut
\uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Etiologia este multifactorial\uc1 \u259 ? ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenele electrice \uc1 \u351 ?i de plastici-tatea cerebral\uc1
\u259 ? a SNC la copil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limbajul r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne adesea compro-mis deoarece,
pentru consolidarea func\uc1 \u355 ?i-ei verbale \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizarea sa
optim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pro-cesul comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii, sunt
indispensabile competen\uc1 \u355 ?ele neuropsihologice ca: per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
memoria, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Este posibil ca un copil s\uc1 \u259 ? prezinte o
tulburare de lim-baj, s\uc1 \u259 ? dezvolte o epilepsie ideopatic\uc1 \u259 ? sau
posttraumatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i invers. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri, doar o
analiz\uc1 \u259 ? corect\uc1 \u259 ? a datelor clinico-anamnestice, asociat\uc1
\u259 ? unui exa-men neurologic atent al bolnavului, vor orienta o corect\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?ncadrare nosologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o decizie terapeutic\uc1
\u259 ?, care va trebui disociat\uc1 \u259 ? pentru cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? simptome
de baz\uc1 \u259 ? - criza epileptic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i - compro-miterea
verbal\uc1 \u259 ? (farmacologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rea-bilitativ
logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Epistemologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie a cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u351 ?i disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?
filosofic\uc1 \u259 ?, efec-tu\uc1 \u226 ?nd studiul critic al principiilor, ipo-
tezelor \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatelor cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1
\u355 ?ifice, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea
stabilirii structurii lo-gice, specificului \uc1 \u351 ?i valorii de adev\uc1
\u259 ?r al acesteia. Tinde s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? despre metodologia cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Epistemologie genetic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? isto-rico-critic\uc1
\u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? reconstitu-ie istoria
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice ca fapt social prin prisma
logicii ei interne. Metoda psihogenetic\uc1 \u259 ? echivaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu
folosirea rezultatelor psihologiei gene-tice \uc1 \u238 ?n scopuri
epistemologice \uc1 \u351 ?i studia-z\uc1 \u259 ? devenirea cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii,
nu la nivelul umanit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n genere, ci la
nivelul per-soanei umane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Epuizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare survenit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
urma suprasolicit\uc1 \u259 ?rilor intense ale organis-mului, care determin\uc1
\u259 ? instalarea unui sindrom psihoorganic acut.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surmenajul, lipsa de suport ali-mentar, sindroame
confuzionale, sur-menaj i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntelectual, sunt urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351
?i cauze ale epuiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ereditate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = transmisie de specificate de-a lungul
genera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; proprietate a organismelor vii de a transmite urma-\uc1
\u351 ?ilor caracterele morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i fiziolo-gice mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenite
sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. E. este
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1 \u259 ? de pro-blematica unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u238 ?n diversitate a lumii vii, \uc1 \u238 ?n problema conserv\uc1 \u259 ?
rii \uc1 \u238 ?n timp a tipului speciei, a variet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
individuali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a genezei noului \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul
evolu-\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Deosebim o ereditate nuclear\uc1 \u259 ? (purt\uc1 \u259 ?
tori fiind cromozomii) \uc1 \u351 ?i una cito-plasmic\uc1 \u259 ?; legile de
baz\uc1 \u259 ? ale e. au fost descifrate de Mendel \uc1 \u351 ?i Morgan. Nu
\uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna ceea ce este ereditar coincide cu ceea ce este familial sau}
\langfenp1048 congenital, din cauza erorilor de copiere a mesajelor specifice, a
muta\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sau combina\uc1 \u355 ?iilor care pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea. E.
caracte-relor morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i biochimice este mult mai bine
cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t e. \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i-rilor
Eredo }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = (cf. lat.) mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenire; ceea ce se mo\uc1 \u351 ?
tene\uc1 \u351 ?te.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Eretopatie - Eretomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termeni uti-liza\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihopatologie pentru a desemna exagerarea impulsurilor sexuale care pot s\uc1
\u259 ? invadeze \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul c\uc1 \u226 ?mp al con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ei unui subiect. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de personalitate,
erotismul se poate manifesta printr-un comportament libertin, obsesional \uc1 \u351
?i chiar prin delir. In cazul repetatelor in-form\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale acestor
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, intervine conversiunea \uc1 \u238 ?n agresivitate.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ergo }{\fs18
(cf. gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ergori) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 element de com-punere, care introduce sensul
de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, activitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ergograf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aparat pentru investigarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea lucrului mecanic muscular (al unui deget, al
unei m\uc1 \u226 ?ini), stabilind tim-pul de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i
marc\uc1 \u226 ?nd curba obo-selii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ergonomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ? av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca obiect
principal perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea sistemului om-ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?-
mediu, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii eficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei tehnico-
economice, concomitent cu men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de s\uc1 \u259 ?-
n\uc1
\u259 ?tate. E. consider\uc1 \u259 ? omul ca veriga cea mai important\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul om-ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?, dar eficacitatea
acestui sistem depinde de ambele verigi, at\uc1 \u226 ?t de om c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i de ma\uc1 \u351 ?i-n\uc1 \u259 ? (dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? de el)
precum \uc1 \u351 ?i de inte-rac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea lor. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile
\uc1 \u238 ?n acest dome-niu presupun conlucrarea diferitelor \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1
\u355 ?e tehnice cu psihologia, sociologia, medicina, antropologia. Studiul
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul muncii, ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a
fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, solicit\uc1 \u259 ?rile biologice \uc1 \u351 ?i fiziologice,
oboseala senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i central\uc1 \u259 ?, solicit\uc1 \u259
?-rile psihice, etc, sunt aspecte ergono-mice. Aplicabilitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n
practic\uc1 \u259 ? a prin-cipiilor ergonomiei constituie garan\uc1 \u355 ?ia cea
mai sigur\uc1 \u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de confort psiho-fizic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ergoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metode de tratare a
unor boli psihice prin efort fizic, prin mun-c\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
scop sustragerea bolnavu-lui de la tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile sale patologice, favori-
zarea contactului cu cei din jur, crearea unui element psihic de lini\uc1 \u351 ?
te, de co-municativitate, sociabilitate. Aspectele de lucru sunt concordante cu
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, preferin\uc1 \u355 ?ele individuale, preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile
anterioare,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 caracterul bolii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eroare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o abatere de la valoarea de
referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (adev\uc1 \u259 ?r, norm\uc1 \u259 ?, standard,
etc); e. poate fi de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, tactil\uc1 \u259 ?, de reglare,
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, estetic\uc1 \u259 ? etc; e. poa-te fi absolut\uc1 \u259 ? sau
relativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Eroare de diagnostic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diagnosticul este el \uc1 \u238 ?
ns}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 u\uc1 \u351 ?i un calcul ce poate fi supus unor erori, determinate de
mai multe cauze: \uc1 \u8226 ? cauze care \uc1 \u355 ?in de medic terapeut; \uc1
\u8226 ? examen clinic defectuos (lips\uc1 \u259 ? de timp, neaten\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
insuficient\uc1 \u259 ? urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire a cazului, trecerea prea rapid\uc1
\u259 ? peste unele aspecte clinice, tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? neadecvat\uc1 \u259 ? de
examinare, axarea pe un singur simptom \uc1 \u351 ?i neglijarea restului, tratament
simptomatic \uc1 \u351 ?i nu de fond, toate acestea reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de ratare a diagnosticului); \uc1 \u8226 ?
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea insuficient\uc1 \u259 ?, cu informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii incomplete
a terapeutului, care nu cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te toate posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ile de manifestare a maladiei (plafonare, suficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
lips\uc1 \u259 ? de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?-tin\uc1 \u355 ?e esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale,
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente gre\uc1 \u351 ?ite etc). D. este un proces
complex,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 necesit\uc1 \u226 ?nd introducerea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o suit\uc1 \u259 ?
larg\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i logic\uc1 \u259 ? a datelor (mai ales a noilor
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ii), iar orientarea c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un sindrom trebuie
corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu elementele furnizate de alte examene medicale sau ob\uc1
\u355 ?inute prin explor\uc1 \u259 ?ri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. D. prezumtiv - va
trebui confruntat cu diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i ar trebui
s\uc1 \u259 ? fie confirmat de diagnosticul definitiv. Pe acest drum lung \uc1
\u351 ?i nu u\uc1 \u351 ?or, se pot produce erori, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i corecturi pe
baz\uc1 \u259 ? de noi observa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i colaborare cu bolnavul,
familia \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori implica\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
corectare, compensa-re sau reeducare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Erotism mintal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare psihic}{\fs18 \dbch
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care, \uc1 \u238 ?n locul calmului se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
instabilitatea, exaltarea, nelini\uc1 \u351 ?tea; apare \uc1 \u238 ?n traumatisme
craniocerebrale, toxico-manie medicamentoas\uc1 \u259 ?, neurastenie.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii genetice, necesare, interne,
constituind fondul, natura, mo-dalitatea de autodeterminare, definitorie pentru un
obiect, fenomen, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Este descoperit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
mijlocit numai prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i fixat\uc1 \u259 ?
categorial. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia structuralist\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?a
este identificat\uc1 \u259 ? cu modul de organizare a fenomenului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Estetic = ceea ce
corespunde}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 frumosului din natur\uc1 \u259 ?, societate \uc1 \u351 ?i om; tot
ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o valoare artistic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia social-istoric\uc1 \u259
?; e. este o caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a gustului, emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351
?i atitudinilor cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?toare de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? axiologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i caracterizate esen\uc1 \u355 ?i-al printr-o mare sensibilitate
pentru fru-mos, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd tipul artistic cu ten-din\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spre contemplare \uc1 \u351 ?i inactivitate.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Estezie }{\fs18 \dbch
(senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie); calitate specific\uc1 \u259 ? a unei senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii
actuale de a fi tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i provenind din exteriorul
psihicului. E. este diferit\uc1 \u259 ? de reprezentarea sau aminti-}{\fs20
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea unei
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Estezia declan\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? de un excitant
persist\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de timp dup\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ncetarea stimulului \uc1 \u351 ?i apare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu specific unui anali-zator. Aceste \uc1 \u8222 ?spa\uc1 \u355 ?ii"
difer\uc1 \u259 ? de spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rilor se}{\fs18
nzoriale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Esteziometrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se evalueaz\uc1 \u259 ?
sensibilitatea tactil\uc1 \u259 ? sau de alte tipuri, prin m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea
distan\uc1 \u355 ?ei minime la care cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rfuri ale
esteziometrului, aplicate pe tegument, produc dou\uc1 \u259 ? senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii
distincte. E. este important\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n diagnosticul diferen\uc1
\u355 ?ial al unor manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Esteziopatii - Esteziomanie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grup de
simptome \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite boli psi-hice,
caracterizate \uc1 \u238 ?n principal prin diferite tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
senzorialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri), fie \uc1 \u238 ?n-so\uc1 \u355 ?ite de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri comportamentale, mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in evidente (hiper \uc1 \u351 ?i
hipoesteziile, iluzii, halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii fun-c\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i
senzoriale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Estezioterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? psihoterapeu-tic\uc1 \u259 ? de grup,
aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de na-tur\uc1 \u259 ? psihogen\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de adaptare prin co-mutarea preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
neurastice spre o serie de activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i senzoriale bine diri-
jate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 E\uc1 \u351 ?
antion }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = parte dintr-o popula\uc1 \u355 ?ie determinat\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? criterii bine stabilite \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul determin\uc1 \u259 ?
rii statistice a carac-teristicilor popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei respective. E. sta-bilit
este semnificativ (reprezentativ) c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se construie\uc1 \u351 ?te
dup\uc1 \u259 ? anumite indi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii statistice, incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i direct propor\uc1 \u355 ?ionale cu grupele ce
constituie diversitatea calitativ\uc1 \u259 ? a popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei (v\uc1
\u226 ?rste, profesii, nivele culturale etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 E\uc1 \u351 ?ec =
nereu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, insucces, \uc1 \u238 ?nfr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere
total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinirea unui scop, proiect. E. cauzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? starea de frustra\uc1
\u355 ?ie cu evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii negative \uc1 \u351 ?i de relua-re a tentativelor.
Gradul de e. depinde de nivelul de experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? al subiectului;
e. se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? cu via\uc1 \u355 ?a afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, profesional\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se leag\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mecanisme de
autopuni\uc1 \u355 ?ie (tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ? a instinctului de conser-vare pe
baza c\uc1 \u259 ?reia persoana \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i aplic\uc1 \u259 ?
singur\uc1 \u259 ? o pedeaps\uc1 \u259 ? pentru o gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?
real\uc1 \u259 ? sau imaginar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru care consi-
der\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? societatea din indulgen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nu a}
\langfenp1048 admonestat-o).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Etalon }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen prin care se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355
?elege un model sau un timp de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care ser-ve\uc1
\u351 ?te drept reper \uc1 \u238 ?n compara\uc1 \u355 ?ii de diferi-te genuri. In
teste, e. este reprezentat de anumite sc\uc1 \u259 ?ri valorice la care sunt rapor-
tate diferite performan\uc1 \u355 ?e indi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 viduale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etalonare }
\langfenp1048 = tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? de stabilire a unei scale valorice a
performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor sau valo-rilor unei probe, aplicate la un grup
selec\uc1 \u355 ?ionat, semnificativ statistic. Curba de distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei valorilor la proba respectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, prelucrate
statistic, se \uc1 \u238 ?mparte \uc1 \u238 ?n clase (decile, centile), \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea etalonului sau de
caracteristicile probei. Zona central\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? valorile medii \uc1 \u351 ?i are \uc1 \u238 ?n general }
\langfenp1048 caracteristici de normalitate, cumul\uc1 \u226 ?nd frecven\uc1
\u355 ?a cea mai mare de cazuri. F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? o etalonare
prealabil\uc1 \u259 ?, testele psihologice de performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nu
pot fi interpretate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ethos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi
cultura-le, specifice, apar\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd unui grup, prin care acesta
este individualizat \uc1 \u351 ?i dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?iat de alte grupuri
(fizionomia spi-ritual\uc1 \u259 ?). Logosul semnific\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea pur\uc1 \u259 ?, acestea dou\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se reciproc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri14 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
\langfenp1048 Etica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? filosofic\uc1 \u259 ?
ce se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu sistemul valorilor, normelor \uc1 \u351 ?i categoriilor
morale, de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul, modul de intercorelare \uc1 \u351 ?i realizare
\uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora; e. \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355
?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are izvoarele \uc1 \u238 ?n realitatea
social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?ine seama de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
obiective \uc1 \u351 ?i posibi-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile societ\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i ale persoanelor, privind realizarea c\uc1 \u226
?t mai avansat\uc1 \u259 ? a valorilor etice. E. se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, care este \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult ca
ansamblu de fenomene normate speci-fic, ca o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? pragmatic -
educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Psihologia contribuie prin ana-liza \uc1 \u351
?i explicarea fenomenelor psihoso-ciale, prin formarea deprinderilor, sentimentelor
\uc1 \u351 ?i conceptelor morale \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea comportamentului auto-
reglat prin norme moral}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiologic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? recen-t\uc1 \u259 ?, care a \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistrat succese remarca-bile (premiul Nobel - 1973) pe plan medical, care
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i canalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? studiul asupra comportamentului
\uc1 \u351 ?i comunic\uc1 \u259 ?-rii omului (mai general, \uc1 \u8222 ?
instinctul \uc1 \u351 ?i inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n lumea animal\uc1
\u259 ?" - M. Cociu). Interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a e. cu psihologia, logopedia \uc1
\u351 ?i psihiatria, este justificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i verificat\uc1
\u259 ? practic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Etnocentrism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fixare a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii culturale a unei
popula\uc1 \u355 ?ii asupra propriilor carac-teristici na\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, cu
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nchi-dere \uc1 \u238 ?n acestea
\uc1 \u351 ?i de a nu accepta influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?e din afar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etnografie }{\fs18
= \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? des-criptiv cultura unui
popor, tinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nregistreze exhaustiv
fenomenele cul-turii populare. Se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? de etno-logie
prin tehnica de prezentare a feno-menelor studiate de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scriptiv-comparativ.
Ca mijloc excelent de expresie este monografia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
Etnogram\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modele comportamentale caracteristice
tipurilor de organizare ana-tomic\uc1 \u259 ? sau fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?, nivele
biologice ce pot fi caracterizate prin aceste \uc1 \u8222 ?mode-le"
comportamentale. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul acestora intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
comportamentele de comunicare, agnostice, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, agresiune, sexuale
\uc1 \u351 ?i parentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Etnologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a care
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? compa-rativ cultura material\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? a popoarelor, organizarea lor social\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
preocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu predilec\uc1 \u355 ?ie de popoarele extraeuropene aflate pe
o treapt\uc1 \u259 ? de cul-tur\uc1 \u259 ? mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in complex\uc1
\u259 ?, care nu dispu-ne de mijloace tehnice dezvoltate, lipsite chiar de un
sistem de scriere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Etologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a moravurilor;
o ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psihologiei animale (zoopsihologie) -studiul obiectiv al
comportamentului animalelor \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul lor; e. comparativ\uc1 \u259 ?
confrunt\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul diferitelor spe\uc1 \u355 ?e (cele legate de
ereditate, de filoge-nez\uc1 \u259 ?, de valoarea adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?, de bioco-
munica\uc1 \u355 ?ie). E. s-a extins \uc1 \u351 ?i la rezidurilor instinctive ale
oamenil}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 or primitivi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Eu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i afirmat\uc1 \u259 ? prin con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine
(nucleul sistemului personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii), \uc1 \u238 ?n care
intr\uc1 \u259 ? cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i imaginea despre
sine. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, prin denumirea \uc1 \u8222 ?ego" se \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elege acea substructur\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u8222 ?EUL" \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?e-les ca ansamblu de \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri ale perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii se refer\uc1
\u259 ? la: \uc1 \u8226 ? ansamblul biologic - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eul fizic; }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8226 ? la totalitatea dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1
\u259 ?scute \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eul psihic, }{\fs18 \dbch
spiritual; \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eul social, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce are \uc1 \u238 ?n
vedere atitudinile individului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de rela\uc1 \u355 ?i}
\langfenp1048 ile sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Eu ideal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie a imaginii de sine,
a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum persoana g\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te c\uc1 \u259 ? ar trebui
s\uc1 \u259 ? fie; este o form\uc1 \u259 ? de manifestare a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 supraeului (\uc1 \u238 ?n
psihanalitic\uc1 \u259 ?). Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri-le demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?iile persoanei a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum apar \uc1 \u238 ?n e.i., pot fi
mai transpa-rente pentru un observator extern dec\uc1 \u226 ?t pentru persoana \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i. E.i. este o for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
puternic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n determinarea valen\uc1 \u355 ?elor
comportamentale a performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor, a stilului de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
Eufomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = stare de bun\uc1 \u259 ? dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, realizat\uc1
\u259 ? artificial prin intermediul dro-gurilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul satisfacerii
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de euforizare. Persoanele dizarmonice apeleaz\uc1 \u259 ? la
asemenea mijloace \uc1 \u351 ?i sacrificii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Euforie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o bun\uc1 \u259 ? dispozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, veselie, exuberan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
fericire, toate nejustificate, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor cau-ze
exterioare; poate fi provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de motive ne\uc1 \u238 ?nsemnate, care nu
justific\uc1 \u259 ? aceste tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri; e. este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n faza maniacal\uc1 \u259 ? a psihozei depresive,
intoxi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii alcoolice sau a altor boli somatice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eugenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri medi-cale \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale destinate amelior\uc1 \u259 ?rii
ra-sei umane, care urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te: \uc1 \u8226 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?
terea duratei vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii; \uc1 \u8226 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea mortalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii infantile; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?irea performan\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor fizice; \uc1 \u8226 ? cre\uc1
\u351 ?terea nivelului cultural; \uc1 \u8226 ? stimularea procre\uc1 \u259 ?rii
rasei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Euristica }
\langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? metodologic\uc1 \u259 ? ce se ocup\uc1
\u259 ? de mijloacele descoperirilor \uc1 \u351 ?i inven\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; mod de
operare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? care se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
divergent\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii apel\uc1 \u226 ?nd la analogie, modela-
re, personificare, analiz\uc1 \u259 ? prin sintez\uc1 \u259 ?, recodificare,
experiment.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\plain \qc \li0 \ri43 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin43 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 E}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evaluare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a estima, a desemna
valoa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 profund\uc1 \u259 ?, metodele se modernizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea unei
munci, a unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, lucru, a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 at\uc1 \u226 ?
t pentru eficacitatea, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i obiectivi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor economice
consemnate \uc1 \u238 ?n do-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea estim\uc1 \u259 ?rilor.
Docimologia se ocup\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cumenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de
problematica examenelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eveniment }
\langfenp1048 = fapt, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mplare, eveni-ment de via\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu
\uc1 \u351 ?i timp, disting\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin nou-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i \uc1 \u351 ?i caracter neobi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, provoc\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u8222 ?
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Evocare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a reaminti \uc1 \u238 ?n mod sugestiv \uc1 \u351 ?i a
zugr\uc1 \u259 ?vi prin cuvinte; a da via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? unor \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?ri trecute; compozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie literar\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care se evoc\uc1 \u259 ? ceva.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de
dezvoltare, care cuprinde schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri cantitative \uc1 \u351 ?i calita-
tive; transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri continue, dar lente. Lamark \uc1 \u351 ?i Darwin
impun ideea evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n ordinea interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre organism \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ionism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie
opus\uc1 \u259 ? fixis-mului afirm\uc1 \u226 ?nd transform\uc1 \u259 ?rile continue
ca mod de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a universului; s-a cristalizat \uc1 \u238
?n biologie. Se afirm\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? orga-nismele se transform\uc1 \u259
? sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a me-diului, conform legii transmiterii ere-ditare a
caracterelor dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite. Princi-piul \uc1 \u8222 ?filogenia repet\uc1
\u259 ? ontogenia" are o valoare relativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exaltare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, dar foarte
intens\uc1 \u259 ?, exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd o adeziune profund\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1
\u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?ptuirea unui act sau izb\uc1 \u226 ?nda unei idei; uneori
contro}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 lul comportamental devine restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns (supra-excitare).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Examen }{\fs18
form\uc1 \u259 ? special\uc1 \u259 ? a verific\uc1 \u259 ?rii nivelului \uc1
\u351 ?i calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor,
infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniu; poate fi oral sau scris, dar
\uc1 \u351 ?i practic \uc1 \u238 ?n laboratoare, locuri de produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Pentru o verificare mai}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exasperare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare afectiv\uc1 \u259
? caracteri-zat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? deosebit de accentuat\uc1 \u259 ?,
o iritare dus\uc1 \u259 ? la limita suportabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? pe plan comportamental prin desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?ri
motorii violente \uc1 \u351 ?i difuze. Este o tulbu-rare specific\uc1 \u259 ? de
caracter, semnalat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
normalitate; mai frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenii, toxicomanii, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
spe-cial pentru personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile dizarmonice de tip
excitabil \uc1 \u351 ?i instabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Excitabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate a materiei vii de a
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iona la modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile ambian\uc1 \u355 ?ei prin
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri reversibile ale structurii \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale (cea mai mare e. o au celulele nervoase \uc1
\u351 ?i musculare). Excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia este generalizat\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul
metabolismului \uc1 \u351 ?i speciali-zat\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul \uc1 \u355 ?
esutului respectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Excitabilitate recuren\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 xcita-
bilitatea nervului recurent este egal\uc1 \u259 ? cu aceea a filetelor motoare ale
nervului spinal medular care inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul
sternocleidomastoidian \uc1 \u351 ?i se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura
dintre nucleii motori bul-bari ai perechilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 X }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 XI.
\langfenp1048 Punctul motor al mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului sternocleidomasto-idian fiind
u\uc1 \u351 ?or accesibil prin piele, m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea excitabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii se execut\uc1 \u259 ? pe acest mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi (bilateral)
cu ajutorul cro-naximetrului. Valorile cronaxiei astfel determinate se e\uc1
\u351 ?aloneaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la 0,055 ms. la 0,170 ms. Pe baza m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ?torilor s-a alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit un tablou de coresponden\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre excitabilitatea recuren\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?su-rat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i clasificarea vocal\uc1
\u259 ? tonal\uc1 \u259 ? a su-biectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Excitant }{\fs18 \dbch
(stimul); reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? orice factor din mediu care declan\uc1 \u351 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri reversibile \uc1 \u238 ?n materia vie. Poate
fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? chimic\uc1 \u259 ?, fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, biolo-gic\uc1
\u259 ?; e. are o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? natur\uc1 \u259 ?, intensitate,
distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu (extensitate) \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n timp (protonsitate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate
fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a organismelor, cu sens de
activitate a unui organ nervos sau de alt fel. Proces nervos de baz\uc1 \u259 ? ce
se realizea-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unitate contradictorie cu inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Excursie }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? intuitiv-activ\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt care const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n studierea prin contact direct a unor fenomene naturale (economice,
istorice, urbanistice); se \uc1 \u238 ?m-potrive\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului formal. E. so-
licit\uc1 \u259 ? toate celelalte metode didactice \uc1 \u351 ?i asigur\uc1 \u259 ?
satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ii estetice care \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc actele de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Executare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = finalizare efectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a unui act; a patra opera\uc1
\u355 ?ie a actului voluntar (ulterior luptei motivelor \uc1 \u351 ?i hot\uc1 \u259
?r\uc1 \u226 ?rii), implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd punerea \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iune
a efecto-rilor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Exercitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ie frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
tenace a unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irii \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii ei, a
form\uc1 \u259 ?rii de deprinderi \uc1 \u351 ?i obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?e,
performan\uc1 \u355 ?e, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune nece-sar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ex}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 erci\uc1 \u355 ?iu de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o prelungire \uc1 \u351 ?i o ad\uc1 \u226 ?
ncire a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin care subiectul
aplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?e\uc1 \u351 ?te cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale, form\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i practice. Se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii concre-te \uc1 \u351 ?i
variate, dovedind \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i memorarea unui
sistem de fapte, \uc1 \u351 ?i redarea lor sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de defini\uc1 \u355
?ii, reguli, principii, probe \uc1 \u351 ?i demonstra\uc1 \u355 ?ii practice.}
Exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259
\langfenp1048 = adaptarea exi-gen\uc1 \u355 ?elor la posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile subiectului. Natura \uc1 \u351 ?i gradul solicit\uc1 \u259 ?rii sau
interdic-\uc1 \u355 ?iei trebuie puse de acord cu interesul \uc1 \u351 ?i
aptitudinile celui \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dozate ra\uc1 \u355
?ional sub raport calitativ \uc1 \u351 ?i cantita-tiv. Exigen\uc1 \u355 ?a
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? e\uc1 \u351 ?e-cul. Reflexul de
investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i curio-zitate uman\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie
stimulat. E. r. trebuie raportate la toate aspectele muncii educative \uc1 \u351 ?i
coroborat\uc1 \u259 ? cu do-zarea efortului fizic \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectual \uc1
\u238 ?n toate formele de activitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procese etiopatogenetice,
sindroame, entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror cauz\uc1 \u259 ? sau
determinare este exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? organismu-lui. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? no\uc1
\u355 ?iune a precedat-o pe cea de \uc1 \u8222 ?endogen", cu care este
definit\uc1 \u259 ? antinomic. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg, orice sindrom etiologic
este exogen. Sensul restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai procesele
etiopatogenice psihogene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Expansivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a personali-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, fixat\uc1 \u259 ? caracterial, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u238 ?n tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a stabili contacte interper-sonale sincere
(rapide \uc1 \u351 ?i directe), viu colorate afectiv, de a se exprima pe sine
energic \uc1 \u351 ?i f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? reticen\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Expectativ\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = a\uc1 \u351 ?teptare din partea unui subiect, care baz\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se pe aspecte obiective, sper\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, coincide rareori cu a\uc1 \u351 ?teptarea, fiind
influen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? de dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i temerile
per-soanei \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? (are ceva comun cu aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
ia).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?)}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e empirice \uc1 \u351 ?i tehnici de lucru, ob\uc1 \u355 ?
inute \uc1 \u238 ?n practica \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, care contribuie la ridicarea m\uc1 \u259 ?iestriei.
Coordonat\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psiho-
pedagogic, nu va degenera \uc1 \u238 ?n rutin\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Expertiz\uc1 \u259 ? mental\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = examen al perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii efectuat de medic/
psiholog/ psihiatru, la cererea unei autorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i judi-ciare
sau administrative, constat\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se anomalii mentale care constituie
pericol social. Se va preciza dac\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul este susceptibil de
vindecare \uc1 \u351 ?i de reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
dac\uc1 \u259 ? este pasibil de sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni penale. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? ce cei
trei speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti \uc1 \u351 ?i-au confruntat rapoartele \uc1 \u238 ?
ntocmite separat, sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un singur text, pe baz\uc1 \u259 ? de puncte
de vedere verificate \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific, se \uc1 \u238 ?nain-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 teaz\uc1 \u259 ? raportul judec\uc1 \u259 ?torului de
instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Explica\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune gnostic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
deter-minarea unui fenomen sau a unei cate-gorii de fenomene, vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luirea cauzelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a temeiului de producere; se
sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? pe cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea legilor \uc1 \u351 ?i condi-\uc1
\u355 ?iilor calitative \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitative a fenomenu-lui. \uc1 \u350 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele moderne uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de diferite tipuri de explica\uc1
\u355 ?ie: cauzal\uc1 \u259 ?, func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ?,
structural\uc1 \u259 ?, teleologic\uc1 \u259 ?, probabilis-tic\uc1 \u259 ?, etc,
toate acestea fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ncet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?enite \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Explorare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate de orientare, in-vestigare
perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau de detec\uc1 \u355 ?ie; e. este alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuit\uc1 \u259 ? din reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii observative sistematizate pe baza unei
strategii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exponent }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n statistica psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, indice care
stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea caractere-lor corelate sau individuale
\uc1 \u238 ?n vederea \uc1 \u238 ?ncadr\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor tipologice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Expresie emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
ansamblu de manifesta\uc1 \u355 ?ii verbale, mimice, pantomi-tice, motrice, \uc1
\u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de diferite modi-fic\uc1 \u259 ?ri fiziologice, \uc1
\u238 ?n special vegetative care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective
\uc1 \u351 ?i sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie direct\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i indirect\uc1 \u259 ? cu o motiva-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ie. E.e. este obiectivarea unei
tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u238 ?n comportament. Este o form\uc1
\u259 ? din limbaj prin care se transmite ceva despre ceva; e.e. are un substrat
fiziologic \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt determinate social; ea poate fi receptat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? variabil de la persoan\uc1 \u259
? la persoan\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Expresivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces psihic sau a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i modela structura \uc1 \u238 ?n chip
relevant \uc1 \u238 ?n comportament; e. vorbirii este posibil\uc1 \u259 ? prin
mijloace lexicale, prozodice, sintactice, topomi-mice \uc1 \u351 ?i semantice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extaz }
\langfenp1048 = stare de cople\uc1 \u351 ?ire care-1 absoarbe pe om, un sentiment
de feri-cire, de bucurie inexprimabil\uc1 \u259 ? care fuzioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu
toate aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile spiritu-ale. Uneori are o ipostaz\uc1 \u259 ?
psihopatolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip obsesional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exteroceptor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = receptor dependent de
stimula\uc1 \u355 ?iile exterioare (v\uc1 \u259 ?z, auz, tact, miros), opus la
proprioceptiv sau inte-roceptiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminuarea sau
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului la stimularea unui factor motor,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? o stimulare anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i focar.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extrapolare }
\langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie de extragere a unor date, modele,
valori dintr-un do-meniu, pentru a le extinde asupra altor domenii. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, extinderea unor date dincolo de linia de valori a faptelor observate.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extravagan\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare bizar\uc1 \u259 ?; ie\uc1 \u351
?ire din comun, excentricitate, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?l-care a bunului
sim\uc1 \u355 ?; tr\uc1 \u259 ?deaz\uc1 \u259 ? lips\uc1 \u259 ? de maturitate
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, de echilibru spiri-tual; poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o sfidare a
opiniei publice; echivaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu originalitate de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri34 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
\langfenp1048 ieftin\uc1 \u259 ? calitate; criz\uc1 \u259 ? de originalitate
\uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cultura personal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extremism }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atit}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 udine ce nu cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te modera\uc1 \u355 ?ie, nici grada\uc1 \u355 ?ie; devine dogma-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic\uc1 \u259 ?, absurd\uc1 \u259 ?, fanatic\uc1 \u259 ?;
presupune pierde-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului m\uc1 \u259
?surii \uc1 \u351 ?i a realismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extrospec\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = privire \uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1 \u259 ?, observa-rea
obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a comportamentului, opus\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
{\b1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Extroversiune }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organizare a personali-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii precump\uc1 \u259 ?nitor spre
lume; o c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activ\uc1 \u259 ?
comunicare cu cei din jur; o }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adaptare la mediu (opus
introversiunii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exuberan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? generat\uc1 \u259 ? de tr\uc1 \u259 ?irea intens\uc1
\u259 ? a unei bucurii, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un comportament nest\uc1
\u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nit,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ex-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
ploziv; este caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? persoanelor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 foarte comunicative.}
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li3048 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa19
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \li3048 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa19 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3048 \rin0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fabula\uc1
\langfenp1048 = produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu caracter imaginar, \uc1 \u238 ?n plan
fictiv (situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, eveni-mente, personaje), prezentate ca fiind reale.
Sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite dou\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri: \uc1 \u8226 ? califi-
cat\uc1 \u259 ? ca normal la copii sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a lecturii, film,
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei creatoare; \uc1 \u8226 ? o form\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1
\u259 ?, eminamente incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ent\uc1 \u259 ?, subiectul fiind convins de
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul \uc1 \u351 ?i realitatea celor fabulate (psihoze, parafrenie).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Facial }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }
\langfenp1048 Facies }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mi\uc1 \u351 ?care coordonat\uc1 \u259 ?
rapid, recurent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a musculaturii faciale,
care poate avea la origine o cauz\uc1 \u259 ? psihogen\uc1 \u259 ? sau
organic\uc1 \u259 ?. Ticurile psihogene \uc1 \u238 ?nceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n timpul somnului \uc1 \u351 ?i nu respect\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie a nervului (anatomic\uc1 \u259 ?). Apar \uc1 \u238 ?n
contextul unor tensiuni familiale, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de anxie-tate
\uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie simbolic\uc1 \u259 ?. Tratamen-tul psihologic
d\uc1 \u259 ? rezultate \uc1 \u238 ?n orice fel de ticuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Facil - Facilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
influen\uc1 \u355 ?are u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1
\u259 ? puncte corticale, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t sti-mularea unuia permite
declan\uc1 \u351 ?area r\uc1 \u259 ?s-punsului altui punct. Activitatea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? de astfel de factori: aten\uc1 \u355 ?
ia, deprinderea, aptitudinea. \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interpersonale se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenul de f. social\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n efectul energi-zant al interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de tip cooperator al
tuturor proceselor desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate \uc1 \u238 ?n comun.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Factor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n psi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 hologie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele soci-ale
indic\uc1 \u259 ? o unitate func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, al\uc1 \u259 ?turi
de alte elemente cu care poate interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iona. Teoria \uc1 \u351 ?i
analiza factorial\uc1 \u259 ? sunt larg utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n cercetarea
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Facultate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate, disponibilitate psihic\uc1
\u259 ?, registru al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii suflete\uc1 \u351 ?ti: sensibilitatea,
reactivitatea, afectivita-tea, echilibrul (armonia) individual\uc1 \u259 ?, etc;
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, creativitatea, motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, voin\uc1 \u355 ?a,
spontaneitatea, libertatea \uc1 \u351 ?i finalitatea actelor psihice, factori ce
alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc facultatea (structura) psihic\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1
Facultate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nal\uc1 \u259 ?; posibilitatea de a \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?ine un anumit gen
de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i a dez-volta o activitate
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? sau minta-l\uc1 \u259 ?. Facult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
psihice nu sunt indepen-dente unele de altele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18
Facultativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = realizar}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ea unui act la lati-tudinea
subiectului, ca urmare a unei alegeri, nu a unei obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Familie }{\fs18 \dbch
institu\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ? de baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
organizarea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n comun; grup social format din
partenerii maritali \uc1 \u351 ?i din descenden\uc1 \u355 ?ii acestora, c\uc1 \u259
?ruia i se mai poate ad\uc1 \u259 ?uga \uc1 \u351 ?i alte rude (bunici, fra\uc1
\u355 ?i, etc); au acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i drepturi \uc1 \u351 ?i obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ii
morale, juridice, economice, social-educative, religioase. Toate problemele
psihologice ale familiei genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? o vast\uc1 \u259 ? problematic\uc1
\u259 ? de cercetare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Fanatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sensul larg exprim\uc1 \u259 ? adezi-unea
dogmatic\uc1 \u259 ? la o idee, la o orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i activitate nest\uc1
\u259 ?vilit\uc1 \u259 ? de nimic, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
scopurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?i-ilor impuse de ideea respectiv\uc1
\colno1 \colw3206 \colsr173 \colno2 \colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fantezie }{\fs18
sinonim cu imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia crea-toare; \uc1 \u238 ?n general cu
construc\uc1 \u355 ?iile ce se \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rteaz\uc1 \u259 ? mult
de real \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar de posibil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fapt }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinonim al fenomenului sau actu-lui;
transformare ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
mplinit\uc1 \u259 ?. Baz\uc1 \u259 ? a cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice. \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gie, evenimente specifice de comporta-
ment \uc1 \u351 ?i via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fascina\uc1 \u355 ?
\langfenp1048 = starea limit\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului cople\uc1 \u351 ?it de
scenele la care asist\uc1 \u259 ?, de performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i
valorile pe care le percepe; tensiuni afective \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor stimulen\uc1 \u355 ?i excep\uc1 \u355 ?io-nali (atractivi
sau periculo\uc1 \u351 ?i).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Fatalitate + Fatalism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n soart\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n destin; persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care
crede \uc1 \u238 ?n fatalitate. Concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie potrivit c\uc1 \u259 ?reia
toate evenimentele sunt predestinate \uc1 \u351 ?i au un caracter irevocabil, iar
voin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?a omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ? sunt
neputincioase s\uc1 \u259 ? intervin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vreun fel \uc1 \u238
?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea lor. Fatalismul este descurajant,
propag\uc1 \u226 ?nd ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u238 ?n capacitatea creatoare a
omului, de predic\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i prevenire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fatigabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nivel
sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut al rezisten-\uc1 \u355 ?ei fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
instalarea oboselii \uc1 \u351 ?i nivele de solicitare la care oboseala survine. F.
poate fi m\uc1 \u259 ?surat\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? rapiditatea de instalare a
fenomenului de oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul unei munci ergografice,
dina-mografice sau a unui efort mintal \uc1 \u351 ?i este utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n stabilirea unor tipologii \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? a indi-vizilor, folosite la angajarea
\uc1 \u238 ?n profesia care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? solicit\uc1 \u259 ?ri speciale
(servicii de noapte), precum \uc1 \u351 ?i de diagnosticarea de psiholog a
neadapt\uc1 \u259 ?rilor la munc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Feed-back }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (retroacfiune; conexiune
invers\uc1 \u259 ?); principiul cibernetic, care de-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia provenit\uc1 \u259 ? de la efector sau de la \uc1 \u8222 ?
ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea" sistemului, semnaliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd efecte, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
noi de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia invers\uc1 \u259
? se adre-seaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca m\uc1 \u259 ?rime informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259
? din nou \uc1 \u8222 ?intr\uc1 \u259 ?rii" sistemului, pentru ca acesta s\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i modifice activitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
scopul propus. Feed-back-ul este principiul de baz\uc1 \u259 ? al adapt\uc1 \u259 ?
rii oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui sistem la mediu prin reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia efectului aspra
cauzei, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nchegarea circuitelor reflexe autoreglatorii,
reali-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd coechilibrarea dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?; exist\uc1 \u259 ? feed-
back extern, intern, pozitiv, nega-tiv, care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
mecanisme nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i umorale \uc1 \u351 ?i care ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? coordonat (centrul superior de integrare fiind hipotalamusul).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fenomen }
\langfenp1048 = se define\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n unitate \uc1 \u351 ?i
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu esen\uc1 \u355 ?a; \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie indic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n genere ceva local, tranzitoriu, un efect ce intervine cu
necesitate \uc1 \u238 ?n anu-mite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. F. psihice prezint\uc1 \u259
? o categorie aparte, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t, direct nu sunt accesibile
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t introspec\uc1 \u355 ?iei (se admite \uc1 \u351 ?i teoria
caracterului mijlocit al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii (B. Teplov)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fenomenologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = curent
psihologic (\uc1 \u351 ?i filosofic) bazat pe cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea direct\uc1
\u259 ? a fenomenelor mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i a descrierii lor concrete. F. \uc1
\u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? explice rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre obiect
\uc1 \u351 ?i subiect, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectiv.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fenotip }{\fs18 \dbch
rezultatul vizibil \uc1 \u351 ?i constata-bil din organism, care apare ca urmare a
transmiterii mesajului genetic. Din punct de vedere psihologic, componen-ta
fenotipic\uc1 \u259 ? este dat\uc1 \u259 ? de comportament (forma vizibil\uc1 \u259
?) care exteriorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fermitate = t\uc1 \u259 ?
rie, atitudine adaptat\uc1 \u259 ? rapid, con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i de durat\uc1 \u259 ? a unei pozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u8222 ?situa\uc1 \u355 ?iile problem\uc1 \u259 ?"; rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? la ap\uc1 \u259 ?sarea \uc1 \u351 ?i promovarea deciziei luate; f. se opune
ezit\uc1 \u259 ?rii, sugestibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?ei
de abandon \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; este
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1 \u259 ? de convingerile \uc1 \u351 ?i organiza-rea lor
volitiv\uc1 \u259 ?; atitudine stabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rezis-tent\uc1
\u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de for\uc1 \u355 ?ele opuse.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Feti\uc1 \u351 ?ism
= magie; practic\uc1 \u259 ? a cultului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de obiecte
despre care se crede c\uc1 \u259 ? posed\uc1 \u259 ? for\uc1 \u355 ?e
supranaturale, magice, sau c\uc1 \u259 ? pot mijloci rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu aceste
for\uc1 \u355 ?e. F. se implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca o iluzie
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ce se poate \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lni \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n alte sfere dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea a religiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fideism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orientare}{\fs18
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalist\uc1 \u259 ?, care situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? credin\uc1 \u355 ?a
mai presus de ra\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u238 ?n toate privin\uc1 \u355 ?ele, iar
\uc1 \u238 ?n variante mai ate-nuante atribuie prioritate credin\uc1 \u355 ?ei doar
pe plan metafizic \uc1 \u351 ?i practic, recu-nosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd autoritatea ra\uc1
\u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii teoretice \uc1 \u351 ?i al st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirii tehnice a
naturii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fidelitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? precizia, exactitatea unei
reproduceri; \uc1 \u8226 ? credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, devotament com-
portamental fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ideile \uc1 \u351 ?i convingerile adoptate. \uc1
\u238 ?n cazul aplic\uc1 \u259 ?rii de teste de investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238
?ntre testare \uc1 \u351 ?i retestare trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1
\u259 ? o corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie de 0,80 - 0,90 pentru ca s\uc1 \u259 ? se ateste
fidelitatea sau viabilitatea testului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? = entitate ontologic\uc1
\u259 ? a omului; \uc1 \u238 ?n sens filosofic, ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259 ? dincolo
de toate schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i aparen\uc1 \u355 ?ele. Trans-
cenden\uc1 \u355 ?a fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de realitatea sensibil\uc1 \u259 ?,
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a se confund\uc1 \u259 ? cu Dumnezeu sau este privit\uc1 \u259 ? ca
atribut exclusiv al divinit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (M. Heidegger).}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\b1
\langfenp1048 Filantropie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ata\uc1 \u351 ?amentul pentru oa-meni,
concretizat \uc1 \u238 ?n atitudini de \uc1 \u238 ?ntraju-torare, compasiune,
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n capacitatea de
a renun\uc1 \u355 ?a la satis-fac\uc1 \u355 ?ii personale. Cultivarea acestui sen-
timent trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? evite ostenta\uc1 \u355 ?ia (va-loare
psihopatologic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Filogenez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dezvoltarea istoric\uc1 \u259 ? a
unei specii (spre deosebire de ontoge-nez\uc1 \u259 ?, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
dezvoltarea individului). \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, filogenez\uc1 \u259 ? se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la rolul pe care specia, rasa \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblu, \uc1
\u238 ?l are \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ?
(modelul psihic al rasei). Pentru Jung, elementele arhetipale sunt elementele
fundamentale ale incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entului mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenite de la to\uc1
\u355 ?i indivizii aceleia\uc1 \u351 ?i specii (la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i aspect se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? Freud).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Filtru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Filtraj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie a mesajelor informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sensul accept\uc1 \u259 ?rii unora \uc1 \u351 ?i respingerii altora, pe baza unor
criterii elaborate \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unui proces de autoreglare. Sunt mai multe
tipuri de filtraj: senzorial (ana-lizatorii), tonic (pe baza distribu\uc1 \u355 ?
iei aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei), semantic (mecanisme cogni-tive) \uc1 \u351 ?i voli\uc1
\u355 ?ional (prin mecanism de feed-back).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Finalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip specific de cauzalitate,
caracteristic sistemelor complexe cu auto}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reglare, care const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n autodirijarea spontan\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor pe anumite
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii privilegiate de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie. F. se poate asocia
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii reglatoare, prin \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i schema
de organizare a sistemu-lui, pentru anumite influen\uc1 \u355 ?e externe,
prescriindu-se anumite transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
ca \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul mecanismelor homeostazice sau care se elaboreaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii individului, pe baza proce-sului de
adaptare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\colw720 \colno3 \colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri10 \sb53 \lisb0
\langfenp1048 Fitacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (parafitacism), alterarea }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \super1 sau }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirea sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?
f' cu un altul, ^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 are }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i se pare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai u\uc1
\u351 ?or copilului (de ob}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 lce}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' \uc1 \u8222 ?v" -
sonor\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fixa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Fixare mnezic\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18
= \uc1 \u238 ?n ps!}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 na}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ naliz\uc1 \u259 ?: termen abordat
\uc1 \u238 ?n genet}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ,ca}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 > indic\uc1 \u226 ?nd dinamica
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii indivi"}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 u}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ ale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice. Defin^$}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 te }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ata\uc1 \u351 ?
amentul (p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la obsesie) fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? d}{\fs18
\super1 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u176 ? idee, un obiec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t, o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?.
Poate duc^ '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 structur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
caracteristice. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 se }
\langfenp1048 refer\uc1 \u259 ? la una din opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile memor}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1
\langfenp1048 ' bazat pe \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea \uc1 \u351 ?i
sistematizarea Ie\uc1 \u351 ?i-turilor temporare \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?
iile repeti\uc1 \u355 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 lel}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -Este
sinonim\uc1 \u259 ? cu stocarea, p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fiziognomonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = arta de a cuno^S}{\fs18 \dbch
te }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 caracterul dup\uc1 \u259 ? fizionomie. \uc1 \u238 ?n gen}{\fs18 \dbch
ere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 este}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iluzorie;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uneori}{\fs20
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }
\langfenp1048 expresia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 faciA }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 modelat\uc1 \u259 ? de expresiile
afective obi\uc1 \u351 ?m"}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 te }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poate reflecta
personalitatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fiziologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a biologiei, av^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 n}
\langfenp1048 " ca obiect cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri'}{\fs18
\super1 or }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vitale ale individ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
organice \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e }{\fs18
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale componente. Are relrt}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 11 }
\langfenp1048 str\uc1 \u226 ?nse cu psihologia, \uc1 \u238 ?n special f. sis}{\fs18
\super1 te}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 " mul nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i a secre\uc1 \u355 ?iilor endocri'}
\langfenp1048 \super1 le}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -Psihofiziologia - \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? interdisciplin^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ra }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - are multe aspecte
legate de psihism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fizionomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structur\uc1 \u259 ? facial\uc1 \u259 ? individ" al\uc1
\u259 ?. Expresia facial\uc1 \u259 ? demasc\uc1 \u259 ? activita}{\fs18 \dbch
(ea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ? prin amprenta
psihomotor\uc1 \u259 ? (i*}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 11}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mic\uc1 \u259 ?). \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u226
?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? absolutizeze ace^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 te }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii, Lombroso leag\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele crii*}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 11}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nale de
caractere \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute, exprimate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 m }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fizionomii primitive, monstruoase; teo}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \super1 (1a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3
\expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lombrosian\uc1 \u259 ?
referitoare la tipul crimii>}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3
\expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lului este reluat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologia modei}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 03 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de Carman, care consider\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? fizionon}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ,la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un
fel de carte de vizit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii. Aceste teorii au valo^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 re }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 istoric\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i au c\uc1 \u259 ?zut \uc1
\u238 ?n des}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 u}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 itudine, deoarece n-au putut ajunge la vreo confirmare a
unor corela\uc1 \u355 ?ii psiho-morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i caracteriale.}{\fs20
\lin0 \rin5 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch
Fizionomie moral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sens figurat); desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile morale ale indi-vidului, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
profilul individual d\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mbinarea specific\uc1 \u259 ? a
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor pozi-tive \uc1 \u351 ?i negative.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fizioterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1
\u259 ? a medicinei care folose\uc1 \u351 ?te ca mijloace terapeutice agen-\uc1
\u355 ?ii fizici (naturali sau artificiali). Aceste tehnici \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i au r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cina \uc1 \u238 ?n practicarea alternativ\uc1
\u259 ? a b\uc1 \u259 ?ilor calde \uc1 \u351 ?i reci, \uc1 \u238 ?mpa-chet\uc1
\u259 ?ri cu n\uc1 \u259 ?mol, catap}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lasme, etc, hidroterapia,
climatoterapia, kinezitera-pia, electroterapia, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Flegmatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate \uc1
\u238 ?n care for\uc1 \u355 ?a, echilibrul \uc1 \u351 ?i mobilitatea procese-lor de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie se \uc1 \u238 ?mbin\uc1
\u259 ? astfel: puternic, echilibrat \uc1 \u351 ?i inert. Este perseverent, are
activitate prodigioas\uc1 \u259 ?, are deprinderi stabile, dar este rigid la
schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri, se adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? greu la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii noi; este
rezervat, re\uc1 \u355 ?inut, lipsit de spontaneitate. Are sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul
umorului \uc1 \u351 ?i un optimism rece. Reflecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, exami-neaz\uc1
\u259 ?, discerne faptele cu s\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nge rece.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Flexibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la capacitatea de modifi-care
rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a cursului g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia o cere. Implic\uc1 \u259 ? posibili-tatea de schimbare
rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a punctului de vedere \uc1 \u238 ?n explicarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
rezolvarea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul
per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, f. \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1
\u355 ?a de a dis-tinge \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un ansamblu dat mai multe fenomene care
difer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fluiditate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = factor al inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei
\uc1 \u351 ?i creativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia, u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?
i rapiditatea asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colw3192 \colsr168 \colno2 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 id}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ei,
debitul verbal, cursivitatea, bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia de idei. Nu numai
rapiditatea asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i calitatea lor.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fobie }{\fs18
nevroz\uc1 \u259 ?; afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihogen\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? printr-o fric\uc1 \u259 ? involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, ira\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, deosebit de intens\uc1 \u259 ?, genera-toare a unui comportament
permanent de evitare, evolu\uc1 \u226 ?nd pe fondul unei anxie-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i concentrice (anticii greci considerau f. team\uc1 \u259 ?, panic\uc1 \u259
? sau fric\uc1 \u259 ? morbid\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fonastenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = voce lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de
energie, sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciune, vorbire lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de modula\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea buzelor f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? sunet.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch
capacit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 atea particular\uc1 \u259 ? a laringelui omului de a modula
cuvintele, capacitate la care contribuie \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, faringian\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i, de asemenea, aparatul sinosinuzal. De-fectele de fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie pot
s\uc1 \u259 ? apar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii din
aceste regiuni (buz\uc1 \u259 ? de iepure, gur\uc1 \u259 ? de lup, etc.)}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fona\uc1 \u355 ?iune
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul fonemelor care produc vocea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fond mintal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul l\uc1
\u259 ?untric, subiec-tiv al opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor intelectuale, nivel de desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare \uc1 \u351 ?i integrare simbolic\uc1 \u259 ?, supe-
rioar\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u226 ?mpului perceptiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Fonem }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? unitate
sonor\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii, care are func\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de a diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
ia cuvintele \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i formele gramaticale ale
aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fonoarticulare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea motric\uc1 \u259 ? de a exprima verbal, articulat, sunetele limbii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Formal }{\fs18
concept polisemantic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu
corelativul s\uc1 \u259 ?u autentic \uc1 \u8222 ?informai" \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite
discipline, fiecare}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atribuind termenului o accep\uc1 \u355 ?iune specific\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i filosofia logicii se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la structurile (schemele) de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire ce asigur\uc1
\u259 ? validitatea inferen-\uc1 \u355 ?elor, independent de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul
judec\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uite
argumentativ. Adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul concluziilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiate prin
inferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? presupune validitatea formal\uc1 \u259 ? ca o con-
di\uc1 \u355 ?ie necesar\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i suficient\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t depinde \uc1 \u351 ?i de adev\uc1 \u259 ?
rul premi-zelor, dar verificarea acestuia solicit\uc1 \u259 ? recursul la
experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care introduce criterii formale de validare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Formalism }
\langfenp1048 = proeminen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a formei \uc1 \u238 ?n dauna
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului. \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are
indic\uc1 \u259 ? preocuparea pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea semnelor, iar
nu \uc1 \u351 ?i a semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. \uc1 \u238 ?n comporta-ment \uc1
\u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interindividuale, grija exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
conven\uc1 \u355 ?ii, latura for-mal\uc1 \u259 ? fiind transformat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un scop \uc1 \u238 ?n sine. \uc1 \u238 ?n logic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n filosofia matematicii, \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria estetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n etic\uc1 \u259 ?, formalis-mul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o
interpretare specific\uc1 \u259 ? disciplinei respective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Formant\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c}{\fs18
aracteristica de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a unui sunet complex ce permite diferen-\uc1 \u355
?ierea lui de altele \uc1 \u351 ?i identificarea lui calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
indiferent de componentele armonice, de elementele supraad\uc1 \u259 ?ugate
variabile de intensitate. Este o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? modelare a frecven\uc1 \u355 ?
elor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Forman\uc1
\u355 ?i }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vocalici }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = subliniem faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
fona\uc1 \u355 ?ia nu dispune de un organ pro-priu, ci se integreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile altor organe. Schematic, aparatul fonator se
poate \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n trei etaje: \uc1
\u8226 ? etajul infe-rior, respirator; \uc1 \u8226 ? etajul mijlociu, vibra-tor;
\uc1 \u8226 ? etajul superior, rezonator. Aceste segmente sunt comandate de centri
corticali, \uc1 \u351 ?i anume de centri motori buco-faringo-laringieni \uc1
\u351 ?i ai mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor respiratori, \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ? dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 centrii auditivi, unde se
face reprezen-tan\uc1 \u355 ?a mental\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului care va fi emis
\uc1 \u351 ?i centrii g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\expnd-18 \expndtw-18 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1.}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 Etajul inferior - are ca principal\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?iune asigurarea schimburilor chimi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ce \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aer \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u226 ?nge \uc1 \u351 ?i
numai secundar}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 furnizarea aerului necesar producerii su-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 netului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 2.}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 Etajul mijlociu - laringele ca or-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gan principal
al fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1 \u238 ?n care ia na\uc1 \u351 ?te-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 re sunetul \uc1 \u8222 ?prin sec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea" coloanei de}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aer expirator de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre coardele
vocale.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pentru producerea sunetului sunt necesa-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re: \uc1 \u8226 ? punerea coardelor vocale
\uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fonatorie \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u8226 ? producerea vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor coar-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
delor vocale. Pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fonatorie a coarde-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor
vocale se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor ariaritenoidian \uc1 \u351 ?i cricoariteno-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 isieni laterali, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ?rora are loc o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afrontare a coardelor vocale pe
toat\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lungimea lor; prin contrac\uc1
\u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tiroaritenoidieni interni \uc1
\u351 ?i cricotiroidian}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca \uc1 \u351 ?i a mu\uc1 \u351 ?
chilor parilaringieni se produ-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce o rigidizare a coardelor vocale.
Pozi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ia mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259
? sau mai cobor\uc1 \u226 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? a laringe-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259
?sur\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fonatorie a
coardelor vocale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 3.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunetul laringian, variabil ca}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime
\uc1 \u351 ?i intensitate, posed\uc1 \u226 ?nd o anu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
mit\uc1 \u259 ? cantitate de armonici este lipsit de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
caracter vocalic. El se propag\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cavit\uc1 \u259 ?-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ile aeriene supraglotice, mai
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipofaringe, iar de aici,
fie numai \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i orificiul bucal, fie \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin
rinofaringe \uc1 \u351 ?i fosele nazale, \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin, c\uc1 \u259 ?
tre}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 exterior. Dintre aceste cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i, cele mai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 importante pentru fona\uc1 \u355 ?
ie sunt faringele}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i cavitatea
bucal\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin deplas\uc1 \u259 ?rile pere-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mobili, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i prin contactul limb\uc1 \u259 ?-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pere\uc1 \u355 ?i numit articulare, ia na\uc1
\u351 ?tere o mul-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 titudine de configura\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ale acestor cavi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i care,
din bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia de armonici ale}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunetului
laringian,
selecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?resc}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 pe acelea care au frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ele forman\uc1 \u355 ?i-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor
vocalici, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd na\uc1 \u351 ?tere timbrului vo-calic, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
vocalelor. Pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, trecerea aerului expirator printre obsta-
colele formate de organele de articulare (limb\uc1 \u259 ?, v\uc1 \u259 ?l palatin,
maxilare, buze) d\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere consoanelor. Deci consoanele se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, spre deosebire de
vocale, care, ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial, se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n laringe.
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? locul \uc1 \u238 ?n care se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, con-soanele se \uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1 \u238 ?n:
\uc1 \u8226 ? labiale (B, P, M); \uc1 \u8226 ? labio-dentale (F, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V); }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8226 ? bidentale (T, D); \uc1 \u8226 ? siflante (S, Z, \uc1 \u354 ?, \uc1
\u350 ?, J) (nesonante, fricative); \uc1 \u8226 ? linguo-palatal-dentale (L, N, R)
- studiat (sonante lichide); \uc1 \u8226 ? guturale (C, G, H, K, Q, R) -nestudiat.
Timbrul nazal rezult\uc1 \u259 ?, nu dintr-un fenomen de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, ci prin excitarea aerului din fosele nazale de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre unda
sonor\uc1 \u259 ? laringian\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? und\uc1 \u259 ?,
neput\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se propaga cu u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la
exterior, zdruncin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul masiv facial, produc\uc1 \u226 ?
nd senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii care nu au nimic de-a face cu rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a
acustic\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Logopedia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu)
(Vezi Anexa B)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Forma\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, con-cept de
baz\uc1 \u259 ?, sinonim cu constructul psihic, ceea ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
struc-turare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stabil\uc1
\u259 ?, o organizare pentru subiectul respectiv (Leontiev). Se disting f.p.
intelectuale, afective, conative \uc1 \u351 ?i de tip heterogen, cele de
personalitate. Intr\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu necesi-tate \uc1 \u238 ?n alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuirea psihicului, f.p. se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? particular \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un
stil (P. Popescu-Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune = form\uc1 \u259 ? sau structur\uc1 \u259 ?
care ia na\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n mod dinamic \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces
determinat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 F}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3331 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune reac\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanism de}{\fs18
\tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni granuloase inflamatorii}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare al Eului,
manifestat \uc1 \u238 ?n tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18
laringiene }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomenele paretice cor-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de caracter, mai mult sau mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dale cu localiz\uc1 \u259 ?rile pe grupele
muscula-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
integrate \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblul personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 re afectate (tiroaritenoidieni \uc1 \u351 ?i crico-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (mil\uc1 \u259 ?, masc\uc1 \u226 ?
nd tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e agresive; iubire,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aritenoidieni
laterali, aritenoidieni, care}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 masc\uc1 \u226 ?nd tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e de ur\uc1 \u259 ? etc). In
sfera}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 duc c\uc1 \u259 ?tre diagnosticul
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 patologicului, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile de personalitate}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 laringitele catarale cronice inflamatorii}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reac\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i care suprim\uc1 \u259 ? declan\uc1 \u351 ?area \uc1
\u351 ?i propaga-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
simptom prin exagerarea atitudinilor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea
influxurilor nervoase, deregl\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql
\tx3331 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opuse, care tind s\uc1 \u259 ? se
converteasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tonusul propriu
cordal \uc1 \u351 ?i compromi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un comportament bizar. F.r. \uc1
\u238 ?ndeplinesc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
ordonarea delic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 un rol important \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea virtu\uc1 \u355 ?ilor}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 act al c\uc1 \u226 ?ntului. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (,fatologia
vocal\uc1 \u259 ?" -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i caracterelor umane.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\uc1 \u350 ?t. G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea \uc1 \u351 ?i Marcela Piti\uc1 \u351 ?.)}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa139 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3331 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lan\uc1
\u355 ? de nuclei care nu apar\uc1 \u355 ?in nici unui nucleu de nerv cranian, nici
nucleilor de releu cerebelos sau sistemului lemniscal, situa\uc1 \u355 ?i la
diferi-te nivele pe verticala nevraxului. F.r. se \uc1 \u238 ?ntinde de-a lungul
m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, a trunchiului cerebral p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunile diencefalice. Nucleii propriu-zi\uc1 \u351
?i ai f.r. reprezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i de substan\uc1 \u355 ?a cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie a
calo-tei bulbo-fronto-mezencefalice, nuclei foarte varia\uc1 \u355 ?i ca m\uc1
\u259 ?rime, form\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i struc-tur\uc1 \u259 ?, F.r. fiind
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? nespecific\uc1 \u259 ?, cu structur\uc1 \u259 ?
polisinaptic\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce-i confer\uc1 \u259 ? o not\uc1 \u259 ? de
nespecificitate \uc1 \u238 ?n plus. La nivelul ei trec semnale ce apar\uc1 \u355 ?
in diferitelor modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i senzoriale, cre\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-
se \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul ei posibilitatea unei largi interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre diferitele fluxuri informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale aferente, ad\uc1
\u259 ?ug\uc1 \u226 ?nd la o nespecificitate structural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
una func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ?. F.r. realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de
vedere structural \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional o larg\uc1 \u259 ? conver-
gen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iilor diferitelor modalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i senzoriale, acestea parcurg\uc1 \u226 ?nd un traseu polisinaptic
\uc1 \u351 ?i fiind expediate la scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
mod difuz. F.r. realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? activarea sau tonificarea cortexului prin
impulsurile nespecifice transmise as-cendent acestuia. Starea de vigilen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? decurge din activitatea cortexului prin f.r. (dup\uc1 \u259 ?
C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu \uc1 \u351 ?i P. Popescu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Form\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod de
prezentare a unui obiect, fenomen, structur\uc1 \u259 ?, schem\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. In psihologie are \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesuri
deosebite dup\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturile cu care este indestructibil
legat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
For\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dimensiune energe-tic\uc1
\u259 ? de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului \uc1 \u351 ?i activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii nervoase. Se presupune a consta \uc1 \u351 ?i varia dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222
?cantitatea de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
stocat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n neuroni. Neuro-biochimia a avansat \uc1 \u238 ?n
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea compozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei acestor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e, ADN,
ARN. F. n.
este o \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire constitu\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal-nativ\uc1
\u226 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care, \uc1 \u238 ?n linii mari, se disting tipurile:
puternic \uc1 \u351 ?i slab. Aceas-t\uc1 \u259 ? diviziune este \uc1 \u238 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ? prea simpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tran\uc1 \u351 ?ant\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n evaluarea f.n. se folosesc, \uc1 \u238 ?n afara pragului
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei supralimina-re, \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i indicatori, cum
sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? rezis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?a la stimuli adiacen\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1
\u8226 ? volumul ac-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii reflexe, \uc1 \u8226 ?
intensitatea induc\uc1 \u355 ?iei negative, \uc1 \u8226 ? particularit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile iradierii \uc1 \u351 ?i concentr\uc1 \u259 ?rii proceselor
nervoase, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dac\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere biolo-gic, medical \uc1 \u351 ?i al capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii generale de lucru, f. n. este o calitate, sub alte raporturi
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne neutr\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t nu
predetermina for\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? sau intelec-tual\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i celelalte valori ce \uc1 \u355 ?in de aptitu-dini, inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, caracter. \uc1 \u238 ?n psi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 holo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qj \fi504 \li0 \ri5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin5
\colw2937 \endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}{\sv Line 19}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv
0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\b1 \fs26 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gie, termenii de \uc1 \u8222 ?
for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?energie" nu au acela\uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles ca \uc1 \u238 ?n fizic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 For\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = indic\uc1 \u259 ? intensitatea
tr\uc1 \u259 ?i-rilor psihice (posibil opus\uc1 \u259 ? celei ner-voase) \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n general, capacitatea, randa-mentul, eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?n baza sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerii
afectiv-energetice cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Se m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? efectele ce rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din cauze psihice. Forme particu-
lare: for\uc1 \u355 ?a motivelor, a scopurilor, a idei-lor, a convingerilor, a
ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Fovea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = depresiune \uc1 \u238 ?n centrul \uc1
\u8222 ?petei galbene" }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (macula lute\uc1 \u259 ?)}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }
\langfenp1048 a retinei, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc numai elemente
receptoare, de tipul conurilor. Zona cea mai sensibil\uc1 \u259 ? a retinei.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Frica }{\fs18
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de tipul afec-tului, care
survine c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul ajunge \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
primejdioas\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi preg\uc1 \u259 ?tit pentru
aceasta. F. paralizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, crea\uc1
\u355 ?ia; este un semnal de alarm\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?it cu intensitate, a
c\uc1 \u259 ?rui cre\uc1 \u351 ?te-re pentru un anumit nivel duce la spai-m\uc1
\u259 ?. Spre deosebire de team\uc1 \u259 ? care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la un
obiect \uc1 \u351 ?i anticip\uc1 \u259 ? primejdia, f. implic\uc1 \u259 ? un factor
de surpriz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Fricativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sunet - consoan\uc1 \u259 ? la a
c\uc1 \u259 ?ror pronun\uc1 \u355 ?are, canalul fonator se str\uc1 \u226 ?m-
teaz\uc1 \u259 ?, astfel c\uc1 \u259 ? aerul se poate scurge \uc1 \u238 ?n tot
timpul emisiunii; este consoan\uc1 \u259 ? constrictiv\uc1 \u259 ? (ex. S, z).
(Vezi Anexa B -Fig. 7 \uc1 \u351 ?i 22)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Frustrare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a am\uc1 \u259 ?gi, a \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?ela; situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n care un obstacol
intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n calea satis-facerii unei trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e (dorin\uc1
\u355 ?e, inten\uc1 \u355 ?ii) \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul
persoanei; este un fenomen complex de dezechi-libru la nivelul personalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; termenul a fost extrapolat \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite domenii: psiho-
social, ca un fenomen central al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
afective; ca un complex de inferioritate (v. Pavelcu, Adler). F. este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? lumii umane, \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu limbajul, \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
blo-care \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?gubire de un drept, deci numai \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul unui raport social (T. Rudic\uc1 \u259 ?, 1974, 1977). La copii \uc1 \u351 ?
i ado-lescen\uc1 \u355 ?i, f. este o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a inadapt\uc1
\u259 ?-rii, reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a familial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?,
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, ca ur-mare a unei instabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i caracteriale. La adul\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt aspecte
patologice de infa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntilism, crize de am-nezie, epilepsie etc.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fuga de idei }{\fs18
tulburare a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o accelerare a
fluxului ideativ \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de supraexcitare, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uire relativ ordonat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i coe-rent\uc1 \u259 ?, alteori \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
incoerent\uc1 \u259 ? (diva-ga\uc1 \u355 ?ie, asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii nesemnificative,
super-ficiale). Este caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psi-
hopatologice, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un limbaj gr\uc1 \u259 ?bit, incoerent \uc1 \u351 ?i
cu frecvente comut\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale sensurilor (frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n sindroamele maniacale, de persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, gelozie, schi-
zofrenie) (C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fuga \uc1 \u238 ?n boal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = re}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fugiu \uc1 \u238 ?n
boal\uc1 \u259 ? (ne-vroz\uc1 \u259 ?, psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? sau maladie
somatic\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul degaj\uc1 \u259 ?rii de un conflict
psihic. Subiectul beneficiaz\uc1 \u259 ? de mala-dia lui \uc1 \u351 ?i o cultiv\uc1
\u259 ? ipohondrie, o accen-tueaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin conversiune, o caut\uc1 \u259 ?
ca pe un refugiu. Subiectul se complace \uc1 \u238 ?n suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i accept\uc1 \u259 ? statutul de bolnav.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355 ?ia auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea fo-na\uc1 \u355 ?iei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = actul fonator este
rezultanta unui echilibru de func\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i reflexe fiziologice
delicate, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror integritate este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n care func\uc1 \u355 ?ia auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? se integreaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n procesele de condi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nare a fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei.
C\uc1 \u259 ?ile auditive se inte-greaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n circuitele
reflective sau asoci-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 ate \uc1 \u238 ?n care func\uc1 \u355 ?ia fonatoare este pe prim
plan, analizatorul stetacustic \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinind }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile de auz \uc1 \u351 ?i de echilibru. Putem re-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te vocea unui cunoscut, putem deosebi sunetele \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele cu
ajutorul analizatorului auditiv, fenomenul fona-\uc1 \u355 ?iei petrec\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se la nivelul creierului; zonele nervoase primesc impulsuri nervoase auditive
de la ambele urechi, direct \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncruci\uc1 \u351 ?at, iar
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?iile corti-cale ale auzului nu sunt izolate; ele au leg\uc1 \u259
?turi cu zonele corticale ale celorlalte sim\uc1 \u355 ?uri \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
centrul vorbirii. Prin aceste raporturi se asigur\uc1 \u259 ? o prelucrare comple-
x\uc1 \u259 ? a datelor furnizate de realitatea \uc1 \u238 ?ncon-jur\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, sau din interiorul organismului nostru. Activitatea complex\uc1 \u259 ? a
creierului ofer\uc1 \u259 ? omului posibilitatea s\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndeasc\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? vorbeasc\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i
formeze anumite con-cepte \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini, perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1
\u226 ?nd mediul \uc1 \u351 ?i autoperfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se. (Vezi
Anexa A -Fig. 17)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Func\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinire, executare; com-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 portarea spec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ific\uc1 \u259 ? a unui
element, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sistem determinat, satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1
\u226 ?nd nece-sit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de ordin structural al acestuia.
Utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n matematic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
logic\uc1 \u259 ?, no\uc1 \u355 ?i-unea a fost preluat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
biologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-hologie, apoi \uc1 \u238 ?n sociologie \uc1 \u351 ?i
antro-pologie social\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, termenul a fost \uc1
\u238 ?nlocuit cu acela de \uc1 \u8222 ?proces" psi-hic \uc1 \u238 ?n care dispune
de un maximum de plasticitate. Se men\uc1 \u355 ?ine \uc1 \u351 ?i termenul de
f. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens de categorie specific\uc1 \u259 ? de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
legate de anumite mecanisme. Exemplu: f. psihice: senzoriale, mnezic\uc1 \u259 ?,
tonic\uc1 \u259 ?, a verbaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, comunicativ\uc1 \u259 ?, de reglaj,
au-tomatiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, tensional-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de inte-
grare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355
?ie a realului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = adaptarea cerin\uc1
\u355 ?e-lor, trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor la realitatea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ?
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i
edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Omul \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
renun\uc1 \u355 ?e la pl\uc1 \u259 ?cer}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 imediat\uc1 \u259 ?,
preconiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie viitoa-re, mai important\uc1 \u259 ?,
subordon\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se principiului realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1
\u238 ?n defavoarea satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor imediate. Se alege o cale mai
dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, dar cu efect adaptativ mai mare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355 ?ie hedonic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin care, la nivel cortical se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? discrimi-n\uc1 \u259 ?ri care conduc la un comportament av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
finalitate ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerea pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii, evit\uc1 \u226 ?nd
dezagreabilul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Func\uc1 \u355 ?ie mental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = de \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrare, re-
glare \uc1 \u351 ?i de elaborare la nivelul cortexu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
lui, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate pe plan mental; se reali-}{\fs18 \dbch
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i identific\uc1 \u259 ?ri per-
ceptive, ajust\uc1 \u259 ?ri motorii, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, evoc\uc1
\u259 ?ri asociative, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente, rezol-v\uc1 \u259 ?ri de probleme,
crea\uc1 \u355 ?ii imaginative, etc. Trebuie distinse de func\uc1 \u355 ?iile
senzo-riomotorii \uc1 \u351 ?i de emo\uc1 \u355 ?iile primare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355 ?ie simbolic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ie intelec-tual\uc1 \u259 ? care
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii (imagini secundare,
curente \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii verbale, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, idei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce \uc1 \u355 ?ine de o
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie, se produce sub regimul ei \uc1 \u351 ?i este expre-sia ei. L.
S. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi a introdus con-ceptul de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
interfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, prin care se ajunge la conceptul de proces
psihic. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Psihologia func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? - }
\langfenp1048 J. De-vey, Ed. Claparede, etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate a unui
sistem de a func\uc1 \u355 ?iona intens \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ superior, \uc1
\u238 ?n raport cu programul s\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e noi (aptitudinile, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea, limbajul etc).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fund de ochi }
\langfenp1048 = aspect normal av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un rol semnificativ \uc1 \u238 ?n
diagnosticarea multor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni; eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oftalmologie, pnn care \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegem supra-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fa\uc1 \u355 ?a retinei
cu elementele ei: papila ner-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 lui optic, vasele retiniene \uc1 \u351 ?i macula }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 lutea cu fovea centralis. Toate aceste ele-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 mente \uc1 \u238 ?n limite normale \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pun
amprenta }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asupra s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii mentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Fuziune }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = act de suprapunere \uc1 \u351 ?
i unifi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care a unor fenomene, imagini, astfel }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t nu mai poate fi sesizat
fiecare feno-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 men \uc1 \u238 ?n parte, ci un \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg
continuu. Prin }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 extensiune, termenul
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? feno-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mene analogice \uc1
\u238 ?n plan intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G = simbol
grafic prin care se coteaz\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurile globale la proba
proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? Rorschach. Se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la modalitatea de
aprehensiune (stare similar\uc1 \u259 ? anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dar de
mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? intensitate). R\uc1 \u259 ?spunsu-rile de tip G au mai multe
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihologice: \uc1 \u8226 ? inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? dezvoltat\uc1 \u259 ?, ca-pacitate de sintez\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
raportare la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblul lor, capacitate de
generalizare prin r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri bine con-struite; \uc1 \u8226 ? debilitate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? - c\uc1 \u226 ?nd G-urile sunt difuze-sincretice, s\uc1 \u259 ?
race, difuze-imprecise etc; \uc1 \u8226 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurile pot fi efec-tul
unor mecanisme de refulare; G-urile se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca determinant -
form\uc1 \u259 ? pozi-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? - \uc1 \u351 ?i se succed cu }{\fs18 \dbch
rigiditate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Rooschach, testul poate fi aplicat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 7 \uc1 \u351 ?i
10 ani. R\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurile G cresc \uc1 \u238 ?n frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu dispozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1
\u259 ? sau euforic\uc1 \u259 ?, la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii competitivi, ambi\uc1
\u355 ?io\uc1 \u351 ?i, cu antre-nament \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament
logic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gamacism
\uc1 \u351 ?i Para}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gamacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbura-re de comunicare
verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n dificultatea de a
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?a consoanele g \uc1 \u351 ?i, respectiv k, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirea lor cu alte consoane; nu are semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
pato-logic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a asocierii cu alte tulbu-
r\uc1 \u259 ?ri majore \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul dislaliei. (Vezi Anexa B-Fig. 4 \uc1
\u351 ?i 18).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gamaencefalografle }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scintigrafie cerebral\uc1
\u259 ?; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 metod\uc1 \u259 ? tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? modern\uc1 \u259 ?
de explorare a sistemului nervos, prin \uc1 \u238 ?nscrierea impulsurilor
radioactive ale}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 regiunilor lezionale ale creierului, pre-zent\uc1 \u226 ?nd avantajul
unui grad min}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 im de periculozitate. Se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
injec-tarea de izotopi radioactivi (emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tori de radia\uc1
\u355 ?ii gama) care se fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? diferit \uc1 \u238 ?n forma\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile nervoase normale sau patologice. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal exist\uc1 \u259 ?
zone de concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ie electiv\uc1 \u259 ? a substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
radioactive care corespund maselor musculare \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemului arteriovenos.
Aceste substan\uc1 \u355 ?e manifest\uc1 \u259 ? o preferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de stocare \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunile lezionale active ale creierului, leziunea
devenind surs\uc1 \u259 ? de radia\uc1 \u355 ?ii gamma.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gamma }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuit din motoneu-roni \uc1 \u8222 ?gamma", situa\uc1 \u355 ?i la nivelul sub-
stan\uc1 \u355 ?ei cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ii a m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a sistemului extrapi-ramidal, a
sistemului vestibulo-spinal \uc1 \u351 ?i reticulospinal, fiind implicat \uc1 \u238
?n men\uc1 \u355 ?i-nerea tonusului muscular. Excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia sis-temului \uc1
\u8222 ?gamma" produce \uc1 \u238 ?ntinderea receptorului medulo-spinal \uc1
\u351 ?i implicit ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea moderat\uc1 \u259 ? a neuronilor mo-tori
\uc1 \u8222 ?alfa" din coarnele anterioare, de-termin\uc1 \u226 ?nd o cre\uc1 \u351
?tere a tonusului mus-cular. Inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sistemului gama scade tonusul
muscular.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gamofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?, cu caracter patologic,
de c\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?torie, ce poa-te fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? la ambele sexe, carac-teriz\uc1 \u226 ?nd personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i imature, anxioa-se, psihastenice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gamomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = impulsie cu con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
eroto-maniac, a unor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i di-zarmonice, de a adresa
cereri \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-torie tuturor femeilor }{\fs18
cunoscute, ajun-g\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri la poligamie.}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G\uc1 \u226 ?ndire (tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de g\uc1 \u226
?ndire) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 fiind func\uc1 \u355 ?ia cea mai organizat\uc1 \u259 ? a psihismului,
realiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin ea inte-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
prelucrarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor din realitatea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i cea interioar\uc1 \u259 ?, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea permite trecerea la un
nivel superior calitativ al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii de la fenomenal, particular,
aleator, unic, la esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i general. Este tocmai ceea ce
d\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitatea unor conduite anticipa-tive \uc1 \u351 ?i formative,
\uc1 \u238 ?n corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu alte func\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale psihicului,
deoarece guver-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? mecanismele \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
care s\uc1 \u259 ?-i asigure subiectului randamentul la un nivel superior.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? ca \uc1 \u238 ?n
traiectoria de la senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii spre
abstract \uc1 \u351 ?i decizie s\uc1 \u259 ? se produc\uc1 \u259 ? numeroase tulbu-
r\uc1 \u259 ?ri, unele cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri minore, altele de amploare \uc1 \u351 ?
i cu repercusiuni majore \uc1 \u238 ?n existen\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului \uc1
\u351 ?i a semenilor s\uc1 \u259 ?i. Acestea pot interesa g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea
\uc1 \u238 ?n ansam-blul ei sau doar unele aspecte ca: \uc1 \u8226 ? tul-bur\uc1
\u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n discursivitatea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii: lentoa-re
ideativ\uc1 \u259 ? cu ritm bradilalic, ritm acce-lerat (cu aspect de tahilalie),
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n fluen\uc1 \u355 ?a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, v\uc1
\u226 ?scozitate, perseverare;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n productivitatea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii: mentismul,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu aspect predo-minant cantitativ, s\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
cia g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii; \uc1 \u8226 ? tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale: demen\uc1 \u355 ?a; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu aspect
predominant calitativ: autis-mul; asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii anormale, automate, pola-
rizate, insolite, incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; anidea\uc1 \u355 ?ia;}
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238
?n ansamblul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii: idei dominante, prevalente, obsesiv-fobice, manii
mintale.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare persoan\uc1 \u259 ? are un
ritm propriu de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre anumite limite, mai mult sau
mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in largi; \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, aceste
varia\uc1 \u355 ?ii nu pot fi considerate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G\uc1 \u226 ?ndire
schematic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este proprie subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor lipsi\uc1 \u355 ?i
de creativitate, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?-ror performan\uc1 \u355 ?e se apropie de media
comun\uc1 \u259 ?; este tipul de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire predomi-nant reproductiv,
caracterizat prin ste-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 reotipie (nepatologic\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?n modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de abordare a realului; respect\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de
algoritmi \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a\uc1 \u355 ?i, are o flexibilitate
redus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i este lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de originalitate.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea }{\fs18
p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 roces psihic secundar de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul
form\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor pe ba-za celor primare, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd rol de \uc1
\u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?-tate central\uc1 \u259 ?, definitorie pentru om. Este un
proces con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, intelectiv, \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune o organizare
logic\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, de
la concret, particu-lar \uc1 \u351 ?i unic, la general, esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial,
abstract. Pe baza datelor senzoriale, se ajunge la nivel logic al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terii. G\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin selec\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ordinari,
combi-n\uc1 \u259 ?ri de elemente \uc1 \u351 ?i de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii, iar \uc1
\u238 ?n ca-drul acestor prelucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea are \uc1 \u351 ?
i o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prospectiv\uc1
\u259 ?; se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza unor ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni practice, prin
interiorizarea opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i actelor concrete. Specificul
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii nu const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reproducerea
schematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i generali-zat\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii concrete, ci \uc1 \u238 ?n reconsti-tuirea realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n mod direct (nemijlo-cit). Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire este o cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere nemijlocit\uc1 \u259 ?
prin simboliz\uc1 \u259 ?ri, combin\uc1 \u259 ?ri, corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie. G\uc1
\u226 ?ndirea stabi-le\uc1 \u351 ?te rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii categoriale \uc1 \u351 ?i
necesare \uc1 \u238 ?n diversitatea formelor de manifestare a realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci dincolo de aceast\uc1 \u259 ? diver-sitate,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea surprinde ceea ce este unitar, coerent \uc1 \u351 ?i necesar
\uc1 \u238 ?n fenomene, lucruri. Limbajul \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea sunt
intim legate \uc1 \u351 ?i se influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? reciproc, dez-
volt\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n paralel; tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile g\uc1 \u226 ?
n-dirii se repercuteaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i invers.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 G\uc1 \u226 ?
ng\uc1 \u259 ?veal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = defect de vorbire al logopa\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?i\uc1 \u355 ?i (g\uc1 \u226 ?ngavi).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ganglion nervos }
\langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune multi-celular\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul c\uc1
\u259 ?reia se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? conexiunile sinaptice nervoase.}{\fs20
\colw2932 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \fi466 \li0 \ri34 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exemple:
ganglioni spinali (rahi-dieni), care con\uc1 \u355 ?in leg\uc1 \u259 ?turile
neuronilor periferici ai traiectelor senzitive; gangli-onii sistemului simpatic, de
o parte \uc1 \u351 ?i de alta a coloanei vertebrale; ganglionii lui Casser, ce
suport\uc1 \u259 ? nervul sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cefalice; ganglionul
lui Corti, ce sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine neuronii receptori ai sensibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii audi-tive etc. Uneori ganglionii se maseaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n plexuri ganglionare printre fibre nervoa-se \uc1 \u351 ?i musculare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ganser
(sindrom) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = neuropsihiatru ger-man care descrie sindromul (1898) ca un ansamblu
de simptome isterice const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a
subiectului de a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde al\uc1 \u259 ?-turi, verbal sau prin
comportament. De aceea, se mai nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?sindrom al r\uc1
\u259 ?s-punsului al\uc1 \u259 ?turi" la \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
c\uc1 \u259 ?ror r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri \uc1 \u238 ?i sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n mod evident
cunos-cute. Acest sindrom evalueaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe fondul unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
crepusculare (confuzie, haluci-na\uc1 \u355 ?ie, agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie), cu mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri absurde etc, care pot fi asociate cu fenomene isterice
(amnezii, analgezii, etc). Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial cu simula\uc1
\u355 ?ia sau cu criza catatonic\uc1 \u259 ? ori cataleptic\uc1 \u259 ? este
dificil, dar nu imposibil. Caracterul sistematic al r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i actelor absurde, \uc1 \u238 ?ngusta-rea c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, conduc c\uc1 \u259 ?tre \uc1 \u8222 ?
pseudodemen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ?", c\uc1 \u259 ?tre nega-
tivism catatonic etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Gaupp Mautz }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihoze ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror ta-blou
psihopatologic se amestec\uc1 \u259 ? cu sim-ptomatologia afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de
tip disociativ. Autorii considerau c\uc1 \u259 ? aceste psihoze mixte ar fi rodul
unei predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii eredi-tare, apropiate de psihozele schizo-frenice.}
\langfenp1048 Gauss Cari Friedrich }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = matematician \uc1
\u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fizician german de la care ne-a r\uc1 \u259 ?mas
elementul de \uc1 \u8222 ?reparti\uc1 \u355 ?ie a lui Gauss", a frecven\uc1 \u355 ?
elor unui eveni}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ment. Curba}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 reparti\uc1 \u355 ?iei normale este dat\uc1 \u259 ? de}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 expresia: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P(x) = }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8212 ?== = -i\uc1 \u8212 ?}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -J-, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unde}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a \uc1 \u351 ?i 6 sunt
constante, iar P(x) este densitatea de reparti\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Curbele date de
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? expresie au form\uc1 \u259 ? de clopot \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt
simetrice fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de media aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ?. V\uc1 \u226 ?
rful curbelor are ordonata egal\uc1 \u259 ? cu media aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Curba
descris\uc1
\u259 ? de Gauss reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? comportarea statistic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui
fenomen la generarea c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia concur\uc1 \u259 ? o infinitate de cauze
(chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomene cu caracter \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?
tor), cum sunt cele biologice, psiholo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gice, sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Geloterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18
gelos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 - r\uc1 \u226 ?s); metod\uc1 \u259 ? terapeutica cu deschidere spre
psihia-trie, propus\uc1 \u259 ? de H. Rubinstein, funda-mentat\uc1 \u259 ? pe rolul
pe care-1 are r\uc1 \u226 ?sul \uc1 \u8222 ?ca fenomen uman complet, care
joac\uc1 \u259 ? un rol fundamental la interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a mani-fest\uc1
\u259 ?rilor musculare, respiratorii, ner-voase \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice ale
individului. Printre mecanismele neurohormonale pe care r\uc1 \u226 ?sul le
declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?, se poate aminti produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
endorfine. Efectul gelote-rapiei este vizibil \uc1 \u238 ?n bolile psihosoma-tice,
insomnii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n stresul prel}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ungit.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gelozie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = delir a
c\uc1 \u259 ?rui tematic\uc1 \u259 ? este fixat\uc1 \u259 ? asupra ideilor de
gelozie care nu au contingen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu realitatea; persoane cu
anomalii instinctuale, \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce
prive\uc1 \u351 ?te sexualitatea; este un delir sistematizat de interpretare, am-
plificat \uc1 \u238 ?n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u8222 ?investi-
ga\uc1 \u355 ?iile" pe care gelosul le face \uc1 \u238 ?n per-manen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin \uc1 \u8222 ?probele" la care-\uc1 \u351 ?i supune
partenerul conjugal. Gelosul are convingerea eronat\uc1 \u259 ? de infidelitate a
partenerului \uc1 \u351 ?i interpreteaz\uc1 \u259 ? cele mai ne\uc1 \u238 ?nsemnate
fapte ca aspecte de in}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fide-litate (\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierile
partenerului, buna}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, oboseala, \uc1 \u355 ?inuta vestimentar\uc1
\u259 ? - sunt interpretate ca probe ale infide-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gen }{\fs18
clas\uc1 \u259 ? de obiecte ce au acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i no-te esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale
\uc1 \u351 ?i care cuprind dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe subclase distincte numite
specii. Genul nu poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i specie, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum specia nu poate
fi gen, dar \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele se stabilesc anumite raporturi; orice gen are cel
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in dou\uc1 \u259 ? specii \uc1 \u351 ?i orice specie are cel
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in un gen. Logica aristotelic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?silogistica
judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor" exprim\uc1 \u259 ? concep-\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui
Aristotel despre gen, specie \uc1 \u351 ?i in-divid, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care genul
\uc1 \u351 ?i specia sunt sub-stan\uc1 \u355 ?e secundare, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1
\u226 ?t fiin\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?i prin indivizii
concret determina\uc1 \u355 ?i - ca esen\uc1 \u355 ?e repetabile, put\uc1 \u226 ?nd
fi predicate despre fiecare individ \uc1 \u238 ?n care exist\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gen\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unitate func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a aparatului
genetic care specific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uirea
amino-acizilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un lan\uc1 \u355 ? polipepidic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gene }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen folosit
\uc1 \u238 ?n biologia mole-cular\uc1 \u259 ? modern\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a denumi
siste-mele miniaturale care reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? factorii principali de
transmitere a caracterelor ereditare. Genele sunt unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale formate din molecule de acid dezoxiribo-nucleic,
organizate \uc1 \u238 ?n cordoni care con-troleaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau determin\uc1
\u259 ? sinteza unor pro-teine specifice. Fenomenul de replicare enzimatic\uc1
\u259 ?, prin care dintr-o gen\uc1 \u259 ? se for-meaz\uc1 \u259 ? alte dou\uc1
\u259 ? gene identice, constituie mecanismul de baz\uc1 \u259 ? al eredit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Bolile ereditare sunt consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e ale unor ano-malii
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n genele structurale, care atrag dup\uc1 \u259 ?
sine modificarea mesajului genetic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Generalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sinteza \uc1 \u351 ?i
reunirea \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor abstractizate \uc1 \u351 ?i extinderea
lor asupra \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii clase sau categorii de obiecte}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 considerate. Este o
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie comple-mentar\uc1 \u259 ? abstractiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Presupune
inte-riorizarea
unor ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni externe. Sunt mai multe nivele de generalizare pri-vind
schemele perceptive \uc1 \u351 ?i ale imagi-nilor mintale; \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihopatologie, opera-\uc1 \u355 ?ia de generalizare este afectat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n toate bolile care implic\uc1 \u259 ? nedezvoltarea, dete-riorarea sau
distorsiunea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Genetic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens biologic: ceea ce
\uc1 \u355 ?ine de gene. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, are un sens mai larg, definind
nu numai ce este ereditar, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i ceea ce este dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit,
determinat de mediu, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
are, activitate. J. Piaget demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? geneza pro-ceselor
psihice se produce prin interio-rizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i exteriorizarea ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor; ge-netismul pune accentul \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie pe dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea, formarea conduitelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Genetica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? apara-tul genetic \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale:
ereditatea, variabilitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i determinismul genetic al fenomenelor
fenotipice. \uc1 \u238 ?n privin\uc1 \u355 ?a sistemului nervos central, genetica
molecular\uc1 \u259 ? studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? aparatul genetic din punct de vedere
biochimic, imuno-logic \uc1 \u351 ?i infrastructural. Din punct de vedere al
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor - se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la toate deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele
mintale, psihozele afective, epilepsie, schizofrenie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Genetic\uc1 \u259 ? -
Psihologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihologia ge-netic\uc1 \u259 ? studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
modul de formare a proceselor psihice prin dezvoltare onto-logic\uc1 \u259 ?;
explic\uc1 \u259 ? geneza diferitelor as-pecte ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice,
dezvoltarea \uc1 \u351 ?i maturizarea copilului pe parcursul evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei
sale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i transform\uc1 \u259 ?rile care au loc \uc1 \u238
?n anumite etape bine delimitate. J. Piaget este considerat fondatorul modern al
psihologiei genetice, de\uc1 \u351 ?i preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile sunt mult mai vechi
(Binet, Wallon etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Geniu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = treapta superlativ\uc1 \u259 ? a
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de inven\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de executare original\uc1
\u259 ? a fa-cult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti, \uc1 \u238 ?
mbog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ind patri-moniul culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i civiliza\uc1
\u355 ?iei. Geniul a provocat controverse nesolu\uc1 \u355 ?ionate \uc1 \u351 ?i
nesolu\uc1 \u355 ?ionabile, care au oscilat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ex-trema identific\uc1
\u259 ?rii sale cu patologicul. Seneca: \uc1 \u8222 ?n-a existat vreodat\uc1
\u259 ? un geniu f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? un amestec de nebunie".}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Genom }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem
de elemente interde-pendente purt\uc1 \u259 ?toare a unor caractere ere-ditare sau
genotipice. Diferitele combi-na\uc1 \u355 ?ii genetice au rol important \uc1
\u238 ?n echili-brarea marelui fond genetic al popula-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Genofobie }{\fs18
team\uc1 \u259 ? excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, nejustifi-cat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de activitatea sexual\uc1 \u259 ?; apare mai ales la sexul
feminin, uneori motiva-t\uc1 \u259 ? de teama de graviditate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Genotip }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ere-ditare, care prin interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune cu mediul
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenotipul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Geriatrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medicina b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1
\u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?ii (dezvol-tat\uc1 \u259 ? de CI. Parhon \uc1 \u351 ?i Ana
Aslan); este latura de interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie a gerontologiei, viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
profilaxia modific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de invo-lu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
recuperarea persoanelor afectate de fenomene majore de \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u226 ?nire a organismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Gero }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element de compunere expri-m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u226 ?nd
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de \uc1 \u8222 ?b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?n" - \uc1 \u8222
?b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?-ne\uc1 \u355 ?e".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch
Gerontologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
me-dicale, studiind caracteristicile organis-mului b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?i a patologiei specifice. Dintr-o perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ?, ge-rontologia social\uc1 \u259 ? pune accentul pe
fac-torii sociali de natur\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?eze,}
\u238 ?ntr-un sens sau altul, procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?m-b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?
nire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Gerontopsihiatria }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile mentale
survenite la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta senescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei (demen\uc1 \u355 ?e
presenile, senile, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de profilaxia \uc1 \u351 ?i tratamentul lor
adecvat).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gerontopsihologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
psihice concomitente \uc1 \u238 ?m-b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirii cronologice;
este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? o metodologie de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a procesu-
alit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul destructur\uc1 \u259 ?rii
psihi-cului uman, opus celui din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie (psihologia genetic\uc1 \u259
?) care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? legile structur\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gest }{\fs18 \dbch
mi\uc1 \u351 ?care voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? sau involun-tar\uc1 \u259 ?, cu func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de expresie, simboli-zare, fapt de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? cu o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Ansamblul structurat de gest define\uc1 \u351 ?te
o gestic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Gestaltism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = curent psihologic (psiho-logia formei),}
\langfenp1048 care pune la baza psiho-logiei no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de }{\i1 \fs18
structur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 privit\uc1 \u259 ? ca un \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg
semnificativ al rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor din-tre stimuli \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunsuri. Gestaltismul s-a extins \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sociologie \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n medici-n\uc1 \u259 ?, antropologie, lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? etc.
Ges-taltismul consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? omul \uc1 \u351 ?i operele sale nu
pot fi examinate dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n globa-litatea lor. Principala
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a aces-tui curent const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
exager\uc1 \u259 ?rile aprio-riste \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n subaprecierea
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i activit\uc1
Gesta\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = perioada secundar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
reali-zarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei creatoare,
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul este concen-trat con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient asupra operei sale, bene-ficiind de restructur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, combina\uc1
\u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?m-bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?iri ale materialului etc. Este
peri-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oada propus\uc1 \u259 ? de Wallas \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul
crea-\uc1 \u355 ?iei, numit\uc1 \u259 ? incuba\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gigantism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere excep\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a cor-pului, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a membrelor, \uc1 \u238
?n urma unor perturba\uc1 \u355 ?ii hiperfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale }{\i1 \fs18
hipoflzei. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este \uc1 \u238 ?nrudit\uc1 \u259 ? etiologic-patolo-gic
cu agromegalia (exces de hormon de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gimnastic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii fizice selec\uc1 \u355 ?iona-te, efectuate periodic \uc1 \u238
?n vederea dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii optime \uc1 \u351 ?i a \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1
\u355 ?inerii func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a organismului. Se disting: gimnastic\uc1
\u259 ? me-dical\uc1 \u259 ?, gimnastica igienic\uc1 \u259 ?, gimnastica
artistic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i gimnastica sportiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Gimnas-tica
contribuie la echilibrul psihic, spo-rind capacitatea de efort volun}{\fs18
tar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li14 \ri5 \sb206 \lisb0
Girus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie; pliu al scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale
m\uc1 \u259 ?rginit de \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?uri. Dispune-rea sub form\uc1
\u259 ? de girusuri a scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale \uc1 \u238 ?i cre\uc1 \u351 ?te
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i, implicit, posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Multe girusuri sunt sediul unor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice
bine delimitate}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gland\uc1
\u259 ? pituitar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vezi }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoflz\uc1 \u259 ?}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Glande
endocrine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = (glande cu secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie intern\uc1 \u259 ?); forma\uc1 \u355
?iuni specializate \uc1 \u238 ?n secre-\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e
(hormoni) care se var-s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge \uc1 \u351 ?i
care au ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune reglatorie asupra organelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?
esuturilor. Reglarea endocrin\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune difuz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai lent\uc1 \u259 ? este auxiliar\uc1 \u259 ? celei
nervoase, fiind la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul ei controlat\uc1 \u259 ? de sistemul nervos.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spre deosebire
de reglarea nervoa-s\uc1 \u259 ?, care este complex\uc1 \u259 ?, mult
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, reglarea
endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? este conti-nu\uc1 \u259 ?, de\uc1 \u351 ?i filogenetic este
primordial\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnindu-se \uc1 \u351 ?i la
plante). Secre\uc1 \u355 ?iile en-docrine ca elemente constituente ale mediului
intern \uc1 \u351 ?i ca mediatori chimici ai func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor nervoase,
exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? asupra
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, fapte de care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? endocrinopsihologia.
Glandele endocrine principale sunt: epifiza, hipofiza, tiroida, paratiroida,
timusul, suprarenalele \uc1 \u351 ?i glande sexu-ale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice - }{\fs18
\uc1 \u238 ?n bolile endocrine. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice din boli-le
endocrine reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihopatologice, de
intensitate \uc1 \u351 ?i colo-ratur\uc1 \u259 ? variabil\uc1 \u259 ?, determinate
de inter-ven\uc1 \u355 ?ii complexe psiho-neuro-endocri-ne. Aceste tulbur\uc1 \u259
?ri se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu cele specifice, produse de disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
hormo-nal\uc1 \u259 ?. Principalele manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice care
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? psihosindromul endo-crin din unele endo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 crinologii
sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hi-potiroidia, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e: \uc1 \u238 ?ncetini-rea psihismului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; torpoare, bradipsihie, bradilalie etc,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri progresive de memorie, diminuarea re-zonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
afective, hipobulie, bradikine-zie, conturarea unor frecvente tablouri nevrotice
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihotice; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipertiroidia: }{\fs18 \dbch
accelerarea psihismului \uc1 \u351 ?i a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii timice mari, iritabilitate, anxie-tate, hiperkinezie,
fatigabilitate sporit\uc1 \u259 ?, idea\uc1 \u355 ?ie rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, insomnii,
ie\uc1 \u351 ?iri nevrotice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihotice, instabilitate psihomoto}{\fs18
rie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch
Paratiroide }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 glande endocrine prezente la aproximativ 90%
din oameni; patru glande mici situate pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a posterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a
lobilor laterali ai tiroidei; \uc1 \u8226 ? hipoparatiroidia (tetania) -reglarea
secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei parathormonului este f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? pe cale
umoral\uc1 \u259 ?; concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ia de calciu din s\uc1 \u226 ?nge
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv sau negativ secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia
parathormonilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? hipoprosexie de concentrare - dimi-nuarea
aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, orientarea selectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
idea\uc1 \u355 ?iei, labilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, depresie,
anxietate, sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea calcemiei cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri acute
psihotice; \uc1 \u8226 ? hiper-parotiroidia - sin. hipoprosexie; sc\uc1 \u259 ?de-
rea ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativei, a spontaneit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, iritabili-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate crescut\uc1 \u259 ?, hipobulie, apatie, astenie
psihofizic\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tip psihotic, convulsii.}{\fs20
\nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin29 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 Suprarenalele: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anorexie, anxieta-te, iritabilitate; sindrom
confuzional sau psihotic, reversibil prin tratament hor-monal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipofiza: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sin. }{\i1
\langfenp1048 neurohipofiza; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iune hipo-talamo-
hipofizar\uc1 \u259 ?, polidi-psie, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sindroame nevrotice
(astenice, anxioase).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Adenohipofiza }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = hipofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18
(in-suficien\uc1 \u355 ?a secretorie de hormon soma-totrop): nanism hipofizar, \uc1
\u238 ?ncetinire glo-bal\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i al
activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, parkinsonism, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
izolare, comportament pueril, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive le-gate de sentimente de
inferioritate; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hi-perfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (hipersecretia de hormon
so-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 matotrop): gigantism, dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie depre-siv\uc1 \u259 ?,
apatie, hiperdinamie, imaturitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ?,
psihoze de tip maniaco-depresiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pancreasul endocrin: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }
\langfenp1048 hipofunc-\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui duce la diabetul zaharat,
manifes-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice legate de microangiopatie \uc1 \u351 ?i
ateroscleroz\uc1 \u259 ?, st\uc1 \u259 ?r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i depresive; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 hiper-func\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (hiperinsulinismul) se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? prin: cefalee, anxietate, irascibilitate, tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mnezice,
somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, convulsii, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri confuzionale, com\uc1
\u259 ?, episoade psi-hotice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ovar: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? hipofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }
\langfenp1048 duce la inten-sificarea proceselor nervoas}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e de inhibi-\uc1
\u355 ?ie, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mnezice; \uc1
\u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hiperfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instabilitate
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, impulsivitate, anxietate, irascibilitate, fo-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bii, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive, psihoze de tip mania-}
\langfenp1048 co-depresiv, anxietate, irascibilitate; \uc1 \u238 ?n hipersecretia
de androgeni (v}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 irilismul) apare masculinizarea psihocomporta-
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, impulsivitate, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Testicole: }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (pseudo-eunucoidismul):
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale proceselor mnezice \uc1 \u351 ?i ideative, hipoprosexie de
concentrare, astenie, fatigabilitate spori-t\uc1 \u259 ?, irascibilitate, st\uc1
\u259 ?ri depresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Globalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = percepere total\uc1
\u259 ?, difuz\uc1 \u259 ?, cu o slab\uc1 \u259 ? realizare a discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?
rii. R. Meili consider\uc1 \u259 ? globalizarea un factor de inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din \uc1 \u8222 ?reunirea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-
un tot a elementelor".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gloso }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = (grecescul }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 glossa - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 limb\uc1 \u259 ?); ele-
ment de compunere care introduce re-ferirea la \uc1 \u8222 ?limb\uc1 \u259 ?".}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Glosodinie
(Glosalgie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere locali-zat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n limb\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n hipocondrie,
demen\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Glosofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = frica de a vorbi, prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
nevrozele motorii; declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? o re-al\uc1 \u259 ? a\uc1
\u351 ?teptare anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma e\uc1 \u351 ?ecului \uc1
\u238 ?nregistrat \uc1 \u238 ?n pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area unor cuvinte.}{\fs20
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Glosolalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de comunicare verbal\uc1 \u259 ?,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n abuzul de neolo-gisme active sau pasive,
utilizarea unui accent dintr-o limb\uc1 \u259 ? str\uc1 \u259 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?,
rezultatul fiind un discurs bizar \uc1 \u351 ?i incomprehen-sibil, o limb\uc1 \u259
? nou\uc1 \u259 ?, personal\uc1 \u259 ?, structu-rat\uc1 \u259 ? de bolnavi,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o schi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de organizare
sintactic\uc1 \u259 ?; aliena\uc1 \u355 ?ii (schizo-frenii) pretind c\uc1 \u259 ?
vorbesc \uc1 \u238 ?n limbi str\uc1 \u259 ?ine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Glosomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (mania nebuniei); lim-bajul
folosit de maniacali \uc1 \u238 ?n accese de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihomotor\uc1
\u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a transmite un mesaj, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? respectarea sintaxei, ca rezultat al inspira\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
al unor jocuri verbale ale subiectului (schizofrenie, oligofrenie).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Glosoplegie }{\fs18 \dbch
paralizia unei jum\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a limbii, prin lezarea
ramurii motorii a nervului hipoglos, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n formele demen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n afazia
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Glosoptoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c\uc1 \u259 ?derea limbii \uc1
\u238 ?n faringe (frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza isteric\uc1 \u259 ?).}
Gnoseologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teoria cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gnosticism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = curent filosof\uc1
\u238 ?co-religios, care \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? completeze
\uc1 \u351 ?i chiar s\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?easc\uc1 \u259 ?
accesul pe calea credin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la esen\uc1 \u355
?a divin\uc1 \u259 ?, printr-o cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere sui-generis a lui Dumnezeu,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca moment culminant revela\uc1 \u355 ?ia d\uc1 \u259 ?ruit\uc1
\u259 ? extazului mistic, \uc1 \u238 ?n care con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a indi-
vidual\uc1 \u259 ? se contope\uc1 \u351 ?te cu transcedentul. Gnosticismul a fost
condamnat ca erezie de biserica cre\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gnozie }{\fs18 \dbch
capacitate uman\uc1 \u259 ? de a recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?te obiectele \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomenele lumii \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?toare dup\uc1 \u226 ?
caracteristicile lor diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, care stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? organele
de sim\uc1 \u355 ?, gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
repre-zent\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Gnoza este \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? un
act perceptiv (Pieron, 1963 - \uc1 \u8222 ?orice percep-\uc1 \u355 ?ie este o
gnozie"). Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele senzori-ale \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
intensitatea lor, pot de-termina o recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a
obiec-telor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor sau chiar suprima-rea complet\uc1 \u259 ? a
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gnozom }{\fs18
cromozom sexual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gradient }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd cre\uc1 \u351 ?
terea unei variabile \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu o alta pe o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie; exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? co-varian\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? ce se
apropie de \uc1 \u355 ?inta propus\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grafo }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element de compunere care in-
troduce sensul de \uc1 \u238 ?nscriere, \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grafoelement }{\fs18
expresie grafic\uc1 \u259 ? (sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de unde sinusoidale,
caracterizate prin morfologie, durat\uc1 \u259 ?, amplitudine, frecven\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reactivitate specifice) a poten\uc1 \u355 ?
ialelor
de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune culese de pe craniu, reflectare obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
fenomene-lor electrice cerebrale, rezultate din activitatea metabolic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neuronilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
a forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor cerebrale cortico-subcorticale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grafofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fric\uc1 \u259 ? de scriere.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grafologie }
\langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?
care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu studiul scrisului ca mijloc de investigare a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Aseme-nea preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri au existat
din cele mai vechi timpuri (Grecia, Roma antic\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u238 ?
ncerc\uc1 \u259 ?ri pentru a stabili leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u238 ?ntre scris
\uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile temperamentale. CI. Parhon
abordeaz\uc1 \u259 ? problema rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei dintre scriere \uc1 \u351 ?i
personalitatea somato-psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? scrierea ca pe un
seismograf ce \uc1 \u238 ?nregistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? dinamica personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; se porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la particu-larit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui grafism: form\uc1 \u259 ?, di-mensiune,
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, m\uc1 \u259 ?rime, presiune, vitez\uc1 \u259 ?,
continuitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i or\uc1 \u226 ?nduirea scri-erii (A. Atanasiu, 1970).
Scrierea fiind o engram\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ner-voase superioare, studiul ei va trebui s\uc1 \u259 ? fie f\uc1 \u259 ?cut
dinamic, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t ea nu r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne
identic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, ci se schimb\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
anumite limite, urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia perso-nalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n timp.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Metoda scrisului este valoroas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
n diagnosticul tipologiei tenpera-mentale. Iat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?teva
clasific\uc1 \u259 ?ri (Moreau, Sillamy): \uc1 \u8226 ? caractere regulate,
echidistante: indic\uc1 \u259 ? spirit calm; \uc1 \u8226 ? carac-tere lovite,
dezordonate, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? aliniere: exprim\uc1 \u259 ? violen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? scriere vertical\uc1 \u259 ?: fire
rezervat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i discret\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? scriere m\uc1
\u259 ?-runt\uc1 \u259 ?: minu\uc1 \u355 ?iozitate, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie
sporit\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? scriere etalat\uc1 \u259 ?: personalitate
expansi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n sine; \uc1 \u8226 ?
scriere str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nghesuit\uc1 \u259 ?,
indic\uc1 \u259 ? timiditate, pruden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, avari\uc1 \u355 ?
ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? scriere r\uc1 \u259 ?sfirat\uc1 \u259 ?: spirit clar \uc1 \u351 ?
i lucid; caracter independent; \uc1 \u8226 ? scriere tipografic\uc1 \u259 ?:
indic\uc1 \u259 ? cultur\uc1 \u259 ? intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, originalitate.}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scrisul ne
poate oferi date revela-toare sub aspectul spiritului analitic \uc1 \u351 ?i al
stilului cognitiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Grafologia ofer\uc1 \u259 ? unele indica\uc1 \u355 ?ii privind voin\uc1 \u355 ?a.
Grafologia se relev\uc1 \u259 ? ca o metod\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul omului \uc1 \u351 ?i trebuie corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
celelalte metode ale caracterologiei. Raportat\uc1 \u259 ? la caracter, nu ne poate
revela valorile morale \uc1 \u351 ?i este-tice, ci mai cur\uc1 \u226 ?nd gradul
\uc1 \u351 ?i stabilitatea unor deprinderi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n criminalistic\uc1 \u259 ?, este
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? de identificare a autorului scrisu-lui.
Fiind fundamental o gestualitate, scrisul are \uc1 \u351 ?i o dimensiune
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Scrierea depinde de anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii ex-terioare:
peni\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, h\uc1 \u226 ?rtie, forma grafic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i o
stare momentan\uc1 \u259 ? (boa-l\uc1 \u259 ?, grab\uc1 \u259 ?); ea poate indica
momente de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, expansiune sau re\uc1
\u355 ?inere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Grafomania }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
care difer\uc1 \u259 ? prin con\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitate de cea
normal\uc1 \u259 ?. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? nu at\uc1 \u226 ?t prin tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de a scrie, ci prin predilec\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru
exprimarea grafic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Graforee }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \{rhein - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a curge);
forma maxim\uc1 \u259 ? de concretizare a hiperactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
grafice; necesitatea irezistibil\uc1
\u259 ? de a scrie, produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia grafic\uc1 \u259 ? av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
caracter intempestiv, eliptic sau incoerent.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Este corespondentul logoreei (hi-peractivitate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?),
cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? simp-tome manifest\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se uneori simultan, alteori
separat. Materialele pentru scris pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuite cu o oricare dintre
supra-fe\uc1 \u355 ?ele din jur, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul satisfacerii rapi-de a nevoii
de a scrie. Reflect\uc1 \u259 ? o lume autist\uc1 \u259 ?, enigmatic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i bizar\uc1 \u259 ? (schiz}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ofre-nie, delir cronic).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grafospasm }
\langfenp1048 = cramp\uc1 \u259 ? profesional\uc1 \u259 ?; crampa scriitorului.}
Grafoterapia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?ngrijire); form\uc1 \u259 ? de terapie
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n recuperarea disgra-fiei la copil. Este disgrafic
orice copil al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui scris este deficitar, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355
?a unui deficit i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntelectual sau neurologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?a const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un scris ilizibil sau prea lent sau extrem de rapid, depinz\uc1
\u226 ?nd de factori ca: psiho-motricitatea, instabilitatea motor\uc1 \u259 ?, do-
minan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? lateral\uc1 \u259 ?, organizare spa\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ?, nivel de adaptare emotiv-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, nivel de ortografie;
grafoterapia utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii grafice specifice inspirate
din ontogeneza normal\uc1 \u259 ? a coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii ocu-lo-manuale \uc1
\u351 ?i a gestului grafic, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapia individual\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de familie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grand-tnal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 paroxism); }
\langfenp1048 acces epileptic major; term}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 en frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n cli-nica
neuropsihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?, echivalent al marii crize epileptice, impresionant\uc1
\u259 ? prin dramatismul tabloului clinic: pier-derea brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?dere \uc1
\u351 ?i fenomene motorii tonico-clonice, toate desf\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
ur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ordine succesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, bine
stabilit\uc1 \u259 ?. Criza nu este precedat\uc1 \u259 ? de aur\uc1 \u259 ? sau
semne premonitorii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe prin c\uc1 \u259 ?derea
brusc\uc1 \u259 ?, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? pierderii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? uneori de un strig\uc1 \u259 ?t scurt.
\uc1 \u8226 ? Pri-ma faz\uc1 \u259 ?, tonic\uc1 \u259 ?, dureaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre c\uc1 \u226 ?teva zeci de secunde \uc1 \u351 ?i 2 minute, c\uc1 \u226 ?
nd mus-culatura se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o faz\uc1 \u259 ? tonic\uc1
\u259 ? gene-ralizat\uc1 \u259 ? (determin\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?carea
limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i a buzelor, apnee). Faciesul devine ciano-tic, crispat, cu
hipersecre\uc1 \u355 ?ie salivar\uc1 \u259 ?, membrele superioare \uc1 \u238 ?n
flexie, cele in-ferioare \uc1 \u238 ?n extensie for\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?. Apar
con-tracturile tetoniforme \uc1 \u351 ?i convulsii \uc1 \u351 ?i contracturi
ritmice, simetrice, generali-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zate, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
intensitate cre\uc1 \u351 ?te, j>e m\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sura diminu\uc1 \u259 ?
rii frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei. \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n faza clonic\uc1 \u226 ? se
instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? rezolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia muscula-r\uc1 \u259 ?, se reia
activitatea respiratorie prin-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tr-o respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie zgomotoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i are loc relaxarea sfincterian\uc1 \u259 ?. Uneori, saliva abundent\uc1
\u259 ? devine sanguinolent\uc1 \u259 ? prin mu\uc1 \u351 ?carea limbii, a buzelor.
\uc1 \u8226 ? Ultima faz\uc1 \u259 ?, cea comatoas\uc1 \u259 ?, com\uc1 \u259 ?
profund\uc1 \u259 ? (cel mult cinci minute), cu semne neurolo-gice caracteristice
(abolirea reflexelor osteotendinoase, semnul Babinski, etc). Se poate prelungi cu
un somn profund. La trezire, bolnavul acuz\uc1 \u259 ? cefalee, astenie, mialgii,
dezorientare temporo-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
amnezia total\uc1 \u259 ? a crizei. Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial se impune a
fi f\uc1 \u259 ?cut cu celelalte forme de epilepsie, dar mai ales cu
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile convulsive tonice sau convulsive neepileptice: spas-
mofilii; marea criz\uc1 \u259 ? isteric\uc1 \u259 ?; hipogli-cemie etc.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grandomanie }
\langfenp1048 = atitudine determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de hipertrofia con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de sine; ansam-blu de manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice \uc1
\u351 ?i comporta-mentale centrate pe tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de expansi-}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 une a Eului. Aceasta deriv\uc1 \u259 ? din incapaci-}
\langfenp1048 tatea individului de a se autoaprecia, ceea ce frizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
ridicolul. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie,
termenul este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit ca \uc1 \u8222 ?grandoare", asociate
cu ideile delirante de persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite
\uc1 \u238 ?n paranoia, schizofrenie \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?ri maniacale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Graseiere }
\langfenp1048 = pronun\uc1 \u355 ?are a sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?r" \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
uvular sau velar \uc1 \u238 ?n locul fenomenului corect articulat; \uc1 \u8222 ?r"
lingvo-dental apical.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Gratitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sentimentul de ata\uc1 \u351 ?ament,
bun\uc1 \u259 ?voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndatorire
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o per-soan\uc1 \u259 ? ce \uc1 \u355 ?i-a f\uc1 \u259
?cut un bine, un ajutor. Gratitudinea presupune o nuan\uc1 \u355 ?are mai bogat
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t recuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?a prin
delicate\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i sim\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?minte \uc1 \u238 ?
nalte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gregarism }
\langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a unor persoane de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?
i spe\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a se reuni \uc1 \u351 ?i coexista}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n mul\uc1
\u355 ?ime nestructurat\uc1 \u259 ? (gloat\uc1 \u259 ?, tur-m\uc1 \u259 ?),
pierz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i orice autonomie indi-vidual\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grotesc }
\langfenp1048 = categorie estetic\uc1 \u259 ? definind contrarul sublimului;
accentuarea ur\uc1 \u226 ?-tului, \uc1 \u238 ?nfrico\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torul,
monstruosul, situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ii ostile omului, absurd at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u238 ?n plan moral c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cel fizic.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grup }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = colec}
\langfenp1048 tivitate uman\uc1 \u259 ? ai c\uc1 \u259 ?rei membri se afl\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturi de interac\uc1 \u355 ?i-une; sfera no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de
grup este mai res-tr\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea a no\uc1
\u355 ?iunii de colectivi-tate. Grupul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o structur\uc1 \u259 ?
soci-al\uc1 \u259 ?, el nu este o colectivitate \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
mpl\uc1 \u259 ?-toare, ci o colectivitate \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiat\uc1 \u259 ? pe un
sistem de trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e comune \uc1 \u351 ?i reci-proce, care
determin\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii specifice \uc1 \u351 ?i ierarhizate.
Exist\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grupuri mici }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (20-40
persoane) cu un sistem de nor-me, valori, statute, roluri diferite, care
func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel formal, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
in-formai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grupuri mari, }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe
care psiho-sociologia contemporan\uc1 \u259 ? le identific\uc1 \u259 ? cu clasele
sociale, popoarele, na\uc1 \u355 ?iunile, \uc1 \u238 ?n acestea, rela\uc1 \u355 ?
iile \uc1 \u238 ?ntre persoane au un caracter relativ impersonal; \uc1 \u238 ?n
acestea importan\uc1 \u355 ?a aspectelor psihologice indi-viduale se
diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ?, rolurile se mul-tiplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se
diversific\uc1 \u259 ?. Grupul mare necesit\uc1 \u259 ? un sistem de norme \uc1
\u351 ?i reguli sociale bine determinate, care s\uc1 \u259 ? regle-menteze rela\uc1
\u355 ?iile dintre indivizi, confe-rindu-le un aspect institu\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizat.
De\uc1 \u351 ?i exist\uc1 \u259 ? o multitudine de scopuri, exist\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i un scop comun. (Grupul mare trebuie distins de mul\uc1 \u355 ?ime,
demonstra-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, adunare, greve etc, care au caracter pasager, fie
c\uc1 \u259 ? sunt spontane sau organizate).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Grup de apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
familia, clasa, echipa profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, sportiv\uc1 \u259 ?, comuni-tatea
locativ\uc1 \u259 ?, unitatea politic\uc1 \u259 ? etc, din}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 care face parte persoana \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
modeleaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Grup de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grupul la care per-
soana se raporteaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca membru, care-i determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamen-tul; \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat, anumite persoane pot reprezenta un grup de referin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-tr-un anumit domeniu \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
persoane \uc1 \u238 ?n alt domeniu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organ semnificat \uc1 \u238 ?
n limbajul comun prin \uc1 \u8222 ?cavitate bucal\uc1 \u259 ?", care pe l\uc1 \u226
?ng\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia alimentar\uc1 \u259 ? are \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cele mai complexe fiind legate de actul vorbirii.
Rolul important al ele-mentelor fono-articulatorii sunt relevate \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul vorbirii corecte \uc1 \u351 ?i al terapiei di-verselor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de vorbire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Gust }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt estetic manifestat prin
capacitatea de a sesiza \uc1 \u351 ?i aprecia esteticul \uc1 \u351 ?i inesteticul,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n art\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n realitate, printr-o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a frumosului, respectiv de insatis-fac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a ur\uc1 \u226 ?tului. Gustul are caracter istoric,
model\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se dup\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de ponderea esteti-cului \uc1 \u351 ?i spiritualitatea unei
comunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Gusturile se diversific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de varietatea stilurilor artistice \uc1 \u351 ?i de profilul
caracterial al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Gustul este o conduit\uc1
\u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de
valoa-re estetice \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune un demers refle-xiv mai amplu dec\uc1
\u226 ?t impresia spontan\uc1 \u259 ?, oric\uc1 \u226 ?t de rafinat\uc1 \u259 ? ar
fi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gustativ }
\langfenp1048 = analizator, cu rolul de a in-forma subiectul asupra calit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ali-mentelor introduse \uc1 \u238 ?n cavitatea bucal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n declan\uc1 \u351 ?area secre\uc1
\u355 ?iei reflexe necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate a glandei digestive. Sim-\uc1 \u355 ?
ul gustului este asigurat de un apara}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t neuronal complex, format din:
\uc1 \u8226 ? celule receptoare, localizate la nivelul mugu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rilor gustativi din
papilele gustative ale epiteliului lingual, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma contactului cililor
respectivi cu substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele rapid dizolvate \uc1 \u238 ?n saliv\uc1
\u259 ?. Ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti muguri se afl\uc1 \u259 ? pe toat\uc1 \u259 ?
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a buco-faringian\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dar
mai frecvent la nivelul lingual; \uc1 \u8226 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
conducere ,reprezentate de nervii cranieni (facial, glosofaringian \uc1 \u351 ?i
vag), precum \uc1 \u351 ?i de ramuri senzitive ale trige-menului; \uc1 \u8226 ?
centrii gustativi, localiza\uc1 \u355 ?i cortical la nivelul ariei gustative (c\uc1
\u226 ?mpul 43 \uc1 \u238 ?n partea inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? a giru-sului post-
central), ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti centri fiind conecta\uc1 \u355 ?i cu centrii care
regleaz\uc1 \u259 ? anu-mite activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale actului
alimenta\uc1 \u355 ?iei: saliva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, mastica\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
degluti\uc1 \u355 ?ie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Omul percepe patru gusturi fun-damentale: acru,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amar, dulce,
s\uc1 \u259 ?rat, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i gustul variat al diferitelor alimente,
determinat de combina\uc1 \u355 ?ii complexe ale acestora, asociate cu alte
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii buco-faringiene (tact, temperatur\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
sen-za\uc1 \u355 ?ii olfactive asociate. \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu
olfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia, gustul are \uc1 \u351 ?i o component\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355
?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, prin elaborarea unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective complexe de
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere sau nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cantitative: diminuarea sau pierderea sim\uc1
\u355 ?ului gustativ (hipo \uc1 \u351 ?i ageuzia). Acestea pot fi genetice sau
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite, ca urmare a unor procese patologice locale, a lez\uc1 \u259 ?
rii nervilor sau a centrilor gustativi, a unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri endocrine sau a
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii unor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e toxice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri calitative:
disgeuzia \uc1 \u351 ?i parageuzia - tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n care
percep-\uc1 \u355 ?iile gustative elementare sunt confun-date sau deformate
(diferen\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre dulce \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?rat). Subiectul nu
poate deosebi senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile gustative fundamen-tale. Disgeuzia poate fi
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de disosmie (aprecierea
denaturat\uc1 \u259 ? a miro-surilor), \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?
rea iluzii gustative sau halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii gustative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
Gu\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = hipertrofie a glandei
tiroide, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 localizat\uc1 \u259 ? sau difuz\uc1 \u259 ?,
simpl\uc1 \u259 ? sau deter-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 minat\uc1 \u259 ? de o
disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie tiroidian\uc1 \u259 ? (hipo }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau
hipertiroidie). Este unul din aspecte-le caracteristice tireotoxicazei \uc1 \u351 ?
i distrofi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ei endemice tireopate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gut\uc1 \u259 ? infantil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = sinonim boal\uc1 \u259 ? Lesch-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ninam (vezi L)}{\fs20
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 H}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Habitat }
\langfenp1048 = mediul ambiant de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, intim, configurat
prin condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile fizico-topografice \uc1 \u238 ?n care tr\uc1 \u259 ?
ie\uc1 \u351 ?te omul \uc1 \u351 ?i care influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?
calitatea adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii lui, cores-punz\uc1 \u226 ?nd necesit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii bio-psiho-sociale. De calitatea habitatului depinde \uc1
\u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? homeostazia individual\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i fami-lial\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i starea de s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?tate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei. Ameliorarea habitatului repre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? o cale eficient\uc1 \u259 ? de profilaxie a boli-lor mintale
\uc1 \u351 ?i a unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihopato-logice de intensitate
variat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Habitus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spect exterior, \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?are, conforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie; ansamblul
particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale somatice, care
prin speci-ficul lor pot reflecta starea global\uc1 \u259 ? de s\uc1 \u259 ?-
n\uc1 \u259 ?tate a persoanei sau anumite predispo-zi\uc1 \u355 ?ii maladive.
\uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea psihologi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, se identific\uc1
\u259 ? frecvent cu deprinderile \uc1 \u351 ?i obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele;
inser\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i organizarea habitusului \uc1 \u238 ?n structura
comportamentu-lui, ca rezultat al experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ceea ce semnaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? orientarea
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a efortului voluntar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Halo-efect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen de contagiune \uc1
\u238 ?n cadru}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l unei rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interpersonale, av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? diferite judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de valoare, atitu-
dini sau elemente de circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest fenomen s-a observat
\uc1 \u238 ?n timpul anchete-lor, chestionarelor, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? iradierii
afec-tive a unei \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri asupra celeilalte, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii logice a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor, ceea ce
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? coeren\uc1 \u355 ?a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = (aiurare, \uc1 \u8222 ?bate c\uc1 \u226 ?mpii"); stare
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? anormal\uc1 \u259 ? prin tulburarea percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca s\uc1 \u259 ? existe un obiect sau un fenomen real;
persoana are sen-za\uc1 \u355 ?ia c\uc1 \u259 ? percepe lucruri sau situa\uc1 \u355
?ii reale, de fapt inexisten\uc1 \u355 ?a. Reprezenta-rea este luat\uc1 \u259 ?
drept percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Subiectul (bolnav) consider\uc1 \u259 ? halucina\uc1
\u355 ?ia ca fiind obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul halucina\uc1 \u355 ?
iei este legat de obicei de experien\uc1 \u355 ?a de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.
Afectiv poate avea un caracter favora-bil sau nefavorabil, determin\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u351 ?i o conduit\uc1 \u259 ? corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare (\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i astup\uc1 \u259 ? nasul, de mirosuri, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
astup\uc1 \u259 ? urechile, r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde vocilor, se fere\uc1 \u351 ?te de
animale s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatice v\uc1 \u259 ?zute etc). Fantasmul mistic
genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? uneori halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
religios.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Halucina}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (pseudohalucina-\uc1
\u355 ?ii); autoreprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri aperceptive loca-lizate \uc1 \u238 ?n
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul intrapsihic al subiectu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i caracterizate prin
automatism, incoercibilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i exogenitate. Aper-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ia
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? utilizarea experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei acumulate anterior, prin
perceperea obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor reflectate \uc1 \u238 ?n prezent.
Halucina\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice se dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? de
halucina\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihosenzori-ale prin urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele
caracteristici:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin10 \cbpat16 \tql \tx149 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20
{\listtext \pard \plain \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 percep\uc1
\u355 ?ia nu se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i sen-zoriale; \uc1 \u8226 ?
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a obiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?tii spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 calizate \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea
proprie, spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul intrapsihic, fiind tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite pe planul idea\uc1
\u355 ?i-ei, subiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (av\uc1
\u226 ?nd deci numai obiectivitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? caracter
exogen - subiectul nu percepe halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ia pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i senzoriale,
ci le tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te ca fenome-ne str\uc1 \u259 ?ine, impuse din
exterior, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora nu li se poate opune. Halucina\uc1 \u355 ?iile psi-hice
sunt elemente ale sindromului de automatism mintal, care confirm\uc1 \u259 ? in-
tensitatea psihotic\uc1 \u259 ? a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihosenzoriale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (adev\uc1 \u259 ?-rate) (de\uc1 \u351 ?i pare un
paradox lingvistic); sunt tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, false,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? obiect; ele apar ca proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie spa\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul senzorial al analizatorului
respec-tiv, fiind tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite de subiect cu o convinge-re absolut\uc1 \u259 ?
a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor. Clasificarea lor se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de axul anali-zatorilor: audi\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, vizuale, olfactive, gus-tative, tactile, viscerale (uneori chiar combinate).
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nesc \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihozele de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Halucinoza }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen utilizat de Wer-niche
(1900) pentru a desemna un sin-drom delirant - halu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cinator, determinat de
leziuni cerebrale a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ?
este recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? de pacien\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Are ca specific: \uc1 \u8226 ? atitudinea
critic\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de halucina\uc1 \u355 ?
ii; \uc1 \u8226 ? pre-zen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu caracter eidetic
(ca \uc1 \u351 ?i cum ar fi adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate); \uc1 \u8226 ? un deficit
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional par\uc1 \u355 ?ial al unui analizator (subiect hemianopsic).
Etiologie: toxic\uc1 \u259 ? (alcoolic\uc1 \u259 ?) sau ateriosclerotic\uc1
Hamartofobie (Enisofobie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fric\uc1 \u259 ? mor-bid\uc1 \u259 ? de a
s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?i un p\uc1 \u259 ?cat. Nu trebuie
confundat\uc1 \u259 ? cu teama de p\uc1 \u259 ?cat din medii-le subculturale sau cu
secte, unde induc-\uc1 \u355 ?ia religioas\uc1 \u259 ? este foarte puternic\uc1
\u259 ?. Este de domeniul patologiei psihiatrice (ne-vroze obsesivo-fobice,
schizofrenie, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive psihotice).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Handicap - Handicapare }{\fs18
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau infirmitate congenital\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? care \uc1 \u238 ?l pune \uc1 \u238 ?n inferioritate
adaptiv\uc1 \u259 ? pe individ; este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de alterarea
integrit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a organis-mului.
Orice deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? poate
deveni cauz\uc1 \u259 ? de incapacitate atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd persoana este
incapabil\uc1 \u259 ? de a elabo-ra strategii compensatorii. Exist\uc1 \u259 ?
totu\uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de ameliorare a unui handi-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cap (fie
el senzorial, motor, mintal, vis-ceral) prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni de reeducare sau
compensare. Un handicap poate de-clan\uc1 \u351 ?a sau poten\uc1 \u355 ?a alte
handicapuri. In aceste cazuri se face distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
handicapul primar \uc1 \u351 ?i cel secundar. Ex.: tulburarea auzului
determin\uc1 \u259 ? handicap al mijloacelor de comunicare; handi-capul intelectual
determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
(congenital\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?); handicapul psihic
determin\uc1 \u259 ? psihoze, nevroze, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale,
imaturitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In inten\uc1 \u355 ?ia de a veni \uc1 \u238 ?
n ajutorul acestor subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i au fost create institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii
speciale de reeducare \uc1 \u351 ?i compensare prin metode \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee
diferite, care s\uc1 \u259 ? le u\uc1 \u351 ?ureze situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?
i s\uc1 \u259 ?-i apropie de omul normal. Tehnica modern\uc1 \u259 ? este
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? din plin prin echipamente \uc1 \u351 ?i dispozitive coroborate
cu procedeele educative \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul facilit\uc1 \u259 ?rii procese-lor de
compensare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ha\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u351 ? = substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? extras\uc1 \u259 ?
din c\uc1 \u226 ?nep\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 indian\uc1 \u259 ?,
drog inhalat prin fumat; produ-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce euforie, ilaritate, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
confuze \uc1 \u351 ?i extatice urmate de apatie, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la de-men\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i destructurarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hazard }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen imprevizibil \uc1 \u238 ?n raport
cu necesitatea previzibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Eve-nimentele supuse hazardului sunt com-
plet aleatorii; nu poate fi identificat cu \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mplarea, care
poate fi un corelativ al necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ori hazardul este opus
absolut necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. H. apare la intersec-\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor
multiple serii cauzale indepen-dente (biologice, economice, sociale, psihologice)
guvernate de legi probabi-listice, fenomene a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror apari\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
orga-nizare \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie sunt caracterizate printr-o serie de
variabile aleatorii. Lu-mea fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, biologic\uc1 \u259 ?, social\uc1
\u259 ? este mar-cat\uc1 \u259 ? semnificativ de legi ale hazardului.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hebefrenie }{\fs18
demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? precoce (Morel); poate fi g\uc1 \u259 ?sit \uc1 \u351
?i sub denumirea de catato-nie (o form\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a
schizofreniei). Are debut precoce \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
deficitar\uc1 \u259 ?, se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin absurditate comportamen-tal\uc1
\u259 ? cu reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale inadecvate \uc1 \u351 ?i
nemotivate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hebetudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de tulburare a con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ei, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin dezinser\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtarea subiectului de realitate; o tulburare afectiv-volutiv\uc1
\u259 ?; dezinteres fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mediu, chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria persoa-n\uc1 \u259 ?; indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de confuzie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hedonism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hedone }{\fs18
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere); teorie antic\uc1 \u259 ? (Epicur) care impune evitarea ne-
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerilor, pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea fiind adev\uc1 \u259 ?ratul mo-tiv
\uc1 \u351 ?i scop \uc1 \u238 ?n sine \uc1 \u351 ?i principalul criteriu de
apreciere a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii umane. Identific\uc1 \u259 ? fericirea cu pl\uc1
\u259 ?cerea; dezvoltat consec-vent, conduce la egoism \uc1 \u351 ?i amoralism.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hematon
cerebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = colec\uc1 \u355 ?ie de s\uc1 \u226 ?nge
localizat\uc1 \u259 ? intracranian, ca urmare a trau-matismelor cerebrale, urmate
de malfor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii vasculare cerebrale. Etiologie: hi-pertensiune
arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, arterioscleroz\uc1 \u259 ? ce-rebral\uc1 \u259 ?, arterit\uc1
\u259 ? etc. Semne de debut: cefalee, vertij, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de vorbire,
crize epileptice, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemeralopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune a
vederii (po-pular \uc1 \u8222 ?orbul g\uc1 \u259 ?inilor". Nu este o afec-\uc1
\u355 ?iune \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ci poate surveni \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii-
le unei sc\uc1 \u259 ?deri a intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii luminoase, a unei
avitaminoze A; anomalii func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-le retiniene sau a unor afec\uc1 \u355
?iuni oculare diverse (glaucom, dezlipiri de retin\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemi }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr.)
jum\uc1 \u259 ?tate a unei p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i, a unui fenomen etc.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiageuzie }
\langfenp1048 = pierderea gustului pen-tru o jum\uc1 \u259 ?tate a limbii. In cazul
\uc1 \u238 ?n care}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este interesat\uc1 \u259 ? jum\uc1 \u259 ?tatea
sagital\uc1 \u259 ?, sem-nul eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? o manifestare cert
func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care
jum\uc1 \u259 ?tatea este cea longitudinal\uc1 \u259 ? se pune problema
diagnosticului diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiagnozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (gnosis - }{\fs18
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere); tip de agnozie net limitat\uc1 \u259 ? la una din p\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ile corpului; importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, unde prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii nu respect\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?irea" anatomic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
Hemiambliopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hemianopsie;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pierderea vederii pentru o jum\uc1 \u259 ?
tate din c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul vizual al fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui ochi \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de localizarea leziunii la nivelul c\uc1 \u259 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
tractului optic. Sunt mai multe tipuri de hemianopsii func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, al
c\uc1 \u259 ?ror diagnostic se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin examen
campimetric.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hemianestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii unei
jum\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de corp, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? mai
frecvent de leziuni neurologice (se poate asocia cu semiasomatognozia).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiasomatognozia }{\fs18
indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?a su-biectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de boala sa, la care
uneori se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? o stare euforic\uc1 \u259 ?, paradoxal\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? la hemiplegiei, sub forma ignor\uc1 \u259 ?rii p\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?ii paralizate. Tulburarea este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259
? de alte simptome a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o leziune parietal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n producerea ei
sunt incriminate diver-se tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri: modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, alter\uc1 \u259 ?ri vestibulare
opticomotorii, spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale, praxice, psihice, legate de func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea regiunii parietale a emis-ferului drept; apare \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul unor
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri globale afazo-apraxo-agnozi-ce \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modificare unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a
mimicii, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd o diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere net\uc1 \u259 ? de
expresivitate; poate fi semnul unei sufe-rin\uc1 \u355 ?e organice sau psihice
(confuzie, encefalopatii etc.).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
restric\uc1 \u355 ?ie a vederii unei p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 laterale a
c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului vederii binoculare, rezultate din defecte ale sensibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ari-ilor retiniene sau proiec\uc1 \u355 ?iilor centrale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiopatie }
\langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale psihicului ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?
n cursul evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei bolilor siste-mului hematopoetic (anemie, simptoa-me
hemoragipare, hemopatii maligne. Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia semnelor psihice este \uc1
\u238 ?n direc-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu modul de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ie \uc1 \u351 ?i gra-vitatea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor hematopoetice de baz\uc1 \u259
?. Boala Hodkin poate \uc1 \u238 ?nregistra \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ei o
simptomatologie neurolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? infiltra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
psihopatoide, marcate de explo-zivitate, agresivitate, bizarerii, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
confuzionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hemiparestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip particular de pa-restezie cu localizare la una
dintre jum\uc1 \u259 ?-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile corpului. \uc1 \u238 ?n marea
majoritate a cazurilor este o manifestare de tip func\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiparkinsonism }
\langfenp1048 = sindrom parkin-sonian cu localizare la una dintre jum\uc1 \u259 ?-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile corpului. Expresie de debut a bolii sau a unor tumori
cerebrale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemiplegie }
\langfenp1048 = parez\uc1 \u259 ? sau paralizie a unei jum\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a corpului, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? afect\uc1 \u259 ?rii emisferei
cerebrale opuse sau a c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor de acces c\uc1 \u259 ?tre aceasta. Se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin deficit par\uc1 \u355 ?ial sau total al
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a efectua mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
voluntare ale membrelor unei jum\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a corpului.
Im-portan\uc1 \u355 ?a r\uc1 \u259 ?sunetului pe care \uc1 \u238 ?l are asupra
psihismului apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia hemiplegiei este}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de o varietate de
factori, pe primul plan fiind personalitatea pre-morbid\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului.
C\uc1 \u226 ?nd hemiple-gia se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv, de-a lungul unei
perioade mai lungi, subiectul se adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la boal\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1
\u226 ?nd se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? brutal, frustreaz\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul de
posibili-tatea adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd o traum\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, cu tensiune negativ\uc1 \u259 ? cu reper-cusiuni asupra
bolnavului. De aceea, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? hiperesteziei sale afective, poa-te
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iona cverulent, cu o foame afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, solicit\uc1 \u226 ?
nd excesiv \uc1 \u351 ?i obositor dovezi de dragoste \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere. Labili-tatea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
treceri bruta-le de la o depresie ad\uc1 \u226 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? la un opti-mism
exagerat \uc1 \u351 ?i nejustificat, apoi la refuzul anturajului. Dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ind cadrul strict medical, prin implica\uc1 \u355 ?iile psiholo-
gice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, recuperarea bolnavu-lui hemiplegie nu \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? numai recu-perarea handicapului motor, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i reva-
lorizarea psihosociologic\uc1 \u259 ? a subiec-tului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hemoragie cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = extravazarea sanguin\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul emisferelor cerebra-le,
produs\uc1 \u259 ? fie prin diapedez\uc1 \u226 ?, fie prin ruptur\uc1 \u259 ?
vascular\uc1 \u259 ? (frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? la hiper-tensivi). Aceasta devine
posibil\uc1 \u259 ? prin existen\uc1 \u355 ?a leziunilor arteriosclerotice. Sunt
afectate \uc1 \u355 ?esuturile adiacente, siste-mul ventricular, iar uneori
s\uc1 \u226 ?ngele pro-greseaz\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la meninge,
provoc\uc1 \u226 ?nd o hemoragie subarahnoidian\uc1 \u259 ?, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? la trunchiul cerebral sau cerebel. Ruptura vascular\uc1 \u259 ? apare
dup\uc1 \u259 ? 50 de ani, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd adesea un debut brutal, cu com\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mult mai rar progresiv, precedat de semnele sindromului de
hipertensiune intracra-nian\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hermafroditism = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch
intersexuali-tate); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anomalie rar\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
din pre-zen\uc1 \u355 ?a gonadelor de ambele sexe la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acela\uc1
\u351 ?i individ; \uc1 \u8226 ? poate fi func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
ambele gonade sunt func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, sexul fiind stabilit prin educa\uc1
\u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul celui conferit de actele de stare civil\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? nefunc\uc1 \u355 ?ional, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd temporar sau
permanent func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai una din gonade.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hermafroditismul
psihosexual de-nume\uc1 \u351 ?te tulburarea comportamentului sexual determinat\uc1
\u259 ? de existen\uc1 \u355 ?a la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i individ a hetero \uc1 \u351 ?
i homosexualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hermeneutic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? pentru arta descifr\uc1
\u259 ?rii interpretative a testelor ezoterice p\uc1 \u259 ?strate din vechime,
c\uc1 \u259 ?rora li se atribuie o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie ascun-s\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-un limbaj derutant menit s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? la
distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pe profani; Hermeneutica -teorie a interpret\uc1
\u259 ?rii valorilor spirituale, viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd revelarea prin comprehensiune a
mesajului lor cognitiv. Descifrare her-meneutic\uc1 \u259 ? a fenomenelor umane
suscep-tibile de interpretare simbolic\uc1 \u259 ? se deose-be\uc1 \u351 ?te
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial de analiza obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a fenomenelor naturale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hetero =
element de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 compunere care in-troduce semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de \uc1
\u8222 ?altul", \uc1 \u8222 ?deose-bit".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Heterocronie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lege care postuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
consolidarea la momente distan\uc1 \u355 ?ate \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, a diverselor
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii, procese \uc1 \u351 ?i structuri psihice. De unde concluzia
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n analiza sistemului psihic trebuie reali-zat\uc1 \u259 ?
nu numai o aproximare a aspectelor deja constituite, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor care
sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? spre o organizare optim\uc1
Heteroerotism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie normal\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sexul opus.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Heterogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opusul omogenit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
rezul-tat al asambl\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor elemente sau p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de
natur\uc1 \u259 ? diferit\uc1 \u259 ?. Comunicarea poate fi heterogen\uc1
\u226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Heteronom - Heteronomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lege; subordonare
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o determinare ex-terioar\uc1 \u259 ?; opus
autonomiei. J. Piaget constat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, copi-lul trece de la heteronomie, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nor-mele se
impun, i se comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i el se supune lor (numai at\uc1 \u226 ?
ta timp c\uc1 \u226 ?t este controlat), la autonomie moral\uc1 \u259 ?,
bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i interne \uc1 \u351 ?i pe
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament moral. H. semnific\uc1 \u259 ? absen\uc1 \u355 ?a libert\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, subiectul fiind lipsit de posi-bilitatea
unei op\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unor alter-native reale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hibernare }
\langfenp1048 = fenomen de c\uc1 \u259 ?dere \uc1 \u238 ?n-tr-un somn profund cu
reducerea proce-selor organice \uc1 \u351 ?i hipotermie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hibernare artificial\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de somnoterapie prin folosirea produselor
farmaceutice, folosite \uc1 \u238 ?n tratamentul psihozelor acute, encefalopatii,
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, delirurile tremens. Este o me-tod\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n desuetudine prin l\uc1 \u259 ?
rgirea gamei de neuroleptice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hidrocefalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = acumularea lichidului cefalorahidian
\uc1 \u238 ?n ventricolii cerebrali, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd compresiunea \uc1 \u351
?i atrofierea substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale. Are loc o m\uc1 \u259 ?rire a
craniului. \uc1 \u238 ?n etiologie sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ncriminate: traumatismele
craniene, meningite, he-moragii meningiene. Diagnosticul este determinat de triada:
- deteriorare inte-lectual\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu apatie;
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de mers; tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri sfincteriene (incon-tinen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? urinar\uc1 \u259 ?). Din punct de vedere psihic: deficite
mintale diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, la-bilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri de personalitate, comportament so-
cial neadecvat. \uc1 \u238 ?n cele mai multe oca-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 H}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zii, simptoma}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tologia este ameliorat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie neurochirurgical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hidrodipsomanie }{\fs18 \dbch
tulburare paroxisti-c\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin ingestia
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? de ap\uc1 \u259 ?, consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? unei senza\uc1 \u355
?ii imperioase de sete. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
nevrotice \uc1 \u351 ?i decompens\uc1 \u259 ?ri anxioase, la personali-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihastenice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hidromanie }
\langfenp1048 = impulsul de a se arunca \uc1 \u238 ?n ap\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
scop suicidar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Hidroterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = utilizarea apei reci \uc1 \u238 ?n
vindecarea bolilor psihice, metod\uc1 \u259 ? foarte veche (pri\uc1 \u351 ?
ni\uc1 \u355 ?e reci). Mai frecvente sunt b\uc1 \u259 ?ile cu du\uc1 \u351 ?uri
alternative rece-cald (du\uc1 \u351 ?uri sco\uc1 \u355 ?iene).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiper }
\langfenp1048 = element de compunere, introdu-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?
ia de m\uc1 \u259 ?rire, accelerare, exagerare, cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere.}{\fs20
Hiperbulie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea for\uc1 \u355 ?ei
voli\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un caracter global \uc1
\u238 ?n normalitate, g\uc1 \u259 ?sindu-\uc1 \u351 ?i originea at\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u238 ?n latura tempe-ramental\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n achizi\uc1 \u355 ?iile social-istorice, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?
ntotdeauna un suport motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional precis.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperemotivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reactivitate
emotiv\uc1 \u259 ? excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de evenimente,
ceea ce determin\uc1 \u259 ? un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns inadecvat ca inten-sitate
\uc1 \u351 ?i durat\uc1 \u259 ?. Hiperemotivul reac\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ?
intens la cea mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, la orice schimbare de
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Comporta-mentul: desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?ri motorii,
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1 \u351 ?i un corolar de reac\uc1 \u355
?ii neurove-getative: tahicardie, paloare, ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, tre-mur\uc1 \u259 ?turi, hipersudora\uc1 \u355 ?ie, poliurie. Hiper-
emotivitatea poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de manifes-t\uc1
\u259 ?ri motorii ca: spasme de r\uc1 \u226 ?s sau pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns, spasme
respiratorii. Determinismul hi-peremotivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii este legat de
o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 specificitate func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a
glandelor ti-roid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i suprarenal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipercndofazie }
\langfenp1048 = exagerare a limbaju-l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ui interior ce tinde s\uc1 \u259 ?
sonorizeze \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se obiectiveze similar halucina\uc1 \u355 ?
iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperestezie }
\langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
pogo-r\uc1 \u226 ?rii pragului senzorial care determin\uc1 \u259 ? o
suprasensibilitate la excitan\uc1 \u355 ?i subli-minali, care nu erau
percepu\uc1 \u355 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? atunci sau erau percepu\uc1 \u355 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de intensitatea lor. Este posibil\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia de surmenaj, de suprasolicitare nervoa-s\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n stadiile de debut a unor
boli contagioase sau \uc1 \u238 ?n debutul unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperfagie }
\langfenp1048 = nece}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sitatea consum\uc1 \u259 ?rii exagerate de
alimente datorat\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei tardive a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei de
sa\uc1 \u355 ?ietate; sino-nim: hiperorexie - senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie de foame
excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?; bulimie - consum exagerat de alimente; este determinat\uc1
\u259 ? de o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a anabolismului. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni endocrine ca: diabet,
hipertiroidie sau afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni digestive: ulcer gastro-duodenal, \uc1 \u238
?n parazitoze intestinale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hiperkinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = exagerare a motilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii musculare; mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri involuntare cu aspect clinic variat:
tremur, convulsii, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri coreice \uc1 \u351 ?i atetozice,
crampe \uc1 \u351 ?i ticuri. Etiologia este foarte variat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
implic\uc1 \u259 ? de cele mai multe ori leziuni organice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipermetropie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = defect
anatomic al vederii; diametrul anterioposterior al globului ocular este mai scurt
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cel normal, de aceea imaginea se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
napoia retinei (\uc1 \u8222 ?vedere lung\uc1 \u259 ?"). Defec-tul poate fi corectat
prin ochelari cu lentile biconvexe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipermimie }{\fs18 \dbch
accentuare a motilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i (sau) a expresivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mimicii, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei leziuni neurologice sau a nivelului integrator \uc1
\u351 ?i semnificant. Este prezent \uc1 \u351 ?i la subiectul normal \uc1 \u238 ?n
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de exaltare sau emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie; la pacientul surdo-mut \uc1
\u238 ?nlocuie\uc1 \u351 ?te comunicarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipermnezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de tip
cantita-tiv a func\uc1 \u355 ?iei mnezice, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din evo-c\uc1
\u259 ?ri involuntare, rapide, ce se succed tumultos, multiple \uc1 \u351 ?i
detailate (despre un eveniment, fenomen), care realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o focalizare a
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?r-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd
subiectul de prezent. Poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele
normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu
evenimente esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale care au avut un pu-ternic r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet asupra
subiectului (pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut sau nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cut). Patologic, hipermnezia se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul obsesiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
fobiilor. Este opus hipomneziei, \uc1 \u238 ?n care func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
reproductiv\uc1 \u259 ? a memoriei este sl\uc1 \u259 ?bit\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperprosexie = tulburare
predominant cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin exagerarea orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii selective a activit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?
ii de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere spre un anumit dome-niu, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? de hipoproxie pentru restul domeniilor. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal,
hiperpro-sexia apare \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de
fric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unui pericol vital, \uc1 \u238 ?n
intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu cafea \uc1 \u351 ?i alcool. \uc1 \u238 ?n patologie,
hiperpro-sexia \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1 \u259 ? un aspect general \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1
\u259 ?rile maniacale, obsesivo-fobice, depresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperprotejare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grij\uc1 \u259 ? excesiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i protejare maladiv\uc1 \u259 ? a p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de copii, degrev\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i de
responsabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, crearea de facilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i. Atitudinea protec-toare, securizant\uc1 \u259 ?, tandr\uc1 \u259 ?; este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei mam\uc1 \u259 ?-copil, pentru anumite eta-
pe. Exacerbarea acestui tip de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie du-ce la nedezvoltarea
independen\uc1 \u355 ?ei aces-tora, la o hipertrofiere a trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor,
care genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? con}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 flicte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipersensibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch
reactivitate cres-cut\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i
agen\uc1 \u355 ?i; subiectul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
adaptative, prezen-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii alergice \uc1 \u351 ?i
anafilactice. Poate fi o sensibilitate fizic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipersomnie }
\langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri hipnice canti-tative, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui somn diferit de cel fiziologic prin dura-t\uc1
\u259 ?, profunzime \uc1 \u351 ?i mod de instalare (brusc\uc1 \u259 ?).
Exist\uc1 \u259 ? numeroase clasific\uc1 \u259 ?ri de hipersomnie \uc1 \u238 ?
ntemeiate pe criterii diferite: \uc1 \u8226 ? h. esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale; \uc1
\u8226 ? paroxistice; \uc1 \u8226 ? continue; \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiperstenie }
\langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
temperamental\uc1 \u259 ? constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, speci-fic\uc1
\u259 ? unor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i active. Se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ?
prin cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea marcat\uc1 \u259 ? a tonusului general, idea\uc1 \u355 ?
ie luxuriant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comporta-ment dinamic, afectivitate intens
expri-mat\uc1 \u259 ?, infatigabilitate. Hiperstenia con-stitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? poate constitui motorul unor performan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i
realiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri deosebite, personale \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, dac\uc1 \u259 ?
orientarea acestui dinamism psihocomportamental se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?ntr-o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie constructi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, dezirabil\uc1 \u259 ?,
acceptat\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum poate deveni distructiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
nociv\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd alimenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? demersuri morbide, ne-
controlate, delirante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipertelorism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a distan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
interpupilare, cu efectul de \uc1 \u8222 ?ochi \uc1 \u238 ?nde-p\uc1 \u259 ?rta\uc1
\u355 ?i". Hipertelorismul intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? distan\uc1 \u355 ?a
interorbitar\uc1 \u259 ?, intercartal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i interpupilar\uc1
\u259 ?. Hipertelorismul orbital se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u238 ?n boala Dawn, Trisomia 13-15, Sindromul Rubinstein, Teybi, Cornelia de
Lange etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipertensiune
arterial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere du-rabil\uc1 \u259 ? a
valorilor tensionale peste 140/95 mm Hg p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 40 de ani
\uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 peste 160/95
mm Hg du}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p\uc1 \u259 ? aceast\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ?. Poate fi abordat\uc1 \u259 ? sub un dublu aspect: \uc1 \u8226 ? entitate
cu etiopatogenie psiho-somatic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? cauz\uc1 \u259 ?
generatoare a unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice secundare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n societatea contemporan\uc1
\u259 ? a de-venit una din cele mai frecvente circum-stan\uc1 \u355 ?e patologice,
cu inciden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? crescut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul urban,
determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd o supra-morbiditate, \uc1 \u238 ?n general masculin\uc1
\u259 ?. Mul\uc1 \u355 ?i autori nu o consider\uc1 \u259 ? o boal\uc1 \u259 ?, ci
doar o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie sistemic\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ?, generat\uc1
\u259 ? de cauze variate. Psihosomatica relev\uc1 \u259 ? rolul terenului
psihologic a unor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i cu predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
la hipertensiune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipertensiune intercranian\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simpto-matologie complex\uc1
\u259 ?, care determin\uc1 \u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea volumului cranian peste
posibi-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile compensatorii ale cutiei craniene. Geneza
sindromului \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimineaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea
volumului printr-un proces expansiv intracranian; \uc1 \u8226 ? hidrocefalia, prin
blocarea resorb\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau prin hiperse-cre\uc1 \u355 ?ie de lichid
cefalorahidian; \uc1 \u8226 ? edem cerebral. Simptomatologie: cefalee, vo-mismente,
staz\uc1 \u259 ? papilar\uc1 \u259 ? (ca urmare a cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii tensiunii
arterei centrale a reti-nei)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipertimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = exagerare a tonusului afectiv;
hipertimia maniacal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu eufo-rie, jovialitate, expansivitate.
Hipertimia dureroas\uc1 \u259 ? cu depresii, anxietate, melan-colie.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipertiroidie }{\fs18
tablou morbid prin hi-perfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia sistemului neuro-hipofizo-tiroidian, cu
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei de hor-mon tireotrop \uc1 \u351 ?i a
mediatorilor hipotala-mici ori hipofizei tireotrope; perturbarea mecanismului feed-
back neurohipofizar. Tablou clinic complex: tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neuro-vegetative,
psihice, endocrine, metaboli-ce, circulatorii, excr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etorii,
digestive,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 somatice.
Manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihologice: hiperexcitabilitate, insomnii, emotivita-te
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, exaltare, tahilalie prin me-tabolism crescut.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipertonie }
\langfenp1048 = accentuarea contracturii tonice a musculaturii striate. Are diver-
se forme: piramidal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? sau extrapirami-dal\uc1 \u259 ?; o
form\uc1 \u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ? a hipertoniei poate fi semn definitoriu al
sindroame-lor parkinsoniene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipertrofie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? a
vo-lumului unui organ, a unui \uc1 \u355 ?esut f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
modificarea structurii histologice. Ca tulburare de personalitate, se poate vor-
bi \uc1 \u351 ?i de o hipertrofie a Eului, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
accentuare nemotivat\uc1 \u259 ? a autosti-mei, autoaprecierii. La
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile dizarmonice, paranoice, se manifest\uc1 \u259
? prin megalomanie, vanitate, snobism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnagnozie (agnozia) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = absen\uc1 \u355 ?a con-
vingerii bolnavului c\uc1 \u259 ? ar fi dormit. Fe-nomenul se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n depresii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n alte
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n care intervin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
ritmului veghe-somn, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n patologia de involu\uc1 \u355 ?
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnagozic }
\langfenp1048 = (grec. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipno-ogogos -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care conduce);
delir, bolnavul \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 somn superficial, discut\uc1
\u259 ? cu un interlocutor imaginar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnalgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul somnului, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o not\uc1 \u259 ? de
disconfort \uc1 \u351 ?i anxietate secundar\uc1 \u259 ?; nu are un substrat organic
cert; apare \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tensiune psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, la
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile anxioase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipna}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pompic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
apropiat\uc1 \u259 ? de aceea de vis sau de semisomn, care se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n momentul trezirii, produ-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd o deformare marcat\uc1 \u259 ? a
senzoria-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipno }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }
\langfenp1048 (hipnos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - somn); care introdu-ce referirea la somn.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnoid }{\fs18 \dbch
particular\uc1 \u259 ? de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
diminuare \uc1 \u238 ?nsemnat\uc1 \u259 ? o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de veghe; r\uc1
\u259 ?spunsurile la excitan\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt im-precise, lente, dispropor\uc1
\u355 ?ionate. Hipnoi-dul apare \uc1 \u238 ?n farmacodependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?, cele-brastenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipnolepsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? episoadele }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 de somn care apar \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul narcolepsiei.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnologie }{\fs18
= \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? meca-nismele
\uc1 \u351 ?i particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile somnului \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale hipnotismului; \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul hipnotismului }
\langfenp1048 urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259
? a inducerii st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ? sau a unei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u259 ?
ri asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare somnului prin mijloa-ce fizice (electro-
somnoterapie). Hipno-logia este acum o ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?elor medicale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipnomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri referitoare la somn,
devenind problem\uc1 \u259 ? obsedant\uc1 \u259 ? pentru subiect. Este
diferit\uc1 \u259 ? de narcolep-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sie, pentru c\uc1
\u226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pofida acestei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri obse-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dante, somnul
nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ? nici ritmul, nici durata sa normal\uc1
\u259 ?. Este o stare psi-hotic\uc1 \u259 ?, care blocheaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n mare parte energia subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipnopedie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1
\u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? mai recent, referitoare la o metod\uc1 \u259 ? pedagogi-
c\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are pasiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe sugestie hipnotic\uc1 \u259 ?, sugestii cu con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
instructiv informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, administrate \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul somnului
natural. Se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe ipoteza c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite faze
ale somnului se p\uc1 \u259 ?s-treaz\uc1 \u259 ? un grad de receptivitate fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de stimuli exteriori \uc1 \u351 ?i astfel se pot stoca anumite
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile au contu-rat anumite condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii specifice \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i limitele \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
rii \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul somnu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t s-au \uc1
\u238 ?nregistrat \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultate}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 contradictorii. Nu se recomand\uc1 \u259 ?
prac-ticarea masiv\uc1 \u259 ? a induc\uc1 \u355 ?iilor hipnotice, deoarece prin
efecte cumulative acestea pot produce perturbarea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor fi-
re\uc1 \u351 ?ti ale somnului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipnopsihoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? terapeu-tic\uc1
\u259 ? caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin folosirea conco-mitent\uc1 \u259 ? a hipnozei
\uc1 \u351 ?i a discu\uc1 \u355 ?iilor pen-tru a rezolva conflictele care au
generat conflictele neurotice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare provo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cat\uc1
\u259 ? prin tehnici variate prin care se produce o modifi-care a nivelului de
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd a
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei exterioare. Efectul hipnotic este de regul\uc1
\u259 ? explicat prin for\uc1 \u355 ?a reglatorie a cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, prin
su-gestibilitatea subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipo }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de compunere care in-troduce
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de sc\uc1 \u259 ?dere; di-minuare; \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinire.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoacuzie }
\langfenp1048 = diminuarea acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii au-ditive cauzat\uc1
\u259 ? de leziuni diverse; \uc1 \u8226 ? la nivelul sistemului de transmitere a
sunetelor (hipoacuzie de transmisie);}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }
\langfenp1048 la nivelul urechii interne}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau a orga-nului acustic
(hipoacuzie de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Poate fi mixt\uc1 \u259 ? (transmisie \uc1
\u351 ?i percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie);}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la nivel
cortical (hipoacuzie central\uc1 \u259 ?). Este cauza aspectelor patologice de
personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i folosirea incorect\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului.}{\fs18
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipobulie }{\fs18
tulburare de voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? datori-t\uc1 \u259 ? diminu\uc1 \u259 ?
rii motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
for\uc1 \u355 ?ei volu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, care se traduce \uc1 \u238 ?n plan
comportamental prin modificarea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a ac\uc1 \u355
?iona.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipocondrie }
\langfenp1048 = preocupare morbid\uc1 \u259 ? le-gat\uc1 \u259 ? de func\uc1
\u355 ?ionarea organismului, cu exagerarea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui si}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mptom,
subiectul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 consider\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se afectat de boli variate, devenind \uc1
\u238 ?n fapt \uc1 \u8222 ?bolnav imaginar". Acest context genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
stare depresi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, subiectul fiind centrat pe sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?i, consult\uc1 \u226 ?nd mereu medici, vr\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ?
cunoasc\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?rerea mai multor speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti, \uc1
\u238 ?n special atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a sa este considerat\uc1
\u259 ? de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii imaginar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
relativ\uc1 \u259 ? sau gra-v\uc1 \u259 ? a ansamblului sensibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii generale, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii pragului
senzorial. Ex-citan\uc1 \u355 ?ii externi sunt percepu\uc1 \u355 ?i numai \uc1
\u238 ?n cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care au o intensitate supralimi-nar\uc1 \u259 ?.
Simptomul poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea temporal \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
surmenaj, de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie psiho-motor\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipofiz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
(gland\uc1 \u259 ? pituitar\uc1 \u259 ?); gland\uc1 \u259 ? cu secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie
intern\uc1 \u259 ? din regiunea hipotalami-c\uc1 \u259 ?, care prin secre\uc1 \u355
?ie hormonal\uc1 \u259 ? asigur\uc1 \u259 ? regl\uc1 \u259 ?ri organice de mare
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?: cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea, dezvoltarea sexual\uc1
\u259 ?, func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-rea \uc1 \u351 ?i reglarea altor activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i endocrine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sistemul porthipofizar - mijlocit de un sistem port de capilare,
descoperit de anatomi\uc1 \u351 ?tii rom\uc1 \u226 ?ni Fr. Rainer \uc1 \u351 ?i Gr.
T. Popa.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipofrenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o zon\uc1 \u259 ? incert\uc1
\u259 ? dintre oligofrenie \uc1 \u351 ?i normalitate; sinonim cu denumirea \uc1
\u8222 ?deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ?". Frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?a
hipofreniei \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul elevilor ar fi de 6 - 8%, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd un Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70-90. Nivelul de inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipokinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bradikinezie}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipomanie }
\langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a maniei (manie mic\uc1
\u259 ?). Cele trei caracteristici: buna dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, fuga de idei
\uc1 \u351 ?i hiper-activitatea sunt prezente, dar de intensi-tate atenuat\uc1
\u259 ?. Subiectul este hipera}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ctiv,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vesel, dezordonat, nu duce planurile la bun
sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it, este vindicativ, sarcastic, lipsit de control moral,
nu suport\uc1 \u259 ? criti-ca. Este mereu nelini\uc1 \u351 ?tit, \uc1 \u238 ?n
permanent\uc1 \u259 ? activitate; necesitatea de odihn\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
somn sunt diminuate; are un randament sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut din cauza instabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipomimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminuare a mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor periferice ale expresiilor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale; lentoare
\uc1 \u238 ?n expresia diverselor senti-mente, a tr\uc1 \u259 ?irilor subiective;
apare \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipomnezie (dismnezie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare
cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor mnezice, evoca-re lent\uc1 \u259 ?,
s\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?cit\uc1 \u259 ?, incomplet\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
ciuda eforturilor considerabile pe care le face subiectul pentru a-\uc1 \u351 ?i
aminti fidel \uc1 \u351 ?i complet o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Nu are
caracter patologic, poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele
normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n con-di\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, surmenaj. Forme par-ticulare de hipomnezie: lapsusul, impo-
sibilitatea temporar\uc1 \u259 ? de evocare, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca efect un aspect
lacunar al frazei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipomotilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipokinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 bradikinezie); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diminuare sau \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinire a
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor cauze fizice sau
Hipoparanoic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?
ie constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre a\uc1 \u351 ?a-numita
paranoia de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
turi caracteristice: susceptibilita-tea, ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea, irascibilitatea,
inter-pretativitatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipopatie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea evident\uc1 \u259 ? a
rezo-nan\uc1 \u355 ?ei afective, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n schizofrenii, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e, depresii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipoprosexie }{\fs18
diminuarea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, a orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii selective, a proceselor
psiho-comportamentale. Poate evolua spre aprosexie. Este prezent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de sur-menaj, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii anxiogene \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n starea de irascibilitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie apare \uc1 \u238 ?n depre-
siile nevrotice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihotice. Este un semn de debut \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1
\u259 ?rile demen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ind procesele afazo-
agnozo-aprxice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hiposomnie }
\langfenp1048 = se impune diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea no\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor de:
agripnie, care \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri prin
caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de somn, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul
bolilor cu substrat organic, iar nonsomnia, nevoia de somn redus\uc1 \u259 ?, este
de natur\uc1 \u259 ? fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Termenul de insomnie desemnea-z\uc1 \u259 ? doar o
caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? de somn. Oda-t\uc1
\u259 ? cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, durata somnului scade, cam de cinci ori, iar
caracterul odihnitor al somnului nocturn este atribuit nu at\uc1 \u226 ?t du-ratei,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai ales fazelor sale de somn profund, deci calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii somnului. Studiile de hipnologie propun ca termen general pentru
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de somn, disomnia, cuprinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreruperile de somn con-tinuu cu fluctua\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
profunzime \uc1 \u351 ?i co\uc1 \u351 ?-maruri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lipsa somnului este cauza unor importante tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri comportamentale, psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i electroencefalografice al c\uc1
\u259 ?ror substrat este constituit \uc1 \u238 ?n modific\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18
rile biochimice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hipotalamus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = zon\uc1 \u259 ? anatomico-func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? a diencefalului (la baza creieru-lui) cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ii deosebit de
importante \uc1 \u238 ?n organism, fiind numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i creierul
vege-tativ al organismului. La acest nivel se afl\uc1 \u259 ? centrii foamei
\uc1 \u351 ?i ai sa\uc1 \u355 ?iet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i centrii
termoreglatori. Este \uc1 \u351 ?i un centru important al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
afective. Neurohor-rnonii hipotalamici influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? secre\uc1
\u355 ?ia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 hormonilor adenohipofizari. (Vezi AnexaA-Fig. 18)}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hipotimie }{\fs18
modificare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de re-zonan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, a elanului vital, redu-cerea
expansivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mimice. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
intensitatea acestei aplatiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri afecti-ve se descriu: indiferen\uc1
\u355 ?a afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, apa-tia, dezinteres pentru ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru propria persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, atimie
(eveni-mentele exterioare r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n str\uc1 \u259 ?ine tr\uc1
\u259 ?irii subiectului).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Hipotiroidie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
tiroidian\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel tisular (mexedemul); ca urmare se produc
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri trofice ale tegumen-telor, modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
sistemului osteo-muscular, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cardiovasculare, respiratorii,
renale, digestive, metabo-lice, sangvine, endocrine \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri neuro-psihice. H. poate fi consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a afect\uc1 \u259 ?rii
directe a tiroidei sau secundar\uc1 \u259 ? - tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri la nivel
hipofizar sau hipotalamic. Afectarea tiroidei se poate produce congenital;
caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? iodat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Homeopatie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ?
terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? con-troversat\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea se delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca o
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a vindec\uc1 \u259 ?rii, dar difer\uc1
\u259 ? mult de alopatie prin faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre simptom \uc1
\u351 ?i remediu nu se stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te o corespon-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
biunivoc\uc1 \u259 ?, ci pentru fiecare indi-vid se aleg remediile specifice
simpto-mului pe care-1 prezint\uc1 \u259 ?. Individualiza-rea tratamentului
presupune un studiu psihologic complet al subiectului (constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
temperament, predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie morbid\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Homeostazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? natural\uc1 \u259 ? a or-ganismelor vii de a men\uc1
\u355 ?ine constan\uc1 \u355 ?i parametrii mediului intern, restabilin-du-le
nivelul atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia sunt perturba\uc1 \u355 ?i. Nu
orice adaptare sau regla-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re este
homeostatic\uc1 \u259 ?, deosebindu-se \uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
emergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i cele din stres. Din
perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihi-cul poate fi analizat ca
sistem homeosta-tic, dotat cu autoreglare \uc1 \u351 ?i autoorgani-zare. Al\uc1
\u259 ?turi de agen\uc1 \u355 ?ii perturbatori cu-noscu\uc1 \u355 ?i sub numele de
stres, trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sunt primele care semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? deficitul
de oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii periculoase ale homeostaziei psihofiziologice, determin\uc1
\u226 ?nd intrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a mecanismelor homeostatice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Homicid }
\langfenp1048 = delict grav, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din
pro-vocarea direct\uc1 \u259 ? a mor\uc1 \u355 ?ii unei/unor per-soane de c\uc1
\u259 ?tre alta/altele. Codul penal distinge: \uc1 \u8226 ? homicidul prin
impruden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? premeditare) \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? homicidul volun-tar, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de care se
aplic\uc1 \u259 ? sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni diferi-te, constituind obiectul multor
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatrice, relev\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? mobilul concret al unei crime are un corespondent mult mai
profund \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul valoric al criminalului, \uc1 \u238 ?n
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spre un egocentrism feroce.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hominizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procesul devenirii
omului sub raportul tuturor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor sale defi-nitorii.
Include antropogeneza, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i pe-rioada etapelor de emancipare
cultural\uc1 \u259 ? a omului \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile istoriei, al
ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncirii \uc1 \u351 ?i ascensiunii c\uc1 \u259 ?tre personalitate prin
asi-milarea \uc1 \u351 ?i crearea de valori, apreciind procesul de socializare a
omului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Homo }
\langfenp1048 = element de compunere care introduce semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
asem\uc1 \u259 ?nare sau egalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Homosexualitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a compor-tamentului
sexual care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u8222 ?atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia
exclusiv\uc1 \u259 ? pentru persoanele de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sex" (clasificare
interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? OMS 1978). Pentru cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care
partenerii sunt femei - tulburarea se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lesbianism, iar pentru
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre un b\uc1 \u259 ?rbat \uc1 \u351 ?i un copil se
nume\uc1 \u351 ?te pedofilie. Tulburarea are \uc1 \u351 ?i alte aspecte: incest,
zoofilie, necrofilie etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? psihopatologic\uc1 \u259 ?, ea
este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? o anomalie compor-tamental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca
atare supus\uc1 \u259 ? diverselor modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i terapeutice,
majoritatea de inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihanalitic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
social\uc1 \u259 ? (dac\uc1 \u259 ? este admis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unele
societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i primitive), nefiind interzis\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
lege special\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n unele societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
moderne creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri importante ale adaptabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii socio-familiale.
Majorita-tea \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rilor civilizate o interzic prin lege, cre\uc1
\u226 ?nd o barier\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n calea prozelitismu-lui. Din punct de
vedere medico-legal, homosexualitatea constituie semnul de debut al unei psihoze.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hormon }{\fs18
substan\uc1 \u355 ?a chimic\uc1 \u259 ? elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? de celule, \uc1
\u355 ?esuturi sau organe speciale (glande endocrine) cu rol de mesager chimic,
care func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca stimul morfogenetic sau ca excitant
fiziologic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic. Hormonii sunt vehicula\uc1 \u355 ?i pe cale
sanguin\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la organele \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355
?esu-turile \uc1 \u238 ?n care induc ajust\uc1 \u259 ?ri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
durabile. Pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? sistemul endocrin, alt sistem de
coordonare a organismu-lui \uc1 \u238 ?l reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? sistemul nervos,
care transmite semnalele de-a lungul siste-mului nervos central, adapt\uc1 \u226 ?
nd activita-tea acestuia la r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri rapide \uc1 \u351 ?i de scurt\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?. Intre sistemul nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i cel endocrin
exist\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi str\uc1 \u226 ?nse, celulele endocrine fiind
inervate de sistemul nervos autonom, iar hormonii model\uc1 \u226 ?nd r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunsul majorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii organe-lor la stimulii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?
i. Dat\uc1 \u259 ? fiind unicitatea regl\uc1 \u259 ?rii endocrine, nu exist\uc1
\u259 ? boal\uc1 \u259 ? endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? care s\uc1 \u259 ? nu influen\uc1
\u355 ?eze func\uc1 \u355 ?iile cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, boal\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet endocrin,
chiar}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 dac\uc1 \u259 ? acesta nu atinge \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna pragul
patologic ireversibil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Hospitalism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen creat de Rene Spitz, pentru a desemna fenomenele
care apar \uc1 \u238 ?n urma separ\uc1 \u259 ?rii copilului de mama sa, prin
internare prelungit\uc1
\u259 ? (c\uc1 \u259 ?min, cre\uc1 \u351 ?e, case de copii). Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
rile puse \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu aceast\uc1 \u259 ? ocazie
se reflect\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te
structurarea caracterului, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihomotorie
\uc1 \u351 ?i rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a la \uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?viri a
copilului. Autorul a dat cot\uc1 \u259 ? de mortalitate, ca un efect de
maxim\uc1 \u259 ? gravitate, de aproxi-mativ 40% din cazuri. Fenomene-le de
hospitalism sunt mai grave \uc1 \u238 ?n primele 18 luni (dup\uc1 \u259 ? al\uc1
\u355 ?i autori - primii trei ani) \uc1 \u351 ?i atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd izolarea
dureaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult de 3 luni. Absen\uc1 \u355 ?a obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuit\uc1 \u259 ? stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective \uc1 \u351 ?i senzoriale pe care o
exercit\uc1 \u259 ? mama asupra sugarului a ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a
unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ireversibile de adaptare: agresivitate, nelini\uc1
\u351 ?te excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, lipsa aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e
perceptuale variabile, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere \uc1
\u238 ?n dezvoltarea senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i motorie, retard
intelectual, sensibilitate excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? la boli \uc1 \u351 ?i infec\uc1
\u355 ?ii. Recuperarea acestor deficite este extrem de complicat\uc1 \u259 ?,
adesea imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u8222 ?restitutio ad integram". De asemenea,
ele au o semni-fica\uc1 \u355 ?ie profund\uc1 \u259 ? pentru felul \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se na\uc1 \u351 ?te afectivitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1
\u259 ?, pentru formarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Huliganism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1
\u259 ?lcarea flagrant\uc1 \u259 ? a normelor de convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire
social\uc1 \u259 ?. Huliga-nismul presupune dominarea impulsivi-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii asupra controlului ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional; se ma-nifest\uc1
\u259 ? prin comportamente dezordona-te, scandaloase, provocatoare \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrai social. Condamnarea huliganismului de oprobiul public nu este
suficient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i trebuie aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? legea
juridic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Humanologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? multidisciplina-r\uc1 \u259 ? despre om, considerat ca sistem
uni-tar biopsihosocial. Termenul este mai potrivit dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cel de
antropologie, care prive\uc1 \u351 ?te de regul\uc1 \u259 ? aspectele biologice
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? Pr. dr. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\colsr53 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2937 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I.D. (Sine) }
\langfenp1048 = una dintre cele trei instan-\uc1 \u355 ?e descoperite de Freud ale
aparatului psihic. Instan\uc1 \u355 ?a Sinelui se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la con\uc1
\u355 ?inuturile incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente ale fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane \uc1 \u351 ?i
este expresia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a pulsiu-nilor; unele dintre aceste con\uc1
\u355 ?inuturi ereditare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute, altele
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite \uc1 \u351 ?i refulate. \uc1 \u350 ?inele ar fi primul
rezervor al energiei psihice, care, sub aspect dina-mic intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n conflict cu Eul \uc1 \u351 ?i cu Supra-eul, celelalte dou\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1
\u355 ?e ale aparatului psihic. Din punct de vedere al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?-rii, din
Sine se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1 \u355 ?a Eului \uc1 \u351 ?i
Supraeului. Se face totu\uc1 \u351 ?i unele diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
Sine \uc1 \u351 ?i incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iatrogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a na\uc1 \u351 ?te, a produce);
atribut conferit unei atitudini, sugestii voluntare sau involuntare a personalului
medical, care poate induce reactiv, psihogen sufe-rin\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului.
Este necesar ca perso-nalul medical s\uc1 \u259 ? se ab\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?
de la atitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i exprim\uc1 \u259 ?ri, orice m\uc1 \u259 ?suri care
ar}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 putea genera sugestii maladive sau traume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iatrogenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? reactiv\uc1 \u259 ? deter-minat\uc1 \u259 ? de atitudinea
gre\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? a medicilor \uc1 \u351 ?i personalului medical, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iile medicale furnizate de mass-me-
dia, prospecte, agende medicale, farma-ceutice etc. Problema iatrogeniilor trebu-ie
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca parte integrant\uc1 \u259 ? a eticii \uc1 \u351 ?i
deontologiei medicale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Iatrogenie negativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se produce prin insuficienta informare a
bolnavului
de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1
\u259 ?tre medic, prin elips\uc1 \u259 ? verbal\uc1 \u259 ? chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i
prin t\uc1 \u259 ?cere, care are un puternic efect psihotraumatizant \uc1 \u351 ?i
a unei patologii de dezvoltare. Este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? desprinderea elementelor
fundamentale de psiholo-gie medical\uc1 \u259 ? pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?
turarea iatroge-niilor, a comprehensiunii fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sufe-
rin\uc1 \u355 ?a bolnavului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Iconic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n semiolo}
\langfenp1048 gie (R. Jakobson) \uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu
acele sem-ne care se aseam\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? cu obiectele de-semnate. Intre
semnul iconic (semnifi-cativ) \uc1 \u351 ?i realitatea corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare
(semnificat) exist\uc1 \u259 ? o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie de izomor-fism figurativ, o
asem\uc1 \u259 ?nare ce constitu-ie suportul unui model, care sintetizea-z\uc1
\u259 ? anumite \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri comune, at\uc1 \u226 ?t sensu-lui
iconic c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i obiectului reflectat spre imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ictus }
\langfenp1048 = stare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? instalat\uc1 \u259 ? brutal, cu
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare dramatic\uc1 \u259 ? evident\uc1 \u259 ?, care
pune \uc1 \u238 ?n pericol real via\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ictus amnezic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 are
de memorie (eclips\uc1 \u259 ? amnezic\uc1 \u259 ?), manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia brusc\uc1 \u259 ? la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? ante-cedente deosebite, a unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri particu-lare \uc1 \u238 ?n
care bolnavul pare c\uc1 \u259 ? nu mai memoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? nimic, uit\uc1 \u259 ?
rapid ceea ce a f\uc1 \u259 ?cut sau spus.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ictus emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?
derea brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a tonusului afectiv uneori \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de
o inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie motorie total\uc1 \u259 ?, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n con-textul modific\uc1 \u259 ?rii st\uc1 \u259 ?rii con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, de-terminat\uc1 \u259 ? de o emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie violent\uc1
\u259 ?. Aceas-t\uc1 \u259 ? stare are caracter tranzitoriu, rever-sibil, durata ei
fiind scurt\uc1 \u259 ?. Caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? unele reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihogene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ictus laringeu
\langfenp1048 = pierderea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei asociat\uc1 \u259 ? sau
nu cu convulsii epileptifor-me ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei crize
violente}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de tuse. Fenomenul este cauzat de ano-xie cerebral\uc1
\u259 ? rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din asocierea reflexului tusigen cu un reflex
inhibitor cardiac. Apare la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i trecu\uc1 \u355 ?i de 40 de ani,
purt\uc1 \u259 ?tori ai unei spine iritative rino-faringiene, bron\uc1 \u351 ?ice
(sau tabes). Sindromul trebuie avut \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere \uc1 \u238 ?n diag-
nosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al crizelor comi\uc1 \u355 ?iale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ideal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = model sau prototip de
perfec\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne uman\uc1 \u259 ? (moral\uc1 \u259 ?, estetic\uc1 \u259 ?,
social\uc1 \u259 ?) spre care aspir\uc1 \u259 ? orice individ sau colectivita-te;
motiv superior, fundamental de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne uman\uc1 \u259 ? care se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n toate domeniile de activitate. Reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? o proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a unei realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i inexis-tente \uc1 \u8222 ?hic et nune" (aici \uc1 \u351 ?i acum), dar
dezirabile \uc1 \u351 ?i realizabile, care orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreaga existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un caracter imperativ.
Din perspectiva psihologiei dinamice - prin \uc1 \u8222 ?ideal al Eului" diferit de
\uc1 \u8222 ?Eu Ideal" se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege reprezentarea ideal\uc1
\u259 ? a copilului despre sine, care con-denseaz\uc1 \u259 ? narcisismul
infantil \uc1 \u351 ?i imagini-le parentale \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un model, fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de care el caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se defineasc\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la care trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se conformeze. Idealul se
define\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1 \u351
?i se \uc1 \u238 ?mbog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te asimptotic, prin
raportarea permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351
?i aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor personale la exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele sociale, prin
selec\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni axiologice, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinind la orice v\uc1
\u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie normativ-valoric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i reglatorie. Idealul moral, profesional, estetic, fami-lial, reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?teva dintre ipostazele de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ale
idealului. Condensate, ele reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? idealul de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, cu care pregnan\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i modul de exprimare al acestora
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? reflecte concordan\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
ie \uc1 \u351 ?i voca\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n consens cu cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Idealizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? un ob}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iect
considerat de subiect ca fiind per-fect. Prin identificare cu obiectul ideali-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zat, se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1 \u355 ?ele psihice idea-le (Eul ideal; idealul
Eului). Formarea instan\uc1 \u355 ?elor ideale implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
nece-sar idealizarea, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor.
Idealizarea poate viza fenomene, ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uni
sau fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e iubite, o mare parte din li-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bidoul narcisic se
r\uc1 \u259 ?sfr\uc1 \u226 ?nge asupra Eului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idea\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces psihic spontan, mediat
de limbaj, caracterizat prin filia\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i emergen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? asociativ\uc1 \u259 ? a ideilor, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru
\uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uirea logic\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o teorie, concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament. \uc1 \u238 ?n
idea\uc1 \u355 ?ie concur\uc1 \u259 ? procesele perceptive, mnestice, prosexice
\uc1 \u351 ?i cele opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional-cognitive, iar dinamica idea\uc1 \u355 ?
ie este \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
temperamen-tale \uc1 \u351 ?i aptitudinal-caracteriale ale per-sonalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Idea\uc1 \u355 ?ia este produsul \uc1 \u351 ?i con-di\uc1
\u355 ?ia con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de sine, care la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul ei
se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unitate cu con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de
lume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idee }
\langfenp1048 = act de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu sens; produs
intelectual cu un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut general reali-zat \uc1 \u238 ?n form\uc1
\u259 ? abstract\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n uzajul psiho-logiei contemporane, ideea
este opus\uc1 \u259 ? imaginii intuitive \uc1 \u351 ?i are mai mult un con\uc1
\u355 ?inut de g\uc1 \u226 ?nd, na\uc1 \u355 ?iune, concept, concluzie, solu\uc1
\u355 ?ie. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? gradul de ge-neralizare al con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului se
disting idei concrete \uc1 \u351 ?i idei abstracte, iar dup\uc1 \u259 ? l\uc1 \u259
?r-gimea sferei de origine, idei individu-ale \uc1 \u351 ?i idei generale. \uc1
\u238 ?ntre con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul \uc1 \u351 ?i sfera no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii (ideii)
exist\uc1 \u259 ? un raport invers propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional, categoriile repre-
zent\uc1 \u226 ?nd no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile cu sfera cea mai mare \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul cel mai restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns (ex.: materie, mi\uc1 \u351 ?
care, spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu, timp, con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
adev\uc1 \u259 ?r etc). \uc1 \u238 ?n patologie au loc deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
denaturarea con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului reflectoriu al ideilor, prin perturbarea
mecanismelor cognitive \uc1 \u351 ?i afective responsabile de producerea lor (idei
ob-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sesive, prevalente,
dominante, delirante - fixe).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Idee for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie idealist\uc1
\u259 ? (Afouille), semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
dinamice ale ideii de a func\uc1 \u355 ?iona \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii ca for\uc1 \u355 ?e. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens individual se identific\uc1 \u259
? cu convingerile, idealurile, principiile, care sunt valori puternic ancorate
emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Expresia extrem\uc1 \u259 ? de morbiditate a ideilor for\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n
delirurile sistematizate, cronice, cu periculozitate social\uc1 \u259 ?, mai
ales \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul paranoiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Identic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = coinciden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau
egalitate sub-stan\uc1 \u355 ?ial-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? dintre
dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe fenomene, obiecte, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, siste-me
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Identificare }
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ? de recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a
unui con\uc1 \u355 ?inut general \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un fapt particular. Etimologic are
un dublu sens; a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?torul sau de a
deveni sau a face ceva asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Este un mecanism
psihologic care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n constituirea
Eului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica rela-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor interpersonale.
Identificarea este o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihic\uc1 \u259 ? interpersonal\uc1
\u259 ? de trans-punere afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a unui subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia celuilalt; confundarea de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
tr\uc1 \u259 ?-iri. Perturb\uc1 \u259 ?rile de identitate datorate disocierilor
familiale pot duce la defor-m\uc1 \u259 ?ri caracteriale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Identitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = raport de asem\uc1
\u259 ?nare perfec-t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? entit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la completa lor
echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire se
reflect\uc1 \u259 ? sub forma principiului identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
conform c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia, \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i discurs, orice expresie
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? un singur sens \uc1 \u351
?i numai unul, orice modificare d\uc1 \u226 ?nd na\uc1 \u351 ?te-re unor sofisme.
Persoana are o identita-te pentru sine \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u351 ?i alta pentru al\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Identitatea este produsul \uc1 \u351 ?i
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de sine, care la r\uc1
\u226 ?ndul ei se dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unitate cu con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de lume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Perturbarea mecanismelor de identificare la copii \uc1 \u351 ?i
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i prin caren\uc1 \u355 ?e psihoafective antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri caracteriale. Mecanisme de identi-ficare: simpatia, empatia,
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ia etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Identitatea de sine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dimensiune definitorie a con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de sine - ca re-vers \uc1 \u351 ?i latur\uc1 \u259 ?
complementar\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?ei despre lume, prin
inferen\uc1 \u355 ?a mediu-lui social (cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune coercitiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nor-mativ\uc1 \u259 ?) asupra individului. Identitatea de
sine constituie condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia autonomiei \uc1 \u351 ?i autoregl\uc1 \u259 ?
rii persoanei, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i a organi-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, concretiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul rela\uc1 \u355
?iilor socio-afective ale individului cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i a op\uc1 \u355 ?iuni-lor lui con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de rolurile \uc1 \u351 ?i statuturile \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinite
simultan sau succesiv \uc1 \u238 ?n societate. \uc1 \u238 ?n dubla sa accep-\uc1
\u355 ?iune, \uc1 \u8222 ?identitatea pentru sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i"
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?identitatea de sine pentru al\uc1 \u355 ?ii" este de
fapt interpretarea modelelor socio-cul-turale \uc1 \u351 ?i individuale cu
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile per-sonale. Aspectele de rol \uc1 \u351 ?i statut
ser-vesc nuan\uc1 \u355 ?at la stabilirea identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
sine. Ele pot \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? conduce la erodarea identit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de sine, prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de personalitate (hipertrofie-rea sau hipotrofierea sau disolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ei).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ideoglosie }
\langfenp1048 = vorbire neinteligibil\uc1 \u259 ? datorit\uc1 \u259 ? frecventelor
omisiuni, interver-tiri \uc1 \u351 ?i substituiri de sunete sau repeti\uc1 \u355 ?
ii de cuvinte, devenind de ne\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles de in-terlocutor. Este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? oligofreniei, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dislaliile pe
fond normal \uc1 \u238 ?n cele polimorfe \uc1 \u351 ?i la copii anxio\uc1 \u351 ?
i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ideologie }
\langfenp1048 = studiu al ideilor, teorie, ter-men d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e larg\uc1 \u259 ?
circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n literatura filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
social-politic\uc1 \u259 ? actual\uc1 \u259 ?, de-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semn\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
ansamblu de idei al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror con\uc1 \u355 ?inut poart\uc1 \u259 ? amprenta
unor interese de clas\uc1 \u259 ? specifice, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinind un rol
decisiv \uc1 \u238 ?n orientarea asupra lumii \uc1 \u351 ?i a diverselor sectoare
ale existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei sociale, efectu\uc1 \u226 ?nd func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
autoreglaj social. Ideologia este compartimentul superior al con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sociale. Ideologia izvor\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?te dintr-o
infrastructur\uc1 \u259 ? socio-economic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i face parte din
suprastructura \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt integrate \uc1 \u351 ?i institu\uc1 \u355 ?
iile corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare diferitelor laturi ale ideologiei. La nive-lul
persoanei \uc1 \u351 ?i al grupului, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea unei ideologii
contribuie la dezvoltarea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, mai ales sub raport
axiologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Ideomotricitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dirijarea motricitatii prin idei, mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri, comportamente, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin cea
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, implicit printr-un proces cognitiv (perceptiv, imaginativ,
mnestic, inclusiv prin limbajul intern (C. Jackson). S-a constatat c\uc1 \u259 ?
vorbirea \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?nd este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259
? de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale coarde-lor vocale corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare
sunetelor vorbirii, imperceptibile. Ideograful \uc1 \u238 ?nre-gistreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
curba vorbirii interne, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd ideograma. Sunt persoane care pretind
\uc1 \u8222 ?c\uc1 \u259 ? pot citi g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile de la distan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?", doar vizual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
Ideosincrazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (alergie); dominan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n organism a uneia din umorile fundamen-tale prin care erau explicate tempera-
mentele \uc1 \u238 ?n antichitate (Hipocrate). \uc1 \u238 ?n prezent este
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? destul de rar \uc1 \u238 ?n sen-sul de reactivitate
anormal\uc1 \u259 ? a unor per-soane fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de anumite
elemente, parfu-muri, medicamente. Este specific\uc1 \u259 ? per-soanelor fragile
psihoafectiv, labile emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i persoanelor cu structuri
dizar-monice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Idio }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = element de compunere cu sensul de propriu, particular, specific.}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idiolalie
\langfenp1048 = limbaj neinteligibil, inven-tat, care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
formele grave ale tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj (afazie, ala}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lie,
dislalie, jargonofazie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Idiopatie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen generic care defi-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te
fenomene patologice de cauz\uc1 \u259 ? necunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idiot savant }{\fs18
debil mintal cu fond de-ficitar global, dar care manifest\uc1 \u259 ? unele
aptitudini excep\uc1 \u355 ?ionale: efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? ra-pid unele calcule,
improvizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe loc mici compozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii muzicale, are o capaci-
tate excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de memorare a cifre-lor (data na\uc1
\u351 ?terii, numere de telefon).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea mai grav\uc1 \u259 ?
form\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?napoiere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (nedezvoltare psihi-
c\uc1 \u259 ?; cele mai elementare func\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice nu sunt evoluate
(inciden\uc1 \u355 ?a ei: 2-3/100.000) \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t nu dep\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te nivelul mintal al unui copil de 2 ani); este lipsit
total de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, are un limbaj elementar (Q.I. = 20-30,
V.M. = 0-2 ani). Este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu multiple malfor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mai
ales cranio-faciale (microce-falie, hemiplegii, paralizii de nervi cranieni, prag
alergic crescut) \uc1 \u351 ?i senzo-rialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i (cecitate \uc1
\u351 ?i surditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?). Nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?esc limbajul vorbit \uc1 \u351 ?i scris, comunicarea reduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
la sunete nearticulate referitoare la trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale.
\uc1 \u238 ?n formele grave nu achizi\uc1 \u355 ?i-oneaz\uc1 \u259 ? nici mersul,
nici controlul sfinc-terian. Au o activitate dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ?, ba-lans
ritmic, mul\uc1 \u355 ?i se automutileaz\uc1 \u259 ?; au instincte exagerate
(bulimie, masturba-re) sau pervertite (coprofagie). Efortul educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional
poate conduce la controlul sfincterian \uc1 \u351 ?i a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii de a se autoalimenta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie
amaurotic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boala Seiterber-ger. Grup de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
ereditare meta-bolice (deficit enzimatic), frecvente \uc1 \u238 ?n familiile cu
consanguinitate parental\uc1 \u259 ? (boala Tay-Sachs). Debuteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n primele luni de la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
apa-tie, dezinteres fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mediu \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?
rin\uc1 \u355 ?i, semne neurologice: tetraplegie cu reflexe osteotendinoase,
convulsii, rigiditate, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri oculare (atrofie papilar\uc1 \u259 ?,
retini-t\uc1 \u259 ? pigmentar\uc1 \u259 ?, amauroz\uc1 \u259 ?, macul\uc1 \u259 ?
ro\uc1 \u351 ?ie-alb\uc1 \u259 ?struie). Debut la 2-3 ani, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i o for-
m\uc1 \u259 ? juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?, tardiv\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o simptomatologie general\uc1 \u259 ? a idio\uc1 \u355 ?iei ama-urotice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idio\uc1 \u355
?ie mongoloid\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = distrofie cu ariera-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, Down, mongolism, trisomia 21.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Idoneism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere sau g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, care r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne mereu deschis\uc1
\u259 ? la experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, supun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se mereu con-
trolului \uc1 \u351 ?i exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Pre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? metodologic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
orice \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii prospective,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca finalitate ameliorarea condi\uc1 \u355 ?iei umane. Se
remarc\uc1 \u259 ? rolul psiho-pedago-giei speciale \uc1 \u351 ?i al psihiatriei
care ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? permanent printr-o
continu\uc1 \u259 ? reor-ganizare \uc1 \u351 ?i reinterpretare a sistemului
conceptual \uc1 \u351 ?i nosologic \uc1 \u238 ?n conformitate cu realitatea
clinic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ierarhie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = criteriu de clasificare a oric\uc1 \u259 ?-rui sistem
(social, psihic, biologic etc.) de a structura pe mai multe nivele feno-mene,
procese, elemente etc, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod ie-rarhic, aflate \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni de supraor-donare \uc1 \u351 ?i subordonare; rela\uc1 \u355
?ie de coman-d\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i supunere (P. Janet), dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? recuren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de la inferior }
\langfenp1048 la superior (reve-nire), \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, conceptul de
ierar-hie este larg utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n clasificarea moti-velor, sentimentelor,
comportamentelor,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n ordonarea valorilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia nivelelor de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ie\uc1 \u351 ?
ire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unui element asupra altor elemente ale
sistemului, \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra mediului, prin intermediul informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor de intrare. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre intr\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i ie\uc1 \u351 ?irile speciale,
cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de transfer (P. Neveanu). Cone-xiunea direct\uc1 \u259 ?
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un transport de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, energie sau
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de la intrare spre ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire, iar conexiunea
invers\uc1 \u259 ?, un transport de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de la ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire
spre intrare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Igiena mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?-tin\uc1 \u355
?e, metode, criterii de ordin medico-psiho-pedagogice viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd conservarea
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice
individuale, asigurarea randamentului \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea intelectual\uc1
\u259 ?, cu evitarea surmenajului \uc1 \u351 ?i a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice
anormale. Rapor-tarea la asigurarea condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor optime de ambian\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, varietatea muncilor (fizico-intelectuale), eficien\uc1 \u355 ?
a procedeelor, bu-getul de timp, rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interpersonale \uc1 \u351 ?i
de serviciu, eliminarea factorilor de stres sau surmenaj; studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1
\u8226 ? cauzele tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i bolilor mintale \uc1 \u351 ?
i dificul-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale; \uc1
\u8226 ? depista-rea cazurilor de tulburare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psiho-medical\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? m\uc1
\u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de profilaxie \uc1 \u351 ?i informare \uc1 \u238 ?n
mas\uc1 \u259 ? a meto-delor profilactice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Igiena mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a familiei }{\fs18 \dbch
prive\uc1 \u351 ?te ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de psihoprofilaxie a familiei, a mediului
familial \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?tate. Familia, ca mediu educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional, preg\uc1 \u259 ?
te\uc1 \u351 ?te copilul pentru a se in-tegra \uc1 \u238 ?n munca \uc1 \u351 ?
colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a celorlalte comunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
umane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? terenul ereditar, tare-le familiale, prin \uc1 \u8222 ?sfatul
genetic" cu privire la cuplul marital, pentru a con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp1048 tribui la constituirea unui mediu propice de apari\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a copilului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere al igienei muncii intelectuale, sunt
recomandate m\uc1 \u259 ?suri psihopedagogice de aplicat \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul
familial cu privire la raporturile p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i/copii, fra\uc1
\u355 ?i/fra\uc1 \u355 ?i, care s\uc1 \u259 ? permit\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea
armonioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea la mediul \uc1 \u351 ?colar,
profesional, social. Se combat devia\uc1 \u355 ?iile comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i
formarea unor conduite adecvate psiho-social, p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii mintale pentru to\uc1 \u355 ?i membrii familiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Igiena muncii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ?
medico-psiho-logic\uc1 \u259 ?, compartiment al psihologiei muncii (ergonomia) care
se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor fizice de
munc\uc1 \u259 ? asupra muncitorilor (ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor,
zgomot, temperaturi \uc1 \u238 ?nalte etc), \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul conserv\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i valorific\uc1 \u259 ?rii capa-cit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii de lucru. Igiena muncii prescrie recomand\uc1 \u259 ?ri asupra condi\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor optime de munc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite sectoare ale pro-duc\uc1
\u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Igiena muncii intelectuale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? medico-psihologic\uc1
\u259 ? ce are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere mij-loacele \uc1 \u351 ?i procedeele de evitare
a
surme-najului, a eforturilor ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u238 ?n activi-tatea
de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i a muncii intelectuale \uc1 \u238 ?n genere; \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste pre-
ocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i probleme ale odihnei ac-tive, a
distribuirii pauzelor, alimenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie, aer etc, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u351 ?i experien\uc1 \u355 ?a, despre pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
corect\uc1 \u259 ? la scris, lectur\uc1 \u259 ?, diverse metode de studiu,
dezvoltarea interesului de studiu, apelul la mnemo-tehnici, toate \uc1 \u238 ?n
vederea cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii randa-mentului oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei munci
intelectuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Iluminare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = sub raport cognitiv, ilumi-narea \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ?
surprinderea elementelor necesare ale rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor dintr-o situa\uc1 \u355
?ie problematic\uc1 \u259 ?, ca urmare a unui instanta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neu demers opera\uc1
\u355 ?ional; este deci un salt calitativ \uc1 \u238 ?n cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere,
fiind consi-derat\uc1 \u259 ? o faz\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului creator.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iluminism }{\fs18
curent al epocii \uc1 \u8222 ?luminii" - curent de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire ra\uc1
\u355 ?ionalist\uc1 \u259 ? (sec. XVIII); mi\uc1 \u351 ?care social-cultural\uc1
\u259 ? pe linia combaterii obscuratismului religi-os, a dogmatismului, a
ignoran\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i a supersti\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, prin difuzarea
adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri-lor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice despre natur\uc1
\u259 ?, societate \uc1 \u351 ?i om, pentru libertatea \uc1 \u351 ?i ridicarea
cultu-ral\uc1 \u259 ? a oamenilor. Se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?-m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul, presa \uc1 \u351 ?i toate
ramurile culturii na\uc1 \u355 ?ionale; este \uc1 \u351 ?i o larg\uc1 \u259 ?
mi\uc1 \u351 ?care ideo-logic\uc1 \u259 ? din perioada preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirii
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?ptu-irii revolu\uc1 \u355 ?iilor burgheze
din sec. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 XVII-XIX.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Iluminismul a \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinit un rol de seam\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n emanciparea cultural\uc1 \u259 ? a maselor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
revolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia burghezo-demo-crat\uc1 \u259 ?. Iluminismul a opus
privilegiilor feudale, teoria dreptului natural \uc1 \u238 ?n spi-rit burghezo-
democratic, teza egalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii oamenilor prin na\uc1 \u351 ?
tere. Din punct de vedere filosofic, nu a fost un curent unitar. El includea at\uc1
\u226 ?t materiali\uc1 \u351 ?ti c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ideali\uc1 \u351 ?
ti.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Reprezentan\uc1 \u355 ?i de seam\uc1 \u259 ? ai ilumi-nismului \uc1 \u238 ?n
Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a: Voltaire, Montes-quieu, Rousseau \uc1 \u351 ?i materiali\uc1
\u351 ?ti: Helve-tius, Diderot, D'Holbach; \uc1 \u238 ?n Germania: Lessing, Herder,
Schiller, Goethe. Prin-cipalii promotori ai ilumunismului ro-m\uc1 \u226 ?nesc au
fost reprezentan\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u350 ?colii Ardelene: Samuel Micu, Petru
Maior, Gheorghe \uc1 \u350 ?incai, Ioan Budai-Deleanu, Gheorghe Laz\uc1 \u259 ?r,
fiind continuate de G. Bari\uc1 \u355 ?iu, S. Barnu\uc1 \u355 ?iu A.T. Laurian, T.
Cipariu, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u354 ?ara Rom\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ?, de }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 El. R\uc1 \u259 ?dulescu, P. Poenaru, E. Poteca, iar \uc1
\u238 ?n Moldova de Gheorghe Asachi, Damaschin Bojinc\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }
\langfenp1048 Chihac, M. Zota, Th. Stamati, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iluzie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n\uc1 \u351 ?elare, n\uc1 \u259 ?lucire, tulburare pasager\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor
reflect\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ceva care exist\uc1 \u259 ? numai \uc1 \u238 ?n imagina\uc1
\u355 ?ie, fiind numai \uc1 \u238 ?nchipuire, n\uc1 \u259 ?scocire. Se distinge de
halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care este o percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
obiect, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de interpretarea delirant\uc1 \u259 ?, care are la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? mecanisme intelectuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J. Piaget distinge iluzii primare, datorate efectelor de
c\uc1 \u226 ?mp care se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu cel mai adesea \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele
norma-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. O parte din iluzii sunt datorate, \uc1 \u238 ?
n cea mai mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?, unor fenomene de ambian\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? care furnizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? analizatorilor informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
eronate. Efectele deforma-toare ale iluziei pot fi contracarate prin explicarea
fenomenului prin atitudine critic\uc1 \u259 ?, prin utilizarea unor cadre de
referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? etc. Ghe. Zapan a constatat c\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n activitatea profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, unele iluzii par a fi generale
\uc1 \u351 ?i pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turate prin exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu
cotidian. Despre iluzii patolo-gice se poate vorbi c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul nu
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te eroarea de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n ciuda
confrunt\uc1 \u259 ?rilor cu realul, men\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i
credin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n existen\uc1 \u355 ?a obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
acestor efecte deformante. Felurile lor \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
analizatori: vizuale, auditive, gustati-ve, kinestezice, olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
tactile etc. Ilu-zii patologice survin \uc1 \u238 ?n boli infec\uc1
\u355 ?ioase, sindroame confuzo-onirice, intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu cocain\uc1
\u259 ?, alcoolism, epilepsie temporal\uc1 \u259 ?: apar la personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihastenice \uc1 \u351 ?i iste-rice, mai ales sub forma
iluziilor optice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Imaginar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceva ce apare \uc1 \u238 ?n mod spon-tan \uc1 \u238 ?n
reflexia g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, asupra ei \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i;
poate fi un efect al dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
e\uc1 \u351 ?te uneori nu numai probabilismul, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i as-pectele
posibilului; imaginarul iese de sub imperiul necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imaginarul
este opus realului; es-te o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie nonverbal\uc1 \u259 ?, scoas\uc1
\u259 ? de sub organizarea polisemantic\uc1 \u259 ? a verbalului ca obiectivare
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imagina\uc1
\langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?nchipuire, fantezie); proces psihic de creare a unor
imagini noi pe baza prelucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
a experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei cognitive anterioare. Este un proces de asamblare a unor
imagini \uc1 \u238 ?n combina\uc1 \u355 ?ii noi. Poate fi un fenomen al dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irii realului, sinonim cu fantezia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ca forme de imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie pot fi men\uc1 \u355 ?
ionate: visele, din timpul somnu-lui, asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iile imaginative spontane,
reveria (visarea \uc1 \u238 ?n stare treaz\uc1 \u259 ?), imagi-na\uc1 \u355 ?ia
reproductiv\uc1 \u259 ? creatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n patologie, mecanismul im}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agi-nativ poate
produce delirul de interpre-tare \uc1 \u351 ?i cel halucinator, \uc1 \u238 ?n
geneza c\uc1 \u259 ?rora imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia joac\uc1 \u259 ? rolul dominant, su-
biectul consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd crea\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale su-biective ca av\uc1
\u226 ?nd caracter de obiectivi-tate. Mitomania, cverulen\uc1 \u355 ?a sunt aspec-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tele unei g\uc1 \u226 ?ndiri patologice, megaloma-}{\fs18
nia, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i fabula\uc1 \u355 ?ia. De asemenea, para-frenia confabulatorie
\uc1 \u351 ?i cea fantastic\uc1 \u259 ? completeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tabloul clinic al
patologiei imaginative. Imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia are dou\uc1 \u259 ? for-me: \uc1
\u8226 ? reproductiv\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunt reprezen-tate mintal obiecte
\uc1 \u351 ?i fenomene neper-cepute direct (prin descrieri, imagini, scheme)
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? creatoare, prin care sunt elaborate imagini \uc1
\u351 ?i idei noi, originale. Imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un moment
esen-\uc1 \u355 ?ial al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii creatoare, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n
crea\uc1 \u355 ?ia artistic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259
?, tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?, inventic\uc1 \u259 ?, literar\uc1 \u259 ? e}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tc.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imagine }
\langfenp1048 = rezultat al reflect\uc1 \u259 ?rii senzo-riale pe plan mental
(concret) al obiec-telor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor, ca rezultat al sen-za\uc1 \u355
?iilor, percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sau reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor; este o
forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune intuitiv\uc1 \u259 ? schema-tizat\uc1 \u259 ? la diverse
nivele ale generaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii senzoriale. Se disting, imagini primare
perceptive \uc1 \u351 ?i imagini secundare, dez-voltate \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1
\u355 ?a stimulilor originali, care constituie con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul
reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? analizatorul prin care se reali-
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? deosebim: imagini vizuale, auditi-ve, tactile, sinestezice,
gustative, olfac-tive etc. In arta literar\uc1 \u259 ?, imaginea artisti-c\uc1
\u259 ? este constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din cuvinte \uc1 \u351 ?i fraze, dar sensul
acestora trimite la reprezenta-rea mental\uc1 \u259 ? concret\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, iar spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul \uc1
\u351 ?i timpul \uc1 \u238 ?n care fiin\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? imaginea
artistic\uc1 \u259 ? sunt spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u351 ?i timp ideal, specifice
artei. Imaginea artistic\uc1 \u259 ? are o \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? semantic\uc1 \u259 ? spe-cific\uc1 \u259 ?, spre deosebire de
imaginea senzo-rial\uc1 \u259 ?. Imaginea artistic\uc1 \u259 ? realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? unita-tea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre individual (particular) \uc1 \u351 ?i gene-
ral, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre concret \uc1 \u351 ?i abstract, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
puternic\uc1 \u259 ? for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? generalizatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imagologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ?
interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ?, situat\uc1 \u259 ? la interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre
etiologie, filosofia culturii, sociologia culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologia
popoarelor. Imagologia se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu studiul imaginilor pe care popoarele,
comunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile etnice \uc1 \u351 ?i le fac reciproc despre
altele; aceste
imagini vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri general valabile ale
unui popor, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini reciproce ale po-poarelor, unele fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de altele: admira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dispre\uc1 \u355 ?, denigrare
etc. Sursele imagolo-giei pot fi: prejudec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, stereotipii de
apreciere \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de interese economi-ce, politice etc,
\uc1 \u351 ?i de evenimente. Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? a popoarelor
este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de natura rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i istorice care au existat \uc1 \u351 ?i exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre ele (dominare - supunere, afilia\uc1 \u355 ?ie - res-pingere,
dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? - independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?). Acestea
determin\uc1 \u259 ? anumite st\uc1 \u259 ?ri mentale sau afective, perpetu\uc1
\u226 ?nd mesaje transmi-se de istorie. Studierea sistemelor de imagini conduce la
organizarea m\uc1 \u259 ?suri-lor coordonate \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea pre\uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpi-n\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i evit\uc1 \u259 ?rii tensiunilor
politice (este obiectul preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rilor UNESCO).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imanent }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n/\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-
neaz\uc1 \u259 ? din interiorul obiectului, fiind accesibil experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
ca proprietate in-trinsec\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u355 ?
ine de esen\uc1 \u355 ?a lucrului \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i (opus \uc1 \u8222 ?
transcendentu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui"), nefi-ind dependent de factori exteriori.}{\fs20
Imaturi ta te }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = oprire a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii fizi-}
\langfenp1048 ce, fiziologice sau psihice, la un anumit stadiu - (procesele de
cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere; diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iere \uc1 \u351 ?i structurare a
diferitelor organe \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale acestora, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i la aspecte-le psihologice (\uc1 \u238 ?n special aspectul inte-lectiv
\uc1 \u351 ?i cel emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imaturitatea nu se confund\uc1 \u259 ? cu regresiunea
care reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o pierdere reversibil\uc1 \u259 ? sau ireversibil\uc1
\u259 ? a unor achi-zi\uc1 \u355 ?ii mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in structurate
pe parcursul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imaturi t}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a te afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
stadiu al dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective, caracterizat prin emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ii
nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, instabilitatea senti-mentelor \uc1 \u351 ?i capacitate
redus\uc1 \u259 ? de control asupra reactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii emo\uc1
\u355 ?ionale; este co-relat\uc1 \u259 ? cu imaturitatea social\uc1 \u259 ?,
caracteri-zat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o slab\uc1 \u259 ? capacitate de inser\uc1 \u355 ?
ie social\uc1 \u259 ?, adaptabilitate armonioas\uc1 \u259 ? la exigen\uc1 \u355 ?
ele vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale; c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul rela-\uc1 \u355 ?ional al
persoanei denot\uc1 \u259 ? dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cooperarea cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n deficitul inte-lectual, la persoanele anxioase,
cu s}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tructuri dizarmonice de personalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imbecilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = debilitate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? pro-fund\uc1 \u259 ? (Q.I. = 34-49); reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
aproxi-mativ 12% din totalul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierilor psi-hice.
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? statisticile O.M.S. reprezin-t\uc1 \u259 ? 0,29% \uc1 \u238 ?n
r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei infantile. Subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii pot atinge
foarte greu nivelul de dezvoltare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 5-7 ani,
\uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce limbajul poate fi atins doar pentru v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 3
ani.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiologia este complex\uc1 \u259 ?: factori genetici \uc1
\u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi\uc1 \u355 ?i, care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
asupra sistemului nervos central (S.N.C.) \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? de timpuriu,
din perioada parental\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?a poate fi depistat\uc1 \u259 ? din mica
copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, prin nedezvoltarea motri-citatii, disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii
somatice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor simptome de
debilitate motorie (sincinezii, paratonie, inabilitate motorie, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?ri involuntare); are g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dire mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?; cuno\uc1 \u351
?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e imprecise, ne-sistematizate, inaplicabile \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii concrete. Predomin\uc1 \u259 ? labilitatea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
emotivitatea pu\uc1 \u355 ?in controlat\uc1 \u259 ?. Compor-tamentul se
remarc\uc1 \u259 ? prin st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de excita-bilitate, impulsivitate,
instabilitate, ceea ce face imposibil\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea lor \uc1
\u238 ?n fa-milie.
Limbajul expresiv este dislalic, di-zartric, asintaxic; unii din ei au o memo-rie
excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?(\uc1 \u8222 ?savant imbecil" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?
idio\uc1 \u355 ?i savan\uc1 \u355 ?i") capabili s\uc1 \u259 ? re\uc1 \u355 ?
in\uc1 \u259 ? date \uc1 \u351 ?i cifre. Sunt par\uc1 \u355 ?ial educabili.
Imbecilii poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a\uc1 \u355 ?i s\uc1 \u259
? se autoserveasc\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? respecte normele igienice \uc1 \u351 ?
i civilizate, s\uc1 \u259 ? efectueze opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii simple de munc\uc1
\u259 ? ma-nual\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt interna\uc1 \u355 ?i de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?n
c\uc1 \u259 ?mine-spital, nefiind capabili s\uc1 \u259 ? se autocondu-c\uc1
\u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nd dependen\uc1 \u355 ?i sociali.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imediat }
\langfenp1048 - }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mediat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pereche de determi-nan\uc1
\u355 ?i care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? raportul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei noastre
cu obiectul. Imediat, are \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesul de nemijlocit, spontan
direct, cum ar fi datele senzorial-perceptive, care apar f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
nici un fel de mijlocire, \uc1 \u351 ?i care nu implic\uc1 \u259 ? interpret\uc1
\u259 ?ri. Sub raport temporal, implic\uc1 \u259 ? o maxim\uc1 \u259 ? reduc\uc1
\u355 ?ie a intervalului dintre dou\uc1 \u259 ? evenimente. Este ceea ce se
asimileaz\uc1 \u259 ? prezentului psihic \uc1 \u351 ?i asigur\uc1 \u259 ?
continuarea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Mediat semnific\uc1 \u259 ? elementul de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere
rezultat dintr-o interpunere numit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 medita\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n inter-punerea
uneia sau mai multor idei, acte, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre stimulul ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial
(ideea) \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatele}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 finale care constituie scopul investi-
ga\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Piaget, \uc1 \u8222 ?
actul prin care un model este reprodus, ceea ce nu implic\uc1 \u259 ? neap\uc1
\u259 ?rat reprezentarea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acestui model, care poate fi doar perceput".
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este un mecanism al \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, care exist\uc1 \u259 ? chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i la animalele
superioare. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? reflexele de
imita-\uc1 \u355 ?ie nu sunt necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, ci dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite
\uc1 \u351 ?i presupun coordon\uc1 \u259 ?ri oculo-motorii, acustico-fonatorii,
locomotorii etc. Co-pilul reproduce prin imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri, gesturi, postura, vorbirea, prin prelua-rea schemelor de ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a sesiza motivele acestora (schemelor de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne). Imita\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u355 ?ine de latura acomod\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, fiind totodat\uc1 \u259 ?
surs\uc1 \u259 ? a lui \uc1 \u8222 ?alter ego". Exist\uc1 \u259 ? nuan\uc1 \u355 ?e
evoluate ale imita\uc1 \u355 ?iei, care prin extensiune (de la cea spontan\uc1
\u259 ?), devine deliberat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1
\u259 ?, deci voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i are cu totul alte caracteristici.
St\uc1 \u259 ? Ia baza talentelor, dar nu poate fi calificat\uc1 \u259 ? ca
empatie, transpozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntruparea personajelor, ea
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nd un proces primar, elementar, simplu de
modelare direct\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i spontan\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Imobilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de
nemi\uc1 \u351 ?care, de flexitate, de suspendare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii motorii la nivelul unui organ, segment, hemicorp sau a motilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului organism. Caracteristicile acestor
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de cauzele
care o determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care pot fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? neu-
rologic\uc1 \u259 ?, somatic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (parez\uc1 \u259 ?,
plegie, hemiparez\uc1 \u259 ?, hemiplegie). \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hiatrie, starea de
imobilitate datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unei inhiba\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihomotorii extreme
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte clinice diverse.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Barajul motor const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o \uc1
\u238 ?ntre-rupere brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i moto-rii, inclusiv a celei verbale, care apare}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca urmare a comenzilor
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionate de subiect prin halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii auditive. O imo-
bilitate complet\uc1 \u259 ? apare \uc1 \u238 ?n stupoare, cata-tonie, \uc1 \u238 ?
n com\uc1 \u259 ? (tulburarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n depresii profunde. Catalepsia apare \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul sindromului catatonic, \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile induse prin
hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ? sau prin auto-sugestia istericilor (criz\uc1 \u259 ?
cataleptic\uc1 \u259 ?), imobilitatea fiind determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de o inhi-bi\uc1
\u355 ?ie pur psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
motorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Imoral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = atribut care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la atitu-dini sau conduite
contrare, neconforme moralei, privit\uc1 \u259 ? ca ansamblu de norme, reguli sau
principii de convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire \uc1 \u351 ?i comportare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
oameni, admise \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o societate sau epoc\uc1 \u259 ? dat\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amoral, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? str\uc1 \u259 ?in de mo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? (voit\uc1 \u259 ? sau
nevoit\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul indife-rentismului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de criteriile moralit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. De aceea, persoana
imoral\uc1 \u259 ? nu se con-fund\uc1 \u259 ? cu persoana amoral\uc1 \u259 ?.
Imoralitatea, \uc1 \u238 ?n diversele ei ipostaze, cu grade diferite de
severitate \uc1 \u351 ?i nocivitate, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu vagabondajul, cu lipsa
de responsabilita-te fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, familie,
societate (frau-de, tulburarea ordinii, care sunt penaliza-te prin mijloace
legale \uc1 \u351 ?i informale (opi-nia public\uc1 \u259 ?), trebuie
demascat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nfie-rat\uc1 \u259 ? de cet\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?eni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Implant coclear (urechea electronic\uc1 \u259 ?)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = protezarea trebuie aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? de
la cea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai fraged\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ?. Unii medici otologici }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 protezi\uc1 \u351 ?ti din anumite
centre, aplic\uc1 \u259 ? pro-teza chiar din prima lun\uc1 \u259 ? de via\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?, ca sugarul s\uc1 \u259 ? perceap\uc1 \u259 ? diferite sunete cu mult
\uc1 \u238 ?naintea \uc1 \u238 ?nceperii educ\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Starea audi\uc1 \u355
?iei, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul sunt cei trei factori care
decid orientarea copilu-lui surd. Implantul coclear se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? la
surdit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile cocleare totale \uc1 \u351 ?i care pre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? intacte fibrele nervoase ce trans-mit mesajul auditiv la centrii
corticali. Leziunile sunt numai la nivelul cocleii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stimularea electric\uc1 \u259 ? a nervului
coclear este dificil\uc1 \u259 ? direct pe trunchiul nervu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
sunt str\uc1 \u226 ?nse \uc1 \u351 ?i condensate toate fibrele, \uc1 \u238 ?n
num\uc1 \u259 ?r de 40.000, \uc1 \u351 ?i ca-re la originea nervului sunt \uc1
\u238 ?ntinse ca un evantai de-a lungul tubului coclear. Fiecare fibr\uc1 \u259 ?
posed\uc1 \u259 ? o frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? speci-fic\uc1 \u259 ? proprie.
Aceste fibre se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivelul diencefalului \uc1 \u351
?i scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cere-brale. Sunetele acute se localizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la baza
cocleii, \uc1 \u351 ?i cele grave la v\uc1 \u226 ?rful ei. Undele sonore sub forma
undelor sinusoidale sunt transmise la lichidul rampei vestibulare \uc1 \u351 ?i
timpanice sub for-m\uc1 \u259 ? de vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii longitudinale; se trans-
form\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii transversale, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
intensitate maxim\uc1 \u259 ? se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? la baza sau la v\uc1 \u226 ?
rful cocleii \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?a acestor vibra\uc1
\u355 ?ii transversale. Sti-mulii electrici se implanteaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
fereastra rotund\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n rampa timpanic\uc1 \u259 ?, de-a lungul
lamei spirale osoase. Elec-trodul poate fi bipolar sau unipolar, iar stimularea
global\uc1 \u259 ? a cocleii poate fi indirect\uc1 \u259 ? sau direct\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stimularea
global\uc1 \u259 ? a cocleii se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin implantarea electrodu-
lui direct \uc1 \u238 ?n rampa timpanic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin intermediul
lichidelor cocleare se efec-tueaz\uc1 \u259 ? stimularea global\uc1 \u259 ? sau
par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a fibrelor coclearului. Influxul electric
difuzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin lichide \uc1 \u238 ?n totalitatea tu-bului coclear.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rezultatele
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n prezent sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ncurajatoare la
toate cazurile cu surdi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i indococleare, cu condi\uc1 \u355
?ia ca posto-perator s\uc1 \u259 ? nu lipseasc\uc1 \u259 ? reeducarea vo-cal\uc1
\u259 ?, care amelioreaz\uc1 \u259 ? vocea \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?teva s\uc1
\u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni. Nu se \uc1 \u351 ?tie \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t timp se va tolera materialul implant dup\uc1 \u259 ? mai
mul\uc1 \u355 ?i ani. Implantul coclear se efectu-eaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu 7-8 electrozi
intracocleari, izola\uc1 \u355 ?i, pentru a se respecta excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia se-
lectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a grupului de fibre nervoase c\uc1 \u259 ?ci fiecare dintre
benzile zonei con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 versa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? dispun\uc1 \u259 ? de
un electrod.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi240 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Primul curs
interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional asupra implantului coclear cu mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i elec-
trozi a avut loc la Paris (1978, 21-14.IX.) (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Ilie Stanic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i Mariana Popa).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\ri14 \sb211 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Implementare }
\langfenp1048 = integrare a noilor idei \uc1 \u238 ?n practica social\uc1 \u259 ?,
a inven\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; propa-garea, aplicarea \uc1 \u351 ?i transformarea a ceea
ce este nou \uc1 \u238 ?n bunuri sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Implicare a eului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept al psiholo-giei sociale
ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? suscitarea ati-tudinilor \uc1 \u351 ?i credin\uc1 \u355 ?
elor individuale, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nalt\uc1 \u259 ?, de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? echivoc. Implicarea eului, fiind angajare \uc1 \u351 ?i interven\uc1
\u355 ?ie activ\uc1 \u259 ?, este \uc1 \u351 ?i o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a cre\uc1
\u351 ?terii performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor. Persoana este mobilizat\uc1 \u259 ? sub
aspect motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional-afectiv, intelectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudinal, ac\uc1
\u355 ?ionai, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie bine determinat\uc1 \u259 ?.
Persoana implicat\uc1 \u259 ? plenar \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? este
consecvent\uc1 \u259 ?, combativ\uc1 \u259 ?, manifest\uc1 \u226 ?nd entuziasm,
ini\uc1 \u355 ?i-ativ\uc1 \u259 ?, curaj, \uc1 \u238 ?n dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
irea obstacolelor sau dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
resurse energice de neb\uc1 \u259 ?nuit. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu)}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Implica\uc1
\langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ? care stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te o
succesiune \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? idei, propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii, prima numit\uc1 \u259 ? antecedent, iar a doua consecvent.
Implica\uc1 \u355 ?ia este adev\uc1 \u259 ?-rata \uc1 \u238 ?n oricare situa\uc1
\u355 ?ie, except\uc1 \u226 ?nd cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care antecedentul ar fi
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat, iar consecventul fals. Capacitatea unei per-soane de a efectua
implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii corecte din punct de vedere logic depinde de nivelul
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i de structura de personali-tate. J. Piaget
distinge implica\uc1 \u355 ?ia prin sincretism - ca fuziune global\uc1 \u259 ? a
dou\uc1 \u259 ? propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile prin implicare sunt
psihologic sincronice (J. Piaget), pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? ele \uc1 \u8222 ?constau
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un raport necesar \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 extratemporar"
(Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar P. Popes-cu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Implicit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = determinant atribuit}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oric\uc1
\u259 ?rui demers al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, care nu este \uc1 \u238 ?ntot-deauna
exprimat prin verbalizare sau prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune concret\uc1 \u259 ?, ci care
se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-ge de la sine. Calificativul de implicit poate fi
aplicat \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor de ideo-motricitate sau mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259
?rilor interne ale organismului. R\uc1 \u259 ?spunsul implicit poate fi exprimat
printr-un discurs al subiec-tului sau poate fi citat dup\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?rile buzelor sau prin mijloace nonverbale (mimico - gestuale,
comportamentale), chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i t\uc1 \u259 ?cerea la anumite persoane
dizarmonice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (delir d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e importan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?); termen introdus de Ghiliarovschi, sem-nific\uc1 \u226 ?nd
convingerea puternic\uc1 \u259 ? a su-biectului, c\uc1 \u259 ? ar de\uc1 \u355 ?ine
o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ? important\uc1 \u259 ?; comportament
distorsionat; manifest\uc1 \u259 ? arogan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, d\uc1 \u259 ?
ordine, ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? ostentativ. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o
form\uc1 \u259 ? subdimensionat\uc1 \u259 ? a delirului de gran-doare; se \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n psihozele cronice
sistematizate: paranoia, parafrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Impostor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de mincinos patologic care
caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tige avantaje prin
impunerea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i a unor rea-liz\uc1
\u259 ?ri personale mincinoase. Este o tul-burare ce apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rilor de iden-titate, subiectul atribuindu-\uc1 \u351 ?i o fals\uc1 \u259 ?
identitate, dar respect\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i simultan \uc1 \u351 ?i propria
sa identitate. Construc\uc1 \u355 ?iile lui confabulatorii reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
mecanisme de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, care adesea se dovedesc ine-ficiente.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Impoten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de incapaci-tate a
ini\uc1 \u355 ?ierii sau finaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii actului sexual, din motive psihice:
autosuges-tia, blocaj emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional provocat de hiper-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de exacerbarea dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
fobia, refularea traumatizant\uc1 \u259 ?. Se trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu succes prin
psiho}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 terapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Impresie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?ntip\uc1 \u259 ?rire, imprimare); efec-tul
unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, a unui factor din afar\uc1 \u259 ? asupra con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei (derul\uc1 \u259 ?ri de g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri, imagini \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistrate \uc1 \u238 ?n memorie). Este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie superficial\uc1 \u259
?, dar complex\uc1 \u259 ?, de ordin senzorial, cognitiv sau emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
care poate fi o surs\uc1 \u259 ? a interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rilor (uneori a
iluziilor).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Imprinting }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (impregnare, \uc1 \u238 ?ntip\uc1 \u259 ?rire) fenomen
elementar (bazai) de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, descris la animale
(Lorentz, 1935), prin care puiul stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
asociere durabil\uc1 \u259 ? cu adultul; urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te pretutin-
deni pe cel de care s-a impregnat, for-m\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se un tip de conduit\uc1
\u259 ? afiliativ\uc1 \u259 ?, ce func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asemenea unui
instinct; este o form\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are
latent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i spon-tan\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care nu
intervine inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalita-tea con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
doar un fel de imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mproviza\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni spontane, rezultate dintr-o
experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, dar ajustate \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltate \uc1 \u8222
?ad hoc" (ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune didactic\uc1 \u259 ?, artistic\uc1 \u259 ?, sporti-
v\uc1 \u259 ? etc), nefiind preg\uc1 \u259 ?tit\uc1 \u259 ? anterior, ci se \uc1
\u238 ?ncheie situa\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Ea implic\uc1 \u259 ? o stare de optimum
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional, imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie, in-ven\uc1 \u355 ?ie, crea\uc1
\u355 ?ie, uneori chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i un risc, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n final aduce
contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii creatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Impuls }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = autoexcitare, imbold,
incita\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune spontan\uc1 \u259 ?,
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, ne-direc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, izvor\uc1 \u226 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? din instinct, tre-buin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, deprindere,
neelaborate critic, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?,
sau cu diminuarea auto-controlului, dar impun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se imperios ca
expresie a unei necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i interne. Prin educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
omul ajunge s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1
impulsurile \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? foloseasc\uc1 \u259 ? energia \uc1 \u238 ?n
scopuri dirijate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Impulsiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?,
brus-c\uc1 \u259 ?, necontrolat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i neintegrat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activitate ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (acte violente, des-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?ri explozive, reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de m\uc1 \u226 ?
nie). \uc1 \u238 ?n sens psihopatologic sunt mai multe ti-puri de impulsiuni. R.
Lafon arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? nu orice act impulsiv poate fi conside-rat
\uc1 \u351 ?i agresiv. Se define\uc1 \u351 ?te impulsiunea ca \uc1 \u8222 ?desc\uc1
\u259 ?rcare incoercibil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i imediat\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tensiune emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
act sau un comportament". Actul impulsiv face ca tensiunea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nceteze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Impulsivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre exces de
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii spontane, primitive \uc1 \u351 ?i necon-trolate con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient; caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a tem-peramentelor insuficient echilibrate prin
autoreglajul caracterial; uneori, simptome a nedezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice sau a
unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale. \uc1 \u238 ?n for-me patologice apare
\uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie \uc1 \u351 ?i une-le psihopatii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inadaptare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nerealizarea
adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii la cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sociale de ordin practic (mo-ral),
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e native sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite.
Este un fenomen nociv at\uc1 \u226 ?t pentru societate, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i pentru individ, care conduce la forme variate de ina-daptare: acte imorale,
delictuale \uc1 \u351 ?i criminale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 R. Lafon precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? feno-menul
inadapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii cuprinde pe deficien-\uc1 \u355 ?ii (handicapa\uc1 \u355 ?
ii) motorii, senzoriali \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuali, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pe
tinerii \uc1 \u351 ?i copiii cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i
afective. Combaterea \uc1 \u351 ?i remiterea fenomenelor de inadaptare
implic\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?coli speciale \uc1 \u351 ?i sisteme,
tehnici de reeducare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?suri de optimizare
a familiei \uc1 \u351 ?i de integrare social\uc1 \u259 ?. Depistarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
diag-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\margtsxn1440
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li3058 \ri0 \sb77 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\langfenp1048 nosticarea cazurilor este sarcina psiholo-gilor, care propun me}
\langfenp1048 tode de compen-sare, reeducare \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie. }{\i1
\langfenp1048 (Psiholo-gia special\uc1 \u259 ?)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inadecvare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nonconcordan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre rea-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i (entit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i fizice, psihologice, sociale etc), care sunt asociate sau
confundate, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sistemul referen\uc1 \u355 ?ial
psiho-logic, etic, medical, judiciar, religios etc, se pot distinge multe forme de
ina-decvare, \uc1 \u238 ?n grade diferite: conduite ina-decvate formelor de
convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire social\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lc\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ale prevederilor admise de lege. Reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile alergice, dar \uc1 \u351 ?
i oscila\uc1 \u355 ?iile tensi-unii arteriale etc, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1
\u259 ?spunsuri inadecvate ale organismului la o medica-\uc1 \u355 ?ie specific\uc1
\u259 ? administrat\uc1 \u259 ?. Cea mai mare parte \uc1 \u351 ?i diversitate de
conduite \uc1 \u351 ?i atitu-dini inadecvate se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gie, \uc1 \u238 ?n clinica
psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?. Comportamen-tul oligofrenilor de aspect pueril sau im-
pulsiv, instinctualitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i reactivitatea emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? necontrolat\uc1 \u259 ? sunt caracterio-patii, personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i dizarmonice care re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? inadecvat
sub raport atitudi-nal \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamental (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inani\uc1
\langfenp1048 = stare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de depresie a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
vitale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice; epuizare cau-zat\uc1 \u259 ? de lipsa cronic\uc1
\u259 ? de hran\uc1 \u259 ?. Survine \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei priva\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
obiective de hran\uc1 \u259 ? sau a refuzului ei, datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
hipobulimiei \uc1 \u351 ?i anorexiei. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd se pierd 2/5 din greu-tatea
organismului, moartea este imi-nent\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inap}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lipsa
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de satisface-re a unor trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e (foame, sete).
Termen sinonim cu \uc1 \u8222 ?anorexie"; tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de res-pingere a unor
stimuli, care, \uc1 \u238 ?n perioade normale, provocau pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere sau
satis-fac\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incapacitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare fizic\uc1
\u259 ?, moral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, patologic
determi-nat\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin neputin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a
realiza o activitate practic\uc1 \u259 ?, intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? sau
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?,
pentru activitate \uc1 \u238 ?n general sau numai pentru anumite profesii.
Aprecierea fe-nomenului se face cu ajutorul a trei indicatori: de gravitate, de
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de durat\uc1 \u259 ? medie. Pentru
multe cazuri sunt prev\uc1 \u259 ?zute m\uc1 \u259 ?suri care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
ameliorarea condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, deca-l\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
program, schimbarea locului de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, scoaterea din mediu cu
poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ial psihopatogen}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asemenea m\uc1 \u259 ?suri, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a
se pre-supune neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat incapacitate de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, ofer\uc1
\u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile menite s\uc1 \u259 ? evite faza decompens\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor, \uc1 \u238 ?nscriindu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-drul m\uc1 \u259 ?surilor
profilactive \uc1 \u351 ?i de psiho-igien\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incest }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din raport sexual sau inversiune sexual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre rude apropiate \uc1 \u238 ?n linie direct\uc1 \u259 ?, ori \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre frate \uc1 \u351 ?i sor\uc1 \u259 ?, tat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fiic\uc1
\u259 ?, mam\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fiu etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incidental }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cu sens de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?tor, involuntar, neinten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat; se folose\uc1
\u351 ?te ca un atribut al aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, memoriei sau al \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea necesar\uc1 \u259 ?, reglementat\uc1 \u259 ?
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i vo-luntar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incoerent }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = categorie a delirurilor in-
coerente, caracterizate prin polimor-fismul ideilor, produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie
halucinatorie, mobilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i lips\uc1 \u259 ? de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Are loc o dizarmonie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre intensitatea delirului \uc1 \u351 ?i
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile afective (Constan\uc1 \u355 ?a Pas-cal).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incoeren\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dezorganizare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, absen\uc1 \u355 ?a leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor logice \uc1 \u351 ?i
continuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\colw3033 \colsr72 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire. Incoeren\uc1
\u355 ?a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o denaturare cognitiv\uc1
\u259 ?; proce-sele \uc1 \u351 ?i actele de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire sufer\uc1 \u259 ?
dezordine momentan\uc1 \u259 ?. Faptele reale sunt interpre-tate eronat (iluzii,
confuzii, disolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei etc);
subiectul amestec\uc1 \u259 ? visul cu realitatea (divaga\uc1 \u355 ?ii, asocia\uc1
\u355 ?ii super-ficiale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Incompatibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie opozi\uc1
\u355 ?ionist\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre doi
termeni: idei, roluri, sentimente, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoane, care se exclud reciproc,
nu pot fi raporta\uc1 \u355 ?i pozitiv unul la altul. Aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te mai multe roluri: de
p\uc1 \u259 ?rinte, so\uc1 \u355 ?, prieten, profesionist; aceste statute
coexist\uc1 \u259 ? pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? nici unul din ele}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentelor lor
nu se exclud, ci sunt compatibile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihismul bazai sau \uc1 \u8222 ?
de profunzime", acea zon\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului psi-hic uman ce nu intr\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera con\uc1 \u351 ?tientu-lui, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a
\uc1 \u238 ?nceta s\uc1 \u259 ? fie psihogen\uc1 \u259 ? sau pregnant psihic\uc1
\u259 ?. Este sursa \uc1 \u8222 ?profund\uc1 \u259 ?" a psihicului uman (Jung),
suprapersona-l\uc1 \u259 ?, universala, identic\uc1 \u259 ? la to\uc1 \u355 ?i
indivizii. Incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul colectiv este \uc1 \u8222 ?lumea infini-tului
mic care doarme \uc1 \u238 ?n noi" \uc1 \u351 ?i care ne deschide o poart\uc1 \u259
? spre cosmos, spre ma-rele infinit. Incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul are dou\uc1 \u259 ?
mo-duri de dezvoltare: \uc1 \u8226 ? ereditatea, acele procese primare ce se
elaboreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nainte \uc1 \u351 ?i pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259
? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? acel
compor-tament cuprinz\uc1 \u259 ?tor care se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune cu compartimentul con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ent, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul luat \uc1 \u238 ?n sine nu are sens, ci numai \uc1 \u238 ?
n raport cu con\uc1 \u351 ?tientul. Incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul apare ca mod specific
de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a sinelui \uc1 \u351 ?i ca latur\uc1 \u259 ? a
eului \uc1 \u351 ?i supraeului (P. Janet). Este o instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
aparatului psihic care exercit\uc1 \u259 ? un rol important \uc1 \u238 ?n
determinarea conduitelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? teoria lui S. Freud, visele se alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc
cu materialul personal propriu celui care viseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cadru personal \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
forme personale, dar ele cristalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? experien\uc1 \u355 ?e milena-re
tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite \uc1 \u238 ?n mod esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial de nenum\uc1 \u259 ?rate
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e umane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Ana Freud, incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul este un sistem
deschis p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la autism, dar \uc1 \u238 ?nchis \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu lumea, care re-zist\uc1 \u259 ? la investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ia con\uc1
\u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?; de aici se scot la suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
conflicte spre a le rezolva. Precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n zona de contact dinte incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1
\u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca un interme-diar
dintre acestea. M. Ralea apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? Freud a admis pre- sau
subcon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entul pentru a sublinia inaccesibilitatea sau dificila
accesibilitate spre con\uc1 \u351 ?tient a proceselor primare ce \uc1 \u355 ?in de
incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile comple-mentare dintre
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, este necesar s\uc1 \u259
? se releve rolul predomi-nant \uc1 \u351 ?i decisiv al con\uc1 \u351 ?
tientului, \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd seama de interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a lor, de
permeabi-litatea grani\uc1 \u355 ?elor dintre incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient colectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept intro-dus de K.
Jung pentru}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a defini, spre deosebire de incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul
individual, stratul profund de incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient cu un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
transindividual (anonim, L. Blaga), dar
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor schemei ge-neral umane, comunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor etnologice corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se fixeaz\uc1
\u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile stilistice ale culturii. Acesta
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din comunitatea a\uc1 \u351 ?ez\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, din
limb\uc1 \u259 ?, din rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii familiale, tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mod de
trai. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? K. Jung, aceste unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i componente sunt
arhetipuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Incontinen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mic\uc1 \u355 ?iune sau
defeca\uc1 \u355 ?ie involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, dar con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?,
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? al-ter\uc1 \u259 ?rii controlului sfincterian. Este deo-
sebit\uc1 \u259 ? de enurezis \uc1 \u351 ?i encopresie, aces-tea fiind conduite
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente. Inconti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nen\uc1 \u355 ?a
urinar\uc1 \u259 ? este relativ frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? la su-biec\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de o leziune
organic\uc1 \u259 ? sau de mediul de spital.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incont}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ?, cu caracter
global, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la con-trolul sferei emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.
Imposibilitatea subiectului de a se pune sub control, de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i adecva
tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile at\uc1 \u226 ?t sub raport calita-tiv, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i ca intensitate, ceea ce duce la stingerea grani\uc1 \u355 ?elor dintre
tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile poziti-ve \uc1 \u351 ?i cele negative. Nu trece cu u\uc1
\u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de la o stare la alta (cum indic\uc1 \u259 ?
unii autori). Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n fazele
avansate de arterioscleroz\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n unele st\uc1 \u259 ?ri demen\uc1 \u355 ?iale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Incoordonare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = imposibilitate a
coordo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 -n\uc1 \u259 ?rii mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, nedesf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se ar-monic \uc1 \u351 ?i economic \uc1
\u238 ?n vederea atingerii scopului propus. Se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unor
afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale S.N.C. (cerebral), sistemului nervos periferic
locomotor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inc
retin\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = hormon ipotetic secretat de duoden, component\uc1 \u259
? a secretinei, stimu-l\uc1 \u226 ?nd secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? a
pancreasului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Indecen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare comporta-
mental\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ? sau colectiv\uc1 \u259 ? care nu
corespunde regulilor de bun\uc1 \u259 ? cuviin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, sau prin
care se \uc1 \u238 ?ncalc\uc1 \u259 ? anumite norme de convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire
social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i moral\uc1 \u259 ?. Este un act de imoralitate sau
de amoralitate. Persoana respectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?ocheaz\uc1 \u259 ?
opinia public\uc1 \u259 ? fie prin vestimenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie, atitudine,
comportament inadecvat circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor, fie prin con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul
ideo-verbal sau prin expresia mimico-gestual\uc1 \u259 ? lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de
pudoare sau care frizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? vulgaritatea. Este o urmare a caren\uc1
\u355 ?elor educative, a lipsei de suple\uc1 \u355 ?e adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ? (gafe,
st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?-cii), a unui dezechilibru emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional
(reac-\uc1 \u355 ?ii paradoxale) sau caracterial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Indecizie }{\fs18
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? caracterial\uc1 \u259 ? care
vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? lipsa de hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?re \uc1 \u351 ?i
fermitate \uc1 \u238 ?n adaptarea unei decizii, oscilarea perma-nent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre motive-scop, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
imposibilitatea de alegere ferm\uc1 \u259 ? a unei singure alternative. Indecizia
reflect\uc1 \u259 ? o sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciune a Eului la nivel afectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i
vo-litiv, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivel cognitiv (intelec-tual). Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
imposibilitate de a ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-na curajos, ferm \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dublat\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?ndoieli, configureaz\uc1
\u259 ? profilul perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor astenice. Anumite
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri fizio-logice (oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, surmenaj, traume) pot conduce
pe orice persoan\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ? la momente de indecizie (\uc1 \u238
?ndoial\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rezultant\uc1 \u259 ? a
maturit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n limitarea
sau refuzul dependen\uc1 \u355 ?ei de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire, sim\uc1 \u355 ?ire, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, permi-\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni sau dep\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?irea unor situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii problematice prin eforturi
\uc1 \u351 ?i capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i personale, \uc1 \u238 ?n ab-
sen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui sprijin.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spiritul de independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se ma-
nifest\uc1 \u259 ? furtunos la pubertate, prin criza de originalitate
juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?. Independen\uc1 \u355 ?a se cristalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
progresiv \uc1 \u238 ?n adoles-cen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin eliberarea de sub
tutel\uc1 \u259 ? familial\uc1 \u259 ?, o dat\uc1 \u259 ? cu asumarea de roluri
\uc1 \u351 ?i statuturi sociale, prin trecerea de la educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie la
autoeduca\uc1 \u355 ?ie. No\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
trebuie relativizat\uc1 \u259 ?, vari-antele extreme, respectiv dependen\uc1
\u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i independen\uc1 \u355 ?a excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind o preocu-
pare a psihologilor \uc1 \u351 ?i psihopatologiei, cu inciden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? penal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul liberalis-mului provocat de psihopatul
antiso-cial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Indeterminism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? idealist\uc1
\u259 ? prin care se sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine inexisten\uc1 \u355 ?a legilor obiective
\uc1 \u351 ?i primatul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor \uc1 \u238 ?
n anumite domenii ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Indetermin}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ismul
respinge determinis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \charscalex260 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 mul (cauzalitatea, necesitatea, legitatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?). \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologie, indeterminis-mul a fost promovat prin introducerea
principiului \uc1 \u8222 ?liberului arbitru", prin ab-solutizarea autonomiei
\uc1 \u351 ?i activismului Eului, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?rui demersuri ar fi imprevi-
zibile, \uc1 \u238 ?n plan gnoseologic, indeterminis-mul este solidar cu
solu\uc1 \u355 ?iile sceptice \uc1 \u351 ?i agnostice, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofia
social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i moral\uc1 \u259 ? conduce la viziuni
voluntariste \uc1 \u351 ?i ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionaliste.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Indiciu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element perceptiv legat
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod natural d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie semnificant concret
care semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ceva (J. Piaget); un indiciu, un dat sensibil care
anun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pre-zen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui obiect sau iminen\uc1
\u355 ?a unui obiect. Se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de semnificantul verbal sau de alte
simboluri ce opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? designativ \uc1 \u351 ?i categorial.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ndiferen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? = hipotimie mer-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226
?n\uc1 \u259 ? la atimie \uc1 \u238 ?n formele ei grave, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd lipsa
de interes \uc1 \u351 ?i participare la evenimentele exterioare. Este \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de pierderea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iona fa-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de factorii externi. Se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin comportament \uc1 \u351 ?i gestic\uc1 \u259 ?
inexpresiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Nu este dublat\uc1 \u259 ? de modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau ale func\uc1 \u355 ?iei cognitive. Se
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?-te \uc1 \u238 ?n confuzia mintal\uc1
\u259 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i, \uc1 \u238 ?n grad redus, \uc1 \u238 ?n depresii sau st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
delirante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Individ }
\langfenp1048 = unitate definit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n principal biologic,
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui orga-nism, care nu poate fi
disociat\uc1 \u259 ?, distruc-turat\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
a-\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde specificitatea. La om, calitatea de unitate
indisolubil\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u351 ?i mai pregnant\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t include \uc1 \u351 ?i or-ganizarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?,
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin pre-zen\uc1 \u355 ?a schimburilor
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i me-tabolice, a disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor adaptative \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile mediului,
omul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un caz particular al marii di-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 versit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e
vii. El cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? atributul de persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, prin
ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugarea la caracte-rele structural-func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale determinate
biologic a unor tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi psihocompor-tamentale dob\uc1 \u226
?ndite sau determinate social-istoric.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Individual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens ontologic,
entitate delimitat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u351 ?i timp,
cu atribute specifice, care \uc1 \u238 ?i confer\uc1 \u259 ? statut de exis-ten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? singular\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens logic \uc1 \u351 ?i
gnoseo-logic, individuale sunt conceptele (ter-menii) care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
un singur obiect, spre deosebire de no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile ge-nerale care
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? clase de obiecte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Individualism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = doctrin\uc1 \u259 ? etic\uc1
\u259 ? subiec-tivist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i egocentric\uc1 \u259 ?, care
ignoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea social-istoric\uc1 \u259 ? a persoa-
nei umane, privind societatea ca pe un amalgam de indivizi izola\uc1 \u355 ?i,
fiecare dintre ei fiind o existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pe deplin autonom\uc1
\u259 ?, subzist\uc1 \u226 ?nd independent de societate sau chiar \uc1 \u238 ?n
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de contextul social. Consider\uc1 \u259 ? individul drept
valoare suprem\uc1 \u259 ?, ierarhiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd celelalte valori \uc1 \u351 ?i
norme morale \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor la \uc1
\u238 ?mplinirea aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i dorin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
considerate a fi esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, cardinale \uc1 \u238 ?n statutul indivi-
dualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane: fericirea (eudemonis-mul), pl\uc1 \u259 ?
cerea (hedonismul), interesul (utilitarismul) etc. Mentalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i atitu-
dine care subordoneaz\uc1 \u259 ? interesele ge-nerale \uc1 \u351 ?i a rela\uc1
\u355 ?iilor sociale fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de interesele proprii,
individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Individualitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?i-al\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i definitorie a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care se mani-fest\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?i prin entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i biologice
con-crete, singulare, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd atributul unici-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii \uc1 \u351 ?i prin care respectivul subiect se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de
ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i. Individualitatea este realitatea concret\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i complex\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 individului din punct de vedere descrip-tiv, dar nu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i
axiologic, deci poate fi identificat\uc1 \u259 ? cu persoana, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i
cu per-sonalitatea. Individualitatea uman\uc1 \u259 ? nu poate fi redus\uc1 \u259 ?
la infrastructura biologi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, la organism, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?
t omul ca fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nu poate fi conceput doar biologic.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Individualizare
(lndividua}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te
un individ de altul; desem-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? calea, procesul prin care fiin\uc1
\u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? devine individual\uc1 \u259 ?, prin definirea unor
structuri proprii \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale prin care se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? coeren\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i unitatea persoanei. Prin
comportamentele \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-unile sale, prin reactivitatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i stilul s\uc1 \u259 ?u, subiectul se individualizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?.
Individua-litatea nu este o simpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?iruire de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni, ci reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un destin, \uc1 \u238 ?n care este
angajat\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ntregime. Transfor-
marea unei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i este condi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nat\uc1
\u259 ? prin educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, fiind guvernat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n primul
r\uc1 \u226 ?nd de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii interne \uc1 \u351 ?i subiective \uc1 \u351
?i de \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri exterioare. Individualizarea ar reprezenta
nivelul cel mai elaborat \uc1 \u351 ?i integrat al fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, acel
nivel la care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?
nesc toate combina\uc1 \u355 ?iile ce intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n alc\uc1
\u259 ?tuirea unui destin. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens se resimte \uc1 \u350 ?inele ca
pe ceva existent, c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia Eul nu i se opune \uc1 \u351 ?i nu i se supune.
\uc1 \u350 ?inele \uc1 \u238 ?nglobeaz\uc1 \u259 ? Eul, care graviteaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul s\uc1 \u259 ?u.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inducere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (a introduce) = tip de activita-
te \uc1 \u238 ?n care un }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiect inductor determin\uc1 \u259 ? la
subiectul indus comportamente, con-vingeri, atitudini, sentimente, tr\uc1 \u259 ?
iri dori-te de el. Apare at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n normalitate ca fe-nomen al
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor interpersonale \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie. Este uti-lizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihoterapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Inductor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care sugestioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?,
hipnotizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, emite telepatema c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un}{\fs20
medium, c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un percipient, provo-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
la nivelul indusu-lui. \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria general\uc1 \u259 ? a comunic\uc1 \u259
?rii, in-ductorul echivaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torul care
transmite un mesaj codificat recepto-rului, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd efecte de ordin
sub-stan\uc1 \u355 ?ial, energetic \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, pe
baza func\uc1 \u355 ?iei persuasiv-conativ a limbajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = strategie a
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i form\uc1 \u259 ? de ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n trecerea de la fapte la concluzii generale, de la
legi particulare la teorii \uc1 \u351 ?i legi superioare. Induc\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? pe experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, com-pens\uc1 \u226 ?nd
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele deduc\uc1 \u355 ?iei, cu care este complementar\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
modalitatea de coordonare a proceselor neurofiziologi-ce care stau}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la baza
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuro-motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i neuropsihice,
explicabile prin succesivitatea sau simultaneitatea proceselor de inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie la nivel neuronal.}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi413 \li0 \ri5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astfel, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 induc\uc1
\u355 ?ia negativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea
unei zone de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul unui focar de excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie, iar }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 induc-\uc1 \u355 ?ia pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18
\uc1 \u238 ?n inducerea unei zone de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul unui
focar de inhibi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie. At\uc1 \u226 ?t nivelul cortical, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i cel subcortical, beneficiaz\uc1 \u259 ? de acest sistem de procese
excitatorii - inhibatorii care se succed (specific cortexului) sau se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? simultan.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient sau incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, toate ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile umane pe plan social
sunt rezultatul unei in-duc\uc1 \u355 ?ii reciproce \uc1 \u238 ?ntre membrii
grupului din care fac parte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unei for\uc1 \u355 ?e cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune modelatoare,
transformatoare; tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor nervoase de a se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura lent, de a stagna, de a persista}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de organizare;
o particularitate a fenomenelor mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.
Iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia este o \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire nece-sar\uc1 \u259 ? a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuropsihice. Accentua-rea iner\uc1 \u355 ?iei
poate fi o caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? tem-peramental\uc1 \u259 ?, iar uneori un
sindrom psi-hopatologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Inerva\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ramurilor
nervoa-se, aferente sau eferente la nivelul orga-nelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?
esuturilor organismului. Este un termen neurofiziologic (Freud) cu sensul de drum,
traiect, pe care circul\uc1 \u259 ? energia psihic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Infanticid }
\langfenp1048 = uciderea unui copil n\uc1 \u259 ?scut la termen sau aproape de
termen, care s-a n\uc1 \u259 ?scut viu \uc1 \u351 ?i a respirat indiferent
dac\uc1 \u259 ? a fost sau nu viabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Infantil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atribut care caracterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? sta-tutul unei persoane \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o etap\uc1 \u259 ? de dez-voltare a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i de maturare a organismului,
respectiv perioada copil\uc1 \u259 ?-riei (infantil\uc1 \u259 ?). Circumstan\uc1
\u355 ?ial, caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? orice conduit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
structur\uc1 \u259 ? psihoa-fectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? care reflect\uc1 \u259 ? o neconcordan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dezvoltarea soma-tic\uc1 \u259 ? corespunz\uc1
\u259 ?toare v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolta-rea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?,
marcat\uc1 \u259 ? de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihismului infantil,
cu repercusiuni asu-pra adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii persoanei la ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
Infantilism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structur\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, gestic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mental\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei, dar men\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? sau reap\uc1
\u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1 \u259 ?. Este legat\uc1 \u259
? de o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice \uc1 \u351
?i fizice sau, \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul senilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, de o regresiune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Infatigabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
crescut\uc1 \u259 ? la oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? fibrei nervoase de
a avea o rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? crescut\uc1 \u259 ? la stimularea cu
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? joas\uc1 \u259 ? (20-80 Hz). Totu\uc1 \u351 ?i pot
fi observate unele modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri fiziologice:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea distan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
dintre impulsurile ca-re alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc influxul nervos, mic\uc1 \u351 ?ora-
rea vitezei de conducere etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Infatuare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = supraaprecierea propriei personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, a propriilor opinii, perfor-man\uc1 \u355 ?e, sentimente,
corelat\uc1 \u259 ? adeseori cu subaprecierea celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i. Infatuarea iz-
vor\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?te din incapacitatea persoanei de a se autoaprecia
corect, de a judeca critic \uc1 \u351 ?i comparativ valorile, ceea ce determi-n\uc1
\u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul rela\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor in-terpersonale, marcate patologic prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tip
paranoic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Infec\uc1 \u355 ?ie intracranian\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?
ce \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te, precede sau urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
proceselor infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase intracraniene; constituie sindrom variabil ca
durat\uc1 \u259 ?, intensitate \uc1 \u351 ?i simptomatologie. Afl\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-
se \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
cauzal\uc1 \u259 ? cu infec\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
tulburare este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de statutul biologic al
persoanei pe care s-a grefat boala, pre-cum \uc1 \u351 ?i de particularit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ile constitu\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale. Agen\uc1 \u355 ?ii responsabili de
declan\uc1 \u351 ?a-rea acestei afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259
? asupra sistemului nervos central (SNC) prin mecanisme diferite; ei se
fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t intracelular (virusurile), c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i extra-celular (bacteriile) \uc1 \u351 ?i perivascular. \uc1 \u238 ?n
etiopatogenie sunt incriminate \uc1 \u351 ?i meca-nismele alergice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inferen\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ? de
derivare a unui enun\uc1 \u355 ? din alte enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri, dintr-un fapt sau
dintr-o aser\uc1 \u355 ?iune dat\uc1 \u259 ?, a tuturor consecin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
care pot rezulta. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul deriv\uc1 \u259 ?rii concluziei prin
deduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau prin induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie complet\uc1 \u259 ?,
inferen\uc1 \u355 ?a este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t,
dac\uc1 \u259 ? premisele sunt adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate, concluzia decurge cu necesi-
tate logic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n virtutea formei corecte de ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionament.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Inferioritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen utilizat de A. Adler, care
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? un complex constituit dintr-un ansamblu de mani-fest\uc1
\u259 ?ri (reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri, emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii, atitudini) care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? un sentiment de inferiori-tate, generat de o inferioritate
organic\uc1 \u259 ? real\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest complex de inferioritate ar \uc1
\u355 ?ine de \uc1 \u238 ?ncercarea persoanei de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i compensa
handicapul. Poate fi generat \uc1 \u351 ?i de o inferioritate fizic\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
poate prelun-gi prin retragerea \uc1 \u238 ?n sine sau prin aban-don, fie prin
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni energice de dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i-rea deficien\uc1
\u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ?, fie prin autorea-lizarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-
un alt domeniu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Infirmitate
\langfenp1048 = insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? morfo-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a unui organ (sau mai multe), cu
caracter congenital sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dit, care determin\uc1 \u259 ? un statut
bio-social aparte al individului. Infirmitatea limi-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? libertatea
subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ? orizontul. Originea
infirmit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii este di-vers\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ?
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? (ambliopie, surdo-mutitate); \uc1 \u8226 ? motorie
(hemiplegie, para-plegie, ataxie); \uc1 \u8226 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (debilitate
min-tal\uc1 \u259 ?, boli psihice cronice), precum \uc1 \u351 ?i in-firmit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i determinate de disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia, de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a de organ (cardiopatie, nevro-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 patie,
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni metaboli}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce, sexuale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele pe care infirmitatea le are
asupra statutului bio-psiho-social \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra adaptabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii subiectului difer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
caracterul ei congenital sau dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit de natura infirmit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i de per-sonalitatea individului. Integrarea profe-sional\uc1
\u259 ? se face \uc1 \u238 ?n colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de indivizi
normali, sau \uc1 \u238 ?n institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii special create pentru anumite
categorii de infirmi (ne-v\uc1 \u259 ?z\uc1 \u259 ?tori, surdo-mu\uc1 \u355 ?i,
debil-mintali). De\uc1 \u351 ?i integrarea confer\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit grad de
adaptabilitate, ea nu ofer\uc1 \u259 ? totu\uc1 \u351 ?i o adap-tare
armonioas\uc1 \u259 ?. Chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? infirmul munce\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un grup de infirmi, el vine \uc1 \u238 ?n contact cu cei normali \uc1
\u351 ?i, printr-o dureroas\uc1 \u259 ? raportare la ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, se simte}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 situat pe
o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie inferioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Este dure-ros c\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce
pentru el este extraordi-nar \uc1 \u351 ?i imposibil, pentru persoana nor-
mal\uc1 \u259 ? este o banalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Infirmitatea nu reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? numai o problem\uc1 \u259 ?
strict medical\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i socia-l\uc1 \u259 ?, cu multiple
implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii: scoaterea din produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care
s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 \uc1 \u238 ?ngrijeas-c\uc1 \u259 ?, reprofilarea infirmului \uc1
\u238 ?n alt dome-niu, protejarea lui. Este nevoie de o colaborare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
medic, pedagog, psiho-log, familie, asistent social, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a
co-legilor de serviciu, \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul celor par\uc1 \u355 ?ial
recupera\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Influen\uc1 \u355 ?a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1
\u259 ? sau in-con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? exercitat\uc1 \u259 ? de un subiect
asu-pra altora, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n
orientarea \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentul acestora. Trebuie men\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cota de retro-ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de la cel ce
suport\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?a (grave influen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?n
sindromul de auto-matism mintal).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Influx nervos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = varia\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial, care parcurge fibra nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? cu o vite-z\uc1 \u259
? constant\uc1 \u259 ? (poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni) de pe aceea\uc1
\u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a membranei nervoase, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unui
excitant, \uc1 \u351 ?i care se propag\uc1 \u259 ? de-a lungul membranei, \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un singur sens. Calitatea transmiterii influxului nervos depinde de
diametrul fibrei \uc1 \u351 ?i de existen\uc1 \u355 ?a tecii de mielin\uc1
Aplicarea unui excitant are ca ur-mare schimbarea permiabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii mem-branei, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd trecerea masiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
ionilor de Na \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul celulei, fa\uc1 \u355 ?a extern\uc1 \u259 ?
a membranei devenind acum negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, iar cea intern\uc1 \u259 ?,
pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin aceasta se produce depolarizarea mem-branei, adic\uc1
\u259 ? perturbarea echilibrului bioelectric, reprezentat de poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul
de repaus. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd depolarizarea atinge valoarea de 10 }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V }{\fs18
(valoare numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?ni-vel critic"), apare poten\uc1 \u355 ?
ialul de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ne, care se propag\uc1 \u259 ? de-a lungul membra-nei,
cre\uc1 \u226 ?nd o succesiune de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e de poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial. Pe
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? ce unda de depola-rizare avanseaz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n urma ei are loc ime-diat procesul de repolarizare a membra-nei, prin
ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea din celul\uc1 \u259 ? a unei cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
aproximativ egale de ioni de K fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ionii de Na
intra\uc1 \u355 ?i. Propagarea influxului nervos prin fibra nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? nu
se face \uc1 \u238 ?n mod pasiv, ca un curent electric, ci este un proces activ de
autopropulsare, care se face cu consum de energie. Viteza de conducere a influxului
nervos este \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
morfo-func\uc1
\u355 ?iona-le ale fibrei nervoase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Informai }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept opus no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
de \uc1 \u8222 ?formal" utilizat cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii diferite \uc1 \u238 ?n
logic\uc1 \u259 ?, filosofie, semantic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sociolo-gie. Sub
aspect semantic, sunt informale conceptele cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii empirice \uc1
\u351 ?i ale \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor experimentale, care au ca sis-tem
referen\uc1 \u355 ?ial imediat, un obiect sau un proces fizic determinat, spre
deosebire de conceptele formale care nu denot\uc1 \u259 ? ceva real, \uc1 \u238 ?n
experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ci o entitate abstract\uc1 \u259 ?, ideal\uc1
\u259 ? sau o opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ?. De regul\uc1 \u259 ?, rela\uc1
\u355 ?iile informale coexist\uc1 \u259 ? cu cele formale, influen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se reciproc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Informatic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = domeniu
interdisciplinar al \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu
colectarea, clasificarea, memorarea, reg\uc1 \u259 ?sirea, trans-miterea,
prelucrarea \uc1 \u351 ?i distribuirea auto-mat\uc1 \u259 ? a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Det}{\fs18
erminativul \uc1 \u8222 ?automat", asociat cu opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile de culegere
\uc1 \u351 ?i transformare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, este esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial
\uc1 \u238 ?n defini\uc1 \u355 ?ia informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, iar dispozitivul fizic
care joac\uc1 \u259 ? un rol central \uc1 \u238 ?n efectuarea acestor opera\uc1
\u355 ?ii este calculatorul electronic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Domeniul de preo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cup\uc1 \u259 ?ri al infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iei
este divizat \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii mari: \uc1 \u8222 ?
hardware", care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de realizarea echipamentelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
dispozitivelor automa-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 te de prelucrare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u8222 ?software", care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de realizarea programelor executate
automat de cal-c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ulatoare sau de diverse dispozitive de calcul.^}{\fs20
fiecare din aceste direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii mari ale informaticii s-au dezvoltat
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri at\uc1 \u226 ?t teoretice c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
aplicative. Cele teo-retice au la baz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t concepte ale
logi-cii matematice, teoriei algoritmilor \uc1 \u351 ?i calculabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, teoriei limbajelor forma-le, a circuitelor de comuta\uc1
\u355 ?ie, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a descoperirilor din domeniul
electronicii \uc1 \u351 ?i telecomunica\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile aplicative cuprind
toate preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile indispensabile pen-tru cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n toate domeni-ile de activitate, pentru
promovarea progresului tehnic \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific al
socie-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = semnal purt\uc1 \u259 ?tor de
mesaj fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un receptor capabil s\uc1 \u259 ? deter-mine la
nivelul acestuia o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de asimilare, respingere sau autoreglare.
Purt\uc1 \u259 ?torul de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te semnificant,
iar evenimentul sau faptul reprezentat, semnificat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i energie, informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia constituie una dintre moda-lit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile fundamentale ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd un rol esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuirea siste-
melor complexe de autoreglare, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n lume o dat\uc1
\u259 ? cu apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ia a c\uc1
\u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?tat con\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
precise \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul proceselor de comuni-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Acestea cunosc
grade diferite de complexitate, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i suporturi sub-stan\uc1 \u355 ?
ial energetice diferite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ia se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre persoane (instrumentat\uc1 \u259 ? de limbaj sub toate formele
sale); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? sisteme fizice, caz \uc1
\u238 ?n care vorbim de transfer de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de la un sistem
electronic la altul; sau de \uc1 \u8226 ? comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
dou\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sisteme calitativ
diferite (omul \uc1 \u351 ?i calcu-latorul electronic sau computer). Infor-
ma\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi transmis\uc1 \u259 ? prin mesaje di-ferite: acustice,
luminoase, mecanice, chimice etc, prin simboluri sau prin semne (materiale,
naturale sau instituite prin conven\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ?). Codurile
prin care se transmite informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia pot
fi: verbale, grafice, gestuale etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sistemul de
referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate mai multe tipuri de
in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?ii: primare \uc1 \u351 ?i secundare; verbale \uc1 \u351 ?i
nonverbale; de confort \uc1 \u351 ?i laten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; poten-\uc1
\u355 ?iale \uc1 \u351 ?i totale (structurale); prin limbaj oral, grafic \uc1 \u351
?i gestual; prin mijloace tehnice: po\uc1 \u351 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?, telegraf, radio,
televizor, carte, cinema, pres\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semiotica studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iile limbajului vehiculat \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul comuni-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rii, iar semantica, sistemul de semne prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259
? comunic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 area.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Toate \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele s-au preocupat de modelarea
statistic\uc1 \u259 ? a fluxurilor informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. In psihologie s-au
f\uc1 \u259 ?cut \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u259 ?ri de modelare a comportamentelor
(C.S. Miller), a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei, (Socolov), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i a proceselor
de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are (H. Dewis). \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie
sunt preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri de circuitul valorilor sistemului uman, \uc1 \u238 ?n
timp ce psihologia cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? studiul
multidimensional al acestui sistem (M. Golu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare comporta-
mental\uc1 \u259 ? deviant\uc1 \u259 ?, dus\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
la aberant\uc1 \u259 ?, prin \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lcarea unor norme codificate
de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre societate; manifestare cu con\uc1 \u355 ?inut antisocial,
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de care se iau anumite atitudini prin aplicare de
sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni prev\uc1 \u259 ?-zute penal. Sub raportul rela\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor socia-le, orice persoan\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351
?i particip\uc1 \u259 ? sub diverse medii: cel ineluctabil (familie, comunitate de
origine); cel de op\uc1 \u355 ?iune (grup de prieteni, colectiv de munc\uc1
\u259 ?); \uc1 \u351 ?i cel de constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere institu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalizat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
Dac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul ineluctabil (inevitabil, de ne\uc1 \u238 ?
nl\uc1 \u259 ?turat) individul cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? o edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de factur\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?, primar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
celelalte dou\uc1 \u259 ? cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?e ce pot
fi convergente, sau \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul comporta-mentului deviant, divergente,
a\uc1 \u351 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t prin atitudinea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de oameni, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
munc\uc1 \u259 ?, se pot instala dis-func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i. Apar motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii genera-toare de conflict care degradeaz\uc1
\u259 ? rapor-turile normale dintre individ \uc1 \u351 ?i societa-te, care \uc1
\u238 ?mpinge spre infrac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Com-portamentul infrac\uc1 \u355 ?ional
nu este spon-tan, ci se structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? conform unor modele, se \uc1
\u238 ?nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin exers\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?nde-lungi,
sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?ind prin manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri asociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
antisociale. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz se pune pro-blema utilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii sociale, a pedepsei sau a reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin fond modificat al atitu-
dinilor re\uc1 \u238 ?ndreptate c\uc1 \u259 ?tre forme sociale de existen\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? (Makarenko). Legisla\uc1 \u355 ?ia penal\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii noastre include acest aspect al reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii
\uc1 \u238 ?n vederea reinte-gr\uc1 \u259 ?rii infractorilor, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
executarea pe-depsei, ca membri cu drepturi depline ai societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii. Se verific\uc1 \u259 ? astfel func\uc1 \u355 ?ia educativ\uc1 \u259 ? a
pedepsei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Infrastructur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre elementele fundamentale ale unui ma-crosistem, a unui domeniu de sisteme, \uc1
\u238 ?ntre infrastructura \uc1 \u351 ?i structura unui sis-tem, a unui proces sau
fenomen obiec-tiv, se stabilesc rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii de conexiune in-vers\uc1
\u259 ?, de determinare cauzal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i consti-tu\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? (rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii de feed-back). \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ?, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia om-natur\uc1 \u259 ?
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? infrastructura rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor de produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie
pe care se constituie structura unei forma\uc1 \u355 ?ii social-economi-ce, \uc1
\u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu sistemul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de produc\uc1 \u355 ?
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Elementele
constitutive ale afec-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ale motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei
\uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre ele}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 definesc infrastructura
anatomo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a sructurii
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional-afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? a unei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ingeniozitate -
Ingenios }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitatea de a fi ingenios, inventiv, iscusit, \uc1
\u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?na-tic, iste\uc1 \u355 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nzestrat, talentat,
abil, dibaci.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inhiba
-Inh}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedica, a inter-
zice, a \uc1 \u238 ?ncetini un proces fiziologic, o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
chimic\uc1 \u259 ?; fr\uc1 \u226 ?nare, suprimare pe cale nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? a
unei func\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Proces cortical fundamental opus excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei;
mij-loce\uc1 \u351 ?te selectivitatea cu distribuirea \uc1 \u351 ?i gradarea
impulsurilor nervoase pozitive. Psihologi de prestigiu \uc1 \u351 ?i fiziologi
(Secenov, I.P. Pavlov, Ch. Scherrington) au constatat c\uc1 \u259 ? intrarea
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iune a unei grupe de reflexe provoac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntreru-perea \uc1 \u351 ?i blocarea altui grup prin induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie
negativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Astfel, inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia intern\uc1 \u259 ? este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale. In func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
mecanismul prin care ea se produce, poate fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
stingere, produs\uc1 \u259 ? prin aplicarea stimulului condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea celui necondi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat; \uc1 \u8226 ? inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere, ap\uc1
\u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? la aplicarea a doi stimuli, de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i
natur\uc1 \u259 ?, dar de intensi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i diferite \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea numai unuia din-tre ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ia de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere, manifes-tat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
laten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai mare \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia r\uc1
\u259 ?spunsului reflex, dup\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea interva-lului de
timp \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aplicarea stimulului condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u351 ?i cel
necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat; \uc1 \u8226 ? inhibi-\uc1 \u355 ?ia condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ?, produs\uc1 \u259 ? prin aplicarea unui stimul diferit de cel
folosit pentru elaborarea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului reflex \uc1 \u351 ?i ne\uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?ri-rea acestuia din urm\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia extern\uc1
\u259 ? apare prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-unea unui stimul necunoscut, aplicat fie \uc1
\u238 ?n timpul elabor\uc1 \u259 ?rii reflexului condi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nat, fie
\uc1 \u238 ?n timpul desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii reflexului r\uc1
\u259 ?spuns. Prin procesul de induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie ne-gativ\uc1 \u259 ? se produce
inhibarea focarului cortical. O form\uc1 \u259 ? special\uc1 \u259 ? de
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie extern\uc1 \u259 ? este cea supraliminar\uc1 \u259 ? (de pro-}
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch
tec\uc1 \u355 ?ie), care apare fie la stimuli de o intensitate deosebit\uc1
\u259 ?, fie prin aplicarea repetat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prelungit\uc1 \u259 ?
a unui stimul condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat (P. Popescu Neveanu). Acest tip de
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie este considerat \uc1 \u8222 ?un dispecer" care
selecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i distri-buie gradat impulsurile nervoase, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd un rol important \uc1 \u238 ?n coordonarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii nervoase superioare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul complex al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
nervoase, este o form\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? ne-gativ a
excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei; o excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie frenatorie ar fi ceea ce
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reci-proc contrarie a dou\uc1 \u259 ? p}
\langfenp1048 rocese exci-tative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia este un proces funda-mental al activit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase superioa-re, necesar sintezei, sistematiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
refle-xe \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglajului. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie, inhi-bi\uc1
\u355 ?ia reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? fie un proces activ \uc1 \u351 ?i reversibil, fie
oprirea (sau diminuarea) altuia. \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile patologice se
impune diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei de negativism, opozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie, mutism, reticen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
care inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o manifestare mai discret\uc1 \u259
?, de o intensitate mai mic\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie \uc1 \u351 ?i
nevroza obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, inhibi-\uc1 \u355 ?ia este rezultatul ezit\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor, repeti\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, verific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i conduce la
astenie, fati-gabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i la reten\uc1 \u355 ?ia afectelor (frigi-
ditate, impoten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, anorexie)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie, inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia se ma-
nifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin fading \uc1 \u351 ?i baraj verbal, (care nu
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ?, ci o \uc1
\u238 ?ntrerupere provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia halucina\uc1 \u355
?iilor (de obicei auditive). In-tensitatea maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?
iei psihomo-tore se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n catatonie. Manifes-t\uc1
\u259 ?rile psihopatologice pot rezulta nu numai dintr-un exces de inhibi\uc1 \u355
?ie, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i dintr-o lips\uc1 \u259 ? a ei. Prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de-men\uc1 \u355 ?iale, la personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i dizarmonice impulsive, instabil-iritabile, cu un com-portament inadecvat \uc1
\u351 ?i inadaptat. \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie duce la diminuarea gradului}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (confuzii, com\uc1
\u259 ?). \uc1 \u238 ?n pedo-psihiatrie apare o pseudodebilitate min-tal\uc1
\u259 ?, care ascunde de fapt inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia com-portamental\uc1 \u259 ? a
unui copil cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri senzoriale sau afectivitate frustrant\uc1
\u259 ?, complex de inferioritate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia constituie
dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese fundamentale ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii SNC.
Inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia se poate datora unor factori externi (emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
psihodrame), dar poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul unor tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-motorii, merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd de la o simpl\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinire a proceselor ideative sau de memorare, chiar \uc1
\u351 ?i la persoanele normale, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psiho-motore extreme, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum sunt st\uc1 \u259 ?rile stupuroase.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ini\uc1 \u355 ?
iativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nceput; \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a
celui care \uc1 \u238 ?ntreprinde ceva din propriul interese, \uc1 \u238 ?n-demn.
Spiritul de ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativ\uc1 \u259 ? este o condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
creativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii: este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de for\uc1 \u355 ?a
individului de a propune ceva nou, \uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
cu ocupa\uc1 \u355 ?ia societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; sunt necesare minimum trei
etape: con\uc1 \u351 ?tienti-zarea problemei, rezolvarea pe plan mintal \uc1
\u351 ?i rezolvarea practic\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u226 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Injurie }{\fs18 \dbch
manifestare agresiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu con-\uc1 \u355 ?inut de insult\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune penal\uc1 \u259 ?, atr\uc1 \u259 ?
g\uc1 \u226 ?nd sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni juridice. Inju-ria nu reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat un neadev\uc1 \u259 ?r, poate fi o aluzie la un defect real al
celui c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia \uc1 \u238 ?i este adresat\uc1 \u259 ?, dar
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia ei devalorizanta este un rezultat ofensator asupra \uc1
\u238 ?ntregii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a celui ofensat.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inocularea stresului }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rile psihice sau psihosomatice, induc\uc1 \u226 ?nd pacientul \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii imaginare \uc1 \u8222 ?enervante", care de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?i
provoac\uc1 \u259 ? o izbucnire a procedeelor de relaxare \uc1 \u351 ?i
autocontrol.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Inoportun }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nepotrivit, sup\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
tor, stin-gherito}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r, plictisitor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insatisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de disconfort,
ten-siune, frustrare, ce apare \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera con-\uc1 \u351 ?tientului,
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? adesea de anxietate, fiind
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a nesatisfacerii unor ne-voi, obiective externe sau subiective,
interne.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Insensibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = utilizarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 termenului este mai frecvent\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul de impre-sionabilitate, emotivitate; indivizi ne-p\uc1
\u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tori, indolen\uc1 \u355 ?i, reci, insensibili, pasivi, cu o
absen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? aparent\uc1 \u259 ? sau real\uc1 \u259 ? a
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iei afective; poate fi vorba \uc1 \u351 ?i de o insensibilitate la
durere, pe baza unor ana}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lgezice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insisten\uc1 \u355 ?a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
verbal\uc1 \u259 ? sau prac-tic-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? excesiv\uc1
\u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin st\uc1 \u259 ?ruin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
perseveren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i asiduita-te, pe baza unor
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi volitive deo-sebite, a unor convingeri verbale sau
empatice sau persuasive. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unor confrunt\uc1 \u259 ?ri de idei,
opinii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, de art\uc1 \u259 ?, nu prezint\uc1
\u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii patologi-ce. Cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? valoare
psihodiagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd devine sup\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ?toare, obosi-toare \uc1 \u351 ?i absurd\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insomnie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are o
utilizare frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n scurtarea duratei de somn. Perturbarea cronic\uc1 \u259 ? a som-
nului se datore\uc1 \u351 ?te persisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei unor cen-tri de excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie de fond organic sau psihic. Poate fi folosit \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
sensul de hiposomnie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Abordarea circumstan\uc1
\u355 ?elor aces-tui simptom \uc1 \u238 ?n conduita terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? es-te
curent\uc1 \u259 ?, explicat\uc1 \u259 ? fie prin factori fiziologici sau psihici.
Nevoia de somn este o component\uc1 \u259 ? ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? sau dob\uc1
\u226 ?n-dit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de obi\uc1 \u351 ?-nuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele subiectului. Perioade
scurte de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 insomnie pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u238 ?n adolescen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n climateriu, andropauz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de o dis-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie astenic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surmenajul fizic prin
supradotarea efortului profesional, prin dereglarea rit-mului \uc1 \u8222 ?celor
trei opt" \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul unei zile poate duce la insomnie.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insomnie periodic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? monosim-ptomatic\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihozei maniaco-depresive, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca manifestare insomnia, care ar
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i unele echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?e somatice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inspira\uc1
\langfenp1048 = fenomen psihologic particu-lar legat de procesul crea\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea tensiunii interioare cu o
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
concretizat\uc1 \u259 ? apoi prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?
mpul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei a unor idei creatoare \uc1 \u351 ?i
originale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu, mo-mentul imaginativ se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi: \uc1 \u8226 ?
spontaneitate,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 caracter de necesitate, \uc1 \u8226 ?
induc\uc1 \u355 ?ia incon-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u8226 ? caracter afectiv-motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etc. Este
important\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 lung\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, iar\uc1 \u259 ?
care inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ia ar fi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?.
Inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ia sugereaz\uc1 \u259 ? concen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 trarea
tuturor for\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i facult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un singur punct (subiect).
Caracterul ne-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u351 ?teptat al acestui
fenomen poate fi ex-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 primat prin exclama\uc1 \u355 ?ia
celebr\uc1 \u259 ? a lui}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Arhimede: \uc1 \u8222 ?Evrica"
(\uc1 \u8222 ?am g\uc1 \u259 ?sit").}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie motric\uc1
\u259 ? excesi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n psihopatologia copilului care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un sindrom com-plex, cu
elemente psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i motrice:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
hiperkinezie, \uc1 \u8226 ? tulburare impulsiv\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 caracterului, \uc1 \u8226 ? echilibru precar; \uc1 \u8226 ? absen-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a echilibrului
psihic, \uc1 \u8226 ? reflect\uc1 \u226 ?nd o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfenp1048 deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? ca urmare a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezechilibrului proceselor nervoase
fun-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 damentale, (excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?
i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia) \uc1 \u238 ?n care}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 au mare
influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de mediu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 nefavorabile (socio}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -afective, economice,}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportamentale,
caren\uc1 \u355 ?iale). Un astfel de copil este \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o permanent\uc1
\u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?-care: mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u226 ?inile,
picioarele, atinge obiectele, se deplaseaz\uc1 \u259 ? continuu, este
irezistibil\uc1 \u259 ? nevoia de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care. Cu ei este foarte dificil\uc1
\u259 ? desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unei ac-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
practice. Speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tii afirm\uc1 \u259 ? pa-radoxal c\uc1 \u259 ? aceste
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri ar fi expresia instal\uc1 \u259 ?rii oboselii.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astfel de copii cu instabilitate
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? sunt cu lentoare, ne\uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?nare \uc1
\u238 ?n coordonarea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor spre un scop; au mi\uc1 \u351
?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri parazitare, incomplete, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? precizie. Se
remarc\uc1 \u259 ? caren\uc1 \u355 ?ele aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, concentr\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, trece u\uc1 \u351 ?or la o alt\uc1 \u259 ? preo-cupare. Este irascibil,
alunec\uc1 \u226 ?nd u\uc1 \u351 ?or de la o stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? la alta;
este impul-siv \uc1 \u351 ?i violent, \uc1 \u238 ?ncalc\uc1 \u259 ? disciplina \uc1
\u351 ?i dis-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iile date. \uc1 \u350 ?colarizarea este dificil\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nesatisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?toare, nu at\uc1 \u226 ?t
din cauza deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei intelectuale, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i a aten\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a concentr\uc1 \u259 ?rii caren\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?. Se
imune farmacoterapia, dar imperios necesar\uc1 \u259 ? este terapia
psihoeducativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care produ-ce \uc1 \u238 ?mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?iri spectaculoase ale aces-tui sindrom. Familia trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ? asigure o ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? calm\uc1 \u259 ?, cu o
comprehensi-une binevoitoare \uc1 \u351 ?i afectuoas\uc1 \u259 ?, dar f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? exager\uc1 \u259 ?ri. \uc1 \u238 ?n general, rezultatele sunt
decep\uc1 \u355 ?ionante, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere baza
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instantaneu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitatea unui fenomen de a se
produce brusc (opus succes}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ivi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i
discursivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii). \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie, acest atribut
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? isteria \uc1 \u351 ?i alte boli psihice, care uneori pot
schim-ba diagnosticul prezumtiv. Termenul poate fi asociat \uc1 \u351 ?i cu \uc1
\u8222 ?inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ia" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?insight", termen englez, actul
brusc de surprindere sau de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere a unei re-la\uc1 \u355
?ii sau situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii; este apropiat de terme-nul de intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Are \uc1 \u351 ?i sen-sul de \uc1 \u8222 ?iluminare"
instantanee, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia intelectualului desemnea-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 z\uc1 \u259 ? efectul
rezolutiv al restructur\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor noi
raporturi. Este un salt al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii, aparent nemijlocit.}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instan\uc1 \u355 ?ele eului }{\fs18
termen utilizat de S. Freud pentru a semnifica nivelele func-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale
aparatului psihic \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un mod care presupune nu numai topic, ci \uc1
\u351 ?i dinamica, economia \uc1 \u351 ?i genetica. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? structur\uc1
\u259 ? pe nivele ierarhizate func\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu privire la personalitate s-a
conturat \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din antichitate (Aristotel - Platon). Cele trei
instan\uc1 \u355 ?e pe care creatorul psihanalizei le schi\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o prim\uc1 \u259 ? etap\uc1 \u259 ? sunt: con\uc1 \u351 ?tientul,
precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul \uc1 \u351 ?i incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul (subcon\uc1
\u351 ?tientul). Conflicte-le dintre con\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient au drept rezultat nevroza. In cea de-a doua teorie a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cele trei instan\uc1 \u355 ?e devin \uc1
\u350 ?inele (das Es), Eul \uc1 \u351 ?i Supraeul (das Oberich), \uc1 \u350 ?inele
este in viziunea lui Freud, format din con\uc1 \u355 ?inute ereditare \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute, \uc1 \u238 ?nsum\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd pulsiuni fundamentale (sexuale \uc1 \u351 ?i agre-sive), la
care se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi refulate dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite
(dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e, imagini, vi-se) ca tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
satisfacere. \uc1 \u350 ?inele este conceput ca un rezervor al energiei libi-
dinale, de care este dependent Egoul: principiul pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii domin\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u350 ?inele, al\uc1 \u259 ?-turi de procesele primare. Eul ar repre-
zenta, dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii psihanali\uc1 \u351 ?ti, rezultatul modific\uc1 \u259 ?
rii pe care \uc1 \u350 ?inele 1-a suferit la contactul cu realitatea. Eul este o
instan-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cea mai mare parte con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ?, iar Supraeul o instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? incon\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ? care are func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de cenzur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i care se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
interiorizarea unor sisteme de valori \uc1 \u351 ?i interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
men\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd sub control Eul. Fragilitatea acestei concep\uc1
\u355 ?ii este oarecum recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Discu\uc1 \u355 ?iile despre natura experien-\uc1 \u355 ?
ei con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente \uc1 \u351 ?i despre func\uc1 \u355 ?iile con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei au ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut \uc1 \u351 ?i teoretizat aceast\uc1
\u259 ? tem\uc1 \u259 ?, pe baza importantelor descoperiri neuro-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fiziologice, biologie
evolutiv\uc1 \u259 ?, genetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i diverse sfere ale
psihologiei. Pe scurt, con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a implic\uc1 \u259 ?: a)
monitoriza-rea (vizualizarea direct\uc1 \u259 ?) a mediului, astfel c\uc1 \u259 ?
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile, amintirile \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?n-durile sunt
reprezentate pe fondul st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?; b) controlul de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i controlul asupra mediului \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se de-ruleaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul, fiind capabili s\uc1 \u259 ?
finaliz\uc1 \u259 ?m activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile comportamen-tale \uc1 \u351
?i cognitive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul cuprinde eveni-mentele, ce nu sunt \uc1
\u238 ?n sfera con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, dar la un moment dat sunt
aduse \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
este necesar. Este cazul deprinderilor, care sunt operative \uc1 \u238 ?n afara
unui control con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, dar suntem capabili s\uc1 \u259 ? le descriem la
solicitare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul freu-dian, care are
stocate procesele \uc1 \u351 ?i amin-tirile, psihologii prefer\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1
\u259 ? nu fac\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceste distinc\uc1 \u355
?ii pe tipuri, ci s\uc1 \u259 ? vorbeas-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? despre un continuum
noncon\uc1 \u351 ?tient -con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, care se \uc1 \u238 ?ntinde de la o
extre-m\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor psihice total incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ente (pe
diferite niveluri), p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cea-lalt\uc1 \u259 ?
extrem\uc1 \u259 ?, cea a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei refiecti-ve (Farthing
1992).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instinct (\uc1
\u238 ?ndemn) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lan\uc1 \u355 ? de reflexe necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ordine cronologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
declan\uc1 \u351 ?at de stimuli speci-fici, constituind un comportament ere-ditar,
cu finalitate biologic\uc1 \u259 ? proprie fie-c\uc1 \u259 ?rei specii, \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia variaz\uc1 \u259 ? foarte pu\uc1 \u355 ?in de la
individ la individ. Instinctul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un comportament performant
\uc1 \u351 ?i relativ constant \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te un scop
dat \uc1 \u351 ?i activitatea specific\uc1 \u259 ? pentru realizarea acestuia.
Orice activitate instinctiv\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din dou\uc1
\u259 ? verigi componente: \uc1 \u8226 ? faza de c\uc1 \u259 ?utare, ce duce la
g\uc1 \u259 ?sirea declan\uc1 \u351 ?atorului, \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? faza de
efectuare, de consumare a instinctului \uc1 \u238 ?n sens}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 strict, adaptat\uc1 \u259
? stereotip, fapt ce garan-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a ei biologic\uc1
om nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? comportamente complexe reglate doar de mecanisme \uc1 \u238
?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute (ca la insecte), pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?ele
instinctive au fost \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ate (do-b\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite), devenind automate sau reflexe (de conservare, reproducere, socializare,
etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Neurofiziologic, comportamentele instinctive sunt integrate \uc1 \u238 ?n
hipotalamus \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul limbic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instinct alimentar }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamb}
\langfenp1048 lul de ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?e ale instinctului de conservare, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?a de hran\uc1 \u259 ?, care
declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? un comportament specific de c\uc1 \u259 ?utare
\uc1 \u351 ?i satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u8222 ?fiind instru-mentul primar al
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor dintre om \uc1 \u351 ?i natur\uc1 \u259 ?" (Tremilieres),
reprezentat\uc1 \u259 ? de anumi\uc1 \u355 ?i centri hipotalamici, integrat\uc1
\u259 ? la nivelul substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei reticulate \uc1 \u351 ?i cortexului
cerebral, acest ultim segment asigur\uc1 \u226 ?nd controlul voli\uc1 \u355 ?ional
al comportamentului alimentar, subordonarea lui unor cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e de ordin
socio - cultural.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instinct de conservare }{\fs18
instin}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ct care declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamente corespunz\uc1
\u259 ?-toare necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a men\uc1 \u355 ?ine integrita-
tea morfofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul
vital al organismului; are ca scop evitarea sau combaterea factorilor interni sau
externi cu risc vital pentru organism. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o baz\uc1 \u259 ?
neuroendocrin\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ?, implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i un
nivel de integrare cortical\uc1 \u259 ? care permite interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei
componente con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, cu rol de optimizare a com-portamentului
instinctual \uc1 \u238 ?n armonizarea cu cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele social-culturale.
Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile instinctului de conservare au o deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihopatologic\uc1 \u259 ?, antren\uc1 \u226 ?nd
frecvent consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e vitale (vezi }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 abera\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
\langfenp1048 suicid).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Instinctul matern }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = constituie parte integrant\uc1
\u259 ? a instinctului de conservare a speciei. La om se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin
meca-nisme \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ate. Sunt cerce-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri care atest\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? instinctul matern se poate modifica sau poate fi chiar ab-sent; pentru
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea acestuia, nor-mal\uc1 \u259 ?, au rol hot\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?tor factorii de me-diu. Femeile cu structuri narcisice,
anxioase, isterice, fie c\uc1 \u259 ? au o atitudine de hiperprotec\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
fie proiecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n exterior ostilitatea incon\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de copii (infanticid, abandon).
Instinctul matern bine precizat, stabil, conduce orice femeie la protejare,
hran\uc1 \u259 ?, ori-entarea pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? a comportamentului
descenden\uc1 \u355 ?ilor s\uc1 \u259 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? sunt \uc1 \u238
?n stare s\uc1 \u259 ? se autoconduc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instinctul sexual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = instinct declan\uc1 \u351 ?
ator \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamental care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? perpe-tuarea speciei prin
reproducere, consi-derat \uc1 \u238 ?n genere c\uc1 \u259 ? asigur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine instinctului de conservare a speciei. La om instinctul
sexual are un \uc1 \u238 ?nalt grad de complexitate, determinismului neu-roendocrin
al\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i-se at\uc1 \u226 ?t o com-ponent\uc1 \u259 ?
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? important\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
influen\uc1 \u355 ?e socio-culturale modelatoare. La om, instinctul sexual
declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul erotic bazat pe atrac\uc1 \u355 ?
ia fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i spiritual\uc1 \u259 ?
dintre par-teneri, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd componenta psiholo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?
(particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile persoanei, mode-lele social-culturale
interiorizate), in-stinctul social av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o finalitate natura-l\uc1 \u259
?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i una moral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Institu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de or-ganiza}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re \uc1 \u351 ?i
integrare formal\uc1 \u259 ? a unor unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihologice sau
sociale, conform unor norme, valori, standarde: ridicarea la rang de institu\uc1
\u355 ?ie, a unor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i sau rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exemplu: \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ?,
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile umane pot fi clasificate dup\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe
criterii: grad de activism interpersonal sau intergrupal, durata in-terac\uc1 \u355
?iunii, num\uc1 \u259 ?rul membrilor care inte-rac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?,
caracterul leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor inte-grative. Unele grupuri care la \uc1 \u238 ?
nceput au un caracter informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, pot evalua spre grupuri formale
prin institu\uc1 \u355 ?iona-lizare: asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii culturale, \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Instruire - instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de comu-nicare \uc1
\u351 ?i influen\uc1 \u355 ?are organizat\uc1 \u259 ? a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?-tin\uc1
\u355 ?elor generale \uc1 \u351 ?i speciale \uc1 \u351 ?i de formare a opera\uc1
\u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor intelectuale \uc1
\u351 ?i aplicativ - practice \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?-m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului. Prin ansamblul de
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, priceperi \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderi dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndite, se ur-m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea
unei culturi generale \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei specializ\uc1 \u259 ?ri profesionale,
\uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg, procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens res-tr\uc1 \u226 ?ns, este o form\uc1
\u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? de interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune uman\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre cadrele didactice \uc1 \u351 ?i elev (student) realizat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un mediu institu\uc1 \u355 ?ional (planuri, programe, tehnici de
predare), \uc1 \u238 ?n care are loc transmiterea organizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor de cultur\uc1
\u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i specialitate de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
profesori (predarea) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea \uc1 \u351 ?i
aplicarea acestora de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre tineri (\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?a-rea). Toate acestea le va servi pentru in-tegrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n munc\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i societate. Procesul de instruire reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o
important\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?r-ghie a progresului individual \uc1 \u351 ?i
social. Con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul programelor trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?s-
pund\uc1 \u259 ? exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351
?i etapei contemporane \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? determine o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere
important\uc1 \u259 ? a cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor generale \uc1 \u351 ?i de
specialitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu progresele din
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cultur\uc1 \u259 ?, apropiind \uc1 \u351 ?coala de realitatea social - economic\uc1
Instrumental }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = semne conven\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, cum sunt simbolurile
logice \uc1 \u238 ?n matema-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic\uc1 \u259 ?, chimie, fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, biologie,
lingvisti-c\uc1 \u259 ?, muzic\uc1 \u259 ?, art\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, care
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? instrumente abstracte ce mediaz\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-
nea \uc1 \u351 ?i duc la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui efect. Prin analogie,
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia s-a extins \uc1 \u351 ?i asu-pra proceselor psihice care
mediaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t activitatea de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de-mersurile cognitive \uc1 \u351 ?i practice. Cuv\uc1 \u226
?n-tul are o valoare instrumental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?i-ile
interpersonale, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini
pozitive sau negative. Va-loarea instrumental\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului este
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a produce modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri ca: anxietatea, depresia, violen\uc1 \u355 ?a, ner-vozitatea,
negativismul. Valoarea in-strumental\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor psihice superi-oare a
fost considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca tez\uc1 \u259 ? filoso-fic\uc1 \u259 ? de
instrumentali\uc1 \u351 ?ti (J. Dewey). Nu-m\uc1 \u259 ?rul trebuie apreciat nu
numai ca instrument, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i sub raportul valorii sale cognitive,
realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd unitatea dintre opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, dintre reflectoriu \uc1 \u351 ?i instrumental.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instrumentalism }
\langfenp1048 = variant\uc1 \u259 ? a prag-matismului, ini\uc1 \u355 ?iat \uc1
\u238 ?n S.U.A. de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre John Dewey, din care se deduce c\uc1 \u259 ?
no-\uc1 \u355 ?iunile \uc1 \u351 ?i explica\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice nu sunt reflect\uc1 \u259 ?ri obiective ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, ci instrumente inventate \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizate de con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pentru solu\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea unor pro-bleme
practice, criteriul adopt\uc1 \u259 ?rii sau respingerii lor nefiind adev\uc1 \u259
?rul, ci utili-tatea, eficacitatea practic\uc1 \u259 ?. Se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elege c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a are ca sarcin\uc1 \u259 ?
observarea, ex-perimentarea, m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea, elimin\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-se
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia explicativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a acestei doctrine
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea de-terminismului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te-rii, subliniind caracterul operatoriu
\uc1 \u351 ?i creator al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Instrumente semiotice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forme de limbaj diacronic
determinate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ite mai ales prin educa\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care-i asigur\uc1 \u259 ? persoanei
integrarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sis-tem cultural determinat. Prin instrumente
semiotice existente \uc1 \u238 ?n dotarea cultural\uc1 \u259 ? a unei societ\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, asimil\uc1 \u259 ?m at\uc1 \u226 ?t cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii, scheme \uc1
\u351 ?i structuri cog-nitive (tip simbolizare, modelare, for-mare). St\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea acestor instrumente devine premiz\uc1 \u259 ? pentru extensiunea
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mbog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?irea lor. Astfel c\uc1
\u259 ?, din receptor \uc1 \u351 ?i transmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor de semne,
persoana devine poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial produc\uc1 \u259 ?tor, creator (emi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor) de valori spirituale \uc1 \u351 ?i materiale. Limba
natural\uc1 \u259 ? devine instrumentul semiotic fundamental \uc1 \u351 ?i
definitoriu pentru specia uman\uc1 \u259 ?, care printr-un sistem de valori
conven\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, statuate prin tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, asi-gur\uc1 \u259 ?
comunicarea interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?, tran-smiterea valorilor culturale,
exterioriza-rea st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice. Sistemul lingvistic -semnele
lingvistice sau formalizate -sunt o veriga \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i
subiectul cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii (semnificatul \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifican-tul).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insuficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? circulatorie cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tulburare acut\uc1 \u259 ? survenit\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n circula\uc1 \u355 ?ia ce-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rebral\uc1
\u259 ?, cu mecanism \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? neelucidat, ca-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re
conduce la sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea debitului sangvin, respectiv a metabolismului
creierului, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri circulatorii
ge-nerale (sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea tensiunii arteriale, he-moragii, insuficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cardio - respirato-rie, fibrila\uc1 \u355 ?ie arterial\uc1
\u259 ?, infarct miocardic, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Simptomatologia cuprinde sindro-mul neurasteniform (astenie, cefalee,
in-somnie, labilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, vertij, amnezie,
hemipareze, afazie, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de mers, sindrom pseudobulbar,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de mastica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, degluti\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
vorbire, r\uc1 \u226 ?s/pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns spasmodic). Tabloul clinic se caracteri-
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin debut brusc \uc1 \u351 ?i remisie (evolu-}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ia spre
vindecarea bolii) spontan\uc1 \u259 ?, incomplet\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
caracter repetitiv. Ischemia (deficitul circulator local prin mic\uc1 \u351 ?orarea
afluxului de s\uc1 \u226 ?nge arterial \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?esutul respectiv,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unui ob-stacol \uc1 \u238 ?n calea circula\uc1 \u355 ?iei
arteriale: spasm, obturare, compresiune) afectea-z\uc1 \u259 ? teritorii diferite,
culmin\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n final cu constituirea unui ramolisment cere-
bral, cu hemiplegie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tulburarea cronic\uc1 \u259 ? apare \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-zul c\uc1
\u226 ?nd stenoza arterelor cerebrale este de durat\uc1 \u259 ?, chiar
ireversibil\uc1 \u259 ?, deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? constituirea de tromboze (sin-drom
de insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? circulatorie acut\uc1 \u259 ? sau ramolisment
general prin ische-mie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? velo-palatin\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = v\uc1 \u259 ?lul pa-latului \uc1 \u351 ?i arcadele velo-dentare, ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i bolta palatin\uc1 \u259 ?, are un mare rol \uc1 \u238 ?n vor-birea
articulat\uc1 \u259 ?, deoarece prin con-trac\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui \uc1 \u238 ?nchide
sau deschide comuni-carea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre buco-faringe \uc1 \u351 ?i nazo-farin-
ge. Integritatea anatomic\uc1 \u259 ? a v\uc1 \u259 ?lului cu for\uc1 \u355 ?a sa
muscular\uc1 \u259 ?, cu lungimea \uc1 \u351 ?i mo-bilitatea lui, asigur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nchiderea acestei comunic\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?
a velo-palatin\uc1 \u259 ? congenital\uc1 \u259 ? se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unui
v\uc1 \u259 ?l mai scurt, care \uc1 \u238 ?n contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie nu \uc1 \u238 ?
nchide sufi-cient spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul dintre cavum \uc1 \u351 ?i buco-fa-ringe,
produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd rinolalia deschis\uc1 \u259 ?. Practic, lamele palatine pe
care se inse-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u259 ?lul sunt insuficient dezvoltate,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci aspectul \uc1 \u351 ?i mobilitatea v\uc1 \u259 ?lului sunt normale.
Dac\uc1 \u259 ? mai sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?ii adenoide care
mic\uc1 \u351 ?oreaz\uc1 \u259 ? spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul dintre nas \uc1 \u351 ?i buco-
faringe, ele nu trebuie ope-rate, ci se face un tratament medical, se creeaz\uc1
\u259 ? un aspect specific al insuficien-\uc1 \u355 ?ei v\uc1 \u259 ?lului. \uc1
\u238 ?n rinolalia deschis\uc1 \u259 ?, toate vocalele sunt nazalizate \uc1 \u238 ?
mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu consoanele nazale. Cele mai nazalizate vocale sunt \uc1
\u8222 ?i" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?u". \uc1 \u238 ?n cea func\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nal\uc1 \u259 ?, relaxarea v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin din punct}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vedere al tonicit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
este operabil\uc1 \u259 ? (rezec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntins\uc1 \u259 ? de
cornete). Este \uc1 \u238 ?nso-\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de debilitate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n rinolaliile deschise organice - congenitale sau
do-b\uc1 \u226 ?ndite (paralizii velare, perfora\uc1 \u355 ?ii trau-matice sau
inflamatorii, aderen\uc1 \u355 ?e ale v\uc1 \u259 ?-lului, cicatrice dup\uc1
\u259 ? amigdolectomii de-fectuos executate), tratamentul chirurgi-cal trebuie
urmat de cel ortofonic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile labio-maxilo-palati-ne sunt cele mai severe
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii con-genitale. De la cele totale \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la cea mai simpl\uc1 \u259 ? (luet\uc1 \u259 ? bifid\uc1 \u259 ?),
tratamentul este chirurgical (v\uc1 \u259 ?lul reconstituit, une-ori \uc1 \u351 ?i
o faringoplastie), iar terapia ortofo-nic\uc1 \u226 ? (logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?)
obligatorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Insulina }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = hormon activ al pancreasului, cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
hipoglicemiant\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazurile de hipersecre\uc1 \u355 ?ie
patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, hiperglice-mia antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de ordin caracterial, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri mai grave, le\uc1 \u351 ?in \uc1
\u351 ?i com\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Integralitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a unui sistem de a se manifesta ca
totalitate, cu propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i emergente (de ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire
dintr-un mediu \uc1 \u238 ?n care se g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te) c\uc1 \u259 ?
tre un ansamblu con-textual. Termenul se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru
caracterizarea sistemului intelectual, al afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u351 ?i personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (integralita-tea structurilor
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? legile ges-taltiste (\uc1 \u8222 ?tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a spre \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg"). Integrita-tea s-a extins la psihologia
persoanei, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dome}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 niul
psihosocial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Integrare nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces complex care presupune asimilarea,
implicarea unui element de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o structur\uc1 \u259 ? cu rol
unificator \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, supraordonat. Prin integrare se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o entitate ca-re \uc1 \u238 ?ncorporeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
elementele implicate, acestea dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndind propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i noi, supe-rioare, rezultatul fiind interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?a, interac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea cu restul p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u351 ?i procese de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere, integrarea caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
toate structu-rile vii, \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor de la simplu la
complex. Adaptarea la mediu, perma-nent variabil, presupune integrarea. Ca-litatea
de \uc1
\u8222 ?viu" pentru un organism este conferit\uc1 \u259 ? de un sistem integrat,
dina-mic, complex, deschis \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglabil. Leg\uc1 \u259 ?turile care
stau la baza procesului integrativ al organismului uman pot fi: mecanice, umoral
chimice, nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i hormonale. Toate aceste procese au ca substrat
anatomic neuronul celul\uc1 \u259 ? cu un grad diferit de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neuronul este
dotat cu excitabili-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i cu posibilitatea de conducere \uc1 \u351 ?i
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, organiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri
neuronale ierarhizate, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t, in-trarea \uc1 \u238 ?n
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a unei astfel de grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri determin\uc1 \u259 ?
stimularea concomitent\uc1 \u259 ? sau e\uc1 \u351 ?alonat\uc1 \u259 ? a altora,
prin inducerea \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonarea func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
simultan\uc1 \u259 ? sau succesiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Ca nivel superior de organi-zare
neuronal\uc1 \u259 ?, arcurile reflexe inte-greaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea
componentelor re-ceptoare \uc1 \u351 ?i efectoare ale organismului, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sensul adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii la variabilitatea me-diului extern \uc1 \u351 ?i
intern, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i la ex-perien\uc1 \u355 ?a anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?
stocat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n memorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Datorit\uc1 \u259 ? integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii nervoase are loc
rapiditatea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor adaptative, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea acestora,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilita-tea de modificare \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de necesi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de integrarea
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? are loc integrarea endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se stabilesc
corela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre diversele apara-te \uc1 \u351 ?i organe,
c\uc1 \u259 ?rora le modific\uc1 \u259 ? activita-tea \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile organis-mului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sensul biologic al integr\uc1 \u259
?rii en-docrine este de a realiza - prin interme-diul hormonilor - men\uc1 \u355 ?
inerea homeo-staziei organismelor superioare. Ca \uc1 \u351 ?i cea nervoas\uc1
\u259 ?, integrarea endocrin\uc1 \u259 ? in-tervine \uc1 \u238 ?n adaptarea
organismului prin}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 mecanismele de feed-back. \uc1 \u8226 ? Integrarea biochimic\uc1
\u259 ? este o alt\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate adap-tativ\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? organismul prin integrarea neuroendocrin\uc1 \u259 ?,
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? cu ajutorul unor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e endogene, biologic
active. Fiziologic particip\uc1 \u259 ? la integrarea neuroumoral\uc1 \u226 ? a
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor or-ganismului. \uc1 \u8226 ? Fiind proprie sistemelor dotate
cu autoreglare, integrarea con-stituie \uc1 \u351 ?i un principiu de integrare al
psihismului. La acest nivel se disting mai multe tipuri de integrare, dispun\uc1
\u226 ?nd de un aspect structural \uc1 \u351 ?i unul dinamic. Exemplu: integrarea
conduitelor; inte-grarea social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?
(integra-rea de sine este complementar\uc1 \u259 ? integr\uc1 \u259 ?-rii
sociale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Integrarea de sine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept opera\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal care desemneaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie inte-gralitatea sau individualitatea subsiste-
melor psihocomportamentale (procese psihice, aptitudini, atitudini, conduite, etc),
care alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc sistemul complex al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, ca urmare al unui proces de modelare, educare, socializare. Unici-tatea \uc1
\u351 ?i originalitatea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii deri-v\uc1 \u259 ? din
modul specific de organizare ie-rarhic\uc1 \u259 ? a structurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice pe nivele de complexitate cresc\uc1 \u226 ?nd\uc1
\u259 ? (nu prin juxtapunerea mecanic\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?nsuma-re).
Concordan\uc1 \u355 ?a dinte cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e - norme sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
conduite \uc1 \u238 ?n familie, societate, loc de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, certific\uc1
\u259 ? o bun\uc1 \u259 ? integrare de sine, sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i completat\uc1 \u259 ? de o inte-grare adecvat\uc1 \u259 ?
psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?, cultural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i profesional\uc1
Formele de inadaptare se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? prin comportamente deviante, aberante
sau antisociale (\uc1 \u238 ?n diverse grade), care sunt fenomene de
dezintegrare \uc1 \u351 ?i dezor-ganizare a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd semnifi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihopatologice (fragmentarea Eu-lui,
pierderea unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i unicit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii persoa-nei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Integrarea social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un proces foarte complex, dinamic
\uc1 \u351 ?i continuu de inser-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, manifestat prin aderarea con\uc1
\u351 ?tient -voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei la via\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259
?, a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
sociale. Se rea-lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin asimilare de roluri sociale, norme morale,
valori cultural-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?i-fice, modele comportamentale indivi-
duale, la nivelul personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este deci o
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii soci-ale \uc1 \u351 ?
i cea a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o
nonconcordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (hiatus) \uc1 \u238 ?ntre gradul de
integralitate a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (integrarea de sine) \uc1
\u351 ?i integrarea social\uc1 \u259 ? (micro \uc1 \u351 ?i macrogrupurile formale
institu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u351 ?i informate, bazate pe asociere liber\uc1
\u259 ?). \uc1 \u8226
? Integrarea \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului
cu cerceta-rea \uc1 \u351 ?i produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259
?tirea speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor de \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ? teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practic\uc1 \u259 ? care
s\uc1 \u259 ? corespund\uc1 \u259 ? dinamicii vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale
contemporane. Subsuma-rea procesului de integrare social\uc1 \u259 ? im-plic\uc1
\u259 ? fenomene de consiliere a norme-lor, valorilor \uc1 \u351 ?i exigen\uc1
\u355 ?elor sociale din punct de vedere al con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului infor-ma\uc1
\u355 ?ional general \uc1 \u351 ?i de specialitate. \uc1 \u238 ?n-v\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul de toate gradele, organiza-\uc1 \u355 ?iile
social - ob\uc1 \u351 ?te\uc1 \u351 ?ti \uc1 \u351 ?i profesionale, de orientare
socio-profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? integrarea la diferite nivele
de interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune uman\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Integrativitate = (\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia geneti-
c\uc1 \u259 ?, J. Piaget); termen care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
contextul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii stadiale, dez-voltarea, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1
\u259 ? structurile carac-teristice unui anumit stadiu sunt inte-grate, ca elemente
constitutive simple, \uc1 \u238 ?n stadiul urm\uc1 \u259 ?tor (Exemplu:
opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile formale includ opera\uc1 \u355 ?iunile concrete cu titlul de
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut). Integrativitatea sta-diilor explic\uc1 \u259 ? astfel
secven\uc1 \u355 ?ialitatea lor: un stadiu nu poate urma dec\uc1 \u226 ?t
dup\uc1 \u259 ? acela ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror structuri le integreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n structurile proprii. Astfel, fiecare stadiu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nou se bazeaz\uc1
\u259 ? pe stadiul anterior, la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul lui,
prefigur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 sau fundamen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 pe cel
urm\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Integrativitatea asigur\uc1 \u259 ? astfel o continuitate
structural -func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
intelectuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Intelect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere); an-samblul func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor mintale grupate \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii logice \uc1 \u351 ?i abstracte, adic\uc1 \u259 ?, capacitatea
de a opera cu no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hologie este termen de
referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pentru compara\uc1 \u355 ?ii interindividuale, din
punct de vedere ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional (minte, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire), consi-der\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-1 superior sau inferior altuia; capacitatea de a sesiza esen\uc1 \u355 ?
ialul, de a opera cu no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege
\uc1 \u351 ?i rezolva probleme noi, termen similar cu inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?a.
Evaluarea nivelului intelectual (Q.I.) constatat\uc1 \u259 ? prin coeficientul
inte-lectual permite circumscrieri ale subiec-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor investiga\uc1
\u355 ?i sub raport cognitiv, astfel: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelect de nivel mediu, slab }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 90-99; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelect de}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
limit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 70-79; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelect subliminar }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sub
50, \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse grade; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelect supradotat }{\fs18
Q.I. peste 140.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Intelect de limit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional care
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? zona de tranzi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normalitatea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i formele u\uc1 \u351 ?oare de \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ?. Termenul figureaz\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
practicieni, cu dou\uc1 \u259 ? de-cenii \uc1 \u238 ?n urm\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu
figureaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n clasifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?rile interna\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, OMS, de\uc1 \u351 ?i liminarii reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? 10-12% din
popula\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?. Nivelul lor de dezvoltare
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? corespunde v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei mintale de 10-12 ani,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd coeficientul intelectual Q.I. 70-80. Din punct de vedere
etiopatogenetic sunt considera\uc1 \u355 ?i subdota\uc1 \u355 ?i ereditar \uc1
\u351 ?i dismatu-rativi (caren\uc1 \u355 ?e socio-culturale, educativ-pedagogice).
Principalele caracteristici ale copiilor cu intelect de limit\uc1 \u259 ?: - ritm
lent al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1
\u351 ?colare (dislexie, disgrafie, greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de calcul
matematic), aparente \uc1 \u351 ?i distincte}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai ales din clasele }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 VI,
\langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd conduite intelectuale sub nivelul v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei
cronologice; au dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n operarea cu con\uc1
\u355 ?inuturi semantice \uc1 \u351 ?i simbolice, capacitate redus\uc1 \u259 ?
de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i ab-stractizare: inadecvare
relativ\uc1 \u259 ? a lim-bajului; imaturitate psiho-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, une-ori
obositor de dependent. Important este un sprijin psiho-pedagogic siste-matic,
competent \uc1 \u351 ?i intensiv, deoarece \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este reversibil\uc1 \u259 ?, iar la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
maturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii poate avea o inte-grare socio-afectiv\uc1
\u259 ? corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intelectualism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, con-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ie care reduce procesele afective, volitive,
perceptive, etc. la cele intelec-tuale. \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n filozofie,
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie care afir-m\uc1 \u259 ? inteligibilitatea universului exclusiv
prin intermediul intelectului (inteligen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii),
opun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se senzualismu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i intui\uc1 \u355 ?ionismului
(introdus de ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionali\uc1 \u351 ?ti, pragmati\uc1 \u351 ?ti).
Subapreciind \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tatea motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n
crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i activitatea uman\uc1 \u259 ?, se constituie tot ca
o viziune unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i simplificatoare asupra cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii. \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n etic\uc1 \u259 ?, fundamenteaz\uc1
\u259 ? conduita mo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? pe \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351
?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea au-tentic\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 binelui }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Platon,
Socrate, Spi-noza), sub}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 estim\uc1 \u226 ?nd rolul comporta-mentelor
atitudinale, afective, volitive \uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica \uc1 \u351 ?i alc\uc1
\u259 ?tuirea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei morale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intelectualizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = Ana Freud,
pornind de la raportul invers propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional dintre activitatea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i explozia pul-siunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
sentimentelor la adolescen-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, consider\uc1 \u259 ?
preponderen\uc1 \u355 ?a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii ca mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a afectelor, prin care EUL face efortul de a le st\uc1 \u259
?p\uc1 \u226 ?ni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a - test }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = formele de mani-
festare ale inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ii
practice de orientare \uc1 \u238 ?n probleme teore-tice \uc1 \u351 ?i practice.
Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a poate fi inves-tigat\uc1 \u259 ? prin teste psihologice care
satisfac cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele metodologice de baz\uc1 \u259 ? (validita-te,
fidelitate). Primul sistem de teste a fost elaborat de A. Binet \uc1 \u351 ?i Simon
(1905) - fiind convin\uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea inteligen-\uc1 \u355 ?
ei este absolut paralel\uc1 \u259 ? cu dezvoltarea general\uc1 \u259 ?, cu v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta cronologic\uc1 \u259 ?. V\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (V.M.)
este notat\uc1 \u259 ? cu Q.I. (coefi-cient sau cotient intelectual) \uc1 \u238 ?n
varianta testelor acreditate \uc1 \u238 ?n SUA (Terman, Merril, Stanfor-
Binet).Varianta rom\uc1 \u226 ?-neasc\uc1 \u259 ?, elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? la Cluj
\uc1 \u238 ?n 1940 de \uc1 \u350 ?te-fanescu Goang\uc1 \u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor unui diagnostic al inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. D Wechsler (1956
- 1958) a elaborat dou\uc1 \u259 ? variante de performan\uc1 \u355 ?e: pentru copii
\uc1 \u351 ?i pentru adul\uc1 \u355 ?i (WISC) \uc1 \u238 ?n care este
eviden-\uc1 \u355 ?iat at\uc1 \u226 ?t Q.I., c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i profilul
industrial al fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui subiect, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
interpretare calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Un test apropiat de WISC este scala Grace -
Artur, ce poate urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri rea-liz\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 4 ani
\uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1 \u259 ?. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
teste de dezvoltare a unei singure aptitudini: labirintele Parteus, cuburile Kochs,
proba de copiere a figurilor geo-metrice \uc1 \u8222 ?Loretta Bender"; proba de me-
morie Rey; probele pentru opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionali-tatea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii -
imaginate de Y. Piaget, specifice diverselor studii de dezvoltare (operator,
concret, intermediar, operator }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 formal).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? artificial\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calificare a apa-ratelor cibernetice, care programate,
re-zolv\uc1 \u259 ? probleme asemenea oamenilor. Prin utilizarea de algoritmi
foarte efici-en\uc1 \u355 ?i se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un model logic com-plex,
capabil s\uc1 \u259 ? demonstreze teoreme, s\uc1 \u259 ? elaboreze decizii, capabil
de ierarhizare, \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. In rezolvarea lor se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie prealabil\uc1 \u259 ? a metodelor
euristi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 ce. Algoritmii utiliza\uc1 \u355 ?i de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a
artificial\uc1 \u259 ? sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? inferiori calitativ
algoritmilor utiliza\uc1 \u355 ?i de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intel}{\b1
\langfenp1048 igen\uc1 \u355 ?a motorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de mani-
festare \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor moto-rii, care
presupune memorie \uc1 \u351 ?i deprin-deri logice, aspecte afective, cognitive,
senzoriale. Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a motorie presu-pune con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea
impulsurilor ki-nestezice, \uc1 \u238 ?n efectuarea rapid\uc1 \u259 ?,
prompt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i eficient\uc1 \u259 ?, coordonat\uc1 \u259 ? a unor
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri inedite sau anterior automatizate.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la calitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a adapt\uc1 \u259 ?
rii sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i la rezolvarea problemelor psihosociale. P. Janet a
introdus termenul conside-r\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instrument al
intereselor individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are la baz\uc1
\u259 ? o structur\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? a opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i anume, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
evaluarea de ra-\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente eficiente, inedite, cu ajuto-rul
reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i al imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea de a se adapta la \uc1 \u238 ?
mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri noi, de a sesiza rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale,
de a g\uc1 \u259 ?si o ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire dintr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355
?ie, de a stabili sau de a sesiza leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiecte,
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre fenomene, rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre obiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomene, cu ajutorul experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei ante-rioare. \uc1 \u171 ?Puterea
\uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ia min\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a stabili leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi
\uc1 \u351 ?i de a face leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u238 ?ntre leg\uc1 \u259 ?
turi\uc1 \u187 ? (P. Popescu Neveanu). \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?a apare at\uc1 \u226 ?t ca factor real, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca unul
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial, at\uc1 \u226 ?t ca proces, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca
aptitudine (genera-l\uc1 \u259 ?) sau capacitate, at\uc1 \u226 ?t form\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i atribut al organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii mintale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i comporta-mentale. Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne
mereu un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 proces prin care se opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ieri
\uc1 \u351 ?i recombin\uc1 \u259 ?ri opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, cu o finali-tate
transformativ\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind \uc1 \u351 ?i evaluat\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ?
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a transform\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a este
evaluat\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? dimensiunea facilit\uc1 \u259 ?-rii
implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n adaptarea transformativ\uc1 \u259 ? uman\uc1
\u259 ?. Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a este o urmare a exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei socio-
culturale, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a exagera ro-lul eredit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii. Nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? o defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie clasic\uc1 \u259 ? a inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?ei. Binet consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? dezvol-tarea inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ? depinde de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
ierea \uc1 \u351 ?i ierarhizarea progresi-v\uc1 \u259 ? a structurilor mintale,
dezvoltare rele-vat\uc1 \u259 ? de capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
comprehensiune \uc1 \u351 ?i de orientare eficient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
c\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mp cog-nitiv nou.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prin aportul analizei factoriale este definit\uc1 \u259 ?
ca un conglomerat de aptitudini m\uc1 \u259 ?surate prin teste diferite, aflate
oare-cum \uc1 \u238 ?n interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Conceperea modelu-lui factorial al
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? lui Spearman. Se poate vorbi de mai
multe tipuri de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? natura
operativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? domeniul \uc1
\u238 ?n care aceast\uc1 \u259 ? operativitate se dovede\uc1 \u351 ?te a fi
eficient\uc1 \u259 ? : \uc1 \u8226 ? inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
concret\uc1 \u259 ? - facili-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tarea adapt\uc1 \u259 ?
rii la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii concrete ; \uc1 \u8226 ? inte-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? abstract\uc1 \u259 ? - operarea predilect\uc1 \u259 ? cu
simboluri \uc1 \u351 ?i concepte; descoperirea as-pectelor esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale
\uc1 \u351 ?i cauzal-abstracte; \uc1 \u8226 ? inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1
\u259 ? - orientarea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un c\uc1 \u226 ?mp social,
surprinderea as-pectelor esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
interperso-nale, acomodarea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? la modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile acestor
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii. J. Piaget aduce o contri-bu\uc1 \u355 ?ie important\uc1 \u259 ?
la problema dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n
ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ?, stabilind cele patru stadii ale evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei: 1.- senzorio-motor, 2.- preoperator, 3.- de operare
concret\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i 4.- de opera-re formal\uc1 \u259 ?, consider\uc1
\u226 ?nd-o \uc1 \u171 ?o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre organism \uc1 \u351 ?
i lucruri\uc1 \u187 ?. Termenul \uc1 \u238 ?n sine este un termen generic,
desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd formele superioare de organizare sau de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 echilibrare a
structurilor cognitive. Ea nu opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin analogie, ci prin
induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Caracteristicile inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Piaget
sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? sesizarea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? combinarea unor
elemente stocate an-terior \uc1 \u238 ?n formule noi cu eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a
rezolutiv\uc1 \u259 ? crescut\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? orientarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
com-prehensiunea situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor noi cu ela-borarea strategiilor de
rezolvare, rever-sibilitatea construc\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonarea
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u238 ?n mod flexibil \uc1 \u351 ?i fluid.
Modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?ei determinate patologic apar \uc1 \u238 ?n : \uc1 \u8226 ? debilitatea
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (oprire \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea intelectului), prin care
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a va fi sever \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifi-cativ redus\uc1 \u259 ?,
pierderea fiind ireversibi-l\uc1 \u259 ? ; \uc1 \u8226 ? sindroame psihoorganice,
deterio-rare grav\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sever\uc1 \u259 ?, ireversibil\uc1
\u259 ? ; \uc1 \u8226 ? psi-hoze cu remisiuni realizate la un anumit stadiu
defectual; \uc1 \u8226 ? alte cate-gorii de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu o func\uc1
\u355 ?ionalitate defectuoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sens adaptativ, ea fiind un
instrument al tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351 ?i. R. Zazzo
recomanda: \uc1 \u171 ?S\uc1 \u259 ? te serve\uc1 \u351 ?ti inteligent de
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u187 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul de a nu fi
niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? conceput\uc1 \u259 ? univoc \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? nu fie
supus\uc1 \u259 ? unor asocieri sau disocieri exclusiviste. Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?
a \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i spore\uc1 \u351 ?te for\uc1 \u355 ?a urc\uc1 \u226 ?nd
de la un nivel de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere la altul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? for\uc1 \u355 ?a transformatoare prin
biruirea dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor cognitive, prin cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te-
re aprofundat\uc1 \u259 ?, prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune constructi-v\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i rezolvare de probleme.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? - (coeficient) }{\fs18 \dbch
m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea prin teste standardizate a inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? raportul dintre v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
(V.M.) \uc1 \u351 ?i cea cronologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nmul\uc1 \u355 ?it cu}
\langfenp1048 100: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Q.l. = ^^x }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 100(coeficientul inte-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lectual - Q.I.). No\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea este introdus\uc1 \u259 ? de W. Stern (1912) \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
comple-mentar\uc1 \u259 ? cu conceptul de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 (V.M.) propus d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e A. Binet. Orice per-soan\uc1 \u259 ? care
ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine la testul de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? un coeficient de
100 este normal, sau mediu pentru v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta sa. \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1
\u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care V.M. este sub V.C., inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a lui este
sub nivel normal. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? scara Stanfor - Binet, Q.I. ar reprezenta urm\uc1
\u259 ?-toarele nivele de dezvoltare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?: 1 - 25 = idiot; 25 -
50 = imbecil; 50 - 70 = debil mintal, 70 - 80 = limita subnormalului; 90 - 100 =
normal; 100 -120 = superior; 120 - 140 = peste superior; 140 \uc1 \u351 ?i mai mult
= dotat excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Inteligibil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cea ce poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?eles sau descifrat prin semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, prin reducere la un
model intelectual de care dispune persoana sau constituit ad - hoc. Este opus
neinteligibilului, de ne\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles mo-mentan \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar
dup\uc1 \u259 ? eforturi \uc1 \u238 ?ndelun-gate; cea ce se sustrage unei abord\uc1
\u259 ?ri directe, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intensitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ?
generic\uc1 \u259 ? de for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? proprie a unui obiect sau proces
psihic, fizic; m\uc1 \u259 ?rime tensional\uc1 \u259 ? sau ener-getic\uc1 \u259 ?
variabil\uc1 \u259 ? cantitativ \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ (Bergson).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inten\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? spre un
obiectiv, care presupune un grad supe-rior de elaborare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, care
desem-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? calitatea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de a crea reali-
tatea obiectului proiectat \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?. Inten\uc1 \u355 ?ia reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? segmentul voluntar, afectiv \uc1
\u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, proiectat, prefigurat sau anticipat, care este
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat de procesele motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i
intelective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Personalitatea, gradul de coeziu-ne a Eului, condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de mediu \uc1
\u351 ?i socia-le, favorabile sau nefaste, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
realizarea inten\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate }{\fs18 \dbch
calificativ pentru orice demers volu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntar, orientat con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-
ent. Inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea implic\uc1 \u259 ? responsa-bilitatea persoanei
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de actele sau comportamentele manifestate \uc1 \u238 ?n
diver-se circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Caracterul aberant,
ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional al actelor unor persoane indic\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri psihice grave, confirmate de expertiza psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ? sau de procedura
legal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul ei
este in func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de starea de luciditate a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile normale sau
deviante ale infractorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Inter }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element de compunere ca}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re
introduce semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?ntre", \uc1 \u8222 ?
reci-proc", sau referirea la o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie median\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interac\uc1 \u355 ?ionism
\langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre ele-mentele realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd influen\uc1 \u355 ?a-rea reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i variabile dependen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntre elemente, cea ce
explic\uc1 \u259 ? caracte-rul unitar, sistematic \uc1 \u351 ?i dialectic al
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile de interac\uc1 \u355 ?ionism \uc1 \u351
?i interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt directe sau mijlo-cite, simple sau
complexe, accidentale sau necesare. Fenomenele psihice sunt rezultatul
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?i interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?ei dintre
subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i obiect, dintre persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1
\u355 ?iile pe care le \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te, fiind
influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de aspectele ce-le mai semnificative ale acestor
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care sunt interpretate specific. Sistemul psihic uman este
domeniul predilect al celor mai str\uc1 \u226 ?nse subiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i complexe
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune evocativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = personalita-tea
fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei persoane evoc\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri distincte
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cele ale altora. Interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
evocativ\uc1 \u259 ? intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite momente \uc1 \u351 ?i aspecte
ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii: persoa-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 nele binevoitoare, evoc\uc1 \u259 ? un mediu bine-voitor}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , iar
persoanele ostile, un mediu ostil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune proactiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este un proces
prin care oamenii devin agen\uc1 \u355 ?i activi ai dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii propriei
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Impor-tan\uc1 \u355 ?a acestor tipuri de
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune perso-nalitate - mediu se modific\uc1 \u259 ? de-a lungul
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Intercunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un tip de societate caracterizat prin
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii indivi-duale \uc1 \u8222 ?de la om la om", \uc1 \u238 ?n care
fiecare membru \uc1 \u238 ?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te pe to\uc1 \u355 ?i ceilal\uc1
\u355 ?i, con-vie\uc1 \u355 ?uind \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-logia social\uc1 \u259 ?,
termenul se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o form\uc1 \u259 ? de comunicare
extralingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? (axiologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cognitiv-
perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ?). In grup se cunosc unii pe al\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i se
cunosc pe \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?i. Intercunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
include date direct observabile (postura, gestica, mimica, vestimenta\uc1 \u355 ?
ia), tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi ascunse ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, conduite rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (expresiv - verbale, atitudinale) roluri
\uc1 \u351 ?i statute, etc. Motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia procesului de intercunoa\uc1 \u351
?tere poate rezulta din trebuin-\uc1 \u355 ?a de afirmare de sine, din nevoia de
schimb informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, din dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de confirmare a celor din
jur a valorii personale, din nevoia de afiliere \uc1 \u351 ?i de varia\uc1 \u355 ?
ie rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Rezultatele cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-terii
celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt raportate la modele mentale tipice, reprezent\uc1
\u226 ?nd standarde rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionale socio-culturale \uc1 \u351 ?i morale.
Intercunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea este fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea
integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii de sine, psihosoci-ale sau profesionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18
restric\uc1 \u355 ?ie impus\uc1 \u259 ? satisfa-cerii unor categorii de
dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e ale exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei unei persoane, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport
cu diver-sele domenii ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n care
tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?-te. Interdic\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a apare \uc1 \u238 ?n
plan social, sub}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 forma
legilor care reglementeaz\uc1 \u259 ? con-duitele \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?
iile interumane. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens, interdic\uc1 \u355 ?iile sociale au o
relativ\uc1 \u259 ? stabilitate, evolu\uc1 \u226 ?nd totu\uc1 \u351 ?i sub presiu-
nea dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii social - istorice. \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hologie pot avea
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie interdic-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fie un obstacol intervenit
\uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i, fie propria atitu-dine de reorganizare a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor sale,
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia Supaeului, ca instan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cenzur\uc1 \u259 ?, echivalent\uc1 \u259 ? cu con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a moral\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Severitatea exagerat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n aplica-rea interdic\uc1 \u355 ?iilor determin\uc1 \u259 ?
deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atitudinea subiectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie poate fi supl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
nor-malului \uc1 \u351 ?i variabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie,
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de intensitatea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor mintale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interes }
\langfenp1048 = categorie motiv}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? care reune\uc1
\u351 ?te: trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, influen\uc1 \u355 ?e, scopuri
\uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o raporta-re activa a persoanei al un
obiect anume (fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, lucru, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, domeniu)
dup\uc1 \u259 ? un criteriu utilitar \uc1 \u351 ?i de satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Interesul presupune o coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile interne \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele ex-
terne. Conceptul de interes implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i modelele culturale.
Interesul este p\uc1 \u226 ?r-ghie, mobil al oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui progres, de aceea
principala sarcin\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii instructiv
educativ\uc1 \u259 ? nu este exploatarea intereselor, ci formarea la supraveghe-rea
lor (av\uc1 \u226 ?nd oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii) p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la stabili-
rea lor. Sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea, stingerea intereselor se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
disocierea componentei motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i cea cognitiv\uc1
\u259 ?, ceea ce duce la involu\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
termen de accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni diferite \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse domenii ale \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd at\uc1 \u226 ?t suprapunerea \uc1
\u351 ?i com-binarea de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
procese,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fenomene, etc, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i efectul
deformant, negativ, al unor deprinderi mai vechi asupra unora noi, \uc1 \u238 ?n
formare. Interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a deprinderilor este opus\uc1 \u259 ? transferului
po-zitiv, (deprinderile de conducere auto, de scriere la calculator, de pilotare a
avi-oanelor, de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are a unei limbi str\uc1
\u259 ?ine \uc1 \u351 ?i limba matern\uc1 \u259 ? etc). Anumite structuri
comportamentale puternic consolidate \uc1 \u351 ?i automatizate (mentalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i, convingeri \uc1 \u238 ?n-vechite, atitudini perimate, inadecvate),
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? negativ formarea de noi conduite sau
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Interiorizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = uzual, procedeu al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihice de a se deconecta de obiectele din ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; rela\uc1
\u355 ?iile intersubiective sunt transformate \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii
intrasubiecti-ve; rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre Supraeu \uc1 \u351 ?i Eu.
Interiori-zarea poate evolua anormal p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la autism. Orice
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie executat\uc1 \u259 ? practic \uc1 \u351 ?i eficient,
reprezentat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reprodus\uc1 \u259 ? apoi verbal, \uc1
\u238 ?n final se poate modela mintal, \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?nd. J. Piaget
\uc1 \u351 ?i L. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i explic\uc1 \u259 ?
prin interiorizare apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia opera\uc1 \u355 ?i-ilor intelectuale. Ele
devin ulterior anti-cipative exterioriz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n comporta-
ment.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intermiten\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui pro-ces ce
se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrerupe periodic, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? frecven\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de apari\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n formele clinice
maniaco-depresive, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii optico-vizuale \uc1
\u351 ?i audi-tive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Intermodal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau de personalitate, spre deosebire de rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
sau interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile din\uc1 \u259 ?untrul unei anu-mite modalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i, care sunt calificate ca intramodale}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interocep\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18
sensibilitate visceral\uc1 \u259 ?, organic\uc1 \u259 ?, format\uc1 \u259 ? din
totalitatea senza-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor care iau na\uc1 \u351 ?tere la nivelul orga-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nismelor
interne (Ch. Sherrington 1906). Analizatorii interni sunt repre-zenta\uc1 \u355 ?i
prin termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile nervoase mieli-nice \uc1 \u351 ?i amielinice,
aferente, care culeg \uc1 \u351 ?i transmit inpulsurile. Aceste verigi aferente ale
mecanismelor reflexe sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n exclusivitate \uc1 \u238 ?n nervii
parasimpatici. Fibrele de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? a doua verig\uc1 \u259 ? com-
ponent\uc1 \u259 ?, cea de transmisie a analizato-rului visceral.
Reprezentan\uc1 \u355 ?a cortical\uc1 \u259 ? cuprinde girusul postcentral central
la-teral \uc1 \u351 ?i partea median\uc1 \u259 ? a cortexului somatosenzorial. (W.
Renfield \uc1 \u351 ?i Rasmussen 1950).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interogatoriu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dialog care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
culegerea de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii; \uc1 \u238 ?n partea medi-cal\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? sinonim cu }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anam-nez\uc1
\u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile asupra antecedente-lor personale,
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia simptomelor, a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-prinse, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interpolare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = introducere din
afar\uc1 \u259 ? a unor elemente \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit context; procedeu de
reunire a experien\uc1 \u355 ?elor; se constat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n memorie
constructiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1
\u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interpretare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate intelectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
de stabilire a unor semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i sensuri; \uc1 \u8226 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere discursiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau decodificare
conceptual\uc1 \u259 ?, sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?; este ce de-a IV-a faz\uc1 \u259 ? a
procesului perceptiv, prin care perceptul este integrat verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i
semnificat categorial. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logic\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se
precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei formule cu argumente din dome-
niul respectiv. Poate fi definit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca un procedeu de
reducere \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a amintirilor
utile sau a tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i as-pira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor reputate.
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihoze sistemati-zate poate avea loc \uc1 \u351 ?i o interpretare
delirant\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care de\uc1 \u351 ?i se pleca de la o}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie
real\uc1 \u259 ?, un fapt exact, prin inter-mediul induc\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sau
deduc\uc1 \u355 ?iilor erona-te, cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? o semnifica\uc1 \u355
?ie specific\uc1 \u259 ? bolna-vului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interpsihic (intersubiectiv) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rezultant\uc1
\u259 ? a comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii dintre
oameni, dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i grup, constitui-t\uc1 \u259 ? sub forma unor
con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi psihice, de natur\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv-
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, valoric-normativ\uc1 \u259 ?, volitiv\uc1
\u259 ?, etc, \uc1 \u238 ?n care Eurile se contopesc \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o identitate
spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? supraindividual\uc1 \u259 ?. Legat\uc1 \u259 ? de
intercomunicarea uman\uc1 \u259 ?, intersubiectivi-tatea anuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
neantul, singur\uc1 \u259 ?tatea \uc1 \u238 ?n care fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele s-ar afla,
dac\uc1 \u259 ? ele nu \uc1 \u351 ?i-ar g\uc1 \u259 ?si modalitatea de reflectare
una \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-alta, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o continu\uc1 \u259 ? dinamic\uc1
\u259 ?. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile intrapsihice se deosebesc de cele introsu-biective,
prin raporturile interne \uc1 \u238 ?n care diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
propriile subiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt fire\uc1 \u351 ?ti (cele
intersubiective se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile intime, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i la interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?ele dintre diferitele procese,
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii). Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile intersubiective stau la baza cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii sau a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei interperso-nale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interviu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1
\u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ? de interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
comunicarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ? interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?. Este asem\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?tor cu dialo-gul
(interogarea) dar nu se confund\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i legate de sprijinul
domeniilor de activitate c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de obiectivele urm\uc1
\u259 ?rite, de num\uc1 \u259 ?rul participan\uc1 \u355 ?ilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Poate fi individual sau de grup;
poate fi liber sau structurat, dirij}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 at, bazat pe un plan de \uc1
\u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri (ordine stric\uc1 \u259 ?, ca la chestionar); dup\uc1
\u259 ? scopul urm\uc1 \u259 ?rit poate fi clinic, subordonat cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
psihodi-agnozei, psihoterapiei (de sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere, su-gestiv, catedric), de
consolidare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? sau profesional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
Intoleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = term}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 en cu dou\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1
\u355 ?i-uni: \uc1 \u8226 ? prima semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o atitudine lipsi-t\uc1
\u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?duin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de
toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? atitudine into-lerant\uc1 \u259 ? se
situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele normali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
dictat\uc1 \u259 ? de normele morale, cultu-rale, religioase. \uc1 \u8226 ? O
alt\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie se ma-nifest\uc1 \u259 ? atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
lipsa de toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? apare pe fondul incapacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale, care \uc1 \u238 ?mpinge subiectul s\uc1 \u259 ?
comit\uc1 \u259 ? acte de violen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva celor care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? opinii
diferite sau afirm\uc1 \u259 ? atitudini contrare, declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
o atitudine de respingere. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1
\u238 ?n structuri psihorigide, incapabile de mo-dul\uc1 \u259 ?ri, de \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i acceptarea unor puncte de vedere diferite
(paranoicul).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Intona\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modula\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale vocii, \uc1
\u238 ?nde-plinind o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie expresiv\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?ntrebare,
rug\uc1 \u259 ?minte, amenin\uc1 \u355 ?are), care poate ajunge p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la conturarea unei semnifi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii paraverbale. Mijloc
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajului muzical. Tatiana Slama
Cazacu consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? intona\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi un \uc1
\u8222 ?comutator de sens". B. Shaw spune c\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? o sut\uc1
\u259 ? de feluri de a spune \uc1 \u8222 ?nu" \uc1 \u351 ?i o mie de a spune
\uc1 \u8222 ?da" dup\uc1 \u259 ? intona\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intra }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element de compunere care in-
troduce semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de \uc1 \u8222 ?intern", \uc1 \u8222 ?inte-rior".}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intrapsihic
(conflict) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanism pre-supus a sta la baza unor tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de tip nevrotic, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd o permanent\uc1 \u259 ? tensi-
une \uc1 \u238 ?ntre instan\uc1 \u355 ?ele: Eu, Supraeu \uc1 \u351 ?i Sine.
Cazurile Eului reu\uc1 \u351 ?esc s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mpie-dice
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile care-\uc1 \u351 ?i au geneza \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
pulsional\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n modelul etico-socio-cultural, relu\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-le, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a le pu-tea rezolva. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie duce la acumularea unor energii intrapsihice,}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care,
dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu sunt sublimate, genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? nevroza.}{\fs20 \dbch
Inrrapsihic (infraliminar) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atribut ata-}{\fs18
\uc1 \u351 ?at oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui con\uc1 \u355 ?inut, proces sau fenomen psihic,
care nu atinge pragul de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau care scap\uc1 \u259 ?
din c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei; sinonim cu \uc1 \u8222 ?
infracon\uc1 \u351 ?tient" (Buroloud) sau \uc1 \u8222 ?subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tient".}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intrare }{\fs18
termen ce apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine teoriei comunica\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?a me-diului extern asupra unui segment al
unui sistem. Utilizarea lui din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai mult \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie-psihiatrie este justificat\uc1 \u259 ?, deoarece \uc1 \u238 ?
nsemn\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie obligatorie de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare, at\uc1
\u226 ?t cantita-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ\uc1
\u259 ?, consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd percep-\uc1 \u355 ?ia poart\uc1 \u259 ? de
intrare \uc1 \u238 ?n sistem.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 Introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vedre orientat\uc1 \u259 ? spre
inte-rior (Jung) o conduit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n retragere, inte-riorizare,
repliere; \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu extro-spec\uc1 \u355 ?ia, care este
orientarea \uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1 \u259 ? spre lumea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.
Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia de sine, con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine \uc1
\u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a despre lume sunt de nedesp\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?it, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile subiecti-ve sunt legate de
cele obiective. A\uc1 \u351 ?adar, introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ia ca autopercepere
legat\uc1 \u259 ? de autocunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, constituie o latur\uc1 \u259 ?
nece-sar\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice. In fapt, cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea de sine este mult mai dificil\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea lumii obiective. Intro-spec\uc1 \u355 ?ia se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?rile proprii con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiente spre deosebire de as-pecte patologice (schizoide, obsesive, \uc1 \u238 ?n
care imaginea de sine este fals\uc1 \u259 ?, eronat\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ie
provocat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? ex-perimental\uc1 \u259 ?
ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n supunerea unui subiect, unei stimul\uc1 \u259 ?
ri definite, care comport\uc1 \u259 ? un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns sau o sarcin\uc1
\u259 ? de-terminat\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se cere s\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i expun\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rile}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiect}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ive \uc1 \u351
?i r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurile sale retro-spectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Introversiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orientare tipic\uc1 \u259 ? a cu-
no\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei c\uc1 \u259 ?tre propriul Eu, predomina-re a
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de a examina desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
suflete\uc1 \u351 ?ti, de a se \uc1 \u238 ?nchide \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, negli-
j\uc1 \u226 ?nd lumea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? (exteroversiunii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intuitiv }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce se produce
simultan \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu discursiv; o reflectare concret\uc1
\u259 ? a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Ca
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de personalitate se men\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?: independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, nonconfro-mism,
fantezie, \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre un anumit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 domeniu,
\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i mai
reduse de verbalizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere perceptiv\uc1
\u259 ?, nemijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? de ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament, spontan\uc1 \u259 ?,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea demersului induc-tiv. Este
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? stadiului al II-lea al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
ontogenetice, al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?-rii intelectuale (2-6 ani), de\uc1 \u351 ?i se
mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la adult. Se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n ac-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ia de intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? la toate persoanele, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n grade diferite,
fiind determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de factori constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionali \uc1 \u351 ?i de
mediu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Inventic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? nou\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihologiei care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de studiul sistematic al procesului
inven\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i al condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor care
faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? creativitatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inven\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = realizarea a ceva nou,
ca un adaos la cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele existente, o form\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? a inova\uc1 \u355 ?iei, care implic\uc1 \u259 ? ori-
ginalitate \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul creativ, ingeniozi-tate; presupune combinarea
mijloacelor \uc1 \u351 ?i cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, o sintez\uc1 \u259 ?
combinatorie \uc1 \u351 ?i structurant\uc1 \u259 ?, prin care se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? o nou\uc1 \u259 ? structur\uc1 \u259 ? coerent\uc1 \u259 ?, func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Este recunoscut rolul imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?
n procesul inven\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentul fiind un mijloc de
control \uc1 \u351 ?i de justificare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Inv}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ersiune afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este un
r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns afectiv aberant, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? de obicei o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? ne-gativ\uc1
\u259 ?, de du\uc1 \u351 ?m\uc1 \u259 ?nie, dispre\uc1 \u355 ?, ostilitate
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de persoane pe care \uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal ar trebui
s\uc1 \u259 ? le iubeasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? aprecieze
(p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i, fra\uc1 \u355 ?i, copii) \uc1 \u351 ?i
dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?s-punde
cu bun\uc1 \u259 ? dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie la o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
nefavorabil\uc1 \u259 ?. Face parte din paratimii \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n mod frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n delirul de
gelozie, schizofrenie, parafrenie \uc1 \u351 ?i paranoia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Investi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conceptul
pune \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ideea c\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare
subiect are la dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? cantitate de energie
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, pe care o repartizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355
?in propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale cu lumea
\uc1 \u351 ?i cu sine. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? reparti\uc1 \u355 ?ie creeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
o veritabil\uc1 \u259 ? balan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? energetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre diferitele investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Invidie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
= stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? negativ\uc1 \u259 ? a unei }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoane fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de alt\uc1 \u259 ?
persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, declan\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
aceasta dore\uc1 \u351 ?te s\uc1 \u259 ? intre \uc1 \u238 ?n posesia a ceva ce-i
apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine celeilalte }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3
\expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1
\u351 ?te sentimentul de frustrare, de priva-\uc1 \u355 ?iune). Invidia
genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? tensiune emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nal\uc1
\u259 ?, r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ivalitate. Ea poate provoca gelozie, }
\langfenp1048 dar este anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? geloziei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Involuntar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procese, mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, reflexe necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, care se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oa-r\uc1 \u259 ? neinten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat, f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? efort volitiv \uc1 \u351 ?i f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? control
cognitiv. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile in-voluntare \uc1 \u351 ?i
activitatea voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? raporturi complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i
multilaterale. Ma-joritatea proceselor psihice (memorie, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie) pot avea \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea lor un caracter voluntar \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau par\uc1
\u355 ?ial involuntar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = regresiune a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i structurale a unor organe \uc1
\u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iuni; regresiuni consecutive unei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii;
instalarea insidioas\uc1 \u259 ?, dar constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
ireversibil\uc1 \u259 ? a unui proces de regresie, care se accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ?
odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?naintarea \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ? (perioade de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1
\u355 ?e). Procesul de invo-lu\uc1 \u355 ?ie se produce diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de particlarit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile biopsihice
ale fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei persoane, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile ambientale particulare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ipohondrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
= stare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? anormal\uc1 \u259 ?, ca-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o preocupare exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 a cuiva fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria-i s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?tate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Frica obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ? de a nu se \uc1 \u238 ?
mboln\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vi, interpretarea unor senza\uc1
\u355 ?ii organice banale, ca fiind semnele unor boli grave, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 convingerea nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ? a pierderii s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, sunt forme de
manifestare a ipohon-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 drului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ipostaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desprins de c}{\fs18
onota\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale mistice, termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
zilele noastre orice fa\uc1 \u355 ?et\uc1 \u259 ? sau modalitate dis-tinct\uc1
\u259 ? de manifestare a aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i obiect sau aceleia\uc1 \u351 ?i
persoane \uc1 \u238 ?n decursul exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei sale dinamice, variate. Se
poate asem\uc1 \u259 ?na diversibilitatea ipostazelor unei persoane cu nenum\uc1
\u259 ?rate cli\uc1 \u351 ?ee ale unui film, care \uc1 \u238 ?n totalitate, dup\uc1
\u259 ? modul de asamblare, pot oferi reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita sau e\uc1 \u351 ?e-cul
filmului existen\uc1 \u355 ?ial. In normalitate, bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u351 ?i varietatea ipostazelor confer\uc1 \u259 ? unei persoane
particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i distincte care o situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la unul
dintre nivelele valorice general umane. \uc1 \u238 ?n boala psihi-c\uc1 \u259 ? se
produce o tulburare grav\uc1 \u259 ?, at\uc1 \u226 ?t cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? persoana tranzitor sau perma-nent.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ipotez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = presupunere (ansamblu de
presupuneri) care, pe baza unor f}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apte cunoscute asupra rela\uc1
\u355 ?iei dintre anumi-te fenomene \uc1 \u351 ?i a cauzelor determinate,
enun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? o explica\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Ipoteza poate fi}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 confirmat\uc1 \u259 ?
ulterior cu argumente certe sau poate r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne la stadiul de
ipoteza, confruntarea cu faptele primare fiind imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Unele
teorii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice se contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? ini\uc1 \u355 ?
ial sub forma unor ipoteze prin care se concepe o interpretare posi-bil\uc1
\u259 ?, a unor acumul\uc1 \u259 ?ri de fapte empirice. Concluziile ce decurg din
acea ipotez\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie necontradictorii cu adev\uc1
\u259 ?-ruri verificate care s\uc1 \u259 ? le infirme; ipoteza trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ? fie competitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu alte ipoteze, s\uc1
\u259 ? explice tot at\uc1 \u226 ?t de bine faptele ca \uc1 \u351 ?i ipotezele
concurente. Verifi-carea lor nu se poate reduce la un singur experiment.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iradiere }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lege a
dinamicii nervoase ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea proceselor de exci-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de la un
centru nervos \uc1 \u238 ?n zonele nervoase \uc1 \u238 ?nvecinate. Maximum de
iradiere a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?l reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? furia
paroxistic\uc1 \u259 ?, iar maximum de iradiere a inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u238 ?l reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? somnul. Iradierea st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza form\uc1
\u259 ?rii leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor nervoase temporare, deci a reflexelor
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate. Dinamica iradierii condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
excita-bilitatea, mobilitatea, iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Ivanov Smolenski a introdus
termenul de iradie-re selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a desemna rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia din-
tre semnalele corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de gr. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 II. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astfel cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul actualizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
imaginea adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i invers.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Irascibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens strict
fiziologic, define\uc1 \u351 ?te o excitabilitate crescut\uc1 \u259 ?, care
presupune o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
in-tensitatea stimulului. La nivel psihologic se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin reac\uc1
\u355 ?ii afectiv-negative, care modific\uc1 \u259 ? echilibrul emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, cu apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de nemul\uc1 \u355 ?umire, a
unor atitudini de respingere a altora; lipsit de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cei din jur. Toate acestea exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o
atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-cordat\uc1 \u259 ?, ap\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, de tensiune, opus\uc1 \u259 ? calmului, bunei dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Irascibilitatea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 este specific\uc1 \u259 ? personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
dizar-monice; tip excitabil, nevrotic, care anuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? calitatea de a fi
maleabil, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleg\uc1 \u259 ?tor cu cei din jur. Este un
para-metru frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n psihozele paranoide, discord}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ante,
afective, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea ce nu se supune logicii, sau ce este
inaccesibil explica\uc1 \u355 ?iei ra\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
afective sunt considerate de Th. Ribot ca fiind preponderent ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.
Jung descrie tipul ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional, a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei reglare
comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? este do-minat\uc1 \u259 ? de iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
instinct, afectivitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diferite grade de ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional sunt de-}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tectate \uc1 \u238 ?n supersti\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?
i credin\uc1 \u355 ?e religioa-se, dar mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
rile psihice, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 culmin\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu delirul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iresponsabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch
incapacitatea cuiva de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege libertatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
necesitatea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul legilor obiective de
dezvoltare a societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elege \uc1 \u351 ?i a aprecia consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele faptelor sale, atunci
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd ele ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? contrar aces-tor legi.
Conceptul de iresponsabilitate constituie versantul juridic al no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
de discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt abolit (pierdut). Res-ponsabilitatea
echivaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt
p\uc1 \u259 ?strat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ireversibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (contrar revenirii);
evenimente irepetabile \uc1 \u238 ?n care este ex-clus\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitatea
revenirii lor \uc1 \u238 ?n starea lor ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?; sunt
evenimente supuse unor transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri definitive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iritabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate
a materiei vii, (anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii) de a
reac-\uc1 \u355 ?iona la excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile exterioare. La nivel psihologic
indic\uc1 \u259 ? labilitatea cu care iau na\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? afectele (mai ales m\uc1 \u226 ?nia, furia), \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de expresii mimice \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentale corespun-
z\uc1 \u259 ?toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Ironie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de agresivitate verbal\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care enun\uc1 \u355 ?ul manifestat ascunde semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ii latente diferite de mesajul verbal propriu-zis. Cel \uc1 \u238 ?n
cauz\uc1 \u259 ? ridiculi-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? atitudini, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
persoane. Ironia presupune inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? manifestat\uc1 \u259 ?
prin surprinderea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a datelor situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau persoanei pe
care o vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate avea o urmare educativ\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?
nd inten\uc1 \u355 ?ia celui care ironizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? este constructiv\uc1
\u259 ?. Ironia \uc1 \u351 ?i umorul sunt calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale
caracterului, contribuind la o bun\uc1 \u259 ? adaptare a indivi-dului.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Isterie }{\fs18 \dbch
form\uc1 \u259 ? de nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
hiperexpresivitate somatic\uc1 \u259 ? a idei-lor, a imaginilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a
efectelor incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ente. De\uc1 \u351 ?i boala a fost descris\uc1
\u259 ? de Hipocrate \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din antichitate, abia la sf\uc1
\u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul sec. al XVl-lea a fost conturat\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259
?tre Charcot, care precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? a\uc1 \u351 ?a nu-mitele \uc1 \u8222 ?
crize de isterie" cu o simptoma-tologie precis\uc1 \u259 ?, survenind la intervale
precise. O caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? aparte este ma-rea sugestibilitate; este o
boal\uc1 \u259 ? lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de un substrat neuronal sau organic, inclus\uc1
\u259 ? prin sugestie \uc1 \u351 ?i susceptibil\uc1 \u259 ? de a dispare prin
persuasiune (contrasugestive) (Ba-binski).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunt mai multe forme de isterie: \uc1 \u8226 ? de
conversie, unde conflictul psihic se ex-prim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n simptome
somatice (paralizii, anestezii, nod \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?t); \uc1 \u8226 ? de
angoas\uc1 \u259 ?, a c\uc1 \u259 ?-rei simptom central este fobia; \uc1 \u8226 ?
de ap\uc1 \u259 ?-rare contra reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rilor ce i-ar produ-ce st\uc1
\u259 ?ri afective negative; \uc1 \u8226 ? hipnoid\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? de reten\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1 \u351 ?i isterie colectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o colecti-vitate izolat\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Isteroid }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracter psihologic \uc1 \u238 ?n
care reg\uc1 \u259 ?sim \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o form\uc1 \u259 ? atenuat\uc1 \u259 ?
principa-lele tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de personalitate ale isteri-cilor:
emotivitate, sugestibilitate, seduc-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ie, egocentrism, dependen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Istoria psihologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = devenirea is}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toric\uc1
\u259 ? a cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice a psihicului
\uc1 \u351 ?i a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este de mare importan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a se cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te reconstituirea treptat\uc1 \u259 ? a
nenum\uc1 \u259 ?ratelor faze, ipoteze, confrun-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri, demonstra\uc1
\u355 ?ii, pe care le implic\uc1 \u259 ? geneza psihologiei ca \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? explicati-v\uc1 \u259 ?. Se recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te o perioad\uc1
\u259 ? de preisto-rie a psihologiei sau de psihologie pre-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?, din cele mai vechi timpuri de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?
spiritual\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind legat\uc1 \u259 ? de dezvoltarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii
filosofice. La ju-m\uc1 \u259 ?tatea sec. XIX debuteaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin adoptarea unei metodologii \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?i-fice, obiective \uc1 \u351 ?i experimentale, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
principii cu valabilitate de legi \uc1 \u351 ?i un obiect de cercetare: omul, cu
structura sa interioar\uc1 \u259 ?, Sistemul Psihic Uman (S. P. U.), omul cu
faptele \uc1 \u351 ?i interela\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale \uc1 \u238 ?n societate, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u355 ?elul form\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
(vezi \uc1 \u8222 ?Drama psihologi-ei" de Vasile Pavelcu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Item }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element
constitutiv al unui chestionar (\uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? de atitudini), test,
inventar de personalitate; punct de ple-care care permite un rezultat codificat al
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor. De regul\uc1 \u259 ?, fiecare \uc1 \u238 ?n-trebare
dintr-un chestionar reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un item. Fiecare item corespunde unui
obiectiv bine stabilit.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Itera\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate de repetare a unor ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni. Termen folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? (referitor la
forme verbale sau propozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii temporale) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
matematic\uc1 \u259 ? (proce-deu de calcul). \uc1 \u238 ?n neurologie se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la fenomenul polichineziei, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd un tip de
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tonus cu antrena-rea automatic\uc1 \u259 ? a repet\uc1
\u259 ?rii actului. Per-severarea motorie iterativ\uc1 \u259 ? se datoreaz\uc1
\u259 ? unei anomalii. Simptomul trebuie dife-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ren\uc1 \u355 ?iat de
stereotipii, definite ca o fixare invariabil\uc1 \u259 ? a actului. Itera\uc1 \u355
?ia verbal\uc1 \u259 ? sub forma ecolaliei (repetarea \uc1 \u238 ?n ecou a fra-
zei), ca \uc1 \u351 ?i palilalia, repetarea ultimului cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt al frazei
sau al silabei (logo-clonie) se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n
demen\uc1 \u355 ?ele prese-nile, \uc1 \u238 ?n dilatarea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
sever\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Iubire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = elan psihic care ne \uc1 \u238 ?ndreapt\uc1 \u259 ? spre o
alt\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? uman\uc1 \u259 ?; iubirea cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?te toate gamele, expresiile unuia \uc1 \u351 ?i acelu-ia\uc1 \u351 ?i
ansamblu de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e (S. Freud). Ea condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
dezvoltarea sentimentului valorii. Dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a fi iubit este precoce
\uc1 \u351 ?i universal\uc1 \u259 ?. Copilul se scald\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
afecti-vitate. E un aforism verificat comporta-mental. Chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i
animalele dovedesc o astfel de trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele
\uc1 \u351 ?i om.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Izocortex (neocortex) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea ce mai evoluat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i cea mai recent ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere
filogenetic al corte-xului cerebral. La om ocup\uc1 \u259 ? 11/12 din
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o
gira\uc1 \u355 ?ie bogat\uc1 \u259 ? care-i m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a real\uc1 \u259 ?. La nivelul izocortexului homotipic se
distinge: \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul frontal, implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n acti-vitatea
psihomotorie; \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul parietal, cu rol mnezic asociativ; \uc1 \u8226 ?
tipul polar, cu rol de descompunere a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psiho-senzoriale
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Neocortexul este locul de origine a tuturor c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor
motricitatii voluntare \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i importante
din c\uc1 \u259 ?ile motri-citatii involuntare. Prin integrarea supe-rioar\uc1
\u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i proceselor psihice con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiente, neocortexul confer\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane adev\uc1 \u259 ?
ratele sale dimensiuni de fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?,
capabil\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? transforme prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, limbaj,
activitate, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, moral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
art\uc1 \u259 ?, realitatea \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Izolare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sensul cuv\uc1
\u226 ?ntului este varia-bil; se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuite de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (naufragiu,
deten\uc1 \u355 ?ie)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ii fortuite de fapt, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n
general bine suportate. Poate fi simptomul unei boli: depresie, psihastenie,
schizofre-nie. Motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia este diferit\uc1 \u259 ?: vanitate, ne\uc1
\u238 ?ncredere, pierderea elanului vital. \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o metod\uc1 \u259 ? terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?
special\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii: crize isterice
majore, farmaco-depen-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Izola\uc1 \u355 ?ionism }{\fs18
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spre ruperea contactelor cu oamenii, exprim\uc1
\u226 ?nd un mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a Eului, dezvoltat la maximum \uc1
\u238 ?n nevroza obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Izotere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = linii de egal\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilitate trasate \uc1
\u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul vizual al retinei; sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n general linii de
egal\uc1 \u259 ? acuitate. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? izotere de sensibilitate
luminoas\uc1 \u259 ? abso-lut\uc1 \u259 ? sau diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i de sensibilitate cromatic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?
nire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei adulte; caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i a performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor intelectuale. Este un fenomen
fiziologic inevitabil, care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? structura \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea organismului \uc1 \u238 ?n general, \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1
\u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirea r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne totu\uc1 \u351 ?i o stare
de s\uc1 \u259 ?-n\uc1 \u259 ?tate \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei, a
\uc1 \u8222 ?norma-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" \uc1 \u238 ?n compara\uc1 \u355 ?
ie cu senil\uc1 \u226 ?tatea, care reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o accelerare a procesului
nor-mal de senescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aristotel spunea: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?B\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1
\u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?ea este o boal\uc1 \u259 ? natural\uc1 \u259 ?", C. }{\fs18
I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Parhon: \uc1 \u8222 ?B\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?-ne\uc1 \u355 ?ea
\uc1 \u238 ?ncepe \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, dac\uc1
\u259 ? nu odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu conceperea individului", iar C. Noica: \uc1 \u8222 ?
Rostul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii nu este dec\uc1 \u226 ?t b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?-
ne\uc1 \u355 ?ea".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Criteriile de delimitare a v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor variaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la autor la
autor din punct de vedere al criteriilor. Media de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este
de asemenea subordonat\uc1 \u259 ? unui complex de factori, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre care:
sociali, economici, biologici, psihologici.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirea
poate fi mai u\uc1 \u351 ?or descris\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t definit\uc1 \u259
?. S-ar p\uc1 \u259 ?rea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul ei sunt trei etape
distincte: \uc1 \u8226 ? cli-materiul, \uc1 \u8226 ? involu\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?ea propriu-
zis\uc1 \u259 ?. Climateriul este o etap\uc1 \u259 ? cri-tic\uc1 \u259 ? de
transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale organelor genita-le (54 - 60 ani). Intervalul 61-70
cores-punde involu\uc1 \u355 ?iei progresive, iar peste 70, b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1
\u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?ea propriu - zis\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Du}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p\uc1 \u259 ? 65 de ani se instaleaz\uc1
\u259 ? sin-dromul psihoorganic cerebral vascular, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sarcinile
gerontopsihiatriei sporesc}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? ce factorii bio-sociali
se interfereaz\uc1 \u259 ? semnificativ \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul psihologic de
\uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Statutul profesional (prin mo-mentul pens}{\fs18 \dbch
ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii) \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pune amprenta pe starea
economic\uc1 \u259 ? (sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea resurse-lor), pe starea biologic\uc1
\u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?viri), pe schimbarea rolurilor \uc1 \u238 ?n
familie prin afirmarea noii genera\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pe
izola-rea celor \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? (mai ales prin
transplantul \uc1 \u238 ?n alte colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i cum ar fi:
c\uc1 \u259 ?mine de b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ni, sanatorii etc).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nu to\uc1 \u355 ?i
oamenii \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nesc la fel, iar \uc1 \u8222 ?p\uc1
\u259 ?rul alb este semnul trecerii vremii \uc1 \u351 ?i nu neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat al
bunei sale folo-siri" (Seneca). Manifestarea unor boli \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1
\u259 ? forme particulare, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de personalitatea
premorbid\uc1 \u226 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? specificitate a
st\uc1 \u259 ?rii biologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dac\uc1 \u259 ? pe plan biologic \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1
\u226 ?ni-rea aduce involu\uc1 \u355 ?ia senil\uc1 \u259 ? organelor, deficite
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (de la cele muscu-lare p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele
ale metabolismului bazai), \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirea
tisular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i celular\uc1 \u259 ? (sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
celulelor neurale \uc1 \u351 ?i prolifera-rea \uc1 \u355 ?esutului conjunctiv),
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i modi-ficarea metabolismului (apei, enzime-lor,
proteinelor), sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea consumului de oxigen, toate acestea \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport invers propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta, sub raport psihologic, \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirea
are aspecte dureroase \uc1 \u351 ?i ireversibile. Sunt afectate \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
direct intelectul \uc1 \u351 ?i personalita-tea. De\uc1 \u351 ?i este v\uc1 \u226 ?
rsta \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elepciunii \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei experien\uc1 \u355 ?e
verificate, pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea pe aceast\uc1 \u259 ? configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie
aspecte de regresie a memoriei, aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, a senzo-rialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii (v\uc1 \u259 ?z, auz, motricitate, locomo-\uc1 \u355 ?ie). C\uc1 \u226 ?t
prive\uc1 \u351 ?te procesele de opera\uc1 \u355 ?io-nalitate ale g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii, are loc diminuarea spontaneit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?
nlocuit\uc1 \u259 ? de perseverare \uc1 \u351 ?i circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?ialitate.
Are loc sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea fluxului verbal, reducerea vocabularu-lui, modificarea
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului limbajului corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor deficitului de
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scade tonusul afectiv, a
mijloacelor de investire afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri evocativ-depresive, anxioase \uc1 \u351 ?i de labilitate
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, de sc\uc1 \u259 ?dere a capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.
\uc1 \u238 ?ntrea-ga personalitate este marcat\uc1 \u259 ? prin direc-\uc1 \u355 ?
ionare introversiv\uc1 \u259 ?, prin modificarea perspectivei viitorului, prin \uc1
\u238 ?ngustarea orizontului temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i preocuparea de fenomenul
mor\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se ajunge adesea la structuri hipocondrice, negativiste, indo-
lente, cu aspecte de avari\uc1 \u355 ?ie nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?. Tendin\uc1 \u355
?a de cronicizare a acestora, lega-te direct de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i de personalitatea premorbid\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului, fac obiectul
unor preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihiatrice \uc1 \u238 ?n ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te bolile
psihice, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de personalita-te \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice, nevrozele,
psihozele, care solicit\uc1 \u259 ? preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri economice, sociale,
medicale \uc1 \u351 ?i legislative la nivelul diferi-telor \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Toate aceste
urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri nefaste ale se-nescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei pot fi ameliorate prin
terapia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ? de asigurare a unui climat
protec-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tor familial, \uc1 \u351 ?i cea medical\uc1 \u259 ?, cu un mini-mum
de medicamente \uc1 \u351 ?i maximum de m\uc1 \u259 ?suri igienice, al\uc1 \u259 ?
turi de alegerea unor ocupa\uc1 \u355 ?ii compensatorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n sine }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = la
Kant, "lucrul \uc1 \u238 ?n sine" re-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prezint\uc1
\u259 ? realitatea extrasubiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, consi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 derat\uc1 \u259 ?
ipotetic drept surs\uc1 \u259 ? a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, care de fapt r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne incog-
noscibil\uc1 \u259 ?, consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? nu reflect\uc1 \u259 ?
cu fidelitate obiectele \uc1 \u351 ?i procesele exterioa-re. Este o exprimare a
filosofiei idealiste. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 "Lucrul \uc1 \u238 ?n sine",
conceput ca realitate in-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dependent\uc1 \u259 ?, se opune fenomenului
repre-zentat prin facult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere. Cea
ce este incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat de con-\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine, exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sine.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?napoiere
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
congenital\uc1 \u259 ? a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ca-re se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o stare de \uc1 \u238 ?napoiere mo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentan\uc1 \u259 ?, dar
care poate evalua spre subnormalitate, nefiind depistat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
timp util \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?reia nu se exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune stimulatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, termenul se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
natural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i general\uc1 \u259 ? cu caracter prospectiv
privind \uc1 \u351 ?ansele de reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un an}
\langfenp1048 umit domeniu de activitate, privind valorizarea de sine.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nu trebuie confundat
cu ter-menul de voca\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau cu aptitudinea, deoarece termenul nu este
superpozabil acestora. \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ia este un vector care
preorienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? op\uc1 \u355 ?iunile individului \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1
\u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1 \u351 ?i adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
iar depista-rea lor timpurie este util\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i orientativ\uc1
\u259 ?, deoarece de ea depinde succesul perso-nal al subiectului. \uc1 \u8222 ?
Zestrea nativ\uc1 \u259 ?" sau tara congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul
ereditar, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nclina-\uc1 \u355 ?iile, dar nu \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1
\u355 ?a unor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii concrete social - educative \uc1 \u351 ?i
culturale \uc1 \u238 ?n care se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? persoana.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ncredere }{\fs18
sentiment de siguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? determinat de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i valorii propriei persoane sau
ale altora, care poate
genera \uc1 \u238 ?ndr\uc1 \u259 ?zneal\uc1 \u259 ?, decizie, reu\uc1 \u351 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Chiar \uc1 \u238 ?ncre-derea
\uc1 \u238 ?n sine, este rezultatul interiori-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii unei suite \uc1
\u238 ?ntregi de experien\uc1 \u355 ?e (reu\uc1 \u351 ?ite sau nu) legate de
autoritatea parental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, care
s\uc1 \u259 ? implice condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de valorificare \uc1 \u351 ?i exercitare
a aptitudinilor personale. At\uc1 \u226 ?t supraapre-cierea c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i subaprecierea acestora poate determina un comportament nea-decvat \uc1
\u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nd\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?tnicie }{\fs18
persisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune mintal\uc1 \u259 ? sau
material\uc1 \u259 ?; ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune care are o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie gre\uc1
\u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?. Eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? o rigidi-tate
adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? o supraapreci-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ere a for\uc1 \u355 ?elor
proprii \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu obiec-tivul, blocaje afective c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i alte particu-larit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de personalitate. Este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? persoanelor dizarmonice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?nare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinonim cu
aptitudine, capacitate, ingenio}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zitate, complex de \uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351
?iri relativ stabile care condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? realizarea cu succes
a diverselor activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i (intelectual-artistice, \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, orga-nizatorice, sportive, tehnice etc). Aces-tea se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? prin randament \uc1 \u351 ?i calitate dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?
urin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1
\u351 ?i stratificare \uc1 \u238 ?n deprinderi (automatizate). \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1
\u226 ?narea alimenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? crea\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un domeniu
oarecare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care persoana are \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?nare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n
general, \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?narea se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n adolescen\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?, dar pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?i tardiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ndoial\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = stare de incertitudine, nesigu-ran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n realitatea unui feno-men, sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-
o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?. Dificultatea de a adera la o opinie, de a lua o hot\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?re, ceea ce determin\uc1 \u259 ? o stare tensional\uc1 \u259 ?,
ex-presia unui conflict intrapsihic. \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiala este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de
lipsa unor date certe sau \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? neconsistente despre un
fenomen, o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, sau starea de oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, epui-zare
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul nu
mai are \uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n for\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale de cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?tere sau de execu\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Este o }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stare psihopatologic\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u226 ?nd ajunge s\uc1 \u259 ? domine \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? a subiec-tului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?are fizic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
este o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a pre-zen\uc1 \u355 ?ei cu efecte psihologice
determinate \uc1 \u238 ?n cea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te identitatea Sinelui. \uc1
\u238 ?n general, acest aspect trece mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizat,
de\uc1 \u351 ?i cei dezavantaja\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
independen\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i mai agresivi, mai suspecta\uc1 \u355 ?i de
adul\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 indisciplin\uc1 \u259 ?. Frumuse\uc1 \u355 ?
ea se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n genere cu o dotare mai ridicat\uc1
\u238 ?nfiere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune atestat\uc1 \u259 ? juridic printr-
un ansamblu de norme apar\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd drep-tului familiei, cu largi
implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii psiho-morale de preluare spre cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1
\u351 ?i edu-care a unui copil de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre adul\uc1 \u355 ?ii care-\uc1
\u351 ?i doresc aceasta. Statuat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din peri-
oada dreptului roman, \uc1 \u238 ?nfierea a suferit \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse etape
varia\uc1
\u355 ?ii specifice. Co-dul nostru civil a preluat sistemul adop\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
din codul francez, \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? cu modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri importante.
Articolul 66 sti-puleaz\uc1 \u259 ?: "\uc1 \u238 ?nfierea se face numai \uc1
\u238 ?n interesul \uc1 \u238 ?nfiatului", care este \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdea-una minor.
Motivele \uc1 \u238 ?nfierii sunt diver-se: economice, psiho-sociale, fiziologi-ce,
umanitare. \uc1 \u238 ?nfierea implic\uc1 \u259 ? un risc poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial de
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihopatologice \uc1 \u351 ?i
dezadaptative pentru ambele p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut }
\langfenp1048 = un defect, calitate, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire nativ\uc1 \u259
?, spre deosebire de cele dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-te \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul existen\uc1
\u355 ?ei. Instinctele sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute (de conservare, de
operare, de reproducere); deprinderile sunt do-b\uc1 \u226 ?ndite. Aspectele,
atributele \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute sunt independente de experien\uc1
\u355 ?a su-biectului, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i de antecesorii s\uc1 \u259 ?i.}
nso\uc1 \u355 ?itor imaginar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen imagi-nativ caracteristic pre}
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?colarului, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pl\uc1
\u259 ?smuirea imaginar\uc1 \u259 ? a unei fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e (persoan\uc1 \u259 ?,
animal) sau a unui obiect, c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia \uc1 \u238 ?i atribuie \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreaga gam\uc1 \u259 ? a tr\uc1 \u259 ?irilor sale afective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acest \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
itor cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? un nume, fiind de fapt \uc1 \u8222 ?a persoanei
c\uc1 \u259 ?reia copilul \uc1 \u238 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?rt\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te toate g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile intime, dorin\uc1
\u355 ?ele, suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ele, bucuriile sale. Fenomenul este mai frecvent
\uc1 \u238 ?n familii-le cu atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? perturbat\uc1 \u259 ?, ca urmare a
caren\uc1 \u355 ?ei afective fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de copil. Poate}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 genera nevroze, izolare.
Este \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? foarte prezent \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
via\uc1 \u355 ?a copiilor normal inte-gra\uc1 \u355 ?i familiar \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u351 ?colar, caracteriz\uc1 \u226 ?nd bo-g\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia
imaginativ\uc1 \u259 ? a acestei v\uc1 \u226 ?rste.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?inare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
psihologic, \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?inarea este resim\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
ca o suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ca o \uc1 \u238 ?nchi-dere \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
cerc vicios, ca nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i anxietate, lips\uc1
\u259 ? de perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?-inarea \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? separarea a ceva de pro-pria existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.
Sentimentul de \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?-inare, de nefamiliaritate a
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?ei, de nereal tr\uc1 \u259 ?it de subiectul cu mare \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?, ar fi stadiul
ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial al depersonaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii (Ribot \uc1 \u351 ?i P. Janet).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subiectul se
simte s}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tr\uc1 \u259 ?in \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o lume cu care a pierdut
contactul \uc1 \u351 ?i nu-1 poate relua, fiind ca un spectator a unor fenomene
stranii. Pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri de "deja vu", "deja connu",
evoc\uc1 \u259 ?ri mne-zice, panoramice, gener\uc1 \u226 ?nd anxietate.
Psihiatria \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
foarte frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie, depresii \uc1 \u351 ?i schi-zofrenie, ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cele de remisie a st\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor confuzionale sau
\uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de sche-m\uc1 \u259 ? corporal\uc1 \u259 ?.}
nstr\uc1 \u259 ?inarea spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n in-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fluen\uc1 \u355 ?a negativ\uc1
\u259 ? ostil\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, prin }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 idei,
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, viziuni, modele culturale, religie, care se dovedesc d\uc1
\u259 ?un\uc1 \u259 ?toare pen-tru ei, \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}
\u238 ?.s. este \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu cea econo-mic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
social\uc1 \u259 ?, cel mai tipic aspect fiind \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?inarea
religioas\uc1 \u259 ?, propagat\uc1 \u259 ? de anu-mite religii, promovate \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul existen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei personale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
mituri despre existen\uc1 \u355 ?a dup\uc1 \u259 ? moarte. \uc1 \u238 ?.s. \uc1
\u355 ?ine de cultu-r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nu trebuie confundat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
\uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?ina-rea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, de ordin psihopatologic.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \li24 \ri0 \sb197 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire psihic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = component\uc1 \u259 ? a perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii relativ constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n conduite, caracteristic\uc1
\u259 ? a unei persoane. Prin ele se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proiecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afar\uc1
\u259 ? psihicul \uc1 \u238 ?n mod spontan. Ele sunt tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
turile de fond ale persoanei, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o latur\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, una formal\uc1 \u259 ? (de manifestare) \uc1 \u351 ?i
alta de con\uc1 \u355 ?inut (cognitiv - afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i moral\uc1
\u259 ?). Corelarea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mbinarea lor conduce la conturarea
profilului personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351 ?irile
psihice pot fi clasificate \uc1 \u238 ?n trei categorii, fiecare reprezent\uc1
\u226 ?nd un sub-sistem al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii: \uc1 \u8226 ?
tempera-mentul, \uc1 \u8226 ? aptitudinile \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? caracterul.}
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii); tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
ce apar dup\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? traum\uc1 \u259 ? psihogen\uc1
\u259 ?. Pre-lucrarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, posterioar\uc1 \u259 ? momen-tului
traumatizant, este \uc1 \u238 ?n general lega-t\uc1 \u259 ? de momentul
psihotraumatizant; al-teori apare modificat prin prelucrarea intern\uc1 \u259 ?.
Prognoza acestor reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-ziate este mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in favorabil\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de reac\uc1 \u355
?iile imediate, deoarece acestea sunt mai bine fixate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = este posibil ca la om s\uc1 \u259 ? intervin\uc1 \u259 ? o
discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? calitativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre forma de
afectivitate actualizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Autoreglajul emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional, dac\uc1 \u259 ? es-te inadecvat,
duce la inadaptare, feno-men semnalat de P. Janet care a descris cazuri \uc1
\u238 ?n care subiectul, neg\uc1 \u259 ?sind cale de ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire, este
cuprins de st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective dezadaptative \uc1 \u351 ?i implicit
dezorganiza-toare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de stres, nevroze se remarc\uc1 \u259 ?
incapacitatea de exprimare a ideilor prin limbajul oral. Afemia este cauzat\uc1
\u259 ? de leziuni la nivelul emisferei frontale st\uc1 \u226 ?ngi sau la nivele
subadia-cente.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? (mintal\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sindrom care cuprinde
sfera psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, limbaj), dezvoltare psihic\uc1
\u259 ? incomplet\uc1 \u259 ? care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? procesele}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 intelectuale: abstractizarea, generaliza-rea, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i
celelalte func\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice (afec-tivitate, caracter, personalitate).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acestea au un
caracter deficitar, sechelar, fiind st\uc1 \u259 ?ri reziduale cu caracter defin}
\langfenp1048 itiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sunt cunoscute \uc1 \u351 ?i sub al\uc1 \u355 ?i termeni: oligofrenie }{\i1
\langfenp1048 (oligos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pu\uc1 \u355 ?in, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fren = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spirit,
minte), ariera\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1
\u259 ?, pe care \uc1 \u238 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnim \uc1 \u238 ?n
literatura de spe-cialitate \uc1 \u351 ?i care sunt sinonimi cu \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzi-erea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Elementele definitorii ale
sindromului sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? dezvoltarea psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ? deficitar\uc1 \u259
?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd etiopatogenia \uc1 \u238 ?n factori care intervin p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 3 ani; \uc1 \u8226 ? deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? dominant\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv-opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri afecti-ve, voli\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
comportamentale, ce au repercusiuni asupra \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii personalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i; \uc1 \u8226 ? simptomatologie organic\uc1 \u259 ? cu specifici-tate
relativ\uc1 \u259 ? (neurologic\uc1 \u259 ?, endocrino-logic\uc1 \u259 ?).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Numeroase
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu caracter me-dical \uc1 \u351 ?i
de psihopedagogie special\uc1 \u259 ?, juri-dice, etc. aduc consemn\uc1 \u259 ?ri
asupra \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-zierii intelectuale \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
din cele mai vechi timpuri cu privire la simptomatologie \uc1 \u351 ?i terapie
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ergonomic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-au \uc1 \u238 ?
nfiin\uc1 \u355 ?at numeroase institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu profil medico-psihologic,
\uc1 \u238 ?n care defi-cien\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintal gravi primesc terapie in-
tensiv\uc1 \u259 ? educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea
investi-ga\uc1 \u355 ?iilor medicale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihopedagogice permit
conturarea concep\uc1 \u355 ?iei organiciste, consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd oligofreniile
ca rezultat al leziunilor cerebrale, cu caracter sechelar. Instrumentul
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional de m\uc1 \u259 ?surare a inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei este Q.I. -
coeficientul inte-lectual (Binet - Simon - 1905) sau altfel spus, v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (Stern \uc1 \u351 ?i Bobertal 1912).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n ultimele decenii s-au
f\uc1 \u259 ?cut cerce-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri complexe, interdisciplinare (medica-le,
psihologice, epidemiologice, geneti-ce) care permit relativitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n
stabilirea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mediului
mintal, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (R. Zazzo) dat\uc1 \u259 ? fiind posibilitatea
amelior\uc1 \u259 ?rii semnificative a acestuia prin mecanisme compensa-torii: prin
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie intens\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i adecvat\uc1 \u259 ?, care
s\uc1 \u259 ? nu neglijeze particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile afectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pe cele voluntare, s\uc1
\u259 ? dezvolte motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Aceste principii \uc1 \u351 ?i
preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri stau la baza concep\uc1 \u355 ?iei siste-matice a psihismului
\uc1 \u351 ?i implicit a terapiei educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a debililor mintal.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Epidemiologie,
fecven\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierii intelectuale pentru v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1,5 - 5,5 %.
C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzie-rea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ?, ea oscileaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
0,3 - 0,6 %. Datele OMS \uc1 \u351 ?i UNESCO estimeaz\uc1 \u259 ? urm\uc1 \u259 ?
toarea repar-ti\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei
infantile: \uc1 \u8226 ? in-telect de limit\uc1 \u259 ? 7 %; \uc1 \u8226 ?
debilitate minta-l\uc1 \u259 ? 2,3-3 %; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ? 0,3 %; \uc1 \u8226 ? imbecilitate 0,24
%; \uc1 \u8226 ? idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie 0,06}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 %.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? sex, se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? o u\uc1
\u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? pre-dominare a sexului masculin, dar cifre-le variaz\uc1
\u259 ? de la o \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? la alta \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de mediul socio-cultural \uc1 \u351 ?i economic mai ridicat \uc1 \u351 ?i de
asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sanitar\uc1 \u259 ? mai bun\uc1 \u259 ?. De
asemenea, cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?n-tul obligatoriu presupune \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea unor cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e mai aprofundate \uc1 \u351 ?i de o durat\uc1 \u259 ? mai
mare de \uc1 \u351 ?colarizare, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t se deceleaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
propor\uc1 \u355 ?ie mai mare de intelecte liminare (\uc1 \u238 ?ntre 6 - 10 % din
popula\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiopatogenia este foarte com-
plex\uc1 \u259 ?. Se admit dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii de fac-tori: endogeni
(genetici) \uc1 \u351 ?i exogeni (dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi\uc1 \u355 ?i), f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? a se putea preciza \uc1 \u238 ?n ce m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?
ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia se intric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care este ponderea
fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia \uc1 \u238 ?n determinarea leziunilor cerebrale.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine
c\uc1 \u259 ?, dac\uc1 \u259 ? ace\uc1 \u351 ?ti factori, ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? precoce asupra sistemului nervos, severitatea deficien\uc1 \u355
?ei psihice este mai mare (chiar din perioad\uc1 \u259 ? prenatal\uc1 \u259 ?). De
aceea deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele medii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i u\uc1 \u351 ?oare se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
preponderent factorilor exogeni ce intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n perioa-dele peri \uc1
\u351 ?i mai ales post natale. Intelec-tul liminar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?rzierile foarte u\uc1 \u351 ?oare au o etiologie pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
elucidat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimina\uc1 \u355 ?i
at\uc1 \u226 ?t factorii educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
climatul afectiv familial nefavorabil (dezorganizare, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
conflictuale, nivel cultural sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\fi466 \li10 \ri19 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? eterogenitate \uc1 \u351 ?
i complexi-tate etiologic\uc1 \u259 ? poate avea efecte foarte contrariate: -
aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i cauz\uc1 \u259 ? etiologic\uc1 \u259
? s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e diferite asupra
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?-rii, \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, cauze diferite cu consecin\uc1 \u355
?e diferite, deoarece gravitatea deficien\uc1 \u355 ?elor cognitive, etiologice
sunt dependente \uc1 \u351 ?i de aspectele sociale, pedagogice, de tul-bur\uc1
\u259 ?rile asociate, toate acestea influen-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
prognosticul. De aceea Q.I. nu este dec\uc1 \u226 ?t unul dintre reperele de
stabilire a diagnosticului de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
reper care nu este nici suficient, \uc1 \u351 ?i nici definitiv.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dincolo }{\fs18
performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale psiho-metrice, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziatul
mintal trebuie consi-derat ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o personalitate ce trebuie
apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de toate atributele ei
\uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de capacitatea de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionare cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a socio-familial\uc1 \u259 ?, care-i
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clasificarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adaptat\uc1 \u259 ? de
O.M.S. \uc1 \u351 ?i D.S.M. eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? patru grade de
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-ziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de Q.I: \uc1 \u8226 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? -50-70 %; \uc1 \u8226 ? medie
- 35-49 %; \uc1 \u8226 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ? -20-34 %; \uc1 \u8226 ? profund\uc1 \u259
? - sub 20 %. Se mai descrie \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectul de limit\uc1 \u259 ? (Mariana
Ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea, R. Zazzo), care ar corespunde unui Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70-89 %,
\uc1 \u238 ?ncadrat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre intelectul normal \uc1 \u351 ?i formele
u\uc1 \u351 ?oare de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
considerat ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept cauze condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii cultural - educative
insuficiente (E. Lewis), constituind gru-pul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierilor r}
\langfenp1048 ecuperabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi542 \li38 \ri0
\langfenp1048 Criteriile principale de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ie-re a \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierilor mintale sunt: v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,
reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, adaptarea soci-
al\uc1 \u259 ?, dezvoltarea limbajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conturarea formelor clinice \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?
sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei in-fantile: }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea
m}{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intal\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 cea mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? (80 %), cu acel Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
50-70 %, corespunz\uc1 \u226 ?nd v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei mintale de 9-10 ani. Termenul
poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit \uc1 \u351 ?i ca "oligrofrenie gr. }
\langfenp1048 I" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (OMS). Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? nu este aso-ciat\uc1 \u259 ? cu anomalii fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i trece de obi-
cei nedistinct\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
pre\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?. Dificult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are atrag
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii deficita-re a g\uc1 \u226 ?
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ace\uc1
\u351 ?tia sunt orienta\uc1 \u355 ?i spre insti-tu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de profil \uc1
\u238 ?n scopul unei instruiri \uc1 \u351 ?colare pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei preg\uc1 \u259 ?tiri profesionale, tot pe m\uc1
\u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?nclina-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procesele de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere sunt
neomogen dezvoltate, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea este constant
modificat\uc1 \u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne complet nedezvoltat\uc1
\u226 ?, subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii nereu-\uc1 \u351 ?ind s\uc1 \u259 ? ajung\uc1 \u259 ?
la stadiul abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bolnavul nu deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te esen\uc1 \u355 ?ia-lul
de neesen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, generalul de particu-lar, iar opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile g\uc1
\u226 ?ndirii (analiza, sinteza \uc1 \u351 ?i compara\uc1 \u355 ?ia) sunt
caracteriza-te prin lentoare \uc1 \u351 ?i iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Afectiv, se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin imaturitate, labilita-tea emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor,
irascibilitate, nevoia de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ca rezultat a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierii
\uc1 \u238 ?n matu-ritate, la mul\uc1 \u355 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de coordonare, hiperreflexivitate, osteo-
tendinoas\uc1 \u259 ? (manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri cunoscute sub numele de debilitate
motor\uc1 \u259 ?), toate constituind obstacole \uc1 \u238 ?n calea adapt\uc1 \u259
?rii socio-profesionale. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc multe comportamente
neadecvate (35 % din cazuri) datorit\uc1 \u259 ? fragilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, infantilis-mului \uc1 \u351 ?i hipersugestibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
care ex-plic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i decalajul dintre dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1
\u351 ?i posi-bilitatea realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii acestora.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\fs20
\endnhere \pard \plain \qj \fi461 \li0 \ri34 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atitudinea familiei
\uc1 \u351 ?i a mediului hiperprotec\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau neglijarea educativ\uc1
\u259 ? pot fi obstacole \uc1 \u238 ?n calea maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii afec-tive,
determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale caracte-rului \uc1 \u351 ?i
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd capacitatea de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i lim-bajul oral \uc1 \u351 ?i scris, nemanifest\uc1 \u226 ?
nd dizar-monii de dezvoltare somatic\uc1 \u259 ?, cei cu \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1
\u226 ?rziere psihic\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? pot duce o exis-
ten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? independent\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere social,
care necesit\uc1 \u259 ? totu\uc1 \u351 ?i supraveghere \uc1 \u351 ?i protec\uc1
\u355 ?ie din partea anturajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rzierea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? medie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - repre-zint\uc1 \u259 ?
aproximativ 12% din ansamblul deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mintal \uc1 \u351 ?i 0,24%
din totalul popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei infantile; corespunde unui Q.I. de 39-40 %.}
nc\uc1 \u259 ? din mica copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie aceste ca-zuri se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?
iaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin dezvoltare psiho-motorie \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinit\uc1 \u259 ?,
tulburarea motricita-tii, dismorfie somatic\uc1 \u259 ?, dificult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de coordonare, sincinezii, paratonie, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i involuntare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Termenul de }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 medie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 corespunde celui de
\uc1 \u8222 ?imbecilitate" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?oligofrenie gr. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II".}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procesele psihice
(aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, memo-rie, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire) pot atrage o dezvoltare
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei de 5-7 ani, iar limbajul p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 3 ani. G\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea are un
caracter concret \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanic, cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate sunt imprecise, nestematizate \uc1 \u351 ?i fragmentare,
imposibil de aplicat la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii similare, sau deose-bite de cazurile
\uc1 \u238 ?n care au fost \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ate. Pe planul
afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt pu\uc1 \u355 ?in echili-bra\uc1 \u355 ?i,
labili, unii foarte pasivi, al\uc1 \u355 ?ii hiper-excitabili, fapt pentru care
sunt greu de men\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u238 ?n familie. \uc1 \u238 ?n limbaj se
contu-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? dizartria \uc1 \u351 ?i dislaliile \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales
disgramatismele. Se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? o memorie foarte bun\uc1 \u259 ?,
surprinz\uc1 \u259 ?toare. At\uc1 \u226 ?t c\uc1 \u226 ?t pot fi dezvoltate
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile cognitive, pot permite o oarece preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care s\uc1 \u259 ? efectueze ni\uc1 \u351 ?
te opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii stereo}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tipice. Nu se pot conduce singuri \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt
interna\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u259 ?mine sau spitale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \i1
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? grav\uc1
\u259 ?}{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i
denumirea de idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie - cores-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 punz\uc1 \u259 ?tor
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?oligofreniei de gr. III."}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
(O.M.S.), reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? forma sever\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (Q.I. \uc1
\u238 ?ntre 20-34 %).}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna
asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu multiple}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii
(hipertelorism, semne neu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rologice), motorii (pareze,
epilepsie,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 paralizie de nervi cranieni); din punct}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de vedere a limbajului - surditate \uc1 \u351
?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cecitate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul nu este
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?it, comunica-rea reduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la c\uc1
\u226 ?teva sunete near-ticulate care indic\uc1 \u259 ? trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u351 ?i starea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Activitatea este
stere-otip\uc1 \u259 ?, dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ? (sinchinezii, ba-lans); mul\uc1
\u355 ?i comit acte agresive. In-stinctele sunt exagerate (bulimie, mas-turbare)
sau pervertite (coprofagie). Dependen\uc1 \u355 ?a de anturaj este total\uc1
\u259 ?. Efor-tul educativ \uc1 \u238 ?n unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile c\uc1
\u259 ?min - spital, poate conduce la dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea contro-lului
sfincterian \uc1 \u351 ?i a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de autoalimentare.}
\u8226 ? }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
profund\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii acestei categorii se
\uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu Q.I. sub 20 %, redu\uc1 \u351 ?i la o
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ve-getativ\uc1 \u259 ? (nivel automatist); nu-\uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu-\uc1 \u351 ?esc mersul \uc1 \u351 ?i nu achizi\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? contro-lul sfincterian av\uc1 \u226 ?nd grave malforma\uc1 \u355
?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i caren\uc1 \u355 ?e somatice. Au rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
sc\uc1 \u259 ?-zut\uc1 \u259 ? la infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii, de obicei mor \uc1 \u238 ?n
primii ani de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni intercurente. Necesit\uc1 \u259 ? supraveghere \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ngrijire continu\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Intelectul de
limit\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 no\uc1 \u355 ?iune re-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lativ
recent\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd Q.I. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 70-89 %,}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 poate c\uc1 \u259 ? limita superioar\uc1 \u259 ? s-ar deplasa}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 95. \uc1
\u238 ?n general ei nu fac fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?colare \uc1 \u238 ?ncep\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu cls. }
\langfenp1048 V}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 VI }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (\uc1 \u238 ?
napoia\uc1 \u355 ?i liminari, pro\uc1 \u351 ?ti). Dup\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 datele OMS \uc1 \u351 ?i UNESCO, ei reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 aproximativ 7% din popula\uc1 \u355 ?ia infantil\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie este o \uc1 \u8222 ?crea\uc1
\u355 ?ie" artifi-cial\uc1 \u259 ? a societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii moderne (C.
Benda), asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?reia au un rol hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?tor factorii
socio-culturali (debitul subcultural).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii abstracte
\uc1 \u238 ?i face inap\uc1 \u355 ?i pentru matematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cauza-litatea complex\uc1 \u259 ? a unor procese fizico-chimice (M. \uc1 \u350 ?
tefan).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Elementul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial care-1 diferen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
iaz\uc1 \u259 ? de debilul mintal este capacitatea de adaptare la colectivitate, de
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i de folosire a ajutorului
acordat \uc1 \u238 ?n acest scop. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea
obstacolului \uc1 \u351 ?co-lar, ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1
\u259 ? ca adul\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n via-\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ?,
destul de bine, \uc1 \u351 ?i profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele dintre ei \uc1 \u351 ?i normal se estompeaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ie: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezvoltarea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? de-ficitar\uc1
\u259 ? are o stabilitate relativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul men\uc1 \u355 ?
inerii \uc1 \u238 ?n timp a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor cognitiv-opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
sub nivelul \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrat la aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i categorie de v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ?, dar numai \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile aplic\uc1
\u259 ?rii precoce a tratamen-telor etiologice specifice \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
aplicarea unor metode educativ-didactice speciale; astfel, li se asigur\uc1 \u259 ?
o preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
profesional\uc1 \u259 ? satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?toare, mai ales ce-lor cu
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e psihice u\uc1 \u351 ?oare \uc1 \u351 ?i medii, care s\uc1
\u259 ? le permit\uc1 \u259 ? integrarea socio-profe-sional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prognosticul depinde de
varietatea elementelor etiologice \uc1 \u351 ?i simptomatolo-gice, de metodele \uc1
\u351 ?i terapia metodico-pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? aplicat\uc1 \u259 ?. In formele
grave prognosticul este rezervat, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de natura
leziunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i de simptomele clini-ce asociate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Explor\uc1 \u259 ?rile paraclinice: }
\langfenp1048 sunt ex-. trem de variate datorit\uc1 \u259 ? diversit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii factorilor etiologici posibil \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimina\uc1
\u355 ?i. Astfel, examenul lichidului cefalorahidi-an, electroencefalograma,
electromiogra-ma, radiografia cranian\uc1 \u259 ? simpl\uc1 \u259 ?, pneu-
moencefalografia, \uc1 \u351 ?i arteriografia cere-bral\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iile complexe ale}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 constantelor sangvine,
(reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii serolo-gice \uc1 \u351 ?i taxoplasmoz\uc1 \u259 ?), factorul
Rh. \uc1 \u351 ?i grupa sangvin\uc1 \u259 ?, examin\uc1 \u259 ?ri urinare complexe
ca \uc1 \u351 ?i investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iile genetice, aduc date semnificative pentru
elucida-rea etiopatogeniei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Diagnostic pozitiv: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rzierile mintale medii, grave \uc1 \u351 ?i profunde, diag-nosticul este u\uc1
\u351 ?or, deoarece ei prezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din primii
ani insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ? evident\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Formele
u\uc1 \u351 ?oare pot trece \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? neobservate p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u351 ?colarizare \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu,
dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu se face apel la g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea abstract\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i la creativitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Examenul func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-tere, corelarea
v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei cu rezultatele investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihometrice (Q.I. =
v\uc1 \u226 ?r-st\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ?), aprecierea capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de adaptare la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i profesionale, etc. sunt elemente care permit
diagnosticarea \uc1 \u351 ?i stabilirea seve-rit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
handicapului intelectual. Antece-dentele personale patologice heredoco-laterale, cu
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ierea unei cauze de-celabile care a ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionat asupra
sistemu-lui nervos p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 3 ani, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri so-
matice sechelare asociate u\uc1 \u351 ?ureaz\uc1 \u259 ? diagnosticarea, elucid\uc1
\u226 ?nd aspectele etiopatogenice. Se vor lua \uc1 \u238 ?n considera-\uc1 \u355 ?
ie at\uc1 \u226 ?t rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile intra-familiale, climatul afectiv familial,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile socio-culturale de dezvoltare a
copilului. Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele caren\uc1 \u355 ?ei afective din pri-mii ani de
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? posibili-tatea apari\uc1
\u355 ?iei debilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale la co-piii desp\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u355 ?i de mame (Spitz), c\uc1 \u259 ?rora li se declan\uc1
\u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? o depresie anaclitic\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? o
desp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ire de mam\uc1 \u259 ? mai lung\uc1 \u259 ? de trei
luni. Pentru copiii de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?
se descrie o "fals\uc1 \u259 ? oligofrenie", tot legat\uc1 \u259 ? de factorii
afectivi: agresivitatea p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, hiperautorita-tea, frica
de e\uc1 \u351 ?ecuri, didactogeniile, toate conduc la \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rzierea procesului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de maturizare \uc1
\u351 ?i la un infantilism carac-terial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se stabi-
le\uc1 \u351 ?te cu: - st\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihopatoide caracteri-zate prin
dezvoltare psihomotorie nor-mal\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta c\uc1 \u226 ?nd apare o afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-une care determin\uc1 \u259 ?
defectualitatea; - alte st\uc1 \u259 ?ri deteorative \uc1 \u238 ?n care dezvoltarea
psi-hicii este normal\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?
mboln\uc1 \u259 ?viri: toxice, traumatice, degenerative; - tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
dezvoltare a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri de tip cognitiv; - sindroame neu-rosteniforme de epuizare, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
reactive, reversibile sub tratament; - psihoze cu evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie defectual\uc1
\u226 ? (autism); - deficite senzoriale primare, care, prin reducerea posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de comunicare, pot condu-ce la o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Principii de tratament: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tratamen-tul
profilactic \uc1 \u351 ?i curative al \uc1 \u238 ?. m. presu-pune o participare
complex\uc1 \u259 ? a numeroa-se categorii de speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti (geneticieni,
obstreticieni, psihiatri, medici de medici-n\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ?,
neuropsihiatri, psihologi, educatori, profesori, sociologi), care s\uc1 \u259 ?
asigure prevenirea unei agresiuni cere-brale precoce pentru aplicarea tratamen-
tului etiologic specific.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048
Pentru \uc1 \u238 ?napoierile mintale consti-tuite este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?
protec\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?, pe
perioade prelungite de timp chiar pe \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; sunt orienta\uc1 \u355 ?i spre unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i speciale de educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
severitatea \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierii psihice. Farmacoterapia va fi
indicat\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile compor-tamentale,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri de intensitate
nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihotic\uc1 \u259 ? supra-ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugat\uc1
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18
Profilaxia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 presupune: - sfat \uc1 \u351 ?i con-sult genetic pentru
familiile cu risc cres-cut de transmitere a unor boli ereditare; -prevenirea
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor din primele luni de sarcin\uc1 \u259 ?; - tratamentul
infec\uc1 \u355 ?iilor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toxice, cronice (alcoolism, lues) al ma-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 melor; - tratament preventiv pentru ma-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mele cu Rh. negativ,
a toxoplasmozei, a infec\uc1 \u355 ?iilor postnatale precoce; - evita-rea
denutri\uc1 \u355 ?iilor severe; - depistarea insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei tiroidiene,
a cretinismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u206 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere p}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sihomotor\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom
ca-re cuprinde at\uc1 \u226 ?t nivelul motor c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cel
psihic (intelectual-afectiv). Se consti-tuie \uc1 \u238 ?n diagnoza v\uc1 \u226 ?
rstelor mici.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?ntip\uc1 \u259 ?rire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinonim cu engramarea, primul
proces al memoriei, fixarea in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor la care particip\uc1 \u259 ?
cortexul cerebral \uc1 \u351 ?i anume substan\uc1 \u355 ?a reticulat\uc1 \u259 ?
activatoare, ascendent\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul limbic, ceea ce
asigur\uc1 \u259 ? stocarea pro-priu-zis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n scoar\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Stocarea (memo-ria) de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? e
mai dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, de-oarece cuprinde mai multe grupe neu-ronale. Este
asigurat\uc1 \u259 ? prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile acidului ribonucleic, mesager,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin sinteza de proteine codificate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere }
\langfenp1048 = capacitate intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? de a surprinde \uc1 \u351 ?i
decodifica semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii esen\uc1
\u355 ?iale \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i fenome-ne. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
Etimologic: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?intelectia" - }
\langfenp1048 act intelectua}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l. \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1
\u351 ?i inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt corelate str\uc1 \u226 ?ns, \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea fiind o component\uc1 \u259 ? important\uc1 \u259 ? a
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, una dintre notele sale definitorii. Este sinonimul
termenului de \uc1 \u8222 ?comprehensi-une" preluat din francez\uc1 \u259 ?; ar fi
mai aproape de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesul \uc1 \u8222 ?capacitat}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e
de cuprindere".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea este acea capacitate a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii cu
necesitate con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?. Se poate distinge o diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iere \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul acestei no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni: - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea elementa-r\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?ri, calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i comu-ne \uc1
\u351 ?i abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni simple legate de sco-puri p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ractice; - }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea superioar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\u351 ?i deplin\uc1 \u259 ?, care presupune o extensiune a conceptelor, pasibil\uc1
\u259 ? prin intermediul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 unui simbolism, cu condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia subordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii
semnelor verbale unui sistem bine orga-nizat \uc1 \u351 ?i reglat. \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea este o activi-tate participativ\uc1 \u259 ? ce presupune
implica-rea mental\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului \uc1
\u238 ?n existen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i dinamica obiectului, situa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, persoanei. De aceea \uc1 \u238 ?n structurarea intelectiv\uc1 \u259 ? intr\uc1
\u259 ?, pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? componente cognitive, \uc1 \u351 ?i altele
de ordin afectiv voli\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Sub acest raport, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegerea empatic\uc1 \u259 ? este conclu-dent\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elegerea se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? astfel ca o
continu\uc1 \u259 ? alternare de deta\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
impli-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Y. Piaget (\uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia inteli-
gen\uc1 \u355 ?ei") \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? etape succesive: a) etapa \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegerii im-plicite, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se simt\uc1 \u259 ?
nevoia verbali-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii; b) etapa \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii
explicite, pe baza c\uc1 \u259 ?reia subiectul ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
concret, obiectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Deducem c\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul interior are un mare rol \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul
de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? acesta presupune
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i sensul limbajului. Din punct de vedere
psihologic, \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fuzionarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre planul senzorial \uc1 \u351 ?i
cel logic, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea fiind un }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
moment al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, mai complicat \uc1 \u351 ?i mai }{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?ndelungat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u8226 ? Ne\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea, oponent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii, include uneori cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea elementelor sau
grupelor de cuvinte, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i distingerea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblu,
fenomen ce apare frecvent la copilul cu handicap verbal, intelectual, acustic.
Procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n mai multe
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i cognitive: - \uc1 \u238 ?n sesizarea rapor-turilor
simbolice, a leg\uc1 \u259 ?turii dintre sem-nificat \uc1 \u351 ?i semnificant
(\uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea limbilor str\uc1 \u259 ?ine, a
simbolurilor, a operei de art\uc1 \u259 ?); - \uc1 \u238 ?n creativitatea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? unde are loc sesizarea raporturilor complexe, a rela\uc1
\u355 ?iilor logice dintre fe-nomene; - \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicarea interuman\uc1
\u259 ?, pentru \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea unuia de cel\uc1 \u259 ?lalt.}
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza procesului
de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? achizi\uc1
\u355 ?ia cuno\uc1 \u351 ?-tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor noi. \uc1 \u238 ?n plan
subiectiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege-rea este resim\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
ca o edificare a per-soanei, ca o limpezire \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u351 ?i asu-pra situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, actul edific\uc1 \u259 ?rii fiind spon-
tan, brusc, sau ca efect al unor elabo-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Capacitatea de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere poate fi modificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de natura
proce-sului morbid cum ar fi: nevroza, struc-turile dezarmonice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihoze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elepciune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate superioar\uc1 \u259 ?
se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i judecare, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere ad\uc1 \u226 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? bogat\uc1 \u259 ?, m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259
?, echilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
posibilitate din care izvor\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?te senin\uc1 \u259 ?tatea,
\uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?carea cu sine \uc1 \u351 ?i cu lu-mea. De aceea, \uc1
\u238 ?. presupune cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te-rea de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea lumii. Presu-pune un stil existen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul relativi-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii evenimentelor tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite, dezvoltarea
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? a laturii spirituale. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se pare c\uc1 \u259 ?
este apanajul persoanelor \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? care cunosc
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele actelor hazar-dante \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
posed\uc1 \u259 ? un sim\uc1 \u355 ? al reali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = constituie una din cele dou\uc1 \u259 ?
modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de echilibrare cu mediul (al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de
adaptare) prin acumulare de experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i individual\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?. se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin acumularea spontan\uc1
\u259 ? sau dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, priceperi \uc1
\u351 ?i deprinderi care conduc la edificarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Prin \uc1 \u238 ?. se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?e-lege o cantitate de informa\uc1
\u355 ?ie asimilat\uc1 \u259 ?, stocat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i transformat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n instrumente (ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii, procese
etc.) l\uc1 \u259 ?rgin-du-se astfel conduitele adaptative sau mecanismele
cognitive noi. Importante contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt aduse asupra meca-nismelor
\uc1 \u351 ?i legilor \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii de
psiho-logi, pedagogi, fiziologi (Thorndike,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\sect }\sectd \sbkpage
\pgwsxn11909 \pghsxn16834 \marglsxn2388 \margrsxn3252 \margtsxn1440
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lewin, V\uc1 \u238 ?
gotschi, Leontiev, Piaget, etc). Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? laturi ale \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (formativ\uc1 \u259 ?), se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? inegal \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de particu-larit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile individuale (v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, motiva\uc1
\u355 ?ie, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1
\u351 ?i de caracterul spon-tan sau dirijat sistematic al activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i de educa\uc1 \u355 ?
ie. Se admite c\uc1 \u259 ? optimul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are
este realizat de tineri \uc1 \u351 ?i adul\uc1 \u355 ?i inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?i, cu
atitudine activ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i receptiv\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de nou \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie
e \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rit\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv prin gratifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
E\uc1 \u351 ?alo-narea exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?
i a tipuri-lor de activitate prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area, gradarea dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, a
volu-mului \uc1 \u351 ?i a con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturilor de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?at sunt c\uc1 \u226 ?teva psihotehnici destinate cre\uc1 \u351 ?
terii randamentului. Ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul curbei ui-t\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, nu s-a putut stabili o curb\uc1 \u259 ? gene-ral\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, valabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n orice
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este o limit\uc1 \u259 ? psihofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?
variabil\uc1 \u259 ? de la om la om, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de care se
poate realiza complexitatea sarcinii de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are,
indiferent de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, indife-rent de mnemotehnicile utilizate.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Clasificarea tipurilor de
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are poate fi realizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de mai multe criterii: \uc1 \u8226 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ?
gradul de activism \uc1 \u351 ?i in-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate din partea
subiectului, se disting: - \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area pasiv\uc1
\u259 ? (neinten\uc1 \u355 ?iona-t\uc1 \u259 ?), latent\uc1 \u259 ?, spontan\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i - \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area activ\uc1 \u259
?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, realizat\uc1 \u259 ? sistematic, cu caracter
programat; \uc1 \u8226 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? procedeele utilizate, se distinge: -
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area prin procedee didactice, - perceptiv\uc1
\u259 ?, - moti-va\uc1 \u355 ?ional-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, - practic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
deprin-deri; \uc1 \u8226 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? tipul de activitate institu\uc1 \u355 ?
io-nalizat\uc1 \u259 ?: - \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?
colar\uc1 \u259 ?, - \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area profesional\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i - \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area social\uc1 \u259
?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
nzestrare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = dotare a unei persoane sub aspectul \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
irilor anatomofiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologice. Dotarea individului din punct
de vedere fizic, intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i moral, este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de
ereditate \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mediu a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror pondere difer\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n edifi-carea structurilor de personalitate. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
nativ\uc1 \u259 ? are mare pondere asupra \uc1 \u238 ?. inte-lectuale, artistice
\uc1 \u351 ?i sportive. Talentul, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a sunt mult influen\uc1
\u355 ?ate de factorii ereditari (s-a verificat prin gemenii univitelini c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i familiile renu-mite care au dat genera\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
savan\uc1 \u355 ?i, litera\uc1 \u355 ?i, plasticieni, muzicieni, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a
contesta zestrea ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenit\uc1 \u259 ? de la
p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i, pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? acest poten\uc1 \u355
?ial genetic (dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii individuale native) trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ?
amintim rolul influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?elor socio-educative \uc1 \u351 ?i culturale,
care precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ultim\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul c\uc1 \u238 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i sensul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 or.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Deci nu se poate absolutiza \uc1 \u8222 ?do-tarea nativ\uc1 \u259 ?"
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se completa \uc1 \u351 ?i dez-volta sfera \uc1
\u8222 ?dot\uc1 \u259 ?rii dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite", \uc1 \u238 ?nzes-trarea
definitorie \uc1 \u351 ?i fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? pen-tru personalitatea
uman\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\li3043 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa29 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3043 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs36 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jamais vu }{\fs18
= \uc1 \u238 ?n traducere, \uc1 \u8222 ?niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u259 ?zut".
Form\uc1 \u259 ? a falsei recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?teri, opus\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenului
\uc1 \u8222 ?deja vu"; paramne-zie a evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii; tulburare a memoriei \uc1
\u238 ?n care este blocat mai ales mecanismul evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii; bolnavul nu mai
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te prietenii, evenimente, persoane, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii actuale
cunoscute sau obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este alterat\uc1 \u259 ? sinteza
prezentului \uc1 \u351 ?i trecutului (timpul tr\uc1 \u259 ?it) ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
limite se estompeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
contratimp. Fenomenul apare \uc1 \u238 ?n trauma-tisme cranio-cerebrale,
schizofrenie, psi-hoze presenile, sindrom psiho-organic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 James William (1842-1910) }
\langfenp1048 = psiholog \uc1 \u351 ?i filosof american, creatorul \uc1 \u351 ?
colii de psihologie din S.U.A. Autor a numeroa-se studii psihofiziologie. A
creat \uc1 \u238 ?mpreu-n\uc1 \u259 ? cu Lange teoria referitoare la emo\uc1
\u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofie trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? problema pragmatis-mului,
\uc1 \u238 ?n care expune principiile acestui concept.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Janet Pierre (1859-1947) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog, psihiatru,
filosof, ob\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd doctoratul \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste trei
domenii. Trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? hipnoza \uc1 \u351 ?i somnambulismul. Este \uc1
\u351 ?eful laboratoru-lui de Psihologie Experimental\uc1 \u259 ? la Salpetriere.
Introduce no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1 \u8222 ?sub-con\uc1 \u351 ?tient",
neconsider\uc1 \u226 ?nd subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul ca un fenomen de normalitate. Se
preo-cup\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomenul isteriei \uc1 \u351 ?i neura-stenie, fenomene
considerate ca urmare a diminu\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u8222 ?func\uc1 \u355 ?iei
realului", a tonusu-lui psihic. Este creatorul psihologiei}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conduitei, apropiindu-se
de liniile di-rectoa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re ale pavlovismului \uc1 \u351 ?i ale beha-
viorismului, disput\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i cu Freud prioritatea descoperirii
metodei cathar-tice, considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca un derivat al teoriei ideilor fixe
subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, supun\uc1 \u226 ?nd psihanaliza unei critici severe.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jargonafazie }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare de limbaj}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o exprimare neinteligi-bil\uc1 \u259 ?, format\uc1 \u259 ? din sunete,
silabe f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de mesaj. Sunt sub-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stituite unele cuvinte prin
altele; \uc1 \u238 ?n de-formarea lor, discursul rezultzat este incomprehensibil
(vergibera\uc1 \u355 ?ie). Este frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n afazia motorie (Wernike) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n demen\uc1
\u355 ?e, \uc1 \u238 ?n afazii de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu leziuni localizate \uc1
\u238 ?n lobul temporal st\uc1 \u226 ?ng.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jargonograf\uc1 \u238 ?e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a expresiei
grafice, de ordin caligrafic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihogra-fic, cu substituirea sau
deformarea cuvintelor, care \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pierd semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?
ia, mesajul fiind incomprehensibil. Este specific\uc1 \u259 ? afaziei motore
\uc1 \u351 ?i de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i demen\uc1
\u355 ?elor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Jargonomimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a mimicii ca sistem de comunicare
nonverbal\uc1 \u259 ?, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n neconcordan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dintre tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile ideo-afective \uc1 \u351 ?i expresia
mimic\uc1 \u259 ? sau pierderea valorii de semnificant al acesteia, mesajul
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionat de anturaj fiind incoprehensibil. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenii, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e, catatonie,
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri confuzionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Jargonoree }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rhein - }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a curge);
tul-burare de limbaj care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n asocie-rea jargonafaziei
cu logorea (cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea ritmului \uc1 \u351 ?i debitului verbal),
discursul fiind neinteligibil. Este descris\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afa-zii
senzoriale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jignire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 injurie; }{\fs18
insult\uc1 \u259 ? / ofens\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Joc }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de activitate fizic\uc1
\u259 ? sau mintal\uc1 \u259 ? ce produce destindere, pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere. Pentru
copil este necesar \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea lui psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a jocului se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i restructureaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-treaga activitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. La
adult se pun \uc1 \u238 ?n valoare posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile individuale
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? nefructificate \uc1 \u238 ?n munca obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuit\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n joc se depisteaz\uc1 \u259 ? aptitudini \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de
caracter. Sunt importante jocurile cu roluri, \uc1 \u238 ?n care copilul tr\uc1
\u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te necesitatea conven\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. A. Liublinskaia
sistematizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile jocului astfel: -
reflect\uc1 \u259 ? ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a prin imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie; -este un mod de
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i precizare a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune; - este o activi-tate de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, fiind orientat
spre rezol-varea unor probleme c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor de
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ire a unor obstacole; ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1 \u351 ?i
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul sunt principalele instrumente; se \uc1 \u238 ?mbin\uc1 \u259 ?
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia cu realitatea; \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?
personalitatea mai ales prin rezolvarea unor contradic\uc1 \u355 ?ii; ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea necesit\uc1 \u259 ? imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i ini\uc1 \u355 ?
iativ\uc1 \u259 ?, repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i variabilitate. Se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? corela\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cea ce este par\uc1
\u355 ?ial cunoscut \uc1 \u351 ?i ceea ce se cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te bine, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre seriozitate \uc1 \u351 ?i bucu-rie; \uc1 \u238 ?ntre emo\uc1 \u355 ?ia
pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aspecte repudiate: J. Piaget \uc1 \u351 ?i L. S.
V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi re-lev\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tatea
interioriz\uc1 \u259 ?rii ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a transform\uc1 \u259
?rii lor \uc1 \u238 ?n procese psihice; pun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n valoare
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i creative.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-au formulat d}{\fs18
iverse teorii, por-nindu-se de la asem\uc1 \u259 ?narea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
puii de animale se joac\uc1 \u259 ?, relev\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se deose-birea (H.
Spencer) c\uc1 \u259 ? la ele este doar o cheltuial\uc1 \u259 ? de energie, pe
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd la om in-tervine nevoia vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd jocul ca un fenomen tranzitoriu de
adaptare la ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; (experien\uc1 \u355 ?ele Ladighina -
Kots, care a crescut \uc1 \u238 ?mpre-un\uc1 \u259 ? un pui de cimpanzeu \uc1 \u351
?i un copil; s-a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J}
\langfenp1048 constatat c\uc1 \u259 ? evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? numai \uc1 \u238 ?n faza jocurilor dinamice, dezorgani-zate,
\uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce copilul intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera unor jocuri
complexe, inaccesibile ani-malului). K. Gross sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ?
jocul are \uc1 \u238 ?n sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i scopul, anume preg\uc1
\u259 ?tirea pentru via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n joc fiind
prezent\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea reflex\uc1 \u259 ? de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i
inves-tiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Jocul este o metod\uc1 \u259 ? activ\uc1 \u259 ? de
instruire, cu caracter participativ, con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n simularea
unor situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii reale \uc1 \u351 ?i punerea participan\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
\uc1 \u238 ?n postura de a rezolva aceste situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Jocul strategic se
folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n analiza matematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de elaborare a unor strategii posibile, \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de nedeterminare sau conflic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t (John von Neumann).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Joc de idei }
\langfenp1048 = joc al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, (vezi }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 idea\uc1 \u355 ?ie).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jocoterapie }
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ludoterapie: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activitate de joc a
copiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i adul\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, cu scopul de a-i scoate din tr\uc1
\u226 ?nd\uc1 \u259 ?vie \uc1 \u351 ?i izolare. Se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te la
readaptarea bolnavilor mintali uz\uc1 \u226 ?nd selectiv de influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele
psihodinamice ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ludice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Juc\uc1 \u259 ?rii }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = obiecte
utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea de joc, corespunz\uc1 \u226 ?nd uneltelor
adultu-lui, suport important \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea de-prinderilor de manipulare
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvol-tarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, form\uc1 \u226 ?nd
preucenicia ansamblului personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii copiilor (H. Wallon).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunt un
pretext de bucurie cu multiple func\uc1 \u355 ?ii: a) ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? asupra func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i motricitatii; b)
stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? inventivitatea \uc1
\u351 ?i imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia prin desfa-cerea \uc1 \u351 ?i asamblarea lor; c)
faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? afectivitatea, cu transfer \uc1 \u238 ?n joc a com-
portamentului cotidian, \uc1 \u238 ?i elibereaz\uc1 \u259 ? de agresivitate; d)
promoveaz\uc1 \u259 ? sociabilita-tea, de\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe cooperarea
cu al\uc1 \u355 ?ii; e) ajut\uc1 \u259 ? la formarea intereselor profe-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sionale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
modelelor de munc\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceste func\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt proiectate \uc1 \u351
?i experimentate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Judecat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = categorie logic\uc1
\u259 ? fundamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ?, exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o propozi\uc1 \u355 ?
ie care afirm\uc1 \u259 ? sau neag\uc1 \u259 ? ceva despre altceva \uc1 \u351 ?i
prin \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea de a fi adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat\uc1 \u259 ? sau
fals\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin judecat\uc1 \u259 ? no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea se leag\uc1 \u259 ?,
se desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? cu alte no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1
\u351 ?i relev\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din-tre lucrurile
reflectate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Judecata de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie este construit\uc1 \u259 ? din cel pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
dou\uc1 \u259 ? elemente - membrul antecedent al rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
cel succedent - \uc1 \u351 ?i o copul\uc1 \u259 ? care stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te tipul
de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie: simetric\uc1 \u259 ? sau asimetric\uc1 \u259 ?,
tranzitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau intranzitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, reflexiv\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18
\u259 ? calitate, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile pot fi: afirmative,
negative;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? cantitate, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile pot fi:
singulare, particulare, universale;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pot fi:
categorice, ipotetice, disjunctive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pot fi: asertorice,
problematice, de necesitate sau ap}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 odicti-ce. O form\uc1 \u259 ? de
judecat\uc1 \u259 ? apodictic\uc1 \u259 ? este judecata de valoare, prin care se
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura subiectului cu o valoare expri-mat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n predicat; judecata de valoare este corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
judecata teleologic\uc1 \u259 ? (de scop) \uc1 \u351 ?i cu judecata normativ\uc1
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire sunt tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n care este afecta-t\uc1 \u259 ?
judecata, ca form\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii logice. Orice tulburare
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? are repercusiuni asupra proceselor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional-
logice. Pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
corecte din punct de vedere logic \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem delirant bine
structurat \uc1 \u351 ?i sistematizat, ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te raportul dintre
acel proces \uc1 \u351 ?i realitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Judecat\uc1 \u259 ? de condamnare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudinea
interdictiv\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o dorin-\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a sa con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie
ce se exer-cit\uc1 \u259 ? din ra\uc1 \u355 ?iuni morale. Judecata }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de con-}
\langfenp1048 damnare presupune o con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizare a dorin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
periculoase, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie ce pre-supune autost\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nire
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? (nu este vorba de
seve-ritate extrem\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria persoa-
n\uc1 \u259 ?). Judecata de condamnare p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? amprenta reful\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i
apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine mecanismelor de degajare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jung Carl-Gustav (1875-1961) }
\langfenp1048 = psi-hiatru de renume mondial \uc1 \u351 ?i medic, colaboreaz\uc1
\u259 ? cu Freud \uc1 \u351 ?i P. Janet; face \uc1 \u351 ?i studii etnografice \uc1
\u238 ?n S.U.A, Kenja, India, nordul Africii. \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
Socie-tatea Elve\uc1 \u355 ?ian\uc1 \u259 ? de Psihologie Clinic\uc1 \u259 ?,
devenind profesor de Psihologie medi-cal\uc1 \u259 ? la Basel. Jung descrie
incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entul personal \uc1 \u351 ?i colectiv, bazat pe arhetipuri \uc1
\u351 ?i complexe, introduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd termenii de introversie \uc1 \u351 ?i
extroversie ca atitudine specific\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lume.
Face analiza viselor, minimaliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd rolul transferului, consider\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-le o cale de rezolvare rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor. Criticii \uc1 \u238 ?i repro\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a de a transpune modele mitologice \uc1 \u351 ?i culturale abstrac-te
\uc1 \u238 ?n analiza individual\uc1 \u259 ?, oarecare \uc1 \u238 ?ncli-na\uc1
\u355 ?ie spre misticism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 J}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 urisdic\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (psihologia juridic\uc1 \u259
?); do-meniu de reglementare a componen-telor sociale prin raportare la spiritul
\uc1 \u351 ?i litera legilor cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?n constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Abaterile de la normele juridice se ac-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1
\u259 ?tre puterea de stat \uc1 \u351 ?i opi-nia public\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Justificare }{\fs18 \dbch
particularitate a unor ra-\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente orientate c\uc1 \u259 ?tre anumite
in-terese personale, n\uc1 \u259 ?zuin\uc1 \u355 ?e sau senti-mente, ce pot
corespunde sau nu unor valori unanim acceptate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Juvento-psihiatrie }
\langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 juventus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - ti-nere\uc1 \u355 ?e);
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psyche }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - suflet); }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lotreia
-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 vindecare); ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psihiatriei care stu-diaz\uc1 \u259 ?
etiopatogenia dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rilor psihice ale t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?rului, \uc1 \u238 ?ndrep-
t\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i demersul terapeutic \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea g\uc1
\u259 ?sirii unor c\uc1 \u259 ?i de abordare complex\uc1 \u259 ?, care s\uc1
\u259 ? rezolve complicata gam\uc1 \u259 ? de probleme pe care le impune
recuperarea la aceast\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?
nglob\uc1 \u226 ?nd hebepsihia-tria (psihiatria adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei) \uc1 \u351
?i perioadele de post adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de adult
t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r, juventopsihitna se confrunt\uc1 \u259 ? cu o serie de
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?e create, pe de o parte, de mul-tiplele adapt\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe
care subiectul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? le realizeze elastic la aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? -\uc1 \u351 ?i de aici riscul crescut de apari\uc1
\u355 ?ie al disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, iar pe de
alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, de existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial maxim
psihofi-zic, a c\uc1 \u259 ?rui diminuare duce la marginali-zarea subiectului, la
intrarea lui \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sechelar.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De\uc1 \u351 ?i
discu\uc1 \u355 ?iile pentru delimitarea cronologic\uc1 \u259 ? a conceptului de
\uc1 \u8222 ?tinere\uc1 \u355 ?e" sunt departe de a fi \uc1 \u238 ?ncheiate, cele
mai largi limite o situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 15-35 de ani.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Datele
epidemiologice situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prevalenta tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice la
popula-\uc1 \u355 ?ia t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? la 45% (Predescu \uc1 \u351 ?i Nica Udanciu). Din num\uc1 \u259 ?rul total
al intern\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor dintr-un serviciu de psihiatrie gene-ral\uc1 \u259 ?,
cazurile de juventopsihiatrie dep\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?esc de regul\uc1 \u259 ?
o treime din total.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Generat\uc1 \u259 ? de o morbiditate specifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, important\uc1 \u259 ?
prin num\uc1 \u259 ?rul mare de psi-hoze juvenile, patologia c\uc1 \u259 ?reia i se
adre-seaz\uc1 \u259 ? juventopsihiatria poate \uc1 \u238 ?mbr\uc1 \u259 ?ca practic
oricare dintre formele clinice ale nosologiei adultului (cu excep\uc1 \u355 ?ia
celei de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Patologia acestei v\uc1 \u226 ?rste, de\uc1 \u351 ?i este adesea mai
zgomotoas\uc1 \u259 ? simptomatolo-gie, este beneficiara unui prognostic mai bine
cotat, \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei unui poten\uc1 \u355 ?
ial recuperativ biopsihic situat \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe o
curb\uc1 \u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ?. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a mare a patologiei
nevrotice de la aceast\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? se
polarizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul e\uc1 \u351 ?ecului (\uc1 \u351 ?colar,
profesional, sexual) sau se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? factorilor de suprasolicitare,
inadaptare sau conduitei de sub sau supraevaluare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dintre particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ile terapeuti-ce ale juventopsihiatriei, remarc\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ?
psihoterapia, \uc1 \u238 ?n toate formele sale, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1
\u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te aici terenul cel mai fertil.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapiile biologice,
aplicate pre-coce, sunt urmate de rezultate deosebi-te, care au sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut
mult r\uc1 \u259 ?sunetul nega-tiv, incapacitant al acestor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Preven\uc1
\u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i profilaxia ating aici, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
pedopsihiatrie, cotele de maxim\uc1 \u259 ? amplitudine, orice referire la s\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tatea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
fiind necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? cuprind\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?
nd, acest subgrup popula\uc1 \u355 ?ional. De\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?con-stituie
o preocupare relativ recent\uc1 \u259 ? a medicinei" (Anghelu\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?, Nica Udanciu) juventopsihiatria a devenit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un curent de interes \uc1 \u238 ?n
sfera psihiatriei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Juxtapunere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = punerea unor elemente al\uc1 \u259 ?turi unul de
altul \uc1 \u351 ?i interpretarea lor f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?
ntrevedea corela\uc1 \u355 ?iile, interac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nile \uc1 \u351 ?i
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?ele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\colno2 \colw2947 \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \sb1171 \lisb0 \lisa0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 K}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kimograf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozitiv de \uc1
\u238 ?nregistrare a unor reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri, procese \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o curb\uc1 \u259 ? trasat\uc1 \u259 ? de un inscriptor pe o band\uc1
\u259 ? de h\uc1 \u226 ?rtie ce se deplaseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un ritm
uni-form. Ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i variante electro-
magnetice \uc1 \u351 ?i electronice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinestezic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = analizator care informeaz\uc1
\u259 ? sistemul nervos central asupra pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale a
corpului, asupra diferitelor sale segmente, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra
gradului de con-trac\uc1 \u355 ?ie a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi (\uc1
\u238 ?n colaborare cu receptorii vizuali, cutana\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i
vestibu-lari). Receptorii analizatorului kinestezic se mai numesc \uc1 \u351 ?i
proprioceptori, fiind localiza\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi,
tendoane, articula-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, periost, ligamente articulare. Impul-surile
emanate de proprioceptori sunt conduse astfel: - pentru sensibilitatea
kinestetic\uc1 \u259 ? - sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i al
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu, de la corpusculii
Golgi Paccini, Ruffini \uc1 \u351 ?i termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile nervoase libere prin
fasciculele spino-bulbare; - pentru sensibilitatea proprio-ceptiv\uc1 \u259 ? de
control al mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii - sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul tonusului muscular,
de la fusurile neuro-musculare, prin fascicolele spino-cerebeloase. Fascicole-le
spino-cerebeloase transmit informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia kinestezic\uc1 \u259 ? spre
talamus \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi spre cor-tex, unde este con\uc1 \u351 ?tinetizat\uc1
\u259 ?. La nivelul cortical proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia se face \uc1 \u238 ?n ariile
somestetice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II, }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1
\u226 ?mpurile 2, 3 \uc1 \u351 ?i 4, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? spre cortexul
motor, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se astfel o arie senzitiv\uc1 \u259 ? motorie, care
pune \uc1 \u238 ?n acord efectuarea comenzii motorii corticale voluntare cu
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile sosite}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i exteroceptive, privind modul \uc1 \u238
?n care aceast\uc1 \u259 ? comand\uc1 \u259 ? este executat\uc1 \u259 ? de
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii respectivi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pe baza informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor pe care analizatorul kinestezic le
transmite de la nivelul locomotor la nivelul cortical, se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
important\uc1 \u259 ? component\uc1 \u259 ? de feed-back a servo-mecanismului care
regleaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea motorie soma-tic\uc1 \u259 ? - motricitatea.
Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile analiza-torului kinestezic sunt deci implicate \uc1 \u238 ?n
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile mecanismelor de reglare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
tonigene \uc1 \u351 ?i ale motricitatii organismului. Afectarea acestui meca-nism
determin\uc1 \u259 ? hiper, respectiv hipoto-niile musculare. Capacitatea de a
fixa, recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i reproduce o experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? motorie se datore\uc1 \u351 ?te memoriei kines-tezic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sim\uc1 \u355 ? muscular,
modalitate de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie a propriilor mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
\uc1 \u351 ?i pozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Ch. Scherrington (1826) constat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? aproape }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vi }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ia nervilor
musculari sunt senzitivi. Se constat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? discoordon\uc1 \u259
?rile motorii, parezele \uc1 \u351 ?i ata-xiile sunt cauzate de blocarea c\uc1
\u259 ?ilor aferente. Receptorii sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi \uc1 \u351 ?i
tendoane. Proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia analizatorului ki-nestetic este situat \uc1 \u238 ?n
cortex pe suprafa-\uc1 \u355 ?a girusului postcentral (parietal ascen-dent) \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n unele puncte adiacente. Aici, prin stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ii
electrice, se identific\uc1 \u259 ? zonele corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?
ntregului corp. S-au distins trei niveluri ale kinesteziei: a) de \uc1 \u238 ?
nalt\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilitate: degete, ante-bra\uc1 \u355 ?, palm\uc1 \u259 ?,
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi bucali, linguali \uc1 \u351 ?i aparatul fonator; b) de
sensibilitate me-die: cotul, genunchiul, bazinul \uc1 \u351 ?i fesie-rii; c) de
sensibilitate redus\uc1 \u259 ?: pulpa piciorului \uc1 \u351 ?i altele.
Propriocep\uc1 \u355 ?ia soma-tostezic\uc1 \u259 ? informeaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor \uc1 \u351 ?i posturii, iar propriocep\uc1 \u355 ?ia
kinestezic\uc1 \u259 ? informeaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor active prin feed-back senzorial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinetic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (kinetos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mobil); iluzie }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii; interpretare eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a direc\uc1 \u355 ?
iei mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii (exemplu: acele ceasornicului sunt percepute
\uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie contrar\uc1 \u259 ?; spi\uc1 \u355 ?elele de la
biciclet\uc1 \u259 ?, la fel); iluzie optico-chinestezic\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd caracter fi-ziologic sau patologic (Kinetopsic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinetoterapie }{\fs18
sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 kinesiterapie; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 me-tod\uc1 \u259 ? frecvent
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ?, sub diferitele ei forme, \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia
adjuvant\uc1 \u259 ? a bolii psihi-ce; mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea trebuie
echilibrat\uc1 \u259 ?, cu m\uc1 \u259 ?-sur\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci
exagerarea ei poate deveni la fel de d\uc1 \u259 ?un\uc1 \u259 ?toare ca \uc1 \u351
?i exagerarea repau-sului absolut. Kinetoterapia poate fi con-sumat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n imita\uc1 \u355 ?ii, jocuri, gimnastic\uc1 \u259 ? ge-neral\uc1 \u259
?, respiratorie, hidro-kinetoterapie, sport curativ, dans curativ \uc1 \u351 ?i
chiar ergo-terapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Kinetoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegetative,
cauzate de prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri neuni-forme
produse de un mijloc oarecare de transport: r\uc1 \u259 ?ul de avion, r\uc1 \u259 ?
ul de mare, r\uc1 \u259 ?ul de ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiopatogenia: }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoana
la care apare se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o labilita-te
neurovegetativ\uc1 \u259 ?, de multe ori asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu anxietate.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinezi - fobie
\langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?, morbid\uc1 \u259 ? de
mi\uc1 \u351 ?care \uc1 \u351 ?i de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, frec-vent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n patologia psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?, cu diferite grade de intensitate.
Este specific\uc1 \u259 ? ne-vrozei isterice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinezifobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch
agorafobie; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tema de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care, de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinezi metru }{\fs18
dispozitiv ce m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1 \u259 ? precizia mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor manuale, mai ales direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?inerea.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kinoglosie }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare de limbaj carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin pierderea
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuvintelor.
Logopatul vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te prin grupaje de sunete, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod automat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kreindler
Artur (1900 - 1988) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = neu-rolog rom\uc1 \u226 ?n,
absolvent\uc1 \u259 ? a facultatea de medicin\uc1 \u259 ? din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti
(1926), \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i completeaz\uc1 \u259 ? studiile la Paris,
devenind unul dintre marii protagoni\uc1 \u351 ?ti ai neuro-logiei rom\uc1 \u226 ?
ne\uc1 \u351 ?ti. \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu Gh. Marinescu cerceteaz\uc1
\u259 ? problematica reflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopedago-
gie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatrie (1925). \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ,J)inamica
proceselor cerebrale" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1976) abordea-z\uc1 \u259 ? problema con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane ca feno-men de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, afirm\uc1 \u226 ?nd
c\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta nu este numai un fenomen psihologic, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i
fiziologic. Subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?a facto-rului psihologic \uc1
\u238 ?n reabilitarea \uc1 \u351 ?i reedu-carea afazicilor (1969). De asemenea,
\uc1 \u8222 ?Infarctul cerebral \uc1 \u351 ?i hemoragiile cere-brale" (1972),
\uc1 \u8222 ?Structura \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iile sistemului nervos
central" (1976) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?Agnozii \uc1 \u351 ?i apraxii" (1977).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Kulksar
Tiberiu (1945-1987) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psi-holog rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, specializat
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i defectologie.
A lucrat la Universitatea din Cluj-Napoca la cate-dra de pedagogie-psihologie.
Studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? probleme ale intelectului de limit\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18
II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 preocup\uc1 \u259 ? adaptarea \uc1 \u351 ?i reetalonarea unor teste
ca: proba Santucci, testul L. Bender - Sanctucci - Raven \uc1 \u351 ?i teste
piagetiene. Are studii de psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, de orientare
\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i preo-rientare profesional\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\plain \li3053 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa24 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3053 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labializare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugare a unei mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri suplimentare, de rotunjire a buzelor la articularea unui
sunet.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labil }
\langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?toa-rele caracteristici
principale: \uc1 \u8226 ? oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de evenimentele exterioare, care dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?esc \uc1 \u238 ?n intensitate reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
normale; \uc1 \u8226 ? oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
nedeterminate de eveni-mente exterioare, motivate intrinsec, ca-re constau \uc1
\u238 ?n trecerea de la un pol afectiv la altul, exprimate printr-un comporta-ment
schimb\uc1 \u259 ?tor, determinat fie de \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
prezente, fie de evoc\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale unor evenimente trecute. Sunt firi ciclo-
timice. Corespondentul acestei persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihiatrie este psihoza maniaco-depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = instabilitatea
punctului cor-tical motor, \uc1 \u238 ?n care stimulii aparent asem\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?tori, nu dau r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri identice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? (afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tre-cerea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? de la o stare
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? la alta. Aceste modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri pot apare \uc1 \u238 ?n
absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei contextualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Apare
la perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i dizarmonice; apare la cele mai mici
incita\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale mediului, apare \uc1 \u238 ?n hipertiroidie; modificarea
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei este rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, incoercibil\uc1 \u259 ?,
nemotivat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labiodental }
\langfenp1048 = sunet la a c\uc1 \u259 ?rui articulare particip\uc1 \u259 ?
buzele \uc1 \u351 ?i din\uc1 \u355 ?ii. (Ex. f, v -constrictive - surd\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sonor\uc1 \u259 ? ).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labirint }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? de cercetare \uc1 \u238 ?n zoo-psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologia \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, const\uc1 \u226 ?
nd dintr-o construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie de canale \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?i
labirintice sau numai din desenul corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Parcurgerea drumului de
la intrare la ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea unic\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u238 ?ngreunat\uc1
\u259 ? mult din cauza multiplelor \uc1 \u8222 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?scruci", c\uc1 \u259 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?nfundate, variante deru-tante. Se urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te
timpul de execu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, gre\uc1 \u351 ?elile, tactica adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labirint al
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii individuale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 expresie ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul unic \uc1
\u351 ?i complex al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii individuale (P. Popescu - Neveanu),
determinat de factorii considera\uc1 \u355 ?i preponderent alea-tori: \uc1 \u238 ?
mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, experien\uc1 \u355 ?e practice \uc1 \u351 ?i spirituale,
influen\uc1 \u355 ?e educative, etc, toate conduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la dezvoltarea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de personalitate. Individul este pus \uc1 \u238 ?n
fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unor alegeri succesive, mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in limitate,
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de scopul apropiat sau de perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
iar personalitatea lui ar putea fi o rezultan-t\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor alegeri.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Labirint
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = prob\uc1 \u259 ? experimen-tal\uc1 \u259 ?
(Peterson), viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area (prin \uc1
\u238 ?ncercare \uc1 \u351 ?i eroare), precum \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355
?ele-gerea situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei (codare, decodare). Su-biectul trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ? g\uc1 \u259 ?seasc\uc1 \u259 ? litera cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?toare pentru ca
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul s\uc1 \u259 ? expri-me o realitate (o denumire
inteligibil\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Laborator de }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (L.S.M.)
= (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Jaborare" - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a muncii). Unitate modern\uc1 \u259
? de asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? medical\uc1 \u259 ?, de tip ambulator, cu scop
profilactic \uc1 \u351 ?i recuperator; este mai aproape de locul de munc\uc1
\u259 ?, de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a pacientului, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
posibilitatea de a urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n timp afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile
psihice, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul recu-per\uc1 \u259 ?rii sau
reorient\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?colare \uc1 \u351 ?i profe-sionale, c\uc1 \u226
?t \uc1 \u351 ?i al supravegherii cazului. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia boal\uc1 \u259 ? -
medic - bolnav confer\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 medicinii un caracter social mai accen-tuat, dar \uc1
\u351 ?i terapeutic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 At\uc1 \u226 ?t pe plan mondial, c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
t \uc1 \u351 ?i na\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal, cam 95% din ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile medicale
sunt rezolvate ambulatoriu \uc1 \u351 ?i doar 5% de spitale. Astfel, ele sunt un
rezervor de unde spitalul prime\uc1 \u351 ?te cazuri, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i se-diul de
recuperare \uc1 \u351 ?i inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ?. Deservind
teritorii clar definite, L.S.M. cunosc o serie de probleme cum ar fi: factori de
risc, micro-climatul socio-familial, structura etnic\uc1 \u259 ?, structura mor-
bidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, asigur\uc1 \u226 ?nd o asisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? medical\uc1 \u259 ?, care ofer\uc1 \u259 ? maximum de r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri
unor serii de probleme date.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Laborios }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = harnic, muncitor; care ne}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce-sit\uc1
\u259 ? mult\uc1 \u259 ? munc\uc1 \u259 ?, osteneal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lacrimal }{\fs18
\dbch
referitor la lacrimi; gland\uc1 \u259 ? lacrimal\uc1 \u259 ?, care secret\uc1 \u259
? lacrimi \uc1 \u351 ?i canal lacrimal prin care se scurg lacrimile \uc1 \u238 ?n
g\uc1 \u226 ?t.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Lacrimogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care provoac\uc1 \u259 ? pl\uc1 \u226 ?nsul \uc1
\u351 ?i care face s\uc1 \u259 ? curg\uc1 \u259 ? lacrimi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lactee }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1
\langfenp1048 lac }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - lapte); ca}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lea lactee; \uc1 \u238 ?ngr\uc1
\u259 ?m\uc1 \u259 ?dire de stele care apar pe cer \uc1 \u238 ?n forma unei benzi
alburii; calea laptelui, drumul robilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lactovegetarian }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = regim alimentar compus din
lapte, legume \uc1 \u351 ?i fructe, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? carne.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lacun\uc1 \u259 ? -
Lacunar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? absen\uc1 \u355 ?a
unui element din sistem; existen\uc1 \u355 ?a uneia sau mai multor bre\uc1 \u351 ?
e; discontinuitate, imperfec\uc1 \u355 ?iune; limbajul, memoria pot fi astfel c\uc1
\u226 ?nd le lipsesc une-le cuvinte, fapte, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd amnezia intervine pe
intervale de timp. Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitatea perceperii ansam-blului \uc1 \u238 ?n ciuda
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?ei lacunei sau a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lacunelor. Determinatul este utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu limbajul, memoria, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea. G\uc1
\u226 ?ndirea lacunar\uc1 \u259 ? sau imaginile lacunare (eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iate
prin bateriile de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? WISC; MAISC) figurile lacunare,
constituie elemente utile \uc1 \u238 ?n testarea integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii perceptive.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laia\uc1 \u355
?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lalein }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - a vorbi); faza
prelingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n emisii vocale f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia inten\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.
Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei de 3 luni, dup\uc1 \u259 ? faza de
g\uc1 \u226 ?ngurit, \uc1 \u351 ?i conduce spre faza de verbi-aj. Reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iul func\uc1 \u355 ?ional al organelor fonatoare,
activitatea de joc; expresia unei contagiuni emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, un mesaj
afectiv, marc\uc1 \u226 ?nd satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laliofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lali - }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vorbire;
gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 probos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fric\uc1 \u259 ?); teama
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de a vorbi, justificat\uc1 \u259 ? oarecum la persoanele care
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? balbism, sigmatism, dizartrie, elemente afazoide; cap\uc1 \u259
?t\uc1 \u259 ? caracter net patologic la persoanele dizarmonice, grevate de
timiditate, complexe de inferioritate, la care actul vorbirii are semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ia unui act de mare curaj. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?, isterie, etc.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laloparie }{\fs18
(sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logopatie); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orice for-m\uc1 \u259 ? de
tulburare de vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i limbaj, fiind un vag indiciu asupra diagnosti-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rii subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lamarckism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = doctrin\uc1 \u259 ? evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ionist\uc1 \u259 ? (Lamark 1908), care admite ereditatea caracterelor
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
genitori. Lamarckismul este abandonat de biologia modern\uc1 \u259 ?, dar exist\uc1
\u259 ? sub forme mascate; a c\uc1 \u259 ?zut \uc1 \u238 ?n disuitudine odat\uc1
\u259 ? cu apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia darvinis-mului (1859) \uc1 \u351 ?i a cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rilor moderne de genetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Teza dup\uc1 \u259 ? care mediul este
atotputernic fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de zestrea ereditar\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau dup\uc1 \u259 ? care reflexele condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionate \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ite de p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i
faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea lor de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre urma\uc1 \u351
?i, sunt variante ale lamarckismului \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt preluate de c\uc1 \u259 ?
tre antropologi, sociologi, psihopedagogi,
psihologi, psihiatri, evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ioni\uc1 \u351 ?ti. \uc1 \u350 ?i teza
dup\uc1 \u259 ? care fondul ereditar al omenirii progreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri educative este de asemenea o tez\uc1 \u259 ? a lamarckismului.}
\langfenp1048 Lambdacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = numele literei grece\uc1
\u351 ?ti }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 X }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1); tulburare fonetic\uc1 \u259 ?
a expresiei verba-le, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n imposibilitatea pronun-\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?L", cu sau f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ?. (Vezi Anexa B - Fig. 13.)}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lamentabil }
\langfenp1048 = vrednic de mil\uc1 \u259 ?; de pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns; prost, mizerabil.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lancasterian }
\langfenp1048 = mod de a preda materi-ile de studiu cu ajutorul elevilor mai
avansa\uc1 \u355 ?i, folosi\uc1 \u355 ?i ca }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 monitori \uc1 \u238 ?n clasele mai
mici.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Langdon - Down
\langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? descris\uc1 \u259 ? de L. Down (1866); form\uc1
\u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ? de oli-gofrenie; distrofie pseudo-mongoloid\uc1
\u259 ?) caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin triada: \uc1 \u8226 ? dismorfie par-
ticular\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere psihic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? abera\uc1 \u355 ?ie cromozomial\uc1 \u259 ?
(trisomia 21). Printre cau-zele \uc1 \u238 ?ncriminate: v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta \uc1
\u238 ?naintat\uc1 \u259 ? a ma-mei, rolul factorilor endocrini, ginecolo-gici,
num\uc1 \u259 ?rul mare de avorturi. Morfolo-gia copiilor cu maladia Langdon Down:
microbrohicefalie, hipertelorism cu hipo-genezie orbital\uc1 \u259 ?, pupile
excentrice, fante palpebrale mongoliene, epicantus, stra-bism, nas turtit,
gur\uc1 \u259 ? cu fisuri comisura-le, limba geografic\uc1 \u259 ? (scrotat\uc1
\u259 ?), macro-glosie, bolt\uc1 \u259 ? palatin\uc1 \u259 ? ogival\uc1 \u259 ?,
hipertrofie gingival\uc1 \u226 ?, implanta\uc1 \u355 ?ii vicioase ale din\uc1 \u355
?i-lor, g\uc1 \u226 ?t scurt \uc1 \u351 ?i gros, urechi malformate, torace evazat,
abdomen hipoton, hernie ombilical\uc1 \u259 ?, stern \uc1 \u238 ?nfundat, m\uc1
\u226 ?ini mici,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 degete scurte, late, clinodactilia auricu-larului, plic\uc1 \u259 ?
simian\uc1 \u259 ? palmar\uc1 \u259 ? (linia Crookshank \uc1 \u238 ?n 70% din
cazuri) picioa-re scurte \uc1 \u351 ?i plate, piele uscat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
flasc\uc1 \u259 ?, hiperlaxitate ligamentar\uc1 \u259 ?, organe geni-tale
subdezvoltate, cardiopatii congeni-tale, anomalii osoase, digestive.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezvoltarea
psihomotorie \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-ziat\uc1 \u259 ?, (Q.I. sub 50%) este
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tura cli-nic\uc1 \u259 ? cea mai important\uc1 \u259 ? a
sindromului. Comportamentul este ori apatic, ori marcat de iritabilitate,
impulsivitate, agresivitate. Are un cromozom \uc1 \u238 ?n plus. Diagnosticul
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial se pune fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mixedemul \uc1 \u351 ?
i hipertelorismul congeni-tal \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
encefalopatiile cu aspect mongoloid, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierile mintale
grave (idio\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i imbecilitatea) utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
criteriile citogenetice. Au rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?
zut\uc1 \u259 ? la infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i fac dese bronho-pneumonii \uc1
\u351 ?i septicimii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Profilaxia sindromului const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u8222 ?eugenie pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?", sfat \uc1 \u351 ?i consult ge-netic,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea unor m\uc1 \u259 ?suri igie-nice \uc1
\u351 ?i antiinfec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, mijloace educa-tive, care reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? singurele posibili-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i terapeutice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Languros }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = gale\uc1 \u351 ?,
sentimental.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Laparatomie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ? (t\uc1
\u259 ?ietur\uc1 \u259 ?) care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n deschiderea
peretelui abdominal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lapidar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stil concis, scurt (ca stilul unei inscrip\uc1 \u355 ?
ii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lapsus }{\fs18
neputin\uc1 \u355 ?a momentan\uc1 \u259 ? de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i aminti ceva; alunecare
\uc1 \u238 ?n gre\uc1 \u351 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?; eroare sau inadverten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? comis\uc1 \u259 ? de o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, oral\uc1 \u259 ? sau
scris\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie intr\uc1 \u259 ?:
inversarea ordinii cu-vintelor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o expresie, invers\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
con-tamin\uc1 \u259 ?ri, substitu\uc1 \u355 ?ii, deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri prin de-
plas\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale silabelor, sunetelor unui cu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?nt sau a
cuvintelor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o fraz\uc1 \u259 ?. Se consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? aceste erori de limbaj (Freud) ar avea la baz\uc1 \u259 ? un mecanism
analog mecanismului uit\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ele produ-c\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?presiunii" acelor ele-mente care nu se afl\uc1
\u259 ? prezente \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului, pe
care el nu inten\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? la enun\uc1 \u355 ?e,
dar apar \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spontan,
ulterior debloc\uc1 \u259 ?rii de acea \uc1 \u8222 ?pre-siune". Din punct de vedre
lingvistic lap-susul s-ar datora influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor perturbato-are pe care
sunetele \uc1 \u351 ?i cuvintele le exer-cit\uc1 \u259 ? unele asupra altora,
influen\uc1 \u355 ?e intrin-seci vorbirii. Din punct de vedere psiha-nalitic, nu ar
fi provocat de un element intrinsec discursului, ci de un element afectiv, apar\uc1
\u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectului care-1 sus-\uc1 \u355 ?ine, deci exterior
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului \uc1 \u351 ?i propriu persoanei. Lapsusul, ca perturbare a
vorbirii, presupune imixiunea incon\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entului \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1
\u351 ?tient; este deci o perturba-re a verbaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor con\uc1
\u355 ?inuturi psihice latente, pe care subiectul nu poate s\uc1 \u259 ? le
verbalizeze \uc1 \u351 ?i care exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? presiune.
Ele intervin perturbator, ap\uc1 \u259 ?-r\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n fraz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n virtutea bunei asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?ri cu un element al frazei rostite. Lapsusul apare pe un fond de re-laxare a
aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a cenzurilor care favo-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
derularea asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iilor libere, pro-vocate de o amintire care \uc1
\u238 ?l incit\uc1 \u259 ?. Lap-susul nu trebuie confundat cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
rile de limbaj din sindroamele psihoorga-nice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringal = (sunete) care se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n laringe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Laringe = organ situat \uc1 \u238 ?n partea superi-oar\uc1 \u259 ? a traheii unde
se afl\uc1 \u259 ? coardele voca-le, \uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica actului fono-
articulator, laringele are un rol deosebit de important \uc1 \u351 ?i distinct de
celelalte elemente ale actului vorbirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ca organ vibrator are o dezvolta-re proprie
la om ce nu se g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te la ani-male. Dimensiunile lui
variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ra-port cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, cu sexul \uc1
\u351 ?i sunt inde-pendente de talia persoanei. La v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta pubert\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii se produc modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri dimen-sionale \uc1 \u238 ?n
toate diametrele laringelui, mai mult la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i, mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in la fete, corzile vocale fiind mai scurte la femei (voci \uc1 \u238
?nalte).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
no}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ul n\uc1 \u259 ?scut volumul laringelui este V3 din cel al femeii
adulte, se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 3 ani, apoi se
modific\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 12 ani. Laringele este compus din
mai multe inele cartilaginoase, reu-nite prin mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi: cartilajul
cricoid, tiro-id, cartilajele caniculare Santorini \uc1 \u351 ?i Wrisberg,
dou\uc1 \u259 ? cartilaje artenoide \uc1 \u351 ?i epiglota. Aceste cartilaje unite
prin articula\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i membrane (cricotiroidian\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i tirohioidian\uc1 \u259 ?) asigur\uc1 \u259 ? stabilitatea func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Sus, ele se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu osul hioid, iar jos,
dou\uc1 \u259 ? coarne se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu cartilajul cricoid. Aces-tea se
\uc1 \u238 ?nsereaz\uc1 \u259 ? unul de altul prin liga-mente, iar pe ele se
\uc1 \u238 ?nsereaz\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi cu rol foarte
important. Iat\uc1 \u259 ? care sunt ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i rolul lor \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea laringelui: a)
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul crico-tiroidian, care se fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe cricoid \uc1
\u351 ?i tiroid, ridic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i d\uc1 \u259 ? tensiunea corzilor
vocale (mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi tensor);}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 b)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mu\uc1
\u351 ?chii crico-aritenoidieni, cel pos-terior este dilatatorul glotei, trage epi-
glota \uc1 \u238 ?napoi \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n jos, \uc1 \u238 ?nchide
intrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n laringe a diverselor alimente \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul
degluti\uc1 \u355 ?iei; se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc pe marginea supe-rioar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i lateral\uc1 \u259 ? a cartilajului cricoid;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 c)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul
interaritenoidian, se fixea-z\uc1 \u259 ? pe apofiza dorsal\uc1 \u259 ? a
cartilajului ari-tenoid \uc1 \u351 ?i pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a posterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a
cricoi-dului. Este numit \uc1 \u351 ?i mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul coardei vocale \uc1
\u351 ?i contribuie la dilatarea spa-\uc1 \u355 ?iului dintre corzile vocale. Este
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi abductor. d) Mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii tiro-aritenoidieni}{\fs18
206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx235 \itap0 \ls7 \fs20 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 d)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect
}\sectd \sbknone \pgwsxn11909 \pghsxn16834 \marglsxn3103 \margrsxn2441
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li3120 \ri0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 interiori, cu func\uc1
\u355 ?ie important\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n emi-siunea vocal\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt
\uc1 \u351 ?i exteriori. Partea interioar\uc1 \u259 ? intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuirea corzilor vo-cale inferioare, singurele de luat \uc1 \u238 ?
n seam\uc1 \u259 ? pentru fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie. e) Cartilajul fibros, epiglota, al
c\uc1 \u259 ?rui rol l-am indicat. Se poate deci preciza c\uc1 \u259 ? musculatura
intrin-sec\uc1 \u259 ? a laringelui este constituit\uc1 \u259 ? din pa-tru
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi perechi \uc1 \u351 ?i unul impar, cu ajutorul c\uc1 \u259 ?rora
contribuie la fona\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Enerva\uc1
\u355 ?ia laringelui se dato-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? nervilor simpatici \uc1 \u351 ?i
celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? ra-muri ale nervului vag (a zecea pereche), nervi mic\uc1
\u351 ?ti, forma\uc1 \u355 ?i din fibre senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i motorii, care
controleaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor faringelui, laringelui,
pl\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?-nilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a inimii, etc. Se disting
dou\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i ale laringelui: cea superioar\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea inferioar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torii arat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? sec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea laringelui inferior produce paralizarea
aparatului fonator, iar a celui superior ar duce numai la o schimbare a vocii. Apa-
ratul fonator este subordonat scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale. Cu privire la
vasomorticitatea laringelui, Remark \uc1 \u351 ?i Luscha arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? ea este realizat\uc1 \u259 ? de prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n
pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii arteriali a centrilor vasomotori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La om, vasomotricitatea laringelui
are un grad de perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionare ce nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? la animale.
Mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul s\uc1 \u259 ?u vocal, organ cu un \uc1 \u238 ?nalt grad de
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere \uc1 \u351 ?i cu un randament func\uc1 \u355 ?ional
considerabil, are nevoie de o reglare circulatorie perfect\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului cordal im-presioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ia aparatului ner-vos de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Structura foarte fin\uc1 \u259
? a termina\uc1 \u355 ?iilor nervoase motrice se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
necesitatea de adaptare a corzilor vocale la vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iile continue ale
limbaju-lui uman.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile nervoase nu p\uc1 \u259 ?trund \uc1 \u238 ?n
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi, ci se \uc1 \u238 ?ntind la suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
fiind lipsite de teaca meilinic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de cea schavanian\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i vin \uc1 \u238 ?n contact direct cu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sarcoplasama. Membrana
sarcoplasmei este locul de activitate a acetilcolino-sterazei de la nivelul
jonc\uc1 \u355 ?iunii neuro-musculare. J. Piquet a studiat \uc1 \u238 ?n special
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ile motrice ale aparatului muscular al corzilor vocale pe
probe prevalate \uc1 \u238 ?n urma laringectomiei totale, constat\uc1 \u226 ?nd
c\uc1 \u259 ? interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia motric\uc1 \u259 ? are o dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u238 ?n form\uc1 \u259 ? de din\uc1 \u355 ?i de pieptene \uc1 \u351 ?i
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul vocal se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc fibre
muscu-lare care posed\uc1 \u259 ? 2, 3 sau chiar 4 pl\uc1 \u259 ?ci motrice.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tripla f}{\fs18 \dbch
unc\uc1 \u355 ?iune a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului corzii vocale: fonatorie,
respiratorie \uc1 \u351 ?i sfincterian\uc1 \u259 ?, explic\uc1 \u259 ? num\uc1
\u259 ?rul mare de pl\uc1 \u259 ?ci motrice. \uc1 \u238 ?n concluzie, nervul
recurent, responsabil de corzile vocale, se \uc1 \u238 ?ntinde \uc1 \u238 ?n
evantai \uc1 \u238 ?n mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul cordal, unde se ramific\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i d\uc1 \u259 ? bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia de elemente nervoase, de
o mare diversitate \uc1 \u238 ?n interven\uc1 \u355 ?iile lor. \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea
ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te teoria neurocronaxic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (cronos }
\langfenp1048 - timp; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 axie - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 valoare) a for-m\uc1 \u259 ?rii
sunetului primar la nivelul larin-gelui, Krmpotik a m\uc1 \u259 ?surat lungimea
\uc1 \u351 ?i calibrul fibrelor nervoase \uc1 \u238 ?n cei doi nervi recuren\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i a constatat reducerea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n recurentul drept,
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cel st\uc1 \u226 ?ng. Viteza de conductibilitate este
cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t mai rapid\uc1 \u259 ? cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t calibrul fibrei nervoase
mielinice este mai mare. Recurentul st\uc1 \u226 ?ng, de\uc1 \u351 ?i este mai lung
\uc1 \u238 ?n traiectul s\uc1 \u259 ?u, este mai gros ca cel drept. Dac\uc1 \u259 ?
am face o sec\uc1 \u355 ?iune transversal\uc1 \u259 ? prin laringe, am observa
c\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? ca un tub g\uc1 \u226 ?tuit la mijloc.
In por\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unde este g\uc1 \u226 ?tuit sunt 4 pliuri formate dintr-o
cut\uc1 \u259 ? a mucoasei, o lam\uc1 \u259 ? elastic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i un
fascicol din mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi tiroaritenoizi. Acestea sunt cele 4 corzi vocale,
dou\uc1 \u259 ? superioare \uc1 \u351 ?i dou\uc1 \u259 ? inferi-oare. Cele
inferioare, care produc fona-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, sunt puse \uc1 \u238 ?n vibra\uc1
\u355 ?ie de nervul recu-rent, nervul motor al laringelui. Activi-tatea corzilor
vocale este dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? de sis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i nervos
central, por\uc1 \u355 ?iunea frontal\uc1 \u259 ? pe aria cortical\uc1 \u259 ? (a
6" Bordmann).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Prin vibrarea lor, cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? corzi produc sunete. Au forma buzelor care
se apropie \uc1 \u351 ?i se dep\uc1 \u259 ?rteaz\uc1 \u259 ? una de alta. Ca-petele
din fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt fixate pe col\uc1 \u355 ?ul cartilajului
tiroid, de unde se \uc1 \u238 ?ndreapt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?napoi \uc1 \u351 ?i
se fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu celelalte capete ale epiglotei. \uc1 \u238 ?n
respira\uc1 \u355 ?ia lini\uc1 \u351 ?tit\uc1 \u259 ?, con-struc\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
vocal\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?nchide; \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?oapt\uc1
\u259 ?, corzile se \uc1 \u238 ?nchid par\uc1 \u355 ?ial, influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de
partea superioar\uc1 \u259 ? unde a fost provocat\uc1 \u259 ? o construc\uc1
\u355 ?ie vocal\uc1 \u259 ?. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a vocalei la \uc1 \u238 ?
nceputul \uc1 \u351 ?i la sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul emisi-unii este
joas\uc1 \u259 ?. (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 19, 20,21)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = inflamare a
mucoasei larin-gelui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Laringian }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ce \uc1 \u355 ?ine de laringe; al larin-
gelui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringofon }
\langfenp1048 = microfon care se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? pe g\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n
dreptul laringelui, folosi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?n telefonia prin
radio din tanc sau din avion.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Laringolog }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medic specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n
laringologie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Laringologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a medicinii care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
laringele \uc1 \u351 ?i bolile lui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringoscop }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = instrument format dintr-o
oglind\uc1 \u259 ? cu coada lung\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ajutorul c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia se
examineaz\uc1 \u259 ? laringele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Laringoscopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = examinare a laringelui cu
ajutorul laringoscopului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Laringospasm = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spasm glotic, spasm
laringian. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? a mu\uc1
\u351 ?chilor constructori ai laringelui, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de mai multe
cauze: - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reflex }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (iri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ta\uc1 \u355 ?ia
nervului laringian superior \uc1 \u351 ?i a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nervului vag); - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sechele }{\fs18
encefalitice, centrale, epilepsie, tetanos; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-le: }
\langfenp1048 isteria, nevroza. Clinic, realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un tablou dramatic:
tuse cu aspect con-vulsiv, dispnee, disfonie, cianoz\uc1 \u259 ?, exo-ftalmie,
agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Uneori, din cauza in-tensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
spasmului, este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? tra-heotomia, ca singur\uc1 \u259 ? solu\uc1
\u355 ?ie terapeu-tic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lateralitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a func\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nal\uc1 \u259 ? a unei p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i a corpului uman asu-pra alteia,
tradus\uc1 \u259 ? prin utilizarea preferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a unui ochi,
m\uc1 \u226 ?ini, picior, pentru a \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplini o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune ce
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? precizie deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?. Astfel, la dreptaci sau
st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci exist\uc1 \u259 ? o lateralitate manua-l\uc1 \u259 ?, a
ochilor, a
audi\uc1 \u355 ?iei, nefiind vorba de o lateralitate a unui hemicorp \uc1 \u238 ?n
ansamblu. Anatomic nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? nici o diferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre dreptaci \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ipotezele care \uc1 \u238 ?
ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? explica\uc1 \u355 ?ia acestui fenomen \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimineaz\uc1
\u259 ? calitatea mai bun\uc1 \u259 ? a circula\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n
emisfera st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?, sau valorizarea educa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ii drepte a corpului. \uc1 \u238 ?n
realitate este greu de stabilit ponderea factorilor fizi-ologici \uc1 \u351 ?i cea
a factorilor socioeduca-\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, \uc1 \u238 ?n folosirea preferen\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a unui organ. Cert este c\uc1 \u259 ? la dreptaci
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile limbajului sunt predominant localizate \uc1 \u238 ?n emisfera
st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iile schemei
corporale \uc1 \u238 ?n emisfera dreapt\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
dat\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? dominan\uc1 \u355 ?a unei emisfere.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Contrarierea
lateralit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii poate avea consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e psihice
privind perfor-man\uc1 \u355 ?ele realizate. Copii st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci au
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de a scrie cu dreapta, dar se poate ajunge la un
echilibru al func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii celor dou\uc1 \u259
? m\uc1 \u226 ?ini - ambidextrie - echilibru format \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul proceselor
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n 1949, Diltreth, a propus un in-ice de lateralitate
fondat pe num\uc1 \u259 ?rul de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-288 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin29 \cbpat16 \tql \tlhyph
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri de o parte \uc1
\u351 ?i de alta, dreapta (D)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u226 ?nga
(S). Raportul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este 1 la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoanele ambidextre, pozitiv la d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rep-taci
\uc1 \u351 ?i negativ la st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ve-
dere c\uc1 \u259 ? performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele realizate cu partea nedominant\uc1
\u259 ? nu ating niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor realizate
cu partea domi-nant\uc1 \u259 ?, iar \uc1 \u238 ?ncercarea de a contraria reali-
tatea poate avea consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e psihice dura-bile, majoritatea
speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor sunt \uc1 \u238 ?mpo-triva contrarierii lateralit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Persoanele care nu au o lateralitate bine definit\uc1
\u259 ? pre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? o greutate de coordonare a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
ri-lor, de organizare temporar-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?esc
greu limbajul scris sau vorbit. \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicare, laterali-tatea se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? prin raportul stabilit \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cantitatea mesajelor
emise \uc1 \u351 ?i canti-tatea mesajelor recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, pentru fie-care
participant la schimbul informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
lateralitate \uc1 \u238 ?ncruci\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? (m\uc1 \u226 ?na
st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?, pici}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orul, ochiul drept).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leader }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (engl.) lider,
conduc\uc1 \u259 ?tor, \uc1 \u351 ?ef, persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care dirijeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i coordoneaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activitatea
unui grup, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd rol central \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adaptarea deciziilor.
Psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? structura personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii diverse-lor tipuri de lideri \uc1 \u351 ?i influen\uc1
\u355 ?a lor asupra grupului. Ceea ce intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? este inte-rac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea dintre lideri \uc1 \u351 ?i grup \uc1 \u351 ?i modul cum aceasta se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru rolul de lideri se potrivesc anumite tipuri de
personalitate. Sunt lideri formali, institu-\uc1 \u355 ?ionaliza\uc1 \u355 ?i,
cunoscu\uc1 \u355 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? numele func-\uc1 \u355 ?iei ce o \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinesc; sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i lideri infor-mali, care \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de condu-cere, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
sens pozitiv sau nega-tiv. Este de dorit ca liderul formal s\uc1 \u259 ? se bucure
de prerogativele liderului in-formai.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = credincios cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului dat:
sincer, cinstit.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lealitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sinceritate, cinste, fran-che\uc1
\u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin38
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leber }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (atrofie optic\uc1 \u259 ?
ereditar\uc1 \u259 ?); de-generescent\uc1 \u259 ? tapeto-retinian\uc1 \u259 ?;
diminu-area vederii, interes\uc1 \u226 ?nd sexul masculin.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lectur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate
uman\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n descifrarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea unui test, prin semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia semnelor
conven\uc1 \u355 ?ionale grafice, care alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc limbajul scris, prin
deplasarea privirii de-a lungul \uc1 \u351 ?i-rurilor de semne grafice, prin
formarea deprinderii de a cuprinde c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul de citire de un cuv\uc1
\u226 ?nt, o sintagm\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? deprindere se formeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? prin metode analitico-sintetice
sau de tip global-sintetic, reclam\uc1 \u226 ?nd un anumit nivel mintal minimal,
corespun-z\uc1 \u259 ?tor normalului de \uc1 \u351 ?ase ani \uc1 \u351 ?i un anu-
mit grad de stabilitate psihocomporta-mental\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i o bun\uc1 \u259 ? orientare tem-poro-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?. Efectele
lecturii sunt be-nefice prin l\uc1 \u259 ?rgirea sferei comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1
\u351 ?i socializ\uc1 \u259 ?rii copilului, determinate p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
atunci doar de limbajul oral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea lexiei se poate l\uc1
\u259 ?rgi orizontul de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? prin satisface-rea intereselor de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i o deconectare \uc1 \u351 ?i
des\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?ire a personali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre lectur\uc1 \u259 ?, scriere \uc1 \u351 ?i nivelul de
dezvoltare a limbajului exist\uc1 \u259 ? o str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, mai ales c\uc1 \u226 ?nd lectura se face cu glas tare (limbaj
oral) sau \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?nd (limbaj interior). Sub aspect psihopeda-
gogie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihomedical, intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? ritmul \uc1 \u351 ?i
corectitudinea lecturii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i modul \uc1 \u238 ?n care
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional a fost fidel stocat pentru a fi
utilizat ulterior. Eventualele modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri patolo-gice prin perturbarea
mecanismelor ci-tirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a simbolurilor grafice, \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimi-
neaz\uc1 \u259 ? factori lezionali cerebrali, afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni optico-vizuale,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihoa-fective (stres, timiditate), dezorganiza-}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 rea orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale, etc. Tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rile dislexice adesea sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de disgra-fie \uc1
\u351 ?i disortografie, dar pot exista \uc1 \u351 ?i inde-pendent. Depistarea lor
precoce este o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a eficacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii tera-piei recuperatorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lectur\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor }{\fs18
tulburare a g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a limbajului interior, cu caracter
automat, care face parte din sindromul de automatism mintal sub form\uc1 \u259 ?
ideo-verbal\uc1 \u259 ?. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin enun\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1
\u351 ?i comentarea spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i repetat\uc1 \u259 ? a propri-
ilor g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul, fie dup\uc1 \u259 ? for-mularea
lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lec\uc1
\langfenp1048 = fonfl\uc1 \u226 ? de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
munci didactice, prin care se transmit elevilor anumite cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1
\u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o uni-tate de timp; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tura moral\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? tras\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?ri; \uc1 \u8226 ? dojana, mustrare, din care se
trage o \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legal }
\langfenp1048 = conform unei legi; conform cu legea; bazat pe o lege.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legalitate }
\langfenp1048 = conformitate cu legile: res-pectarea stric}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?
a lor, ordinea legal\uc1 \u259 ? care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u351 ?i activitatea unei societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
testamentar\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se las\uc1 \u259 ? un bun, o obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cuiva.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legatar
\langfenp1048 = beneficiar al unui legat; 1. universal - cel c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia
cineva \uc1 \u238 ?i las\uc1 \u259 ? prin testament \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga sa }
\langfenp1048 avere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lega\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = misiune diplomatic\uc1 \u259 ?
perma-nent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un stat str\uc1 \u259 ?in, condus\uc1
\u259 ? de un ministru plenipoten\uc1 \u355 ?iar; localul studiului acestei
misiuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uire;
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia material\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259
? stabilit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiecte, fenomene, persoane, colectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Termen general, utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite contexte
semantice: \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofie - le-g\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
universal\uc1 \u259 ?, sinonim cu \uc1 \u8222 ?conexi-une" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?" universal\uc1 \u259 ?; totalitatea
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor \uc1 \u351 ?i raporturilor dintre obiectele \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomenele apar\uc1 \u355 ?i-n\uc1 \u226 ?nd naturii, societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i chimie - leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
atomic\uc1 \u259 ? mo-lecular\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? - o form\uc1 \u259 ? par-ticular\uc1 \u259 ? de leg\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul sistemelor cu autoreglare: leg\uc1
\u259 ?tura invers\uc1 \u259 ? (feed-back) ; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n concep\uc1
\u355 ?ia pavlovist\uc1 \u259 ?-fizio-logic\uc1 \u259 ? - leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? temporar\uc1 \u259 ?, realizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe focare de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie cortical\uc1 \u259 ?,
care sunt activate \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?nduri repetate \uc1 \u238 ?n
acela\uc1 \u351 ?i moment; odat\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura constituit\uc1
\u259 ?, stimularea unei zone determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stimularea altora
de care este legat\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura are un
caracter temporal, deoarece se stinge, dispare dup\uc1 \u259 ? o perioad\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care n-a mai fost asociat\uc1 \u259 ?, ci neutralizat\uc1
\u259 ?. Acesta este mecanismul ce constituie baza nervoa-s\uc1 \u259 ? a
reflexului condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gie - pentru
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? se prefer\uc1 \u259 ? termenul de
\uc1 \u8222 ?rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?co-municare"; \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul complexit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii me-sajului ideo-verbal, transmis de la
emi-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor la receptor, leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura cap\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? o not\uc1 \u259 ? distinct\uc1 \u259 ?, specific\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1
\u8226 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia medic-pacient face parte din psihologia
comportamentului interpersonal; rela\uc1 \u355 ?i-ile medic-pacient pot fi
fructuoase din punct de vedere social (cooperant\uc1 \u259 ?, competitiv\uc1
\u259 ?, dependent\uc1 \u259 ?, de afilia\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de dominan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, de agresiune, de autosti-m\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ego-identitate),
accept\uc1 \u226 ?nd imagi-nea pe care o au al\uc1 \u355 ?ii despre sine. Dife-
ritele tipuri de psihopatii (nevroze, psihoze) le afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n mod specific, iar terapeutica (psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, medica-}
\langfenp1048 mentoas\uc1 \u259 ?) amelioreaz\uc1 \u259 ? acest comporta-ment.
Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia medic-pacient se poate face fructuos din punct de vedre comu-
nica\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u238 ?n genere, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd medicul face dovada
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii bolii \uc1 \u351 ?i a bolnavului (empatia,
comprehensiune situa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?), c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
tig\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea lui prin informarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
comportamentul protector-terapeutic (care c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tig\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259
? deza-m\uc1 \u259 ?girea).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lege = sub raport ontologic, legea rep}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rezint\uc1 \u259 ?
cea mai complex\uc1 \u259 ? ipotez\uc1 \u259 ? a conexiunii universale \uc1 \u351 ?
i se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la ori-ce tip de raport sau interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune intra
sau intersistemic\uc1 \u259 ? privind caracterul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, necesar,
general, relativ stabil \uc1 \u351 ?i repeta-bil; are caracter obiectiv \uc1
\u351 ?i intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n toate domeniile realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
inclusiv \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hicul \uc1 \u351 ?i conduita uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Legile
sunt considerate drept principii de ordonare ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a
datului empiric, instituite de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?
drept criterii imanente. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? l\uc1 \u259 ?rgirea sferei lor de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, legile se clasific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n: \uc1 \u8226 ?
legi specifice, pro-prii unei categorii determinate de proce-se \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomene; \uc1 \u8226 ? legi generale, care ac-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? la
nivelul unui \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg domeniu sau regn ontologic; \uc1 \u8226 ? legi
universale, ca-re ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n toate domeniile
existen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? legi dinamice, cazual-mecanice (legile
mecanicii cere\uc1 \u351 ?ti - Galileu); \uc1 \u8226 ? legi statice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sistemele complexe cu autore-glare (legile microprocesoarelor \uc1 \u238 ?n fizi-
c\uc1 \u259 ?, legile demografice \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1
\u259 ?, etc).}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n gnoseologie
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n logica tradi-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
clasic\uc1 \u259 ?, legile fundamentale ale g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii sunt considerate
principii cu va-loare axiomatic\uc1 \u259 ? (identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
non-contra-dic\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ter\uc1 \u355 ?ului exclus, a ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
sufici-ente, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n etic\uc1 \u259 ?, o cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1 \u259 ?
obligato-rie, necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?, cu valoare univer-sal\uc1 \u259
?, constituie reperul axial l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a care se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 raporteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga diversitate de va-lori, norme \uc1 \u351 ?i judec\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i morale ce alc\uc1 \u259 ?tu-iesc universul etic al unui
context isto-ric determinat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pe plan juridic, legea este o re-gul\uc1 \u259 ? de comportament cu
caracter im-perativ, obligatoriu, instituit\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o
autoritate normativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?lca-re se pedepse\uc1 \u351 ?te cu anumite sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni,
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor actelor de nesupunere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legile psihologiei func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale au fost
enun\uc1 \u355 ?ate de Eduard Claparede \uc1 \u238 ?n 1931: \uc1 \u8226 ? legea
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei (orice trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tinde s\uc1 \u259 ?
provoace reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii proprii pentru a o satisface); \uc1 \u8226 ? legea
extensiunii vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale, care este propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? cu dis-tan\uc1 \u355 ?a existent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloa-cele de a le satisface; \uc1 \u8226 ?
legea con\uc1 \u351 ?tienti-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii: persoana devine con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ? de un proces, o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, un obiect, etc, cu at\uc1
\u226 ?t mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t conduita sa a implicat mai \uc1
\u238 ?ndelungat folosirea incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a acelui proces,
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, obiect; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea anticipa\uc1 \u355 ?iei: orice
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care prin natura ei risc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
nu poat\uc1 \u259 ? fi satisf\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? imediat, apare ca
anticipa\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea in-teresului: orice conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
este generat\uc1 \u259 ? de un interes; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea interesului mo-
mentan: \uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare moment un orga-nism ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd linia intere-sului s\uc1 \u259 ?u major; \uc1 \u8226 ? legi de
reproducere a asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?torului: orice trebuin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tinde s\uc1 \u259 ? repete conduita prin care a fost satisf\uc1
\u259 ?-cut\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o \uc1 \u238 ?mprejurare similar\uc1 \u259
?; \uc1 \u8226 ? le-gea taton\uc1 \u259 ?rii: c\uc1 \u226 ?nd situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
este nou\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ia asem\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?torului nu este eficient\uc1 \u259 ?, trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?a
declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de c\uc1 \u259 ?utare, de \uc1
\u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u259 ?ri, de taton\uc1 \u259 ?ri (legea \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1
\u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a erorilor); \uc1 \u8226 ? legea compensa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei: c\uc1 \u226 ?nd echilibrul tulburat nu mai poate fi restabilit printr-o
reac-\uc1 \u355 ?ie adecvat\uc1 \u259 ?, el este compensat printr-o reac\uc1
\u355 ?ie antagonist\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de devia\uc1 \u355 ?ia
suscitat\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea autonomiei func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale:
\uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare moment al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sale, un }
\langfenp1048 organism constituie o unitate func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie sunt
o ajustare la trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sale; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea celui mai mic efort:
orice organism tinde spre satisfacere trebuin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd
linia celei mai mici rezis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?e; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea substituirii:
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd un scop nu poate fi atins printr-un anume com-portament, o
alt\uc1 \u259 ? tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? i se substituie viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd acela\uc1
\u351 ?i scop.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Legendar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = extraordinar; fabulos; fai-mos; de basm.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legend\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = povestire cu caracter fantas-tic, miraculos, transmis\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special pe cale oral\uc1 \u259 ?, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe un
fond istoric, pe o \uc1 \u238 ?nchipuire mitic\uc1 \u259 ?; inscrip\uc1 \u355 ?ie
pe o mone-d\uc1 \u259 ?; explica\uc1 \u355 ?ie dat\uc1 \u259 ? semnelor
conven\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale de pe un plan, hart\uc1 \u259 ?; text care se g\uc1 \u259
?se\uc1 \u351 ?te sub o gravur\uc1 \u259 ?, sub o schem\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leghe }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = veche m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ? pentru distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n Apusul Europei, variind \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 3000 \uc1 \u351 ?i 7500 m.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legifera }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a
face o lege sau a stabili ceva prin lege.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legislativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organ care elaboreaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i adopt\uc1 \u259 ? legile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legislator }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = legiuitor, cel care
stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te regulile unei arte, a unui curent artistic, literar, etc.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legislatur\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durata mandatului unui organ legislativ.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legisla\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = totalitatea legilor dintr-un stat sau dintr-un domeniu juridic.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legist }{\fs18
medic specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ? legal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legitate }{\fs18 \dbch
caracterul obligatoriu de lege al unor fenomene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legitim }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (legitim\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare);
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n care se comite un act de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare
\uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva unei agresiuni imediate \uc1 \u351 ?i injuste.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Legitima }{\fs18
stabilirea identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cuiva pe baza unui document legal; a
justifi-ca; a motiva; a fi recunoscut unui copil legitim.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lesch-Nyhan = Gut\uc1 \u259 ? Infantil\uc1
\u259 ?; boal\uc1 \u259 ? ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? cu transmitere recesiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
legat\uc1 \u259 ? de cromozomul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 X, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 identificat\uc1 \u259 ?
de Lesch \uc1 \u351 ?i Nyhan \uc1 \u238 ?n 1964. Este un sin-drom neurologic care
provoac\uc1 \u259 ? pertur-barea metabolismul purinelor \uc1 \u351 ?i hiperu-
ricemie consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin hiperchinezie,
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri coreoatetozice \uc1 \u351 ?i spasticitate, asimbolie
la durere, cu simptome psihice grave: \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, comportament hetero \uc1 \u351 ?i autoa-gresiv \uc1 \u351 ?i
semne de afectare somatic\uc1 \u259 ? (gut\uc1 \u259 ?, liteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
renal\uc1 \u259 ?). Deosebit de dra-matic\uc1 \u259 ? este tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u226 ?nca falangele, buzele,
limba, etc. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torii au facilitat posibilitatea diagnosticului
prenatal al acestor mala-dii. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii autori, tratamentul cu
Alopurinol d\uc1 \u259 ? unele rezultate pozitive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Letargie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? stare patologic\uc1
\u259 ? const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n somn profund, provocat prin suges-tie
hipnotic\uc1 \u259 ? sau narcoz\uc1 \u259 ? medicamen-toas\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226
? uitare de sine, iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i aneste-zie muscular\uc1 \u259 ?,
reducere la maximum a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vegetative; \uc1 \u8226 ?
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-un joc sau maladie. D\uc1 \u259 ? aspectul unei \uc1
\u8222 ?mor\uc1 \u355 ?i aparente", este caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
encefalita letargic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n traumatisme cra-niene,
intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?n care se produce o
afectare grav\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs24 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de men\uc1 \u355 ?inere a st\uc1
\u259 ?rii de veghe de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre substan\uc1 \u355 ?a reticulat\uc1
Leucemie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nume generic dat bolilor produc\uc1 \u259 ?toare de
leucocite, caracterizate prin \uc1 \u238 ?nmul\uc1 \u355 ?irea anormal\uc1 \u259 ?
a leucocitelor; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (leukos = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 alb; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 haima = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u226 ?nge).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leuco }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element de compunere care
introduce referirea la culoarea alb\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
Leucocit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = globul\uc1 \u259 ? alb\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leucocitoz\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea num\uc1 \u259 ?rului de
leucocite \uc1 \u238 ?n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge, \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de ap\uc1
\u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rare a organismului \uc1 \u238 ?mp}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 otriva infec\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leucodermie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = decolorarea
pielii dato-rit\uc1 \u259 ? pigmen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor normali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leucom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ?
de ochi manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin formarea unor pete albe pe cornee; albea\uc1
\langfenp1048 Leuconevraxit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = scleroz\uc1 \u259 ?
multipl\uc1 \u259 ?; di-seminat\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n pl\uc1 \u259 ?ci;
boal\uc1 \u259 ? cu frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? crescut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\langfenp1048 n zonele temperate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leucopenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1
\u259 ? prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea anormal\uc1 \u259 ? a leucocitelor din s\uc1 \u226
?nge.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lexic }
\langfenp1048 = vocabular; totalitatea cuvintelor unei limbi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lexicograf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n
lexicografic}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Lexicografic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i practica
\uc1 \u238 ?ntoc-mirii dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarelor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lexicolog }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n
lexicologie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lexicon }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dic\uc1
\u355 ?ionar, enciclopedie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leza }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a r\uc1 \u259 ?ni, a v\uc1
\u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?ma, a jigni pe cineva.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leziune }{\fs18
r\uc1 \u259 ?nire, compresie, v\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?mare;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 orice tip de modificare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? la}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 nivelul unui/unor \uc1 \u355 ?esuturi, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 schimbarea parametrilor anatomici, /}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 histologici \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionali ai acestui/}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acestora. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? leziuni
externe, provo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cate de factori duri (fl\uc1
\u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ageil\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 infec\uc1
\u355 ?io\uc1 \u351 ?i), care sunt vizibile, \uc1 \u351 ?i lezi/mi}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 interne, cauzate de penetrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n organe}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 a unor microorganisme sau substan\uc1 \u355 ?e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toxice.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 /}{\fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prin
extensie, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
suport organic (lezional) for-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 meaz\uc1 \u259 ? sindromul
psihoorgaiiic acut/}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cronic care \uc1 \u238 ?
mbrac\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte clinice}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 particulare \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de tipul leziunii.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pot fi leziuni ale
sistemului nervos}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 central, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?n
bolile/psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 seamn\uc1 \u259 ? a adopta o
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie reduc\uc1 \u355 ?io-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nist\uc1 \u259 ?,
neuroanatomia \uc1 \u351 ?i rieurofiziologia}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aprofund\uc1 \u226 ?nd
aspectele / structurale \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
ale sistemului nervos cen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tral \uc1 \u351 ?i vegetativ.
\uc1 \u238 ?n traumatisme \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii, deficitele psihice sunt mai}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 xtinse.}
\langfenp1048 \tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 j}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Leziunea vascular\uc1 \u259 ? fiind mai difuz\uc1
\u259 ?, determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i deficite lateraliza-te, care
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un caracter polimorf, imprecis (cele precise pledeaz\uc1
\u259 ? pentru tumor\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Leziunile tumorale intraparen-chimatoase, produc deficite psihologice
mai importante dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cele extraparen-chimatoase (Arseni Constantinescu
-Maretsis, 1977).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Liber }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = independent; nesupus
unei res-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tric\uc1 \u355 ?ii; neocupat; degajat, natural.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Liber arbitru }
\langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune filozofic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i etic\uc1
\u259 ? care implic\uc1 \u259 ? o presupus\uc1 \u259 ? libertate absolut\uc1
\u259 ? a fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? pr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 in posibi-}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 245}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 litatea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei alegeri; o independen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? total\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de necesitatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i cauzabili-tatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este un concept subiectivist, opus \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elegerii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice a libert\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, ce se yune \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu necesitatea. Dat fiind ca singularitatea
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a omului se afyt\uc1 \u259 ? a fi spiritul,
atributul libert\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii se restr\uc1 \u226 ?nge la putin\uc1
\u355 ?a de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere prin contept a necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Eul r\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u226 ?n* dominant de o legitate implacabil\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 dar eue liber, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i face, prin g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dire, din aceast\uc1 \u259 ? legitate o norm\uc1
\u259 ? interi-oar\uc1 \u259 ?, m acest fel, ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncirea libert\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii devine exclusiv o chestiune de aprofun-dare a cunoa\uc1 \u351
?terii, concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia opus\uc1 \u259 ? de-terminismului care neag\uc1
\u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a legi-lor obiective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Libertatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 posibilitatea de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a Oamenilor \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terii din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai profunde
a legilor de dezvoltare ale naturii \uc1 \u351 ?i societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Facultatea de a-\uc1 \u355 ?i manifesta voin\uc1 \u355 ?a nestingherit, de a ac\uc1
\u355 ?iona \uc1 \u238 ?n anu-mite \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ijup\uc1 \u259
? propria ta voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.
Lib\uc1 \u226 ?rtatea nu const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ignorarea sau negarea
legilor obiective, ci \uc1 \u238 ?n utilizarea lor, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226
?t lumea s\uc1 \u259 ? poat\uc1 \u259 ? fi transformat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu anumi-te scopuri, definite prin intermediul exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei
sociale. Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea poate fi liber\uc1 \u259 ? numai \uc1 \u238 ?n
m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tem legi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile obiective din natur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i societate, ceea ce face
posibil\uc1 \u259 ? o anticipare corect\uc1 \u259 ? a efectului declan\uc1 \u351 ?
at din ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativa subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Libertin }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = indecent, u\uc1 \u351 ?uratic, desfr\uc1 \u226 ?nat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Libertinaj }
\langfenp1048 = comportare de libertin; desfr\uc1 \u226 ?u, destr\uc1 \u259 ?
b\uc1 \u259 ?lare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Libidinos
\langfenp1048 = desfr\uc1 \u226 ?nat; \uc1 \u238 ?nclinat spre las-civitate;
senzual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Libra\uc1 \u355 ?ie = varia\uc1 \u355 ?ie periodic\uc1 \u259 ? a
anumi-tor mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri relative ale lunii fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de p\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Licen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? = titlu ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut printr-un
exa-men special sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut la terminarea stu-diilor superioare, prin care
se dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-de\uc1 \u351 ?te dreptul de a exercita profesia
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare studiilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? examenul de licen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? diplom\uc1 \u259 ? care atest\uc1 \u259 ? acest
titlu; \uc1 \u8226 ? purtare care \uc1 \u238 ?ntrece limitele bu-neicuviin\uc1
\u355 ?e; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nvoire, permisiune; \uc1 \u8226 ? li-cen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? poetic\uc1 \u259 ? - abatere u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? de la
re-gulile gramaticale pentru a \uc1 \u238 ?nvinge o dificultate de versifica\uc1
\u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? autoriza\uc1 \u355 ?ie de exploatare a unei inven\uc1
\u355 ?ii dat\uc1 \u259 ? in-ventarului (brevet).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 licen\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = a
da afar\uc1 \u259 ? din serviciu pe cineva; a concedia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Licen\uc1 \u355 ?ios = limbaj necuviincios;
imo-ral, libertin.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Lichid cefalorahidian }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = lichidul aflat \uc1 \u238 ?n vent}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ricolii
\uc1 \u351 ?i spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul subrahidian, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd al\uc1 \u259 ?turi
de meninge un important rol biochimic \uc1 \u351 ?i de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie
mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?. Compozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa este asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
toare cu cea a lichidului intersti\uc1 \u355 ?ial al creierului, cu care se afl\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schimburi permanen-te. Este secretat de plexurile coroide
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mic\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1
\u355 ?esutul nervos, care poate prelua func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
lichidului cefalorahidian \uc1 \u238 ?n propor\uc1 \u355 ?ie de 60-70% cu
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea homeosta-ziei, \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?
n care plexurile coroide sunt excluse anatomic sau func\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Este un
lichid limpede, incolor, cu o v\uc1 \u226 ?scozitate de 1,01-1,06 \uc1 \u351 ?i o
densitate de 1,004-1,009. L.C.R. prezint\uc1 \u259 ? modi-fic\uc1 \u259 ?ri
patologice \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o serie de afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni neuropsihice,
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iate prin anali-za biochimic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
citologic\uc1 \u259 ? a L.C.R. preluat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prelevarea
\uc1 \u238 ?n scop di}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 agnostic sau te-rapeutic se face prin:
\uc1 \u8226 ? punc\uc1 \u355 ?ie lombar\uc1 \u259 ?, practicat\uc1 \u259 ? numai
\uc1 \u238 ?n mediul spitalicesc;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 punc\uc1 \u355 ?ie suboccipital\uc1 \u259 ? - introdus\uc1 \u259 ? de
Obrecia; se poate realiza ambulator;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 punc\uc1 \u355 ?ie ventricular\uc1 \u259 ? - se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin trepanopunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie; se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? numa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i \uc1 \u238 ?
n servicii neoruchirurgicale specializate.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Examenul citologic poate eviden\uc1 \u355 ?
ia: -un num\uc1 \u259 ?r mic de celule, constituit din polinucleare alterate; - un
num\uc1 \u259 ?r mare de celule limfocite polinucleare, \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuite rapid
de mononuclare intacte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limbajul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dac\uc1 \u259 ? limba este un sistem de
mijloace lingvistice (fonetice, lexicale, gramaticale, semantice) istorice\uc1
\u351 ?te con-stituite (ceea ce explic\uc1 \u259 ? multitudinea limbilor na\uc1
\u355 ?ionale), fenomen social-istoric \uc1 \u8222 ?extraindividual", limbajul este
manifestarea individual\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii -\uc1 \u8222 ?limba \uc1 \u238 ?n
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune", folosit\uc1 \u259 ? de fiecare persoan\uc1 \u259 ?. Limbajul
este un fenomen psihofiziologic, care se constituie \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogenez\uc1
\u259 ?. Fenomene distincte ce nu se pot confunda, limba \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul,
formea-z\uc1 \u259 ? o unitate indisolubil\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci limbajul nu
poate fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? limb\uc1 \u259 ?, iar limba nu
exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afara limbajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sub aspect psihologic, limbajul ar-ticulat este un
fenomen specific uman, constituit filogenetic, \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul antro-
pogenezei, ca mijloc de comunicare \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea de munc\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?it ontologic de fiecare individ \uc1 \u238
?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie. Orice lim-baj presupune un lexic (semne, semnale,
simboluri) \uc1 \u351 ?i o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? organizare gra-matical\uc1 \u259 ?,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? care se combin\uc1 \u259 ? elemen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tele
lexicale. Din punct de vedere seman-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic, elementele limbajului nu sunt
izola-te, ci legate \uc1 \u238 ?n expresii \uc1 \u351 ?i sintagme, cea de
baz\uc1 \u259 ? fiind propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia, ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd sens determinat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de
vedere psiho-lingvis-tic, limbajul \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?
ase func\uc1 \u355 ?ii:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?;
\uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia referen\uc1 \u355 ?ia-l\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia expresiv-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
conativ\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia persuasiv\uc1 \u259 ?;
\uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia reglatoare; \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
cathartic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Lexicul \uc1 \u351 ?i ansamblul regulilor dup\uc1 \u259 ? care se alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuiesc expresiile co-recte formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? un
cod ling-vistic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Analizat din punct de vedere psi-hologic, ca mijloc de expresie, de con-tact, de
comunicare, limb}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ajul se consti-tuie ca un instrument pentru
persoane, \uc1 \u238 ?n realizarea integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atingerea scopului principal, acela
al comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii, presupune achizi-\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea unei cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?teri \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i-rea materialului
lingvistic trece prin mai multe etape.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Med}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 icul ofer\uc1 \u259 ? copilului un sis-tem
elaborat, o limb\uc1 \u259 ? cu resursele ei, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?rei forme le impune.
Asimilarea limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea limbajului sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu
structurarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii: copilul \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? vorbeasc\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? se expri-
me, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de stadiile sale de dez-voltare, de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale afective \uc1 \u351 ?i
intelectuale. Dintre acestea, mai important\uc1 \u259 ? este capacitatea simbo-
lic\uc1 \u259 ?, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?reia copilul descoper\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? orice realitate tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi expri-
mat\uc1 \u259 ? verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicat\uc1 \u259 ?. Punctul de vedere
psiho-pedagogic care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de func\uc1 \u355 ?iile limbajului, de
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area lui, de formele limbajului,
demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul este o activitate specific\uc1 \u259
?, comportamentul verbal dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndind inte-res major sub toate formele:
monolog, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dialog, 1. colocvial \uc1 \u351 ?i 1. inter}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limbajul - tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
psihologie sunt numeroase modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale limba-jului, str\uc1 \u226 ?ns
legate de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, cu o ade-v\uc1 \u259 ?rat\uc1 \u259 ? fuziune; unele
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? nu au nici o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1
\u259 ? cu g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea: logore-ea, stereotipiile, neoforma\uc1 \u355 ?iile,
mutis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 mul, mutacis}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mul pe fond de normalitate, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de articula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de ritm etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Etiologia tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj
poate fi determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de un complex de factori ce ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? negativ asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii limbajului, mai ales c\uc1
\u259 ? limbajul este un proces fragil \uc1 \u351 ?i mai mare din punct de vedere
filogenetic; el este supus diverse-lor deterior\uc1 \u259 ?ri, iar cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terea cauzelor este stringent\uc1 \u259 ?, at\uc1 \u226 ?t pentru prevenirea
lor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru adoptarea unei metodo-logii \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea diagnosticu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i a
modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii terapeutice a handica-pului respectiv. Nu \uc1
\u238 ?ntotdeauna se pot stabili cu exactitate cauzele care au pro-vocat
tulburarea, mai ales c\uc1 \u259 ?, de foarte multe ori, la baza unei tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri sau a unei nedezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?ri normale se afl\uc1 \u259 ? un complex
de cauze, care au ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada intrauterin\uc1
\u259 ? a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii f\uc1 \u259 ?tu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul
na\uc1 \u351 ?terii sau dup\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u351 ?tere, \uc1 \u238 ?n mica
copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie. Cele mai frecvente cauze \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite \uc1
\u238 ?n perioada sarcinii sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? cele chimice, hormonale, alcoolul,
fumatul \uc1 \u351 ?i tranchilizantele. \uc1 \u8226 ? Chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, (mame prea tinere sau peste 45 de
ani), influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? procentul diverselor anomalii ale
sistemului ner-vos. \uc1 \u8226 ? Emo\uc1 \u355 ?iile puternice de factur\uc1 \u259
? ne-gativ\uc1 \u259 ? ale gravidei ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? defavora-bil
prin substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele biochimice care intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
circuitul sagvin. \uc1 \u8226 ? Incompatibilitatea factorilor R.h. pozitiv s\uc1
\u259 ? fie mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenit de la tat\uc1 \u259 ? sau mam\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i atunci este un caz fericit; \uc1 \u8226 ? bolile infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase
ale gravidei, caren\uc1 \u355 ?ele nutritive determin\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni \uc1 \u351 ?i procese dismaturative ale f\uc1 \u259 ?tului. \uc1 \u8226 ? Din
categoria cauzelor perinatale (care ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
perioada na\uc1 \u351 ?terii) men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?m urm\uc1 \u259 ?
toarele: travaliul prelungit, trauma-tisme instrumentale, mecanice, asfixie \uc1
\u351 ?i stare de hipoxie, (care pot determina mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
ireversibile), hemoragiile, nive-lul scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei etc. Anumite traume fizice
pot leza diferi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te verigi ale aparatului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fonoarticulator,
precum \uc1 \u351 ?i diferite zone ale sistemului nervos care iau parte la
realizarea actului verbal: anomalii ale limbii, ale v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin, ale
din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor. Se constat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenul invers:
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd structura aparatului periferic al vorbirii este normal\uc1 \u259 ?,
dar sunt lezate c\uc1 \u259 ?ile \uc1 \u351 ?i centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i ce
particip\uc1 \u259 ? la realizarea actului vorbirii. Alte ori pot fi lezate, fie
separat, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ambele sisteme, central \uc1 \u351
?i periferic, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile se
vor manifesta sub diverse forme. \uc1 \u8226 ? O alt\uc1 \u259 ? categorie de cauze
sunt cele postnatale, foarte numeroase \uc1 \u351 ?i variate, pe care le vom grupa,
conform tratatelor de specialitate, astfel: a) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cau-ze organice, }{\fs18 \dbch
natur\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ? sau periferic\uc1 \u259 ? (traumatismele
mecanice influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? negativ dezvoltarea siste-mului nervos
central, afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? direct auzul, v\uc1 \u259 ?zul \uc1 \u351 ?i organele
fonoarticula-torii. Anomaliile dento-maxilo-faciale ne permit o sincronizare a
elementelor verbo-motorii implicate \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul articul\uc1 \u259 ?rii:
prognatismul \uc1 \u351 ?i progenia, macroglosia sau microglosia (limba prea mare
sau prea mic\uc1 \u259 ?). Bolile micii copil\uc1 \u259 ?rii: encefalite,
meningite, scarla-tin\uc1 \u259 ?, rujeol\uc1 \u259 ?, pojarul, etc, pot afecta
organic sau func\uc1 \u355 ?ional mecanismele neurofiziologice ale limbajului,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t central c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i periferic, b) }{\i1 \fs18
Cauze de}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 natur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? - }
\langfenp1048 privesc at\uc1 \u226 ?t sfera senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? (receptoare)
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pe cea motorie (efectoare). Acestea pot afecta oricare
din componentele fonoarticula-torii: expira\uc1 \u355 ?ia, fona\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
articula\uc1 \u355 ?ia, fiind o urmare a deregl\uc1 \u259 ?rii proceselor de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de nutri\uc1 \u355 ?ie la
nivelul cortexului (proces metabolic). Ele pot fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o urmare a
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei auzului fonematic. Toate aceste cauze sunt dificil de
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iat doar prin anamnez\uc1 \u259 ? sau simptomatologie (fiind
extrem de asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri), ceea ce impune metoda clini-c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i colaborarea
interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 c)\tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cauze
psiho-neurologice: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cele care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales pe acei
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i care congenital au o construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie anatomofizi-
ologic\uc1 \u259 ? cu implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii patologice. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226
?l-nesc la cei cu handicap mintal, cu tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri de memorie sau de
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, la cei cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri acustice sau optice, fiind
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?i-te \uc1 \u351 ?i de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de limbaj.
Din punct de vedere psihic, ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia au complexe, ne\uc1 \u238 ?n-credere
\uc1 \u238 ?n posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile proprii, exacer-barea \uc1
\u8222 ?eului" (supraaprecierea propriei persoane), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i timiditate
excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\itap0 \ls8 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 d)\tab }{\i1 \fs18
Cauze psihosociale, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu efecte negati-ve asupra \uc1 \u238 ?
ntregii dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i cu deosebire \uc1 \u238 ?n
dezvoltarea limbajului. Me-todele gre\uc1 \u351 ?ite de educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
impieteaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii normale, cre\uc1 \u226 ?nd per-
turb\uc1 \u259 ?ri maladive; amenin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri, cic\uc1 \u259 ?leli,
pedepse corporale, injurii, etc. De ase-menea, didactogeniile (metode gre\uc1 \u351
?ite din punct de vedere didactic), compor-tament neadecvat care \uc1 \u238 ?
ncalc\uc1 \u259 ? personali-tatea copilului, produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd fobii, anxie-
tate, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale ex-
cita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Slaba stimulare a vorbirii
copilului \uc1 \u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?ria timpurie, formele de bilingvism
timpuriu, etc.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Clasificarea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj se face dup\uc1
\u259 ? mai multe criterii: etiologic, simptomatic, morfologi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c,
anatomofizio-logic, lingvistic, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu, structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?
rile \uc1 \u238 ?n trei mari sindroame: \uc1 \u8226 ? sindro-mul dismaturativ
\uc1 \u238 ?n care se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rzierea simpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvol-
tarea vorbirii, dislalia de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, balbis-mul fiziologic \uc1 \u351 ?
i dislexia-digrafia de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? sindroame ce
intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? latu-ra instrumental\uc1 \u259 ? periferic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i central\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului: dizartria, dislalia, disritmia, cu
formele lor; \uc1 \u8226 ? sindroame intrinseci limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirii,
distinse prin tul-burarea laturii idea\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?
i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vorbirii:
disfazia, afazia, implica\uc1 \u355 ?ia func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a
acestora fiind de natur\uc1 \u259 ? organic func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 O clasificare
mai nou\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai complex\uc1 \u259 ?, determinat\uc1 \u259 ?
de mai multe criterii dintre cele enun\uc1 \u355 ?ate este f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1
\u259 ? de E. Verza. Conform acesteia, princi-palele categorii de tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie
(dislalie, rinolala-lie,
dizartrie); \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de ritm \uc1 \u351 ?i flu-en\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?: b\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?ieli, logonevroze, tahilalie,
bradilalie, aftongie, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri coreice;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de voce: afonie, disfonie,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
fonastenie; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile limbajului ci-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 tit-scris: dislexie-alexie, disgrafie-agra-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 fie, disortografie; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de dez-}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 voltare a limbajului: mutism psihogen,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
mutism achinetic, mutacismul pe fond}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de oligofrenie, demen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihopatie;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale limbajului av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice: dislogii, ecolalii, jar-}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 gonafazii, autism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul principalelor categorii amintite,
formele \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite sunt simple sau polimorfe, lat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva exemple: \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul dislaliilor organice (dislogii)
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnim despic\uc1 \u259 ?tura maxilo-velo-pala-tin\uc1
\u259 ? (gur\uc1 \u259 ? de lup, buz\uc1 \u259 ? de iepure), dis-lalii audiogene,
rinolalii (aperta, clauza, mixte) prognatism, progenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rilor de ritm \uc1 \u351 ?i fluen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lnim logonevroza clonic\uc1 \u259 ?, tonic\uc1 \u259 ? sau clonotonic\uc1
\u259 ?, tahilalia, bradi-lalia, aftongia cu spasme la nivelul mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor
linguali \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivelul \uc1 \u238 ?ntregu-lui aparat fonoarticulator.
Logopa\uc1 \u355 ?ii tr\uc1 \u259 ?iesc st\uc1 \u259 ?ri dramatice, con\uc1 \u351 ?
tientiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd blocajele, de aceea pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? dificul-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de vorbire se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? timidita-tea,
anxietatea, izolarea de so}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cietate, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile limbajului citit-
scris, foarte frecvente \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul \uc1 \u351 ?colar \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile afazice \uc1 \u351 ?i alalice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
care at\uc1 \u226 ?t aspectul motricitatii, orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale
\uc1 \u351 ?i al auzului fonematic se produc confuzii \uc1 \u351 ?i omisiuni,
inversiuni ce tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ? lizibilitatea, latura semantic\uc1 \u259 ?,
grafi-c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ortografic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
polimorfe, legate de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? a
subiectului, afazia, alalia, autismul \uc1 \u351 ?i cele legate de Q.I.
(oligofreniile de diverse grade), dezvoltarea vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajului
poate fi mult \uc1 \u238 ?ngreunat\uc1 \u259 ? de refuzul subiec\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n colaborare \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i de anu-mite limite anatomo-fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i educa-tive.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul este instrument
privile-giat de socializare, care permite comu-nicarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea asupra celor din jur, adaptarea la grup, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i propria sa punere \uc1 \u238 ?n valoare; completeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
surse-le de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, anticip\uc1 \u226 ?nd
experien\uc1 \u355 ?a personal\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o provoac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i o contu-reaz\uc1 \u259 ?. De aceea, terapia tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj
devine necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i eficace prin formarea capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de decodificare a mesajelor \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicarea
interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n lectura,
lexia \uc1 \u351 ?i grafia subiec-tului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul extern }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are ca scop principal
asigurarea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i include proce-sul de producere a
semnelor verbale perceptibile de receptor (sonore \uc1 \u351 ?i grafi-ce).
Emitentul mesajului devine prin feed-back receptor al semnalelor produse de
al\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Prin intermediul limbajului extern, persoana \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i comunic\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile, sentimentele, inten\uc1 \u355 ?
iile, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i apre-cierile la mesajele primite, fie sub
form\uc1 \u259 ? oral\uc1 \u259 ?, fie sub form\uc1 \u259 ? scris\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n care limba r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i, dar
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile psiholo-gice difer\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul oral
avem \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? un interlocutor, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n cel scris ne adres\uc1 \u259 ?m unor persoane absente. De aici, o
serie de deosebiri \uc1 \u238 ?n structura limba-jului, \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea
mental\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n exprimarea
oral\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt va fi perceput de interlocutor \uc1
\u238 ?n clipa c\uc1 \u226 ?nd este pronun\uc1 \u355 ?at; vorbitorul nu mai poate
reveni asupra celor pronun-\uc1 \u355 ?ate \uc1 \u351 ?i nici interlocutorul asupra
celor imprimate. Limbajul vorbit are un ritm rapid al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii pe care o
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cere un control riguros \uc1 \u351 ?i prompt al
expresiei. Limbajul extern este primul \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
genetic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogenetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi monologat \uc1
\u351 ?i dialogat; \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme apar deosebiri
psiho-logice importante. Mimica, gesturile, intona\uc1 \u355 ?ia, varia\uc1 \u355 ?
ii ale timbrului, pauza afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ritmul, accentul, toate elemen-tele
prozodice ajut\uc1 \u259 ? la exprimarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective, a unei
atitudini, a unui ordin, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limbajul intern }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8222 ?vorbire intern\uc1 \u259 ?";
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea l\uc1 \u259 ?untric\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului;
monolog interior, dialog cu sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i. Este o modalitate
central\uc1 \u259 ? (mental\uc1 \u259 ?) specific\uc1 \u259 ? vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
spirituale. Prin limbajul intern se unific\uc1 \u259 ? mijloacele verbale cu
celelalte opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelectuale. B. Ananiev \uc1 \u238 ?l considera unul
dintre meca-nismele con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, subordonat nivelu-lui de
dezvoltare al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii L. S. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi
men\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? trecerea de la limbajul intern la
limbajul extern este o transformare dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, complex\uc1 \u259 ?:
transformarea limbajului predicativ \uc1 \u351 ?i ideomatic \uc1 \u238 ?n limbaj
sintactic, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat \uc1 \u351 ?i inteligibil. El
consider\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul ex-tern ca fiind proces fizic, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?u-r\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se ca o succesiune de elemente
\uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul intern ca fiind predominant se-mantic, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea semnifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul
intern prec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ede limbajul extern \uc1 \u351 ?i poate s\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?l reproduc\uc1 \u259 ? (prin memorie) sau s\uc1 \u259 ? i se
opun\uc1 \u259 ?, caz \uc1 \u238 ?n care vorbirea intern\uc1 \u259 ? devine
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial diferit\uc1 \u259 ? de cea extern\uc1 \u259 ?. Limbajul intern
se produce pe calea interioriz\uc1 \u259 ?ii ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n care
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iile cogniti-ve, impulsiunile,
inten\uc1 \u355 ?iile ca factori reglatori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul intern, nefiind sonor, es-te concentrat \uc1
\u351 ?i se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? cu vitez\uc1 \u259 ? mare.
Imaginile, ca \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuitori ai cuvin-telor, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? obiecte,
scene, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it \uc1 \u351 ?i de
scenic\uc1 \u259 ?. Ca organizare sintactic\uc1 \u259 ? este fragmentat,
prescurtat, dar poate fi bogat, expresiv, imaginar. \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul intern
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? sensul cuv\uc1 \u226 ?n-tului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n care cuv\uc1 \u226 ?n-tul poate s\uc1
\u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? semn al sensului. Limbajului intern \uc1 \u238 ?i revine
rolul de verig\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
intelectuale, de modalitate, de elaborare, anticipare \uc1 \u351 ?i declan\uc1
\u351 ?are a vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i scrierii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? subliniem actul unitar
al limbajului \uc1 \u238 ?n care internul \uc1 \u351 ?i externul nu pot fi desp\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ite, iar dinamica impli-c\uc1 \u259 ? diverse sensuri. Limbajul
intern este eminamente predicativ, supus unei sin-taxe predicative, exprim\uc1
\u226 ?nd caracterul s\uc1 \u259 ?u redus la anumite sensuri ale con\uc1 \u355 ?i-
nutului activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; dispune de maximum de libertate, se
poate amalgama \uc1 \u238 ?n cele mai diverse chipuri; este \uc1 \u238 ?n mare
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? ideomatic \uc1 \u351 ?i greu transmisibil \uc1 \u238 ?
n cel exterior. S-a constatat \uc1 \u351 ?i variabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
electrofiziologice care \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc actele ideomotorii
imperceptibile \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i imagineaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? efec-tueaz\uc1 \u259 ? anumite
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
(ideograma este curba ce rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrarea ideo-
motricit\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu ajutorul ideografului).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Astfel, se pot ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine
indicii asu-pra ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor g\uc1 \u226 ?ndite de subiect. Toate
componentele: vizuale, auditive, moto-rii ale limbajului intern se afl\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n complexe rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii dinamice \uc1 \u351 ?i, \uc1
\u238 ?n diverse \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, se impune una sau alta dintre
aceste componente; deci faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? este asonor nu \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? este lipsit de orice participare motric\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n corzile vocale, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul aparat
fonator exist\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii, impulsuri foarte slabe, care
contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? vorbirea, ideo-motricitatea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
faptului c\uc1 \u259 ? este prin ex-celen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
predicativ", uz\uc1 \u226 ?nd de pres-curt\uc1 \u259 ?ri, condens\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
substituind cuvinte \uc1 \u238 ?n imagini \uc1 \u351 ?i fix\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
\uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi asupra ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o activitate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?
fragmental\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, limbajul intern este mult mai dinamic, relativ
independent de ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a ex-tern\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?n mare
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? situativ; acest fapt \uc1 \u238 ?i confer\uc1 \u259 ?
o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? autono-mie \uc1 \u351 ?i rapiditate a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor
mentale. Reducerea succesivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?i ofer\uc1
\u259 ? o extraordinar\uc1 \u259 ? vitez\uc1 \u259 ? de lucru, de sute de ori mai
mare dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea a vorbirii. Aceasta mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n urma
maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii limbajului interior ce se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe ex-
perien\uc1 \u355 ?ele vorbirii, dar mai ales pe scri-ere \uc1 \u351 ?i
lectur\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura constituirii limbajului intern, se contureaz\uc1
\u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de antici-pare \uc1 \u351 ?i proiectare, conducere
dinl\uc1 \u259 ?untru \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonare a limbajului oral \uc1 \u351 ?i a
scrierii. Limbajul extern \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i este du-blat de cel
interior. Emisiunea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, oral\uc1 \u259 ? sau grafic\uc1 \u259 ?,
este programata pe plan mintal prin limbaj interior, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci de\uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n forma\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin interiorizare,
ulterior fiind comprimat \uc1 \u351 ?i centrat pe \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesuri,
fiind tematizat, ajunge un fel de ramp\uc1 \u259 ? de lansare pen-tru formele de
limbaj extern, exteriori-z\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin acesta. Limbajul interior este
permanent prezent \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea proceselor
psihice, constituind un fel de liant care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? continuitatea \uc1
\u351 ?i or-ganizarea ordonat\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii vie\uc1 \u355 ?i
psi-hice. \uc1 \u350 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul acestuia se pot distin-ge mai multe
forme: \uc1 \u8226 ? forma automati-zat\uc1 \u259 ?, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
urat\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza deprinderii; \uc1 \u8226 ? forma anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
prin care se desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?, se planific\uc1 \u259 ?
vorbirea \uc1 \u351 ?i scrierea;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? vorbirea indirect\uc1 \u259 ?, ca
modalitate relativ desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat\uc1 \u259 ? de limbajul
intern.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L. S. V\uc1
\u238 ?gotschi consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? limbajul intern este
precump\uc1 \u259 ?nitor semantic, pre-scurt\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i
comprim\uc1 \u259 ?rile cuvintelor \uc1 \u351 ?i propozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1
\u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?indu-se de actualizarea semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351
?i sensurilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Limbajul scris }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = impune o cizelare atent\uc1 \u259 ? a frazei, oferindu-
ne posibilitatea de a reveni asupra textului de c\uc1 \u226 ?te ori este nevoie,
pentru a g\uc1 \u259 ?si formula cea mai concis\uc1 \u259 ?, cea mai elegant\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i clar\uc1 \u259 ?. Acestea sunt cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e necesare
\uc1 \u351 ?i posibi-le, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci imperfec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile exprim\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n scris nu sunt scuzabile. Scrisul devine un excelent
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru exprimarea oral\uc1 \u259 ?, permi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd corijarea \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec-\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
vorbirii. \uc1 \u238 ?n scris dispunem de un num\uc1 \u259 ?r redus de semne
\uc1 \u351 ?i, de aceea, cel ce scrie trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nlocuiasc\uc1 \u259 ? an-samblul mijloacelor intona\uc1 \u355 ?iv - mimice ale
limbajului oral cu mijloace mult mai rafinate, mai subtile, mai greu de m\uc1 \u226
?nuit, care \uc1 \u355 ?in de structura frazei. Limbajul scris este o form\uc1
\u259 ? monologat\uc1 \u259 ? mult mai preten\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n elaborarea frazelor, nedispun\uc1 \u226 ?nd de un context situa\uc1
\u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i nici de sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea unui partener. Limba-jul
scris dispune de posibilitatea de a reveni pentru complet\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1
\u351 ?i corecturi, nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i permite discontinuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i \uc1 \u351 ?i nici erori gramaticale. Elementele prozodice speci-fice limbajului
oral sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n parte suplini-te de
semne ortografice. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest mod de comunicare sunt necesare eforturi
deose-bite de construire a textului \uc1 \u351 ?i de dispu-nere a semnelor
ortografice, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci cele mai ne\uc1 \u238 ?nsemnate omisiuni sau erori
orto-grafice pot dilua sau schimba sensul frazei. Limbajul scris are dou\uc1
\u259 ? laturi principale: - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scrierea, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care const\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ela-borarea mental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i executarea
semnalelor grafice (grafemele) corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare fonemelor; - }{\i1
\langfenp1048 citirea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lect}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ura), adic\uc1 \u259 ? re-}{\fs20 \dbch
cep\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea acestor
struc-turi, combina\uc1 \u355 ?ii de semne. Ambele pro-cese sunt active, dar mai
complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ai dificil\uc1 \u259 ? este scrierea.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limb\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = sistem hipercomplex de comunicare social\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinind func\uc1 \u355 ?ii esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u238 ?n elaborarea \uc1
\u351 ?i conservarea culturii. Acest sistem dispune de mai multe componente: lexic,
sintactic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i semantic\uc1 \u259 ?, fonetic\uc1 \u259 ?.
Acest instrument de comunicare consemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? diferit ex-perien\uc1 \u355 ?
a uman\uc1 \u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei comunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Comunicarea lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? este o consti-tuant\uc1 \u259 ? a vie\uc1
\u355 ?ii sociale, a existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei omu-lui ca fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Stabilirea oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin intermediul limbii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces de
utilizare activ\uc1 \u259 ? a acesteia (limbajul). Apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia limbii
marcheaz\uc1 \u259 ? trecerea de la semnalul concret (obiectul semnal) la simbol,
ca substitut al unei categorii de obiecte, \uc1 \u351 ?i la semn, ca element care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? ceva diferit de sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i. Conform
teoriei lui F. de Saussure, semnul une\uc1 \u351 ?te un concept (semnificatul) \uc1
\u351 ?i o imagine acustic\uc1 \u259 ? (semnificantul). Realizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
valorificarea limbii sub raportul con\uc1 \u355 ?i-nutului, presupune limbajul ca
sistem derivat, care apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine persoanelor sau grupurilor umane ce
utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? efectiv limba. Limbajul este procesul \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
obiectiveaz\uc1 \u259 ?, se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i se valo-rific\uc1 \u259 ? structura \uc1 \u351 ?i regulile li}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mbii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbic }{\fs18
sistem (band\uc1 \u259 ?, margine); ansamblu de structuri telencefalice, lo-
calizate pe partea intern\uc1 \u259 ? a emisfere-lor cerebrale, \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul
hilului. Prezint\uc1 \u259 ? co-nexiuni bilaterale cu nucleii subcorti-cali, cu
hipotalmusul, nucleii talamici anteriori.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Est}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e zona de integrare a aferente-lor
olfactive \uc1 \u351 ?i are rol deosebit \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin conexiune cu hipotalamu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sul se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? integrarea experien\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de evenimentele \uc1 \u351 ?i circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite. Este substratul ana-tomic al comportamentelor vegetative \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor afectiv-emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale al apa-ratului
alimentar \uc1 \u351 ?i hidric. Structurile sis-temului limbic \uc1 \u351 ?i
conexiunile acestora reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? centrii motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rile la acest nivel produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
somatice \uc1 \u351 ?i vegetative diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de zona excitat\uc1 \u259 ?. Deci, \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de
corelare dintre informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile primite \uc1 \u351 ?i experien\uc1 \u355 ?a
anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?, s.l. confer\uc1 \u259 ? coloratura afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i influen\uc1 \u355 ?a motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n compor-tamentul agresiv \uc1 \u351 ?i contribuie la forma-
rea sentimentului de identitate personal\uc1 \u259 ?. La acest nivel se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? controlul func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sexuale \uc1 \u351 ?i ale
celor motorii mai simple, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea
aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Ca mediatori chimici implica\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
activitatea s.l., sunt dopaminina \uc1 \u351 ?i noradrenalina, la acest nivel fiind
localizate c\uc1 \u259 ?i dopami-nergice \uc1 \u351 ?i noradrenergice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limfatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n clasificarea lui Hipocrate - bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe predominarea uneia dintre
urm\uc1 \u259 ?rile considerate esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u238 ?n orga-nism - se
atribuie acestui tip de persona-litate predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a limfei, iar ca mani-
fest\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamentale relativ constan-te, sunt: lentoare, moliciunea,
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?,
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i semnificative de adaptare la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
noi, apatie, sensi-bilitate redus\uc1 \u259 ?, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de entuziasm, de
umor, incapacitatea de a se bucura.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limf\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
\langfenp1048 lichid alburiu sau g\uc1 \u259 ?lbui care con\uc1 \u355 ?ine globule
albe \uc1 \u351 ?i circul\uc1 \u259 ? prin vasele \uc1 \u351 ?i ganglionii
limfatici, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i prin spa\uc1 \u355 ?iile intercelulare ale
organismu-lui vertebratelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limfocit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = leucocit\uc1 \u226 ?
(globul\uc1 \u259 ? alb\uc1 \u259 ?), care are un nucleu foarte mare. Cre\uc1 \u351
?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terea l}
\langfenp1048 or anormal\uc1 \u259 ? ca num\uc1 \u259 ?r d\uc1 \u259 ? limfo-
citoza.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Liminal }
\langfenp1048 = atribut referitor la valoare sau m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea minim\uc1 \u259
? a unui stimul care poate determina un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns din partea subiectului.
Valoarea respectiv\uc1 \u259 ? se re-fer\uc1 \u259 ? la intensitatea stimulului,
dar poate reprezenta \uc1 \u351 ?i alte calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale
stimulului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Liminar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? la o limit\uc1 \u259 ? sau
la un prag senzorial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limit\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = valoare
minim\uc1 \u259 ? sau maxim\uc1 \u259 ? care marcheaz\uc1 \u259 ? intrarea sau
ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea din func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unui mecanism psihofiziologic
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor unei acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice. Limitele
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale sunt caracteristice pragurilor senzoriale. Vorbirea,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea, emo\uc1 \u355 ?iile, memoria, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite limite
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul define\uc1 \u351 ?te (dup\uc1
\u259 ? Aurelia S\uc1 \u238 ?rbu) sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea pondera-l\uc1 \u259 ? sub
control medical, prin instituirea unui regim restrictiv \uc1 \u238 ?n
alimenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie, apropiat de un regim de foame. Limo-terapia este
indicat\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de obezitate
organic\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n cea indus\uc1 \u259 ? medicamentos, prin
efectele secundare ale unor produse administrate. Aplica-rea acestei terapii
trebuie realizat\uc1 \u259 ? sub o strict\uc1 \u259 ? supraveghere medical\uc1
Lingual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = elemente \uc1 \u351 ?i sunete ce apar\uc1 \u355 ?in
particip\uc1 \u259 ?rii limbii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lingvist }
\langfenp1048 = specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? lim-ba
\uc1 \u351 ?i legile ei de dezvoltare. Lingvistica general\uc1 \u259 ?
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? faptele de limb\uc1 \u259 ? din perspectiva faptelor comune ale
mai multor limbi (\uc1 \u238 ?nrudite \uc1 \u351 ?i ne\uc1 \u238 ?nrudite).}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceasta studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? originea limbii, leg\uc1
\u259 ?-tura dintre limb\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire (psiho-
lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?), dintre limb\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i societate,
caracterul sistematic al limbii, ramifica-\uc1 \u355 ?iile sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
teritoriale ale limbii, limba literar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stilurile ei
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, meto-dele de cercetare \uc1 \u238 ?n lingvistic\uc1
\u259 ?, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi-le cele mai generale ale foneticii,
lexicu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i gramaticii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te limba rom\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?, derivat\uc1 \u259 ? din latina vulgar\uc1 \u259 ?, este una din-tre cele
mai utile limbi \uc1 \u238 ?n
compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu celelalte limbi de provenien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
latin\uc1 \u259 ? (consemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? psiholog Ursula \uc1 \u350 ?chiopu);
de\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n lexicul limbii rom\uc1 \u226 ?ne au fost \uc1 \u238 ?
ncorporate numeroase cuvinte de origi-ne slav\uc1 \u259 ?, greac\uc1 \u259 ?,
maghiar\uc1 \u259 ?, german\uc1 \u259 ?, francez\uc1 \u259 ?, englez\uc1 \u259 ?,
rus\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, fondul prin-cipal de cuvinte are o mare puritate lati-
n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i unele reziduri ilirice, tracice, daci-ce, \uc1 \u238 ?n
structura principal\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii rom\uc1 \u226 ?-ne se \uc1 \u238 ?
ncorporeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o nou\uc1 \u259 ? flexionare \uc1 \u351 ?i multe neologisme
sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a revolu-\uc1 \u355 ?iei tehnico-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u351 ?i a celei medicale, politico-ideologice, etc, fapt ce i-a
creat o nou\uc1 \u259 ? structur\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?area limbilor str\uc1 \u259 ?ine a devenit o necesitate impus\uc1 \u259 ? de
revolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia tehnico-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i economi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, prin comer\uc1 \u355 ?ul mondial, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i
de cre\uc1 \u351 ?-tere a gradului de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste con-
di\uc1 \u355 ?ii s-au dezvoltat metodele de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
are a limbii str\uc1 \u259 ?ine: audio-vizuale, e-mail, evit\uc1 \u226 ?nd
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?a acut\uc1 \u259 ? de traducere simul-tan\uc1 \u259 ? a c\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ce apar. Psiholingvistul Tatiana Slama Cazacu,
fondatorul \uc1 \u351 ?i pre-\uc1 \u351 ?edintele Grupului rom\uc1 \u226 ?n de
lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? (G.R.L.A.), desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
oar\uc1 \u259 ? o ampl\uc1 \u259 ? activitate de cercetare \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a creat un puternic grup de
psiholingvi\uc1 \u351 ?ti tineri. Recent, a avut loc la Constan\uc1 \u355 ?a
-Eforie Nord (29 mai - 1 iunie 2003) a 10}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
conferin\uc1 \u355 ?a GRLA (International}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conference GRLA / R. WCAL) cu oca-
zia a 30}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aniversare a GRLA - organiza-t\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i condus\uc1 \u259 ? de T. Slama Cazacu, cel}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai cunoscut psiholog
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n pe plan interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional pentru contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii
origina-le \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul psiholingvisticii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lipotimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?-tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
abolirea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor mo-torii, doar cu men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor cir-culatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i respiratorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Literal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt cu
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum este \uc1 \u238 ?n text.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Literar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = referitor la
literatur\uc1 \u259 ?, de literatur\uc1 \u259 ?, care corespunde normelor
literaturii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Literat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = om de litere, specialist \uc1 \u238 ?n literatur\uc1
\u259 ?; scriitor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Literatur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie artistic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care se redau idei, sentimente, imagini din realitate, cu
ajutorul limbii; \uc1 \u8226 ? totalitatea operelor literare ale unei epoci, ale
unei \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri; \uc1 \u8226 ? tot ceea ce s-a scris referitor la o
problem\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? sens figurat - \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesul
strict formal al unui text.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Little (boal\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. paralizie cerebra-l\uc1
\u259 ?; scleroz\uc1 \u259 ? atrofic\uc1 \u259 ? lobar\uc1 \u259 ?; diplegie
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? clinic prin ri-giditate
generalizat\uc1 \u259 ? sau de tip paraple-gic. Afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea a fost
descris\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1862 de englezul William John Little. Boala este
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? expresia unor leziuni encefalice variate, localizate
predomi-nant \uc1 \u238 ?n lobii paracentrali sau \uc1 \u238 ?n regiuni-le motorii,
produse de traumatisme obstreticale sau toxiinfec\uc1 \u355 ?ii intracranie-ne.
Simptomatologia clinic\uc1 \u259 ? se caracte-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin contractura
membrelor (predominant a celor inferioare) - para-plegie spastic\uc1 \u259 ?.
\uc1 \u238 ?n formele severe se observ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? de la
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere hipotonie, hiper-flexivitate osteotendinoas\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-zierea \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvol}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tarea psihomotorie,}
\langfenp1048 semnul \uc1 \u8222 ?foarfecii"
\uc1 \u238 ?n ortostatism, datori-t\uc1 \u259 ? spasmului aductorilor. Dezvoltarea
mersului abia c\uc1 \u259 ?tre 4-6 ani (\uc1 \u238 ?n formele u\uc1 \u351 ?oare,
\uc1 \u8222 ?mersul de ra\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?" \uc1 \u351 ?i pe v\uc1 \u226 ?
rful degetelor (digitigrad). Ca simptome aso-ciate: strabism, atrofii optice,
nistagmus \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de limbaj (dizartrie, bradila-lie),
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri trofice, accese convulsive. Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
ial se pune fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de encefalite intra \uc1 \u351 ?i post -
natale timpurii; diplegia spastic\uc1 \u259 ? extrapiramidal\uc1 \u259 ?, boli
degenerative ale familiei (mielita luetic\uc1 \u259 ?, compesie medular\uc1
\u259 ?, morb Pot cu efect tardiv, sechele de poliomelit\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.) Tra-
tamentul const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n kinetoterapie, inter-ven\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ortopedice, reeducare motorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lizibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitatea de a fi u\uc1 \u351 ?or de citit
a unui text scris. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unor afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni neurologice
grave, apar sindroame dislexo-disgrafice, care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? coor-donarea
logico-motorie, produc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se o perturbare semnificativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n schemele de asimilare a limbajului citit-scris, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i la nivelul deprinderilor senzorio-motorii automatizate. Se produc
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de exprimare verbal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i scris\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t
textul scris \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde (progresiv sau brusc) calitatea
grafeme-lor. Activitatea de lexic (citire) bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe coresponden\uc1
\u355 ?a dintre modelul acustic \uc1 \u351 ?i modelul grafic al cuv\uc1 \u226 ?
ntului devine difi-cil\uc1 \u259 ?, eronat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce
prive\uc1 \u351 ?te percepe-rea grafic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea semantic\uc1 \u259 ?, ca urmare a modific\uc1 \u259 ?rii
formei, ritmului, intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, direc\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u351 ?i distribu\uc1 \u355 ?iei grafe-melor, nefolosirii elementelor prozodice.
Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ele lizibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt frec-vente la
persoanele cu afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihice grave, cronice, care necesit\uc1 \u259 ?
tratament psihotrop \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lob cerebral }{\fs18
unitate rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?irea
morfologic\uc1 \u259 ? a emisferelor cerebrale ale omului. Sunt
cunoscu\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tru lobi principali: frontal, parietal,
temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i occipital, la care se mai adaug\uc1 \u259 ? (dup\uc1 \u259 ?
Broca) \uc1 \u351 ?i lobul limbic \uc1 \u238 ?n partea interioar\uc1 \u259 ?, la
jonc\uc1 \u355 ?iunea emis-ferelor, \uc1 \u351 ?i acela al hipocampusului \uc1
\u351 ?i girus unicinatus. (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 11)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lob frontal (Sindroame cerebrale) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sindrom de zon\uc1 \u259 ? motorie,
determinat de leziuni ale ariilor corticale: 4, 6, 8, 44, 45, 46, 47. Clinic se
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc: hemiplegie cortical\uc1 \u259 ? secundar\uc1 \u259
? lez\uc1 \u259 ?rii ariilor 4 \uc1 \u351 ?i 6, crize epileptice de tip jaksonian
(convulsii localizate la fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau la nivelul unui membru)
care uneori se generalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? sindrom pre-frontal,
determinat de leziuni ale ariilor corticale 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 32, 33, 24. Clinic,
se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin predomi-narea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice
(80% din tumorile cu localizare frontal\uc1 \u259 ? pot provoca tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri psihice). \uc1 \u8226 ? Apatia \uc1 \u351 ?i abulia sunt simptomele dominante
\uc1 \u351 ?i caracteristice (stare de pasivitate, lipsa dorin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, a
mobilurilor spre ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? de problematica vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii cotidiene, tulburare grav\uc1 \u259
? a voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, persoan\uc1 \u259 ? inert\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
activitate reunite \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul mariatic (euforie, puerilism, excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie psihomotorie cu tematic\uc1 \u259 ? obscen\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri mnezice etc. Tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ilor psihice li se adaug\uc1 \u259 ?
agrafia \uc1 \u351 ?i anartria, apraxia mersului, ale apuc\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
ag\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile bulbului frontal
pot fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? tumoral\uc1 \u259 ?, traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?, inflamator
- vascular\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lob temporal - parietal st\uc1 \u226 ?ng }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin-drom); este
de etiologie vascular\uc1 \u259 ?, traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?, tumoral\uc1 \u259 ?,
encefalic\uc1 \u259 ?. Clinic se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? afazia senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?
Wernike, \uc1 \u351 ?i mixt\uc1 \u259 ? (Broca), hemianopsie \uc1 \u351 ?i apraxie
ideativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobi cerebrali }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
morfologice delimitate pe suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a supralateral\uc1 \u259 ? a
emisferelor cerebrale, de \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?urile late-ral, central \uc1
\u351 ?i parieto-occipital. Pe supra-fa\uc1 \u355 ?a lobilor cerebrali, \uc1
\u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?uri mai profun-de delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? girusuri sau
circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii cerebrale, la nivelul c\uc1 \u259 ?rora pot fi identifi-
cate ariile corticale. Se delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? patru lobi principali, de fiecare
emisfer\uc1 \u259 ?: fron-tal, parietal, temporal, occipital, la care se
adaug\uc1 \u259 ?, pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a intern\uc1 \u259 ? a emisferelor, lobul sau
sis}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 temul limbic. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobii frontali }{\fs18
sunt situa\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n partea anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a emis-ferelor
cerebrale. Pe suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a lor se deli-miteaz\uc1 \u259 ? girul precentral,
girul central su-perior, mijlociu \uc1 \u351 ?i inferior. Leziunile la acest nivel
produc o simptomatologie polimorf\uc1 \u259 ?, chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? au cauze
similare. Lezarea ariilor frontale motorii (anterior \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?ului
central) determin\uc1 \u259 ? paralizii ale mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor faciali \uc1 \u351
?i ale membrelor. Sunt considera\uc1 \u355 ?i la om, sediul facult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor inte-lectuale, care al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de alte regiuni
corti-cale, determin\uc1 \u259 ? inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a. Sunt respon-sabili \uc1
\u351 ?i de procesul vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i scrierii, care influen\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t aspectul motor al actului c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i al \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii. La acest nivel se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
coordonarea elementelor comportamentale de orientare, \uc1 \u351 ?i condu-cerea
elementelor comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i conceptelor formate \uc1 \u238 ?n
decursul expe-rien\uc1 \u355 ?elor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobotomia, tehnic\uc1
\u259 ? chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ? pentru care Egas Moniz \uc1 \u238 ?n 1949 a primit
premiul Nobel, a permis studiul mai aprofundat al efectelor leziunilor de lob
frontal. Se descriu \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri anxi-etate \uc1 \u351 ?i
agresivitate, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror intensitate cre\uc1 \u351 ?te paralel cu lipsa
controlului expre-siilor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (r\uc1 \u226 ?s-pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns
produs de stimuli nesemnificativi, comportament infantil). Hipertensiunea
intracranian\uc1 \u259 ? (H.I.C.) precede instalarea tumorilor ce-rebrale,
precedate \uc1 \u351 ?i ele de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mnezo-prosexice, de orientare
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale opera\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor de sintez\uc1 \u259 ?
mental\uc1 \u259 ?, afectarea ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentelor etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Au loc de asemenea tulbur\uc1 \u259
?ri psihosenzoriale de tipul halucina\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vizual-auditiv-olfactive,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri timi-ce, care al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de puierilism constituie
sindromul mariatic. Se constat\uc1 \u259 ? deficit de activitate psihomotorie,
pierderea ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativei, bradilalie, bradipsihie pe fond de obnubilare
\uc1 \u351 ?i somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri demen\uc1 \u355 ?
iale \uc1 \u351 ?i confuzionale. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobii temporali, }
\langfenp1048 delimita\uc1 \u355 ?i prin \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?uri de lobi
occipitali, parietali, frontali pe su-prafa\uc1 \u355 ?a c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se pot
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ia girii temporari superiori, mijlocii \uc1 \u351 ?i inferi-ori.
Cei superiori conduc sensibilitatea acustic\uc1 \u259 ?, iar leziunea ariei
auditive primare determin\uc1 \u259 ? surditatea. Sesiunea unor arii asociative
determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?surdita-tea psihic\uc1 \u259 ?", \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? acuita-tea auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu
se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege sensul cuvintelor auzite (Afazia Wernike),
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea cuvintelor
a sunetelor muzicale (amnezie), haluci-na\uc1 \u355 ?ii auditive. \uc1 \u8226 ?
Ariile de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie au-ditive \uc1 \u351 ?i vizuale, \uc1 \u238 ?n
cortexul prefrontal, girusul orbital \uc1 \u351 ?i cu sistemul limbric, \uc1
\u238 ?n conexiune cu aria infero - temporal\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt implicate \uc1 \u238
?n controlul func\uc1 \u355 ?iei vizuale. \uc1 \u8226 ? Aria temporal\uc1 \u259 ?
antero-latera-l\uc1 \u259 ? a fost implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsia
tempora-l\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care Jakson descrie halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii
auditive-vizuale \uc1 \u351 ?i olfactive. \uc1 \u8226 ? Hipo-campusul - cortexul
temporal mediu, constituie o structur\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1
\u355 ?ia-l\uc1 \u259 ?, implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n procesele mnezice de
lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?. De aceea leziunile hipo-campice bilaterale se
soldeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri mnezice semnificative. St\uc1 \u259 ?
rile de-presive \uc1 \u351 ?i neurosterioforme, labilitatea emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? de intensitate nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? pre-ced sindromul de H.I.C.
(hipertensiune intracranian\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi480 \li38
\langfenp1048 Semnele proprii afect\uc1 \u259 ?rii lobului temporal sunt: sindromul
afa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 zic, hemi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 anopsia, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihosenzoriale pa-roxistice de tip
halucinator. Ele pot fi uneori \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de alter\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ale st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobii parietali: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prezint\uc1 \u259 ? pe
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a lor girusul postcentral (parietul superior \uc1 \u351 ?i
inferior). La acest nivel se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? integrarea cea mai fin\uc1 \u259
? a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor senzoriale, iar leziunile acestor zone sunt \uc1 \u238
?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de integrarea a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor. Se determin\uc1 \u259 ? o reducere a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a
recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te obiectele, de a le aprecia forma prin palpare
(astereognozie).
Tumorile de lob parietal sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri psihice nespecifice \uc1 \u351 ?i apar cu o frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai
redus\uc1 \u259 ?. Se men\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?: tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
senzi-tive, apraxie ideo-motorie \uc1 \u351 ?i construc-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de schem\uc1 \u259 ? corporal\uc1 \u259 ?, spe-cifice tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 lor de tip parietal. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobii occipitali }
\langfenp1048 sunt implica\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia vi-
zual\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu exclusiv. Leziunile la acest nivel determin\uc1 \u259 ?
pierderea vederii \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?m-puri vizuale specific, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de locali-zarea leziunii, iar leziunile bilaterale
determin\uc1 \u259 ? cecitate, orbire total\uc1 \u259 ?. Tumori-le occipitale au ca
dominan\uc1 \u355 ?e simptoma-tologice agnozia vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, amnezia de
fixare \uc1 \u351 ?i halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n concluzie, leziunile
difuze ale tuturor zonelor de asocila\uc1 \u355 ?ie temporal\uc1 \u259 ?
prefrontal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i parieto-occipital\uc1 \u259 ? ale cor-texului
homotopic determin\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?rii
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i de recunoa\uc1
\u351 ?tere a unei expe-rien\uc1 \u355 ?e anterioare (agnozie, apraxie, afazie).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lobstein }
\langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? ereditar\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? fragilitate osoas\uc1 \u259 ?, na-nism, colora\uc1
\u355 ?ie albastr\uc1 \u259 ? a scleroticii \uc1 \u351 ?i surditate, la care se
adaug\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psi-hice polimorfe: psihoze halucinatorii, }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u259 ?ri anxioase, deficit intelectual, infanti-}
\langfenp1048 lism. Autorii consider\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihi-ce ca
o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a bolii osoase propriu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zise, care pri}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n
fracturi repetate, surdita-te \uc1 \u351 ?i nanism, duce la izolarea bolnavu-lui
\uc1 \u351 ?i la constituirea unei patologii de dezvoltare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Localizarea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice
(cere-brale) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conturarea conceptului de su-flet a preocupat pe om
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din anti-chitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u259 ?utarea unui suport material pentru
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice a fost o proble-m\uc1 \u259 ? abordat\uc1 \u259 ? mult
mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea clasic\uc1 \u259 ? greac\uc1 \u259 ?
(Pitagora, Alcmeon -\uc1 \u8222 ?elementul conduc\uc1 \u259 ?tor al psihicului este
capul", iar Platon sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?doar creierul este
cel care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? sim\uc1 \u355 ?urile, memoria, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia
\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea (opini-ile)". Dup\uc1 \u259 ? aproape dou\uc1
\u259 ? milenii Gali, Broca (1807) deschid teoria localiza\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nist\uc1 \u259 ?, atribuind rolul cel mai important descrierii c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai
exacte a encefalului \uc1 \u351 ?i a aspectului scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale,
ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial fiind vorba de o simpl\uc1 \u259 ? cartografiere
morfologic\uc1 \u259 ?, macroscopic\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? suport
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Ulterior studiile de macro-scopie \uc1 \u351 ?i
neurofiziologie au dezvoltat \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u351 ?
coala de neurologie de la Salpetriere, care a permis noi imagini \uc1 \u238 ?n
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu substratul morfologic al psihismului. Pornind de
la localizarea de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre Broca a func\uc1 \u355 ?iei limbajului, s-au
creat h\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i legate de diferite alte func\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
delimit\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se ariile corticale specifice \uc1 \u351 ?i s-a stabilit un
grad de core-la\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunile de la baza
creie-rului \uc1 \u351 ?i via\uc1 \u355 ?a instinctiv-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. J. K.
Jackson pune \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? organizarea pe
vertical\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psiho-compor-tamentale: \uc1 \u8222 ?
traumatizarea unui c\uc1 \u226 ?mp cerebral poate provoca dispari\uc1 \u355 ?ia
for-mei superioare \uc1 \u351 ?i inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a func\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? modalitatea ei
automatic\uc1 \u259 ?, involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie total diferit\uc1 \u259 ? a lui
G. Lashley - prin teoria echipoten\uc1 \u355 ?ialit\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se ajunge la negarea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei specializ\uc1
\u259 ?ri neuronale, sus\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? toate ariile
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale pot dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi \uc1 \u351 ?i exercita orice
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie, fiind deci egale ca poten\uc1 \u355 ?i-al func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional. I.P. p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 av}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lov ofer\uc1 \u259 ? o viziune nou\uc1
\u259 ? asupra sinergiei dintre cortex \uc1 \u351 ?i instan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
subcorticale, atribuind exclu-siv scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei func\uc1 \u355
?ia de condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare refle-x\uc1 \u259 ? (teoria leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor
temporale). \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o perspectiva dinamic-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
a locali-z\uc1 \u259 ?rilor pe vertical\uc1 \u259 ? s-a ajuns la ideea ca
localiz\uc1 \u259 ?rile trebuie considerate topolo-gic, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226
?t nivelurile sunt interdepen-dente, fiecare av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o organizare analo-
g\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i un anumit grad de deschidere. Toate descoperirile
fiziologice, endocri-nologice, biochimice, electrofiziologice, cibernetice etc, au
favorizat \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii sistemului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i a ge-nezei func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice.
A. R. Luria a elaborat conceptul de localizare sistemo -dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?,
sus\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ? nu se
localizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? niciodat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n por\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni
izolate ale creierului, ci se constituie \uc1 \u238 ?n constela\uc1 \u355 ?ii
operative ale zonelor cere-brale, ce apar \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii in-terne \uc1 \u351 ?i se schimb\uc1 \u259 ? pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura
form\uc1 \u259 ?rii unuia s-au altuia dintre sistemele func-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
\uc1 \u238 ?n concluzie, func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice sunt rezultatul unor procese
complexe la care particip\uc1 \u259 ? scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? a
ambe-lor emisfere (\uc1 \u238 ?ntre care exist\uc1 \u259 ? o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? de dominan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i subordonare),
precum \uc1 \u351 ?i alte forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale sistemului nervos central
(S.N.C.), organe de sim\uc1 \u355 ?, etc. Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
ariile corticale \uc1 \u351 ?i emisfere au un rol esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionea-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de care via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? n-ar fi
posibil\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Locke John (1632-1704) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medic, filo-zof \uc1 \u351 ?i om
politic englez. Face studii medicale la Oxford \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi la Mont-pellier.
A fundamentat orientarea sen-zualist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii. A conti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nuat linia materialist\uc1 \u259 ? a lui Bacon \uc1 \u351
?i Hobbes, comb\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u226 ?nd teoria idealist\uc1 \u259 ? a ideilor
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute. Locke afirm\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ope-ra sa
\uc1 \u8222 ?Eseu asupra intelectului ome-nesc" (1960) traducere rom\uc1 \u226 ?
neasc\uc1 \u259 ? 1961) c\uc1 \u259 ? toate cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
provin din experien\uc1 \u355 ?a senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222 ?Nihil este in
intelectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu" (nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? nimic \uc1 \u238 ?n
minte f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi fost mai \uc1 \u238 ?nainte \uc1 \u238 ?n
sim\uc1 \u355 ?uri), sufletul omului (psihicul) fiind, la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere, ca o
foaie nescris\uc1 \u259 ? (tabula rasa).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este principiu care rezum\uc1 \u259 ? con-cep\uc1 \u355 ?
ia senzualist\uc1 \u259 ? a lui J. Loke \uc1 \u238 ?ndrep-tat \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva
teoriei carteziene a ideilor \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute. Este considerat
\uc1 \u238 ?ntemeieto-rul metodei metafizice \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofia mo-dern\uc1
\u259 ?, al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de Becon, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? sus\uc1 \u355 ?i-nerilor
mecaniciste ale gnoseologiei sale, c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
nu face dec\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1 \u259 ? com-bine \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?
separe \uc1 \u8222 ?ideile simple" furni-zate de sim\uc1 \u355 ?uri.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A fost unul din \uc1 \u238 ?
ntemeietorii deismului (recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea lui Dumnezeu numai ca o
cauz\uc1 \u259 ? primar\uc1 \u259 ?, impersonal\uc1 \u259 ? a universului \uc1
\u351 ?i negarea interven\uc1 \u355 ?iei lui \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?urarea ulterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a fenomene-lor din univers, natura
dezvolt\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le potrivit legilor ei proprii). Lucrarea sa \uc1 \u8222 ?
C\uc1 \u226 ?teva p\uc1 \u259 ?reri asupra educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei" (1693 -trad.
Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nesc\uc1 \u259 ? 1907,1971) a \uc1 \u238 ?nr\uc1 \u226 ?u-rit
puternic dezvoltarea pedagogiei sec. XVIII \uc1 \u351 ?i XIX.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logic\uc1 \u259 ? = cuv\uc1 \u226 ?
nt, idee, ra\uc1 \u355 ?iune, ordine; \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
demonstra\uc1 \u355 ?iei care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? le-gile \uc1 \u351 ?i formele
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalii corecte. Este o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? formal\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t face ab-strac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul
concret al ter-menilor \uc1 \u351 ?i enun\uc1 \u355 ?urilor care intr\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuirea inferen\uc1 \u355 ?elor, studiind
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod necesar numai concluzii adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate. Logica s-a
constituit \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? discipline fundamentale: logic\uc1 \u259 ?
general\uc1 \u259 ? sau cla-sic\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiat\uc1 \u259 ? de
Aristotel sub forma}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 silogisticii) \uc1 \u351 ?i logica simbolic\uc1 \u259 ? (matema-
tic\uc1 \u259 ? sau logistic\uc1 \u259 ?, care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? inferen\uc1
\u355 ?e alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuite din propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii compuse.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logo }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 logos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt, discurs; element de compunere care
introduce referirea la vorbire.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Logoclonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = perseverare verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, carac-
terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin repetarea ritmic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor expresii curente, \uc1
\u238 ?n vorbire sau \uc1 \u238 ?n scris. Poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n boala Alzhelmer \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
alte forme de demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n tulburarea
de limbaj, logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Logofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teama de a pronun\uc1 \u355 ?a gre\uc1
\u351 ?it un cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt. Apare frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n logonevro-z\uc1
\u259 ? (\uc1 \u8222 ?cuvinte obstacol" - dificil de articu-lat) \uc1 \u351 ?i este
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de e\uc1 \u351 ?ecurile repetate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logolalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de vorbire mani-festat\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?rzierea sau nedezvoltarea limbajului, poate avea o determinant\uc1 \u259 ?
neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ? sau un deficit \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvolta-rea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Logonevroz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = b\uc1 \u226 ?l}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b\uc1
\u226 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ?, for-m\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a
nevrozelor motorii, cuprin-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd un complex de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale determinate psihogen, caracterizate prin dereglarea
coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii musculaturii fo-noarticulatorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este men\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259
? din antichitate (Hipocrate, Aristoteles, Herodot, Dioge-ne). \uc1 \u238 ?n
inciden\uc1 \u355 ?a lor intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori
favorizan\uc1 \u355 ?i, care favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a
organismului la adaptare, stresul, afec\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni somatice, infecto-
contagioase, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri toxice, surmenaj, particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i constitu-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. De asemenea, factori determi-nan\uc1 \u355 ?i
psihogen, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu mediul social-
familial, traume psihice, didactogeni, iatrogeni etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prima tulburare care
se instalea-z\uc1 \u259 ? este cea motorie dup\uc1 \u259 ? care apar tul-bur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihice specifice \uc1 \u351 ?i nespecifice, anxietatea fiind pe primul
plan, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rit\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomenul obsesiv. Are loc un
anu-mit grad de afectare a sistemului ner-vos extrapiramidal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diagnosticul pozitiv (prognostic fa-vorabil)
poate fi condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat de urm\uc1 \u259 ?-toarele aspecte: \uc1 \u8226 ?
depistarea func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor deficitare - respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie
superficial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, expir precipitat ceea ce
duce la vorbire \uc1 \u238 ?n inspir, deci inversiuni ale celor doi timpi
respiratori; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri fonatorii; \uc1 \u8226 ?
asinergismul dintre muscu-latura laringelui \uc1 \u351 ?i cea a limbii, buze-lor,
v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin; \uc1 \u8226 ? sincinezii - mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?
ri inutile, parazitare (grimase, clipiri, leg\uc1 \u259 ?nat, etc); \uc1 \u8226 ?
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii vegetative - ro-\uc1 \u351 ?irea fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei, transpira\uc1
\u355 ?ie, tahicardie, tahilalie; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice:
logofobie, sindrom neurastenic, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial se ia \uc1 \u238 ?n
le-g\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu oligofrenia, isteria \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzi-erea fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea vorbirii.
Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia este cronic\uc1 \u259 ?, d\uc1 \u259 ? recidive la
oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? terapia
nevrozei \uc1 \u351 ?i cea farmacologic\uc1 \u259 ?, paralel cu psihoterapia
logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Logopatie = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lalopatie; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orice form\uc1 \u259
? de tulburare de vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i limbaj.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logopedie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (logos; paideia - }{\fs18
educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie); sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oriofonie; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 disciplin\uc1
\u259 ? psiho-pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu educarea, \uc1
\u238 ?n special cu reeducarea - terapie corec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? a - limbajului.
Studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? natura \uc1 \u351 ?i formele de manifestare a defectelor,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire, propu-n\uc1 \u226 ?nd
metode \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee de corectare adecvate logopatiilor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i particulari-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor individuale \uc1 \u351 ?i
de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?. Pedago-gul ceh Sovak o define\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? des-pre fiziologia \uc1 \u351
?i patologia procesului de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, de comunicare; despre pre-
venirea \uc1 \u351 ?i tratamentul pedagogic corec-tiv al defectelor \uc1 \u238 ?n
domeniul \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii". \uc1 \u238 ?n
majoritatea \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rilor euro-pene, practica logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?
se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? sub presta\uc1 \u355 ?ia
speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor de forma\uc1 \u355 ?ie psiho-pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?
(\uc1 \u238 ?n alte \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri de specia-li\uc1 \u351 ?ti cu
forma\uc1 \u355 ?ie medical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-peda-gogic\uc1
Este o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? de sintez\uc1 \u259 ? a in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor din
numeroase \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e preo-cupate de studiul fenomenelor de
limbaj (psihologie, pedagogie, neurologie, psi-hiatrie, fiziologie, endocrinologie,
ling-vistic\uc1 \u259 ?, psiholingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?). L. \uc1 \u351 ?i-a structu-
rat metode proprii, adapt\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i modifi-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
conform obiectivului s\uc1 \u259 ?u metode de fizioterapie \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihoterapie, ergotera-pie, pedagogie medical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 L. a ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut din nevoia
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i evalu\uc1 \u259 ?rii capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea optimiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
procesului de activitate, at\uc1 \u226 ?t din punct de vedere organizatoric, meto-
dic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapeutic, care s\uc1 \u259 ? valori-fice
maximal dezvoltarea poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului uman. Criteriu! metodelor obiective de
diagnoz\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor handica-purilor de
limbaj, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de normal, cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? o imens\uc1
\u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru a studia patologia sistemului ner-
vos, care determin\uc1 \u259 ? diversele tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri, este necesar a
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te structura \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iile lui \uc1 \u238 ?n
stare normal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Dialectica no}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rmalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?
i a defec-tologiei este rezultatul unei atitudini epistemologice \uc1 \u238 ?n care
normalul este punctul nodal fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de care se construie\uc1
\u351 ?te sistemul recuper\uc1 \u259 ?rii. \uc1 \u238 ?n viziunea interdis-
ciplinarit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, problema se pune \uc1 \u238 ?n a sta-bili
grani\uc1 \u355 ?ele precise (chiar aproximativ) \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normal \uc1 \u351
?i patologie \uc1 \u351 ?i de a explica formele diverse \uc1 \u351 ?i complexe ale
realit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii bio-psiho-sociale, a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane deteriorate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
actual\uc1 \u259 ? cu pri-vire la integrare, incluziune, ideea de recuperare,
instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n sco-pul de a
valorifica maximal poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul psiho-fizic al handicapa\uc1 \u355 ?ilor,
se impune cu stringen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? necesitatea unei noi con-cep\uc1
\u355 ?ii metodologice. Realitatea demon-streaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1
\u226 ?t la copiii normali, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la cei cu diverse
handicapuri senzori-ale, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de limbaj, survenite din diverse
cauze, \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea, recep\uc1
\u355 ?ionarea \uc1 \u351 ?i transmiterea mesajului verbal. Comunicarea prin limbaj
este singura cale de integrare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
social\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului. Din acest punct de vedere, activitatea
logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? este cen-trat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special asupra
copiilor, nu numai datorit\uc1 \u259 ? frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei mai mari a
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i nedezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii la timp a
limbajului, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? la ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia
vorbirea este \uc1 \u238 ?n continu\uc1 \u259 ? struc-turare \uc1 \u351 ?i
dezvoltare, \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ra-port de func\uc1
\u355 ?ionalitatea ei evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i celelalte laturi ale
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de limbaj, necorecta-te la timp,
au tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a s\uc1 \u259 ? se consolideze \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se
agraveze. Activitatea logopedi-c\uc1 \u259 ? s-a dezvoltat intens, at\uc1 \u226 ?t
pe linia activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii recuperatorii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i prin pu-blica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri interesante ale
autori-lor: Constantin P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu, Nicolae Ton-cescu, Constantin
Calavrezo, Emil Ver-za, Emilia Bo\uc1 \u351 ?caiu, Margareta Tomes-cu, Veronica
B\uc1 \u226 ?lb\uc1 \u226 ?e, Emilia Jurc\uc1 \u226 ?u, Ion Str\uc1 \u259 ?chinaru,
Iolanda Mititiuc, Ade-la Voicu, M\uc1 \u259 ?ria C\uc1 \u259 ?lug\uc1 \u259 ?ra\uc1
\u351 ?u, Iulia Gerendy, Rodica Hagiu, etc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Printre tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
limbaj care abund\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta pre\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? sunt: dislalia, alalia (afazia
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?) balbismul \uc1 \u351 ?i logonevroza, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
de scris-citit (dislexii-disgrafii), rinolaliile, tahilaliile \uc1 \u351 ?i
bradilaliile. La acestea se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? dizartriile, afaziile, autismul, ca
dezorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri de limbaj provocate ade-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\colw3033 \colsr322 \colno2 \colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri10 \sb5
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sea de leziuni ale S.N.C. \uc1
\u351 ?i periferic, care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea elementelor
fonoarticulatorii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirea \uc1 \u351 ?i lim-bajul
\uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu celelalte procese psihice.
Nevrozele create pe fondul tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire
sunt tratate medical-farmaceutic concomitent cu tra-tamentul logopedic. Av\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u259 ? pentru orice logopat comunicarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i cu-prinderea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u238 ?n tipare verbale con-
stituie o surs\uc1 \u259 ? de tensiune, team\uc1 \u259 ?, sub-tensionarea
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? o adev\uc1 \u259 ?
rat\uc1 \u259 ? invaliditate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de structura individualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lui. \uc1 \u238 ?ncorda-rea
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? care precede vorbirea pro-duce o focalizare \uc1 \u238 ?n
regiunile de proiec-\uc1 \u355 ?ie cortical\uc1 \u259 ? a stereotipului verbo-motor
\uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ? sinteza func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? actului vorbirii. Se are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u259 ? se
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t procesul de emitere, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i cel de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Terapia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? de aco-modare \uc1 \u351 ?
i colaborare a subiectului aduce lini\uc1 \u351 ?tirea \uc1 \u351 ?i voin\uc1 \u355
?a de a \uc1 \u238 ?nvinge greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?
are, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci altfel conflictul psi-hic creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezorganizarea
\uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire-vorbire-\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere. Orice blo-caj de cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt devine centru de iradiere a
confuziei \uc1 \u238 ?n tot contextul dialogului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile intelectuale se asocia-z\uc1 \u259
? cu cele de limbaj, iar tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau de
emisie duc la alterarea laturii intelectuale a limbajului, cu r\uc1 \u259 ?su-net
asupra afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamen-tului
logopatului. At\uc1 \u226 ?t sindromul disma-turativ, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
sindroamele extrinseci \uc1 \u351 ?i intrinseci limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirii
comport\uc1 \u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i prin absen\uc1 \u355 ?a sau
diminuarea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a se afla \uc1 \u238 ?n contact cu
mediul \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor, ceea ce constituie o profund\uc1 \u259 ?
suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor cazuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fiind deteriorat\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de simbo-
lizare, care s\uc1 \u259 ? le permit\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia semnifi-cat-
semnificant, se impune interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia logopedului, care are menirea
s\uc1 \u259 ? aplice con\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat, de
la caz la caz,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 tehnica cs restaurare \uc1 \u351 ?i stabilizare a limbajulii,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice asociate. /(Vezi
Anexa A - Fig. 22 \uc1 \u351 ?i 23). /}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logophgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alalie }
\langfenp1048 - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afazie con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 genital\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u187 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere, tulburare a limba-}{\fs18
jului vcrbit, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin imposi-bilitatea exprim\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii (chiar la 5-6 ani) silabelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
cuvintelor, core-late cu/sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege-re a limbajului scris \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbit,
asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri primare sau secundare ale
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelectuale (abstractizare, comparare,
generalizare, labilitate a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv-
conativ\uc1 \u259 ?, amne-zie). Acest complex simptomatic cu etiopatogenie
neuromotorie este cunos-cut \uc1 \u351 ?i sub numele de audimutitate, afa-zie
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, afazie amnestic\uc1 \u259 ?, mu-\uc1 \u355 ?enie
ideopatic\uc1 \u259 ?. A fost studiat\uc1 \u259 ? de M. Seeman, C. Launay, S. Borel
- Maiso-nny, E. Verza, C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu \uc1 \u351 ?i N. Ton-cescu, etc.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lbgoree =
tulburare (sindrom) a expre-siei verbale, \uc1 \u238 ?n sen}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sul hiperactivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere
exagerata, ne-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 controlat\uc1 \u259 ? a ritmului \uc1 \u351 ?
i debitului verbal. I\uc1 \u355 ?oate fi tematic\uc1 \u259 ? (axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe o
tem\uc1 \u259 ? prin-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cipal\uc1 \u259 ?), dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ?
sau disperat\uc1 \u259 ?. Se produce asociat cu o excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihomo-
torie, agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, excitabilitate patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
accesul maniacal devine incoercibi-l\uc1 \u259 ?, hipermimie, euforie sau exces de
furie. \uc1 \u238 ?n general discursul devine inco-erent datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?salatei de cuvinte". Se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? elemente preferative,
uneori o tematic\uc1 \u259 ? deliberant\uc1 \u226 ? (schizofrenie, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
confuzo-onirice, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e, alcoolisme). \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o form\uc1
\u259 ? ameliorat\uc1 \u259 ? se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la normali,
afla\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare de surescitare provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de
evenimente stresante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?coala psihotelrapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fondat\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 E. Frank; are la Baz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cipii umaniste }{\fs18 \dbch
\u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza majorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice. Prin \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i natura}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei sale, omul se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntrio conti-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu\uc1 \u259 ?
lupt\uc1 \u259 ? spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a conferi vie-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ii sale un sens concret \uc1 \u351 ?i ideatia activi-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tate plin\uc1 \u259 ? de responsabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. \uc1 \u238 ?ij cadrul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unei
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii terapeutice, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pd \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gere \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncredere
reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt explora-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te sistemul de valori ale
pacientului,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atitudinea, sentimentele sale
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de cei din jur (familie, colegi,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 str\uc1 \u259 ?ini),
felul \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt percepute \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite aceste sentimente, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i modul}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 dramatic \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?
ie\uc1 \u351 ?te suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii de limbaj.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapeutul ajunge la \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a logopatului, cum
este \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles, ajutat, sti-mulat de cei din jur, sau
dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?, abrutizat, stigmatizat, ironizat \uc1 \u351 ?i izqlat.
\uc1 \u238 ?n procesul terapeutic, responsabilitatea este \uc1 \u238 ?n mai mare
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? a specialistului, care, ajutat de logopat, trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u259 ?seas-c\uc1 \u259 ? solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de angajare
voit\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, pe f\uc1 \u259 ?ga\uc1 \u351 ?
ul exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iilor organizate \uc1 \u351 ?i con-tinui, prin metode
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ional-participative \uc1 \u351 ?i amuzante, care s\uc1 \u259 ?-1
ajute \uc1 \u238 ?n debarasa-rea de stres, anxietate \uc1 \u351 ?i negativism.
Ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1 \u238 ?mbinare a unui comportament paradoxal, de
stimulare \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltare a limbajului \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1 \u259 ? forme
diverse de activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu o multitudi-ne de
mijloace tehnice \uc1 \u351 ?i verbale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Toate se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrep\uc1 \u259 ?trund \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de
comunicare interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?, la care lo-gopatul (copil-adult) particip\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
curente. Programul de dez-voltare \uc1 \u351 ?i organizare va trebui s\uc1 \u259 ?
sconte-ze limba}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 jul sub toate aspectele, ca un }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 sistem integrat al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i comunic\uc1
\u259 ?rii. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Denumirea de obiecte, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, clasifi-
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri de obiecte, fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e (p\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
animale, oameni, plante) dup\uc1 \u259 ? anumite criterii va}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asigura permanen\uc1
\u355 ?a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii ver-bale, nivelul de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere al copilului, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea cuvintelor \uc1
\u351 ?i propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor la no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?
toare. Tera-pia ac\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, prin ludoterapie \uc1 \u351 ?i
muzi-coterapie (meloterapie), desen, jocuri de construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii etc. Va
intensifica moti-va\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru comunicare, tonusul \uc1 \u351 ?i di-
versitatea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor afective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapia specific\uc1 \u259 ? diverselor enti-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i patologice trebuie strict corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu:
\uc1 \u8226 ? tipul afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, str\uc1 \u226 ?ns dependent de factorul
individual; \uc1 \u8226 ? cu prevederile combaterii \uc1 \u351 ?i amelior\uc1 \u259
?rii unor deficien-\uc1 \u355 ?e somatice sau psihice; \uc1 \u8226 ? cu diagnosti-
cul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial. Formele terapiei sunt diverse, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de specificul patolo-giei, de personalitatea logopatului, de
calitatea parteneriatului cu familia, \uc1 \u351 ?coala \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1
\u355 ?i factori sociali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Lombrosian }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip caracterizat de Lombraso, printr-o }
\langfenp1048 tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scut\uc1
\u259 ? spre crim\uc1 \u259 ?, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de degeneres-cent\uc1
\u259 ?. Acest tip prezint\uc1 \u259 ? semne caracte-ristice, care \uc1 \u238 ?l
distinge de ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i oa-meni, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de al\uc1
\u355 ?i infractori. Lombro-sianul are o \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i\uc1 \u351 ?are monstruoas\uc1 \u259 ?, primitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, anormal\uc1
Lombroso (1836-1909) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = medic \uc1 \u351 ?i cri-minolog italian,
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine teza }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Creti-nismul
\uc1 \u238 ?n Lombardia" - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1963, dup\uc1 \u259 ? ca-re deschide un curs
de clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a bolilor mintale. Numele s\uc1 \u259 ?u r\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ne legat de cel al antropologiei criminalistice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Longitudinal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = strategie a
psihologiei evolutive }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n urm\uc1 \u259 ?rirea
conti-nu\uc1 \u259 ?, la aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i, a fenomenelor de
dezvoltare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ?, pe o
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat\uc1 \u259 ? ce dep\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351
?e\uc1 \u351 ?te mai multe nivele de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lovitur\uc1 \u259 ? de
glot\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nceperea produ-cerii sunetului muzical se
nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?atacul" sunetului \uc1 \u351 ?i el rezult\uc1 \u259
? din coordonarea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor respiratorii cu cele ale
laringelui. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? felul mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor coardele vocale
\uc1 \u351 ?i presiunea subglo-tic\uc1 \u259 ? realizat\uc1 \u259 ? se descriu trei
feluri de atacuri ale sunetului: \uc1 \u8226 ? atacul ferm dar suplu, care
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nceperea vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iei coardelor vocale la
o presiune subglotic\uc1 \u259 ? perfect dozat\uc1 \u259 ?; este cel mai
utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?nt; \uc1 \u8226 ? atacul puternic sau \uc1
\u8222 ?lovitura de glot\uc1 \u259 ?", \uc1 \u238 ?n care presiunea
subglotic\uc1 \u259 ?, mult crescut\uc1 \u259 ?, precede \uc1 \u238 ?nchiderea
glotei, care se face prin alipirea puternic\uc1 \u259 ? a coar-delor vocale; se
folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n sunetele stocate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
anumite momente impuse de necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de interpretare; \uc1
\u8226 ? atacul aspirat, \uc1 \u238 ?n care coardele vocale nu se alipesc, iar
glota r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne par\uc1 \u355 ?ial deschis\uc1 \u259 ?; se folo-
se\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n emisia unor sunete de durat\uc1 \u259 ? mai mare.
(Vezi lucrarea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 patologia vocal\uc1 \u259 ?" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - \uc1 \u350 ?t.
G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea, Marcela Piti\uc1 \u351 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ludic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atribut care desemneaz\uc1
\u259 ? carac-terul unor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i (limbaj, mimic\uc1
\u259 ?, comportament) de a nu avea o orientare practic\uc1 \u259 ?, de a fi
efectuate de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere, pentru divertisment; activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ile de acest fel sunt spontane, capricioase, supuse fanteziei. Prin joc,
copilul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?
ie\uc1 \u351 ?te g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile, sentimentele, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e-le, jocul
fiind, dup\uc1 \u259 ? K. Gross, un exerci-\uc1 \u355 ?iu preparator al func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor mentale. Acti-vitatea ludic\uc1 \u259 ? se disciplineaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i canali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n scopuri pragmatice, pe reguli
oarecum precise. Sunt clasificate astfel: jocuri exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu, jocuri
simbolice \uc1 \u351 ?i jo-curi cu reguli. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? anumi\uc1 \u355 ?i
autori este necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u238 ?ntre ludic \uc1 \u351 ?i ludism, acesta din urm\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni solitare gratuite, cum ar fi desci-
frarea rebutului pentru alungarea plicti-sului. Persisten\uc1 \u355 ?a unui anumit
tip de joc peste v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta la care este normal admis,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 revenirea la jocuri ale
unui stadiu deja dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it este semnalul, fie al unei \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-zieri afective \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale, fie ale unei
regresii afective \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ludoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihoterapia prin joc se }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin func\uc1 \u355 ?iile de
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu men-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tal \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectual, de integrare a
realului, de asimilare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a evenimentelor, de socializare, de
desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare. Jocul este utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia diverselor
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice. Ludoterapia se refer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n primul
r\uc1 \u226 ?nd
la o tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? psihoterapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? apli-cat\uc1 \u259 ? copiilor.
Ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? discur-sul adultului \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoterapia
acestuia, este echivalent cu jocul spontan, sim-bolic, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
reguli \uc1 \u238 ?n ludoterapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ludoterapia la copilul cu tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice
la o v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? precoce, permite cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
obiectelor, care sunt supor-tul proiec\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
exteriorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? primele mecanisme defensive: - identi-ficare; -
frustrare; - identificare proiec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?; - identificare cu agresorul (M.
Klain). Deci, \uc1 \u238 ?n afara efectelor de ca-tharsis, de exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu,
de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a re-zisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei la frustrare, jocul este supus
unor descifr\uc1 \u259 ?ri simbolice \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune unele reac\uc1 \u355 ?
ii comportamentale ale copi-lului, \uc1 \u351 ?i ajut\uc1 \u259 ? la reducerea
conflictelor intrapsihice ce stau la baza tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice ale
acestuia. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia cu adultul terapeut \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul ludoterapiei
are efecte benefice asupra psihicului micu-lui pacient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceste activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i apar ca un adju-vant terapeutic viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd modificarea temporar\uc1
\u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective a subiectu-lui, stimularea socializ\uc1
\u259 ?rii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i un exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu premerg\uc1
\u259 ?tor ergoterapiei. Uti-lizarea jocurilor se face \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355
?ie de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, sex, disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
restante, pre-ferin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate de recreere
porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la principiul enun\uc1 \u355 ?at de Bremond, anume c\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?este mai bine s\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li5 \ri29 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-
\langfenp1048 faci cel mai inutil lucru din lume, dec\uc1 \u226 ?t }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ? stai un sfert de or\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? faci nimic."}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Lume }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1
\u238 ?n sens filosofic, totalitatea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 existen\uc1
\u355 ?ei, cosmos, univers. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
accep-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iune mai restr\uc1 \u226 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8222 ?lumea omului", }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?
lumea valoric\uc1 \u259 ?", \uc1 \u8222 ?lumea obiectelor" }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit domeniu al reali-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul curent, prin \uc1 \u8222 ?lume" se }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege fie umanitatea ca regn
ontologic }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 distinct, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n expresii de genul
\uc1 \u8222 ?a\uc1 \u351 ?a e }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lumea}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 ", \uc1 \u8222 ?lumea vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te", etc, fie }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 mul\uc1 \u355 ?imea nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u8222
?era de fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mult\uc1 \u259 ? lume").}{\fs20
Lunatic }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = denumire utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
Evul }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mediu pentru cei ce sufereau de o boal\uc1
\u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, prezent\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i azi \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbirea popu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
lar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care iradierea lunii ar produce }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihomotorie, automa-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tism ambulator (somnambulism) \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar crize
de epilepsie. Mul\uc1 \u355 ?i autori consider\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
benefice radia\uc1 \u355 ?iile ionozate ale lunii \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u259 ?rile astenice (dup\uc1 \u259 ? unele prescrieri ale }
\langfenp1048 medicinii indiene).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Luria Alexandru (1902 - 1977) }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 holog rus, elev a lui
V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi; este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 creatorul
neuropsihologiei ruse \uc1 \u351 ?i unul }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dintre pionierii acestei ramuri a \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe plan mondial. Face studii
deosebite \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 clinica afaziei, rolul lobului
frontal, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 procesele memoriei \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihopatologia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acesteia. Lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile cel}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e mai cunoscute }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt
\uc1 \u8222 ?Afazia traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?" (1947) \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Aspecte psihopedagocice, psihologice }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i neuropsihologia memoriei" - 1973, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Bazele neuropsihoogiei" -1973.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Macro }
\langfenp1048 = element de compunere, prin care se introduce semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?
ia de m\uc1 \u259 ?ri-me, dimensiune mare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Macrocefalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anomalie const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din
m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea dimensiunilor craniului. Este de-numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
hidrocefalie, aspectul caracte-ristic const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
dehiscen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u355 ?esuturilor osoase \uc1 \u351 ?i bombarea
frontanelelor r\uc1 \u259 ?mase ne\uc1 \u238 ?nchise.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Macropsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = iluzie vizual\uc1 \u259 ? ce
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n impresia c\uc1 \u259 ? unele dimensiuni sunt mai
mari ca \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate; se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de mi-cropsie, ce
indic\uc1 \u259 ? efectul invers.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Macrostereognozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = agnozie vizual\uc1 \u259 ? ce
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o percepere supraestimati-v\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor
dimensiunilor obiectelor, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t acestea nu-\uc1
\u351 ?i pierd structura, cum se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n macropsii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Magie infantil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de compor-tamente ce apar\uc1
\u355 ?in etapei prelogice, ego-centrice a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii individuale,
carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament \uc1 \u351 ?i sociabilitate
sincretic\uc1 \u259 ?, aspecte halucinatorii, compor-tament inadaptabil
(pseudoadaptativ) asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor supersti\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
individuale ale adultului (care \uc1 \u351 ?i deriv\uc1 \u259 ? de aici). Origi-nea
acestor magii (Piaget) ar consta \uc1 \u238 ?n sentimentul subiectului c\uc1
\u259 ? el poate co-manda obiectelor sau fenomenelor fizice, obiective.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Magnetism animal }
\langfenp1048 = teorie ce consi-der\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui fluid
magnetic uni-versal datorat corpurilor cere\uc1 \u351 ?ti; acest fluid poate trece
de la un individ la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 altul prin intermediul unei
atingeri \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceasta ar avea un efect curativ.
Teoria este lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ific\uc1 \u259 ?. A fost implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ?,
somnambulism sau alte forme de psihoterapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Maieutic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ?
(Platon - Socrate) const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri
me\uc1 \u351 ?te\uc1 \u351 ?ugite \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee me\uc1 \u351 ?te\uc1 \u351
?ugite de admonesta\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i dialog pentru extragerea unor idei,
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii din mintea interlocutorului, de care el nu era con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient c\uc1 \u259 ? le are. Prin aceast\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate a euristicii se
poate extinde cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea de sine a subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Majorat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ? la care un subiect \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i poate exercita drepturile
civile \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp este r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor pentru propriile fapte \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamente. Ea
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o garan\uc1 \u355 ?ie a maturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a pierde din vedere posibilitatea lipsei de
coinciden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
biologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
Maladie congenital\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? pus\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere sau
imediat dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta, transmis\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?tului fie
ereditar, fie ca boal\uc1 \u259 ? matern\uc1 \u259 ? contractat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n tim-pul sarcinii sau anterior.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Mal-comi\uc1 \u355 ?ial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = criza epileptic\uc1 \u259 ? major\uc1 \u259
Malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = anomalie congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, care
indiferent de amploarea ei, duce \uc1 \u238 ?n cele mai multe cazuri la modificarea
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Malignitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = gravitate,
cu poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial terminal, atribuit\uc1 \u259 ? unui proces patolo-gic
tumoral. Termenul poate fi folosit}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul unei predispozi\uc1
\u355 ?ii poten\uc1 \u355 ?iale spre r\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u351 ?i transformarea
acesteia \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni concrete de a comite \uc1 \u8222 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ?ul", \uc1 \u238 ?n mod inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat sau delirant.
Malignitatea ca-racterial\uc1 \u259 ? este o no\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihologic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sociologic\uc1 \u259 ?, care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
anumite evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii psiho-dinamice specifice \uc1 \u8222 ?ne-vrozei de
caracter" ale unor subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i cu complexe de inferioritate, frustra\uc1
\u355 ?i afec-tiv \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul absen\uc1 \u355 ?ei sau deficien\uc1 \u355 ?
ei cu-plului parental.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Management }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen care semnific\uc1 \u259 ? metod\uc1 \u259 ? de
gestiune ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?ntreprin-derii, viz\uc1
\u226 ?nd dezvoltarea \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonarea optim\uc1 \u259 ? a factorilor
uman, tehnic \uc1 \u351 ?i eco-nomic, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
inform\uc1 \u259 ?rii complete \uc1 \u351 ?i prompte \uc1 \u351 ?i a adapt\uc1
\u259 ?rii de decizii care s\uc1 \u259 ? slujeasc\uc1 \u259 ? maximal obiectivele
propu-se. Implic\uc1 \u259 ? psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ?, industria-l\uc1
\u259 ?, organiza\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? - formarea cadrelor, selec\uc1 \u355
?ia profesional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Manager }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom descris de psihiatri ce apare la persoane}
\langfenp1048 le de sex masculin cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ii administrative \uc1 \u351 ?i
de conducere, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 30-60 de ani. Const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
astenie, tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri hipnice \uc1 \u351 ?i sexuale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i compli-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ii de tip psihosomatic, interes\uc1 \u226 ?nd
apa-ratul cardiovascular (hipertensiune arte-rial\uc1 \u259 ?, cardiopatie
ischemic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
M\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un prim element de luat \uc1 \u238 ?n con-
sidera\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n psihofiziologia m\uc1 \u226 ?inii este pielea,
deoarece m\uc1 \u226 ?na este prin exce-len\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? un organ
tactil. Fiziologia pip\uc1 \u259 ?itu-lui este complex\uc1 \u259 ?, cu varia\uc1
\u355 ?ii individua-le; pip\uc1 \u259 ?itul este un sim\uc1 \u355 ? foarte
educabil. Se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilitatea la c\uc1 \u259 ?ldur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i du-rere, dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii \uc1 \u351 ?i sensibilitatea la lumin\uc1
\u259 ?. Din punct de vedere psiho-social, m. a fost considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?organul contactelor noastre concrete cu via\uc1 \u355 ?a real\uc1 \u259 ?".
Cu privire la asimetria func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? dreapta / st\uc1 \u226 ?
nga, \uc1 \u351 ?i a superiorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii m\uc1 \u226 ?inii drepte}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (la 3/4
dintre oameni), se recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te un anumit prestigiu al m\uc1 \u226 ?inii
drepte. Are o uria\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie simbolic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nume-roase expresii metaforice se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul \uc1 \u8222 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?". \uc1 \u350 ?i gestul
manual are numeroase semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii. In m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
exist\uc1 \u259 ? constant o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? impulsiv\uc1 \u259 ? de
a exe-cuta mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri; m. exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ceea
ce se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a
interioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Grafologia este o demonstrare experimental\uc1 \u259 ? a
psi-hologiei revelatoare a m\uc1 \u226 ?inii. \uc1 \u238 ?n fizio-logia
patologicului, amintim paraliziile isterice, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i crampa scriitorului,
a pia-nistului sau a func\uc1 \u355 ?ionarilor de telegraf, \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihofiziolgia m\uc1 \u226 ?inii, m. este intere-sant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca
organ al \uc1 \u8222 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u226 ?ierii" \uc1 \u351 ?i poate
constitui un capitol al psiho-terapiei. T. Arghezi \uc1 \u351 ?i M. Beniuc au
dedicat frumoase versuri m\uc1 \u226 ?inii. Am-rentele digitale sunt folosite
\uc1 \u238 ?n scopuri administrativ-poli\uc1
\u355 ?iene\uc1 \u351 ?ti, criminalisti-ce \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Maniaco-depresiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom; Kraepe-lin \uc1 \u238 ?l descrie \uc1 \u351 ?i
face o sintez\uc1 \u259 ? asupra conceptului maniacului \uc1 \u351 ?i a melancoliei
de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ca fiind o afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune men-tal\uc1 \u259 ?
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin alterarea ritmic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor accese de
supraexcita\uc1 \u355 ?ie mania-cal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu depresiuni profunde \uc1
\u351 ?i nejusti-ficate psihic. Apare clinic, de aceea este sinonim cu ciclopenie
sau psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? circular\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Maniaco-fobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?n gr. }{\i1 \fs18
maniaco = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ne-bunie); va}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 riant\uc1 \u259 ? de nosofobie, const\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n team\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, exagerat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nejus-tificat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o
boal\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul obsesivo-fabic }
\langfenp1048 (phobes -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fric\uc1 \u259 ?). Face parte din psihozele
depre-sive \uc1 \u238 ?n decompensare, de coloratur\uc1 \u259 ? psihastenic\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Manie }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 (manie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - nebunie); termen cu sensuri multiple;
\uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul colocvial este folosit pentru a defini o pasiune de nest\uc1
\u259 ?vilit, uneori ciudat\uc1 \u259 ? (ex. subiectul colec\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? obiecte lipsite de valoare economic\uc1 \u259 ? sau
estetic\uc1 \u259 ?); uneori se folo-se\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni impulsive, necon-trolabile (cleptomanie, piromanie, dro-
momanie). \uc1 \u238 ?n sens \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific, m. este o stare
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n multe
boli psi-hice, \uc1 \u238 ?n special \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoza depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
ca-racterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? a ac-
tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i motorii printr-o stare de
bun\uc1 \u259 ? dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie nemotivat\uc1 \u259 ?: vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te
continuu \uc1 \u238 ?n ritm exagerat, este agitat, ideile se schimb\uc1 \u259 ?
rapid, se mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? rost, r\uc1
\u226 ?de nemotivat, gesticuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?, trece repede de la o activitate la
alta, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este preocupat de ceva.
Aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri maniacale pot alterna cu st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive.
Maniacul se cred mereu persecutat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Manierism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptom \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit \uc1
\u238 ?n multe boli mintale (schizofrenie), manifestat prin atitudini ciudate,
artificiale, prin \uc1 \u351 ?a-blonism comportamental. Adesea, subi-ectul este
afectat, absurd (\uc1 \u355 ?op\uc1 \u259 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un picior, m\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? cu scobitoarea, vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te cu o
intona\uc1 \u355 ?ie special\uc1 \u259 ?, pi\uc1 \u355 ?ig\uc1 \u259 ?iat\uc1 \u259
?). Aces-te forme ciudate sunt numite bizarerii. Aceste comportamente pot ap\uc1
\u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n afara patologicului, ca o bizarerie ca-
racterial\uc1 \u259 ? (totu\uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?deaz\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1
\u351 ?ubrezenie a fondului intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i moral).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Manipulare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = influen\uc1
\u355 ?are a conduitelor altor persoane, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i comportament mo-tor
(m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, picioare, degete, deplas\uc1 \u226 ?nd obiecte). Ex.
manipularea opiniei publice prin mass-media. La nivel individual, m. se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu ajutorul unor metode persuasive sau a unor tehnici (sp\uc1
\u259 ?larea creierului) practicate de unele secte}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 religioase. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihiatrie se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n isterie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Marasm }{\fs18
stare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? care influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? negativ
dezvoltarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii copiilor, prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n casele de copii, institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii reci, impersonale, ceea ce im-
plic\uc1 \u259 ? grave stagn\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltare din cauza
\uc1 \u8222 ?depriv\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective" - \uc1 \u8222 ?marasm" sau
avitaminoz\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Marginal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
= ceea ce se afl\uc1 \u259 ? la limita unei zone (la maxim\uc1 \u259 ?
distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de la centru), implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni \uc1 \u351 ?i caracteris-tici minime. Se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie pentru a clarifica unele fenomene de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie
periferic\uc1 \u259 ? sau cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mi-nim\uc1
\u259 ?. Desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? de asemenea zona intermediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i patologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Marihuana sau Marijuana }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = drog preparat din
frunzele \uc1 \u351 ?i florile unei va-riet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de c\uc1 \u226
?nep\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nrudit\uc1 \u259 ? cu cea india-n\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest
amestec se fumeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca tutu-nul. Are un principiu activ al \uc1 \u8222 ?
Canna-bis indica".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Marinescu
Gheorghe (1863-1938) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 medic rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, fondator al \uc1 \u351 ?colii rom\uc1
\u226 ?-ne\uc1 \u351 ?ti de neurologie. Este sprijinit de Victor Babe\uc1
\u351 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n studiile medicale din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, apoi la Paris,
unde s-a afir-mat ca histolog \uc1 \u351 ?i neurolog \uc1 \u351 ?i unde \uc1
\u351 ?i-a sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut teza de doctorat. Particip\uc1 \u259 ? la Congresul
interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional de medicin\uc1 \u259 ? de la Moscova \uc1 \u238 ?n 1897,
iar \uc1 \u238 ?n 1909 pu-blic\uc1 \u259 ? la Paris monografia \uc1 \u8222 ?La
cellule nerveuse" 2 volume, prefa\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? elogios de Ramon Y.
Cajal. Opera sa \uc1 \u238 ?n dome-niul neurologiei este imens\uc1 \u259 ?. A
devenit un nume cunoscut \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la
numai 28 de ani. A lucrat \uc1 \u351 ?i a \uc1 \u238 ?nfiin\uc1 \u355 ?at o clini-
c\uc1 \u259 ? de neurologie la Spitalul Colentina. Poliomelitele, encefalitele de
tot felul, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i studiile de fiziologie normal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 patologic\uc1
\u259 ? s-au bucurat din plin de apor-tul s\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355
?ific at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i peste hotare. De asemenea, reflexele pseudo-bul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bare,
oligofrenia, ataxia spino-cerebe-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 loas\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Marionete }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = prob\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihoterapie, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le m\uc1 \u226 ?nuitorilor
(pacien\uc1 \u355 ?i) sa-\uc1 \u351 ?i exprime liber sentimentele \uc1 \u351 ?i
s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i ex-teriorizeze conflictele. Psihoterapeutul pune la
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia copiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i adul\uc1 \u355 ?ilor numeroase
personaje: z\uc1 \u226 ?na cea bun\uc1 \u259 ?, ho-\uc1 \u355 ?ul, diavolul,
jandarmul, fel de fel de ani-male, etc. \uc1 \u351 ?i le cere s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?scoceasc\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?mplare. In jocul
dramatic ies la iveal\uc1 \u259 ? problemele afective, tensiunile se reduc,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci se produce o desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare cathartic\uc1 \u259 ?,
con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd adesea la vinde-carea tulbur\uc1 \u259
?rilor caracteriale. Se subli-niaz\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia educativ\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i artistic\uc1 \u259 ? a tes-tului care \uc1 \u238 ?
ncorporeaz\uc1 \u259 ? muzic\uc1 \u259 ?, dans, di-alog, fiind folosite \uc1
\u238 ?n gr\uc1 \u259 ?dini\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii (teatru de marionete).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Marketing }{\fs18
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia care are \uc1 \u238 ?n vede-re cererea \uc1 \u351 ?i oferta
pornind de la cerin-\uc1 \u355 ?ele pie\uc1 \u355 ?ei actuale \uc1 \u351 ?i
viitoare. Dezbate metode de organizare, cercetare, analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
previziune, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentul oa-menilor, pornind de la
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele consu-matorilor. Are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere toate subramu-rile
psihologiei economice: pre\uc1 \u355 ?uri, ofer-te, unde, cui, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u351 ?i cum se ofer\uc1 \u259 ?; de asemenea, psihologia consumului (studii de
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie), cercetarea pie\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-logia
reclamei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Martor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care asist\uc1 \u259 ? la desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u351 ?urarea unui eveniment \uc1 \u351 ?i care este \uc1 \u238 ?n ge-neral
chemat\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? relateze toate datele, \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?
mpl\uc1 \u259 ?rile, \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?rile. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia
judiciar\uc1 \u259 ? se cerceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenul m\uc1 \u259 ?rtu-riei, \uc1
\u238 ?n interesul justi\uc1 \u355 ?iei, urm\uc1 \u259 ?rindu-se posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile \uc1 \u351 ?i valoarea acesteia. Sunt probleme de
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, memorie,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 in}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terpret\uc1
\u259 ?ri, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care fac ca fie-care m\uc1 \u259 ?rturie s\uc1
\u259 ? fie relativ\uc1 \u259 ?, supus\uc1 \u259 ? critic, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259
? a \uc1 \u238 ?ndrept\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i un total scep-ticism fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de valoarea m\uc1 \u259 ?rturiei uma-ne. (T. Bogdan).
Distorsionarea m\uc1 \u259 ?rtu-riei poate fi inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?,
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? sau involuntar\uc1 \u259 ?, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care factorul motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional este predominant
afectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia experimental\uc1 \u259 ? se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1
\u8222 ?grupul martor" pentru a indi-ca un grup care ne serve\uc1 \u351 ?te prin
compa-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie s\uc1 \u259 ? stabilim efectul manipul\uc1 \u259 ?rii
variabilelor noastre asupra primului grup experimental (lotul martor - se mai
nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i lot de control). \uc1 \u238 ?n me-dicin\uc1
\u259 ?, termenul este utilizat cu o sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie special\uc1 \u259 ?,
desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd proba martor, care este folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
studiile comparative \uc1 \u238 ?ntre e\uc1 \u351 ?antioane \uc1 \u351 ?i care nu
este supus ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii factorilor ce au ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-onat asupra
celuilalt e\uc1 \u351 ?antion.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mas\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e sociale se men\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni de m. ce privesc \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga popula\uc1 \u355 ?ie;
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri de m. ce nu se limiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la un e\uc1 \u351 ?antion
restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns; modele de m., cum sunt anchetele \uc1 \u351 ?i chestionarele
sau scrutinul: reflexe de m. ce cuprind o mare mas\uc1 \u259 ? a organis-mului.
Studiul psihologic prive\uc1 \u351 ?te mul-\uc1 \u355 ?imile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mascare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudinea unei
persoane, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n ascunderea unei tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1
\u259 ?turi sau a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i prin
deghiza-re \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un comportament inautentic (masc\uc1 \u259 ?). Motivele
care determin\uc1 \u259 ? acest comportament pot fi con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente sau in-
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, necunoscute de persoan\uc1 \u259 ? ca atare. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, suprapunerea cali-tativ\uc1 \u259 ? a doi sau mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i
stimuli, fapt ce reduce posibilitatea lor de discrimi-nare; ecranarea unei
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psiho-comportamentale prin alta, de exemplu}
\langfenp1048 - mascarea temperamentului prin carac-ter. M. Ralea folose\uc1
\u351 ?te termenul de m. pentru a desemna actul de simulare sau de adaptare la un
rol. De asemenea, ter-menul este folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie - si-mularea
(comportamentul simulat). Este folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca un instinct de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare dac\uc1 \u259 ? persoana se simte amenin\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Masc\uc1 \u259
\langfenp1048 = modalitate a comportamentului simulant adoptat\uc1 \u259 ? de
subiect, mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in deliberat, pentru a ascunde ceva \uc1
\u351 ?i a demonstra altceva ce nu-i apar-\uc1 \u355 ?ine, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n care
este interesat. Cuprinde mimica, pantomimica, gestica, expresi-vitatea
verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?inuta vestimen-tar\uc1 \u259 ?,
chiar deghizajul, toate folosite ca s\uc1 \u259 ? favorizeze subiectul, \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul unei rela-\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rivalitate, mai ales dac\uc1 \u259 ?
partenerul rival este perceput ca superior.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Bernard (1978) subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ? le-
g\uc1 \u259 ?tura dintre masc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i personalitatea ce se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ?, se ap\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? prin acceptarea unei m\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u351 ?ti diferite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sens, se poate afirma c\uc1 \u259 ?
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? o dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a m\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tii
personajului, personalitatea \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde autenticitatea,
reduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la simpla caricatur\uc1 \u259 ? a unei expresii unice.}
Masculinitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = profil de personalitate construit pe premiza sexului,
av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n principal o determinare cultural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i im-plic\uc1 \u226 ?nd for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, curaj, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionali-tate, capacitate de realizare.
Adler A. se referea prin m. la dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de afirmare su-perioar\uc1
\u259 ? a b\uc1 \u259 ?rbatului \uc1 \u238 ?n lupta de a se de-gaja de complexul de
inferioritate. Chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i femeile (unele) \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i doresc
schimbare de personalitate, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces conflic-tual c\uc1
\u226 ?nd nu dispun de suficient\uc1 \u259 ? putere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Masochism; sadism; }{\fs18 \dbch
ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerea satis-fac\uc1 \u355 ?iei sexuale \uc1 \u351 ?i a pl\uc1
\u259 ?cerii \uc1 \u238 ?n genere prin suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e fizice sau
psihice (umilire)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? propriei persoane; subiectul le
caut\uc1 \u259 ?, le provoac\uc1 \u259 ?, le \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?ine,
recur-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd la autoflagelare, automutil\uc1 \u259 ?ri, autotorturi. Spre
deosebire de sadism, pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de
tor-turarea partenerului. Men\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ? m. nu se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? numai la o perversiune sexual\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul include
\uc1 \u351 ?i satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia pur spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o ob\uc1
\u355 ?ine subiec-tul \uc1 \u238 ?n urma asum\uc1 \u259 ?rii pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei de
vic-tim\uc1 \u259 ?, a accept\uc1 \u259 ?rii cu voluptate a umilin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei.
Se vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te de \uc1 \u8222 ?masochismul mo-ral", \uc1 \u8222 ?tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a masochist\uc1 \u259 ?".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mass-media }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mijloace de comunicare \uc1 \u238
?n mas\uc1 \u259 ? (radio-televiziune, cinemato-graf, presa, conferin\uc1 \u355 ?e,
publica\uc1 \u355 ?ii de mare tiraj) care vehiculeaz\uc1 \u259 ? acelea\uc1 \u351 ?
i informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u259 ?tre milioane de oameni, contribuind la
definirea unei culturi de mas\uc1 \u259 ?. Unele genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? efecte
pozitive \uc1 \u351 ?i negative, de aceea Psihosociologia investigheaz\uc1 \u259 ?
reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile publicului \uc1 \u351 ?i ce-rin\uc1 \u355 ?ele acestuia
\uc1 \u238 ?n vederea unui acord \uc1 \u238 ?ntre mesajele mass-media \uc1 \u351 ?i
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii culturale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Masturbare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = Kromfeld a introdus termenul pentru a descrie ca-zurile \uc1
\u238 ?n care, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei inter-
ven\uc1 \u355 ?ii mecanice, se ajunge la excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie sexual\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i orgasm, numai prin simpla exacerbare imaginar\uc1 \u259 ?. Kaht
\uc1 \u238 ?i introdu-ce \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie pe autorii de
scrisori obscene, amatorii de literatur\uc1 \u259 ? pornografic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri de art\uc1 \u259 ? plastic\uc1 \u259 ? frivole.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Matrice }
\langfenp1048 = tabl\uc1 \u259 ? de valori numerice \uc1 \u238 ?n statistic\uc1
\u259 ?, dispuse pe grupe, ranguri \uc1 \u351 ?i coloane; tabel centralizator al
corela\uc1 \u355 ?i-ilor dintre teste sau dintre o serie de factori; m. func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, sistem unitar de opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuropsihice.}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Matrice
sociometric\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este constituit\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-o
structur\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre atomii
sociali, care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii-respingeri,
indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, detectabi-l\uc1 \u259 ? numai prin analiza
socio-metric\uc1 \u259 ?. Se sondeaz\uc1 \u259 ? realitatea social\uc1 \u259 ? la
baza c\uc1 \u259 ?reia se afl\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura psihologic\uc1
\u259 ? spontan\uc1 \u259 ? simpatetic\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
examin\uc1 \u259 ?ri prealabile de motive, pe grupe de oameni care interac-\uc1
\u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Au fost constituite dintr-o structur\uc1 \u259 ?
social\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre asonii sociali,
detectabil\uc1 \u259 ? numai prin analiza sociometric\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Maturare }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = studiul
final al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihologice a unui individ. De\uc1 \u351 ?i matu-
rarea este o no\uc1 \u355 ?iune static\uc1 \u259 ?, ea impune o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, procesul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd totdeauna
transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri la nivelul sistemului nervos, endocrin, etc.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Transform\uc1 \u259 ?rile
pe care organis-mul infantil le sufer\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a ajunge la maturitate
sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n mare parte condi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nate ereditar, mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n primele etape ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii (f\uc1 \u259 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
sugar). \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul este capabil s\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu ambian\uc1
\u355 ?a, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea ere-ditar\uc1 \u259 ? a matur\uc1 \u259 ?rii
scade \uc1 \u238 ?n importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n favoarea
factorilor psiho-sociali. Matura-rea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
Piaget, se realizea-z\uc1 \u259 ? mai devreme sau mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu (uneori
deloc), \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de experien\uc1 \u355 ?a lui \uc1 \u238 ?n
mediul s\uc1 \u259 ?u social. Maturitatea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a adultului se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd acesta este capabil s\uc1 \u259 ? se
integreze \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li19
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Matura\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces dinamic intern,
con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1 \u351 ?i
structurarea de-plin\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vegetative \uc1 \u351 ?i
senzo-motorii, persist\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la exprimarea
poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ialului de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere, conform informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei
ereditare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a mediului \uc1
\u351 ?i a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Piaget, maturarea
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? (mielinizarea, stabilirea leg\uc1 \u259 ?turilor inter-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sinaptice, diferen\uc1
\u355 ?ierea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii elec-trice) furnizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialitate esen-\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?,
care se poate realiza sau nu sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a mediului social \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de consisten\uc1 \u355 ?a acestuia.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Maturitate }{\fs18
(dezvoltare deplin\uc1 \u259 ?); din punct de vedere ontogenetic reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? un moment \uc1 \u238 ?n care o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? a atins completa sa
dezvoltare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i un sistem complet de posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i rezultate din
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea poten\uc1 \u355 ?iali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
ereditare cu factorii de mediu \uc1 \u351 ?i care se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
stabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\u259 ? R. Lacan, maturitatea im-plic\uc1 \u259 ? autonomie personal\uc1 \u259 ?,
obiectivita-te fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mediu, integra-rea func\uc1 \u355 ?iei sexuale,
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui anu-mit nivel al capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
profesionale, aderarea la o concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie despre lume \uc1 \u351 ?i
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se suprapune, se
disting:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx149 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20 \dbch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 maturitatea
biologic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1
\u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? maturitatea
social\uc1 \u259 ?;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 voca\uc1 \u355
?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? moral\uc1 \u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?
nseam-n\uc1 \u259 ? recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea datoriilor fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de pro-pria persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea respon-sabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii propriei deveniri, o \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ?
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de tine \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u355 ?i. Intre aceste diverse aspecte ale maturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?-rea discrepan\uc1 \u355 ?e, cea mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ?
fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ntre m. intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea afectiv-emo\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Maturizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul fenomenelor bio \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihosociale ce se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces de intercondi\uc1
\u355 ?ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i care con-duc la starea de maturitate. (S. Rubin-stein).
Acest proces nu poate fi declan-\uc1 \u351 ?at de condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de mediu
\uc1 \u351 ?i de activita-tea de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1
\u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care la om sunt decisive. R. Lafon arat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? m. reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un dublu proces: \uc1 \u8226 ? unul ana-
tomic prin mielinizarea axonilor, care permite izolarea centrilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a
fibrelor,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i altul \uc1 \u8226 ? neurofiziologic, prin stabilirea
conexiunilor intersinaptice, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? in-terven\uc1 \u355 ?iei
mediatorilor chimici, prin tre-cerea de la o activitate bioelectric\uc1 \u259 ?
nedi-feren\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? la o organizare diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1
\u259 ?. Astfel, sunt organizate marile sisteme func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
neuropsihice, sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a stimulilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a educa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd na\uc1 \u351 ?tere unor sisteme de organizare din ce \uc1
\u238 ?n ce mai complexe (Ex.: maturizarea interese-lor
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ce duc la maturizarea
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 J. Piaget stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te stadiile dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
intelectuale, ale constituirii rea-lului \uc1 \u238 ?n: \uc1 \u8226 ? perioada
senzorio-motor\uc1 \u259 ? (0-2 ani) de activitate reflex\uc1 \u259 ? la
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia simbolului; \uc1 \u8226 ? perioada inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei pre-
operatorii (2-7 ani) - apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia func\uc1 \u355 ?iei simbolice; \uc1
\u8226 ? perioada inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei con-crete (p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
12 ani) - constituirea unei scheme de valori fixe; \uc1 \u8226 ? perioada logicei
formale (p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 15 ani). Aceste stadii de dezvoltare sunt
parcurse \uc1 \u238 ?n forme speci-fice, individuale, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
fiecare individ \uc1 \u238 ?n parte o formul\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ? de
maturizare \uc1 \u351 ?i un anumit nivel al efici-en\uc1 \u355 ?ei adaptative.
Maturizarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i profesional\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n
lumea contemporan\uc1 \u259 ?), cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? forma unui labirint
nesf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it \uc1 \u351 ?i nu pe aceea a unei linii drepte ce se
opre\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un punct.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M\uc1 \u259 ?duva spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = parte a
sistemului nervos central, situat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n canalul verte-bral \uc1
\u351 ?i alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-un cordon nervos cilindric, turtit
antero-posterior. M.s. se \uc1 \u238 ?mparte \uc1 \u238 ?n 4 regiuni - cervical\uc1
\u259 ?, toracal\uc1 \u259 ?, lombar\uc1 \u259 ?, sacral\uc1 \u259 ?; este \uc1
\u238 ?nvelit\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n-tregul nevrax, de trei
membrane mezo-dermice, care la acest nivel formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? meningele rahidian.
M.s. este format\uc1 \u259 ? din substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cenu\uc1 \u351 ?
ie, dispus\uc1 \u259 ? pe interior pe coloane, sub forma literei \uc1 \u8222 ?H",
fiind format\uc1 \u259 ? din neuroni \uc1 \u351 ?i fibre nervoase amielinice. Spre
exterior este format\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din cordoane de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? alb\uc1 \u259 ?, alc\uc1 \u259 ?tu-it\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-un complex de fibre
nervoase, majoritatea amielinice. \uc1 \u238 ?n substan\uc1 \u355 ?a alb\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n imediata vecin\uc1 \u259 ?tate a substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ii, se afl\uc1 \u259 ? mici insule de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie, dispuse \uc1 \u238 ?n re\uc1 \u355 ?ea, care consti-tuie }
\langfenp1048 substan\uc1 \u355 ?a reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a }{\b1
\langfenp1048 m.s. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, m.s. \uc1
\u238 ?nde-pline\uc1 \u351 ?te trei mari func\uc1 \u355 ?ii: \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1
\u355 ?ia de centru reflex, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinit\uc1 \u259 ? de centrii so-
matomotori \uc1 \u351 ?i visceromotori; \uc1 \u8226 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
coordonare a reflexelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n propor-\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii efectorilor; \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ?
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de conducere \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinit\uc1 \u259 ? de substan\uc1
\u355 ?a alb\uc1 \u259 ?, anume prin c\uc1 \u259 ?ile ascen-dente (senzitive) sau
spino-encefalice \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?ile desc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 endente (motorii)
sau ence-falospinale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 M\uc1 \u259 ?rgineanu Nicolae (1905-1980) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psiholog \uc1 \u351 ?i filosof
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n. A absolvit filosofia \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologia la Cluj, apoi
-specializarea la Viena, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg, Sorbona, Oxford, Londra,
Cambrige, Harward, Yale, Chicago, Columbia, Duke. Ca psiho-tehnician, \uc1 \u238 ?
nfiin\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? Institutul Psihotehnic de pe l\uc1 \u226 ?
ng\uc1 \u259 ? Universitatea din Cluj, cu labora-toare psihotehnice la Bra\uc1
\u351 ?ov, Arad, Re\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u355 ?a, etc. Printre tratatele publicate
cit\uc1 \u259 ?m: \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia persoanelor", \uc1 \u8222 ?Psi-
hotehnica", \uc1 \u8222 ?Analiza factorilor psi-hici", \uc1 \u8222 ?M\uc1 \u259 ?
surarea aptitudinilor mate-matice" etc. Una dintre lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile de sea-
m\uc1 \u259 ? este \uc1 \u8222 ?Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia uman\uc1 \u259 ?" (1973),
\uc1 \u238 ?n care trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? problemele de psihologie diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
M\uc1 \u259 ?rturie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = relatare verbal\uc1 \u259 ? a unei per-
soane, care atest\uc1 \u259 ? un fapt despre care a luat cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod direct. M\uc1 \u259 ?rturia poart\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna amprenta subiectivi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii autorului
ei, motivat\uc1 \u259 ? de lacunele de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i de
deform\uc1 \u259 ?rile ineluc-tibile ale amintirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M\uc1 \u259 ?rturisire }
\langfenp1048 = recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni greu de
descoperit, care poate fi spontan\uc1 \u259 ? sau provocat\uc1 \u259 ?. Are efect
bine-f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tor atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd gre\uc1 \u351 ?eala t\uc1
\u259 ?inuit\uc1 \u259 ? pes-te m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? de subiect,
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? pentru el o povar\uc1
\u259 ? zdrobitoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 S-au observat spectaculoase vin-dec\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale unor
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihosomatice \uc1 \u238 ?n urma m\uc1 \u259 ?rturisirii unei
conduite repro-bate de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1
\u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? func-\uc1 \u355 ?ie desc\uc1 \u259 ?tu\uc1 \u351 ?
ant\uc1 \u259 ? a m\uc1 \u259 ?rturisirii este \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 mod curent utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n spovedania religi-}
\langfenp1048 oas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ?, dar de la
interlo-cutor la interlocutor, ea nu are acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sens.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = mijloc de m\uc1 \u259 ?surare \uc1 \u351 ?i de apre-ciere, c\uc1
\u259 ?ci unul din scopurile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei este acela de a supune
faptele examinate unui studiu cantitativ. Aplic\uc1 \u226 ?nd m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea
la senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii, G. T. Fechner a ajuns s\uc1 \u259 ? creeze psihofizica, iar
A. Binet, dorind s\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?-soare inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u351 ?colarilor, a creat origi-nea psihometriei. Testele, statistica \uc1 \u351 ?i
metodele experimentale au permis psiho-logiei s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ?
progrese considerabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mecanica ideilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
men\uc1 \u355 ?ine-rea ideilor \uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? au loc printr-un proces \uc1 \u238 ?n care for\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i
energia (echiva-lentul aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei) sunt transferabile de la un con\uc1
\u355 ?inut la altul dup\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii matematice analoage celor
din mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceasta este o teorie mecanicist\uc1 \u259 ?,
desuet\uc1 \u259 ? (Paul Popescu - Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mecanic\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = Spiru Haret
consi-der\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta un mod de interpretare pozi-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
fenomenelor sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mecanism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie are un sens
general, semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u8222 ?substratul materi-al, modul de
producere a psihicului su-biectiv, prezent\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la diverse nivele ca:
mecanismul biofiziologic, biofizic,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biochimic \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ional" (P.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mecanisme de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanisme
psihologice de care dispune persoana spre a diminua angoasa generat\uc1 \u259 ? de
conflictele interioare. \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a cotidia-n\uc1 \u259 ?,
aceste mecanisme func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? oa-recum incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient
(grimasele, imita-\uc1 \u355 ?iile comportament}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale etc.)}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exist\uc1 \u259 ? un mare
num\uc1 \u259 ?r de meca-nisme susceptibile de a \uc1 \u8222 ?proteja" EUL \uc1
\u238 ?mpotriva exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor, instinctelor, dar nu toate au aceea\uc1
\u351 ?i valoare adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Refularea va avea drept func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
repri-marea unei tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e periculoase (agre-sivitatea, sexualitatea),
resping\uc1 \u226 ?nd-o \uc1 \u238 ?n afara c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i alte forme de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, ca: ra\uc1
\u355 ?ionalizarea, anularea retroactiv\uc1 \u259 ?, proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia, intro-
iec\uc1 \u355 ?ia, transformarea \uc1 \u238 ?n contrariu etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n multe
cazuri conceptul de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare este apropiat de cel de interdic\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, pentru evitarea dezechilibrului \uc1 \u351 ?i nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mecanizare }{\fs18
procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuire a for\uc1 \u355 ?ei musculare a omului cu
for\uc1 \u355 ?a me-canic\uc1 \u259 ? a ma\uc1 \u351 ?inii, care preia executarea
unor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii la un nivel mai ridicat \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1
\u351 ?te for\uc1 \u355 ?a, rapiditatea, rit-mul \uc1 \u351 ?i durata.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mediatori chimici }{\fs18
substan\uc1 \u355 ?e care intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n facilitarea transmisiei sinap-tice
a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i musculare. Principalii m.c. sunt:
acetilcolina, pro-dus\uc1 \u259 ? de fibrele colinergice; noradrena-lina,
produs\uc1 \u259 ? de fibrele sinaptice; sero-tonina, histamina, dopamina,
ocitocina, vasopresina, corticotropina, prolactina, etc. Tuturor acestora,
literatura actual\uc1 \u259 ? de specialitate le-a conferit denumirea de }{\b1
\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ,jieurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor\uc1 \u238 ?".}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs16 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 Media\uc1 \u355 ?ionism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie care se refer\uc1 \u259 ?
la \uc1 \u238 ?ncadrarea unor procese interne, media-toare, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
elementele raportului clasic, stimul-reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie (S-R). M. explic\uc1
\u259 ? varieta-tea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i stimul sau posibi-
litatea dependen\uc1 \u355 ?ei unei reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii la diver\uc1 \u351 ?i
stimuli.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ch.
Osgood (unul din fondatorii psiholingvisticii, care a propus \uc1 \u351 ?i dife-
ren\uc1 \u355 ?ialul semantic) propune formula S-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -S}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \sub2 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -R, \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1
\u8222 ?r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " \uc1
\u8222 ?S}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 ra}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 "
constituie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsul mediat \uc1 \u351 ?i autostimularea
din partea organismului. Media\uc1 \u355 ?ia este conc-put\uc1 \u259 ? ca un sistem
de autoreglaj. Orice stimul evoc\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dar
dintre printre acestea exist\uc1 \u259 ? una singur\uc1 \u259 ? care poate efectua
o media\uc1 \u355 ?ie semantic\uc1 \u259 ?. Teo-ria media\uc1 \u355 ?ionismului,
introdus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1953 de Osgood explic\uc1 \u259 ? generalizarea
seman-tic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i diverse \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegeri
cognitive, de acea autorul este considerat unul dintre fondatorii
psiholingvisticii. El a propus \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ialul semantic.
Teoria m. se centreaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra proceselor de semnifi-care prin
semnifican\uc1 \u355 ?i verbali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medicin\uc1 \u259 ? psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
psihosoma-tica; modalitate a medicinii moderne, fundamentat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile lui I.P. Pavlov, K. B\uc1 \u226 ?cov, W. Cannon, S. Freud, H.
Selye, etc, axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe principiul inte-rac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?i
unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintre neuropsihic \uc1 \u351 ?i somatoorganic,
dintre spiritual \uc1 \u351 ?i anato-mo-fiziologic. Ea studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? rolul
unor factori psihici \uc1 \u238 ?n etiologia unor maladii organice sau func\uc1
\u355 ?ionale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i efectele, sau componentele psihice ale
unor astfel de maladii. Bolnavul este tratat nu doar ca un organism, ci ca o
personalitate diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ?, se urm\uc1 \u259 ?resc at\uc1
\u226 ?t simpto-mele psihice c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cele organice, \uc1 \u238
?n ve-derea stabilirii unui diagnostic complex, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce terapeutica
va include at\uc1 \u226 ?t procedeele proprii medicini, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i psiho-terapia. R. Lafon distinge \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m.p.s.}
urm\uc1 \u259 ?torii factori: a) atitudinea psiho-somatic\uc1 \u259 ?; b)
simptomatologie psihoso-matic\uc1 \u259 ?; c) maladii psihosomatice cum ar fi:
astmul, hipertensiunea arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, nevrozele de organ (ulcerul), derma-
tozele, reumatismul cronic, nevrozele de conversiune sau isteria, cu o simpto-
matologie de tip neuropsihiatric. Se crede c\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?rile
psihice incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tiente (Alexander) complexe, frusta-\uc1 \u355 ?iile
predispun la anumite afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni so-matice, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci fiecare
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? dispune de un profil psihic. Afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile psiho-
somatice apar fie ca rezultat al expre-siei vegetative directe, din st\uc1 \u259 ?
ri emo-tive prelungite (traume \uc1 \u351 ?i drame), fie ca o consecin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a epuiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cere}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -brale
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La copil
\uc1 \u351 ?i tineret, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod deosebit \uc1 \u355 ?in de medicina
psihosomatica: a) tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (crizele nervoase,
insomniile, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de limbaj, ipo-hondria, durerile nervoase,
anorexia, etc); b) marile entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i morbide, de fe-lul
astmului, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile cutanate, obe-zitatea, diabetul, isteria,
epilepsia, tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de comportament, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medico - Pedagogic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355
?iuni conju-gate asupra actelor de terapie medical\uc1 \u259 ?, la care se
adaug\uc1 \u259 ? educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie intensiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reeducare,
care se impune \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri de deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de limit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i
patologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medie }
\langfenp1048 = valoarea central\uc1 \u259 ? sau m\uc1 \u259 ?sura mijlocie a unei
serii de date statistice; prin calcularea mediei (aritmetice sau mediane) se pot
determina obiectiv abaterile, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i performan\uc1 \u355 ?
ele. Repar-ti\uc1 \u355 ?ia normal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i real\uc1 \u259 ? a
datelor este dat\uc1 \u259 ? de curba lui Gauss. Media aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ? este
catul ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut prin \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?irea sumei
valorilor individuale la num\uc1 \u259 ?rul lor. Ea se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod curent \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mparte}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs20 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grupul \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?i (cea de deasupra \uc1 \u351 ?i cea dedesubtul mediei), una
echilibr\uc1 \u226 ?nd-o pe cealalt\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce permite diferen-\uc1 \u355
?ierea subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u8222 ?normali" (cei ce se apropie de
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? valoare teoretic\uc1 \u259 ?) de subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u8222 ?anormali", care se dep\uc1 \u259 ?rteaz\uc1 \u259 ? de ea.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medita\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\langfenp1048 = interpretarea uneia sau mai multor idei, acte,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
ntre stimulul ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial (ideea) \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatele finale, care
consti-tuie scopul investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mediu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = realitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n mijlocul
c\uc1 \u259 ?reia se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vie\uc1 \u355 ?uie\uc1 \u351 ?te
un organism; totalitatea factorilor \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ce \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i exercit\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?a nemijlocit sau
mijlocit asupra organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i cu care acesta se afl\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune (influen\uc1 \u355 ?e cosmice, socio-
economice, educative) \uc1 \u351 ?i cele \uc1 \u238 ?n care se realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? schimburile psihoafective \uc1 \u238 ?ntre indivizi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Filogenetic, mediu este factorul determinat
al evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei biologice. Pe m\uc1 \u259 ?-sura adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii la
mediu, organismul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i spore\uc1 \u351 ?te capacitatea de
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i utiliza-rea activ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de mediu. In acela\uc1 \u351 ?i mediu
fizic, diversele tipuri de organisme \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i constituie diverse
sisteme ale condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mediul treb}
\langfenp1048 uie considerat un ma-crosistem pus \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu organismul
(persoan\uc1 \u259 ? uman\uc1 \u259 ?) ca un cadru de refe-rin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
Omul \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? nu este numai produs al mediului, \uc1 \u238 ?n
special a celui social, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i agent al transform\uc1 \u259 ?rii
mediului. De rela-\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu mediul se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? ecologia. Omul
st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u351 ?te mediul social, prin cultur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie socio-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea mediu-lui este foarte important\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?
rie, deoarece el completeaz\uc1 \u259 ? structurile orga-nice de baz\uc1 \u259 ?,
furniz\uc1 \u226 ?nd func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ajunse la maturitate excitan\uc1 \u355 ?
i adecva\uc1 \u355 ?i, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de care ele ar r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?ne virtuale sau atrofiate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n afara societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti copilul se s\uc1 \u259 ?lb\uc1 \u259 ?tice\uc1
\u351 ?te. Mizeria este sursa inadap-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii. De obicei delincven\uc1
\u355 ?ii tineri apar-\uc1 \u355 ?in mediilor defavorizate economic, chiar \uc1
\u351 ?i nivelul mintal este afectat de condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile materiale (mai sc\uc1
\u259 ?zut \uc1 \u238 ?n mediile defavorizate: muncitori, \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
rani, negri, indieni \uc1 \u238 ?n S.U.A). Dac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259
? li se ofer\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii materiale identice, diferen\uc1
\u355 ?a nivelurilor se amelioreaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medium }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care
posed\uc1 \u259 ? o capacitate de comunicare parapsiholo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
dotat\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri de percep-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u351 ?i comunicare transsenzoriale, cu capacitate crescut\uc1 \u259 ? de
sugestionare, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a constitui cazuri patologice. Ele pot fi
transpuse u\uc1 \u351 ?or \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de hipno-z\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru telepatie. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri un rol important este
atribuit compatibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i induc-
tor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Medulosuprarenal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune de origine
embrionar\uc1 \u259 ?, ectodermic\uc1 \u259 ?, simi-lar\uc1 \u259 ? cu originea
sistemului nervos simpatic, fiind un ganglion vegetativ simpatic, modificat
structural, \uc1 \u238 ?nglobat \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?esuturile cortico-
suprarenale. Este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit\uc1 \u259 ? din neuroni postganglionari care,
prin diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere, \uc1 \u351 ?i-au pierdut axonul, devenind
structur\uc1 \u259 ? secretoare. Celulele secretoare ale ei sunt stipulate de
neuronul simpatic preganglionar. Spre deosebire de neuronii simpatici
postganglionari care elibereaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nive-lul sinapsei noradrenalin\uc1
\u259 ?, celulele me-dulosuprarenale secret\uc1 \u259 ? un procent de 80%
adrenalin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i numai 20% noradre-lin\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
sensibili
la ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea nico-tinei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Produ\uc1 \u351 ?ii de secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie ai glandei sunt
cunoscu\uc1 \u355 ?i datorit\uc1 \u259 ? formulei lor chimice sub denumirea de
catecolami-ne (amine ale catecolului). Secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 glandei variaz\uc1
\u259 ? mult cu condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii bazale, secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia este redus\uc1 \u259 ?, iar \uc1
\u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile care reclam\uc1 \u259 ? un efort de adaptare din partea
organismului (stres), secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia cre\uc1 \u351 ?te considerabil, ceea ce
presupune un mecanism de reglare, de adaptare a secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei la nevoile
metabolice amplificate ale organismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reglarea secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-un mecanism nervos, \uc1 \u238 ?n care este implicat\uc1 \u259 ? stimularea
simpatic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i printr-un mecanism umoral,
reprezentat de hipoglicemie, hipoxie, acidoz\uc1 \u259 ?, toate aceste condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii fiind caracteristice efortu-lui fizic. Secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi
reglat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin stimuli corticali \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1
\u259 ?ri emotive, traume psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mefian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de }{\fs18
percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i de interpretare a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor umane,
caracteri-zat\uc1 \u259 ? prin suspiciune \uc1 \u351 ?i ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere,
prin teama de a tiu fi \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?elat. Se poate mani-festa temporar,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? o experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
traumatizant\uc1 \u259 ? (o frusta\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n plan ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, social), sau poate fi o atitudine constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu lumea. Mefian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? scade
disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional-sociale, \uc1 \u238 ?
ngusteaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul de afirmare \uc1 \u238 ?n activi-tatea
social\uc1 \u259 ?, creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tensiune psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
anxietate \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
interu-mane. Constituind o barier\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n calea dez-volt\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i afirm\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
este proprie celor care se supraevalueaz\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
celor timizi, timora\uc1 \u355 ?i, complexa\uc1 \u355 ?i. Este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? caracterial\uc1 \u259 ?, structurat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie prin influen\uc1 \u355 ?a celor
din jur sau este dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un climat
educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional inadecvat, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror efecte sunt amplificate de
anumite particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice ale copilului.
Supraprotec\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i severitatea excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n familie creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? timiditate, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e de \uc1 \u238 ?
nchidere \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, complexare. Mefian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezavan-taje \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia medic-pacient,
copil-tera-peut \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n medica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, limit\uc1 \u226 ?
nd eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tratamentului \uc1 \u351 ?i cooperarea cu paci-entul.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Megalofobie }
\langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, neex-plicat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de obiecte cu dimensiuni mari, \uc1 \u351 ?i care \uc1 \u238 ?
ntrege\uc1 \u351 ?te corolarul mu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ltiplelor fobii din sindromul
obsesivo-fobic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Megalomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin convingerea
ferm\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului asupra calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
excep\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale propriei per-soane, care-1 fac deosebit de important
\uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a anturajului. Megalomanii nu nu-mai c\uc1 \u259 ? au
sentimentul patologic al grandoarei propriei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i,
dar se \uc1 \u351 ?i comport\uc1 \u259 ? ca atare. De obicei, aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
convingere este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o stare de exaltare,
mul\uc1 \u355 ?umire, satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Se \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1
\u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n unele boli mintale: paranoia, schizofrenia, delirurile hal}
\langfenp1048 ucinatorii cronice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Melancolic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = temperament caracterizat ca
slab \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul celor patru tipuri de activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Note specifice: - capacitatea redus\uc1 \u259 ? de lucru
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de suprasolicitare; - rezisten-\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ?
slab\uc1 \u259 ?; sensibi-litate crescut\uc1 \u259 ?; adaptare dificil\uc1 \u259 ?
la exi-gen\uc1 \u355 ?ele vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, compensate
prin retragere \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri profunde, reve-rii;
introverti\uc1 \u355 ?i; melancolicii sunt capa-bili de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
mig\uc1 \u259 ?loase, r\uc1 \u259 ?bdare; au st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihopatologice, \uc1
\u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ii spre de-presii, caracterizate prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
tensi-unii motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i deci a angaj\uc1 \u259 ?rii, a
\uc1 \u238 ?nvestirii active, constructive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Melancolic delir }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 depresiv;
\langfenp1048 idei ce au ca tem\uc1 \u259 ? vinov\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia, ruina;
idei sistematizate ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? nepl\uc1 \u259 ?
cut\uc1 \u259 ?, monoton\uc1 \u259 ?, lipsite de un con-\uc1 \u355 ?inut ideativ
deosebit; subiectul are o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atitudine boln\uc1
\u259 ?vicioas\uc1 \u259 ?, fatalist\uc1 \u259 ?, anxi-oas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i uneori halucinatorie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Melancolie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = depresiune psihomoral\uc1 \u259 ?,
triste\uc1 \u355 ?e permanent\uc1 \u259 ?, inspirat\uc1 \u259 ? de pesi-mism
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de un complex de culpa-
bilitate. (Hipocrate \uc1 \u238 ?l atribuie secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei biliare ca sistem
umoral); din punct de vedere temperamental, se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
nesocialitate, emotivitate, pesimism \uc1 \u351 ?i orgoliu. Dincolo de o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? limit\uc1 \u259 ?, devine patologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238
?nscrie ca un simptom alternativ \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoza maniaco-depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd devine melancolic de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Melitoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de
tratament av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? produsele apicole (miere, propo-lis,
venin), utilizat din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai mult \uc1 \u238 ?n unele \uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia general\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Meloterapie }
\langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de psihoterapie nonverbal\uc1 \u259 ?,
bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe efectul binef\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tor al muzicii asupra
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor neuropsihice ale organismului uman. Meloterapia poate fi
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? individual sau \uc1 \u238 ?n grup, \uc1 \u238 ?n programe
terapeutice de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? sau medie. Este una din cele mai
vechi metode de vindecare, av\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i originea la \uc1 \u238 ?
nceputul civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?iei (chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n ceremonialele
popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei primitive a fost folosit\uc1 \u259 ?). Egiptul antic \uc1
\u351 ?i apoi grecii au preluat metoda (\uc1 \u238 ?n mitologia greac\uc1 \u259 ?
s-a aflat imortalizarea c\uc1 \u226 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u355 ?ului t\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u259 ?dui-tor). Suntem cu to\uc1 \u355 ?ii beneficiarii melote-rapiei,
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, prin efectul sedativ al
c\uc1 \u226 ?ntecelor de leag\uc1 \u259 ?n cu care mamele \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
lini\uc1 \u351 ?tesc \uc1 \u351 ?i adorm sugarii. Muzica declan\uc1 \u351 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i sentimen-te, determin\uc1 \u259 ?
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1
\u355 ?iile vegetative prin de-clan\uc1 \u351 ?area voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?
i atitudinea subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul audi\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Poate fi
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n bolile cardiovasculare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n cele cu o component\uc1 \u259 ? psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? (hiperten-}
\langfenp1048 siune arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, ulcer gastroduodenal, dischinezii, boli
endocrine, nevralgia dental\uc1 \u259 ?, psihoze afective, autismul, ne-vroze
obsesionale \uc1 \u351 ?i fobice). Melotera-pia stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te o cale de
comunicare, uneori singura, cu cel aflat \uc1 \u238 ?n suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihozele autistice, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihozele halucinatorii,
aduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 \uc1 \u238 ?n lumea rea-lului, ca un prim pas de
reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie soci-al\uc1 \u259 ?. Datorit\uc1 \u259 ? caracterului ei non-
verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i a absen\uc1 \u355 ?ei necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ca
receptorul s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? capacitate
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, meloterapia poate fi folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n trata-mentul oligofrenilor, chiar \uc1 \u238 ?n idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie
prin excita\uc1 \u355 ?ii ritmice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Memorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamb}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lul proceselor de \uc1 \u238 ?ntip\uc1
\u259 ?rire (memorare), conservare (p\uc1 \u259 ?s-trare, engramare) \uc1 \u351 ?i
reactualizare prin recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i reproducere a
experien-\uc1 \u355 ?ei anterioare (cognitive, afective, voli-tive) a omului.}
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin10 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fiind procesul psihic de stocare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, de acumulare \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizare a experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei cognitive,
asigur\uc1 \u259 ? conti-nuitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i coeren\uc1 \u355 ?a vie\uc1 \u355 ?
ii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Urmele \uc1 \u8222 ?engramele" experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei trecute, evocarea
amintirilor, este un proces complex de resintetizare, legat de ceea ce s-a p\uc1
\u259 ?strat, procesul mnezic fiind o succesiune de opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii de engra-
mare codificate pentru facilitarea acce-sului la informare. Reflect\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n mod selectiv, activ \uc1 \u351 ?i inteligibil trecutul
experien\uc1 \u355 ?ial, memoria este \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu toate celelalte componente ale psihicului, este \uc1 \u8222 ?
o piatr\uc1 \u259 ? unghiular\uc1 \u259 ? a edificiului psihicului uman" (Sece-
nov). Performan\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? mnezic\uc1 \u259 ? depinde de
factori neurofiziologici \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologici, ca: - gradul de maturare a
sistemului nervos; - starea de s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate \uc1 \u351 ?i
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei patologii cerebrale; - factori perceptivi \uc1 \u351 ?i
afe}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ctivi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologul Ursula \uc1 \u350 ?chipou arat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru buna func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a proceselor mnezice, procesul
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii are mare im-portan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? sunt remarcate urm\uc1 \u259 ?
toarele etape: \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1-3, ani dezvoltarea meca-nismelor de
fixare, fixarea \uc1 \u351 ?i evocarea av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un caracter afectogen; \uc1
\u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 3-7 ani, predomin\uc1 \u259 ? fixarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
reproducerea sus\uc1 \u355 ?inute afectiv \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea ludic\uc1 \u259
?; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 7-9 ani, caracterul senzorial, nese-lectiv,
fragmentar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mod incipient, caracterul voluntar;}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Distingem o
memorie imediat\uc1 \u259 ?, o memorie \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tot at\uc1 \u226 ?tea feluri legate de organele senzoriale
(vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, tactil\uc1 \u259 ?, olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
gustativ\uc1 \u259 ?). Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihologilor au ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat
c\uc1 \u259 ? me-moria depinde at\uc1 \u226 ?t de anumite zone lo-calizate \uc1
\u238 ?n encefal (sistemul limbic, probabil \uc1 \u351 ?i grupuri de neuroni
situate \uc1 \u238 ?n creierul mic), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de ansamblul
creierului. Nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? o zon\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? a memoriei,
ci \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul cortex este angajat \uc1 \u238 ?n evocarea amintirilor,
despre care nici unde \uc1 \u351 ?i nici cum se conserv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Re\uc1 \u355 ?inem cu
u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce este im-portant \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n acord cu convingerile noastre, uit\uc1 \u259 ?m cu u\uc1 \u351 ?
urin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ceea ce este indiferent, prost structurat \uc1 \u351 ?
i nesemnifi-cativ fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de persoana sau materialul informativ.
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea elementelor \uc1 \u351 ?i in-tegrarea lor \uc1
\u238 ?n stocul de amintiri existen-te, reprezentarea lor, u\uc1 \u351 ?
ureaz\uc1 \u259 ? re\uc1 \u355 ?inerea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Reflect\uc1 \u226 ?nd trecutul, fiind o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
sediment\uc1 \u259 ?rii selective a experien\uc1 \u355 ?elor, memoria contribuie ca
un suport indis-pensabil la \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. Se face
distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre memoria social-istoric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i memo-
ria personal\uc1 \u259 ?, care este tributar\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 e prima. Are trei nivele din punct de ve-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
dere a duratei: \uc1 \u8226 ? memorie imediat\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? me-}{\fs18
morie de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? sau mijlocie (c\uc1 \u226 ?teva ore),
care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? continuitatea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cotidiene \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? memoria de lun-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 g\uc1 \u259 ?
durat\uc1 \u259 ?, cea care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? continui-tatea con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i unitatea persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi466 \li5 \ri0 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J. Delay propune o
alt\uc1 \u259 ? sistema-tizare: \uc1 \u8226 ? memoria senzoro-motor\uc1 \u259 ?, ce
cuprinde amintirea elementar\uc1 \u259 ? a senza-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, (comun\uc1 \u259 ? omului \uc1 \u351 ?i
animalelor); \uc1 \u8226 ? memoria autist\uc1 \u259 ? proprie domeniului visului
\uc1 \u351 ?i delirului, supus\uc1 \u259 ? dinamic incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientului; \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? memoria social\uc1 \u259 ?, str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1
\u259 ? de categoriile logice, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd ordine ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ? despre
timp. Memo-ria trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? reflecte trecutul ca trecut \uc1 \u351 ?i
s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre real \uc1 \u351 ?i
imagi-nar. Pentru memorie este caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? strategia fidelit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sursa de in-formare \uc1
\u351 ?i a exactit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii reproducerii, de aceea \uc1 \u238 ?n
actele mnezice se recurge la puncte de sprijin, la
constituirea unor unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i tematice la compara\uc1 \u355 ?
ii \uc1 \u351 ?i clasifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n genere la
sistematizare, care are o \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tate decisiv\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru me-morare. Se subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ? rolul repeti\uc1 \u355 ?iilor care
trebuie adaptat optim la volumul \uc1 \u351 ?i gradul de dificultate al
materialului. De asemenea se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? memoria logi-c\uc1
\u259 ? este mai productiv\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea meca-nic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Per}{\fs18
sonalitatea apare ca un sistem selector mnezic, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n
memorare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n reproducere. Odat\uc1 \u259 ?
cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta cre\uc1 \u351 ?-te productivitatea, at\uc1 \u226 ?t a memoriei
in-voluntare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celei voluntare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cele dou\uc1 \u259
? forme de memo-rie, intervine o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie reciproc comple-mentar\uc1
\u259 ?, beneficiind una de rezultatele celeilalte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Asupra proceselor de memorie se r\uc1 \u259 ?sfr\uc1
\u226 ?ng particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale
subiectului, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd loc o memorare precump\uc1 \u259 ?nitoare a
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vizu-ale, auditive, chinestezice, verbale \uc1 \u351 ?i
tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile afective (stenice \uc1 \u351 ?i astenice).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-a constatat c\uc1 \u259 ? la
b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ni au loc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Menarh\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen fiziologic de sta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fenomene de sl\uc1 \u259 ?bire a memoriei
eveni-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bilire a primului ciclu menstrual, care}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentelor recente, dar nu \uc1 \u351
?i a fenomene-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 11-16 ani \uc1 \u351 ?
i care nu c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ores-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 lor de reminiscen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Th. Ribot a formulat}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 punde cu maturizarea sexual\uc1 \u259 ?. Deter-}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 legea memoriei regresive ce se
caracteri-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 min\uc1 \u259 ? la unele tinere st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
anxietate \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin productivitatea amintirii eve-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? o educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie sexual\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 nime}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntelor \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtate \uc1 \u351 ?i
mari dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 suri educative
adecvate. Se pot \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?m-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n memorarea evenimentelor recente \uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pla tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de comportament,
pubera}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 actuale.
Fenomenele de memorie evolu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neav\uc1 \u226 ?nd
maturitatea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
ondulatoriu \uc1 \u238 ?ntre re\uc1 \u355 ?inere \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? necesar\uc1 \u259 ? controlului
situ-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li10 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa173 \lisa0 \sl-211
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uitare.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
la care s-ar putea expune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\sa173 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350
\langfenp1048 Memorie - tubur\uc1 \u259 ?ri }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = complexitatea func\uc1 \u355 ?iei
mnezice, integrarea ei deplin\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? biopsihologic\uc1 \u259 ? se r\uc1 \u259 ?sfr\uc1 \u226 ?n-ge
implicit \uc1 \u238 ?n patologie consider\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se c\uc1 \u259 ? practic,
orice afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i las\uc1
\u259 ? amprenta asupra func\uc1 \u355 ?iei mnezice. J. Delay a \uc1 \u238 ?ncercat
s\uc1 \u259 ? ofere o explica\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin legea \uc1 \u8222 ?disolu\uc1
\u355 ?iei", plec\uc1 \u226 ?nd de la pre-miza c\uc1 \u259 ? evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
filogenetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ontoge-netic\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului nervos
s-a f\uc1 \u259 ?cut de la simplu la complex. Din acest punct de vedere
disolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia memoriei semnific\uc1 \u259 ? procesul invers, de la complex
la simplu, de la voluntar la automat, exemplul fiind oferit de amneziile de
involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care \uc1 \u238 ?ncep prin tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale memoriei
sociale, apoi eliberarea memoriei autistice \uc1 \u351 ?i persisten\uc1 \u355 ?a
memoriei senzitivo-motorii. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie par
s\uc1 \u259 ? exercite, \uc1 \u238 ?n majoritatea cazurilor, un rol \uc1 \u238 ?
nsemnat \uc1 \u238 ?n geneza tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor mnezice, deoarece nu se poate
re\uc1 \u355 ?ine ceea ce nu este fixat bine. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile memoriei se
\uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? grupe: a) }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dismnezii
cantitavive, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cum sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipermnezii }{\fs18 \dbch
(mentismul, viziunea, retrospectiv\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
hipomenzii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lapsusul \uc1 \u351 ?i anecforia); \uc1 \u8226 ? }
\langfenp1048 amnezii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (anterograde \uc1 \u351 ?i re-trograde, lacunare); b) }
\langfenp1048 Dismenzii calita-tive: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iluzii
mnezice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (de recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, de nerecunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere; criptomnezia); \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alo-mnezii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (rememorarea
trecutului, pseudo-reminiscen\uc1 \u355 ?e, ecmnezia, confabula\uc1 \u355 ?ia).}
Meningit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = inflama\uc1 \u355 ?ie a meningelor de
etiologie variat\uc1 \u259 ? (de obicei infec\uc1 \u355 ?io-nare), cu importante
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e neuro-psihice. Sechelele senzoriale se concre-tizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cecitate sau surditate integra-l\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri vestibulare. Cele psihice constau \uc1 \u238 ?n debilitatea
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? de diver-se grade \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
caracteriale de ti-pul instabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i al
oboselii. Sechele-le psihice se pot accentua \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din timpul
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii bolii \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt necesa-re
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri psihoprofilactice \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-terapeutice.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Meningoencefalit\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = neuroinfec\uc1 \u355 ?ie de etiologie variat\uc1
\u259 ?, care determin\uc1 \u259 ? infla-marea meningelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a
encefalului, cu expresie clinic\uc1 \u259 ? polimorf\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie grav\uc1 \u259 ?. Clinic, se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin sin-drom meningitic encefalomielitic, febr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice. Aceste sindroame implic\uc1 \u259 ?: cefalee,
fotofobie, hiperalgezie cutanat\uc1 \u259 ?, dureri la comprimarea mase-lor
musculare, contractar\uc1 \u259 ? muscular\uc1 \u259 ?; convulsii tonico-clonice,
hemiplegie, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri coreice, atetozice, afectarea nervilor
cranieni, pareze, hipoacuzie, sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
vizuale. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice sunt reprezentate de un sindrom
psihoorganic acut, confuzii de diferite intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, delir,
agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihomotorie. Sech}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 elele psihice pot fi: - sindrom
deteriorativ, oligofrenie (c\uc1 \u226 ?nd a debutat}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 la v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? mic\uc1 \u259 ?), sindrom psihopatoid
cerebrastenic, epilepsie secundar\uc1 \u259 ? (care cedeaz\uc1 \u259 ? lent sau se
cronicizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?). Pato-genia lor este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de cicatricele
de la nivelul \uc1 \u355 ?esutului nervos, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de circula\uc1
\u355 ?ie cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Menopauz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch
climacterium femi-nin; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etap\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogeneza
femeii caracte-rizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un ansamblu de modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
fiziologiei genitale, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca element definitoriu oprirea ciclurilor
menstruale. Se poate instala \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 45-55 ani, ca urma-re a \uc1 \u238 ?
ncet\uc1 \u259 ?rii func\uc1 \u355 ?iei ovariene (produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia ovulelor
\uc1 \u351 ?i secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia hormonilor); ceea ce la b\uc1 \u259 ?rbat este
andropauza. Menopauza declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de manifest\uc1
\u259 ?ri psiho-fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice, cu o amplitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i
coloratur\uc1 \u259 ? divers\uc1 \u259 ?: scade facultatea de \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinire a actului sexual, se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?or oboseala,
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de insomnie, iritabi-litate, tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri de tip anxios cu
privire la vi-itor, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de ini\uc1 \u355 ?iativ\uc1 \u259 ?, adaptare
anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? la cei din jur. Cele mai eficiente remedii sunt de ordin socio-
profesional \uc1 \u351 ?i famili-al favorabil, cu atitudini compensatorii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mental }{\fs18
ceea ce \uc1 \u355 ?ine de minte, de st\uc1 \u259 ?ri-le \uc1 \u351 ?i procesele
psihocorticale, de spirit (diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat de comportamental). \uc1 \u238 ?n
psi-hologia clasic\uc1 \u259 ?: calificare a con\uc1 \u351 ?tientului accesibil
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?iei. E. Claparede con-sider\uc1 \u259 ? mentalitatea
echivalent\uc1 \u259 ? cu con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entizarea, de\uc1 \u351 ?i se
sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fenome-nele incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente
ar dispune de aceast\uc1 \u259 ? calitate (Rauh).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J. Piaget scria \uc1 \u8222 ?legea fundamen-tal\uc1 \u259
? ce pare s\uc1 \u259 ? regizeze mentalizarea progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunii este aceea a trecerii de la ireversibilitate la reversibilitate".}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mentalitate }
\langfenp1048 = tip de spiritualitate \uc1 \u351 ?i de comportament caracteristic
unui grup so-cial, unei anumite culturi sau epoci isto-rice, manifest\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se ca ansamblu struc-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tural (de opinii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , prejudec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i, credin\uc1 \u355 ?e, supersti\uc1 \u355 ?ii, habitudini intelectuale \uc1
\u351 ?i etice). Psihologi, sociologi, etnologi, filosofi ai culturii au definit
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva for-me generale de mentalitate colectiv\uc1 \u259 ?: cea
arhaic\uc1 \u259 ? (primitiv\uc1 \u259 ?), popular\uc1 \u259 ? (tradi-\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i mentalitatea modern\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul complex al raport\uc1
\u259 ?rilor fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lume (\uc1 \u238 ?n plan intelectual,
afec-tiv, atitudinal, axiologic \uc1 \u351 ?i comporta-mental) a unei persoane,
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? modul s\uc1 \u259 ?u de a fi, definindu-i persona-litatea
\uc1 \u238 ?n sinteza, mai mult sau mai pu-\uc1 \u355 ?in original\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u351 ?i coerent\uc1 \u259 ? a concep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mentism }{\fs18 \dbch
accelerare a ritmului idea-\uc1 \u355 ?iei const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
derulare intempen-siv\uc1 \u259 ? a ideilor, imaginilor, reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri-
lor, care ajung s\uc1 \u259 ? domine \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul psi-hism. Subiectul este
incapabil s\uc1 \u259 ? con-troleze voli\uc1 \u355 ?ional acest fenomen \uc1
\u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se concentreze asupra uneia dintre idei sau asupra unui fapt
exterior. \uc1 \u238 ?nrudit cu fuga de idei, mentismul se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de
acesta prin atitudinea critic\uc1 \u259 ? a su-biectului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de acest fenomen. Men-tismul se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unei diminu\uc1 \u259 ?ri a
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de concentrare a aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ceea ce
determin\uc1 \u259 ? eliberarea mecanis-melor asociative. Este o manifestare
parazitar\uc1 \u259 ? a psihismului, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
an-xietate, care \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?ine mentismul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subiectul devine un spectator al a}
\langfenp1048 cestei desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?ri tumultoase,
con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ent de caracterul ei anormal \uc1 \u351 ?i frustrat de
imposibilitatea de a se relaxa. Men-tismul nu are o \uc1 \u238 ?nvestitur\uc1 \u259
? pur patolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259
?rile de tensi-une psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?,
surmenaj, \uc1 \u238 ?n e\uc1 \u351 ?ecuri repetate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care exist\uc1 \u259 ? o preocupare
intens\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
problem\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii u\uc1 \u351 ?oare cu
nicotin\uc1 \u259 ?, cofein\uc1 \u259 ?, psihodisleptice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Men\uc1 \u355 ?inere }
\langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de p\uc1 \u259 ?strare, de r\uc1 \u259 ?-
m\uc1 \u226 ?nere \uc1 \u238 ?n aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i stare. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie
se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul de relativ\uc1 \u259 ? destabili-tate
pentru o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? perioad\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma \uc1 \u238 ?
ncheierii unui proces de dezvoltare. Ast-fel, men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea unui nivel de
dezvoltare optim\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de mediu date, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un indiciu de bun\uc1
\u259 ? adaptare a acesteia \uc1 \u351 ?i deci, de normalitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
Psihoprofilaxia este preocuparea pentru men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1
\u238 ?n baza unui amplu program de m\uc1 \u259 ?suri profilactice menite s\uc1
\u259 ? previn\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? combat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1
\u259 ? reduc\uc1 \u259 ? poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ialul invalidant al bolilor psihice.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mers }{\fs18
forma cea mai obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit\uc1 \u259 ? de locomo\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? activitate motorie de deplasare a organismului se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un reglaj neuromuscular complex, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd
participarea tuturor structuri-lor morfo-func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale care asigur\uc1
\u259 ? moti-litatea normal\uc1 \u259 ?: - neuronul motor central \uc1 \u351 ?i
periferic, sistemul extrapiramidal, musculatura, sistemul vestibular, cerebe-lul,
toate coordonate la nivel cortical prin func\uc1 \u355 ?ia praxic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i prin procesele psihice. Mersul depinde de maturizare. Copila\uc1
\u351 ?ul are nevoie de 60 de s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni pentru a
reu\uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? mearg\uc1 \u259 ? singur \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u238
?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, de exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu. Copii s\uc1 \u259 ?lbatici
din jungl\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u259 ?si\uc1 \u355 ?i la Midnapore, care tr\uc1
\u259 ?iau cu lupii \uc1 \u351 ?i care, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i ei, mergeau \uc1 \u238 ?n
patru labe cu o iu\uc1 \u355 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ? remarcabil\uc1 \u259 ?, nu au \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?at dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cu mare greutate s\uc1 \u259 ?
mearg\uc1 \u259 ? omene\uc1 \u351 ?te. Dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea mersului repre-
zint\uc1 \u259 ? o etap\uc1 \u259 ? foarte important\uc1 \u259 ? a dezvol-t\uc1
\u259 ?rii umane, iar progresele \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?
ie sunt legate de men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea echili-brului. Sta\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
biped\uc1 \u259 ? desc\uc1 \u259 ?tu\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u226 ?na ca
mijloc de apucare, dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? ori-zontul de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, mersul
descope-rind universul dinamic \uc1 \u238 ?n continu\uc1 \u259 ? ex-pansiune.
De\uc1 \u351 ?i mersul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o oare-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care uniformitate pentru toate persoa-nele,
fiecare om are un mers specific, cu anumite particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
concordante cu structura psihic\uc1 \u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ?, cu tem-
peramentul persoanei respective. Se pot stabili corela\uc1 \u355 ?ii (relative)
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre caracte-risticile mersului \uc1 \u351 ?i unele tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1
\u259 ?turi ca-racteriale. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie, mersul anormal \uc1
\u238 ?ntrege\uc1 \u351 ?te uneori corolarul simptomatologiei de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mesaj =
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional trans-mis de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un
emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un recep-tor, sub form\uc1 \u259 ?
de semne, semnale sau simboluri, structurate dup\uc1 \u259 ? normele unui anumit
cod, utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd anumite c\uc1 \u259 ?i (canale) de transmisie. De
regul\uc1 \u259 ?, can-titatea de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii care exist\uc1 \u259 ?
poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ial la nivelul emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torului, difer\uc1
\u259 ? de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional ajuns la recep-tor,
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor factori, ca: - decizia emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torului
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia introdu-s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n canalul de comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie; - capaci-tatea receptorului de
codificare a infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ie transmise; - ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea destructu-
rant\uc1 \u259 ? a perturban\uc1 \u355 ?ilor care intervin pe traseul
comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ional (zgomote). \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te
valoarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? intrinsec\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt
numeroase alterna-tive de interpretare a mesajului de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre receptori,
ceea ce face s\uc1 \u259 ? creasc\uc1 \u259 ? gra-dul de incorectitudine a
mesajului; cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t se mic\uc1 \u351 ?oreaz\uc1 \u259 ? aspectul
alternati-velor referen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t spore\uc1 \u351 ?te
latura informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a mesajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conceptul de mesaj a p\uc1 \u259 ?
truns \uc1 \u238 ?n numeroase discipline particulare, cu in-terpret\uc1 \u259 ?ri
specifice; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n genetic\uc1 \u259 ? se vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te
despre \uc1 \u8222 ?mesaj" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?cod gene-tic"; \uc1
\u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n estetic\uc1 \u259 ? sau semiotic\uc1 \u259 ? se vor-
be\uc1 \u351 ?te de mesajul prin care creatorul transmite publicului viziunea sa,
utili-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd limbajul specific artei respective \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismele
sugestiei, care m\uc1 \u259 ?resc considerabil gradul de incertitudine }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a}
\loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs16
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mesajelor, solicit\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
decodificare acti-v\uc1 \u259 ? din partea receptorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mesaj informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional }
\langfenp1048 = component\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului
de comunicare in-teruman\uc1 \u259 ?, ca purt\uc1 \u259 ?tor de date, imagini, idei
despre st\uc1 \u259 ?rile reale sau posibile ale unui obiect. Acest mesaj presupune
atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia de selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mbinare a
elementelor informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, presupun\uc1 \u226 ?nd un emi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i un destinatar receptor. Mesajul se
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre subsis-temele specializate
numite \uc1 \u8222 ?traduc\uc1 \u259 ?tori de lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri" la nivelul
c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? decodificarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cod specific. Trebuie operat\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355
?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cantitatea de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii existente poten-\uc1 \u355
?ial la nivelul sursei, \uc1 \u351 ?i informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia ajuns\uc1 \u259 ?
realmente la receptori. O multitudine de factori psihologici intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n
decodifica-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea me}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sajului,
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 cu subiectivi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea
receptorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mesaj senzorial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul de impul-suri nervoase ce impresioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? un recep-tor printr-o stimulare determinat\uc1 \u259 ?, capa-bil\uc1
\u259 ? de a fi transmis\uc1 \u259 ? pe c\uc1 \u259 ?i aferente, p\uc1 \u226 ?-
n\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel cortical. La nivelul analiza-torilor sosesc mesaje
elementare, care re-flect\uc1 \u259 ? obiectul-stimul, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd valoare de
indicii de recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd
senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile. Mesajele elementare se gru-peaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
mesaje de ansamblu, referitoare la obiect \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul
s\uc1 \u259 ?u, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd astfel percep\uc1 \u355 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iile.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Meta
comunicare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? nivele pe care le propune
comunicarea, \uc1 \u8226 ? mesajul \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i cu con\uc1 \u355 ?
inutul s\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? modalitatea de a-1 exprima, sunt
amalgamate. La acestea, tonul, mimica, atitudinea, se constituie \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
unitate informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? identificabil\uc1 \u259 ?,
metacomunicarea. In mod normal, comunicarea \uc1 \u351 ?i metacomunica-}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea sunt complementare, m\uc1 \u259 ?rind
rele-van\uc1 \u355 ?a mesajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metabolism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces prin care se efec-
tueaz\uc1 \u259 ? schimbul de substan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntre organism
\uc1 \u351 ?i mediu; totalitatea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor bio-chimice din celule
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?esuturi prin care se consum\uc1 \u259 ? sau se
elibereaz\uc1 \u259 ? substan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i energie (P. Popescu
-Neveanu). \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblu, m. comport\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese
opuse \uc1 \u351 ?i complementare: de asimila\uc1 \u355 ?ie (anabolismul) \uc1
\u351 ?i de deza-similare (catabolismul). Actele \uc1 \u351 ?i efor-turile psihice
se datoresc catabolismu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t presupun consum de sub-
stan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i energie. Asimila\uc1 \u355 ?ia informa\uc1 \u355 ?
io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ? are alte mecanisme dec\uc1
\u226 ?t asimila\uc1 \u355 ?ia anabolic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metabolism cerebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n sistemul nervos domin\uc1 \u259 ? procesele energetice respiratorii, creierul
consum\uc1 \u226 ?nd 20-25% din totalul de oxigen utilizat de \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul
organism, \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de repaus. Substan\uc1 \u355 ?a cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie
are un consum de oxigen mult mai mare dec\uc1 \u226 ?t substan\uc1 \u355 ?a alb\uc1
\u259 ?. (C. Gorgos). Ca substrat energetic de baz\uc1 \u259 ? este utilizat\uc1
\u259 ? glucoza, iar hipoglicemia tulbur\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?iile cerebrale
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la pierderea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ceea ce
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii ireversibile. Utiliza-rea glucozei este
independent\uc1 \u259 ? de insulina \uc1 \u351 ?i reglat\uc1 \u259 ? prin nivelul
arterial al glicemiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Alter\uc1 \u259 ?rile func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor corticale su-perioare prin
suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e cerebrale sau cronice, pot fi contracarate prin admi-nistrarea
unui grup de medicamente denumite (\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de autori):
neuro-trope, activatoare ale metabolismului cerebral, neurodinamice, nootrope.
Ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea lor este evident favorabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
afect\uc1 \u259 ?rilor secundare hipoxiei, toxicelor, traumatismelor craniene sau
proceselor involutive, influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd pozi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\rin19 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfenp1048 tiv metabolismul neuronal. Reglarea me-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tabolismului
neuronal determin\uc1 \u259 ? o regla-re eficient\uc1 \u259 ? a circula\uc1 \u355 ?
iei cerebrale, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t ameliorarea proceselor cognitive
se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune conjugat\uc1 \u259 ? va-
sodilatatoare \uc1 \u351 ?i de stimulare metabolic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metabolism informa\uc1
\u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pornind de la teoria informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u351 ?i de la studiul experimental al func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii
psihismului, A. Kempinscki a fundamentat ideea c\uc1 \u259 ? factorii externi
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra Eului, care selecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile dup\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e
fundamentale: \uc1 \u8226 ? asimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? eliminare.
Asimilarea conduce la apari-\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor structuri corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, care vor condi\uc1 \u355 ?iona modul de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tulbu-rarea
mesajelor exterioare av\uc1 \u226 ?nd caracter entropie negativ. Necesitatea
determin\uc1 \u259 ? organizarea sistemului func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele selective fiind rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii reciproce }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 determinate de necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile organismului. }
\langfenp1048 Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele perturbatorii pot fi exa-minate ca expresii ale
agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care pot afecta nu numai sistemul propriu al
persoanei, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul social.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metaforic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sub aspect psihologic, me-
tafora \uc1 \u238 ?nlesne\uc1 \u351 ?te trecerea de la repre-zentare la no\uc1
\u355 ?iune, de la concret la ab-stract \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, exers\uc1 \u226 ?nd
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ia asociativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i acuitatea analogic\uc1
\u259 ?. L. Bla-ga scria: \uc1 \u8222 ?Metaforele nu sunt doar orna-mente \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nflorituri ale limbii, ci compo-nente structurale ale
spiritului omenesc, expresii ale categoriilor \uc1 \u351 ?i maricelor stilistice
abisale".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Metapsihic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen neobi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, care nu a dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndit o baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?.
Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?-rile \uc1 \u238 ?n curs au stabilit c\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?
t telepatia, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i clarviziunea sunt de domeniul co-
munic\uc1 \u259 ?rii extrasenzoriale a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor la distan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (precogni\uc1 \u355 ?ie, presim\uc1 \u355 ?ire \uc1 \u351 ?i
prezi-cere neelaborat\uc1 \u259 ? ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional). Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1
\u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 domeniu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l bioinforma\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
telepatiei trezesc un larg interes \uc1 \u238 ?n lumea oame-nilor de \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (1969, Universitatea \uc1 \u8222 ?California" din Los-
Angeles- (UCLA) a organizat simpozionul cu tema \uc1 \u8222 ?Privire actual\uc1
\u259 ? asupra percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei extra-senzoriale"). Inducerea telepatic\uc1
\u259 ? a unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale puternice s-ar datora
implic\uc1 \u259 ?rii curen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor moleculari, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ndeob\uc1
\u351 ?te recunoscut c\uc1 \u259 ? fenome-nul de transmitere a bioinforma\uc1 \u355
?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?ncifrate \uc1 \u238 ?n mesajul telepatic apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine
acelui domeniu care implic\uc1 \u259 ? interac\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni ce pot fi
caracterizate ca slabe, comparativ cu cele \uc1 \u238 ?n care informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
este vehiculat\uc1 \u259 ? pe alte c\uc1 \u259 ?i, cum ar fi vorbirea sau vede-
rea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\u259 ? cum psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i sociolo-gia studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? problemele
legate de c\uc1 \u259 ?ile de comunicare prin care se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in suges-tia,
hipnoza, transferul de sentimente, persuasiunea politic\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, \uc1
\u351 ?i obiectul de studiu al parapsihologiei cerceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? acelea\uc1
\u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?i legate de telepatie, \uc1 \u238 ?n con-textul unor
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n care intervine o distan\uc1 \u355 ?are mai
mare \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u351 ?i timp a tipurilor de manifest\uc1
\u259 ?ri (vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Telepa-tia" }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de Emil
Celan - Ed. Teora, 1993).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metapsihologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
= sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 parapsihologici;}{\fs20 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a care
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? comunicarea tele-patic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
general fenomenele para-normale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metempsihoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie mistic\uc1 \u259 ?, specific\uc1 \u259 ? tuturor religiilor
indiene, con-form c\uc1 \u259 ?reia, dup\uc1 \u259 ? moartea trupului, su-fletul
individual, nemuritor, transmi-greaz\uc1 \u259 ?, re\uc1 \u238 ?ncarn\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se succesiv \uc1 \u238 ?n di-ferite fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?nsufle\uc1
\u355 ?ite (plante, animale, oameni).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Meteopatologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = studiul influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor
pe care varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile climei (c\uc1 \u259 ?ldur\uc1 \u259 ?, sc\uc1 \u259 ?
deri de presiune, furtuni magnetice,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?nturi,
uragane) le exercit\uc1 \u259 ? asupra orga-nismului uman. S-a observat leg\uc1
\u259 ?tura dintre aceste oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?
rile dis-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile
depresive. Schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rile bru\uc1 \u351 ?te ale st\uc1 \u259 ?rii vremii
pot provoca la persoanele meteosensibile ac-ce}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se confuzionale sau
recidive ale acestora.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Metoda proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? de studie-re a
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Orice percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie include dou\uc1 \u259 ? elemente:
obiectul perceput \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectul care percepe. Cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t un obiect
este mai clar \uc1 \u351 ?i mai precis, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
este implicat\uc1 \u259 ? persoana \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u351 ?
i in-vers. Este deci posibil s\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ?m un subiect
s\uc1 \u259 ? se angajeze la maximum \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un test, prezent\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-i stimuli vagi sau ambigui (nivel de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie minimal). D\uc1
\u226 ?nd un sens unei pete de cerneal\uc1 \u259 ?, unei imagini incerte, unui
zgomot echivoc, persoana exprim\uc1 \u259 ? structura personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii sale. Metodele proiective cele mai cunoscute sunt psihodiagnosticul lui
Rorschach \uc1 \u351 ?i Tnematic (T.A.T)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metod\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = ansamblu de reguli \uc1 \u351 ?i principii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere sau de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Dezvol-tarea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei depinde
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod decisiv de varietatea, vigoarea, exactitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
virtu-\uc1 \u355 ?ile metodelor de investigare utilizate. Calea poate fi
anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? sau retroac-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Orice metod\uc1 \u259 ? este o
modalitate de interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de informare, de interpretare, de ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune. Ea rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea prealabil\uc1 \u259 ?
a domeniului studiat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un rol activ \uc1 \u238 ?n geneza teoriei, metoda se
verific\uc1 \u259 ? prin evaluarea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u238 ?
n care conduce. O dat\uc1 \u259 ? constituit\uc1 \u259 ?, teoria \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i converte\uc1 \u351 ?te enun-\uc1 \u355 ?urile \uc1 \u238 ?n
prescrip\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i indica\uc1 \u355 ?ii narative asupra modului
de abordare a obiectului, stimul\uc1 \u226 ?nd astfel perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
metodei. In practica investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iei este o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1
indisolubil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre teorie \uc1 \u351 ?i metod\uc1 \u259 ?,
se-pararea lor nefiind posibil\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t pen-tru no\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni epistemologice sau}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 metodo-logice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul creierului,
reflexul apare at\uc1 \u226 ?t ca fenomen fundamental, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul conduitei,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea apare at\uc1 \u226 ?t ca feno-men reprezentativ c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? cen-tral\uc1 \u259 ?. Metoda
experimental\uc1 \u259 ? recurge la combinarea de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii, la tehnici
\uc1 \u238 ?mpru-mutate din alte domenii, la modele ipo-tetice, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?nd
astfel la construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i inova\uc1 \u355 ?ii de obiecte
\uc1 \u351 ?i de interrela\uc1 \u355 ?ii func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, deci la
crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Metode de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatolo-gie, ele
constituie manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute voluntar, utilizate ca
strategeme \uc1 \u238 ?n lup-ta contra obsesiilor; ele sunt reprezen-tate de ra\uc1
\u355 ?ionamente, gesturi, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni voluntare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Metodele de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare sunt mijloa-ce de prevenire a apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei ideilor obse-
sive \uc1 \u351 ?i fobiilor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloace de com-batere a
acestora, a \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ?rii conse-cin\uc1 \u355 ?elor acestora.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Miastenie
(Pseudoparalizie miasteni-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
c\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune muscular\uc1 \u259 ? care se dato-
reaz\uc1 \u259 ? unui dezechilibru metabolic la ni-velul jonc\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
neuromusculare. Mia-stenia nu este o boal\uc1 \u259 ? ereditar\uc1 \u259 ?. Debu-
tul afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 20-30 de ani, iar
formele infantile \uc1 \u351 ?i juvenile nu sunt excep\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Simptomul
principal este oboseala rapid\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la epuizare a
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor supu\uc1 \u351 ?i activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cu
instala-rea unor pseudoparalizii. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? odihn\uc1 \u259 ?, for\uc1
\u355 ?a muscular\uc1 \u259 ? se restabile\uc1 \u351 ?te treptat. Miastenia este
mai evident\uc1 \u259 ? seara.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Micoz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune
datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor ciu-perci (cel mai frecvent Candida) care pot determina le
nivelul sistemului ner-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vos central, fie un abces cerebral, fie meningit\uc1
\u259 ?. Prognosticul nefavorabil al acestor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni este faptul c\uc1
\u259 ? aduce atingere nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? in general \uc1 \u351 ?i se produ-ce din
cauza unei deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e imunitare, survenit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma
unor tratamente spe-cifice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Microclimat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul factorilor de mediu, de
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? imediat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei persoane:
fami-lial, social, profesional. P. Popescu Ne-veanu grupeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ace\uc1
\u351 ?ti factori astfel: \uc1 \u8226 ? ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a fizic\uc1 \u259 ?
(temperatur\uc1 \u259 ?, iluminat, umiditate, toxicitate); \uc1 \u8226 ? ambian\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psiho-social\uc1 \u259 ? (rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interpersonale,
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru activitate, aprecierea \uc1 \u351 ?i colabo-rarea cu
al\uc1 \u355 ?ii); \uc1 \u8226 ? regimul de lucru (ritmul activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, pauzele, durata programului la locul de munc\uc1 \u259 ?,
timpul de odihn\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Microdiagnoza }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = evaluarea comporta-mentului \uc1 \u351 ?i
extinderea proceselor de di-agnoz\uc1 \u259 ? prin teste standard din psiholo-gia
clinic\uc1 \u259 ?. O serie de cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri (Luria) au ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat
ineficienta procedeelor stan-dardizate \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
In acest context, microdiagnoza aplic\uc1 \u259 ? proceduri exploratorii cu
ajutorul investiga\uc1 \u355 ?iilor experimentale ale parametrilor relevan\uc1
\u355 ?i, cum ar fi evaluarea istoricului bio-socio-educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional al
persoanei, comportamen-tul etc. M. cere din partea psihologului o atitudine mai
activ\uc1 \u259 ?, apel\uc1 \u226 ?nd la o serie de ipoteze ajut\uc1 \u259 ?toare,
care s\uc1 \u259 ? explice devia\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u8222 ?suspecte" de la
scopul adev\uc1 \u259 ?-rat \uc1 \u351 ?i care dau amprenta cazului.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Micrografle }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = scriere
m\uc1 \u259 ?runt\uc1 \u259 ?, aproape liniar\uc1 \u259 ?, adesea p\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ? la ilizibilitate, care nu are valoare deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? de
diagnostic, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dar poate eviden\uc1 \u355 ?a
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei depresii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau a parafreniei, schizofreniei.}
Microsociologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a sociolo-giei care se ocup\uc1 \u259
? de grupele mici \uc1 \u351 ?i de rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interpersonale, \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul psiho-logiei sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Midriaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dilatarea pupilelor
reali-zat\uc1 \u259 ? prin mecanism simpatic, bilateral\uc1 \u259 ? sau
unilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, definitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau reversi-bil\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi
spastic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n irita\uc1 \u355 ?iile simpa-ticului (\uc1 \u238 ?
n criza epileptic\uc1 \u259 ?, schizofre-nie). Ea poate fi produs\uc1 \u259 ?
medicamentos (atropin\uc1 \u259 ?) pentru anumite investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
tratamente.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mielinizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procesul de formare a
unei teci de mielin\uc1 \u259 ? (o substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? side-fie, de
natur\uc1 \u259 ? lipidic\uc1 \u226 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul unor fi-bre nervoase.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mielinizarea c}
\langfenp1048 onstituie una din condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259
?rii sistemului ner-vos central. C\uc1 \u259 ?tre v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 1 an
g\uc1 \u259 ?sim mielin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
mici, dar ea conti-nu\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? creasc\uc1 \u259 ?, cel pu\uc1
\u355 ?in p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la puber-tate. Exemplu: suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a
transversal\uc1 \u259 ? a fascicolului piramidal, la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere este}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de 2 mm}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 2}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 , la 2 ani este 6mm}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
\langfenp1048 , iar la 20 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de ani este de 12 mm}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 2}
\langfenp1048 . Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? evolu-\uc1 \u355 ?ie celular\uc1 \u259 ? permite
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea vitezei de transmisie a impulsurilor nervoase. Prin aceasta
are loc maturizarea zone-lor cerebrale, care corespund func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
perceptive, motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajului, iar aceste procese psihice sunt
posibile \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei. Odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
mieliniza-rea \uc1 \u238 ?nceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
structural\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului nervos. P\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1
\u238 ?ncheierea procesului de mielinizare, plasticitatea sistemului nervos este
maxim\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mielopati}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e senil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
sensibili-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii termice \uc1 \u351 ?i vibratorii, \uc1
\u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o diminuare a reflexelor; aceste fenome-ne
apar la nivelul jum\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii inferioare a corpului.
Apare la v\uc1 \u226 ?rstnici, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 drept etiologie
aterioscleroza cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, alcoolul, toxicele, disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?iile
hepatice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mifofobia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = teama patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de a nu face afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ii
inexacte, ca urmare a de-compens\uc1 \u259 ?rilor personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii dizarmonice de tip psihasten \uc1 \u351 ?i al nevrozei fobice.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Migren\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = una din cele mai comune tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurologice; este o
cefalee vascu-lar\uc1 \u259 ?, de obicei fronto-orbitar\uc1 \u259 ?,
periodic\uc1 \u259 ?, precedat\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomene vizuale \uc1 \u351 ?i senzo-
riale, uneori \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de gre\uc1 \u355 ?uri, v\uc1 \u259 ?
rs\uc1 \u259 ?turi, fotofobie. E considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca o dezordine
psihofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psiho-somatic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip cardiovascular.
Sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii ereditare (50-80%) dar cauza
principal\uc1 \u259 ? este de obicei stresul psihic \uc1 \u351 ?i oboseala
excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?, nivel hormonal anormal sau consum de alimente bogate \uc1
\u238 ?n tiamin\uc1 \u259 ? (br\uc1 \u226 ?nz\uc1 \u259 ?, ciocolat\uc1 \u259 ? sau
citrice vechi).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Profilul
persoanelor afectate de migren\uc1 \u259 ? e bine definit de Warff (1937-1948):
sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n general persoane ambi\uc1 \u355 ?i-oase, ce tind spre perfec\uc1
\u355 ?iune, sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nalt competitive, tinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ?
fie exagerat de critice \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu al\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dar incapabile de
autocritic\uc1 \u259 ?. Se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri sexuale, \uc1
\u238 ?n general frigiditate \uc1 \u351 ?i abstinen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Su-
biec\uc1 \u355 ?ii unt introverti\uc1 \u355 ?i, iar c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunt \uc1 \u238
?n-vin\uc1 \u351 ?i, dezam\uc1 \u259 ?gi\uc1 \u355 ?i sau frustra\uc1 \u355 ?i,
p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? resentimente pentru o lung\uc1 \u259 ?
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de timp. Aceste tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri reprimate creeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
ten-siuni emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? sistemul nervos simpatic
\uc1 \u351 ?i trimite vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii sangvi-ne \uc1 \u238 ?n arterele
craniene. O migren\uc1 \u259 ? persis-tent\uc1 \u259 ? necesit\uc1 \u259 ? o
psihoterapie intensiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Acupunctura \uc1 \u351 ?i acupresura au dat
rezul-tate bune \uc1 \u238 ?n tratamentul st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor migre-noase.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Migren\uc1
\u259 ? abdominal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = echivalent\uc1
\u259 ? mi-grenoas\uc1 \u259 ?, cu frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai ridicat\uc1
\u259 ? la adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i, (dispare cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta) const\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n dureri abdominale paroxistice, de in-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tensitate mare, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
suport obiectiv, asociate cu vom\uc1 \u259 ?, palpita\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tahicardie,
agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, paloare discret\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi o cri-z\uc1 \u259 ?
unic\uc1 \u259 ? sau poate ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea la intervale diferite.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mig}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ren\uc1
\u259 ? bazilar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptomatologia migrenei obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuite, c\uc1 \u259 ?reia i se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i crize de pierdere a
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Ridi-c\uc1 \u259 ? probleme de diagnostic
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial cu epilepsia \uc1 \u351 ?i nevroza isteric\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Migren\uc1
\u259 ? disfrenic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = acces migrenos, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
it de confuzie, cu evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n paro-xism (intensitate
maxim\uc1 \u259 ?), cu caracter repetitiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Migren\uc1 \u259 ? hemiplegic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
paroxism mi-grenos, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de hemiplegie, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
de prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a modific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor elelctroencefali-ce de tip lent
\uc1 \u238 ?n emisferul contralateral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Migren\uc1 \u259 ? nazo-ciliar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
acces migre-nos de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tip obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit cu localizare perior-
bital\uc1 \u259 ? (pleoape \uc1 \u351 ?i nas), \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de
con-gestia conjunctivelor \uc1 \u351 ?i de senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia de obstruc\uc1 \u355
?ie nazal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Migren\uc1 \u259 ? vestibular\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = acces migrenos cu atingere
vestibular\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea
auzului, nistagmus (oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ia globilor oculari) senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
plutire \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u226 ?rtej.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mimetism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea animalelor de
a-\uc1 \u351 ?i schimba forma, culoarea, dimensi-unea, \uc1 \u238 ?n virtutea
agen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mediului \uc1 \u238 ?n-conjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor, pentru a se
ap\uc1 \u259 ?ra prin ca-muflare. Prin extensie, \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
inter-umane, m. exprim\uc1 \u259 ? imita\uc1 \u355 ?ia sub oricare din formele ei,
iar \uc1 \u238 ?n sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns \uc1 \u351 ?i peiorativ, este imitarea
formal\uc1 \u259 ? a com-portamentului cuiva, adaptarea la cir-cumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e
\uc1 \u238 ?n vederea ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerii unor avantaje superioare, morale,
materiale,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 termenul identific\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se cu camelionis-mul.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mimic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
tip de comunicare nonver-bal\uc1 \u259 ?, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe expresia
facial\uc1 \u259 ?, corabo-rat\uc1 \u259 ? cu elemente gestice \uc1 \u351 ?i
atitudinale, care poate \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?i sau \uc1 \u238 ?nlocui comu-
nicarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi spontan\uc1 \u259 ? sau conven\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna purt\uc1 \u226 ?nd am-prenta
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia. O hiper-mimie de tip
compensator se practic\uc1 \u259 ? la sudo-mu\uc1 \u355 ?i, unde mimica \uc1
\u238 ?nlocuie\uc1 \u351 ?te co-municarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ?. De asemenea, la oli-
gofrenii, este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? o hipomimie, afla-t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
direct cu deficitul intelectual, expli-cabil\uc1 \u259 ? prin deficitul g\uc1 \u226
?ndirii. \uc1 \u350 ?i aici, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n demen\uc1 \u355 ?e,
este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? ecomimia, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu ecolalia, ecopraxia.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Minciun\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = alterarea con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a ade-
v\uc1 \u259 ?rului; act psihosocial cu rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? plu-
rivoc\uc1 \u259 ?: ontic\uc1 \u259 ?, gnozic\uc1 \u259 ?, axiologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
soci-ologic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?, moral\uc1
\u259 ?. M. este o op\uc1 \u355
?iune \uc1 \u238 ?ntre realitate \uc1 \u351 ?i fic\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne. Pe plan
psihic, este un comportament deosebit, care trebuie analizat \uc1 \u351 ?i apreciat
\uc1 \u238 ?n contextul tuturor factorilor de perso-nalitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, de starea de
normalitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i special\uc1
\u259 ?. Exemplu: copilul mic nu face distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre real \uc1
\u351 ?i imaginar, alte-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul, dar nu minte. El este
un pseudomincinos. Singura grij\uc1 \u259 ? pentru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
educator este de a-1 integra \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate cu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta,
pentru ca m. s\uc1 \u259 ? nu se transforme \uc1 \u238 ?n obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Copilul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se dez-volte \uc1 \u238
?ntr-un climat de \uc1 \u238 ?ncredere reci-proc\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? suspiciuni \uc1 \u351 ?i f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ocolirea adev\uc1 \u259
?rului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exist\uc1
\u259 ? minciuni necesare, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul trebuie s\uc1
\u259 ? fie protejat cu o per-dea de minciuni \uc1 \u351 ?i minciuni echivalente cu
gre\uc1 \u351 ?eli grave. Minciuna poate fi o necesitate vital\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ?, justificarea ei universal\uc1 \u259 ? ar fi aceea
c\uc1 \u259 ? ea \uc1 \u238 ?l ap\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? pe}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 om de urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri
grave (R. Lafon). Cele grave, cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri sociale (frauda, tr\uc1 \u259 ?
da-rea, etc), societatea le amendeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu mijloace morale \uc1 \u351 ?i
juridice. M. patolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? apare la persoane cu dezechilibru mintal; la
oligofreni, se apropie de pseudominciun\uc1 \u259 ?; la celelalte tipuri de
exalta\uc1 \u355 ?i, m. este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
agresivitate, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 furturi, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de somn,
enurezis, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Minimum cognoscibil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pragul minim de la care obiectul este
clar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 perceput, conform configura\uc1 \u355 ?iei sale, \uc1 \u351 ?i este
iden-tificat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Minor }
\langfenp1048 = termenul are dou\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni: \uc1 \u8226 ?
t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r care nu a \uc1 \u238 ?mplinit v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta pentru
exercitarea drepturilor cet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ene\uc1 \u351 ?ti; v\uc1 \u226 ?
r-sta majoratului difer\uc1 \u259 ? de la o \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? la alta, la
noi \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? fiind fixat\uc1 \u259 ? la 18 ani.
Deoarece se presupune c\uc1 \u259 ? minorul nu a atins stadiul de maturitate al
responsa-bilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, delictele sale nu se
penalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? conform normativelor pe-nale, ci mai ales prin m\uc1 \u259 ?
suri de reedu-care. \uc1 \u8226 ? Element f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? deose-bit\uc1 \u259 ?, ne\uc1 \u238 ?nsemnat,
secundar. \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi atribuit unui simptom, unei
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii nesemnificative. \uc1 \u238 ?n etalonarea clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a
entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnim simptome majore \uc1
\u351 ?i minore.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Minte }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = sistemul st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor, organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri-lor \uc1
\u351 ?i proceselor neuropsihice care defi-nesc sfera subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune, care dispune de
o oarecare au-tonomie \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu situa\uc1 \u355 ?iile obiective
actuale. De\uc1 \u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?ri per-ceptive,
imagini consecutive \uc1 \u351 ?i reglaje ale comportamentului, mintea semnifi-
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice de
asociere a ideilor, evoc\uc1 \u259 ?ri, ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament, construc\uc1
\u355 ?ii abstracte sau imaginative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi470 \li0 \ri0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La acest nivel, planul subiectiv sau mental se extinde
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndind stabi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi470 \li0 \ri0 \sb5
\langfenp1048 litate \uc1 \u351 ?i activism \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iile de
orientare, planificare \uc1 \u351 ?i evaluare. Cea mai impor-tant\uc1 \u259 ?
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a min\uc1 \u355 ?ii o constituie \uc1 \u8222 ?
localizarea, calitatea organic\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reciproc\uc1
\u259 ? a p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?a de sine". (G. Allport)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mioclonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie brusc\uc1 \u259 ?,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? rit-micitate \uc1 \u351 ?i neinten\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ? a unui mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi sau grup muscular, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? deplasarea seg-mentului respectiv. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o deregla-re a
sistemului de control, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o hiperkinezie extrapiramidal\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li38
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 VI }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iod in ie (Mialgie) }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere muscular\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Miopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a
vederii (vedere scurt\uc1 \u259 ?), caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin imposibilitatea
de a vedea obiectele aflate la o oarecare distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea capa-cit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
refrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie a cristalinului sau alungirii globului ocular, care
determin\uc1 \u259 ? focalizarea razelor paralele \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un punct aflat
\uc1 \u238 ?naintea retinei, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t imagi-nea apare
neclar\uc1 \u259 ?, estompat\uc1 \u259 ?. Se corec-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu ajutorul
lentilelor divergente.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Miopsihie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 miopsihoz\uc1 \u259 ?; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 termen ca-re
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asocierea dintre tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri musculare de tipul miocloniilor, tremur\uc1 \u259 ?torilor,
miotoniilor etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mioz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminuare a diametrului pupilar}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca urmare a
excit\uc1 \u259 ?rii parasimpaticului (nervul cranian III), care se poate
realiza \uc1 \u351 ?i voluntar, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i ca efort de acomo-dare. Ca
semn patologic, se poate vorbi de o mioz\uc1 \u259 ? paralitic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n pareza simpa-tic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n leziuni ale
trunchiului simpatic din regiunea cervical\uc1 \u259 ? (C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Miracol }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = minune;
eveniment excep-\uc1 \u355 ?ional care se abate de la ordinea \uc1 \u351 ?i le-gile
naturale obiective, \uc1 \u351 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?rui expli-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie
invoc\uc1 \u259 ? presupusa interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie a sacrului \uc1 \u238 ?n mersul
firesc al lucrurilor. Credin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n miracole este comun\uc1
\u259 ? tutu-ror concep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor religioase, dar cu dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?e
semnificative. Miracolele con-semnate \uc1 \u238 ?n religiile teiste au \uc1
\u238 ?ntotdea-una caracter de unitate, nefiind repeta-bile \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii dependente de \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Misoneism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii negative
ale oric\uc1 \u259 ?-rui subiect la tot ce }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nou, la
schimbare, ceea ce exprim\uc1 \u259 ? latura conservatoare (revolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionar\uc1 \u259 ?) a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii oameni-lor. A c\uc1 \u259
?p\uc1 \u259 ?tat \uc1 \u351 ?i senul de tulburare psi-hopatologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
definind rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a nejus-tificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia de sentimente negati-ve fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de nou. Este semn al
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derii capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de adaptare a subiectului,
\uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?naintarea \uc1 \u238
?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nivelul intelectual.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mister }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce
este inexplicabil, tainic, ascuns, relev\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un haos enigmatic. \uc1 \u238 ?n istoria
religi-ilor, prin mister se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege o categorie distinct\uc1
\u259 ? de credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practici ritua-lice,
destinate unor grupuri de fideli, obliga\uc1 \u355 ?i prin jur\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?nt s\uc1 \u259 ? nu divulge tai-nele dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luite sanctuar.
Misterele co-munic\uc1 \u259 ? un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut dogmatic care sfi-deaz\uc1
\u259 ? ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea, stimul\uc1 \u226 ?nd acceptarea ca revela\uc1 \u355 ?
ie a incomprehensibilului. In cre\uc1 \u351 ?tinism misterele (sau sfintele taine)
sunt afirmate ca adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri infailibile de credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, revela\uc1 \u355 ?ii inaccesibile ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Misticism }{\fs18
credin\uc1 \u355 ?a religioas\uc1 \u259 ? sau su-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
persti\uc1 \u355 ?ioas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n supranatural, \uc1 \u238 ?n int}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 erven-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ia misterioas\uc1 \u259
? a sacrului, care influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? ordinea fireasc\uc1 \u259 ?
a lucrurilor. Este caracteristic oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei religii, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i
unor curente filosofice idealiste, ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionalis-te. Ele admit
posibilitatea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii nemijlocite a Eului cu divinitatea, p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 la deplina lor contopire; \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
suflete\uc1 \u351 ?ti \uc1 \u8222 ?privilegiate" de iluminare ex-
trazenzorial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i parara\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (extaz,
re-vela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie transcendental\uc1 \u259 ?) provo-cate
prin ascez\uc1 \u259 ?, concentrare, privare de stimuli sezoriali, formule
incantatorii, etc. Comunicarea cu divinitatea este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? o stare
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de contemplare a unor
adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri tainice inaccesibile ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?i
experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei comu-ne. Esen\uc1 \u355 ?a misticismului const\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dorin-\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului de a fi \uc1 \u238 ?n
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a divinit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u226
?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? ajung\uc1 \u259 ? la aceasta prin revela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
extatic\uc1 \u259 ? (extaz).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mi\uc1 \u351 ?care }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a materiei, caracteristica ei universal\uc1 \u259 ?, de a fi \uc1 \u238 ?n
per-manent\uc1 \u259 ? schimbare, transformare sau de-venire. Mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? totalitatea formelor de manifestare dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a
exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei, disting\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se diferite forme de mi\uc1 \u351 ?
care: mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?, fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, chimic\uc1 \u259 ?, bio-logic\uc1
\u259 ?, psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?, cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i medicina investi-
gheaz\uc1 \u259 ? din propria perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? un larg evantai de mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri discrete, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate \uc1 \u238 ?n
anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. In psihologie urm\uc1 \u259 ?-rim opera\uc1 \u355 ?
iile \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile mintale, tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile de
factur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie superioar\uc1 \u259 ? psi-
hosociale, proprii individualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane \uc1 \u351 ?i
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un context dat -\uc1 \u8222 ?
Posibilitatea de transformare reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? a formelor concrete de mi\uc1
\u351 ?care \uc1 \u351 ?i faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n toate se poate reg\uc1
\u259 ?si ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea legi-lor universale ale dialecticii constituie
argumente ce sus\uc1 \u355 ?in unitatea material\uc1 \u259 ? a lumii" (C. Gorgos)}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri involuntare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de co-ordonare
motor\uc1 \u259 ?, prin prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
adiacente, involuntare, care deran-jeaz\uc1 \u259 ? actul motor normal, un fel de
ticuri sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de spasme faciale, manuale \uc1 \u351 ?i mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale picioarelor, ale degetelor. Etiologia lor este variat\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n parkinso-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nism, coree, atetoz\uc1 \u259 ?, dischinezie buco-
lingual\uc1 \u259 ?, distonia caractezic\uc1 \u259 ? etc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n limbajul curent mitul are sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia depreciativ\uc1 \u259 ? de
imagine iluzo-rie, fictiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care instituie o pseudoreali-tate. Mircea
Eliade d\uc1 \u259 ? o interpretare cultural\uc1 \u259 ? foarte complex\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei func-\uc1 \u355 ?ie dominant\uc1 \u259 ? este de
a \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?a modele-le exemplare ale
tuturor riturilor \uc1 \u351 ?i ale tuturor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti semnifica-tive".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Mitul este o extrapolare fantas-tic\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor umane. Miturile abe-rante, nocive, cum sunt cele privind propriet\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ile \uc1 \u8222 ?miraculoase" ale droguri-lor trebuie infirmate,
\uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce acelea lipsite de con\uc1 \u355 ?inut mistic, din istoria
cultural\uc1 \u259 ? a popoarelor, care apar ca legende cu o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie isto-ric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
ca arhetipuri ce permit descifrarea tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor caracte-
rului na\uc1 \u355 ?ional, sunt opere de art\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cu o mare
popularitate. Ex. "Miori\uc1 \u355 ?a", \uc1 \u8222 ?Me\uc1 \u351 ?terul Manole",
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mitologia }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? care interfereaz\uc1 \u259
? antropologia, filologia, lingvistica, filo-sofia, istoria culturii, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd ca obiect de cercetare originea \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia mitu-
rilor, semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia simbolurilor arheti-pale, clasificarea lor
tipologic\uc1 \u259 ?, compa-rarea diferitelor mitologii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i studie-
rea raporturilor \uc1 \u238 ?ntre mit \uc1 \u351 ?i religie, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
mit \uc1 \u351 ?i societate (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mitomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? morbid\uc1 \u259 ? de aba-tere a adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului, de a min\uc1
\u355 ?i; este speci-fic\uc1 \u259 ? persoanelor cu o constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
boln\uc1 \u259 ?-vicioas\uc1 \u259 ?, cu imaturitate moral\uc1 \u259 ?, slabe,
invidioase, capabile s\uc1 \u259 ? aduc\uc1 \u259 ? acuza\uc1 \u355 ?ii ne\uc1
\u238 ?ntemeiate oamenilor corec\uc1 \u355 ?i din ju-rul lor. Este un simptom
patologic \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatii, isterii.}
\langfenp1048 \par
}\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri14 \sb206 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mitral\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = (epilepsie); sindrom epilepti-form, fr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ecvent la bolnavii cu
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cardiac\uc1 \u259 ?, de origine mitral\uc1 \u259
?, ca o conse-cin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a hipoxiei cerebrale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mixedem }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen
sinonim cu hipotiro-idie, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd simptomele caracteris-tice acestei
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Mixedemul conge-nital are o etiologie divers\uc1 \u259 ?:
caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de iod, deficit hormonal tiroidian, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mixedemul dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndit, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei boli infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, inflamatorii (droidite),
a extirp\uc1 \u259 ?rii chirurgicale a glandei, etc. afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
hipofiza \uc1 \u351 ?i hipotalamusul sau modific\uc1 \u259 ? receptivitatea
tisular\uc1 \u259 ?. Cunos-c\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se rolul hormonilor tiroidieni \uc1
\u238 ?n maturarea cortical\uc1 \u259 ?, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea celula-r\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice, se ex-plic\uc1
\u259 ? consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele grave ale hiposecre\uc1 \u355 ?iei glandei:
retardarea psihomotorie, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzi-ere pe plan intelectual,
cretinism ende-mic, astenie, torpoare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, obezi-tate, etc).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mizeria
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nefericire, neno-rocire, suferin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Termen atribuit de P. Janet: \uc1 \u8222 ?o sl\uc1 \u259 ?
biciune moral\uc1 \u259 ?, particular\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?
n neputin\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i integra manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
rile, \uc1 \u238 ?n special tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i de a le
asimila" (denutri\uc1 \u355 ?ie, infirmitate major\uc1 \u259 ?, senilitate,
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute fie \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul unor circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e sociale
\uc1 \u8222 ?mizere", fie ca urmare a unor boli cro-nice, care conduc prin r\uc1
\u259 ?sunetul lor psi-hic la \uc1 \u8222 ?mizeria psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?".}
Mnemotehnic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblul de proce-d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ee la care se
recurge \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul memo-r\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor date disparate, dificile.
De obicei se recurge la mnemotehnic\uc1 \u259 ? pen-tru a oferi acestor date un
sens, pentru a le integra \uc1 \u238 ?n sisteme ordonate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Moarte }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = moment \uc1 \u238 ?n
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia viului, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd func\uc1 \u355 ?iile vitale esen\uc1
\u355 ?ial}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 e au \uc1 \u238 ?ncetat,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd dispari\uc1 \u355 ?ia individului
ca entitate biologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Moartea se dato-re\uc1 \u351 ?te uzurii treptate
a organismului. Ea se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, durata fiind varia-
bil\uc1 \u259 ? de la o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? la alta, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de factorii interni \uc1 \u351 ?i de condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de mediu. Se disting;
\uc1 \u8226 ? moartea clinic\uc1 \u259 ? (un moment care trebuie dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? moar-tea biologic\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? moartea natural\uc1 \u259 ? (de b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?
ne\uc1 \u355 ?e) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? cea
survenit\uc1 \u259 ? prin boli \uc1 \u351 ?i accidente. \uc1 \u238 ?n cea
clinic\uc1 \u259 ? se pot \uc1 \u238 ?nvinge cauzele prin reanim\uc1 \u259 ?ri
de\uc1 \u351 ?i, dac\uc1 \u259 ? du-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe minute, duce la
leziuni cerebrale ireversibile. Omul pare a fi singura fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
care are con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a inevi-tabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
mor\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mobilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?-rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n biologie, mobilitatea organismu-lui \uc1
\u351 ?i a componentelor sale apare ca ne-cesitate a adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
individului la me-diu. C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te procesele psihice, mo-
bilitatea implic\uc1 \u259 ? sensuri mai complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i variate, implic\uc1
\u226 ?nd capacitatea de adaptare la noi sensuri ale existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
atest\uc1 \u226 ?nd plasticitatea acestor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i procese.
Dinamica proceselor psihice caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? persoana \uc1 \u351 ?i-i
confer\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit mod de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Mobilitatea deosebit\uc1
\u259 ? a expresiei faciale, a gesticii cu risip\uc1 \u259 ? de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?ri apare \uc1 \u238 ?n patologia ideativ\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i comportamental\uc1 \u259 ?, care adesea nu mai poate fi controlat\uc1
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin24
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mobilitate proceselor nervoase }{\fs18
este una din caracteristicile fundamentale a proceselor nervoase, \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-unii unui stimul extern, de la inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ie la excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i invers. Iradierea \uc1 \u351 ?i
con-centrarea proceselor nervoase, viteza elabor\uc1 \u259 ?rii reflexelor
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate \uc1 \u351 ?i a schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor, sunt \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri care asigu-r\uc1 \u259 ? o integrare optim\uc1 \u259 ? a
sistemului neu-ropsihic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mobilitatea social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul
apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine sociologiei \uc1 \u351 ?i se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la trecerea
persoanelor de la un grup la altul, de la un strat social la altul. Acela\uc1 \u351
?i individ sau grup social poate avea diferite tipuri de mobilitate: ocupa\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, teritorial\uc1 \u259 ?, instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mod
de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept sociologic care reflect\uc1 \u259 ?
organizarea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? colectivitate
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o comunitate (urban\uc1 \u259 ? sau rural\uc1 \u259 ?). Sociologia
modului de trai coreleaz\uc1 \u259 ? factorii de trai care influen-\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a cotidian\uc1 \u259 ?, economic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i cultu-ral-spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? a colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
respective, studiind dinamica schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rilor modului de via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Cercetarea se refer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la al\uc1
\u355 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 factori implica\uc1 \u355 ?i: tradi\uc1 \u355
?ii, obiceiuri, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 economice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale,
organizarea muncii \uc1 \u351 ?i a habitatului, condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de s\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, confort, petrecerea timpului liber, odih-n\uc1 \u259 ?,
etc. Studiul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor materiale \uc1 \u351 ?i
spirituale, nivelul de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ?, structura
profesional\uc1 \u259 ? a popu-la\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i nivelul moral al
conduitelor, toate prezint\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i pentru psiho-logie, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci acestea explic\uc1 \u259 ? fenomene de
personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i de psihologie social\uc1 \u259 ?. De aici se poate
desprinde limpede \uc1 \u351 ?i modul de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? individual,
mult mai variat: stilul de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? propriu \uc1 \u351 ?i
constant fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei etape de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Modalitate
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre stimulii specifici \uc1
\u351 ?i senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia cores-punz\uc1 \u259 ?toare acestora. Fiecare
analizator reflect\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit sim\uc1 \u355 ?: tactil, vizual, au-ditiv,
olfactiv, gustativ, al echilibrului etc. \uc1 \u8222 ?Modalitate" \uc1 \u238 ?
nlocuie\uc1 \u351 ?te expresia clasic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?organ de sim\uc1
\u355 ?", devenit\uc1 \u259 ? insufi-cient\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de multitudinea formelor de sensibilitate (C. Gorgos)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mod\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \{modus -
\langfenp1048 manier\uc1 \u259 ?); fenomen tranzitoriu de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?n special de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 estetic\uc1 \u259 ? cotidian\uc1 \u259 ?, prin care se
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea unor forme noi de vestimen-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ie, expresie
fizionomic\uc1 \u259 ?, comporta-ment, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n genere se remarc\uc1
\u259 ? o ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? anticonformist\uc1 \u259 ?,
nonconformist\uc1 \u259 ? a oamenilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a genera\uc1 \u355 ?
iei tinere, dornic\uc1 \u259 ? a ie\uc1 \u351 ?i din comun. Este \uc1 \u238 ?n
acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp o dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de afirmare, de a fi
competitiv cu cei de o v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sex. Totul este
admis, dar \uc1 \u238 ?n limita bunului sim\uc1 \u355 ?. Este datoria adul\uc1
\u355 ?ilor s\uc1 \u259 ? le sugere-ze criterii mai substan\uc1 \u355 ?iale cu
privire la mod\uc1 \u259 ?, deoarece confuzia ne\uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turat\uc1
\u259 ? la vreme na\uc1 \u351 ?te dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de integrare
social\uc1 \u259 ?. Moda este tranzitorie, iar caracterul \uc1 \u351 ?i demnitatea
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? pri-meze. Anumite concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, deprinderi,
expresii \uc1 \u351 ?i comport\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?ocheaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri nedorite \uc1 \u351 ?i independente. Nevoia intim\uc1
\u259 ?, interioar\uc1 \u259 ? de a fi mo-dern este o necesitate omeneasc\uc1 \u259
? de a \uc1 \u8222 ?place", de a fi atractiv, dar aceasta nu se poate transforma
\uc1 \u238 ?n extravagan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vestimenta\uc1 \u355
?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i nici \uc1 \u238 ?n obr\uc1 \u259 ?znicie, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de
polite\uc1 \u355 ?e, vulgaritate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Model }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul de model are diferite
accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite domenii ale \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1
\u355 ?ei, \uc1 \u238 ?n tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?, semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o machet\uc1
\u259 ? la scar\uc1 \u259 ? redus\uc1 \u259 ?, ilustrare sau descriere a unui
fenomen analog sau
simulator. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? modele de diverse grade \uc1 \u238 ?n ordi-nea
schematiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, generaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, esen-\uc1 \u355 ?ializ\uc1
\u259 ?rii. Modelele au ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut ca struc-turi coerente certe, dar
nesatisf\uc1 \u226 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?toare sub aspectul reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rii
\uc1 \u351 ?i al interpre-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Modelare }{\fs18 \dbch
ansamblul de procedee practice sau teoretice prin care se trans-form\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i se cerceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? originalul prin modelul s\uc1 \u259 ?u,
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? metoda mo-del\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Ea este aplicabil\uc1 \u259 ?
at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n dome-niul material al diverselor domenii, c\uc1 \u226
?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul spiritual (filosofie, reli-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gie, psihologie, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie etc).
Analiza datelor cunoscute cu ajutorul ordinatoa-relor, permite descoperirea \uc1
\u351 ?i experimen-tarea acelor structuri care \uc1 \u238 ?n realitatea concret\uc1
\u259 ? nu sunt evidente. Reflectarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o
modelare subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii obiective.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia
utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? metoda mo-del\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihicului (teoretic \uc1
\u351 ?i experimen-tal), a proceselor \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice,
ele \uc1 \u238 ?nsele reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o modelare a reali-t\uc1
Intre original \uc1 \u351 ?i modelare trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? existe o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? analogie, fidel\uc1 \u259 ? originalului. Modelul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ?
repre-zinte un caracter generalizat \uc1 \u351 ?i nu un \uc1 \u8222 ?original
individual". Modelarea psiho-cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? este cu adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?, dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i de esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Modernitate }
\langfenp1048 = este necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355 ?
ia: \uc1 \u8226 ? una este moda (cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul \uc1 \u238 ?n-su\uc1 \u351 ?i
define\uc1 \u351 ?te mobilitatea ei permanent\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i alta
este \uc1 \u8226 ? modernitatea, de asemenea mobil\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ? cu deosebirea c\uc1 \u259 ? aici, ceea ce r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
ne \uc1 \u238 ?n urm\uc1 \u259 ? nu se pierde definitiv, ci se adaug\uc1 \u259 ?
noilor c\uc1 \u259 ?ut\uc1 \u259 ?ri, punctelor de vedere o dat\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tigate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Modestie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sentimentul moderat al va-lorii
proprii, o calitate a inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei acti-ve, o virtute moral\uc1 \u259 ?,
o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de carac-ter cu privire la
autoaprecierea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se confunda cu
subaprecierea pro-priei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Ea \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? o sporire a demnit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane \uc1 \u351 ?i
o aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie c\uc1 \u259 ?tre autodep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ire.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Modulare }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihofiziologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-logie, modularea
are un \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles apropiat de cel al model\uc1 \u259 ?rii;
organul de sim\uc1 \u355 ? se moduleaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? obiect (A. N.
Leon-tiev). Prin modul\uc1 \u259 ?ri succesive, de com-plexitate cresc\uc1 \u226 ?
nd\uc1 \u259 ?, se ajunge la elabo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rarea unor teorii care explic\uc1 \u259 ? din ce \uc1
\u238 ?n ce mai bine fenomenul original. A\uc1 \u351 ?a au fost elaborate mai multe
modele tot mai complexe ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sistemului nervos,
\uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor din alte domenii. Teoria
c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurilor, \uc1 \u238 ?mprumutat\uc1 \u259 ? din fizic\uc1 \u259 ?,
concepe sistemul nervos ca un mediu continuu, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1
\u355 ?ine cont de discon-tinuitatea sinaptic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Molar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = global (luat \uc1 \u238
?n totalitate), atri-but care determin\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul integral al
proceselor psihologice sau de compor-tament, opun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se analiticului.
Exis-t\uc1 \u259 ? curente \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie cu viziune mo-lar\uc1 \u259 ?,
care elimin\uc1 \u259 ? detaliile (consider\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul \uc1 \u351 ?
i ps}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ihicul macrosco-pic).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Moment psihologic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri ce apar
\uc1 \u238 ?n comportamentul unui individ sau al unei grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri umane,
care desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
intense, de maxim\uc1 \u259 ? in-tensitate \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii difi-cile, critice, care pun \uc1 \u238 ?n valoare
poten-\uc1 \u355 ?ialele fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice. Momentul psi-hologic este
consecutiv unei supra\uc1 \u238 ?n-cord\uc1 \u259 ?ri nervoase, a unor tr\uc1 \u259
?iri interne intense,
care dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?esc pragurile liniare ale activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuropsihice. Manifest\uc1 \u259 ?-rile momentului psihologic
sunt extrem de variate \uc1 \u351 ?i intempensive: - de la de-plasare, relaxare,
complexare, dificul-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de a ie\uc1 \u351 ?i din impas,
derut\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la dezorientare, panic\uc1 \u259 ?,
ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate. In aceste momente trebuie \uc1 \u238 ?ncuraja\uc1
\u355 ?i (sportivii, elevii). Ca o tactic\uc1 \u259 ? psiholo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n competi\uc1 \u355 ?iile sportive, militare se creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? momentul
psihologic \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?n-dul adversarilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mongolism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune
congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?rziere \uc1 \u238 ?n dez-voltare \uc1 \u351 ?i un facies care evoc\uc1 \u259
? tipul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 mongol. Este numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?Sindromul
lui Down" (descris\uc1 \u259 ? de medicul englez \uc1 \u238 ?n 1866), sau \uc1
\u8222 ?trisomia 21", \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n ur-ma cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rilor medicale (Turpin R., Lejeune, M. Gauthier 1959) s-a stabilit c\uc1
\u259 ? ea se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? prezen\uc1 \u355 ?ei supranume-rare a unui
cromozom (trei cromozomi 21, \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de doi, cum este normal). De la
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 30 de ani, mongolienii prezint\uc1 \u259 ? leziuni cerebrale
(pl\uc1 \u259 ?ci senile, degenerescent\uc1 \u259 ?, neurofibrilar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i granu-lovacular\uc1 \u259 ?) ca \uc1 \u238 ?n maladia Alzheimer. Etiologia
este \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? neclar\uc1 \u259 ?, dar se \uc1 \u238 ?
ncrimineaz\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, mai ales
a mamei \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? de peste 40 de ani.
Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a bolii este de aproximativ 1 la 650 de na\uc1 \u351 ?teri. Sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?n general copii afectuo\uc1 \u351 ?i, docili \uc1 \u351 ?i foarte
sensibili.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monism }{\fs18
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? ce ad-mite Ia baza \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii
existen\uc1 \u355 ?e un singur principiu; reduce existen\uc1 \u355 ?a la o
singur\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate (materie, spirit, energie), ce-lelalte \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomene fiind consi-derate ca derivate sau
ipoteze ale moda-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unice. Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ?
orient\uc1 \u259 ?ri princi-pale, dar opuse sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? monismul mate-
rialist (Hobbes, Democrit, D'Holbach); \uc1 \u8226 ? monismul idealist (Fihte,
Hegel, Berkeley)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Monoaural }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = stimulare auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?i-al\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?nregistrat\uc1 \u259 ? de o singur\uc1 \u259 ? ureche, cu excluderea
celeilalte, deci modalitate par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
unilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a auzului. Acest fapt restr\uc1 \u226 ?nge posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sub raportul orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1
\u355 ?iu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monofobie }
\langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de a sta singur; se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza obse-sivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?,
psihastenie, depresii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Monoideism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = preocupare exclusiv\uc1 \u259 ? pentru o singur\uc1
\u259 ? idee, imagine sau amintire. \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul temei dominante sunt}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 concentrate toate
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihismului, ceea ce duce la o \uc1 \u238 ?ngustare
important\uc1 \u259 ? a c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, idea\uc1 \u355 ?ia deve-nind s\uc1 \u259 ?rac\uc1 \u259 ?,
neproductiv\uc1 \u259 ?. P. Janet fo-lose\uc1 \u351 ?te termenul \uc1 \u238 ?n
explicarea isteriei, hipnozei. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit \uc1 \u238 ?n
st\uc1 \u259 ?rile psiho-tice, psihozele depresive, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihaste-
nice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monolog }
\langfenp1048 = activitate verbal\uc1 \u259 ? desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?u-rat\uc1
\u259 ? de un singur subiect, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd adresarea c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
ascult\uc1 \u259 ?tori. Poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o vorbire cu sine sau pentru sine
(solilocviu). Prin interiorizare, devine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 limbaj
egocentric (J. Piaget), sau limbaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reglator (L. V\uc1 \u238 ?
gotschi).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Limbajul
monologat este ceva mai di}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ficil dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cel dialogat, deoarece
\uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unui auditoriu
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? sus\uc1 \u355 ?ii singur firul expunerii, s\uc1 \u259 ? ai
cursivitate, s\uc1 \u259 ? te organizezi bine \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? depui un
efort pentru a comunica datele valoroa-se \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o form\uc1 \u259 ?
accesibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? ai \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere ecoul pe
care \uc1 \u238 ?l treze\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n min\uc1 \u355 ?ile altora
spusele tale, s\uc1 \u259 ? presupui ce \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleg ei \uc1 \u351
?i eventual ce \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?i fr\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea expunerii
monologate. Este necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? se r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-d\uc1 \u259 ? operativ
la eventualele \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i nel\uc1 \u259 ?muriri
ale auditoriului. \uc1 \u238 ?n ajutorul expunerii monologate intervine mimica \uc1
\u351 ?i gestica, varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n-deosebi accentul, care pun \uc1 \u238 ?n
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? anumite idei sau rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Intona\uc1
\u355 ?ia sau varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imi al
frazelor pronun-\uc1 \u355 ?ate sunt generatoare de sensuri comu-nicative. Lungimea
frazelor \uc1 \u351 ?i modul lor de structurare sunt de asemenea im-portante pentru
a imprima comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii ritm \uc1 \u351 ?i claritate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monopatofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fric\uc1 \u259 ?
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? boal\uc1 \u259 ? nejustificat\uc1
\u259 ? prin nici un argument real, obiectiv. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\colsr24 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2932 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li24
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sindromul hipoc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ondric - obsesiv, nevro-za
obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihastenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monoplegie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = patologie localizat\uc1 \u259 ?
la un segment sau regiune a corpului, ca urma-re a unei leziuni de neuron motor sau
periferic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Monosemie 21 }
\langfenp1048 = reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? una dintre abera\uc1 \u355 ?iile cromozoniale
sub forma unui mozaicism, care semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rziere psihic\uc1 \u259 ? obligatorie (Q. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 35-
50) \uc1 \u351 ?i un aspect displastic facial (fante palpe-brale antimolgoniene,
micro \uc1 \u351 ?i retrogna-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, nas voluminos, pavilioane malforma-
te \uc1 \u351 ?i asimetrice) \uc1 \u351 ?i hipertonie muscular\uc1 \u259 ?, deseori
generalizat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Monotonie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = repetarea continu\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
uni-form\uc1 \u259 ? a unei opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii de durat\uc1 \u259 ? scurt\uc1
\u259 ?, ceea ce face ca s\uc1 \u259 ? scad\uc1 \u259 ? capacitatea de munc\uc1
\u259 ?. Psihofiziologic, monotonia de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? un factor de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie constant \uc1 \u238 ?n aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i zon\uc1 \u259 ?
cortical\uc1 \u259 ?, fapt ce conduce la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?iei
de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, manifes-tat\uc1 \u259 ? prin activitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?, chiar prin somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? feno-menul de satura\uc1 \u355 ?ie motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? pentru activitatea efectuat\uc1 \u259 ?. In acest sens, ergo-
nomia recomand\uc1 \u259 ?: schimbarea alternati-v\uc1 \u259 ? a posturilor de
munc\uc1 \u259 ? de la o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? la alta, alternarea schimburilor de
lucru, reducerea zilei de lucru, introducerea unor stimulen\uc1 \u355 ?i
varia\uc1 \u355 ?i (muzic\uc1 \u259 ?, exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii fizice, etc).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Montaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n psihologie semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o ati-tudine latent\uc1 \u259 ? ce se impune \uc1
\u238 ?n com-portament, cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ie predispozant\uc1 \u259 ? sau de
orientare. Substratul neurofiziologic al montajului \uc1 \u238 ?l reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? stereotipul dinamic. De\uc1 \u351 ?i aceste forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni s-au do-
b\uc1 \u226 ?ndit \uc1 \u238 ?n plan incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, ele se im-pun cu
necesitate con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? unii psihologi,
montajul ar fi o forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 M}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apt\uc1 \u259 ? de autoorganizare specific\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i de autoreglaj specializat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Montessori M\uc1 \u259 ?ria (1870-1952) }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psi-
hiatru \uc1 \u351 ?i pedagog de origine italian\uc1 \u259 ?, cu preg\uc1 \u259 ?
tire medical\uc1 \u259 ?, filosofie, psiho-logie experimental\uc1 \u259 ?. Pred\uc1
\u259 ? cursul de antropologie pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? la Roma \uc1 \u351 ?i
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la Perugia un centru de studii pedagogice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pune la punct o metod\uc1 \u259 ?
de edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe dezvoltarea senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
copiilor (diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai
fin\uc1 \u259 ? a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vizuale, tactile, audi-tive), \uc1 \u238
?n care copilul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i fortific\uc1 \u259 ? Eul propriu prin
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i individuale, libe-re \uc1 \u351 ?i pl\uc1 \u259 ?
cute. Dintre lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile de seam\uc1 \u259 ? ale sale: \uc1 \u8222 ?
Pedagogie \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?" (1909), \uc1 \u8222 ? De la
copil la adolescent", \uc1 \u8222 ?Copilul".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Moral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a tot
ceea ce pri-ve\uc1 \u351 ?te moravurile \uc1 \u351 ?i moralitatea, a tot ceea ce
este conform cu normele mora-lei, a tot ceea ce favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? moralita-
tea. Comportamentul moral este condu-ita care respect\uc1 \u259 ? normele existente
\uc1 \u238 ?n-tr-o comunitate, societate, grup. Sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul moral este
\uc1 \u238 ?n acord cu regulile moralei \uc1 \u351 ?i ale bunului sim\uc1 \u355 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Moral\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = an}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 samblul de valori \uc1 \u351 ?i norme ale
convie\uc1 \u355 ?uirii dintre oameni, rapor-t\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le la valorile de
Bine \uc1 \u351 ?i de R\uc1 \u259 ?u, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se condenseaz\uc1 \u259 ?
motivele, con-vingerile, sentimentele ce sporesc sau dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?,
diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea intrin-sec\uc1 \u259 ? a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iei umane.
Morala se nu-m\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? printre cele mai timpurii forme de
reglementare normativ\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor inter-umane.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Moravuri }{\fs18 \dbch
totalitatea obiceiurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderilor din cultura unui popor sau a
unei colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionea-
z\uc1 \u259 ? ca norme \uc1 \u351 ?i modele ce se impun}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tuturor.}
\langfenp1048 Moravurile prescriu ce anume \uc1 \u351 ?i ce trebuie f\uc1 \u259 ?
cut \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii care survin cu regularitate \uc1
\u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a cotidian\uc1 \u259 ?; moravurile iau forma unor datini,
obice-iuri, cutume sau ceremonialuri. Moravu-rile codific\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1
\u355 ?iile dintre oameni, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?rc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le cu o
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie simbo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lic\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin
ele, cet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?enii \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i afirm\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i re-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cunosc reciproc
apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?a la o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? comunitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Morfem }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea mai mic\uc1
\u259 ? unitate lingvis-tic\uc1 \u259 ? care dispune de o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
proprie; construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii genetico-motorii ce constituie componente }
\langfenp1048 ale cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Morfologie - Morfologic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-
gie semnific\uc1 \u259 ? o modalitate de abordare a limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
persoanei, ce se analizea-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?". De asemenea, se
analizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, aptitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i
pro-cese psihice. Morfopsihologia interpre-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? structurile morfologice
prin prisma cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii structurilor morfologice individuale.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Motilitate }{\fs18
proprietate a unor organe \uc1 \u351 ?i celule de a efectua mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?ri cu ajutorul musculaturii proprii. Clasic, sunt recu-noscute trei feluri
de motilitate: \uc1 \u8226 ? ele-mentar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ?
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ? (automat\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ?
voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?. Psimotricitatea se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?rile musculare complexe, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la capacitatea
de deplasare. Mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile ateto-zice, miocloniile (\uc1 \u238 ?
n somn), mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile coreice sunt mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
involuntare. De ase-menea, contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iile tonice, lente, ti-curile,
stereotipiile, spasmele de tensi-une, crampa func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
(scriitori, vio-loni\uc1 \u351 ?ti) parezele \uc1 \u351 ?i paraliziile
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tablouri clinice alarmante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Motiv, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 movere }
\langfenp1048 - a mi\uc1 \u351 ?ca; a pune \uc1 \u238 ?n mi\uc1 \u351 ?care);
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? orice cauz\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1
\u259 ?, mintal\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care determin\uc1 \u259 ?
o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, un sentiment, o atitudine sau comporta-
ment. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (totalitatea motivelor,
considera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sau a mobilelor, con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-ente sau nu, care
determin\uc1 \u259 ? pe cineva s\uc1 \u259 ? efectueze o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune); este latura dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1 \u259 ? de afectivitate,
constituind as-pectul dinamico-energetic al fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane. Motivul
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? factorul intern (pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? al\uc1
\u355 ?i factori ca: apti-tudini, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, caracter etc),
care de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri de conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos). Dup\uc1 \u259 ? R. Lafon, motivul re-prezint\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n special elemente intelec-tuale \uc1 \u351 ?i afective. Motivele
sunt modali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i fundamentale de mobilizare, activa-re sau
autodeterminare a conduitei intern-externe. De\uc1 \u351 ?i majoritatea moti-velor
sunt dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de con-di\uc1 \u355 ?
iile existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i solicit\uc1 \u259 ?rilor realit\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor obiective, ele sunt considerate \uc1 \u8222 ?cauze
interne" ale conduitei. Omul nu ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? sub impulsul unui
singur motiv, ci sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor constela\uc1 \u355 ?ii motiva\uc1
\u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?n care, de regul\uc1 \u259 ?, se produc \uc1 \u351 ?i
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?esc conflicte (acestea pot fi fiziologice,
psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i socia-le) (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu). Ceea ce
poate caracteriza motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia uman\uc1 \u259 ? este varietatea \uc1
\u351 ?i ierarhia lor, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd o concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, sim\uc1 \u355 ?ire \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Motivare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = raportare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? cu semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ie moral\uc1 \u259 ?, prin intermediul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia persoana se
raporteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la moti-vele proprii sau ale celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Popescu Neveanu, motivarea poate fi: a) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt anticipate motivele
probabil}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e ce vor sta la baza comportamentului propriu \uc1
\u351 ?i al raportu-rilor interpersonale, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n care
are loc extinderea controlului con\uc1 \u351 ?tient de la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
prezent\uc1 \u259 ? la cea viitoare;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) motivare }{\i1
\langfenp1048 retroactiv\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin care are loc justificarea
actelor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?ite, prin prisma
motive-lor care le-au determinat, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca rezultat reevaluarea
comportamentu-lui anterior.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Motricitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii musculare prin ca-re se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea corporal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i re-
organizarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii musculare (con-trac\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
relaxare), modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, deplasare, etc, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i acte coordonate de interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (P. Popescu Neveanu). Psihomotricitatea este o ca-
racteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor musculare com-plexe, mai
ales organizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i coordo-narea lor, ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
stilul com-portamentului motor caracteristic fiec\uc1 \u259 ?-rui individ.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In realizarea
motricitatii voluntare particip\uc1 \u259 ? hipotalmusul, structurile moto-rii
extrapiramidale \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul limbic, fiind un act fiziologic \uc1 \u351 ?
i psihologic com-plex. Prin conlucrarea acestor structuri este elaborat
traiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i programul mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii voluntare, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? cortexul motor care coordoneaz\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile rapide, fine, calificate ale extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mo\uc1 \u355 ?iune pulsional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul se \uc1 \u238 ?n-
scrie \uc1 \u238 ?n seria uzual\uc1 \u259 ? a termenilor psi-hologici din seria
motiv-mobil, motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care poate avea \uc1 \u351 ?i o nuan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pregnant\uc1 \u259 ? de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care intern\uc1 \u259 ?
(Freud).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mozaic
cortical }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este reprezentat de dinamica focarelor de excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i inhi-bi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse grade, la
nivelul scoar-\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale. Descris de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov,
care a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 rat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t prin iradierea
(la o distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai mare sau mai mic\uc1 \u259 ?) de la
punctul de origine, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin concen-trarea la punctul de
plecare, se ajunge la o localizare foarte fin\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor puncte, \uc1
\u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? are aspectul unui mozaic \uc1 \u238 ?n care se \uc1 \u238 ?
mbin\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 str\uc1 \u226 ?ns puncte de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i de
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Aceste puncte sunt provocate direct de excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare primite din afar\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i datorit\uc1 \u259 ? induc-\uc1 \u355 ?iei reciproce, \uc1 \u238 ?n care un
proces deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? intensificarea celui opus. Toate aceste legi ale
dinamicii corticale deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
diversitatea, nuan\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?i complexitatea imaginii
caleidoscopice a cortexului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mul\uc1 \u355 ?ime }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul de mul\uc1 \u355 ?ime
are \uc1 \u351 ?i o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie matematic\uc1 \u259 ? (totalitate de
elemente, fiind o baz\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?rii mate-matice). De asemenea, a fost adoptat\uc1 \u259 ? de J. Piaget ca
baz\uc1 \u259 ? a form\uc1 \u259 ?rii concep-telor, \uc1 \u238 ?n sociopsihologie
se define\uc1 \u351 ?te ca o grupare a unui mare num\uc1 \u259 ?r de per-soane, o
forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune pasager\uc1 \u259 ?, cu rol func\uc1 \u355 ?ional temporar,
care se men\uc1 \u355 ?ine at\uc1 \u226 ?ta timp c\uc1 \u226 ?t motivul \uc1
\u238 ?ntrunirii lor (indiferent de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, cultur\uc1
\u259 ?, preocu-p\uc1 \u259 ?ri) r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne valabil - pentru acel
eve-niment.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gustav Le
Bon concepe mul\uc1 \u355 ?i-mea din punct de vedere psihologic ca o unitate
spontan\uc1 \u259 ?, pe baz\uc1 \u259 ? de meca-nisme de incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1
\u259 ? contagiune afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care poate ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona necontrolat,
necritic \uc1 \u351 ?i violent, fiind accesibile zvo-nurilor, dizolv\uc1 \u226 ?nd
personalitatea parti-cipan\uc1 \u355 ?ilor. Teoria sa, de\uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1
\u355 ?ine o parte din adev\uc1 \u259 ?r, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne
unilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, deoarece personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile puternice
\uc1 \u351 ?i consistente nu se dizolv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile
haoti-ce ale mul\uc1 \u355 ?imii, ci dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?; previne efectele
negative ale acestora. Nu \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna mul\uc1 \u355 ?imile sunt dezor-
ganizate \uc1 \u351 ?i distructive, ci sunt posibile mul\uc1 \u355 ?imi la nivel
avansat de cultur\uc1 \u259 ? al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, organizate, care,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?io-n\uc1 \u226 ?nd con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, adapt\uc1 \u226 ?nd decizii
critice, nu provoac\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale ordinii publi-ce.
Exist\uc1 \u259 ? mari posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de energie
constructiv\uc1 \u259 ? a mul\uc1 \u355 ?imilor, evit\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se}{\fs20
\colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \li34 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin34 \rin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 for-mele delirante ale manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Munca }
\langfenp1048 = activitate con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?, specific uman\uc1
\u259 ?, fizic\uc1 \u259 ? sau intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, orientat\uc1 \u259 ? spre
un scop determinat, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat\uc1 \u259 ? li-ber, cu interes
\uc1 \u351 ?i pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere, \uc1 \u238 ?n care omul efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ?,
transform\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reglementeaz\uc1 \u259 ? schimburi de
substan\uc1 \u355 ?e, energie, infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu natura \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
semenii, pentru sa-tisfacerea trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor sale. Munca este premiza
ontologic\uc1 \u259 ? a producerii \uc1 \u351 ?i repro-ducerii existen\uc1 \u355 ?
ei sociale. Are o valoare praxiologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i axiologic\uc1 \u259
? c\uc1 \u259 ?ci, transfor-m\uc1 \u226 ?nd activ obiectul muncii, omul se
transform\uc1 \u259 ? pe sine, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd saltul de la natur\uc1 \u259
? la cultur\uc1 \u259 ?. Con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a se constituie ca o
component\uc1 \u259 ? ideal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n procesul muncii, \uc1 \u238 ?n unitate indisolubil\uc1 \u259 ? cu
activitatea material\uc1 \u259 ?, prin care imaginile mintale se obiectiveaz\uc1
Psihologia, ca \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? despre acti-vitatea
uman\uc1 \u259 ?, se preocup\uc1 \u259 ? sub cele mai diverse aspecte de procesul
muncii, ca form\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? de activitate \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrep\uc1 \u259 ?trund componentele senzoriale \uc1 \u351 ?i
intelective. Medicina studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tra-teaz\uc1 \u259 ?
aspectele care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, la diverse niveluri, atitudinea \uc1 \u351 ?i
abaterile pacientu-lui fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de procesul muncii. De aseme-nea,
munca este acreditat\uc1 \u259 ? ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd vir-tu\uc1 \u355 ?i
terapeutice prin rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a pacien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u238 ?n
microgrup. Ergoterapia ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? de reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n
sistemul de valori sociale, este salutar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i eficient\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n multe boli psihice: psihoze schizofrenice, nevroze,
oligofrenii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mutacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anifestare deliberat\uc1 \u259 ?, vo-
luntar\uc1 \u259 ?, a unei persoane de a refuza comunicarea, datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afective negative acute, de dispre\uc1 \u355 ?, de
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nism. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226
?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te la copii \uc1 \u351 ?i tineri normali, ca o manifestare de
protest sau ca atitudine de supraestimare a valorii propriei persoane. Cauze care
determin\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mutacismul: ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea, reticen\uc1 \u355 ?
a, protestul - mai ales la oligofreni, de-men\uc1 \u355 ?i, psihopa\uc1 \u355 ?i.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Muta\uc1 \u355
\langfenp1048 = apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a unei schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri
genetice (sau provocat\uc1 \u259 ? arti-ficial), datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor abera\uc1
\u355 ?ii cromo-zomiale, ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? sau num\uc1 \u259 ?r. Princi-
palele tipuri de muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii pot fi: cantitati-ve, calitative, incomplete
\uc1 \u351 ?i patogene, declan\uc1 \u351 ?atoare a unor procese tumorale,
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Mutilare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de v\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ?mare a unei p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i a corpului, soldat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
deformarea p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ii respective. Mutilarea este produ-s\uc1
\u259 ? accidental sau voluntar de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? asupra
alteia: \uc1 \u238 ?n acest din ur-m\uc1 \u259 ? caz este o manifestare a
instinctului de agresivitate, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din
copil\uc1 \u259 ?-rie \uc1 \u351 ?i manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? de obicei fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de animale. La copii este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de lipsa de
discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, la cei maturi, poate fi manifestarea cruzimii,
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iind tr\uc1 \u259 ?-s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de structurare
dizarmonic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mutism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = suprimarea brusc\uc1 \u259 ?,
tempora-r\uc1 \u259 ? a comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii verbale, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod vo-luntar
sau nu, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror leziuni nervoase
centrale sau periferice sau ale aparatului fonator. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri,
subiectul a folosit anterior lim-bajul. Fenomenul se petrece \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii de trac, la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii emotivi sau anxio\uc1 \u351 ?
i. Se distinge de afazie sau mu\uc1 \u355 ?e-nie, lipsind leziunea organic\uc1
\u259 ?. Poate fi deliberat (simulare); poate fi consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a unei
inhiba\uc1 \u355 ?i i patologice (isterie, au-tism, stupoare melancolic\uc1
\u259 ?, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Mutism akinetic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = blocajul \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii ac-tivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihomotorii voluntare \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a }{\fs18
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i senzoriale \uc1 \u351 ?i tul-burarea
st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Se \uc1 \u238 ?
nca-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre formele de dislogii,
fiind tulburat\uc1 \u259 ? forma comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul unei
hipoactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i verbale. Logoparul reac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? greu \uc1 \u351 ?i tardiv la stimulii psihosenzoriali, este
inert, de\uc1 \u351 ?i face im-presia c\uc1 \u259 ? este prezent \uc1 \u238 ?n
mediu. Etiolo-gic, se consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? mutismul akinetic este
consecutiv unor leziuni ale corpului calos \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n general ale
sistemului reticu-lar activator ascendent. De asemenea se consider\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? este o urmare a unei agresi-uni severe asupra encefalului
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? traumatic, vascular, tumoral sau infla-mator.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mutism electiv }{\fs18
tulburare de comuni-care \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
clinica neuropsihiatric\uc1 \u259 ? infantil\uc1 \u259 ? (descris\uc1 \u259 ? de M.
Tramed - 1934) cu urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele caracteristici: \uc1 \u8226 ? refuzul
permanent de a vorbi \uc1 \u238 ?n orice situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ?,
inclusiv la \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege limbajul
vorbit, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t facult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii sunt nealternate; \uc1 \u8226 ? poate
persista zile, s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni sau chiar mai mult.
Etiopa-togenia acestei tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri este, \uc1 \u238 ?n mare, legat\uc1
\u259 ? de patologia familial\uc1 \u259 ? (Silver 1985), (ex. hiperprotec\uc1 \u355
?ia familiei etc, folosirea t\uc1 \u259 ?cerii ca pedeaps\uc1 \u259 ?, ca mijloc de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Adesea este concomitent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cu enurezisul la unii copii
(diurn sau noc-turn). De\uc1 \u351 ?i este tulburare tranzitorie, ea poate
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea ca semn al psihozei copil\uc1 \u259 ?-riei sau al autismului
infantil. Din aceste cauze, participarea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n comunicarea nonverbal\uc1 \u259 ? din mutismul electiv este
absent\uc1 \u259 ?. Se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? tera-pia individual\uc1 \u259 ?
psihopedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tera-pia familiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mutismul psihogen
(voluntar) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = su-primarea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii verbale,
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? voluntar de subiect, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ia creat\uc1 \u259 ?, pe care el o consider\uc1 \u259 ? nefa-}
vorabil\uc1 \u259 ? lui, atitudinea aleas\uc1 \u259 ? reprezen-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
form\uc1 \u259 ? de protest \uc1 \u351 ?i apozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, sau de ie\uc1
\u351 ?ire din situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u350 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n aceste cazuri
metodele psihoterapeutice \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc utilitatea
(mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul mutismului isteric).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mutitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = imposibilitatea de a vorbi, ca
urmare a lez\uc1 \u259 ?rii zonei corticale a limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau a
organelor fonatoare, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu cu lez\uc1 \u259 ?ri a organelor
fonatoare, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu cu lez\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale aparatului auditiv.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Delimitarea
nosologic\uc1 \u259 ? de mu-tism este necesar\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce
mutismul este cauzat de lezarea corpului calos \uc1 \u351 ?i a sistemului reticular
activator ascen-dent, iar mutacismul este rezultatul unui mutism deliberat,
mutitatea este diferit\uc1 \u259 ? etiologic \uc1 \u351 ?i simptomatic. Sunt
dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii distincte: audimutitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i surdomutitatea,
ambele ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei; se \uc1 \u238
?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i o mutitate a adultului \uc1 \u351 ?i
a b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) Audimutitatea, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai este cu-nosc}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ut\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sub denumirea de alalie sau afazie congenital\uc1 \u259 ?
este o tulburare de limbaj, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? leziuni auditive (sau cu
leziuni u\uc1 \u351 ?oare), cu intelect aproape normal sau u\uc1 \u351 ?or
retardat, la care vorbi-rea spontan\uc1 \u259 ? este imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?, dar
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gerea limbajului vorbit este normal\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
dificil\uc1 \u259 ? repetarea unui cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt \uc1 \u351 ?i redus\uc1
\u259 ? la emiterea unor monosilabe, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i scrierea care este aproape
imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?. Terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? este productiv\uc1 \u259 ? mai
ales \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada pre\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, dislexia \uc1 \u351 ?
i disgrafia \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? mai persist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n peri-oada \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?. Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i o apraxie ideo-motorie. \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea personali-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii se observ\uc1 \u259 ? o oarecare reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de defect prin complexul de inferiorita-te, iritabilitate,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri comportamen-tale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ajuriaguerra
delimiteaz\uc1 \u259 ? trei forme de audimutitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de comple-xitatea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii limbajului: \uc1 \u8226 ? audimuti-tatea
dispraxic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? dificul-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de articulare se suprapun \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbu-r\uc1
\u259 ?ri ale aspectului structural al limbaju-lui, ceea ce explic\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?cia vocabularu-lui, intelectul u\uc1 \u351 ?or retardat,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i multe dispraxii buco-linguo-faciale; \uc1 \u8226 ?
audimu-titate cu dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i evidente \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii temporale \uc1 \u351 ?i spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale (greut\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea ritmului \uc1 \u238 ?n
vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i scriere); \uc1 \u8226 ? audimutitate cu evidente tul-
bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, cu dificul-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de auz fonematic \uc1 \u351 ?i organizare fone-tic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i semantic\uc1 \u259 ? a semnelor sonore. \uc1 \u238 ?n etiologia
audimutit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt incrimina\uc1 \u355 ?i factori ereditari
(predominant la sexul masculin) \uc1 \u351 ?i factori perinatali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) Surdomutitatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poate fi congenita-
l\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul
primei copil\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Cea congenital\uc1 \u259 ?, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unor
embriopa-tii, intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, rubeol\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul
sarcinii. Surditatea de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?, este
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a traumatismelor obstreticale, icterelor nucleare,
medica\uc1 \u355 ?iei atotoxice, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierea mintal\uc1 \u259
? - redus\uc1 \u259 ? la sunete compensatorii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la
mimic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i gestic\uc1 \u259 ? compensatorie. Prin reeducare
devine posibil cititul \uc1 \u351 ?i scrisul, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce tulbu-r\uc1
\u259 ?rile de articulare a cuvintelor persist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1
\u259 ? reeducare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Mutitatea la adult \uc1 \u351 ?i b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ni se
mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? prin diverse forme de afazie \uc1 \u351 ?i anartrie care
apare \uc1 \u238 ?n paralizia psudo-bulbar\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n formele demen\uc1 \u355 ?iale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Integrarea social\uc1
\u259 ? a celor cu audi-mutitate \uc1 \u351 ?i surdomutitate se poate face \uc1
\u238 ?n colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i adecvate medico-social. Personalitatea
lor este marcat\uc1 \u259 ? de han-dicap; sunt retra\uc1 \u351 ?i, izola\uc1
\u355 ?i, introverti\uc1 \u355 ?i, irascibili, impulsivi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Muzic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
limbaj sonor; aduce destin-dere \uc1 \u351 ?i atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? de bucurie;
folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
psihice (vezi: meloterapie). Intre via\uc1 \u355 ?a afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i mu-zic\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? un raport direct, pe care psi-hologii
se str\uc1 \u259 ?duiesc s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 precizeze \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizeze.}
\colw720 \colno3 \colw2942 \endnhere \pard \plain \li29 \ri0 \sb1483 \lisb0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 N}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nanism hipofizar }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare de cre\uc1 \u351 ?te-re \uc1 \u238 ?n general \uc1
\u351 ?i de dezvoltare, determina-t\uc1 \u259 ? de insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a
secretorie a hormonu-lui somatotrop. De obicei acestor tropi li se asociaz\uc1
\u259 ? hormonii tireostimulan\uc1 \u355 ?i ade-nocorticotropi \uc1 \u351 ?i
hipofizari, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la un tablou clinic complex, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
nanismul armonic este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de infanti-lism sexual \uc1
\u351 ?i de o pubertate tardiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Semnele de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere pot fi
sesizate de la 2-3 ani; faciesul este de tip infantil, vo-cea de copil, scheletul
nedezvoltat. Hipo-glicemia provocat\uc1 \u259 ? relev\uc1 \u259 ? mari \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzieri \uc1 \u238 ?n revenirea la normal. De asemenea, ra-diografia
de \uc1 \u351 ?a turceasc\uc1 \u259 ? eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? mo-
dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei tumorilor hipofizare.
Con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea deficitului de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre subiect aduce tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihice: devine suspicios, hipersensibil, depresiv, cu dificult\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i de inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ?, timizi \uc1 \u351 ?i cu o
patologie de tip nevrotic, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
Nanism psihosocial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de dez-voltare somatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului prin privare de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
parental\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare dup\uc1 \u259 ? 2 ani \uc1 \u351 ?i se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?nce-tinirea procesului de cre\uc1
\u351 ?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n lungime, dar cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1 \u238 ?n greutate
este mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in afectat\uc1 \u259 ?. Copilul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzieri psi-homotorii, agnozie, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
rzieri \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbire, Q.I. de grani\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, sc\uc1 \u259 ?
derea hormonului de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere, disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia actului hipofizocor-
ticosupranelian. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea re\uc1 \u238 ?ncepe odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
crearea unui climat psihoafectiv nor-mal pentru copil, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i a
regimului ali-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 N}
\langfenp1048 mentar. Nanismul psihosocial are drept cauz}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e: \uc1
\u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?tura psihopatologic\uc1 \u259 ? fa-milial\uc1
\u259 ?, familiile dezorganizate, con-flictele maritale, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Narativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
psihologie, metoda prin care subiectul, este pus s\uc1 \u259 ? expun\uc1 \u259 ?
liber furnizarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o infor-
ma\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau sugestie din partea investiga-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 torului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Narcisism }{\fs18
stare anormal\uc1 \u259 ? caracteri-zat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o dragoste intens\uc1
\u259 ? a cuiva fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propriile calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihi-ce, specific\uc1 \u259 ? persoanelor cu imaturitate
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Admira\uc1 \u355 ?ia fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine
\uc1 \u351 ?i ego-centrismul sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite \uc1 \u351 ?i de
egoism. Persoanele respective nu sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n stare s\uc1 \u259 ? iubeasc\uc1
\u259 ? alte persoane. Autoadora\uc1 \u355 ?ia exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, amorul propriu
sunt dispre-\uc1 \u355 ?uite de societate. Caracterul ne impu-ne o atitudine
just\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cei din jur, recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea just\uc1 \u259 ? a valorii umane. Atitudinea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
sine trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? duc\uc1 \u259 ? la cultivarea individualit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se ajunge la narcisism \uc1
\u351 ?i nici la \uc1 \u238 ?njosirea propriei persoane. Sunt inacceptabile
at\uc1 \u226 ?t umilin\uc1 \u355 ?a, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i arogan\uc1
\u355 ?a. Modestia se cere a fi corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu demnitatea. Exigen\uc1 \u355
?a fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine este o cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
autoperfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii, iar \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u238 ?n
for\uc1 \u355 ?ele proprii, \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele normale, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? exacerbarea "eului" \uc1 \u351 ?i a egoismului este o necesitate a
autodep\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irii, a sen-sului \uc1 \u351 ?i a devenirii.}
Narcoanaliz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de psihotera-pie
individual\uc1 \u259 ? derivat\uc1 \u259 ? din hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ?, folosindu-se
drept inductor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e chimice care modific\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul
vigilen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei, \uc1 \u351 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?, subiectul m\uc1 \u259 ?rturi-se\uc1 \u351 ?te cele petrecute \uc1 \u238 ?n
trecut; au loc fenomenele de refulare \uc1 \u351 ?i catharsis. Metoda este mai mult
de constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce este un neajun}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s.}
\langfenp1048 Narcolepsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = perturbarea echilibrului dintre st\uc1
\u259 ?rile de vigilen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
somn, ca o nevoie imperioas\uc1 \u259 ? de a ador-mi \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul zilei.
Este o stare paroxis-tic\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?iei spre
somn \uc1 \u351 ?i somnolen-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale hipotala-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mu}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 sului. Aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea brusc, \uc1
\u238 ?n }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 plin\uc1 \u259 ? activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt favorizate
de situ-a\uc1 \u355 ?ii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Simptomatologia acestei boli are un
r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet psihic major, invali-d\uc1 \u226 ?nd social bolnavul care devine
anxios, fobie, obsesiv, conduc\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 spre insta-larea un}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ei
nevroze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Narcomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 drogomanie; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atrac\uc1
\u355 ?ie vi-cioas\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre folosirea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? a
pre-paratelor ce induc efecte narcotice, seda-tive, stimulative halucinatorii
asupra sis-temului nervos. Deprinderea de drog cre-eaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenomene de
dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cronic\uc1 \u259 ?, doza m\uc1 \u259 ?rindu-se
treptat. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vede-re obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?a,
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a nefast\uc1 \u259 ? asupra organismului, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
sanitar\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
permanentizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coli \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de grup.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nativism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie conform c\uc1 \u259 ?reia
toate structurile psihice - de la cele mai sim-ple la cele mai complexe, sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute; \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga structur\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? a omului este supus\uc1 \u259 ? unui determinism preexistent,
iar \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?i experien\uc1 \u355 ?a
nu au nici un rol.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Naturalism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie reduc\uc1 \u355 ?ionist\uc1 \u259 ?, care
sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
autonom\uc1 \u259 ? a naturii \uc1 \u351 ?i a legilor ei obiective, intrinseci,
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, naturalismul concord\uc1 \u259 ? cu biologismul. \uc1
\u238 ?n teoriile despre om, cultu-r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i societate, ea
conduce inevitabil spre reduc\uc1 \u355 ?ionism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Natur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg,
realitatea obiec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, cosmosul infinit \uc1 \u351 ?i etern, guvernat de
legi imanente, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu te-meiurile existen\uc1
\u355 ?iale ale umanit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; tot}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceea ce, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sfera existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, nu face par-te din societate \uc1 \u351 ?i
exist\uc1 \u259 ? independent de activitatea creatoare a omului; ansam-blul
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute ale individu-
lui, \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile,
calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite prin educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Natur\uc1
\u259 ? uman\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -
ansamblul \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor bio-psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i socio-
culturale care defi-nesc \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355
?ia uman\uc1 \u259 ?; concep-tual, este o preocupare permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii filosofice, susceptibil de o se-rie de alternative. Teoriile
absolutiste privesc natura uman\uc1 \u259 ? ca sum\uc1 \u259 ? de atri-bute inerte,
manifestate \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile \uc1 \u351 ?i faptele omene\uc1
\u351 ?ti, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce relativis-mul consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
natura uman\uc1 \u259 ? nu este un dat a priori, ci un rezultat al ini\uc1 \u355 ?
iati-vei libere a subiectului. Spiritul (con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?a), este
atributul definitoriu al naturii umane, iar omul este nelimitat perfecti-bil.
Atributul definitoriu al naturii uma-ne este praxisul, "instituirea teologic\uc1
\u259 ?" (G. Luk\uc1 \u259 ?cs) prin care omul se afirm\uc1 \u259 ? ca subiect,
f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? se iveasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lume
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul antic \uc1 \u351 ?i generic al libert\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
al culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?iei (G. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Naturism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ?
terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n ex-clusivitate bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
factori \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee naturiste, excluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd utilizarea medica-
mentelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nebunie }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, denumit\uc1 \u259 ? popular. Nebunia
este \uc1 \u238 ?nscris\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un registru negativ, a\uc1
\u351 ?a cum o face psihia-ria \uc1 \u351 ?i sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul comun al
societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Nebu-nul este descris ca un ratat al formei
personale normale, echilibrate \uc1 \u351 ?i corec-te, ca pe un ratat al grupului
familial, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i al colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u238 ?ntregi, un ratat al speciei umane. Dar, ceva se comunic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
intermediul nebuniei, ceva ce noi refuz\uc1 \u259 ?m adesea s\uc1 \u259 ? auzim
pentru a ap\uc1 \u259 ?ra}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 un echilibru precar \uc1 \u238 ?n familie sau societate.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Antonin Artaud scria: "
Un alienat este de asemen}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ea un om pe care societa-tea n-a vrut
s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 asculte \uc1 \u351 ?i s-a str\uc1 \u259 ?duit s\uc1 \u259 ?-1
\uc1 \u238 ?mpiedice a emite insuportabile adev\uc1 \u259 ?-ruri ".}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S. Freud scria: "De c\uc1
\u226 ?nd lumea, cei care aveau ceva de zis \uc1 \u351 ?i nu puteau vorbi f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? primejdie, au preferat s\uc1 \u259 ? ia obiceiul de a se
preface n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ebuni."}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit fel, se poate afirma despre nebun c\uc1
\u259 ? este un ritual al r\uc1 \u259 ?zvr\uc1 \u259 ?-tirii, dar un ritual
e\uc1 \u351 ?uat. Psihoticul nu este niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? un revolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionar; este un revoltat care nu ajunge s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i exprime revolta.
Exteriorizarea r\uc1 \u259 ?zvr\uc1 \u259 ?tirii sale sub \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?area unei psihodrame, \uc1 \u238 ?l scu-te\uc1
\u351 ?te de a o \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1 \u259 ?ptui. Nebunia ridic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n-treb\uc1 \u259 ?ri deopotriv\uc1 \u259 ? psihologice, psihiatri-ce,
sociologice, filosofice, sociologice \uc1 \u351 ?i politice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i pentru pedagogia distruc-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? (umilin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
dispre\uc1 \u355 ?, alungare - care fac din "nebunie" o problem\uc1 \u259 ?).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Medicina o
trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca pe o mala-die mintal\uc1 \u259 ? - vizavi de ra\uc1 \u355 ?
iune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Necesitate
intern\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un factor motiva-\uc1 \u355 ?ional individual care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o trebuin-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? imperioas\uc1 \u259 ?
excluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd alte variante motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Este resim\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? ca o con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 str\uc1 \u226 ?ngere interioar}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? ce impune un anumit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportament
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai. \uc1 \u238 ?n ordine psiho-logic\uc1 \u259 ? necesit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ile interne sunt de dou\uc1 \u259 ? feluri: motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale - im-plicative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Negare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = t\uc1 \u259 ?g\uc1 \u259 ?duire a
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; meca-nism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare contra angoasei,
con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n negarea a ceea ce este evident, prin
transfigurarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i nerecunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea faptelor reale, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora
subiectul le sub-stituie faptele imaginare \uc1 \u351 ?i opuse. De\uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? intact sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, at\uc1 \u226 ?t}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 copilul c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i adultul
normal, fug de o realitate insuportabil\uc1 \u259 ?, neg\uc1 \u226 ?nd-o.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Negativ }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o
entitate contrarie pozitivu-lui; \uc1 \u238 ?n matematic\uc1 \u259 ? - o cantitate
mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t zero; \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355
?ele biologice, uma-niste \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, negative semnific\uc1 \u259 ? un
deficit \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu o norm\uc1 \u259 ?, o regre-siune, tot ceea ce se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin contraangajare, prin pierderea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate anterior \uc1 \u351 ?i transferul ce \uc1 \u238 ?
mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? elaborarea noilor ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Negativism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare
comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ?, prin exprimarea unei atitudini ne-gative,
nejustificate, de refuz, rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau ostilitate fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de orice solicitare din exterior. Prin manifestare,
negativismul poate fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? pasiv, exprimat prin indife-ren\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, apatie, t\uc1 \u259 ?cere; sau poate fi \uc1 \u8226 ? ac-tiv,
prin fug\uc1 \u259 ?, opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune invers\uc1 \u259 ?
celei solicitate. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ? se consi-der\uc1 \u259 ?
negativismul ca un mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, at\uc1 \u226 ?t negarea c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i denegarea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Negentropie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (entropie negativ\uc1 \u259 ?);
termen introdus \uc1 \u238 ?n termodinamica actu-al\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin extensie \uc1 \u238 ?n toate \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele, care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? prezen-\uc1 \u355 ?a unei energii
nedegradate, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ener-gia poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n compu\uc1 \u351 ?i cu entropie
mic\uc1 \u259 ?. Entropia este m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
starea termic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui sistem fizic, exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? prin suma
caturilor dintre cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de c\uc1 \u259 ?ldur\uc1 \u259 ?
primite sau cedate de el.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia ca negentropie permi-te astfel valorificarea
no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de entro-pie \uc1 \u238 ?n numeroase domenii ale \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Neglijen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conduit\uc1 \u259 ? cu efecte
negati-ve, caracteriz\uc1 \u226 ?nd o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune nereu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1
\u259 ?, cu rezultat negativ. Neaten\uc1 \u355 ?ia, st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?-
cia \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsa de precau\uc1 \u355 ?ie conduc spre in-suficienta
motivare \uc1 \u238 ?n reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Negl}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ijen\uc1 \u355
?a poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n toate do-
meniile de activitate uman\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopa-tologia vie\uc1 \u355
?ii cotidiene. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u238 ?ndeplinirea obliga\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sociale, igienice, vestimentare,
profesionale. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopato-logie sunt frecvente la persoane dizarmo-
nice, cu depresii, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n justi\uc1 \u355 ?ie - gre\uc1 \u351 ?ea-l\uc1
\u259 ? penal\uc1 \u259 ? ce beneficiaz\uc1 \u259 ? de circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e
atenuante, delictul nefiind s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it cu
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de percepere \uc1
\u351 ?i interpretare a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor umane, carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
suspiciune, b\uc1 \u259 ?nuil\uc1 \u259 ?, teama de a nu fi \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351
?elat. Se poate manifesta temporar dup\uc1 \u259 ? o experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? negativ\uc1 \u259 ? de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul unei
frustra\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n planul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sociale, sau poate
fi o atitudine constant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturile cu lumea. Ne\uc1
\u238 ?n-crederea scade disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?ngusteaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul de afirmare \uc1 \u238 ?
n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tensiuni psihice, creeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
anxieta-te \uc1 \u238 ?n calea afirm\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este proprie
oamenilor care se supraevalueaz\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i celor
timizi, com-plexa\uc1
\u355 ?i, timora\uc1 \u355 ?i. Ea se structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca o tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, fie prin imitarea unor modele comporta-mentale ale celor
din jur, fie printr-un climat educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional inadecvat, comple-mentat de
anumite particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice ale copilului.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Severitatea
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i supra-protec\uc1 \u355 ?ia
familial\uc1 \u259 ? creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? astfel de com-plexe \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nchiderea \uc1 \u238 ?n sine. Mefian\uc1 \u355 ?a (ne-\uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea)
constituie un dezavantaj \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia psiholog-subiect, medic-
pacient, limit\uc1 \u226 ?nd eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a tratamentului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nelini\uc1 \u351 ?te }
\langfenp1048 = proces emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional primar, caracterizat printr-o stare de
disconfort \uc1 \u351 ?i tensiune psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, legat\uc1 \u259 ? de o
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie incert\uc1 \u259 ? a unui eveniment a\uc1 \u351 ?teptat. Ter-
menul poate fi asociat cu anxietatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neocatarsis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? prin
care se con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile din copil\uc1
\u259 ?rie ale subiectului, sau recent tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite, prin care subiectul
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i descarc\uc1 \u259 ? tensi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unile.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neocerebel }{\fs18
parte recent\uc1 \u259 ? filogenetic a cortexului, situat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
zona inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? a cutiei craniene; ne apare ca un releu al fluxurilor
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ascendente \uc1 \u351 ?i descendente. Astfel, cerebelul
contro-leaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu deosebire impulsurile sensibi-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii proprioceptive (musculare), tran-smite spre efectorii motori comenzile
cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i prin aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ia invers\uc1 \u259 ? (de la
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi \uc1 \u351 ?i tendoane) transmite la cor-tex informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ii despre executarea co-menzilor. Diferitele por\uc1 \u355 ?iuni ale cerebe-lului
au func\uc1 \u355 ?iuni diferite, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t mai complexe cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t
sunt mai nou ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute filogenetic. Arhicerebelul are leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi
str\uc1 \u226 ?nse cu aparatul vestibular \uc1 \u351 ?i contri-buie la reglarea
echilibrului. Paleocere-belul este legat de sensibilitatea propri-oceptiv\uc1 \u259
?, iar neocerebelul particip\uc1 \u259 ? la reglarea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor fine, voluntare de mare precizie, regleaz\uc1 \u259 ? mersul \uc1 \u351 ?i
echi-librul corpului. Astazia (imposibilitatea de a sta \uc1 \u238 ?n picioare
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? o baz\uc1 \u259 ? de sus\uc1 \u355 ?i-nere larg\uc1
\u259 ?), astenia (oboseala muscula-r\uc1 \u259 ? rapid\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i
atonia (diminuarea tonusu-lui muscular) sunt urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale tulbur\uc1 \u259
?rii grave motorii ale func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor neocortexu-lui, fiind compensate
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod progresiv prin activitatea scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale.}
Neorocibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? = domeniul particu-lar al ciberneticii care a luat
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere din aplicarea concep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor acesteia \uc1 \u238 ?n
stu-diul stimulului nervos. Utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd legile \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismele
generale ale ciberneti-cii, neurocibernetica ofer\uc1 \u259 ? modele ale sistemului
nervos, care caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se a-propie c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai mult de
realitatea obiec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, de modelul natural al func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional
sistemul nervos are rol de comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i control al \uc1 \u238 ?
ntregului orga-nism, constituind \uc1 \u351 ?i suportul neuroana-tomic al
psihismului. Pentru a-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nde-plini aceste roluri, sistemul
nervos s-a perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u238 ?n prelucrarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor, func\uc1 \u355 ?ie obligatorie pentru orice fenomen de reglare. El culege
prin intermediul interoceptorilor \uc1 \u351 ?i exteroceptorilor infor-ma\uc1 \u355
?ii din mediul intern \uc1 \u351 ?i extern, pe care le prelucreaz\uc1 \u259 ?,
integreaz\uc1 \u259 ?, interpreteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, elabor\uc1 \u226 ?nd, \uc1 \u238 ?
n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de acestea, r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-suri cu efect autoreglator, prin
care per-mite adaptarea complex\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului la mediu. Perturbarea
mecanismelor de reglare \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglare duce la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia
fenomenului de boal\uc1 \u259 ?: disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuro-vegetative, \uc1 \u238
?n stadiile ini\uc1 \u355 ?iale leziuni re-versibile}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , ulterior
ireversibile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nerv }
\langfenp1048 ~ }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervi }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri de prelungiri
nervoase axonice sau dentritice situate extranevraxial, constituind c\uc1 \u259 ?
ile de leg\uc1 \u259 ?-tur\uc1 \u259 ? dintre axul cerebrospinal \uc1 \u351 ?i
receptori \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau efectori. Se \uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1 \u238 ?n nervi sen-
zitivi, motori \uc1 \u351 ?i mic\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Ei alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc sis-temul
nervos periferic, \uc1 \u238 ?n care intr\uc1 \u259 ? 12 perechi de nervi cranieni
\uc1 \u351 ?i 33 perechi de nervi spinali. Orice nerv cuprinde fibre nervoase de
dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii: \uc1 \u8226 ? fibre afe-rente cu rol de a conduce
influxul nervos de la periferie la centru, ele put\uc1 \u226 ?nd fi somatosensitive
\uc1 \u351 ?i viscerosensitive; \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? fibre eferente, care
conduc influxul nervos de la centru la organele efectoare, put\uc1 \u226 ?nd fi
somato-motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i viscero-motorii. \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un nerv se pot
distinge fibrele somatice de cele vegetative, prin faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? primele
sunt mielinice \uc1 \u351 ?i predo-min\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul nervos de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, iar ce-le vegetative sunt amielinice \uc1 \u351 ?i predo-
min\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul nervos vegetativ.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fibrele nervoase care alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc
un nerv pornesc din centrii motorii sau senzitivi ai sistemului nervos cen}
\langfenp1048 tral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Nervi cranieni }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cele 12 perechi de nervi cranieni fac parte
din sistemul nervos periferic \uc1 \u351 ?i realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin fibre-le
aferente (senzitive sau receptoare) leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura dintre receptori \uc1 \u351
?i sistemul nervos central, iar prin fibrele eferente (motorii sau efectoare)
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura \uc1 \u238 ?ntre centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i de comand\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i organele efectoare. In structura nervilor cranieni intr\uc1 \u259 ?
fibrele somatomotorii, visceromo-torii, somato-senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i viscero-
senzitive. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul olfactiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este un nerv
senzitiv senzorial \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre aferente viscerale,
somatice. El trans-mite stimuli olfactivi spre centrii corti-cali; leziunile lui
pot produce anosmie, hiperosmie \uc1 \u351 ?i halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii olfactive.
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul optic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (II), }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nerv senzorial care
transmite stimuli lumino\uc1 \u351 ?i spre zonele de integrare central\uc1 \u259 ?.
Afectarea lui de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? ambliopie, agnozie optic\uc1 \u259 ?, nic-
talopie etc. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul oculomotor }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (III) }
\langfenp1048 este un nerv mixt care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? inerva\uc1 \u355 ?ia
motorie a majorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor extrin-seci ai
globului ocular. Fibrele vegeta-tive reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? calea aferent\uc1
\u259 ? a reflexe-lor: pupilar, fotomotor \uc1 \u351 ?i de acomo-dare. In leziunile
lui apar: nistagmus, diplopie, strabism, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de acomo-dare.
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul trohlear }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (patetic) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (IV) }
\langfenp1048 este un nerv motor care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? inerva-\uc1 \u355 ?ia
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului oblic superior al globu-lui ocular. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afectarea lui
produce diplo-pie, strabism convergent. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul tri-
gemen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 (V), }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un nerv mixt care d\uc1 \u259 ? trei ramuri terminale: 1)
cea oftalmic\uc1 \u259 ?, (ex-clusiv senzitiv\uc1 \u259 ?); 2) nervul mandibular
(mixt); 3) fibrele motorii, care inervea-z\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii
masticatori, mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul milo-hioidian, mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul
digastricului \uc1 \u351 ?i mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chiul tensor al timpanului, iar fibrele
senzitive ale celor trei ramuri inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? o mare parte a extremit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cefalice \uc1 \u351 ?i constituie c\uc1 \u259 ?i aferente
pentru nume-roase reflexe (salivar, lacrimal, corneal,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ulocardiac).
Afectarea trigemenului produce nevralgii, paralizii ale muscula-turii masticatorii,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri reflexe \uc1 \u351 ?i tro-fice. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18
Nervul abduces }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (VI) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre somatice aferente;
este un nerv motor ca-re asigur\uc1 \u259 ? inerva\uc1 \u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?
chiului drept ex-tern al globului ocular. Lezarea lui pro-duce diplopie \uc1
\u351 ?i strabism convergent. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul facial }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (VII),
nerv mixt, con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre aferente \uc1 \u351 ?i eferente, somatice
\uc1 \u351 ?i vis-cerale. Asigur\uc1 \u259 ? inerva\uc1 \u355 ?ia motorie a
mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chilor mimicei \uc1 \u351 ?i a sc\uc1 \u259 ?ri\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
inerva\uc1 \u355 ?ia secretorie a glandelor lacrimale, sublin-guale \uc1 \u351 ?i
submandibulare, sensibilitatea gustativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt cunoscute aspectele lega-
te de paralizia facial\uc1 \u259 ? periferic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea
central\uc1 \u259 ?.\uc1 \u187 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul vestibulocohlear }{\fs18
(VIII) sau acustico-vestibular, este un nerv sen-zorial, cu dou\uc1 \u259 ?
componente: 1. vesti-bular\uc1 \u259 ? (conduce stimuli lega\uc1 \u355 ?i de
echili-bru) \uc1 \u351 ?i 2. cohlear\uc1 \u259 ? (conduce stimuli audi-tivi).
Afectarea componentei vestibulare determin\uc1 \u259 ? nistagmus \uc1 \u351 ?i
sindrom vertigi-nos, iar afectarea cohlearului se poate manifesta prin hipoacuzie,
surditate, sur-ditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul
glosofaringian }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (IX), }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 nerv mixt, con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre viscerale aferente \uc1 \u351 ?i
eferente, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i fibre so-matice. Inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? motor
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii faringe-lui, asigur\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilitatea gustativ\uc1
\u259 ? din treimea posterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii, sensibilita-tea v\uc1 \u259 ?
lului palatin, a tonsilei palatine, faringelui, tubei auditive, urechii medii
\uc1 \u351 ?i a celulelor mastoidiene. Conduce in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?iile
interoceptive de la vase \uc1 \u351 ?i si-nusul carotidian, informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cu rol \uc1 \u238 ?n re-glarea respira\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a
circula\uc1 \u355 ?iei sangvi-ne. Leziunile lui duc Ia abolirea reflexu-lui de
vom\uc1 \u259 ?, a celui carotidian, pierderea gustului, devierea luetei. \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul vag }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (X), }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nerv mixt,
con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre somatice \uc1 \u351 ?i motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i
inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? musculatura faringe-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i a v\uc1 \u259 ?lului
palatin. Fibrele senzitive pentru sensibilitatea exteroceptiv\uc1 \u259 ?, pri-mesc
stimuli din meatul acustic extern,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pavilionul urechii, mucoasa faringelui \uc1 \u351 ?i
laringelui. Recepteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sensibilita-tea gustativ\uc1
\u259 ?. Teritoriul interoceptiv cu-prinde zona carotidoaortic\uc1 \u259 ?,
arborele bron\uc1 \u351 ?ic, tractul digestiv, iar eferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele vegetative
merg la majoritatea organe-lor toracice \uc1 \u351 ?i abdominale. Leziunile lui pot
produce afazie, disfazie, parali-zii ale v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin, tuse,
tahicardie. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul accesor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (XI), }{\fs18
nerv motor, con-\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre motorii somatice; inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1
\u351 ?chiul trapez \uc1 \u351 ?i stemocleidomastoi-dian. Afectarea lui
determin\uc1 \u259 ? imposibi-litatea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii efectuate prin
interme-diul mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor respectivi. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervul
hi-poglos }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 (XII), motor, con\uc1 \u355 ?ine fibre so-matice aferente \uc1
\u351 ?i inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i mu\uc1
\u351 ?chii infrahioidieni. Afecta-rea lui determin\uc1 \u259 ? paralizii ale
limbii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervi
spinali }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fac parte din sistemul nervos periferic \uc1 \u351 ?i
sunt 31 de perechi: 8 perechi cervicali, 12 perechi toracali, 5 }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 perechi lombari, 5 perechi sacrali, o pe-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reche coccigieni.
Fiecare nerv spinal este mixt, i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a na\uc1 \u351 ?tere din unirea
r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?-cinii ventrale cu cea dorsal\uc1 \u259 ?, de unde
trunchiul foarte scurt se \uc1 \u238 ?mparte \uc1 \u238 ?n ra-muri periferice. Pe
traiectul r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cinii dorsale se afl\uc1 \u259 ? ganglionul
spinal. Func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional, r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cina dorsal\uc1 \u259 ?
este senzitiv\uc1 \u259 ? (aferent\uc1 \u259 ?), iar cea ventral\uc1 \u259 ?,
motorie (eferent\uc1 \u259 ?). Nervii spinali con\uc1 \u355 ?in at\uc1 \u226 ?t fi-
bre somatice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i viscerale. Din trun-chiul nervos iau
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere patru tipuri de ramuri mixte: dorsale, ventrale, comu-nicante
\uc1 \u351 ?i meningeale. Ramurile dorsa-le p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n general dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia meta-meric\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp
ce ramurile ventrale (cu excep\uc1 \u355 ?ia nervilor toracali) se unesc,
form\uc1 \u226 ?nd plexuri nervoase: cervical, bronhial, lombar, sacral \uc1
\u351 ?i coccigian, ce con\uc1 \u355 ?in fibre provenite din mai multe segmente
nervoase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nervism }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
doctrin\uc1 \u259 ? fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i me-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 dical\uc1 \u259 ? care fundamenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? concep\uc1 \u355 ?
ia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 materialist\uc1 \u259 ? referitoare la
via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atribuind
sistemului nervos rol condu-c\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i mijlocitor indispensabil
al in-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fluen\uc1 \u355 ?elor mediului ambient
\uc1 \u238 ?n orga-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nism. Influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele
\uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt acte }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reflexe.
Nervi smul modern a fost fun-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 damentat de I.P.
Pavlov \uc1 \u351 ?i Secenov, de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 urma\uc1 \u351 ?ii
lor, K. B\uc1 \u226 ?cov, Kur\uc1 \u355 ?in, etc. care au pus accentul pe rolul
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei corti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cale, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp
ce autorii occidentali au }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neglijat rolul
factorilor umorali, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea direct\uc1 \u259 ? a factorilor de mediu. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 Nervrismul este implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n reflexo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 terapie, acupunctura \uc1 \u351 ?i serve\uc1 \u351 ?te ca baz\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pentru medicina psihosomaticii (dup\uc1 \u259
? P. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Popescu-Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nesistematizat }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = delir cu con\uc1 \u355
?inut ide-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ativ \uc1 \u351 ?i halucinator, dezordonat
\uc1 \u351 ?i alea-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tor, este lipsit de coeren\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, l\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u226 ?nd im-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
presia un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ei dezintegr\uc1 \u259 ?ri majore a psi-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hismului. Automatismul mintal face im-posibil\uc1 \u259 ?
comunicarea cu bolnavul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nest\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nit }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= structur\uc1 \u259 ? de personalitate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin lipsa de control a ges-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
turilor \uc1 \u351 ?i conduitelor sub imperiul impul-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
surilor \uc1 \u351 ?i emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, ceea ce faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de conflicte interne, proasta dispo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
zi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i irascibilitate. Acestea difer\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instabilitatea colericului prin aceea c\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acesta \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i consum\uc1 \u259 ? rapid
energia, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la nest\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1
\u226 ?nit tensiunea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? persist\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 uneori chiar se amplific\uc1 \u259 ?. N. nu respect\uc1 \u259 ?
normele morale, nu con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ur-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?rile actelor s\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?ite,
concomitent cu u\uc1 \u351 ?urin\uc1 \u355 ?a actelor antisociale. \uc1 \u238 ?n
patologia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ? le corespunde psihopatia
epilep-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toid\uc1 \u259 ?. Au reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
dispropor\uc1 \u355 ?ionate vizavi }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de intensitatea
evenimentului. Au reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 profund negative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neurastenie
(Nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? astenic\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}{\fs20
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afec\uc1
\u355 ?iune psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?, o stare de sl\uc1 \u259 ?bi-ciune nervoas\uc1
\u259 ?, o form\uc1 \u259 ? de nevroz\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? clinic prin multiple manifes-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1
\u259 ?ri, grupate \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul st\uc1 \u259 ?rii somatice de astenie,
cefalee, insomnie, depresie, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 simptom}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 e viscerovegetative. \uc1 \u350 ?coala ro-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
m\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ? (A. Kraindler, C. Parhon -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?tef\uc1 \u226 ?nescu, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Predescu) \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neurastenia ca o boal\uc1 \u259 ? a creierului cau-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zat\uc1 \u259 ? de un factor psihogen. }{\i1 \fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simptoma-tologia: }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 astenie
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, per-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
manent\uc1 \u259 ? oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu efo}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
tul, senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia de epuizare diminea\uc1 \u355 ?a, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
ameliorat\uc1 \u259 ? spre sear\uc1 \u259 ?, hipomnezie de fixare \uc1 \u351 ?i
evocare, fatigabilitate perma-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nent\uc1 \u259 ?,
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie trist\uc1 \u259 ?, hiposomnie \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? diurn\uc1 \u259 ?, manifest\uc1
\u259 ?ri cardio-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vasculare (palpita\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
lipotimii, accese }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de tahicardie). Contactul medic -
paci-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ent este deosebit de cooperant, dornic }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de vindecare. Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia este defavorabi-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l\uc1 \u259 ? comparativ cu alte tipuri de nevroz\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu risc de cronicizare (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C.
Gor-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 gos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neurochirurgie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-9 \expndtw-9 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile sistemului }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ervos \uc1 \u351 ?i care devine tot
mai importan-t\uc1 \u259 ? pentru psihologie, furniz\uc1 \u226 ?nd date anatomo-
clinice asupra unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mentale-psihice produse de hemoragii, }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 traumatisme sau tumori; de asemenea, furnizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? metode de terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sindroame.
Este \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
cu }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-9 \expndtw-9 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neuropsihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihopatologia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neurofibrile }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fibre extrem
de fine, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 puse \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? prin tehnici histologi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce, \uc1 \u238 ?n
interiorul axonilor, constituind }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 conductorii
nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i fundamentali ai }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acestora. Studiul de
microscopie elec-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tronic\uc1 \u259 ? le
consider\uc1 \u259 ? ca ni\uc1 \u351 ?te mase mo-leculare, foarte alungite \uc1
\u351 ?i independen-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te ca sarcin\uc1 \u259 ? electric\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neuroleptice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = substan\uc1 \u355 ?e farmacodina-
mice care exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
deconcentrant\uc1 \u259 ? asupra unor centri ner-vo\uc1 \u351 ?i principali, ca:
centrul termoregl\uc1 \u259 ?rii, centrul somnului. Au \uc1 \u351 ?i o ac\uc1 \u355
?iune de a-meliorare a desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?rilor olfactive supra-normale,
reduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd anxietatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Neurolingvistica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o teorie a limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
creierului, a interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii dintre c\uc1 \u226 ?m-pul psihologic,
neurologic \uc1 \u351 ?i lingvistic \uc1 \u238 ?n explicarea fenomenelor legate de
comu-nicarea uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Este vorba de studiul posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor de receptare a mesajelor, de transmiterea lor prin neuroni \uc1 \u351 ?
i c\uc1 \u259 ?ile neuronale ale sistemului nervos central, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i de exprimarea lor prin limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i comportament. O
important\uc1 \u259 ? constatare a neurolingvisticii este aceea c\uc1 \u259 ?,
de\uc1 \u351 ?i to\uc1 \u355 ?i oamenii normali sunt dota\uc1 \u355 ?i cu acela\uc1
\u351 ?i echipament senzorial, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cu modali-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de prelucrare similare din punct de vedere anatomo-func\uc1
\u355 ?ional, indivizii nu percep similar realitatea. Fiecare persoa-n\uc1 \u259 ?
adopt\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ierarhie de a desci-fra mesajul pe un canal
senzorial sau altul. \uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare moment emi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torul
este determinat de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa cu receptorul, de situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care se afl\uc1 \u259 ?, de contex-tul mai larg
social-istoric, de dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? din timpul
comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Aceasta determin\uc1 \u259 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
permanente \uc1 \u238 ?n me-sajul virtual. Se poate vorbi de o organi-zare
contextual\uc1 \u259 ? a expresiei, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de ne-cesitatea unei
recept\uc1 \u259 ?ri adecvate, flexi-bile, de o interpretare contextual\uc1 \u259 ?
a me-sajului. Aflat\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?nceputul cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
sale, neurolingvistica se anun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ca un do-meniu de mare
perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, nu numai pentru \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea
comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i pen-tru psihopatologie \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihoterapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Neuron }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = unitatea de structur\uc1 \u259 ? a siste-mului nervos, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntrunind \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp \uc1 \u351 ?i o unitate
trofic\uc1 \u259 ?, genetic\uc1 \u259 ?, morfologic\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biologic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
receptarea \uc1 \u351 ?i conducerea influxului ner-vos. Sub aspect morfologic, se
pot dis-tinge dou\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i: corpul (soma) \uc1 \u351
?i dou\uc1 \u259 ? prelungiri - dendritele, care primesc in-fluxul nervos \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?l conduc spre corpul celular, iar axonul transmite influxul
c\uc1 \u259 ?tre extremitatea fibrei nervoase. Membrane celular\uc1 \u259 ?,
denumit\uc1 \u259 ? neuri-lem\uc1 \u259 ? - la nivelul corpului, \uc1 \u351 ?i
axolem\uc1 \u259 ? -la nivelul axonului, are un rol funda-mental \uc1 \u238 ?n
propagarea sistemului ner-vos. Cea mai mare parte din axoni pre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? o
teac\uc1 \u259 ? de mielin\uc1 \u259 ? cu rol de pro-tec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?
i izolare a fibrelor nervoase. Nu-cleul voluminos, de form\uc1 \u259 ?
sferic\uc1 \u259 ? sau oval\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u355 ?ine cromatin\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i doar un sin-gur nucleol. Termina\uc1 \u355 ?iile dendritelor sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?n contact cu un axon sau cu celule epiteliale ce se g\uc1 \u259 ?
sesc \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul unor corpusculi cutana\uc1 \u355 ?i sau musculo-
tendi-no\uc1 \u351 ?i. Aceste termina\uc1 \u355 ?ii nu au \uc1 \u238 ?nveli\uc1
\u351 ?, dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd cap\uc1
\u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? un \uc1 \u238 ?nveli\uc1 \u351 ? asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1
\u259 ?tor cu cel axonic. Sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a mediului \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1
\u259 ?tor, num\uc1 \u259 ?-rul dendritelor \uc1 \u351 ?i al contactelor sinapti-ce
se poate dezvolta foarte mult. Din punct de vedere func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, neuronul
este un element excito-conductor, care sub ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unui excitant
genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i transmite influxul nervos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 O alt\uc1 \u259 ? proprietate a sistemului
nervos const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea de engrame \uc1 \u351 ?i
secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia anumitor produ\uc1 \u351 ?i specifici, neurosecre\uc1 \u355 ?
ia. Sistemul nervos este o vast\uc1 \u259 ? re\uc1 \u355 ?ea de comunica\uc1
\u355 ?ii care prime\uc1 \u351 ?-te informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii din mediul extern \uc1
\u351 ?i intern \uc1 \u351 ?i le transform\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n semnale care
produc r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri adecvate \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u355 ?i ale organismului, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? totalitatea \uc1
\u355 ?esuturilor diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea reali-z\uc1 \u259 ?
rii acestor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Unitatea lui struc-tural-func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? este tocmai neuronul. Creierul uman num\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
aproximativ 15.000.000 neuroni, fiecare dintre ei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 30 de conexiuni sau si-napse cu
alte celule.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Neuron motor central (sindrom) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este determinat de leziunile situate la
nivelul ariilor motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i al c\uc1 \u259 ?ii piramidale; ca-
racteristica clinic\uc1 \u259 ? este paralizia (hemi-plagia, paraplegia,
tetraplegia, monople-gia); afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? reflexele osteotendinoase;
reflexele cutanate pot fi diminuate sau abolite. Sindromul se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n lezi-uni de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?, vascular\uc1 \u259 ?, tu-moral\uc1 \u259 ? sau de
natur\uc1 \u259 ? inflamatorie a c\uc1 \u259 ?i-lor piramidale coarnelor sau
anterioare ale m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei sau n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ucleilor nervilor cra-nieni.}{\fs20
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neuron motor periferic (sindrom) }{\fs18
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este generat de leziunea
uneia dintre componentele neuronului motor periferic (dendrite, axon, pericarion),
ceea ce de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? clinic paralizia flasc\uc1 \u259 ?, activitatea
voluntar\uc1 \u259 ?, atrofia muscular\uc1 \u259 ?, reflexe os-teotendinoase
\uc1 \u351 ?i cutanate diminuate sau abolite. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n leziuni ale coar-nelor m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei sau
nucleilor nervilor cra-nieni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Neuroplegie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui sti-mul
sau reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie ce are o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? para-lizant\uc1
\u259 ? asupra centrilor nervo\uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i superiori.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Neuropsihiatrie
infantil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = specialitate medical\uc1 \u259 ? care se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile neurologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatrice.}
Neuropsihologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice ale omului (percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia, memoria, con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a, gesturile, limbajul, etc.) \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturile lor
cu structurile cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i cu organizarea func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? a sistemului nervos. Este disciplina ca-re trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1
\u355 ?iile mintale superioare \uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu
structurile cerebrale ce stau la baza lor (Hecaen, 1966). Neuropsi-}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hologia
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice ce apar ca urmare a unor leziuni
sau exci-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n focare. Neuropsihologia folo-se\uc1 \u351 ?
te datele neurologiei clinice, ale neurofiziologiei, psihofiziologiei, neu-
rogeneticii \uc1 \u351 ?i neurolingvisticii, oferind la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul ei date
acestor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Ca \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ?, nu desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? teoretic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i un demers
nosologic \uc1 \u351 ?i terapeutic important.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
Neurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tori }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orice substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? chimic\uc1 \u259 ? ce poate asigura transmiterea unei informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
la nivelul fantei sinap-tice. Substan\uc1 \u355 ?a trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se fixeze
pe un receptor sensibil \uc1 \u351 ?i specific. Dintre numeroasele substan\uc1
\u355 ?e identificate la nivel neuronal, numai un num\uc1 \u259 ?r mic satisface
toate criteriile \uc1 \u238 ?ntrunirii calit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
neurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tori. Acestea sunt: acetilcolina,
noradrenalina, dopamina, serotonina, glicina \uc1 \u351 ?i acidul glutamic.
Al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de ele sunt considerate neuro-transmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
tori poten\uc1 \u355 ?iali, substan\uc1 \u355 ?e ca: acidul aspartic, taurina,
adenozina, ade-nozinmonofosfatul (AMP), adenozin-difosfatul (ADP),
adenozintrifosfatul (ATP), dar care nu satisfac toate criteri-ile calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de neurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Con-cluziile care
pot fi trase din studiile ex-perimentale trebuie interpretate cu pru-den\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?, pe de o parte creierul uman nu poate fi
accesibil unei explo-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri directe, iar pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte,
indica-torii periferici ai neurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?torilor produ\uc1
\u351 ?i la nivelul central au o valoare relativ\uc1 \u259 ? (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C.
Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Neutru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns ce se situeaz\uc1
\u259 ? la mijlocul unei serii bipolare. Real nu este un punct nul, ci o
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din echilibrarea unor tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e
contrare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\plain \qc \li5 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 N}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nevralgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere localizat\uc1 \u259 ? pe
traiec-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 astenie nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
somnu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tul unui
nerv senzitiv sau al ramurilor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale nevrotice ca:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sale, sim\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? spontan sau prin
provocare,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ticu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ri, balbisme, etc. In func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
a-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a
c\uc1 \u259 ?rei etiologie poate fi variabil\uc1 \u259 ? (Iezi-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 cestea, deosebim: nevroza astenic\uc1 \u259 ? (ne-}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uni nervoase, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
inflamatorii, tu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uroastenia), nevroza obsesivo-
fobic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
mori, compresiuni, anevrisme). Poate}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (psihasten}
\langfenp1048 ia), nevroza isteric\uc1 \u259 ? (isteria),}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea pe oricare traiect senzitiv
ca: tri-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nevroza mixt\uc1 \u259 ? (motorie, ticuri).
Datori-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gemen,
intercostal\uc1 \u259 ?, sciatic\uc1 \u259 ?, pelvin\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?ocurilor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale se
impune}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
sfenopalatin\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1
\u355 ?ialmente psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \sa178 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql
\langfenp1048 Nevroglie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = celul\uc1 \u259 ? care \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te neuro-nii, cu rol trofic, de elaborare a mielinei, }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere \uc1 \u351 ?i izolare a neuronilor,
absorb\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuire a \uc1
\u355 ?esutului nervos distrus. Este numit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i celul\uc1
\u259 ? glial\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grup de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
etiologie psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?; toate afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihice f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? substrat anatomo-patologic. Sunt determinate
psihogen \uc1 \u351 ?i exprimate clinic printr-un complex de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
cu sau f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet somatic. Nevroza poate fi
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns ineficient la un real, perceput ca
real, dar resim\uc1 \u355 ?it \uc1 \u238 ?n mod fictive, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului, care nu se articuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale. Nevroticul nu se
confrunt\uc1 \u259 ? cu rea-lul, ci se ap\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de real,
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsul s\uc1 \u259 ?u fi-ind \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1
\u351 ?i dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nevroza este o maladie psihi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ?
"minor\uc1 \u259 ?" \uc1 \u238 ?n compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu psihozele; \uc1 \u238 ?n
constituirea nevrozei se declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? me-canisme patogenice
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, care construiesc diverse ap\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?ri
\uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva an-goasei. Bolnavul particip\uc1 \u259 ? autoanalitic \uc1
\u351 ?i critic la boal\uc1 \u259 ?, ea desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?ntot-deauna pe un fond de luciditate a con-\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. P. Janet consider\uc1 \u259 ? nevroza ca o boal\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin con-flicte intrapsihice, care
sunt de natur\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? inhibe conduitele sociale, gener\uc1
\u226 ?nd o stare de anxietate. Ea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ? echilibrul interior al
persoanei, alter\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i siste-mul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor cu realitatea.
Tabloul cli-nic cuprinde: instabilitate, intoleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,}
Nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? infantil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are origine psiho-gen\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i nu duce la dezintegrarea perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Spre
deosebire de adult, ne-vrozele infantile sunt evidente printr-un polimorfism
simptomatic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin intricarea simptomelor nevrotice cu
as-pect comportamental (nevroza fricii, proprie copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei, cu tablouri
clinice aflate \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltare: anorexie, v\uc1 \u259 ?rs\uc1 \u259 ?turi,
bulimie, enurezis, pavor nocturn, ticuri, crampa scriitorului, logonevroze, mas-
turba\uc1 \u355 ?ie etc.) \uc1 \u238 ?n etiologia nevrozelor in-fantile se
num\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? traumatismul psihic-individual. Tratamentul nevrozelor
in-fantile necesit\uc1 \u259 ? un complex de m\uc1 \u259 ?suri care solicit\uc1
\u259 ? colaborarea medicului, psihologului \uc1 \u351 ?i anturajului, rol
hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?-tor av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?
rtarea factorilor psiho-traumatizan\uc1 \u355 ?i. Psihoterapia urm\uc1 \u259 ?
re\uc1 \u351 ?te reducerea st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de tensiune, insufla-rea \uc1
\u238 ?ncrederii \uc1 \u238 ?n reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, asociate cu o
medica\uc1 \u355 ?ie anxiolitic\uc1 \u259 ?, de sedare neuro-vegetativ\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de tonifiere general\uc1 \u259 ?. Un regim de via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? echilibrat este necesar pentru prevenirea recidivelor.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nevrozism }
\langfenp1048 = simptom de hiperacti-vism nervos, mental \uc1 \u351 ?i fizic,
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de iritabilitate, mare variabilitate de
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fatigabilitate spo-
rit\uc1 \u259 ?. Nevrozismul este considerat ca o dimensiune a personalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i define\uc1 \u351 ?te labilitatea emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea echilibrului psihic dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?ocul
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Simptomatologia: du-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reri de cap,
disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii somatice, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de anxietate, obsesive etc.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nictalopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?n popor}
\langfenp1048 - "Orbul g\uc1 \u259 ?ini-lor"); cecitate nocturn\uc1 \u259 ? -
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea acuit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale, cu vedere
crepuscular\uc1 \u259 ? noc-turn\uc1 \u259 ?, prin aparatul bastona\uc1 \u351 ?
elor; se ma-nifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin absen\uc1 \u355 ?a vederii diurne
\uc1 \u351 ?i cromatice, cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de nefunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea sistemului
conurilor. Este o anomalie congenital\uc1 \u259 ?. Se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unei
avitami-noze (vit. A) sau cauze toxice, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre care este \uc1 \u238 ?
ncriminat alcoolismul cronic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nihilism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? nega-rea
valorilor ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor, structurilor so-ciale, dar f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? a propune solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii noi, con-structive. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
atitudine distructiv\uc1 \u259 ?, de negare absolut\uc1 \u259 ?, dezv\uc1 \u259 ?
luie profilul psihomoral al multor persoane "caracte-rizate \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial prin inadaptare supl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i armonioas\uc1
\u259 ? la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile concre-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te ale
societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n care tr\uc1 \u259 ?iesc" (M. Golu, }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Predescu). In psihopeda}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gogie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atrie, termenul este
sinonim cu "negati-vism".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nimfomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? exagerarea
patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a apetitului sexual la femei, cauzat de o func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionare defec-tuoas\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului hormonal. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226
?l-nit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n crizele de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n ma-nie \uc1 \u351 ?i obsesii. Hipersexualitatea
feminin\uc1 \u259 ? este corespondentul satiriazisului mas-culin.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nistagmus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale
globilor ocu-lari \uc1 \u238 ?n direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii orizontal-rotativ, cu ca-racter
pendular, cu ritm \uc1 \u351 ?i amplitudine egal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
durat\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u226 ?teva secunde. Nu \uc1 \u238 ?n-totdeauna are
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, cum ar fi nistagmusul ocupa\uc1
\u355 ?ional, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nit de obicei la mineri. Formele de nis-
tagmus ereditar, periodic, alternant ver-tical, au semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
patologic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Nivel }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen introdus de J. Jackson, indic\uc1
\u226 ?nd etajul fun}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i procese neuropsihi-ce simultan. \uc1
\u238 ?n practica psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? es-te utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n desemnarea
stadiului de dezvoltare a gradului de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a structurii
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, etc. (nivel de as-pira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, nivel mental, sau
intelectual)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Nivel de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul este uti-lizat de K.
Levin, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u351 ?coala psi-hologiei dinamice \uc1
\u351 ?i define\uc1 \u351 ?te opera\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal performan\uc1 \u355 ?a
vizat\uc1 \u259 ? de subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea unei ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni. \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
verificate sau presupuse ale subiectului, nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie poate fi:
sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut, mediu sau \uc1 \u238 ?nalt. \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
anumite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii problemati-ce, nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie poate fi
influen-\uc1 \u355 ?at pozitiv sau negative. Pentru atinge-rea nivelului
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie este hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?
tor factorul motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional, ca-re determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
oarecare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? perfor-man\uc1 \u355 ?ele. Nivelul, gradul de
\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n for\uc1 \u355 ?ele proprii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i scopul apropiat al ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu for\uc1 \u355 ?ele pro-prii - asigur\uc1 \u259 ? realizarea
aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? un optimum al nivelului de aspi-
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie "care exclude at\uc1 \u226 ?t situarea acestu-ia sub nivelul
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor subiectului, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
situarea mult peste acesta" (P. Popescu Neveanu). Este de dorit ca performan\uc1
\u355 ?ele subiectului s\uc1 \u259 ? se situeze cumva peste nivelul
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de moment ale subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nivel mintal sau
intelectual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = gradul de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a unei persoa-ne apreciat prin metoda testelor; nive-lului
mintal nu trebuie confundat cu inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, cu toate c\uc1 \u259 ?
ambele entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt determinate genetic \uc1 \u351 ?i mai
ales de factorii socio-culturali. S-au experi-mentat cazuri de copii din
aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i fa-milie, dar crescu\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n medii culturale}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diferite, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, copii
proveni\uc1 \u355 ?i din familii diferite, dar crescu\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
acela\uc1 \u351 ?i mediu socio-cultural, ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un nivel cultural
apropiat. Testele de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? Binet - Simon sau Wechsier
folosesc ca unitate de m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? coeficientul Q.I. -v\uc1
\u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea cronologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?nmul-\uc1 \u355 ?it cu 100 (pentru eliminarea zecimale-lor), ce devine un
coeficient al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?-rii intelectu-ale, care permite compara\uc1 \u355
?ii interindividuale \uc1 \u351 ?i intraindividuale, prin urm\uc1 \u259 ?rirea
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerii, cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii sau des-cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii
coeficientului paralel cu \uc1 \u238 ?nainta-rea \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ?. Nu se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? a se lua \uc1 \u238 ?n considerare
rezultatele \uc1 \u351 ?colare pentru a aprecia inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui \uc1
\u351 ?colar (nivelul \uc1 \u351 ?colar nu e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ste sinonim cu nivelul men-tal).
(Vezi Anexa C - Tab. 2.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nonconformism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = gradul de adaptare al subiectului,
disconfortul rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional rezul-tat din atitudinea nonconformist\uc1 \u259
?, pre-cum \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloacele la care decurge pentru a face fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? stresului, sunt parametrii ne-cesari pentru evaluarea
gradului \uc1 \u238 ?n care personalitatea este nonconformist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i fri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea barierelor
normalului. In timp ce personalitatea poate fi definit\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un
complex de modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i relative stabile, ca r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns
la solicit\uc1 \u259 ?rile mediu-lui, personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
nonconformiste au r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri \uc1 \u238 ?n dezacord cu a\uc1 \u351 ?
tept\uc1 \u259 ?rile, f\uc1 \u259 ?-r\uc1 \u259 ? a se sim\uc1 \u355 ?i vinovate.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Abaterea
terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? este dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, minim\uc1 \u259 ? sau nul\uc1
\u259 ?. Ea ar avea ca scop re-ducerea comportamentelor de respinge-re pe care
personalitatea noncomfor-mist\uc1 \u259 ? le genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin atitudinea
sa \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul social.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nonsomnie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cazuri rare \uc1 \u238 ?n care, din punct
de vedere fiziologic, se \uc1 \u238 ?nregis-treaz\uc1 \u259 ? o nevoie foarte
redus\uc1 \u259 ? de somn (Edison, Napoleon). Nu indic\uc1 \u259 ? un as-}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pect patologic
\uc1 \u351 ?i nici nu poate fi identi-ficat\uc1 \u259 ? cu i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nsomnia.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Noradrenalina }
\langfenp1048 (N.A.) = neuromedia-tor detectat at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n
sistemul nervos vegetativ c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul
nervos cen-tral. Se sintetizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul neuronal pornind de la
tirozin\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu adrenalina \uc1 \u351 ?i
dopamina; pot fi interfe-rate farmacologic la diferite nivele. Neurotransmisia
adrenergic\uc1 \u259 ? se reali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t la nivelul
sistemului nervos central, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivelul sistemului ner-
vos vegetativ. Astfel, noradrenalina se elibereaz\uc1 \u259 ? la cap\uc1 \u259 ?tul
fibrelor postgan-glionare simpatice \uc1 \u351 ?i din medulosu-prarenal\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i mici. Un num\uc1 \u259 ?r de
substan\uc1 \u355 ?e farmacologice \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i exercit\uc1 \u259 ?
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1 \u351 ?i specificitatea asupra siste-mului noradrenergic,
prin intermediul receptorilor sau prin alte mecanisme. Ele pot fi utilizate ca
reactivi farmaco-logici sau ca agen\uc1 \u355 ?i tera}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 peutici.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Noradrenalina intervine \uc1
\u238 ?n apari-\uc1 \u355 ?ia anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Hiperactivitatea
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii noradrenergice, se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin an-
goas\uc1 \u259 ?, influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd puternic psihismul.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dat\uc1 \u259 ? fiind
distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia anatomic\uc1 \u259 ? a fasciculelor adrenergice \uc1 \u351 ?
i corela\uc1 \u355 ?iile lor anatomice, se }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pot elabora ipoteze asupra
rolului sistemului adrenergic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Normal - Nortnalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conform unor reguli. Normalitatea
este o no\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne relativ\uc1 \u259 ?, variabil\uc1 \u259 ? de la un mediu
social - cultural la altul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n timp. \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
ansamblu statistic a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei dispersie este normal\uc1 \u259 ?
(curb\uc1 \u259 ? sau form\uc1 \u259 ? de clo-pot) notele care se apropie de media
aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ? sunt caracteristice pentru normalitate; dimpotriv\uc1
\u259 ?, acelea care se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
curbei sunt anormale. \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ?
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a se asimila omul normal persoanei perfect s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?toase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Normalitatea este starea de echili-bru fizic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic resim\uc1
\u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de subiect ca o stare de bine fizic, suflete\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u351 ?i moral, opus\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de anormalitate \uc1
\u351 ?i care-i con-fer\uc1 \u259 ? capacitatea de a se adapta la realita-te, de a
avea o conduit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni poziti-ve, o comunicare
normal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, care se opune st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de boal\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Dinamica raportului s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate -boal\uc1
\u259 ? nu poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? a lua \uc1 \u238 ?n considerare no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de proces patolo-
gic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceasta impli}
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea unit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii for\uc1
\u355 ?elor din organism (integritatea) \uc1 \u351 ?i a organismului cu mediul
(integrarea), proiect\uc1 \u226 ?nd starea de boal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de form\uc1 \u259 ? de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
materiei vii. Desi-gur, intre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i patologic exist\uc1 \u259 ? o
form\uc1 \u259 ? de trecere \uc1 \u238 ?n care pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea feno-mene de
tip deviant fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de primul, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? exprime esen\uc1 \u355 ?a celui de-al doilea, aceste fenomene put\uc1
\u226 ?nd evalua \uc1 \u238 ?n ambe-le sensuri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Normativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot cea ce
implic\uc1 \u259 ? normele sociale de organizare \uc1 \u351 ?i reglaj a ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni-lor \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul unor valo}
\langfenp1048 ri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Norm\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = regul\uc1 \u259 ?, principiu cu caracter obligatoriu.
M. Golu define\uc1 \u351 ?te norma ca standard statistic de compara\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
dat de media sau valoarea modal\uc1 \u259 ? a variabilei ai c\uc1 \u259 ?rei itemi
au fost compara\uc1 \u355 ?i. Norma trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? exprime concordan\uc1
\u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?ntre sen-sul autentic al fenomenului moral \uc1 \u351 ?i mo-
dalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale de obiectivare. La nivelul individului, norma
se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia instan\uc1 \u355 ?ei
Eului, instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? subordo-nat\uc1 \u259 ? principiului
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii care adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? personalitatea la mediu,
o armonizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele exterioare \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
obliga\uc1 \u355 ?iile colective. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Indiferent de accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunile date
ter-menului, \uc1 \u8222 ?norma" reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o valoare}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 institu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalizat\uc1 \u259 ? (social\uc1 \u259 ?, economic\uc1 \u259 ?, moral\uc1 \u259 ?,
juridic\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.) \uc1 \u351 ?i are func\uc1 \u355 ?ie re-glatoare \uc1
\u238 ?n domeniul unde se exercit\uc1 \u259 ?. Eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a acestei
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii depinde de m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care institu\uc1
\u355 ?ia corespunde valorilor care o fundamenteaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Norm\uc1 \u259 ?
social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot cea ce prescrie comportamentele acceptate de o
colec-tivitate sau de o institu\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Aceasta re-glementeaz\uc1 \u259 ?,
uniformizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? conflictele
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n comun. Norma social\uc1 \u259 ? poate avea
caracter de obliga-tivitate sau numai de constr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere so-cial\uc1
Nosologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens strict, studiul bolii, al tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
inclusiv clasificarea lor. Nosologia medical\uc1 \u259 ?, (psihiatric\uc1
\u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?, nu se reduce la o simpl\uc1 \u259 ?
clasificare, ci determin\uc1 \u259 ? cele mai rele-vante simptome \uc1 \u351 ?i le
grupeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sin-droame, (Sindromologia) explic\uc1 \u226 ?nd
originea, etiologia \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismele de manifestare divers\uc1 \u259 ?,
preciz\uc1 \u226 ?nd chiar diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nosonomie }{\fs18
segment al tax}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 onomiei (\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a clasific\uc1 \u259
?rilor). Cu referire la clasificarea bolilor, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor (S\uc1
\u259 ?-hleanu-1976).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Nostalgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? preponderent
depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?, provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de frustr\uc1 \u259 ?ri actua-le, care
antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? rememorarea unor perioade de timp trecute, a unor locuri \uc1
\u351 ?i oameni l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? care subiectul s-a sim\uc1 \u355 ?it
fericit. Starea nostalgic\uc1 \u259 ?, implicit reveria, exprim\uc1 \u259 ?
dezadaptarea actual\uc1 \u259 ? sau poate sta la baza ei. Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a su-
biectului de a accepta evocarea contras-tului dintre trecut \uc1 \u351 ?i prezent
face ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?-irea nostalgic\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ?
efecte dezadap-tative \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau compensatoare. Cadrul psihosocial pe care-1
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? desp\uc1 \u259 ?r-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 {\fs20
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?irea de \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n general
negativ, constitu-ie aspecte de nostalgie morbid\uc1 \u259 ? d\uc1 \u226 ?nd di-
verse nevroze, manifestate sub forma unui amestec variabil \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
anxietate \uc1 \u351 ?i depresie, cu reverie evocatoare a imagi-nilor din patrie, a
rudelor, vecinilor, cea ce antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? diminuarea somnului, a regimului
alimentar, a nivelului general de activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i de adaptare
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, simptomatologie total reversibil\uc1 \u259 ? prin
reimplicarea subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul s\uc1 \u259 ?u de origine.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nostomanie }{\fs18
stare depresiv\uc1 \u259 ? de inten-sitate nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
foarte rar psihotic\uc1 \u259 ?, provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de dorul de patrie, la
persoane dezr\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cinate, aflate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un context so-
cial-cultural deosebit fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de cel \uc1 \u238 ?n care s-au
n\uc1 \u259 ?scut \uc1 \u351 ?i format ca personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Acest tip de tulburare poate fi cauzat de diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele culturale, etnice,
lingvistice, etc, pe care le suport\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 No\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (conceptul) =
unitate de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o condensare selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor
esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, necesare \uc1 \u351 ?i generale a unei clase de obiecte.
Acestea alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
(comprehensiune, conota\uc1 \u355 ?ie, intensiune), iar totalitatea elementelor
reflectate care con\uc1 \u355 ?in \uc1 \u351 ?i corespund acestor \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, constituie sfera no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii (extensiune, denota\uc1
\u355 ?ie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Fiind un integrator categorial, no-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea este \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna
general\uc1 \u259 ?, dar se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la diverse niveluri de generalita-
te \uc1 \u351 ?i de abstractizare. Unele sunt mai aproape de concret (dar
niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? re-ductibile la un concret singular), iar altele urc\uc1 \u259
? la niveluri mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalte de ab-stractizare, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
la pierderea unui con-tact cu imaginea, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n minte numai ideea, deprins\uc1 \u259 ? de orice cone-xiune
intuitiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceasta a permis ca sistemul cognitiv global, la care a
ajuns omeni-rea s\uc1 \u259 ? poat\uc1 \u259 ? fi reprezentat printr-o pira-mid\uc1
\u259 ? a conceptelor, universal valabil\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia integratorilor pe ver-tical\uc1 \u259 ? este fix\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i exact\uc1 \u259 ? (este inadmisi-bil s\uc1 \u259 ? inversezi
no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de gen cu no-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de specie; ex: pas\uc1 \u259 ?re
- g\uc1 \u259 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?). Este cea ce permite dezvoltarea cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?
terii la nivel social-istoric \uc1 \u351 ?i face posibil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea \uc1 \u351 ?i cooperarea inter-uman\uc1 \u259 ?. No\uc1 \u355
?iunea se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? prin cu-v\uc1 \u226 ?nt. Nu se poate desp\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?i conceptual de judecat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionamente, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? ori de c\uc1 \u226 ?te ori \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1
\u259 ?m o defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unui concept, facem trimitere la alte concepte cu
care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturi de subordonare, coordonare \uc1
\u351 ?i supraordo-nare. Din punct de vedere al sferei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre no\uc1
\u355 ?iuni exist\uc1 \u259 ? raporturi de concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i de opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dou\uc1 \u259 ? no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni pot fi: \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 identice, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sfera lor coincide
total \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera celei-lalte; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ordonate, }
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sfera uneia este cuprins\uc1 \u259 ? total \uc1 \u238
?n sfera celeilalte; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n-cruci\uc1 \u351 ?ate,
\langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sferele lor au numai o parte comun\uc1 \u259 ?;
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 contrare, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd un ele-ment nu
poate face parte din sfera am-belor no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, dar poate lipsi at\uc1
\u226 ?t din sfera uneia c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celeilalte; \uc1 \u8226 ? }
\langfenp1048 contra-dictorii, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?nd un anumit element nu poate fi
nici inclus, nici exclus \uc1 \u238 ?n ace-la\uc1 \u351 ?i timp din sfera ambelor
no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Conceptul se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se perfec-\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? permanent, consecutiv v\uc1 \u226 ?rste-lor \uc1 \u351 ?i
procesului de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul utiliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii lui, care
permite diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ieri, asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii, inte-gr\uc1 \u259 ?ri
succesive, \uc1 \u238 ?n genere prin experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Accentul
trece pe modul de inser-\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul intelectual c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pe abili-tatea operatorie. In conceptele empiri-ce, arat\uc1
\u259 ? M. Zlate, "persist\uc1 \u259
? tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi concrete, particulare, cu elemente loca-}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi235 \li0 \ri5 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \absh-231
\loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le,
restrictive, dependen\uc1 \u355 ?e accidentale \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neesen\uc1
\u355 ?iale".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n conceptele \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice \uc1 \u8222 ?se cuprind \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale
ale obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i feno-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 menelor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul l}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 or impun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora".
Orice }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un anumit }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sistem de
no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Precizarea con\uc1 \u355 ?inutu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
lui \uc1 \u351 ?i sferei no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, delimitarea no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
trecerea de la o no\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ne la alta Se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? p}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rin intermediul }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 unor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii logice: determinare, gene-ralizare,
defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie, diviziune, clasificare. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
Pentru ca un concept s\uc1 \u259 ? se elaboreze este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? organizare a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i intelectuale \uc1
\u351 ?i prin formarea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unui suport opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ional specifi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c respecti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
vului concept, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru seria de con-cepte apropiate,
ceea ce presupune cu deosebire, constituirea progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a sub-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proceselor de abstractizare \uc1 \u351 ?i genera-}
\langfenp1048 lizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 O}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Obedien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o manifestare de
subordo-nare, de supu\uc1 \u351 ?enie \uc1 \u351 ?i comoditate, consi-der\uc1 \u226
?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? deciziile }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 j\uc1 \u351 ?f }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 riscurile
revin altora.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Obezitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = exces ponderal \uc1 \u238 ?n care este implicat\uc1 \u259 ?
dereglarea echilibrului neuro-hormonal. Etiopatogenia afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii im-
plic\uc1 \u259 ? factori ereditari, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi\uc1
\u355 ?i. Este \uc1 \u351 ?i o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a factorilor de
stres asupra centrilor hipotalamici, produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd deregl\uc1 \u259 ?ri
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale care intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? centrii foamei, cu cre\uc1 \u351
?terea consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei de insulina, ingestie
crescut\uc1 \u259 ? de glucide \uc1 \u351 ?i proteine, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \fi466 \li10 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 La \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?
inerea ei contribuie
mul\uc1 \u355 ?i factori: hiperfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ia axului hipotalamo-hipofizo-
cortico-suprarenalian, accentuarea procesului de lipogenez\uc1 \u259 ?;
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale neuropeptidelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapia afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii presupune folo-
sirea de droguri cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune central\uc1 \u259 ? asu-pra sistemului
adrenergic care controlea-z\uc1 \u259 ? motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia alimentar\uc1 \u259 ?}
\langfenp1048 .}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihoterapia este un element im-portant prin ini\uc1 \u355 ?ierea curei de
sl\uc1 \u259 ?bire aso-ciat\uc1 \u259 ? cu terapia comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? care
are ca scop ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizarea comportamen-tului alimentar.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obicei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (obi\uc1
\u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?); comportament individual dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit
prin repetarea acele-ia\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Este asociat cu: r\uc1
\u226 ?nduial\uc1 \u259 ?, datin\uc1 \u259 ? a unei familii, a unui popor. Este
statornicit prin tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obiect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce este de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
materi-al\uc1 \u259 ? sau ideal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i poate fi cunoscut; este
complementar cu subiectul. Obiectul este o realitate obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? ce poate
fi perceput de subiectul cunosc\uc1 \u259 ?tor. O-biectul exist\uc1 \u259 ?
independent de voin\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i este universal.
Psihologia cerceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i
obiect sub forma activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii care este \uc1 \u238 ?n-
totdeauna obiectual\uc1 \u259 ?; reflectarea este o modalitate informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a obiectului. Sub raportul con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului, psihicul este
\uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obiectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atributul de
a exista \uc1 \u238 ?n sine a unui lucru oarecare, independent de subiect. \uc1
\u238 ?n limbaj uzual, obiectivul este egal cu real, opus la ceea ce este min-tal,
ideal, fantastic, \uc1 \u238 ?nchipuit.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Obiectiv are \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesul de a reda
c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai fidel \uc1 \u351 ?i exact realitatea, eveni-mentele istorice,
sociale, psihice. Psi-hologia obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere studiul
faptelor, reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor neurofiziologice, resping\uc1 \u226 ?nd orice
interpretare subiecti-v\uc1 \u259 ?, de\uc1 \u351 ?i chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenele
subiective exist\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obiectivare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o determinare onti-c\uc1
\u259 ? universal\uc1 \u259 ? a fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, a existen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei
umane, care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-sul muncii ca materializare
a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i-lor fizice, intelectuale, psihice ale per-
soanei, prin producerea bunurilor de consum \uc1 \u351 ?i de civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?
ie. Prin obiectiva-rea ideilor, aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, scopurilor de pe plan
mintal se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fapt \uc1 \u8222 ?o natur\uc1 \u259 ?
umanizat\uc1 \u259 ?", alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuind spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul de cultur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se reia mer}
\langfenp1048 eu procesul de umanizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere psihologic, produsele activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i manifest\uc1 \u259 ?-rile
comportamentale sunt fenomene de obiectivare a unor con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi subiec-
tive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obiectivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietatea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor de a reflecta \uc1 \u238 ?n mod corect \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?irile, structura \uc1 \u351 ?i legit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile obiectului
cunoscut, de a nu deforma realul prin adaosuri sau modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
arbitrare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obiectul
psihologiei medicale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dome-niu de fapte, st\uc1
\u259 ?ri, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri \uc1 \u351 ?i
comportamente specifice medicilor (in-diferent de specialitate), destinat obiec-
tivului de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i apreciere a va-len\uc1 \u355 ?elor
psihologice ce \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?esc \uc1 \u8222 ?feno-menul uman" -
\uc1 \u238 ?n diverse situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale suferin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Psihologia
medical\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde unor necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
subiective \uc1 \u351 ?i obiective \uc1 \u8222 ?a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror satisfacere
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1
\u259 ?, eficacitatea actului terapeutic \uc1 \u351 ?i progresul asisten\uc1
\u355 ?ei medicale (Dr. Doc. Andrei Athanasiu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe de o parte, complexitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i fragilitatea
coordonatelor vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii fiziologi-ce a organismului, care nu d\uc1 \u259 ?
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t o imagine trunchiat\uc1 \u259 ?, incomplet\uc1 \u259 ? despre
persoana uman\uc1 \u259 ?, pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihologice a persoanei umane, permit \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegerea particularit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor caracteristice \uc1 \u351 ?i
specifice diverselor persoane, ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportament,
aflate \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e, maladii, han-dicapuri
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Aceasta pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?, evolutiv \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, psihicul \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentul dispun de o serie de sub \uc1 \u351 ?i
supradeter-min\uc1 \u259 ?ri ce \uc1 \u355 ?in de competen\uc1 \u355 ?a tuturor
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?elor. F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? viziunea evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ionist\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
despre creier \uc1 \u351 ?i cea despre socie-tate ar fi fost cu neputin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? conceperea \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor medicale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i a obiectului psihologiei, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a lim-bajului \uc1 \u351 ?
i a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Acesta fiind liantul celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1
\u355 ?e interdisciplinare, problematica psi-hologic\uc1 \u259 ? a medicinei
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihologiei, pro-blematic\uc1 \u259 ? de ordin practic care
interesea-z\uc1 \u259 ? suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a, durerea, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea,
activita-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 tea \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicarea interuman\uc1 \u259 ?, impune cu
necesitate o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? atitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i pre-ocupare fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de boal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
bolnav. Dinamica vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii subiective a persoanei trebuie apreciat\uc1
\u259 ? la valoarea ei obiecti-v\uc1 \u259 ?, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul deprecierii
sub diverse forme (boli, sindroame) a depersonali-z\uc1 \u259 ?rii fiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ei umane, sub aspect bio-psiho-social, s\uc1 \u259 ? se instituie terapia psi-
hologic\uc1 \u259 ?, farmacoterapia \uc1 \u351 ?i logotera-pia sub diver}{\fs18
sele lor forme.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
S\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tatea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mental\uc1 \u259 ?,
core-la\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice ale unor boli acute \uc1 \u351 ?i cro-nice,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i aspectele psiho-sociologice ale bolii \uc1 \u351 ?i
ale medicinii, problematica medical\uc1 \u259 ? a v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor \uc1 \u351 ?
i a sexelor, a diagnosticului, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i problema rela\uc1 \u355
?ii-lor dintre medic \uc1 \u351 ?i pacient, a inciden\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor patologice
ale psihosociologici vie-\uc1 \u355 ?ii moderne, sunt amplu tratate \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune specific\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = o deprindere fixat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, proprio-
motivat\uc1 \u259 ?, impus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n con-duit\uc1 \u259 ? ca o
necesitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i organi-c\uc1 \u259 ?. Obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuin\uc1 \u355 ?a se define\uc1 \u351 ?te ca deprin-dere asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259
? structur\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? a obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei
explic\uc1 \u259 ? principalele ei caracteristici: \uc1 \u8226 ? are o proprio-
motivare prin implica-rea trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei: \uc1 \u8226 ? ne\uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinirea obi\uc1 \u351 ?nu-in\uc1 \u355 ?ei se tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te cu
o stare de nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cere sau de frustrare; \uc1 \u8226 ? obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele se cer realizate cu regularitate; \uc1 \u8226 ? ele sunt valo-
roase prin natura trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei pe care o integreaz\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce
determin\uc1 \u259 ?, aprecie-rea lor ca fiind pozitive (bune) sau ne-gative
(rele). De aici decurge sarcina educativ\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?colii \uc1 \u351
?i a familiei \uc1 \u238 ?n forma-rea obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei pozitive
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea celor negative.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuire }
\langfenp1048 = etapa perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii de-prinderilor, \uc1
\u238 ?n cursul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia se ating to\uc1 \u355 ?i parametrii ceru\uc1
\u355 ?i: vitez\uc1 \u259 ?, certitudine,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 precizie, ceea ce face a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fi necesar\uc1 \u259 ? o
aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie concentrat\uc1 \u259 ?. La baza obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?
ei st\uc1 \u259 ? exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iul, care implic\uc1 \u259 ? control \uc1 \u351
?i auto-control al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii respective.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Oblativitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ia de a oferi
ceva, altcuiva f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a cere nimic \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb; se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la un dar de natur\uc1 \u259 ? spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? (nu
material\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n favoarea unei persoane (nu se confund\uc1
\u259 ? cu generozitatea).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? este mul-tipl\uc1
\u259 ?. Ofranda nu este \uc1 \u238 ?n mod real un sa-crificiu, ci o revendicare
personal\uc1 \u259 ?, altru-ist\uc1 \u259 ?. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? R. Lafon,
oblativitatea este definit\uc1 \u259 ? ca un studiu al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
afecti-ve, care presupune exteriorizarea senti-mentelor, a st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
afective oferite per-soanei respective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obnubilare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a se \uc1 \u238 ?ntuneca.);
tulburare cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, mai
accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t torpoarea, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin:
bradi-psihie, orientare dificil\uc1 \u259 ?, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
absen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care poate fi temporal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adesea este \uc1
\u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de hipomne-zie de fixare, \uc1 \u351 ?i de
scurte momente de \uc1 \u8222 ?iluminare". Simptomul intervine \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
aspect de suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul altor boli.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale a organismului, consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? depu-nerii
unui efort important, \uc1 \u351 ?i de durat\uc1 \u259 ?. Oboseala are rol de
semnalizare, de pro-tec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a
organismului, \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedi-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd epuizarea excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
energiei fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oboseala este diferit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? de
surmenaj \uc1 \u351 ?i de astenie, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile locale
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute la nivelul organismului solicitat (mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi,
analizatori, sistem nervos) sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de o
component\uc1 \u259 ? subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de neputin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de
epuizare vag localizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a
intens\uc1 \u259 ? de repaos. Simptoma}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic, \uc1 \u238 ?n oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?
coordonarea dintre di-ferite func\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii
este perturbat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Oboseala nu este o boal\uc1 \u259 ?; ea are doar temporar
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e asupra orga-nismului \uc1 \u351 ?i anume: - sl\uc1 \u259 ?
birea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de activitatea \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinit\uc1 \u259 ?, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mediul ambiant; - pierderea
capacitatea de formare a unor noi deprinderi, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce deprinderile
formate anterior \uc1 \u351 ?i devenite automatizate, intr\uc1 \u259 ? mai greu
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia experimental\uc1 \u259 ?, er-
gonomie \uc1 \u351 ?i medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, prin metode di-recte \uc1 \u351 ?i
indirecte se cuantific\uc1 \u259 ? diminua-rea for\uc1 \u355 ?ei vitale sau a
pragurilor de fatigabilitate (oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?), care sunt va-riabile
interindividual \uc1 \u351 ?i intraindividual \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
biotip, de activitatea des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat\uc1 \u259 ?, de momentul
de zi \uc1 \u238 ?n care este prestat\uc1 \u259 ? munca, de antrenament, de ca-
litatea deprinderilor formate anterior etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest scop sunt folosite
teste de motricitate, de memorie, se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nregistr\uc1
\u259 ?ri ergografice, audiograme, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oboseala reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
sistemului nervos central prin reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ceea ce
permite organis-mului s\uc1 \u259 ? se refac\uc1 \u259 ? plenar. Ca rezultat al
repausului, procesele de sintez\uc1 \u259 ? vor predomina fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de cele de dezagregare, ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?a
biochimic\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului restabilizator. Acumularea de oboseal\uc1
\u259 ? zilnic\uc1 \u259 ?, pe o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? prelungit\uc1 \u259 ? duce la
instalarea oboselii cronice. Simptomele ei sunt evidente: persoana prezint\uc1
\u259 ? dezgust fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mun-c\uc1 \u259 ?, iritabilitate,
devine nesociabil\uc1 \u259 ?, necomunicativ\uc1 \u259 ?, are st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
depresive, prezint\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de nelini\uc1 \u351 ?te
nejustificat\uc1 \u259 ?, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i de ini\uc1
\u355 ?iativ\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n afara acestor manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
psihice, pot apare \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?ri generale de natur\uc1 \u259 ?
psiho-somatic\uc1 \u259 ?: dureri de cap, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cardi-}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sect }\sectd
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ace \uc1 \u351 ?i
respiratorii, insomnii, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri digestive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n oboseala
cronic\uc1 \u259 ? este dificil s\uc1 \u259 ? se separe factorii psihogeni de
cauzele externe, s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u238 ?ntre cauz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i efect (P. Popescu Neveanu). De exem-plu:
atitudinea negativ\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de profesie, fa\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? de locul de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
superiori, pot fi \uc1 \u351 ?i cauza \uc1 \u351 ?i efectul oboselii cronice. De
aici, necesitatea }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pauzelor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul munc}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ii,
care trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? contribuie la refa-cerea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?r-zie
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia oboselii. Pauzele trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie bine dozate, at\uc1
\u226 ?t ca durat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca intercalare, eventual
s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii de gimnastic\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? un program adecvat func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 organismului
solicitat \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-sul muncii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de natura,
intensitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i durata stimulilor \uc1 \u238 ?ncrimina\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n produce-rea oboselii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? modul de mani-
festare a ei, se disting mai multe feluri de oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ?
acut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cronic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? muscu-lar\uc1
\u259 ? (periferic\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? (mintal\uc1 \u259
?, intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? generalizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
localizat\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul unor grupe musculare sau analizatori
(vizual\uc1 \u259 ?, auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se impun m\uc1 \u259 ?suri profilactice, de protec\uc1
\u355 ?ia muncii, pentru prevenirea aste-niei \uc1 \u351 ?i surmenajului
intelectual, prin m\uc1 \u259 ?-suri antiredundante \uc1 \u351 ?i de igien\uc1
\u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva reducerii imunologice a orga-
nismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o urmare a solicit\uc1 \u259 ?-
rii \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungate a analizatorului auditiv, ca efect al zgomotului \uc1
\u351 ?i al pragului sc\uc1 \u259 ?-zut de adaptare auditiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
organismului. Prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat\uc1 \u259 ? a
zgomotului puternic, dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ind 120 db. (decibeli), se pot
chiar provoca leziuni degenerative ale urechii interne.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? vizual\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din solicita-rea \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat\uc1 \u259
? a analizatorului vizual \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 diversele munci industriale,}{\fs18 \dbch
fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale, de transporturi etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? pin
reducerea acu-it\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale, tulburarea regimului nor-mal al
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor ochilor, \uc1 \u238 ?ngustarea c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului
vizual, instabilitatea imagini-lor, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n forme mai grave, prin dureri
oculare \uc1 \u351 ?i fotofobie (nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cere fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
lumin\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ep\uc1 \u259 ?turi, somnolen\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?. Fiind \uc1 \u351 ?i o oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?, pot
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea ver-tijuri, insomnii, tahicardie. Se impun m\uc1 \u259 ?suri
igienice (o bun\uc1 \u259 ? iluminare a \uc1 \u238 ?n-c\uc1 \u259 ?perii, a locului
de munc\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i perioade scurte de repaus vizual.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Observa\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18
\uc1 \u8222 ?proces senzoriointelec-tiv de percepere dirijat\uc1 \u259 ? verbal
\uc1 \u351 ?i inter-pretat\uc1 \u259 ? conceptual" (P. Popescu Nevea-nu), care
conduce la descoperirea pro-priet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor obiectului sau
fenomenului studiat. Observa\uc1 \u355 ?ia este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
experimentul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\u238 ?n psihologie, psihopeda}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gogie, psihiatrie sunt studiate elemente
consti-tutive \uc1 \u351 ?i de personalitate dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
totalitatea lor. \uc1 \u8222 ?Este o activitate percep-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?
autoreglat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizat\uc1 \u259 ?" (P.
Popescu Neveanu) utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n exame-nele psihotehnice
provocate, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul studierii comportamentelor naturale, la nivelul
expertizelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia
presupune protocoale repetate \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii a
observa-\uc1 \u355 ?iei, modificarea unghiurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i criterii-lor de
observare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i transformarea datelor observa\uc1 \u355
?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n fapte semnificati-ve \uc1 \u351 ?i constituirea unui model
explica-tiv. Observarea propriului comporta-ment este o autoobserva\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
iar asupra propriilor tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri apare ca introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Observa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
\uc1 \u351 ?i examenul psiholo-gic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatric formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un
element de baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n prec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 izarea diagnosticului.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aptitudinea
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare observa\uc1 \u355 ?iei este spiritul de observa\uc1
\u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obsesie }
\langfenp1048 = imagine, g\uc1 \u226 ?nd, stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? care
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n mod perse-
verent \uc1 \u351 ?i intens, \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei su-
biectului \uc1 \u351 ?i a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor critice intelec-tuale. Obsesia
devine parazitar - chinui-toare, \uc1 \u351 ?i prin permanentizare reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? un simptom de nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? sau de psihas-tenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subiectul con\uc1 \u351 ?
tientizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? anor-malitatea fenomenului, caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?-1
\uc1 \u238 ?nde-p\uc1 \u259 ?rteze, dar cuprins de anxietate ajunge la acte
nefire\uc1 \u351 ?ti, la perturba\uc1 \u355 ?ii comporta-mentale. Obsesiile pot
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?i la omul normal \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt specifice
copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei \uc1 \u238 ?n primii ani (modul de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire magic).
Pe fond patologic sunt: - ideile fixe, ideile delirante, ideile dominante (cu
caracter tranzitoriu), fobia \uc1 \u351 ?i altele. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? concep-\uc1
\u355 ?ia pavlovist\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov), obsesia
se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui focar
nervos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe fond de
normalitate se poate manifesta \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i epui-zare nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? (frica ira\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de
ceva sau de a face ceva.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = oprir}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e, \uc1 \u238 ?
nchidere a desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?u-r\uc1 \u259 ?rii unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni,
prin violen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? extern\uc1 \u259 ? sau obstacol intern. Poate
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hoze depresiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale fluen-\uc1 \u355 ?ei g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a
fluxului verbal; este un semn patologic \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Obtuzie }{\fs18 \dbch
diminuare mai mult sau}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in marcat\uc1 \u259 ? a st\uc1 \u259 ?
rii de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? trea-z\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, idea\uc1
\u355 ?ie lent\uc1 \u259 ?, somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
dezorientare par\uc1 \u355 ?ia-l\uc1 \u259 ?. Const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea pragurilor senzo-riale cu diminuarea consecutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
acuit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii percep\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin difi-cult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i asociative, pierderea
suple\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i mobilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ideative.}
\langfenp1048 Obtuzitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul \uc1 \u238 ?
n-gust de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere a lucrurilor, rigidita-tea g\uc1 \u226 ?
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Occipital }{\fs18
(lobi); localiza\uc1 \u355 ?i la polii posteriori ai emisferelor cerebrale, pu-
ternic implica\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia vizual\uc1 \u259 ?
(dar nu exclusiv). La acest nivel se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia cortical\uc1 \u259 ? a ana-lizatorului vizual, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i transformarea radia\uc1 \u355 ?iilor luminoase \uc1 \u238 ?n
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii subiec-tive. Importan\uc1 \u355 ?a special\uc1 \u259 ? a
v\uc1 \u259 ?zului, prin care primim aproape 90% din volumul de informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ii provenit din ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, este deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i ne\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? la un alt analizator. Este
singurul care, prin partea periferic\uc1 \u259 ? - cobor\uc1 \u226 ?rea pleoape-lor
- \uc1 \u238 ?n mod voluntar, poate avea loc dezaferentarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei
specifice sau ap\uc1 \u259 ?rarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ciofu). Tran}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sferul
energiei luminoase \uc1 \u238 ?n impuls fiziologic (c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia fotochimic\uc1 \u259 ?) poate fi stabilit \uc1 \u351 ?i pus \uc1
\u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin E.R.G. (elecroreti-nogram\uc1 \u259 ?)
care \uc1 \u238 ?nregistreaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea electric\uc1 \u259 ? a retinei
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n general a orga-nului v\uc1 \u259 ?zului. Privitor la
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, electrooculograma (EOG) este un
indicator fidel a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor pe care la execut\uc1 \u259 ?
ochiul \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea v\uc1
\u259 ?zului. Leziunile localizate la acest nivel deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? afectarea
vederii \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurile vizuale specifice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de localiza-rea leziunii. Lezarea bilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a ariei
17 (cea de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie cortical\uc1 \u259 ? primar\uc1 \u259 ?
vizual\uc1 \u259 ?) produce cecitatea cortical\uc1 \u259 ?. Leziunile unilaterale
la acest nivel determin\uc1 \u259 ? hemianopsia omonim\uc1 \u259 ? (con-tralateral
cu localizarea focarului dis-tructiv, (fenomen frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n afazii).}
cazul leziunilor localizate la nivelul ariilor 18-19 (de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie)
-apare agnozia vizual\uc1 \u259 ? (cecitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia bolnavul nu poate iden-}{\fs18
tifica obiectele (afazicul vede obiectele, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?tie ce vede).}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dominan\uc1 \u355 ?ele ocular\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i manual\uc1 \u259 ? sunt expresia unui factor mai general al
asimetriei interesmisferice. Unii autori consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
manifestarea comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? a acestei asimetrii s-ar datora \uc1 \u351
?i gradului diferit de irigare sanguin\uc1 \u259 ? a ce-lor dou\uc1 \u259 ?
emisfere cu o presiune sistolic\uc1 \u259 ? mai ridicat\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ocular,
pentru ochiul direc-tor (Carmon - 1970). (Vezi Anexe - Fig. 24)}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ocupa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (terapie); form\uc1 \u259 ? de tera-pie \uc1 \u238 ?n
care activitatea este folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sco-pul modific\uc1 \u259 ?
rii favorabile psihicului sau fizicului bolnavilor. Este folosit\uc1 \u259 ? din
ve-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 chime, prin implicarea bolnavilor \uc1
\u238 ?n acti-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i practice potrivite cu starea
lor psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? terapie are un caracter or-ganizat \uc1
\u351 ?i se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediu
institu-\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizat \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de internare, sub
su-praveghere medical\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca obiectiv, \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?to\uc1 \u351 ?irea sau ameliorarea lor psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
preferabil ca munca s\uc1 \u259 ? se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oare \uc1 \u238 ?n
colectiv, constituindu-se astfel \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu de
inser\uc1 \u355 ?ie socia-l\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea trebuie selectat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? intere-selor \uc1 \u351 ?i capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i modi-ficat\uc1 \u259 ? conform progreselor \uc1
\langfenp1048 nregistrate de bolnav \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul terapiei.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Odihn\uc1 \u259 ?
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = toate activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
cir-cumscrise \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia ocupa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n care subiectul este angajat, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? un scop prac-tic imediat:
jocuri sportive, dansuri, reci-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri, lecturi, etc; suportul teoretic al
acestui procedeu, din punct de vedere al fiziologiei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii nervoase superioa-re, const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n alternarea
diferitelor forme de activitate care favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului energetic al organismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oedip (complex) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen psihanalitic pe care
Freud }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?l folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n desemnarea unui
ansamblu de sentimente pozitive sau negative (dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
iubire \uc1 \u351 ?i de ur\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu origine incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?),
caracterizat \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un model al rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor copii - p\uc1
\u259 ?-rin\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n forma sa pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, este vorba de
rivalitatea incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului cu p\uc1 \u259 ?rintele
de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sex, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? do-rin\uc1 \u355 ?ei incon\uc1 \u351
?tiente (sexuale) manifesta-t\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de p\uc1 \u259
?rintele de sex opus. \uc1 \u238 ?n for-ma negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, este vorba de
iubire pen-tru p\uc1 \u259 ?rintele de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sex, cu ur\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i gelozie pentru p\uc1 \u259 ?rintele de sex opus. Freud
descoper\uc1 \u259 ? complexul Oedip \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul propriei autoanalize \uc1
\u351 ?i folose\uc1 \u351 ?te termenul \uc1 \u238 ?n scrierile sale \uc1 \u238 ?n
1910.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Oftalmoplegie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = paralizie a muscula-turii oculare (total\uc1 \u259 ?
sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?), exter-n\uc1 \u259 ? sau intern\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?n direct\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu dispari\uc1
\u355 ?ia acomod\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oglind\uc1 \u259 ? (scr}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 is) }{\fs18
tulburare a scrisului, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n scrierea de la dreapta
spre st\uc1 \u226 ?nga \uc1 \u351 ?i inversarea literelor, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i cum
acestea s-ar reflecta \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o oglind\uc1 \u259 ?, Tul-burarea apare la
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu lateralitate st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?. Se ajunge astfel
la o reflectare invers\uc1 \u259 ? a imaginii respective pe creier. La baza acestei
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri oculo-motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i temporo-spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale stau
sistemele cere-brale cu o organizare \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare dis-
torsionat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de perceperea normal\uc1 \u259 ?.
Cazurile sunt rare \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n
de-bilitatea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? grav\uc1 \u259 ? (cuplat\uc1 \u259 ? cu st\uc1
\u226 ?n-g\uc1 \u259 ?cia). Etiologia incub\uc1 \u259 ? afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea en-
cefalului \uc1 \u238 ?n urma meningitelor \uc1 \u351 ?i ence-falitelor sau a unor
disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii cerebrale \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunea parieto-occipital\uc1
\u226 ? inferi-oar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Olfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sim\uc1 \u355 ? al mirosului, posibilita-te
de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie a substan\uc1 \u355 ?elor volatiliza-te. Receptorii sunt
situa\uc1 \u355 ?i pe o mic\uc1 \u259 ? su-prafa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (2,5 cm}
\langfenp1048 \super1 2}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ) a mucoasei nazale. Celula olfactiv\uc1
\u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? primul neu-ron al c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor aferente, care
\uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie dubl\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1
\u8226 ? de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 transmisie (conducere),
prin conectare cu celulele mit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rale din bulbii olfactivi. Cen-trii superiori
ai olfac\uc1 \u355 ?iei sunt localiza\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunea
hipocampusului \uc1 \u351 ?i circuvolu-\uc1 \u355 ?iunii circulare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
olfactive sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? ase-m\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare ca
structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i miros diferit; \uc1 \u8226 ? cu structur\uc1
\u259 ? diferit\uc1 \u259 ?, dar cu miros ase-m\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor.
Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile analizatorului ol-factiv au caracter fiziologic sau
patologic \uc1 \u351 ?i constau \uc1 \u238 ?n perceperea eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a
inten-sit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
stimulilor specifici, re-prezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i de mirosurile reale, fiind \uc1
\u238 ?nso-\uc1 \u355 ?ite de iluzii gustative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oligofagie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1
\u259 ?derea pof-tei de m\uc1 \u226 ?ncare \uc1 \u351 ?i adesea \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1
\u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te depre-sia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oligofazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom caracteristic pen-tru
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de vorbire (descris de A. Bernstein - 1912); const\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n dificultatea denumirii obiectelor ce-i sunt prezentate, care de
obicei se accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ? post-criz\uc1 \u259 ? la epileptici \uc1 \u351 ?i
afazici, dar nu se poate generaliza \uc1 \u351 ?i permanentiza, intercritic, prin
s\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?cia progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? a lexicului, para-lel cu
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia bolii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Oligofrenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de \uc1 \u238 ?napoiere psihic\uc1
\u259 ? global\uc1 \u259 ? (intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
voli\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamental\uc1 \u259 ?) cu
etiologie multipl\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e survenite \uc1
\u238 ?n perioa-da intrauterin\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? perinatal sau
postnatal, \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei. Este structurat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n trei grade de gravitate: a) }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie: }
\langfenp1048 cel mai mare grad de stagnare \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea psi-
hic\uc1 \u259 ? (f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? vorbir}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e); b) }{\i1 \fs18
imbecilitate, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nivel de subnormalitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; subiectul
poa-te vorbi \uc1 \u351 ?i poate fi antrenat \uc1 \u238 ?n deprinderi de
munc\uc1 \u259 ? simpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de autoservire; c) }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de-
bilitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poate fi educat \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?
coli speciale, poate fi instruit sumar \uc1 \u238 ?n prac-ticarea unei meserii,
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale de \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i apli-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care. Termenul este similar cu: \uc1 \u8222 ?
ariera-\uc1 \u355 ?ie", \uc1
\u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere mintal\uc1 \u259 ?", \uc1 \u8222 ?
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mintal\uc1 \u259 ?".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oligofrenii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = etiologia
oligofreniilor, cuprins\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii de
factori etio-patogeni: a) genetici (endogeni); b) dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndi\uc1 \u355 ?i
(exogeni), ponderea lor fiind variabil\uc1 \u259 ? de la caz la caz, \uc1 \u238 ?n
deter-minarea leziunilor cerebrale, survenite din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie. \uc1
\u238 ?n propor\uc1 \u355 ?ie de 80%, for-mele grave sunt produse de afec\uc1 \u355
?iuni organice cerebrale genetice sau de na-tur\uc1 \u259 ? exogen\uc1 \u259 ?.
Formele u\uc1 \u351 ?oare (debilita-tea mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, intelectul de limit\uc1
\u259 ?) sunt determinate de interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unor fac-tori complec\uc1
\u351 ?i (malnutri\uc1 \u355 ?ie, subdotare familial\uc1 \u259 ? ereditar\uc1 \u259
?, nivel cultural sc\uc1 \u259 ?-zut, etc). Oligofreniile genetice se da-toresc:
\uc1 \u8226 ? poligenic (predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a unor gene nefavorabile
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei); \uc1 \u8226 ? erori ereditare ale metabolismului; \uc1
\u8226 ? anoma-lii cromozomiale de num\uc1 \u259 ?r \uc1 \u351 ?i morfolo-gie.
(Vezi Anexa C - Tab. 3.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Omogen }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept corelat cu con-ceptul \uc1 \u8222 ?
eterogen", desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd compa-rativ, componentele unei mul\uc1 \u355 ?imi,
ale unui sistem. Grupul omogen - format dup\uc1 \u259 ? mai multe criterii pe care
le \uc1 \u238 ?nde-plinesc to\uc1 \u355 ?i membrii s\uc1 \u259 ?i: v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ?, sex, tablou simptomatic, nivel de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?, etc,
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e de care \uc1 \u355 ?ine seama psihote-rapia.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oneiroid (oniroid) }
\langfenp1048 = infiltrarea con-struc\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de vise \uc1 \u238 ?n
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea vigil\uc1 \u259 ?, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri asociative. Pe acest fond apar uneori scene (pre-dominant vizuale) cu un con\uc1
\u355 ?inut fami-liar \uc1 \u351 ?i profesional, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
combina\uc1 \u355 ?ii stranii, asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare cu cele de vis.}
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Onicofagie }
\langfenp1048 = tic ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1
\u355 ?a de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i roade unghiile, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit la
copii, adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i adul\uc1 \u355 ?i, ca desc\uc1 \u259 ?
rcare psi-homotorie a unei puternice tensiuni ner-voase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Onirism (oniric) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce \uc1
\u355 ?ine de vis; activitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? automat\uc1 \u259 ?, reprezen-
tat\uc1 \u259 ? prin viziuni \uc1 \u351 ?i scene \uc1 \u238 ?n mi\uc1 \u351 ?care,
a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum au ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut \uc1 \u238 ?n vise. Sunt halucina\uc1 \u355
?ii vizuale cu caracter de vis, tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite intens, dar de scurt\uc1 \u259 ?
durat\uc1 \u259 ? (simptom frecvent \uc1 \u238 ?n intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
alcoolice).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Onirologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = domeniu de cercetare \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?
ific\uc1 \u259 ? a viselor - dinamica, mecanis-mele fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul lor. \uc1 \u238 ?n ulti-mul timp s-a dezvoltat \uc1 \u351 ?i
are un caracter riguros \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific (oneropsihologic). \uc1
\u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coala rom\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
Biberi \uc1 \u351 ?i L. Popo-viciu au efectuat cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri deosebit de
importante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Onomatomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = preocupare obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ? pentru cuvinte \uc1
\u351 ?i nume proprii, acord\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-se acestora semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
speciale. Este descris\uc1 \u259 ? obsesia de a nu uita un anumit nume, (cuv\uc1
\u226 ?nt) care se repet\uc1 \u259 ? mereu. Simptomul apare \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii de surme-naj, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie se manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza obsesiv-fobic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i schizofrenie}
Ontic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la categoria de existen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ca realitate obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Di-mensiunea ontic\uc1 \u259
? a diferitelor entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i se distinge din punct de vedere
fiziologic, gnoseologic \uc1 \u351 ?i axiologic (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gor-gos).}
\slmult0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ontogenez\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procesul de dezvoltare individ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ual\uc1
\u259 ? de la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la moar-
te, incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd succesiunea logic\uc1 \u259 ? a trans-form\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor organismului viu pe tot par-cursul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n istoria
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii onto-logice exist\uc1 \u259 ? concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii
care definesc}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 substratul material (acidul dezoxiribo-nucleic - A.}
\langfenp1048 D.N.), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i concep\uc1 \u355 ?ii care prezint\uc1
\u259 ? entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i nemateriale, precum vitalismul. Psihologia
arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? procesul de maturare, adaptare \uc1 \u351 ?i
integrare so-cial\uc1 \u259 ? contribuie la formarea psihicului, a persoanei, a
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei individuale, iar psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ?
arat\uc1 \u259 ? procesul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, prin instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, inser\uc1 \u355 ?
ie social\uc1 \u259 ?. Legea \uc1 \u8222 ?ontologia repet\uc1 \u259 ? filogenia"
pus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? prin studiul
embrionului (Haeckel) are o valoare relativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hologie
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ontologie - Ontologic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = domeniu fun-damental al
filosofiei av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca obiect \uc1 \u8222 ?fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a ca fiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?" (Aristotel), \uc1 \u8222 ?existen\uc1 \u355 ?a ca
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?", adic\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
turile \uc1 \u351 ?i princi-piile comune oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei existen\uc1 \u355 ?e.
Ontolo-gia a fost denumit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i metafizic\uc1 \u259 ?, des-
calificat\uc1 \u259 ? de teoriile nepozitiviste \uc1 \u351 ?i apreciat\uc1 \u259 ?
ca pseudo-cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Operativ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1
\u259 ? repede \uc1 \u351 ?i eficace; expeditiv activ; este un aspect al
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor cognitive, care implic\uc1 \u259 ? di-ferite forme de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u238 ?n modifi-carea obiectului real, spre deosebire de
\uc1 \u8222 ?copierea" pasiv\uc1 \u259 ?; este un aspect nou creativ,
transformator. Pot fi diferen\uc1 \u355 ?i-ate trei aspecte ale cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terii operati-ve: \uc1 \u8226 ? senzorio-motorii exteriorizate,}{\fs20
\rin10 \cbpat16 \tql \tx120 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune senzorio-motorii interiorizate
(inhibat\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere extern) \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni de ansamblu coordonate tot }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe
plan interior.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u238 ?ndreptat\uc1
\u259 ? spre atingerea unui scop; ansamblu de mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
strategice ale unei armate; efectua-rea unor tranzac\uc1 \u355 ?ii financiare sau
co-merciale. Psihologia apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia ca o ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune de transformare ce are loc asupra obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1
\u355 ?iilor reale sau}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
formal\uc1 \u259 ? realizat\uc1 \u259 ? pe plan mintal. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia este
concomitent o modificare posibil\uc1 \u259 ? a realului \uc1 \u351 ?i o ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune asimila-toare. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia mintal\uc1 \u259 ? este
reversibil\uc1 \u259 ?, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd toate posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile, realul reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o expresie oarecare a unei posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile mintale sunt inte-riorizate,
reversibile \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonate \uc1 \u238 ?n structuri complexe.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dezvoltarea g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii ca sistem de opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii se define\uc1 \u351 ?te nu izolat sau de
sine st\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?tor, ci prin apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la o
structur\uc1 \u259 ? de ansamblu, dotat\uc1 \u259 ? cu reversibilitate. G\uc1 \u226
?ndirea este definit\uc1 \u259 ? ca sistem de ope-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-
un anume fel ordonate \uc1 \u351 ?i inter-conectate, iar opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia este o
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune in-tern\uc1 \u259 ?, care poart\uc1 \u259 ? un caracter
obiectual (devenit obiectiv, materializat).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd procesu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
iei g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii ca desfa\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se spontan, f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? in-terven\uc1 \u355 ?ii de dirijare \uc1 \u351 ?i programare
specia-l\uc1 \u259 ? din afar\uc1 \u259 ?, J. Piaget remarc\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1
\u355 ?a mai multor stadii, care din punct de ve-dere psihologic sunt niveluri de
integrare sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? ale intelectului \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
ale opera\uc1 \u355 ?iei concrete. Iat\uc1 \u259 ? care sunt acestea: \uc1 \u8226 ?
stadiul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii senzorio - motorii (0-2 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii
preoperatorii (2-7 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor concrete (7-
12 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale (11-14 ani).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rile cu privire la dinamica tre-cerii ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii obiectuale \uc1
\u238 ?n opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie men-tal\uc1 \u259 ? intern\uc1 \u259 ? (J. Piaget)
\uc1 \u351 ?i la constituirea structurilor generale ale inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei au
condus la schimbarea radical\uc1 \u259 ? a conce-perii intelectului (P. Janet, L.
S. V\uc1 \u238 ?got-schi, J. Piaget).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acesta es}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te un proces logic de forma-re a
structurilor intelectuale \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul co-munic\uc1 \u259 ?rii bilaterale a
individului cu lumea obiectelor materiale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?cultura-le"
\uc1 \u238 ?n care tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i al interac\uc1
\u355 ?iunii cu acestea (dup\uc1 \u259 ? M. Golu, Aurel Dicu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
concret\uc1 \u259 ? = orice transfor-mare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? aplicat\uc1 \u259 ?
con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturilor materiale (perceptibile, manipulabile); se opune
opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale, unor enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri verbale. Este stadiul al
IH-lea al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, (dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Pia-
get) situat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 7-12 ani, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd copilul, de\uc1 \u351 ?i
recurge la intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, este capabil de
decentrare, de generalizare, elimin\uc1 \u226 ?nd aspectele particulare ale rea-
lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor percepute, select\uc1 \u226 ?nd ceea ce este
invariabil \uc1 \u351 ?i stabil. Opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n concrete, nebaz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se pe enun\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri verbale sau ipoteze. Copilul are nevoie de explica\uc1
\u355 ?ii pentru ca feno-menele s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? mai obiective. Acum
copilul nu se refer\uc1 \u259 ? numai la ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea proprie, ci ia \uc1
\u238 ?n considerare \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i fac-tori, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?a lor. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? etap\uc1 \u259 ? precede stadiul
opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor for-male, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri de
opera-\uc1 \u355 ?ii exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
evolutiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Opiacee = grup de substan\uc1 \u355 ?e care include opiul \uc1
\u351 ?i alcaloizii acestuia, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele de sintez\uc1
\u259 ? cu o structur\uc1 \u259 ? chimic\uc1 \u259 ? similar\uc1 \u259 ?. Consumul
repetat al acestor substan\uc1 \u355 ?e, antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe o dura-t\uc1
\u259 ? variabil\uc1 \u259 ? de timp, fenomenul de tole-ran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, un sindrom somatopsihic de ab-stinen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
momentul \uc1 \u238 ?ncet\uc1 \u259 ?rii consu-mului, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu numai la
accidente, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i la instalarea unei distrug\uc1 \u259 ?toare
dependen\uc1 \u355 ?e. Din aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie de droguri fac parte:
opiul, morfina, heroi-na, cocaina \uc1 \u351 ?i stupefiantele sintetice, \uc1 \u238
?mpotriva toxicomaniei cu diverse ti-puri de opicacee s-au luat m\uc1 \u259 ?suri
eco-nomice, cultural-educative \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoso-ciale pentru eradicarea
acestui fenomen cu rapide \uc1 \u351 ?i periculoase modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i de contam}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inare, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?ndurile tine-
retului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opinie public\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = p\uc1 \u259 ?rere,
punct de vedere, judecat\uc1 \u259 ?, receptare sau descriere a realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea, adezi-unea
spontan\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o anumit\uc1 \u259
? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, plan de ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Opinia
este o reflectare subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, neverificat\uc1 \u226 ? a obiectului,
faptului \uc1 \u351 ?i eve-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nimentului \uc1 \u238 ?n
sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul unui realism, \uc1 \u238 ?nte-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 meindu-se pe
considera\uc1 \u355 ?iile majorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i pe lipsa
conjunctural\uc1 \u259 ? de certitudine \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259
?. Opinia public\uc1 \u259 ? are o important\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
stimulare \uc1 \u351 ?i reglaj social. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere sau de interes se \uc1 \u238 ?mbin\uc1 \u259 ? o form\uc1
\u259 ? ob\uc1 \u351 ?teasc\uc1 \u259 ? de influen-\uc1 \u355 ?are.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, opunere la o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, const\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n atitudini afectiv - volitive, caracterizate prin ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni defensive, opu-se celor solicitate sau a\uc1 \u351 ?teptate de la o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ?. Trebuie diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate de negati-vism, de\uc1 \u351 ?
i sunt apreciate de forma ideo-motorie a negativismului. Opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
poate manifesta prin mutism la stimulii verbali, retragere, fug\uc1 \u259 ?,
contractura mus-culaturii, agresivitate, delicvent\uc1 \u259 ? juve-nil\uc1
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Optic
(analizator) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = analizatorul vizual este foarte important prin
recep\uc1 \u355 ?iile periferice; - prin gradul de completitudi-ne a informa\uc1
\u355 ?iilor cu privire la reflecta-rea unor propriet\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale ambian\uc1 \u355 ?ei: (for-ma, culoarea, dimensiunea,
distan\uc1 \u355 ?a obiectelor), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin rolul
ajut\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonator al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor practice ale persoanei (C. Popescu Neveanu, M. Golu, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
Ciofu - 1970). Peste 90% din informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile asupra mediului \uc1 \u238 ?
nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?-tor ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute cu analizatorul vizual, asigu-r\uc1
\u259 ? adaptarea orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale, men\uc1 \u355 ?ine-rea
echilibrului, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i aspecte ale acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii corticale (aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia, de-prinderi, etc).
Analizatorul vizual se-lecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? din gama frecven\uc1 \u355 ?elor
electro-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
magnetice lungimile de und\uc1 \u259 ? cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 375-760 um
(lumeni) \uc1 \u351 ?i le proiec-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe retin\uc1 \u259 ?, asemenea
unui aparat de fotografiat, \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? transformarea imaginilor
formate pe retin\uc1 \u259 ?, le proiec-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel cortical pe calea
nervilor optici. Ca organ receptor, retina are proprietatea fotorecep\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i transform\uc1 \u259 ?-rii informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie vizual\uc1 \u259 ? su-biectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ?. Vederea este re-zultatul a dou\uc1 \u259 ? modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i externe: vederea scotopic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vederea
fotopic\uc1 \u259 ? care realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o interferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
propor\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? cu condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile externe. \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vederea scotopic\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 discrimineaz}
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? albul de negru sub nivelul critic al intensit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lumi-noase, cu ajutorul celulelor bastona\uc1 \u351 ?e din
structura retinei. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vederea fotopi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, }
\langfenp1048 are proprietatea discrimin\uc1 \u259 ?rii culo-rilor, prin celulele
conuri din structura retinei. \uc1 \u8226 ? Interferen\uc1 \u355 ?a celor
dou\uc1 \u259 ? infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii aduse de conuri \uc1 \u351 ?i bastona\uc1
\u351 ?e se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vedere mezofic\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18
Interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale de a controla recep\uc1
\u355 ?ia retiniana, are rolul de a o amplifica sau diminua \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de necesarul infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor primite. Aria
vizual\uc1 \u259 ? primar\uc1 \u259 ? (c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul 17) se afl\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n lobii occipitali situa\uc1 \u355 ?i de o parte \uc1 \u351 ?i de alta
a scizurii Calcariene. Ariile vizuale secundare (asociative) sunt situate \uc1
\u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurile 18 \uc1 \u351 ?i 19. Aici, la nivelul cortical, are
loc transformarea stimulilor electronici retinieni \uc1 \u238 ?n senza\uc1 \u355 ?
ii con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente de lumi-n\uc1 \u259 ?, form\uc1 \u259 ?, culoare,
distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Aspec-tele patologice ale acuit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t aspectele
oculare de di-naintea retinei (prereceptorale), aspec-tele retinei (receptorale),
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i aspecte-le structurilor nervoase care transmit
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile c\uc1 \u259 ?tre cortex (postrecep-torale). Astfel,
hipermetropia, miopia, astigmatismul, paralizia sau spasmul acomoda\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
glaucomul, strabismul, etc. sunt aspecte ale oftalmologiei \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neurologiei pentru care controlul medi-cului oftalmolog
este obligatoriu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Aspectele tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor sistemului receptor pot produce: hemeralopia,
nicta-lopia, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile vederii cromatice, iar la nivel central sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite nefritele opti-ce, (papilare \uc1 \u351 ?i
retrobulbare), staza papi-lar\uc1 \u259 ?, atrofia optic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i cecitatea corti-cal\uc1 \u259 ?, leziunile c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor
optice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Pacien\uc1 \u355 ?ii ce nu pot vedea bine lu-mina, cei ce clipesc des, reflexul
pupilar fotomotor fiind deranjat, sunt obliga\uc1 \u355 ?i a-\uc1 \u351 ?i face
procedura de control al funduhii de ochi \uc1 \u351 ?i a beneficia de terapia
medical\uc1 \u259 ? indicat\uc1 \u259 ? pentru pre\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
mpinarea sindroa-melor de agnozie spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cromatic\uc1 \u259 ?, a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie vizual\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a parali-ziilor psihice ale vederii, oculo-motorii,
deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e ce \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? citirea \uc1 \u351 ?i
scrie-rea, \uc1 \u351 ?i care aduc depresia, iluziile \uc1 \u351 ?i halu-
cina\uc1 \u355 ?iile vizuale cu r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet deosebit de important \uc1 \u238
?n simptomatologia psihia-tric\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n dislexie - disgrafie, c\uc1
\u226 ?mpul vi-zual al vederii monoculare sau binocu-lare fac posibile
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i sintez\uc1 \u259 ?
fonoarticulatorie, ceea ce prile-juie\uc1 \u351 ?te fenomenele specifice ale
acestor aspecte nosologice ale logopediei. Actul convergen\uc1 \u355 ?ei oculare,
varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n aco-modarea cristalinului c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i abera\uc1 \u355 ?ia cro-matic\uc1 \u259 ? stau la baza vederii
stereoscopice, ale percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei tridimensionale. Legea op-timului
vizual \uc1 \u238 ?n acuitatea vizual\uc1 \u259 ? bino-cular\uc1 \u259 ? este
\uc1 \u238 ?n genere dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de imaginea furnizat\uc1 \u259 ? de
ochiul director, ca-re \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i impune rolul, mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n cazul c\uc1 \u226 ?nd furnizarea cortical\uc1 \u259 ? a imaginilor
retiniene difer\uc1 \u259 ? total \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? retine
(fiecare ochi prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un alt sti-mul)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din momentul im}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pactului mesa-jului vizual cu
cortexul primar (c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul 17) \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iei ca un element al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terii, excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 parcurge mai multe etape ale decodifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii.
Mesajul unui obiect, cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt per-ceput, trece din zona primar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n cea se-cundar\uc1 \u259 ?, unde are loc o prim\uc1 \u259 ? recu-
noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi - \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunea ariei Wernike \uc1
\u238 ?n care, beneficiind de datele memoriei, mesajul vizual cap\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ? o sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, adic\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?eles, \uc1 \u351 ?i prin intermediul ariei motorii, imaginea v\uc1
\u259 ?-zut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ?,
poate fi pronun\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? verbal. Aceasta este interdependen\uc1
\u355 ?a neurofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?.
Elaborarea unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii perceptiv-vizuale \uc1 \u351 ?i cognitiv
- (semnificativ) articulatorie este un rezultat al conexiunilor neurale, un proces
cu at\uc1 \u226 ?tea variabile active, \uc1 \u238 ?n care fiecare \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are rolul \uc1 \u351 ?i specificitatea sa (senzorial -
perceptiv, mintal, cogni-tiv, afectiv, conativ).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Optimism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie care
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-crederea \uc1 \u238 ?n posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile de des\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?ire a omului, de \uc1
\u238 ?mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ire a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de schimbare \uc1 \u238 ?n bine a viito-rului, etc.
Optimismul este \uc1 \u351 ?i o latur\uc1 \u259 ? de caracter ce const\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elege \uc1 \u351 ?i aprecia omul, lumea, pe latura ei pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, de a
prevedea cu pre-c\uc1 \u259 ?dere binele, de a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi pozitiv.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ordine }{\fs18 \dbch
conceptul presupune, chiar sub\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege armonia \uc1 \u351 ?i
disciplina, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera material\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cea social\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie
este o modalitate de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a psihismului \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gere a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mediului \uc1 \u238
?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Orice persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
restructureaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?tient ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea de ordonare c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai labori-oas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihastenie, se detaliaz\uc1
\u259 ? exa-gerat schema de ordonare; paranoicii simplific\uc1 \u259 ? schema, ceea
ce duce la un grad sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut de adaptare \uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica noilor
experien\uc1 \u355 ?e de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Autistul \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 schizoidul sunt \uc1
\u238 ?nc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lina\uc1 \u355 ?i spre aranja-mente simpliste \uc1
\u351 ?i stereotipe \uc1 \u238 ?n orice situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie nou\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
accese explozive, nea-v\uc1 \u226 ?nd de fapt criterii constante \uc1 \u238 ?n
timp. Psihoza reactiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau endogen\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?
puternic criteriile de ordonare a elemen-telor realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
\uc1 \u238 ?n toate abaterile de la normal se constat\uc1 \u259 ? mecanisme
disociati-ve \uc1 \u351 ?i deteriorative ale psihismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Organ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o grupare de \uc1 \u355 ?esuturi,
care func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinesc o anu-mit\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a organismului. \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-un or-gan, sunt mai multe tipuri de \uc1 \u355 ?esuturi, dintre care unele
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de rolul pe care-1 \uc1 \u238
?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te organul. Func\uc1 \u355 ?ia nu poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t pe ba-za structurii organului, iar
structura orga-nismului se conformeaz\uc1 \u259 ? specificit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii sale func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (P. Popescu Neveanu). Acesta este principiul
unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintre structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de unde se sub\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-ge c\uc1 \u259 ?
orice schimbare \uc1 \u238 ?n structura unui organ atrage dup\uc1 \u259 ? sine
modificarea co-respunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
acestuia \uc1 \u351 ?i in-vers. Nici un organ nu poate func\uc1 \u355 ?iona izolat
ci \uc1 \u238 ?n corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu alte organe; ase-menea grup\uc1 \u259 ?rii
de organe formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un sistem sau un aparat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Organ func\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept psihofizi-
ologic ce desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? structuri func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite. Orice organ are nu nu-mai un \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles morfologic, ci
\uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-fiziologic, de forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? ce
func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asemenea unui organ. Este exemplificat prin
fenomenul reflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov) care,
prin conexiunile b\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?torite a diverselor in-stan\uc1 \u355 ?e
ale sistemului nervos central, \uc1 \u238 ?n-deplinesc multiple func\uc1 \u355 ?ii
noi \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-sul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii ontogenetice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi470 \li0 \ri24
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t procesele \uc1 \u351 ?i capacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihice ale omului au o genez\uc1 \u259 ? socio-cultural\uc1
\u259 ?, form\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n ultimii 40-50}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de ani, nefiind trecute
pe seama eredi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii biologice, ci se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe
baza organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui individ (sau
genera\uc1 \u355 ?ii), prin organ func\uc1 \u355 ?ional se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?eleg toate construc\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice speci-fic umane, deoarece
creierul dispune de posibilitatea de a forma capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i mo-
dele \uc1 \u351 ?i tehnici culturale. L. S. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi explic\uc1 \u259 ?
formarea sistemului func\uc1 \u355 ?ional ca forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite, iar A. N. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Le-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ontiev, relu\uc1 \u226 ?
nd aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i teorie a forma\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unilor dob\uc1 \u226 ?
ndite \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera motricitatii, exemplific\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea acelor opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu cuvintele fixate \uc1 \u238 ?n
limb\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irea foneticii verbale conduce \uc1
\u238 ?n mod constant la sistemul fonologie obiectiv, form\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se la om
func\uc1 \u355 ?iile articulatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i verbomotorii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
acti-vitatea central\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o nu-mim func\uc1
\u355 ?ia de semnalizare secundar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Organism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = un \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg format din
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i (organe aparte, sisteme, cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ii bine
definite, fiecare parte \uc1 \u238 ?n interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu
celelalte. Organismul este al-c\uc1 \u259 ?tuit din receptori, canale de comuni-
care, organe efectorii, etc. Organismul are proprietatea esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ? a conserv\uc1 \u259 ?rii speciei \uc1 \u351 ?i a continuit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii materiei vii. Aceasta se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
general prin metabolism \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloace de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a
organismului, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de reproducere.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ambele
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale organismului men\uc1 \u355 ?ionate, sunt posibile
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? core-la\uc1 \u355 ?iei energetice \uc1 \u351 ?i dinamice cu
mediul, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celei informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale a organis-
mului \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i. Unitatea indestructibil\uc1 \u259 ? dintre
organism \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu, realizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin adaptare (acomodare \uc1
\u351 ?i asimilare) se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, ca or-gan integrator al organismului cu me-diul. Scoar\uc1
\u355 ?a este instan\uc1 \u355 ?a unificatoare \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonatoare a
func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii subsis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temelor, re}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 alizat\uc1 \u259 ? pe cale
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i umoral\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Organizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
sensul cel mai larg este rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea unor elemente disparate \uc1 \u351
?i stabilirea unui ansamblu, care s\uc1 \u259 ? func-\uc1 \u355 ?ioneze ca un
tot \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? posede atributele unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
ansamblului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Termenul este opus dezorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i are la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? o relativ\uc1 \u259 ? stabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i uni-formitate
\uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu entropia \uc1 \u351 ?i negen-tropia (transform\uc1 \u259 ?
rile energiei sferice, ca expresie a gradului de dezorganizare, sau de
probabilitate a sistemului).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?ia Mondial\uc1 \u259 ? a S\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259
?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (OMS) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organism al }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?iei Na-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale Unite (ONU), constituit \uc1 \u238 ?n
1946 (22.VII) dintr-un grup de 31 de state, care \uc1 \u238 ?n 1986 num\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? 168 de \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri mem-bre. Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia face
parte din OMS. Din 1948, OMS are ca principiu fundamen-tal promovarea s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii omului \uc1 \u351 ?i a co-lectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane, accesul tuturor proce-selor la cuceririle \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei medicale, psi-hologice \uc1 \u351 ?i a altor domenii \uc1
\u238 ?nrudite, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere rolul esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pentru pacea \uc1 \u351 ?i
securitatea interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere
favorizarea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238
?n domeniul s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i standardizarea metodelor de diag-nostic.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?
\langfenp1048 = sistem de reguli \uc1 \u351 ?i norme sociale viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
atingerea unui scop, \uc1 \u238 ?n care oamenii din grup sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune, dar diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ia\uc1 \u355 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ?
locul lor \uc1 \u238 ?n structura ierhaic-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.
Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?ia asigur\uc1 \u259 ? eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?
pe linia preci-ziei, rapidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, controlului, discre\uc1
\u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i rentabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii maxime a
investi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. Din punct de vedere informai, fere\uc1 \u351 ?te parti-
cipan\uc1 \u355 ?ii de excesele de exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? formal\uc1
\u259 ? ale Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?iei, creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un context de liber\uc1
\u259 ? comunicare, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un limbaj comun,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?
re\uc1 \u351 ?te sentimentul securit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui
membru printr-un sistem participativ \uc1 \u351 ?i democratic (fiecare
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? nu este un simplu executant, ci are acces la deci-zie, fiind
tratat\uc1 \u259 ? ca personalitate com-plex\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Orgoliu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de caracter ce ex-prim\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u226 ?ndria
de sine, hipertrofia Eu-lui, narcisismul, absen\uc1 \u355 ?a autocriticii, dincolo
de linia firescului. Amorul pro-priu exagerat se opune modestiei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u355 ?i-nutei decente, este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de dispre\uc1 \u355 ?
fa-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de alte persoane. Nu trebuie confun-dat cu m\uc1
\u226 ?ndria pentru propriile reali-z\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i demnitatea
propriei valori. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie, este specific delirul de gran-doare la
psihozele paranoide, maniaca-le, oligofrenii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Orientare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
explorare prin concentrarea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
noi, ne-a\uc1 \u351 ?teptate; capacitatea subiectului de a se situa spa\uc1 \u355 ?
io-temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i apre-cia propria persoan\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i (ori-entare autopsihic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i alopsihic\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Orientare cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orientare
infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, practic\uc1 \u259 ? sau numai intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Este reflexul de
ori-entare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov) supranumit \uc1 \u8222 ?re-flexul
nout\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii", fiind \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie
termen nou. Acest reflex influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? rapiditatea \uc1
\u351 ?i calitatea rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii oric\uc1 \u259 ?-rei probleme
profesionale. Poate fi in-complet\uc1 \u259 ? sau complet\uc1 \u259 ?, ultima fiind
de dorit - orientarea cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu sfer\uc1 \u259 ? lar-g\uc1 \u259 ? de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Ea apare ca o anticipare informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a oric\uc1 \u259 ?-rei
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e practic\uc1 \u259 ? sau intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Rolul
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n orientarea cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?l are
modul de a vedea, de a pune pro-blema \uc1 \u238 ?n orice proces de g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire, de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are. In orice ma\uc1 \u351 ?
in\uc1 \u259 ?, calculator (automat\uc1 \u259 ?), rolul de orientare
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li29 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa206 \lisa0 \sl-
211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin29 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3398 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?l are omul, ma\uc1 \u351 ?ina r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
n\uc1 \u226 ?nd doar un iar o parte, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coli
speciale \uc1 \u351 ?i institute}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instrument \uc1 \u238 ?n
m\uc1 \u226 ?na \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea omulu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 de reeducare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\sa206 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin29 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3398
\langfenp1048 Orientare profesional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1 \u238 ?ndrumare a unei
persoane c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o profe-sie (sau grup de profesii), \uc1 \u238 ?n
concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1
\u351 ?i aptitudinile sale. Selec-\uc1 \u355 ?ia subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? se face
conform exigen\uc1 \u355 ?e-lor acelei profesii, concretizate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
monografie profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, numit\uc1 \u259 ? psiho-profesiogram\uc1
\u259 ?. Este important\uc1 \u259 ? corelarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i orientare cu ne-voile economiei na\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i ale evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei tehnico-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice pentru valorificarea optim\uc1 \u259 ? a poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului uman.}
etapa econo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 miei de pia\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt propuse programe
de policalificare, per-fec\uc1 \u355 ?ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i reciclare. Este o
problem\uc1 \u259 ? de stat, pe care familia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?coala
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? o trateze cu prioritate \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce pri-ve\uc1
\u351 ?te educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia ergonomic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Orientarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
colar\uc1 \u259 ? = vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? asigurarea orient\uc1 \u259 ?rii corecte a
copiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i tinerilor, pe baza unor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i co-recte: medicale, psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, cu
rol de investiga\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i consiliere \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de
dirijare a lor spre forma de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?nt adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? aptitudinilor, sau deficien\uc1 \u355 ?elor
motorii, senzoriale sau psi-hice ce le prezint\uc1 \u259 ?. Are \uc1 \u238 ?n
vedere dezvol-tarea maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor lor
poten\uc1 \u355 ?i-ale \uc1 \u238 ?n scop de stimulare, formare, reedu-care,
recuperare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Activitatea de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-cepe de la
cre\uc1 \u351 ?e, gr\uc1 \u259 ?dini\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?coli
ele-mentare, gimnazii, etc, pentru o anu-mit\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?, iar decizia o are Co-misia medico-psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?
din centrele O.\uc1 \u350 ?.P. (orientare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i profesional\uc1 \u259 ?), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i Comisia de ocrotire
a minorilor. Asisten\uc1 \u355 ?a pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ? a copiilor cu defi-cit
caracterial - comportamental se face \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coli cu caracter
\uc1 \u351 ?i regim senatorial,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Originalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea de a
fi ori-ginal \uc1 \u238 ?n interpretare \uc1 \u351 ?i exprimare perso-nal\uc1 \u259
? a ceea ce produce sau reproduce o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?. P. P. Neveanu,
citeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe F. Barron, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care, a fi original \uc1 \u238 ?
nseam-n\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? un aspect
personal, neobi\uc1 \u351 ?-nuit ceea ce expune subiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226
? s\uc1 \u259 ? fie un mesaj corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Originalitatea
este o \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a creativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u351 ?i presupune o imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie creatoare, nonconformism \uc1 \u351 ?i
flexibilita-te a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, chiar c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se prezint\uc1 \u259 ?
fe-nomene, fapte cunoscute.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ortodrom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cursul normal al influxu-lui nervos \uc1
\u238 ?n sens aferent sau eferent, spre deosebire de \uc1 \u8222 ?antidrom" \uc1
\u238 ?n care fluxul nervos se propag\uc1 \u259 ? invers (cel eferent \uc1 \u238 ?n
loc de aferent), \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii experimentale (sub
stimulen\uc1 \u355 ?i electrici) (dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ortofonie }{\fs18
specialitate al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui obiect de preocupare este vorbirea celor defi-
cien\uc1 \u355 ?i (surzi, auti\uc1 \u351 ?ti, afazici congenitali, oligofreni).
\uc1 \u238 ?n plus, logopedia vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alte deficien\uc1
\u355 ?e ce pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea pe fon-dul normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
cum sunt: vocea, citi-rea, scrierea, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ortopsihologie = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? aplicativ\uc1 \u259 ?
a psihologiei av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca preocupare m\uc1 \u259 ?suri practice de
stimulare, dirijare specific\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice, \uc1
\u238 ?n special a celor cognitive: g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
memorie, limbaj, scriere, citire, capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i intelec-tuale de
prelucrare a cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, testelor date.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oscilograf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aparat de \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrare
a impulsurilor electrice sc\uc1 \u259 ?zute, prin de-plasarea unui flux de
electroni \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri24 \lisb0 \lisa0
\loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?mp magnetic pe un ecran (osciloscop).}{\fs20
Oscilografiere }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistrare }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a muncii productive
(structur\uc1 \u259 ?, succesiu-nea etapelor, modul de executare a p\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor mecanice \uc1 \u351 ?i manual -
mecanice ale }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera\uc1 \u355 ?iei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \sb8131 \lisb0 \lisa0
\colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \li19 \ri0 \sb1200 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paleocortex }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = por\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
cea mai veche filogenetic a cortexului (scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei) cere-bral; cuprinde
mai rnulte zone: o parte din lobul frontal (supraorbital\uc1 \u259 ?), extre-
mitatea anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a lobului temporal, partea anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a
circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei cingu-lare, zona hipocampic\uc1 \u259 ? cu nucleii amig-
dalieni; toate aceste zone formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?m-preun\uc1 \u259 ?
creierul visceral (rinencefalul), considerat nivelul superior de integrare a
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vegetative ale organismului. Paleocortexul particip\uc1 \u259
? la reglajul com-portamentului alimentar \uc1 \u351 ?i lezarea diferi-telor zone
de la acest nivel. Paleocorte-xul particip\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la reglarea
st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor postu-rale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la reflexele motorii
legate de reflexul alimentar (mastica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, degluti-\uc1 \u355 ?ie),
iar \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu sistemul reticulat ascendent, particip\uc1
\u259 ? la reglarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de veghe \uc1 \u351 ?i transmite
neocortexului influ-xuri tonifiante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Palilalie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lburare a limbajului
ce co-nst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n repetarea spontan\uc1 \u259 ?,
involuntar\uc1 \u259 ? a unor silabe sau cuvinte dintr-o fraz\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate
alterna cu perioade de mutism (Babinski). Formele mai grave sunt com-binate cu
tahifemie sau afonie, uneori este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de
ecolalie, ecopraxie. Este o tulburare de coordonare a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor voluntare la nivel subcortical \uc1 \u351 ?i apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine mai mult
neurologiei, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul sindro-mului pseudobulbar, \uc1 \u238 ?n
parkisonism, de-men\uc1 \u355 ?a Pick. Diagnosticul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iar:
de\uc1 \u351 ?i apare din copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie, trebuie diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1
\u259 ? d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e stereotipiile verbale cu etiologie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (g\uc1
\u226 ?ndire), palilalia fiind cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de un mecanism patogen organic
(C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Palpebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = reflexul de clipire, declan-\uc1 \u351 ?at necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat
la lumini \uc1 \u351 ?i sunete puternice \uc1 \u351 ?i poate fi condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat \uc1 \u238 ?n cer-cetarea neurofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? (U. \uc1 \u350 ?
chiopu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Panalgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptom de durere genera-lizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i difuz\uc1 \u259 ?, ce apare \uc1 \u238 ?n afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihice:
arterioscleroz\uc1 \u259 ?, isterie, nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? astenic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Panic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ? sau colectiv\uc1
\u259 ?, de fric\uc1 \u259 ? alarmant\uc1 \u259 ?, mani-festat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
dezorganizare, pierderea autocontrolului, cu \uc1 \u238 ?nclinare spre acte
impulsive \uc1 \u351 ?i ira\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pantofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = angoas\uc1 \u259 ? paroxistic\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul c\uc1 \u259 ?reia orice eveniment sau per-soan\uc1
\u259 ? constituie o surs\uc1 \u259 ? de fric\uc1 \u259 ?, de nelini\uc1 \u351 ?te
pentru pacient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Pantonim\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
ex-presive ale corpului \uc1 \u351 ?i membrelor, ex-prim\uc1 \u226 ?nd idei \uc1
\u351 ?i sentimente prin mi-mic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i gesturi.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parabioz\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = moment de iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie a in-stan\uc1 \u355 ?ei nervoase c\uc1
\u226 ?nd se \uc1 \u238 ?ncalc\uc1 \u259 ? legea coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?ei dintre
m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea stimulu-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i aceea a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei; moment
para-doxal, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile slabe dau r\uc1 \u259 ?s-punsuri
puternice, \uc1 \u351 ?i invers, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd exci-tan\uc1 \u355 ?ii pozitivi
dau reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii negative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paracuzie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei
au-ditive, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere gre-\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetelor; o anomalie de percep-\uc1 \u355
?ie a intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
l\uc1 \u355 ?imii sunetelor. Este frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?
rile confuzionale, \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie, deliruri cronice, aterosele-roz\uc1
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paradox }
\langfenp1048 = enun\uc1 \u355 ? contradictoriu, diame-tral opus unei judec\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, dar demonstrabil; este contra opiniilor generale \uc1 \u351 ?
i a unor adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri prestabilite. Se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? suc-cint,
interesant, unele la nivelul limbaju-lui, altele la nivelul metalimbajului. Adesea
intrig\uc1 \u259 ? spiritele conservatoare, ele fiind specula\uc1 \u355 ?ii
gratuite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Parafazie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = tulburare de vorbire descri-s\uc1 \u259 ? de Wernike,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin altera-rea cuvintelor sau folosirea unor cuvinte \uc1
\u238 ?n locul altora, apropiate ca articulare, dar diferite ca semnifica\uc1 \u355
?ie. Poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? izolat la persoane cu
caren\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?n instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie, \uc1
\u238 ?n arterioscleroz\uc1 \u259 ? cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e,
alcoolism cronic; ea este un semn al afaziei organice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parafrenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = delir cronic,
fantastic, in-tens, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n grave devieri \uc1 \u238 ?
n in-terpretarea adecvat\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este ca-
talogat\uc1 \u259 ? ca o entitate nosologic\uc1 \u259 ? care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
deliruri cronice endogene, cu o deteriorare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; bolnavul r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne perfect lucid.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parakinezie }
\langfenp1048 = ansamblu de mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri pa-razitare, care
deformeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuiesc mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile
normale. Este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sin-dromul citotonic, \uc1 \u238 ?n
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri nevropatice \uc1 \u351 ?i demen\uc1 \u355 ?iale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paralelism psihofizic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie dua-list\uc1 \u259 ? care consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
fenomenele psihi-ce \uc1 \u351 ?i cele fiziologice reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1
\u259 ? ansambluri paralele, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici un fel de rela\uc1
\u355 ?ii cauz\uc1 \u259 ? - efect \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele, ci doar o enigmatic\uc1
\u259 ? potrivire. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire dualist\uc1 \u259 ? (M.
Weber - T. Feehner, Hem-holtz, J. Muller, W. Wund) a sec XIX, este contrazis\uc1
\u259 ? de experien\uc1 \u355 ?ele psihofi-ziologice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch
Secenov, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov, Ch.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scherrington) prin
interpretarea deter-minist\uc1 \u259 ? a unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihofizice. Este \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? necesar ca determinismul s\uc1 \u259 ?
nu fie in-terpretat univoc - mecanicist (S. Ru-binstein), ci s\uc1 \u259 ?
aib\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere influen\uc1 \u355 ?a psihicului asupra
neurodinamicii \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentului, inclusiv asupra or-ganelor interne.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paralexie }
{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de limbaj carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
citire deformat\uc1 \u259 ? a cuvinte-lor (omisiuni, inversiuni, transpozi\uc1
\u355 ?ii de litere \uc1 \u351 ?i silabe). Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schizo-frenie, demen\uc1 \u355 ?e, aterioscleroze
cerebra-le). Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie patologic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
caren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? instructiv\uc1 \u259 ?, de-ficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, grab\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n citirea}{\fs18
unor termeni mai dificili.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Paralizie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pierderea total\uc1 \u259 ? sau o dimi-
nuare important\uc1 \u259 ? a motilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; pertur-barea
inerva\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i incapacitatea mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chilor de a se
contracta, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma diso-cierii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?
ie \uc1 \u351 ?i eferenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Poate fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18
organic\uc1 \u259 ? periferic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (atonic\uc1 \u259 ?,
atrof\uc1 \u238 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 central\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 (spastic\uc1 \u259 ?, prin leza-rea fasciculului piramidal), dar \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 his-teroid\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau emo\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, de natur\uc1 \u259 ? psi-hogen\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
prezent s-a elaborat terapia de restabilire a aferenta\uc1 \u355 ?iei prin masaje,
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale membrului imobilizat, stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ii
tactile \uc1 \u351 ?i electrice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paramimie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
psihomotorie ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa sinergiei obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuite \uc1 \u238 ?n contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia musculaturii faciale, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii expresiei faciale cu tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Este frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie \uc1
\u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?ri cataton}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paramnenzie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptom de fals\uc1
\u259 ? amintire, confabula\uc1 \u355 ?ie; un eveniment fantastic este tr\uc1 \u259
?it de subiect ca un fapt real, ca f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?nd parte din
experien\uc1 \u355 ?a lui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paranoia }
\langfenp1048 = psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? cronic\uc1 \u259 ? endogen\uc1 \u259 ?,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia continu\uc1 \u259 ? a unui delir
sistematizat. Prin ea se trans-mit credin\uc1 \u355 ?e, convingeri (de grandoare,
de persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie), cu toat\uc1 \u259 ? suita fenomene-lor ideo-afective.
Paranoia \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? ali-enarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii, deoarece delirul nu este accidental \uc1 \u351 ?i trec\uc1 \u259 ?tor, ci
se \uc1 \u238 ?nsereaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca o lege a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii. Paranoia este \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? alterarea psihismului,
prin de-gradarea valorilor morale, prin egoismul agresiv \uc1 \u351 ?i convingerea
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului pro-priu, ceea ce de fapt este o \uc1 \u8222 ?depersona-
lizare" (P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Paranoism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? ce const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un delir sistematizat, ne\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
de diminu-\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale intelectului \uc1 \u351 ?i a voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei.
Persist\uc1 \u259 ? manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile paranoice: grandomanie, persecu\uc1
\u355 ?ie, gelozie; ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u238 ?n al\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1
\u238 ?ng\uc1 \u226 ?mfare, supraevaluarea propriei per-soane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paraosmie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = iluzie olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?
ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n perceperea eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a mirosurilor.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parapsihologic
\langfenp1048 = (metapsihologie); dis-ciplin\uc1 \u259 ? mai nou\uc1 \u259 ? av\uc1
\u226 ?nd ca obiect comu-nicarea telepatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alte fenomene
psihi-ce paranormale, propun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? le cer-
ceteze cu mijloace \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice \uc1 \u351 ?i opun\uc1 \u226 ?
n-du-se r\uc1 \u259 ?st\uc1 \u259 ?lm\uc1 \u259 ?cirilor ocultiste \uc1 \u351 ?i
spiritua-liste. Recent, aceste fenomene se studia-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
laboratoare \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt denumite psiho-tronice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pararotacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de articulare a
cuvintelor manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? fie prin lipsa pro-nun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii
sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?r" sau prin \uc1 \u238 ?nlocu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
irea lui cu alte sunete \uc1 \u238 ?n cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt (d, 1, i, h, }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v).
Alteori \uc1 \u238 ?l pronun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? separat pe \uc1 \u8222 ?r",
dar \uc1 \u238 ?l \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuie\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n cuvinte.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri34 \sb206
\langfenp1048 Paratiroide }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = glande endocrine dispuse \uc1 \u238 ?n
dou\uc1 \u259 ? perechi: una localizat\uc1 \u259 ? la polul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 posterior al tiroidei
\uc1 \u351 ?i una la cel poste-rioinferior, \uc1 \u238 ?n afara capsulei tiroidei.
Sunt glande indispensabile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii dato-rit\uc1 \u259 ? secre\uc1 \u355 ?
iei de parathormon, prin-cipalul factor hipercalcemiant al orga-nismului. Aceste
glande nu sunt influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?ate de hipofiz\uc1 \u259 ?, iar reglarea
secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei parathormonului este f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? pe cale
umoral\uc1 \u259 ?. Concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ia de calciu din s\uc1 \u226 ?nge
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv sau negativ secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia
paratiroidelor. Reglarea secre-\uc1 \u355 ?iei se face \uc1 \u351 ?i pe cale
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?. Hipoac-tivitatea lor are ca efect tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mus-
culare grave - sub numele de \uc1 \u8222 ?tetanie paratireotriv\uc1 \u259 ?", ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i alte tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mo-torii, cum ar fi contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iile
convulsive ale mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor. De asemenea pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea \uc1 \u351 ?
i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri senzitive, viscerale, trofice \uc1 \u351 ?i nervoase.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parazitism }{\fs18
poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit ca feno-men individual \uc1 \u351 ?i
social, iar educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru munc\uc1 \u259 ? vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
eradicarea aces-tui viciu. Fenomenul probeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dizar-monia de
Parchinsonism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune neurolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ?
degenerativ\uc1 \u259 ? descris\uc1 \u259 ? de James Parkinson (1817) cu leziuni
situate la nivelul corpilor stria\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a substan\uc1
\u355 ?ei negre, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca efect sc\uc1 \u259 ?de-rea dopaminei,
neurotrasmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor impor-tant la nivelului sistemului
extrapirami-dal. Boala afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special b\uc1 \u259 ?
rba\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Tabloul clinic este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit dintr-o triad\uc1
\u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ?: - tremur\uc1 \u259 ?turi, con-trac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
periferice (4-8 pe secund\uc1 \u259 ?) per-sistente \uc1 \u238 ?n repaos, dar
disp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?nd la ini-\uc1 \u355 ?ierea unei mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri; - rigiditate (hiper-tonie) care permite mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?ri spastice, continuie \uc1 \u238 ?n tot timpul desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii mi\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii; - hipokinezie, s\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ?cie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncetini-rea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii motorii; faciesul cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? aspect \uc1 \u8222 ?de
marmor\uc1 \u259 ?", clipitul este rar, mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile spontan}
\langfenp1048 e ale membrelor dis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 par, iar mersul se face cu pa\uc1 \u351 ?i mici \uc1
\u351 ?i cu trunchiul aplecat \uc1 \u238 ?nainte. Pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea mi\uc1
\u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri paradoxale declan\uc1 \u351 ?ate de st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale puternice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? triad\uc1 \u259 ? aduce cu sine
\uc1 \u351 ?i alte modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri: - dificultate de demaraj, de vorbire
(bradilalie), voce sacadat\uc1 \u259 ?, modi-ficarea scrisului, care devine mic,
lent, neregulat, sc\uc1 \u259 ?z\uc1 \u226 ?nd mereu \uc1 \u238 ?n dimensiuni.
Medica\uc1 \u355 ?ia antiparkinsonian\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? complica\uc1
\u355 ?ii psihiatrice (L dopa poate produce tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihotice,
delirante, ceea ce impune uneori o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prirea tratamen-tului).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a
sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n perceperea
unor senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii false \uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui excitant
(halu-cina\uc1 \u355 ?ii senzitiv - senzoriale: \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ep\uc1
\u259 ?turi, zgomote, etc); modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri de sensibili-tate, diferite de
hipoestezie \uc1 \u351 ?i h}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ipereste-zie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Participare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = implicare \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, prin contopirea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un tot a fenomenelor
subiective \uc1 \u351 ?i obiective. Este un senti-ment, o credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a persoanei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Particular }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie filosofic\uc1 \u259 ?,
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu generalul \uc1 \u351 ?i singularul. In
planul realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? orice form\uc1
\u259 ? concret\uc1 \u259 ? de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, accesibil\uc1 \u259
? experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Generalul nu exist\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ci nu-mai prin particular, care \uc1 \u238 ?nf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? ge-neralul \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
form\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-sul devenirii,
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dialectic\uc1 \u259 ? dintre ge-neral, particular \uc1 \u351 ?i
singular este reflectat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii. Particu-laritatea define\uc1 \u351 ?te modelul
particular. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie sunt studiate tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
turile \uc1 \u351 ?i ti-purile particulare \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia persoanei
\uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial de psihologia diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paseism }
\langfenp1048 = orie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ntare exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? spre tre-cut
\uc1 \u351 ?i idealizarea lui, uneori \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ignorare
prezentului \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsa de preocu-pare pentru viitor; ca o concep\uc1 \u355
?ie, pro-pag\uc1 \u259 ? conservatorismul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pasiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem con\uc1 \u351 ?tient de afecte
puternice \uc1 \u351 ?i durabile cu caracter intern, care canalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga activitate a persoanei (intelectual-volitiv-afectiv\uc1
\u259 ?). Pasiunea are la origine o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pre-dominant\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n general exclusiv\uc1 \u259 ? asu-pra
conduitei \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Unele pasiuni au un caracter temperat, altele sunt
excesive, ajun-g\uc1 \u226 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 d la intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
paroxistice (droguri, conduite sexuale, alcool etc). Ca va-loare social-
educativ\uc1 \u259 ? unele sunt pozi-tive, (profesionale, sportive) altele ne-
gative, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd conduite antisociale, cu \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
lcarea normelor morale \uc1 \u351 ?i socia-le. Reprezentan\uc1 \u355 ?i pasiona\uc1
\u355 ?i ai istoriei sunt considera\uc1 \u355 ?i Napoleon, Goethe, E. Zola, Hegel,
Descartes, Nietzsche.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pasiv - Pasivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persoan\uc1 \u259 ? ce su-
port\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a reac\uc1 \u355 ?
iona, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n-clina\uc1 \u355 ?ia de a nu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona este
numit\uc1 \u259 ? pa-sivism. Dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? de indife-
ren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de toate
influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele din jur (\uc1 \u238 ?n grad mai mic sau mai mare) se
nume\uc1 \u351 ?te pasivitate. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare are la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
diminuarea spontanit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de orice eveniment ex-terior. Subiectul tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1
\u351 ?te o stare de infe-rioritate. Pasivitatea este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n multe circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e psihopatologice (debilitate mintal\uc1 \u259
?, regresie intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sugestibilitate \uc1 \u238 ?n
depresie, schizofre-nie), \uc1 \u238 ?n care apare o pasivitate volun-tar\uc1 \u259
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Paternalism }
\langfenp1048 = protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tutelare exce-siv\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de subordonare com-plet\uc1 \u259 ? a propriului
copil, cu motivarea unei griji \uc1 \u351 ?i dragoste excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?.
Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? comportare are o influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
negativ\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asupra evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii copilului, a independen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i a
responsabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ex-perien\uc1 \u355 ?elor autentice.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Patetic }{\fs18
modalitate de manifes}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tare exa-gerat\uc1 \u259 ? a unor tr\uc1
\u259 ?iri, discursuri, care pro-voac\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii puternice,
zguduitoare. Ma-nifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile patetice sunt contagioase, le }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 preiau cei din jur, de\uc1 \u351 ?i n-a fost \uc1 \u238 ?
n inten\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 celui cuprins de patos. Patetismul este \uc1 \u238 ?
nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ia spre st\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale puterni-ce,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi o st\uc1 \u351 ?ire patologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Arta,
lite-ratura, sub toate; aspectele, propag\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri patetice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Patim\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pasiune cu tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, cu caracter distructiv sau autodistructiv. Cel st\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u226 ?nit de patim\uc1 \u259 ? este activ \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?-
ie\uc1 \u351 ?te pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea distructiv\uc1 \u259 ? determinat\uc1 \u259 ?
de obiectul patimei, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de rapiditatea cu
care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? am\uc1 \u226 ?
nare. Cel \uc1 \u8222 ?orbit
de patim\uc1 \u259 ?" este necritic \uc1 \u351 ?i energic \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238
?nf\uc1 \u259 ?ptuirea obiectivului patimii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Patologie = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a medicinii, consa-crat\uc1
\u259 ? descrierii maladiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i terapiilor specifice. Ansamblul
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice grupate \uc1 \u238 ?n sindroame, sunt completate cu
sindroame somatice. Patologicul se ca-racterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
norm\uc1 \u259 ? compara-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? normalul; abaterile calitative for-
meaz\uc1 \u259 ? anormalitatea, patologicul, un amalgam complicat de abateri
cantitative \uc1 \u351 ?i calitative, care sumate, alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc ta-bloul
clinic al unei entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i nozologice. Neuropsihiatria \uc1
\u351 ?i Psihopatologia preci-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare aspect patologic, ca \uc1
\u351 ?i terapia specific\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavelcu Vasile (1900-1983) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n - n\uc1 \u259 ?scut \uc1 \u238 ?n Costuleni - sat de pe malul
st\uc1 \u226 ?ng a\uc1 \u238 ? Prutului. A f\uc1 \u259 ?cut studiile universitare
la Kiev \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi la Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i, unde a ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut
licen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofie. Face sta-giul de specializare la
Sarbona. A frec-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ventat cursurile lui H. Pieron \uc1 \u351 ?i P. Janet la
College de France, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i pe ale fizio-logului Emile Gley. \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre 1928-1970 a fost profesor de psihologie la Univ. \uc1 \u8222 ?Al. }{\fs18
I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Cuza" Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i - devenind mentorul unei \uc1 \u351 ?coli de
psihologie de aleas\uc1 \u259 ? distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Pledeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
rolul univer-sal al psihologiei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n special al afecti-
vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Drama psihologiei" (1965), face o impresionant\uc1 \u259 ?
pledoarie pentru \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a psihicului \uc1 \u351 ?i rolul ei
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Public\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222
?Func\uc1 \u355 ?ia afec-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (1936); \uc1 \u8222 ?
Caracterele afectivi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (1938); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (1939); \uc1 \u8222 ?Con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient" (1942); .Adev\uc1 \u259 ?
r \uc1 \u351 ?i eroare (\uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gie)" (1943); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologie
pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?" (1962); \uc1 \u8222 ?Invita\uc1 \u355 ?ie la cunoa\uc1 \u351
?terea de si-ne" (1970); \uc1 \u8222 ?Culmi abisuri ale persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii" (1974); \uc1 \u8222 ?Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (1982).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavor nocturn }
\langfenp1048 = tulburare paroxistic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip anxios ce se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul nop\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mai frecvent\uc1 \u259
? la copii. Etiologia este de natur\uc1 \u259 ? psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?. Tipul de pa-
vor nocturn psihotic apare \uc1 \u238 ?n mica copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1 \u351 ?i
poate continua p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la pu-bertate \uc1 \u351 ?i poate avea
urm\uc1 \u259 ?ri caracteriale sau diverse psihoze. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tipul
traumatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 este o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a unor traume psiho-fizice,
iar \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tipul nevrotic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prezint\uc1 \u259 ? mo-dific\uc1
\u259 ?ri EEG \uc1 \u238 ?n traseu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Copilul este cuprins de panic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o mimic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i gestic\uc1 \u259 ? cu
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri dezordonate, automatisme complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i
verbale (strig\uc1 \u259 ?te, gemete) \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
respiratorii, transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Adesea spaima este produs\uc1 \u259 ? de
vise. Terapia trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie etiopatogenic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
individualizat\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea presupune \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtarea
factorului psi-hogen \uc1 \u351 ?i a altor factori etiologici (m\uc1 \u259 ?-suri
igienico-dietetice) \uc1 \u351 ?i chimioterapie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (calciu)
antidepresive \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie cu masiv\uc1 \u259 ? preocupare
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cuplul mam\uc1 \u259 ?-tat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns; \uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg ne trimite la antecesori, str\uc1
\u259 ?mo\uc1 \u351 ?i cu leg\uc1 \u259 ?-turi de consangvinitate.
Intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod special rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia p\uc1 \u259 ?
rin\uc1 \u355 ?i-copii, care include o serie de interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psiho-
pedagogice \uc1 \u351 ?i care nu se poate concepe
numai sub forma autorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii legal exer-citate, ci \uc1 \u351
?i sub aspectul interela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ba-zate pe dragoste \uc1 \u351 ?i
autoritate paternal\uc1 \u259 ?, pe libertate \uc1 \u351 ?i disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?.
Preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea co-pilului pentru via\uc1 \u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?a primordial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n dezvoltarea persona-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii copilului trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o atmosfer\uc1
\u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ?, evit\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor vicii.
Perturb\uc1 \u259 ?rile atmosfe-rei de familie prin c\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?torii
nelegitime, divor\uc1 \u355 ?, discordie, abandon, certuri ne-sf\uc1 \u226 ?
r\uc1 \u351 ?ite, brutalitate, alcoolism, etc, duc la instalarea unor tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihice poli-morfe, cu aspect comportamental \uc1 \u351 ?i dez-adaptativ,
a copiilor (va}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gabondaj, alcoo-lism etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adop\uc1 \u355 ?iunea, de\uc1 \u351 ?i are
aspect bene-fic \uc1 \u238 ?n unele situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
ne de multe ori marcat\uc1 \u259 ? (mai ales dac\uc1 \u259 ? s-a produs dup\uc1
\u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 2 ani) (C. Gorgos). Problemati-ca afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
generat\uc1 \u259 ? de imaginea \uc1 \u8222 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?rin-telui absent" - fac
s\uc1 \u259 ? se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ieze mul-te porniri egoiste \uc1 \u351 ?i
negativiste ale copi-lului adoptat. Profesiunea de p\uc1 \u259 ?rinte pre-supune
practicarea unei adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate peda-gogii care s\uc1 \u259 ? constituie
premizele rezul-tatelor scontate pe plan individual \uc1 \u351 ?i social.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pentru evitarea erorilor,
cu rol n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e-fast asupra personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
copilului este necesar dialogul, buna cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a copi-lului \uc1 \u351
?i adecvarea permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a unor atitudini necesare \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1
\u355 ?ia p\uc1 \u259 ?rinte-copil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu Constantin (1925-1999) }
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psiholog
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n specializat \uc1 \u238 ?n psiholo-gia patologic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihopedagogia defi-cien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mintal. Doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e, s-a preocupat de: - cercetarea limbajului; -
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i intelect; - han-dicapul intelectual;
- delimitarea clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a sindromului de nedezvoltarea vorbi-rii; - modele
de terapie complex\uc1 \u259 ? ree-ducativ\uc1 \u259 ?; - limbajul \uc1 \u351 ?i
integrarea verba-l\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere principale: }{\fs18 \dbch
\u8222 ?Copii handi-capa\uc1 \u355 ?i - Consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e patologice"
(1960); \uc1 \u8222 ?Dezvoltarea vorbirii copilului \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbu-r\uc1 \u259
?rile ei" (1962); \uc1 \u8222 ?Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de limbaj la copil"
(1966); \uc1 \u8222 ?Studii \uc1 \u351 ?i cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri de logopedie" (1960
coordonator); \uc1 \u8222 ?Tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile limbajului scris" (1967);
\uc1 \u8222 ?Lim-baj \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie" (1972); \uc1 \u8222 ?Limbaj
\uc1 \u351 ?i intelect" (1973); \uc1 \u8222 ?Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?a mintal\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i procesul \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii"
(1976); \uc1 \u8222 ?Deficien\uc1 \u355 ?a mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
organizarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (1977); \uc1 \u8222 ?Studii de
psihopedagogie a \uc1 \u238 ?n-v\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii la copiii
normali \uc1 \u351 ?i handicapa\uc1 \u355 ?i intelectual" (1979 coordonator);
\uc1 \u8222 ?Intro-ducere \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedie" (1976); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psiho-
pedagogie special\uc1 \u259 ? integrat\uc1 \u259 ?" (1997); \uc1 \u8222 ?
Metodologia \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii matematicii la
deficientul mintal" (1981 \uc1 \u238 ?n colabo-rare); \uc1 \u8222 ?Metodologia \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii limbii ro-m\uc1 \u226 ?ne \uc1
\u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coala ajut\uc1 \u259 ?toare" (1982 \uc1 \u238 ?n
colaborare); \uc1 \u8222 ?Agresivitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia
uman\uc1 \u259 ?" (1994).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pedagogie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 paidos agein }{\fs18
educa-rea, conducerea copilului). \uc1 \u350 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a cer-cet\uc1 \u259 ?
rii \uc1 \u351 ?i aplic\uc1 \u259 ?rii celor mai bune meto-de de educare a
copilului, tineretului \uc1 \u351 ?i adultului. Ea studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? educa\uc1
\u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?ntul ca problem\uc1 \u259 ? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i indic\uc1
\u259 ? felul \uc1 \u238 ?n care trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se aplice teoria
pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n general \uc1 \u351 ?i de la caz la caz, de
aceea pedagogia nu este numai \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1
\u351 ?i o art\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi235 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\langfenp1048 Pedagogi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? este un ghid de
consiliere, care indic\uc1 \u259 ? slujitorului de la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 catedr\uc1 \u259 ? cum se construie\uc1 \u351 ?te lec\uc1
\u355 ?ia, rapor-tul dintre scop \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u355 ?inut, care sunt sar-
cinile, cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele pentru elev \uc1 \u351 ?i cadrul di-dactic \uc1
\u238 ?n timpul \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? lec\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pedagogia are \uc1
\u238 ?n vedere p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 osibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere, asimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicare a cu-no\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor predate copilului, \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1
\u226 ?nd sea-ma de experien\uc1 \u355 ?a lui anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele altor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?e (biologie, psiho-logie, sociologie, istorie, etc.) \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? preocupare. Ea are mai multe ramuri:
\uc1 \u8226 ? general\uc1 \u259 ?, care include toate teoriile privitoare la
educare \uc1 \u351 ?i in-struire; \uc1 \u8226 ? experimental\uc1 \u259 ?, m\uc1
\u259 ?surarea \uc1 \u351 ?i explorarea legilor diverselor fenomene educative,
aprecierea critic\uc1 \u259 ? a diverselor metode; \uc1 \u8226 ? pedagogie
special\uc1 \u259 ?, educarea \uc1 \u351 ?i instruirea tuturor categoriilor de
copii cu handicap fizic \uc1 \u351 ?i mintal, intelectual, motor, de limbaj,
etc; \uc1 \u8226 ? pedagogia ado-lescentului, a tineretului \uc1 \u351 ?i a
adultului;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\u8226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pedagogia sociologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
cercetarea \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orientarea faptelor de educa\uc1
\u355 ?ie a omului,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?i prin }
\langfenp1048 societate;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Necesitatea \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii
ne\uc1 \u238 ?ntrerupte pe toat\uc1 \u259 ? durata vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii a determinat
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pedagogiei educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei permanente,
iar ca}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ramuri specializate - pedagogia
agricol\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inginereasc\uc1 \u259 ?, a armatei,
industrial\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pedagogia comparat\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i pedagogia pros-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? anticipativ educa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351
?i instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii viitoare pe un}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 interval de aproximativ 50 de ani.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pensionare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ncetarea
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii profe-sionale la limit\uc1 \u259 ? de v\uc1 \u226
?rst\uc1 \u259 ? activ\uc1 \u259 ?. Din punct de vedere psihologic \uc1 \u351 ?i
fiziologic, varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile individuale \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de \uc1
\u238 ?m-b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nire \uc1 \u351 ?i al declinului for\uc1
\u355 ?elor fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i mintale sunt considerabil deosebite de la caz la
caz. De aceea, aceast\uc1 \u259 ? institu\uc1 \u355 ?ie social\uc1 \u259 ?
apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea la pensie prin
legisla\uc1 \u355 ?ia na\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei \uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri. In cazul \uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?virii persoanei, pe
baza expertizei capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, se}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 face ie\uc1 \u351 ?
irea la pensie, cu gradul de in-validitate pe care aceasta i-1 acord\uc1 \u259 ?.
Evenimentul pension\uc1 \u259 ?rii nu trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? ofere o imagine
sumbr\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd senti-mentul de devalorizare, deoarece pro-
cesul de senescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi pre\uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?
mpinat prin continuarea multor acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i fizice sau
intelectuale. Pensiona-rea nu trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? constituie o psihotrau-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n istoria individului, iar
capacitatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de adaptare r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne instrumentul cel
mai adecvat, cu ajutorul c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia persoa-na va putea traversa calm \uc1
\u351 ?i optimist restul anilor din via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Pentru aceasta,
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se men\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? o activitate socia-l\uc1
\u259 ? integrat\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile pe care le posed\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pensionarea este un eveniment ca
oricare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 altul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pune
amprenta pozitiv sau negativ pe fiecare persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, dar o personalitate
echilibrat\uc1 \u259 ? se va comporta firesc, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i va continua
modul de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod ordonat, cu un alt pro-gram
adecvat v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei, sexului, anotim-pului \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor concrete \uc1 \u238 ?n care vie\uc1 \u355 ?uie\uc1 \u351 ?
te. Va trebui s\uc1 \u259 ? evite izolarea, s\uc1 \u259 ? utilizeze \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod optim timpul \uc1 \u238 ?n consumarea poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului restant \uc1
\u238 ?n domeniul \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1 \u351 ?i-a dovedit anterior
competen\uc1 \u355 ?a.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Penthotal
\langfenp1048 = substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? barbituric\uc1 \u259 ? cu efecte de
diminuare a vigilen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a provoca somn. Este
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n analiz\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a face s\uc1 \u259 ?
vorbeasc\uc1 \u259 ? un individ blocat. Este utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n anchete
judicia-re, fiind numit "ser al adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului" (\uc1 \u238 ?n unele \uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri), (dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \qj
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Percept = concept rezultat din procesul g\uc1
\u226 ?ndirii, fiind selec\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u351 ?i focalizat pe obiectul sau
preocuparea actual\uc1 \u259 ?. Are \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
obiectual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie }
\langfenp1048 = proces psihic complex sen-zorial, cu un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
obiectual, care re-flect\uc1 \u259 ? direct \uc1 \u351 ?i unitar ansamblul \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri-lor \uc1 \u351 ?i structurile obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomene-lor, sub forma unor imagini primare. Spre deosebire de senza\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin obiectualitate, sinte-
tism \uc1 \u351 ?i complexitate global\uc1 \u259 ?. Percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? rezultatul interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii senzo-riale complexe
dintre obiect \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectul receptor, pe baza interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
mai mul-tor analizatori. Este deci o etap\uc1 \u259 ? calitativ superioar\uc1 \u259
? senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, dar tot ca proces primar. Astfel, se distinge de
reprezen-tare \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, considerate procese se-cundare,
deoarece percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? contactul direct cu
stimulul complex, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?i confer\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul ei nemijlocit
cu realitatea. Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia este conceput\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea direct\uc1 \u259 ? dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i obiect,
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cadru dat, \uc1 \u351 ?i nu permite ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugiri
arbitrare de calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i senzoriale pe care stimulul nu le
posed\uc1 \u259 ?. Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia formei \uc1 \u351 ?i spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului
depinde de concuren-\uc1 \u355 ?a factorilor optici \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor
kinestezici. Intre percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
i cea temporal\uc1 \u259 ? este un raport de intercondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare, tim-pul
fiind cea de-a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 IV }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - a dimensiune a lumii (Einstein), \uc1 \u238
?n timp ce spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului este tridimensional (verticala gravita\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i orizontal\uc1 \u259 ?, plus ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncimea,
volumul).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Perceperea mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii presupune o corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u238 ?ntre stimuli sau stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ii pen-tru a sesiza continuitatea
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre fazele de stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1
\u259 ? de prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor repere fixe, pe de o parte, iar pe de alta de
fenomenele de postac\uc1 \u355 ?iune sau de per-sisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
imaginilor \uc1 \u238 ?n construirea per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iei mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se
disting percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
analizatorul dominant, \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de percepere dat (vizuale, auditive,
kineste-zice etc.) De asemenea, se poate vorbi de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii
specializate, conform unui tip de activitate; ex.: \uc1 \u238 ?n industria
chimic\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 manufacturier\uc1 \u259 ? se disting peste 40 de nuan\uc1 \u355 ?e de
negru).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Percep\uc1
\u355 ?ie interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de comunicare
interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?, extralin-gvistic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a reflecta \uc1 \u238 ?n mod deosebit,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t structura \uc1 \u351 ?i dinamica persoanelor din grup, c\uc1
\u226 ?t, mai ales, inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ia acestor comportamente, obiectivele lor (C\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?lin
Mamali).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? este ori-entat\uc1
\u259 ? cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere spre inaparent \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune \uc1 \u238 ?
mbinarea reflect\uc1 \u259 ?rii senzo-riale cu cea ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?;
are caracter se-lectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i pune \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iune
capacitatea de empatie. Ea este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de fac-tori
obiectivi: - felul activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, contex-tul socio-cultural,
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, modele mentale, ceea ce
explic\uc1 \u259 ? neco-responden\uc1 \u355 ?a imaginii actuale a partene-rilor cu
modelul perceput. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Po-pescu Neveanu, modelele mintale au \uc1
\u351 ?i rol motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional, con\uc1 \u355 ?in standarde rela-\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale restrictive, de ordin moral,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 transmise familial.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune ce dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te
nivelul obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, comun, ceea ce poate constitui chiar un record.
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, prin testele de performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se
evaluea-z\uc1 \u259 ? nivelul mental, evit\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se probele verbale sau de
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n spec-tru individual
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cel colectiv. Nevoia de performan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este o compo-nent\uc1 \u259 ? central\uc1 \u259 ? de dezvoltare
uman\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i individual\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Periferic }
\langfenp1048 = ceea ce este marginal fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un centru: \uc1
\u238 ?n psihofiziologie, peri-feric este ceea ce este extracerebral \uc1 \u351 ?i
se ia \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu centrii corticali, cum sunt: receptorii, organe,
viscere, \uc1 \u355 ?esu-turi, etc. Astfel de fenomene se consta-t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n percep\uc1
\u355 ?ie (zona central\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i alta}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp1048 periferic\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care central este
nucleul de claritate, iar zona periferic\uc1 \u259 ? este crepuscular\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Perplexitate }
\langfenp1048 = stare de cople\uc1 \u351 ?ire, de ex-taz, de surpriz\uc1 \u259 ?,
uneori asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu spai-m\uc1 \u259 ?; de obicei produce efecte de
blocaj psiho-fizic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament neamical \uc1 \u351 ?i imoral, de
ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere \uc1 \u351 ?i apreciere nea-decvat\uc1 \u259 ? voit a
faptelor unei persoane; cu inten\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i scopuri
nefavorabile \uc1 \u351 ?i du\uc1 \u351 ?m\uc1 \u259 ?-noase. Este o atitudine
patologic\uc1 \u259 ?, uneori \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de un delir
de grandoare \uc1 \u351 ?i ur\uc1 \u259 ?, invidie. Este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unele boli psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
caracterele psihopatice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Persevera\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persisten}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? a unei reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e, ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni, idei, prin iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia focarului de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie (P.
Popescu Neveanu). Efectul stimulului perseverea-z\uc1 \u259 ? mult dup\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ncetarea lui; aceast\uc1 \u259 ? pre-lungire depinde \uc1 \u238
?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd de sensi-bilitatea celui ce 1-a receptat. Fenomenul
revine cu aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i intensitate \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? o dat\uc1 \u259
?, cu reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii anxioase, cu tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a se impune
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Perseveren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a voin\uc1
\u355 ?ei, carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin eforturi continui \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nnoite \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii unui obiectiv. Este o
tenacitate \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nvingerea unor obstacole.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Persoan\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = individul uman \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu al\uc1 \u355 ?
ii. Este cel ce g\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu
valorile morale. Din punct de vedere juridic, o entitate cu drepturi \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?ndatoriri stabilite prin legile \uc1 \u238 ?n vigoare. Poate fi
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? civil\uc1 \u259 ?, juridic\uc1 \u259 ?. Persoana este
acceptat\uc1 \u259 ? de mediul social prin rolul s\uc1 \u259 ?u profe-sional.}
Personaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = totalitatea atitudinilor \uc1 \u351 ?i conduitelor
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare rolurilor pe care subiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i Ie asum\uc1
\u259 ?. Distin-gem personaje eroi, personaje figuri, personaje legendare,
fantastice, alego-rice, simbolice, romantice, realiste, etc. Personajele sociale
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i au rolul \uc1 \u238 ?ncre-din\uc1 \u355 ?at de
societate \uc1 \u238 ?n conformitate cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor. Personajul \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul la \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1
\u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i roluri, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce unele vor s\uc1 \u259 ? fie
a\uc1 \u351 ?a (voliti-ve), altele \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i ascund propria
personali-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i mascheaz\uc1 \u259 ? adev\uc1 \u259 ?rata lor
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Personalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri); comporta-re
neadaptat\uc1 \u259 ? care apare fie \uc1 \u238 ?n adoles-cen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?, fie pe parcursul maturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Anormalitatea se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n echili-brul proceselor psihice, cu
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e nocive pentru persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru familie \uc1
\u351 ?i societate. Global sunt denumite ca personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
psihopatice \uc1 \u351 ?i sunt cauza-te de disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii cerebrale. Este
marcat\uc1 \u259 ? personalitatea schizoid\uc1 \u259 ?, paranoic\uc1 \u259 ?,
epileptoid\uc1 \u259 ?, obsesional\uc1 \u259 ?, isteric\uc1 \u259 ?, aso-
cial\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Personalitatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea cea mai
larg\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul define\uc1 \u351 ?te fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n existen\uc1 \u355 ?a ei socia-l\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nzestrarea ei cultural\uc1 \u259 ?. Personali-tatea
integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? organismul individual cu structurile psihice umane, cu
rela-\uc1 \u355 ?iile sociale \uc1 \u238 ?n care este prins \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
mijloacele culturale de care dispune. Personalitatea este omul integral ca sis-tem
bio-psiho-social-cultural, consti-tuit \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale. El dispune de un poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial
uman nativ, realizat \uc1 \u351 ?i valorificat prin socializare \uc1 \u351 ?i
encultura\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Ca urmare, \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul psi-hic uman se
constituie prin interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre biologic \uc1 \u351 ?i
sociocultural. Nucleul psihic al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
este \uc1 \u351 ?i premiza dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii umane \uc1 \u238 ?n toate}
\langfenp1033 {\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft6576 \shptop9125 \shpright6576
{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportamentele personal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 it\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Filoso-fia percepe subiectul uman ca persona-litate \uc1
\u238 ?n trei ipostaze: \uc1 \u8226 ? subiect pragmatic (homo faber), transform\uc1
\u226 ?nd lumea \uc1 \u351 ?i tin-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ? o st\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? ca subiect epis-temic al cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii (homo sapiens), cel ce ajunge la con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de
sine \uc1 \u351 ?i de lu-me, particip\uc1 \u226 ?nd la procesul de cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?-tere al omenirii; \uc1 \u8226 ? ca subiect axiologic, purt\uc1 \u259 ?tor,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i generator al valorilor (homo valens), care supune \uc1 \u238 ?n
genere natura \uc1 \u351 ?i intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n marea sfer\uc1 \u259 ? a
culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i a valorilor morale c\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u259 ?uzindu-se
dup\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i idealuri, \uc1 \u351 ?i
conferind un sens superior propriei ei vie\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Majoritatea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
privesc omul ca personalitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n devenire continu\uc1 \u259 ?, din
unghiul lor de vedere (antropologia, biologia, sociologia, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ele sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i istorice, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, medicina
psihoso-matic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologia). Orice domeniu de activitate prezint\uc1
\u259 ? omul ca factor decisiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n plenitudinea tuturor \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor \uc1 \u351 ?i de-penden\uc1 \u355 ?elor sale. Fiind \uc1
\u238 ?narmat cu mij-loacele ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351
?i valorifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii, omul devine factor activ \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1
\u355 ?a social\uc1 \u259 ?, particip\uc1 \u226 ?nd la istorie. J. P. Sartre seria:
\uc1 \u8222 ?Problema nu const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce a f\uc1 \u259 ?cut
istoria din tine, ci din ce ai f\uc1 \u259 ?cut tu din ceea ce a f\uc1 \u259 ?cut
istoria din tine". Este deci necesar ca determin\uc1 \u259 ?rile s\uc1 \u259 ?
treac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n autodeterminare, iar m\uc1 \u259 ?sura autodeter-
min\uc1 \u259 ?rii este tocmai proeminen\uc1 \u355 ?a perso-nalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Cu toate c\uc1 \u259 ? personalitatea este unic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i original\uc1 \u259 ?, totu\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
oameni sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i deosebiri.
Pe baza experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei proprii, \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblul perso-nalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii apare un sistem de constructe ce se intergreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
treptat unele pe altele, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere Eul integrator.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eul este rodul
tuturor experien-\uc1 \u355 ?elor acumulate de subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea
\uc1 \u351 ?i corelarea cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i (avem \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere cele trei
laturi ale Eului: corporal, social \uc1 \u351 ?i spiritual). Fiecare personalitate}
\langfenp1048 cumu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 leaz\uc1 \u259 ? un ansamblu de statusuri (roluri)
\uc1 \u351 ?i concret, \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunile sale se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? conform acestora, ca un personaj
distinct.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate a inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n acuitatea spiritului de ob-serva\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u351 ?i din calitatea intelectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de p\uc1 \u259 ?trundere \uc1
\u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?a lucrurilor, a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gerii
clare \uc1 \u351 ?i profunde, pe baza c\uc1 \u259 ?rora se pot elabora planuri
adecvate de ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-une.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Perspicacitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? a intelectu-lui ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n puterea de
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i de p\uc1 \u259 ?trundere a
lucrurilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n acuitatea spiritual\uc1 \u259 ? de observa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
a sensurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iilor unor situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, re-la\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de care
persoana respec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? poate s\uc1 \u259 ? elaboreze rapid \uc1 \u351 ?i
adecvat planuri de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, s\uc1 \u259 ? aleag\uc1 \u259 ? strategiile
cele mai potrivite. Lipsa de perspicaci-tate este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit\uc1 \u259 ? la intelectele limit\uc1 \u259 ?, debilitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ?.
Ea se intensific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ia superioar\uc1 \u259 ?, poziti-v\uc1 \u259 ? ce o avem fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Persuasiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de convingere, sf\uc1
\u259 ?tuire a unei persoane de o alta, de a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
anumit fel. Este folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a-1 orienta \uc1 \u351 ?i dirija pe pacient \uc1 \u238 ?
n direc\uc1 \u355 ?iile motivate de ei. Persuasiunea se exercit\uc1 \u259 ? prin
mijloace verbale de comunicare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pesimism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie de negare a bi-nelui,
opus\uc1 \u259 ? optimismului. \uc1 \u238 ?n plan etic viziunile pesimiste
contest\uc1 \u259 ? perfectibi-litatea \uc1 \u351 ?i sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine neputin\uc1
\u355 ?a omului de a se opune unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii negative \uc1 \u351 ?i d\uc1
\u259 ?u-n\uc1 \u259 ?toare; dup\uc1 \u259 ? aceast\uc1 \u259 ? concep\uc1 \u355 ?
ie, fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? e sortit\uc1 \u259 ? e\uc1 \u351 ?ecului;
\uc1 \u238 ?n genere, sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u238 ?n
viitorul omeni-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a progresului social (Sch}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 open-hauer).}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pete de cerneal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = test de stimulare a
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei, folosit de A. Binet (1985) \uc1 \u351 ?i de H. Rorschach ca
test de personalitate, cunoscut pe plan mondial sub numele de psihodiagnostic.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Piaget Jean (1897-
1980) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = biolog \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-holog elve\uc1 \u355 ?ian, o personalitate
de seam\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei contemporane. Cu mare pasiu-ne
pentru cercetare, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? de timpuriu (prima lucrare la 10 ani)
- studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? biolo-gia \uc1 \u351 ?i filosofia (doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la 21 de ani). \uc1 \u238 ?l
preocup\uc1 \u259 ? psihologia inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei; face observa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
pe copii lui, apoi pe \uc1 \u351 ?co-lari mici asupra dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii
intelectuale, \uc1 \u351 ?i fondeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o nou\uc1 \u259 ? disciplin\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? -}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 epistemologia
genetic\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Piaget, dezvoltarea
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului par-curge patru etape principale: \uc1 \u8226 ?
stadiul senzorio-motor (0-2 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul preo-pera\uc1 \u355 ?ional
(2-7 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor concrete (7-12 ani);
\uc1 \u8226 ? stadiul opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale (peste 12 ani). Lucr\uc1 \u259
?rile sale confirm\uc1 \u259 ? pasiunea cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rii: \uc1 \u8222 ?
Limbajul \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea la copil" (1923); \uc1 \u8222 ?Na\uc1
\u351 ?terea inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei la copil" (1936); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei" (1947). Dup\uc1 \u259 ? 1947 se orien-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai
mult spre filosofie, logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i epistemologie, reunind
psihologi, specia-li\uc1 \u351 ?ti \uc1 \u238 ?n logic\uc1 \u259 ?, filosofie,
matematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cadru interdisciplinar,
urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te modul cum iau na\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? diferitele modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A urmat lui E. Clapared at\uc1
\u226 ?t la con-ducerea Institutului \uc1 \u8222 ?J. J. Rousseau" c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i a Biroului Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional de educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie (B.I.E.)
(1929-1967). Din 1956 - 1966, scrie \uc1 \u8222 ?Epistemologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ?"
\uc1 \u238 ?n 12 vo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lume. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? Piaget,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea este elemen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tul principal \uc1 \u238 ?n geneza
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ope-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? trecerea treptat\uc1 \u259 ? de la
egocentris-mul copilului la comportarea ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, prin
interiorizarea experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i a regu-lilor de comportare
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceasta, Piaget se \uc1 \u238 ?ncadre}
\langfenp1048 az\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n curen-ul neora\uc1 \u355 ?ionalist.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pictografie }
\langfenp1048 = sistem de comunicare grafic\uc1 \u259 ?, figurativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
care precede scrie-rea; const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reprezentarea figurativ\uc1
\u259 ?, realist\uc1 \u259 ? a obiectelor, fiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni-lor; imaginile nu redau cuvinte, ci sem-nifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor
obiectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Pictograf\uc1 \u238 ?a a corespuns modului de g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire primi-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Trec\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se prin scrierea ideogra-
fic\uc1 \u259 ?, ulterior s-a ajuns la scrierea modern\uc1 \u259 ?
fonografic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i conven\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Piromania }{\fs18
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1 \u259 ? pen-tru utilizarea
absurd\uc1 \u259 ? a focului, pentru contemplarea lui obsesiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i provoca-rea de incendii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 {\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Placebo }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = efectul terapeutic al
unei substan\uc1 \u355 ?e indiferente, care este admi-nistrat\uc1 \u259 ?
subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?n chip de medica-ment (sau drog) \uc1 \u351 ?i produce
numai pe baz\uc1 \u259 ? de sugestie efectele corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?-toare. Placebo
este introdus obligatoriu ca substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? monitor c\uc1 \u226 ?
nd se testeaz\uc1 \u259 ? eficacitatea farmacodinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a unui medicament
nou.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Plafonare }
\langfenp1048 = momentul de stagnare a evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei la un anumit nivel al
dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale, morale, psihice, al as-pira\uc1 \u355 ?iilor,
etc. Este evident la debilul mintal \uc1 \u351 ?i alte entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i patologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Plasticitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate a structurilor neuropsihice de a
se transforma, facili-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd adaptarea sau restructurarea, ceru-t\uc1
\u259 ? de situa\uc1 \u355 ?i externe (creativitate, rezol-varea de probleme).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pl\uc1 \u259 ?
cere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = stare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? rezul-tat\uc1 \u259 ?
din satisfacerea unei dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Este tensiunea interioar\uc1 \u259 ? care
conduce c\uc1 \u259 ?tre fericire. Ne bucur\uc1 \u259 ?m de multe feluri de}
\langfenp1048 pl\uc1 \u259 ?ceri, care nu sunt toate la fel, ci difer\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitativ \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ, ca intensitate \uc1 \u351
?i motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerile sim\uc1 \u355 ?urilor sunt infe-
rioare celor ale intelectului. Pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea este prima dintre bunurile
\uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute \uc1 \u351 ?i cu toa-te c\uc1 \u259 ? ne sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod firesc apropiate, nu orice pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere este de ales, ci
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?m pe unele fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de altele. Nu vom
alege pl\uc1 \u259 ?ce-rile vicio\uc1 \u351 ?ilor, (desf\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?ri
senzuale, che-furi, orgii) ci \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elepciunea de-a avea
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea unor virtu\uc1 \u355 ?i, din care s\uc1 \u259 ? decurg\uc1
\u259 ? o via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cump\uc1 \u259 ?tat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
cuviincioas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Pneumograf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aparat de \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrare a
ritmului, volumului \uc1 \u351 ?i structurii actelor respiratorii, implic\uc1 \u226
?nd corela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i expira\uc1
\u355 ?ie. Este util \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor afective, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i al psihofiziolo-giei vorbirii (Spirometria).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Polaritate }
\langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de opunere a tr\uc1 \u259 ?-s\uc1 \u259 ?
turilor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor \uc1 \u238 ?n termeni ex-tremi \uc1 \u351 ?i
inver\uc1 \u351 ?i, caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afecti-vitatea
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Policromatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorii care
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n analizatorul optic a mai mult
de trei elemente sensibile la tonuri croma-tice fundamentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Polite\uc1 \u355 ?e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine
comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, comunicativ\uc1
\u259 ?, care caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interumane. Se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin interiorizarea normelor de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine caracterului. Polite\uc1 \u355 ?ea favori-zeaz\uc1
\u259 ? o bun\uc1 \u259 ? impresie asupra persoanei, dar nu trebuie exagerat\uc1
\u259 ? pentru a nu deveni suspicioas\uc1 \u259 ?, adic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
scopul ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerii unor gratifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Popescu Neveanu Paul (1926-1994) }{\fs18
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psiholog rom\uc1 \u226 ?
n, n\uc1 \u259 ?scut la Hu\uc1 \u351 ?i, jud. Vaslui; Absolvent al Facult\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de Psi-hologie \uc1 \u351 ?i Pedagogie a Universit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti (1949), sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine
doctoratul \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologie la Universitatea din Lenin-grad. Din 1953 a
fost conferen\uc1 \u355 ?iar, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n 1969 profesor de psihologie la Uni-
versitatea din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Membru al Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihologilor
de limb\uc1 \u259 ? fran-cez\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n anii 1963-1964 a \uc1 \u355
?inut un curs la Universitatea din Paris. A studiat \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicat
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi asupra sen-sibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, bazele fiziologice ale tempe-ramentelor umane, ontogeneza proce-selor
cognitive, personalitatea, siste-mul psihic uman etc. Dintre lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
ci-t\uc1 \u259 ?m: \uc1 \u8222 ?Tipurile de activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? la om" (1961); \uc1 \u8222 ?Personali-tatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea ei" (1969); \uc1 \u8222 ?Intro-ducere \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologia militar\uc1 \u259 ?" (1970); \uc1 \u8222 ?Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar de
psihologie" (1978).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Posibil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate de a se realiza, a unui fenomen sau a unei
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Apre-cierea posibilului \uc1 \u351 ?i a limitelor sale are o
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ?
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii: - una se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la autenticitatea relat\uc1 \u259 ?
ri-lor subiectului; - cea de-a doua se refe-r\uc1 \u259 ? la capacitatea de
judecat\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectu-lui pus \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a aprecierii
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de realizare a unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Corectitudinea raportului \uc1 \u8222 ?posibil-probabil" este unul dintre
indicatorii de valoare ai capaci-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de \uc1 \u238 ?
n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere a individului \uc1 \u351 ?i unul din elementele care
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sin-tetic personalitatea individual\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Postulat }
\langfenp1048 = enun\uc1 \u355 ? acceptat ca adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat, f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? demonstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem de-ductiv, din
care sunt derivabile alte enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri. In limbajul tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ional
al filo-sofiei \uc1 \u351 ?i logicei, postulatele erau distin-se de axiome,
consider\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se c\uc1 \u259 ? aces-tea din urm\uc1 \u259 ? propag\uc1
\u259 ? un adev\uc1 \u259 ?r care este cert, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce postulatele sunt
propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii doar presupuse ca adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate, lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de
autoeviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, dar necesare \uc1 \u238 ?n construc\uc1 \u355 ?
ia unui sistem deductiv pentru ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerea unor teoreme.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
Postii ral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce \uc1 \u355 ?ine de pozi\uc1 \u355 ?
ia corpu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui \uc1 \u351 ?i organizarea dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? a
sistemului muscular. In sistemul osteo-muscular, posturalul const\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblul distribu-\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?ncord\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i relax\uc1 \u259 ?rilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259
? latent f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a se manifesta momentan \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1
\u355 ?iune, iar pen-tru ca poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialul s\uc1 \u259 ? fie realizat sunt
ne-cesare unele condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i eforturi. Poten\uc1 \u355 ?ia-lul
uman se alimenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? din sfera culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i nu reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? o m\uc1 \u259 ?rime dat\uc1 \u259 ? definitiv, ci una care spore\uc1
\u351 ?te mereu prin \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are, omului fiindu-i
posibil\uc1 \u259 ? autodep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Potomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = impuls morbid de a ingera
mari cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de lichide, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca
acest fapt s\uc1 \u259 ? fie determinat de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri renale sau
endocrine. Se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de dipso-manie, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n ingerarea paroxis-tic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i perioadic\uc1 \u259 ? de
b\uc1 \u259 ?uturi alcoolice. Debutul se produce \uc1 \u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie
sau ado-lescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pe parcursul evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
iei ei, po-tomania se poate complica cu un diabet insipid. Poliuria secundar\uc1
\u259 ? acestei inges-tii masive de lichide poate pune proble-ma de diagnostic
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial cu diabetul insipid sau poate declan\uc1 \u351 ?a un
enurezis secundar. Examenele paraclinice \uc1 \u351 ?i teste-le retrohipofizare
\uc1 \u351 ?i a elementelor con-flictuale ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
subiectului, tran\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? diagnosticul. Potomania con-stituie
din punct de vedere psihopato-logic o regresiune instinctual\uc1 \u259 ? la cel mai
primitiv stadiu de alimenta\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pozitiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe fapte,
pe realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, pe experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pe
realitate; are \uc1 \u351 ?i sensul de cert, adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat, real, pre-cis,
bine, favorabil, etc; \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu negativ (tot ceea ce
poate fi apreciat sub limit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?zero", r\uc1 \u259 ?u,
nefavorabil). Terme-nul este folosit cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie diferit\uc1
\u259 ?: om pozitiv, cantitate pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, personaj pozitiv, fototropism
pozitiv, r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pozitiv, e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tc. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie,
(dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu) se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu sen-suri diferite,
ca: reflex pozitiv, accele-rare pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, mi\uc1 \u351 ?care pozitiv-
negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, atitudine pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, transfer pozitiv \uc1 \u238 ?n
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iile de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Practic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = activitate prin care oamenii tr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ansform\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?tient realitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i existen\uc1 \u355 ?
a material\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sociocultural\uc1 \u259 ?. Principalele
domenii ale practicii sunt: munca, produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia profesional\uc1 \u259 ?,
modifi-carea mediului natural, activitatea so-cio-politic\uc1 \u259 ?, activitatea
instructiv-edu-cativ\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru transformarea omului \uc1 \u238 ?n-
su\uc1 \u351 ?i - principiul de baz\uc1 \u259 ? al psiho-peda-gogiei. Nu trebuie
neglijat\uc1 \u259 ? interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre teorie \uc1 \u351 ?i
practic\uc1 \u259 ? care c\uc1 \u259 ?-l\uc1 \u259 ?uze\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n
general constituirea tuturor \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prag }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = intensitate
minim\uc1 \u259 ? a unui cu-rent (reobaz\uc1 \u259 ?) sau timpul minim \uc1 \u238 ?
n care el este aplicat (cronaxie) pentru a pro-duce r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns. \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologie, nivel sau m\uc1 \u259 ?rime la care apare sau dispare un fe-
nomen psihic, sau devine posibil\uc1 \u259 ? o discriminare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se cunosc \uc1 \u238 ?n esteziologie (apa-rat
esteziometru) praguri absolute \uc1 \u351 ?i re-lative \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iale. S-au constatat ni-veluri ale detec\uc1 \u355 ?iei discriminatorie cum
sunt cele comentate mai jos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Prag absolut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (prag minim sau ma-xim); limitele
inferioare \uc1 \u351 ?i superioare -de la care \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? la care, func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? sensibilitatea de o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? modalitate, at\uc1 \u226 ?t dup\uc1 \u259 ? intensitate,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i dup\uc1 \u259 ? frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?a stimula\uc1
\u355 ?iei. Pentru tact necesit\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1 \u259 ?
sare; pentru gust sau miros, se define\uc1 \u351 ?te o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ie a solu\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau difuziei \uc1 \u238 ?n lichid sau
aer. La v\uc1 \u259 ?z, pragul minim este de 2-3 cuante de la distan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mic\uc1 \u259 ?, iar la auz,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 19-20 cili pe
secund\uc1 \u259 ?, iar pragul maxim de circa 20.000 cili/secund\uc1 \u259 ?.
Pragul minim depinde de construc\uc1 \u355 ?ia analizato-rului \uc1 \u351 ?i de
antrenament. Pragul minim este indicatorul invers al acuit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii senzo-riale \uc1 \u351 ?i se calculeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? formula }{\i1
\langfenp1048 E = \'5cl p-m.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te pragul maxim (M), acesta
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? limita de rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la solicit\uc1
\u259 ?ri a analizatorului, nivel la care \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? mai
func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care (zona supraliminar\uc1
\u259 ?) intervine destruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia sem-nalat\uc1 \u259 ? prin durere \uc1
\u351 ?i deconectare, califi-cat\uc1 \u259 ? curent ca \uc1 \u8222 ?limit\uc1 \u259
? orbitoare" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?Zgomot asurzitor", \uc1 \u8222 ?presiune nimicitoa-
re", etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prag
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = care precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o sensibilitate
discriminativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care se ex-prim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cantitatea cu
care trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? varieze (\uc1 \u238 ?n plus sau minus) un stimul pentru
a determina o senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?, (mai puternic\uc1 \u259 ?
sau mai slab\uc1 \u259 ?) de o alt\uc1 \u259 ? nuan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
cromatic\uc1 \u259 ? sau tonalitate, presiu-ne, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Fondatorul psihofizicii, M. Weber, afirma
c\uc1 \u259 ? pragul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial este o con-stant\uc1 \u259 ? ce se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu stimulul de baz\uc1 \u259 ?.
Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torii (H. Ebinchaus, H. Hemholtz) au dovedit c\uc1 \u259 ?
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihofizic\uc1 \u259 ? nu este
variabil\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n zona intensit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii medii \uc1 \u351 ?i uzuale, stimu-la\uc1 \u355 ?iile foarte
slabe \uc1 \u351 ?i foarte puternice necesit\uc1 \u226 ?nd un prag diferen\uc1
\u355 ?ial mult mai mare. Este ceea ce se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin legea
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor formulat\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P.
Pavlov \uc1 \u351 ?i conform c\uc1 \u259 ?reia excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile dinamice ira-
dizeaz\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i se concentreaz\uc1 \u259 ? rapid, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd excita\uc1
\u355 ?iile slabe sau puternice iradiaz\uc1 \u259 ? prelung \uc1 \u351 ?i se
concentreaz\uc1 \u259 ? rapid, iar ex-cita\uc1 \u355 ?iile slabe sau puternice
iradiaz\uc1 \u259 ? prelung \uc1 \u351 ?i se concentreaz\uc1 \u259 ? anevoie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologul
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n Ghe. Zapan a revizuit formula teoriei electrochimice a}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 propag\uc1 \u259 ?
rii excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei, incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd o serie de variabile care permit
aplicarea for-mulei sale \uc1 \u351 ?i la stimulen\uc1 \u355 ?ii slabi sau
puternici. Ergonomia informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere
nu at\uc1 \u226 ?t pragul diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial considerat \uc1 \u238 ?n forma sa
de posibilitate minim\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
optimiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierii senzoriale, sub numele de prag
operativ.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Praxie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = totalitatea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i opera-\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor mijlocite prin deprinderi, abilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, capacit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i ce realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri efective \uc1 \u351
?i eficiente \uc1 \u238 ?n executarea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nii practice.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Preadolescenta }{\fs18 \dbch
perioada de dezvol-tare \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei cuprins\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 11(12)-14(15) ani, corespunz\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?
cola-rit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mijlocii, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
profund\uc1 \u259 ? restaurare a organismului, iar din punct de vedere psihic,
printr-o de-finire a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cu o viguroas\uc1
\u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor morale \uc1
\u351 ?i intelec-tuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Este v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de tranzi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de la co-pil\uc1 \u259
?rie la maturitate. Ca not\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ?, se constat\uc1 \u259 ?
instabilitatea emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, curiozitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
agita\uc1 \u355 ?ia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? etap\uc1 \u259 ? se contureaz\uc1
\u259 ? primele g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri privind identitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i prezentarea de
sine, \uc1 \u351 ?i, de asemenea preocuparea de orientare voca\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este
stadiul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii cognitive al opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale, al
analizei critice \uc1 \u351 ?i al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii morale, al cooper\uc1
\u259 ?rii flexibile cu factorii autorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii educative cu
v\uc1 \u259 ?dit\uc1 \u259 ? dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a-i impresiona prin
comportamentul s\uc1 \u259 ?u.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Este stadiul cooper\uc1 \u259 ?rii cu cei de o seam\uc1 \u259 ?,
care-i influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? comporta-mentul \uc1 \u351 ?i
aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile (dup\uc1 \u259 ? Lumin\uc1 \u355 ?a Iacob \uc1 \u351 ?i A.
Cosmovici).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Este v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor afecti-ve, cu sentimente profunde
pentru fa-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 milie, prieteni, iar din punct de vedere al cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii, se profileaz\uc1 \u259 ? interesul pentru cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor psihi-ce \uc1
\u351 ?i a tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor morale ale celor din jur. O
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei este tendin-\uc1 \u355 ?a spre
independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i adesea o instabi-l\uc1 \u259 ?
apreciere critic\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine, prin schimbare
brusc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i categoric\uc1 \u259 ? a com-portamentului.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Precocitate }
\langfenp1048 = stare de dezvoltare p}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siho-motorie, afectiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, aptitudi-nal\uc1 \u259 ?, ce
devanseaz\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta respectivului subiect, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i media comun\uc1 \u259 ? (exemplu: mers \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de 12 luni;
citit \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de 5 ani). Precocitatea poate fi atribuit\uc1 \u259 ?
eredi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de
stimulare \uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i edu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i cazurile de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?rziere \uc1 \u238 ?n dez-
voltarea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihomotor\uc1 \u259 ?, precoci-tatea
pune probleme de abordare instruc-tiv-educativ\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
iat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se
cunosc experien\uc1 \u355 ?ele cu clasele de copii supradotati, \uc1 \u238 ?n care
metodele psihopedagogice au fost adaptate specifi-cului acestor cazuri \uc1 \u238 ?
n scopul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii armonioase a aptitudinilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor lor. De\uc1 \u351 ?i aparent
spectaculoas\uc1 \u259 ?, pre-cocitatea nu reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? garan\uc1 \u355 ?
ia unei evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i tip. Copilul precoce nu trebuie
tratat ca un caz excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional, ci educat \uc1 \u238 ?n ritmul dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii sale, diferit de cel comun.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Preconcepte }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = faz\uc1 \u259 ? incipient\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-sul ontogenetic de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire
\uc1 \u351 ?i formare a conceptelor \uc1 \u238 ?n care copilul acord\uc1 \u259 ?
prime-lor semne verbale semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii restr\uc1 \u226 ?nse. Ca o
particularitate a preconceptelor este impregnarea lor cu elemente concrete
senzoriale, neesen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, schematizate. J. Piaget conchide c\uc1 \u259 ?
preconceptele nu constituie un tot al elementelor particu-lare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Precon\uc1
\u351 ?tient }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen utilizat de Freud pentru a desemna, din punct de
vedere topic, un subsistem al organi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 z\uc1 \u259 ?
rii psihice, net distinct de incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Toate opera\uc1
\u355 ?iile precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientului nu sunt prezente \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1
\u226 ?mpul actual al con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i, ca atare,
ele sunt incon\uc1 \u351 ?tien-te. Din punct de vedere al con\uc1 \u355 ?
inutului \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?, ele difer\uc1 \u259 ? net de cele incon\uc1
\u351 ?tiente, prin faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n accesibile
con\uc1 \u351 ?ti-entelor. Precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul este separat de incon\uc1
\u351 ?tient prin cenzura care nu permi-te con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
proceselor incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tiente s\uc1 \u259 ? treac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
precon\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i con-\uc1 \u351 ?tient f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? a suferi vreo transformare. Deci, precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul particip\uc1
\u259 ? al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la
refulare, coexist\uc1 \u259 ? cu ea \uc1 \u351 ?i o deserve\uc1 \u351 ?te.
Precon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul desemnea-z\uc1 \u259 ? o circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie
unidimensional\uc1 \u259 ? dintre incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient spre con\uc1 \u351 ?tient,
dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i invers.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Predictor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = instrument de evaluare a unei anum}
\langfenp1048 ite variabile psihice la un moment dat, care are valoare diagnos-
tic\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i prognostic\uc1 \u259 ?, de anticipare a
reu\uc1 \u351 ?itei \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea real\uc1 \u259 ?, ulterioar\uc1 \u259
?. Fiind un act socialmente determinat, e mai greu de operat la nivel de pre-
dictor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Predic\uc1
\langfenp1048 = act ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional de anticipare a producerii unui eveniment,
fenomen sau ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Nu poate fi confundat cu \uc1 \u8222 ?presim\uc1
\u355 ?ire", care se sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? pe unele asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii spontane
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai multe evenimente din percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia
anteri-oar\uc1 \u259 ?. Predic\uc1 \u355 ?ia se \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe
un pro-ces logic, discursiv \uc1 \u351 ?i const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n formu-
larea unei judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ce descrie un eveni-ment \uc1 \u238 ?
nainte de producerea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? a acestuia. Predic\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi riguros exact\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea este
probabilistic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aproximativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acele
domenii ale existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n care legile nu a}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 u fost}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 formu-late exact \uc1
\u351 ?i unde influen\uc1 \u355 ?a condi-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor instabile nu poate fi
neglijat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Predispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate ereditar\uc1 \u259 ? a
unui organism de a dezvolta o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? patologie, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii prielnice ambien-tale necesare declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii acelei
patologii. Conform geneticii, nu se mo\uc1 \u351 ?tenesc toate caracterele
ereditare, ci se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o transmitere a factorilor
predispozan\uc1 \u355 ?i ge-netici.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Preferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? predilec-ta c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un obiect, persoan\uc1 \u259 ?,
lucru, situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ca rezultat al atrac\uc1 \u355 ?iei acestora. Pre-
supune o raportare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? sau
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tienta, \uc1 \u351 ?i se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin simpatie
\uc1 \u351 ?i dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a intra \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu
acea persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, etc. Preferin\uc1 \u355 ?a are
\uc1 \u351 ?i o determinare socio-cultural\uc1
\u259 ? (tra-di\uc1 \u355 ?ie, obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?e familiale).
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? se implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interperso-nale afective, ce pot avea la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
trebu-in\uc1 \u355 ?e, interese. Preferin\uc1 \u355 ?a poate fi unilate-ral\uc1
\u259 ? sau reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?, (\uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz este o adecvare
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, de caracteristici ale v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei,
preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri intelectuale). Convergen\uc1 \u355 ?a preferin\uc1 \u355 ?
elor \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul reali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor interpersonale din
grup, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei comune, devine factorul de coeziune al grupului, \uc1 \u238 ?
n patologia psihic\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii-res-pingeri
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? subiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i bazate
\uc1 \u238 ?n special pe dinamica pulsional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pregnan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a unei struc-turi de a se impune prin eviden\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, clari-tate, expresivitate, prin for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i stabilita-te, relevante \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu restul structu-rilor
c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului, care sunt dispersate, es-tompate, neregularizate, etc.
Criteriile pregnan\uc1 \u355 ?ei sunt: regularitatea, simetria, simplitatea,
continuitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i unificarea. Pregnan\uc1 \u355 ?a depinde de modul cum
este organizat stimulul, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de factorii su-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biectivi, de contribu\uc1
\u355 ?ia adus\uc1 \u259 ? de subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n organizarea c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului
perceptiv. \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia medic-pacient, cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1
\u259 ? caracteris-tici de pregnan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? anumite aspecte care pot
constitui factori favorizan\uc1 \u355 ?i sau nefavorizanfi \uc1 \u238 ?n
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ulterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C.
Prejudecat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opinie personal\uc1 \u259 ?, inefi-cient
fundamentat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i verificat\uc1 \u259 ?, care, fiind sus\uc1
\u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv, induce un coefi-cient de deformare \uc1 \u351 ?i
folosire \uc1 \u238 ?n cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere. Prejudec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
constituie un mare handicap \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea teoretic\uc1 \u259 ?,
greu, dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu chiar imposibil de elimi-nat. Aceasta limiteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
orizontul proble-matic, creativitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i ingeniozitatea, condi\uc1 \u355
?ii necesare ale inven\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i desco-peririi de noi
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Premise ereditare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, un
ansamblu de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri morfologice \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355
?ionale, particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale sistemu-lui nervos care
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii. Premisele ereditare sunt referitoare la: \uc1 \u8226 ? calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile neuronale \uc1 \u351 ?i somatice, cele \uc1 \u8226 ? temperamentale (ca
la-tur\uc1 \u259 ? dinamico-energetic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u355 ?ii); \uc1 \u8226 ? disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile pulsionale.
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu, premisele eredita-re sunt nespecifice, \uc1
\u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? nu pre-figureaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau interzic un anume tip
de dezvoltare \uc1 \u351 ?i realizare. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest context, func\uc1
\u355 ?ionalitatea analizatorilor poate totu\uc1 \u351 ?i intra ca un factor
semispecific.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Premoni\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen psihic para-mental, inclus \uc1 \u238 ?n
categoria fenomenelor paranor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 male, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la posibili-
tatea de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i relevan-t\uc1
\u259 ? a evenimentelor viitoare, probabil pe cale perceptiv\uc1 \u259 ?
extrasenzorial\uc1 \u259 ?. Se deo-sebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de predic\uc1 \u355 ?ie
\uc1 \u351 ?i anticipare pro-spectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind similar\uc1 \u259 ? cu
previziunea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ne\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare ca o clarviziune, ca o presim\uc1 \u355 ?ire.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prestigiu }{\fs18
cota de valoare, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? unei
persoane, unei func\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Prestigiul profesional presupune atribuirea unei cote \uc1 \u238 ?nalte va-lorice:
utilitate social\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?anse de promo-vare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Previziune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = posibilitatea de a
vedea mersul evenimentelor \uc1 \u238 ?n viitor, folosind opera\uc1 \u355 ?iile
mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i experien\uc1 \u355 ?a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este o latur\uc1
\u259 ? a proceselor cognitive de a \uc1 \u238 ?mbina anticipativul cu
reproductivul. Previziunea uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente ipo-tetico-
deductive \uc1 \u351 ?i include proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii ima-ginative \uc1 \u351 ?i
prezum\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? di-feren\uc1 \u355 ?a
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre previziunile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, con-struite
logic \uc1 \u351 ?i motivate prin fapte \uc1 \u351 ?i argumente, care au o mai mare
probabili-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntre previziunile ne\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice fon-date mai mult afectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i asociate unor
orient\uc1 \u259 ?ri arbitrare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
{\b1 \fs18
Prezbi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a vederii const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n imposibilitatea de a percepe clar obiectele aflate la distan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mic\uc1 \u259 ?, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? sl\uc1 \u259 ?birii
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de acomodare a crista-linului (proiec\uc1 \u355 ?
ie optic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n spatele reti-nei). Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul
v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei de 45 de ani \uc1 \u351 ?i progreseaz\uc1 \u259 ? odat\uc1 \u259
? cu \uc1 \u238 ?naintarea \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?. Corectarea
se face cu ajutorul lentilelor convergente.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prezum\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = element important
\uc1 \u238 ?n meca-nismele g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
normalu-lui, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a patologicului. Este o con-struc\uc1
\u355 ?ie ipotetic\uc1 \u259 ?, neconfirmat\uc1 \u259 ? de fapte, dar poate avea
corectitudinea ra\uc1 \u355 ?iona-mentului. Este util, at\uc1 \u226 ?t c\uc1
\u226 ?t r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne \uc1 \u238 ?n stadiu de ipotez\uc1 \u259 ?
probabil\uc1 \u259 ?. Gre\uc1 \u351 ?it este c\uc1 \u226 ?nd o etichet\uc1 \u259 ?m
drept certitudine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Principialitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1 \u259 ?
a omului const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un comporta-ment principal, consecvent
\uc1 \u351 ?i stabil, condus dup\uc1 \u259 ? norme \uc1 \u351 ?i principii
esen-\uc1 \u355 ?iale. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? poate faci-lita
anticiparea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor unui individ. Extrema cealalt\uc1 \u259 ?, lipsa
unei principiali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, poate frapa \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i-lor antisociale, care pot comite u\uc1 \u351 ?
or acte reprobabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Principii didactice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = norme generale de organizare \uc1 \u351 ?i
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare a procesu-lui de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt. Rezultat al experien-\uc1 \u355 ?ei
didactice, al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii marilor peda-gogi \uc1 \u351 ?i al cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rii actuale de didacti-c\uc1 \u259 ?; principiile didactice au la baz\uc1
\u259 ? ra-portul de condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare dintre natura co-pilului, scopul
educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i al \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor pe de o
parte, \uc1 \u351 ?i efectele instructiv-educative pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte.
Acestea sunt jaloane, directive care trebuie aplicate \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblu
\uc1 \u238 ?n toate formele de activi-tate didactic\uc1 \u259 ?. In prezent, sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, \uc1 \u238 ?n for-mularea principiilor sau
strategiilor in-structive intervin importante restruc-tur\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Iat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u226 ?teva principii ale \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii
progrmate: \uc1 \u8226 ? principiul particip\uc1 \u259 ?rii ac-tive, care presupune
construirea de c\uc1 \u259 ?-tre elev a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului; \uc1 \u8226 ?
principiul pa\uc1 \u351 ?i-lor mici, care presupune fragmentarea dificult\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? progresia gradat\uc1 \u259 ?, con-ducerea de la o
etap\uc1 \u259 ? la alta p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la atingerea scopului
propus; \uc1 \u8226 ? verificarea imediat\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce presupune \uc1 \u238
?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea \uc1 \u351 ?i corectarea fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei etape; \uc1
\u8226 ? respectarea ritmului de lucru propriu fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui elev; \uc1
\u8226 ? favorizarea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor corecte prin \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259
?turarea erorilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? principiul repeti-\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?mbinarea algoritmiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii cu euris-tica. Sunt \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n actualitate principiul intuitiv, al sistematiz\uc1
\u259 ?rii, al altern\uc1 \u259 ?rii elementelor concrete cu cele teoretice,}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?mbinarea
muncii din clas\uc1 \u259 ? cu cea indivi-dual\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, toate dozate
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mbinate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit mod.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Principiu }{\fs18
= \uc1 \u238 ?n sens ontologic - substan-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, cauz\uc1 \u259 ?
primordial\uc1 \u259 ?, pe care se fondea-z\uc1 \u259 ? o form\uc1 \u259 ? sau un
domeniu al fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens epistemologic - tez\uc1 \u259 ?
fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? care universalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg
c\uc1 \u226 ?mp al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Exemple: \uc1 \u238 ?n logic\uc1 \u259 ? - principiul
identit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau al ter\uc1 \u355 ?ului exclus; \uc1 \u238 ?n
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea dialectic\uc1 \u259 ? -principiul contradic\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
Probabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept fundamental \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? modern\uc1 \u259 ?, cu multiple semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u238 ?n diverse \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e (fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, ma-
tematic\uc1 \u259 ?, filosofie). \uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea co-mun\uc1
\u259 ? desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? credibilitatea unei afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ii prin
aparen\uc1 \u355 ?a ei de a fi adev\uc1 \u259 ?-rat\uc1 \u259 ?. Conceptul de
probabilitate este ne-cesar interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rii adecvat-deterministe a
fenomenelor
\uc1 \u351 ?i proceselor complexe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prob\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fapt demonstrativ \uc1
\u238 ?n cercetare \uc1 \u351 ?i diagnoz\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
exploratorie prin pro-cedee \uc1 \u351 ?i tehnici, orientat\uc1 \u259 ? spre
constat\uc1 \u259 ?ri, identific\uc1 \u259 ?ri, descoperiri. Sunt probe sim-ple
\uc1 \u238 ?n scopul descoperirii unui simptom sau verific\uc1 \u259 ?rii un
indicator (prag senzori-al, volum al aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, etc). Probele per-mit
m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?tori. Testul este o prob\uc1 \u259 ? stan-
dardizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prev\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ? cu un barem.
Pro-bele experimentale sunt deschise la orice fel de rezultate care necesit\uc1
\u259 ? interpret\uc1 \u259 ?ri adecvate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Problematizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = activitate intelectual\uc1
\u259 ?, cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, de sesizare, inducere \uc1 \u351 ?i formu-lare sau
reformulare a unei probleme. Modalitate didactic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip euristic prin
prezentarea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de probleme
\uc1 \u351 ?i de organizare a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii
\uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei intelectuale, pe baza rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii de
probleme de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre elevi (studen\uc1 \u355 ?i) de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tip teoretic, practic-
aplicativ, distractiv etc. Problematizarea accentueaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca-racterul
formativ al \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii la toate
obiectele de studiu, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca un principiu didactic.
Popescu Neveanu (1977), analiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile unor cerce-
t\uc1 \u259 ?tori, distinge \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea descoperi-rii de probleme,
cinci niveluri: \uc1 \u8226 ? pro-blematizarea situa\uc1 \u355 ?iil}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 or
anterior nepro-blematice; \uc1 \u8226 ? formularea problemei;}{\fs20 \dbch
\rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx202 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 recompensarea \uc1 \u351 ?i definitivarea ei;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 restructurarea rezolutiv\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii creatoare.}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Problem\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dificultate cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? (Ole-ron),
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de care fondul cuno\uc1
\u351 ?-tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor subiectului este insuficient \uc1 \u351 ?i inadecvat;
dificultatea de a selec\uc1 \u355 ?iona sau construi un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns, ceea ce
defi-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie problematic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
care intervine o discordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e. Orice
problem\uc1 \u259 ? implic\uc1 \u259 ? un conflict cognitiv \uc1 \u351 ?i
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ion}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al-afectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procedee euristice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = euristica
este dis-ciplina ce reune\uc1 \u351 ?te procedeele menite s\uc1 \u259 ?
conduc\uc1 \u259 ? la descoperire, la inven\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i crea\uc1
\u355 ?ie, iar procedeele euristice sunt sisteme opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
plastice \uc1 \u351 ?i deschi-se, de tipul punerii de noi probleme, de explorare a
noi ipoteze fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ceea ce se cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te deja. Asta
\uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? considere ca adev\uc1 \u259 ?rate \uc1
\u351 ?i eficiente une-le tehnici ale experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei anterioare \uc1
\u238 ?n diferite \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e (fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, chimie,
biologie, agricultur\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologie, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e
sociale, economice, istorice, etc), dar \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? con-
trazic\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u355 ?ial sau integral pe unele din ele.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Uneori supozi\uc1 \u355 ?iile
\uc1 \u351 ?i modelele euris-tice se abat de la rigurozitate logic\uc1 \u259 ?,
prefer\uc1 \u226 ?nd o inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a fluid\uc1 \u259 ?, prelun-git\uc1
\u259 ? cu fantezie, apel\uc1 \u226 ?nd at\uc1 \u226 ?t la deduc-\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la analogii. Se recurge \uc1 \u351 ?i la}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 aplicarea unei teorii cunoscute \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un nou domeniu,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i la amestecul a dou\uc1 \u259 ? teorii diferite cu valoare nou\uc1
\u259 ? ca efect, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un domeniu al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
aplicative. De asemenea, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propun explorarea zonelor
intermediare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? disci-pline (procedee \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni interdisci-plinare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre: fiziologie - medicin\uc1
\u259 ?; psihologie - psihiatrie, biologie-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e agricole;
biologie-geografie; istorie-fiziologie). Admit transferul unui model dintr-un
domeniu \uc1 \u238 ?n altul al aceleia\uc1 \u351 ?i discipline sau \uc1 \u238 ?n
alt\uc1 \u259 ? disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?. Ex.: principiul euristic al transform\uc1
\u259 ?rii emer-gente a cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n calitate
(prin apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia spontan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i neprev\uc1 \u259 ?
zut\uc1
\u259 ? a noilor calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i; apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia din ceva a
altceva diferit calita-tiv), \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-pedagogia social\uc1 \u259 ? se
poate dezvolta un nou tip de comportament din altul anterior, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? a fi contradictoriu, ci calitativ nou, prin recombinarea itemilor \uc1
\u351 ?i vectorilor tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, cu noile exigen-\uc1 \u355 ?e ale
contemporaneit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Are loc reco-dificarea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i a teoriilor \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
descoperirile \uc1 \u351 ?i crea\uc1 \u355 ?iile origi-nale ale domeniului
respectiv. Conclu-zion\uc1 \u259 ?m c\uc1 \u259 ? nu se poate face un inventar de
procedee euristice, dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu un domeniu sau
altul \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? o dat\uc1 \u259 ? verifi-cate \uc1 \u351 ?i
completate, ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugite, combinate, procedeele euristice se
transform\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n algoritmi, adecva\uc1 \u355 ?i unor sarcini noi
ale lucr\uc1 \u259 ?torilor \uc1 \u238 ?n acel domeniu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procedeele imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei }{\fs18
consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd caracterul euristic deschis, exploratoriu tuturor
opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n special ale
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ne vom referi la acestea, ca moduri de operare
mintal\uc1 \u259 ?. Procede-ele imaginative sunt modele mai mult sau mai pu\uc1
\u355 ?in riguroase, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un conti-nuu proces de operare \uc1 \u351 ?i
transformare, adecvat situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n care dorim s\uc1 \u259 ?
ne implic\uc1 \u259 ?m.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u259 ?
motivele \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?i-rile afective \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?in
o receptivitate crescut\uc1 \u259 ? pentru anumite aspecte ale realului, acest fapt
creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i restructur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
noi \uc1 \u238 ?n toate componen-tele sistemului psihic uman.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pe fondul experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei
individuale, inclusiv cea social\uc1 \u259 ?, combinatorica imaginativ\uc1 \u259 ?
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie inedit\uc1 \u259 ?, origi-nal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o generare de noi produse (un exemplu este edificator: botani\uc1 \u351 ?tii au
creat laleaua neagr\uc1 \u259 ? prin modificarea culorii fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de celelalte crea\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale natu-rii, fapt \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lnit \uc1 \u351 ?i la alte specii florale).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procedeul aglutin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
nou\uc1 \u259 ? organizare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, este larg folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n
toate disciplinele, prin \uc1 \u238 ?mbinarea unor aspecte, elemente, apar\uc1
\u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd unor diferite fenomene, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd la iveal\uc1
\u259 ? noi crea\uc1 \u355 ?ii tehnice (radiocasetofonul, tele-viziunea,
calculatoarele, faxul, etc). Amplificarea \uc1 \u351 ?i diminuarea conduc la noi
efecte de imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie (\uc1 \u238 ?n literatura \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifico-fantastic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
tea-tru, \uc1 \u238 ?n artele plastice, \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul aparaturii
electrotehnice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Toate procedeele amintite sunt lega-te de multiplicarea sau omiterea
unor elemente structurale, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o nou\uc1 \u259 ? iden-titate
obiectivului propus. Reorganiza-rea, adaptarea \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicativitatea,
substi-tu\uc1 \u355 ?ia, schematizarea, tipizarea, analo-gia, etc, sunt procedee
folosite \uc1 \u238 ?n con-struc\uc1 \u355 ?iile imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1
\u238 ?n orice activitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Deosebit de important\uc1 \u259 ?, ca modali-tate a imagina\uc1 \u355
?iei subiective este trans-pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia inferat\uc1 \u259 ? (introdus\uc1
\u259 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?n empatie, acea abilitate a acelora\uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1
\u259 ?iri, percep-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, etc, prin proiectarea lor asupra unui alter ego.
\uc1 \u8222 ?Metafora, metonimia, perso-nificarea, alegoria, hiperbola, etc. nu
sunt numai figuri de stil, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i procedee imaginare ce pot interveni
\uc1 \u238 ?n orice acti-vitate", propune P. Popescu Neveanu. Produsul
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei creatoare este un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\marglsxn3350 \margrsxn2367 \margtsxn1440 \margbsxn720 \guttersxn0 \headery708
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proiect mental caracterizat prin noutate, }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 originalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i ingeniozitate, rezultat din
structurarea \uc1 \u351 ?i selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia acestor procedee.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procedeu }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mijloc
de cercetare, con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 struire practic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i mental\uc1 \u259 ?, de explorare a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 datelor \uc1
\u351 ?i de interpretare. Astfel se poate aminti de procedee psihoterapeutice, de
reeducare \uc1 \u351 ?i compensare. Prin interiori-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zare,
procedeele devin opera}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ii mintale }{\fs18
proprii persoanelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard
\expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Proces }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = autoanaliza criti-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? a unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii conflictuale,
referindu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 se la conduita proprie \uc1 \u351 ?i la valorile \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 normele sociale acceptate. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest pro-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ces de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
intervin, pe de o parte, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
de sine, pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, mo-dul \uc1 \u238 ?n care este conceput de
ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i se-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 meni, imaginea lor despre el. In acest }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proces de analiz\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? intros-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pec\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
\uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care Supraeul, ca in-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 stan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? profund\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u8222 ?resimte senti-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentul
culpabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii" (C. Gor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gos). Per-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile narcisice se disting
printr-o alegere narcisic\uc1 \u259 ? (exagerat subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?) a
argumentelor de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1 \u351 ?i tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 supune totul propriilor interese.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procese emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procese psihice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
afective, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un ansamblu de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale persoanei \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cu lu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mea \uc1 \u351 ?i cu sine, trec\uc1 \u226 ?nd
prin comporta-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mente motorii, afective, \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de mo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri organice vegetative.}
\langfenp1048 Procesele emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale au caracteristici }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 specifice: \uc1 \u8226 ? participarea pregnant\uc1 \u259 ? a pro-
ceselor neocorticale: - un nivel d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e repre-}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zentare a tuturor func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
proceselor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reflexe ale organismului; - reglarea acti-
vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vegetative; - asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
neuro-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 nii senzitivi-senzoriali \uc1 \u351 ?i motori din cortex de la
diferite nivele ale encefa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lului; \uc1 \u8226 ?
gradul de complexitate al pro-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eselor emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
difer\uc1 \u259 ? de la cele mai}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 simple p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile
polivalente, poli-morfe \uc1 \u351 ?i simultan\uc1 \u259 ? diversificare; \uc1
\u8226 ? gra-dul de con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizare este diferit (de la cele spontane
impulsive, la cele elaborate procesual); \uc1 \u8226 ? din punct de vedere al
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, p. e. variaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la cele expansiv-
superficiale \uc1 \u351 ?i efemere, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele profunde
\uc1 \u351 ?i de durat\uc1 \u259 ?, stabilizate; \uc1 \u8226 ? con\uc1 \u355 ?
inutul lor este contra-dictoriu, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? extreme:
sim-patie - antipatie, bucurie - triste\uc1 \u355 ?e, ad-mira\uc1 \u355 ?ie -
dispre\uc1 \u355 ?, dragoste sau ur\uc1 \u259 ?, in-fluen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
comportamentul \uc1 \u351 ?i fiind ast-fel pasive sau active.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce emo\uc1 \u355
?iile au un obiectiv precis de care omul este con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, dispozi\uc1
\u355 ?iile afective sunt difuze, pu\uc1 \u355 ?in intense \uc1 \u351 ?i nu se
raporteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, obiect. Clasa
atitudinilor afec-tive \uc1 \u238 ?n care intr\uc1 \u259 ? sentimentele \uc1
\u351 ?i pasiu-nile unei persoane, se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
structur\uc1 \u259 ?ri complexe \uc1 \u351 ?i stabile, re-prezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd
raporturi ale subiectului (persoanei) cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procese
psihice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale psi-hismului sub diferite
modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de con-duit\uc1 \u259 ?, specifice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional implicat, de
natura \uc1 \u351 ?i de stilul propriu, obiectiv. Sunt procese re-flectorii care
vehiculeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
energie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i. Se \uc1 \u238 ?mpart \uc1 \u238 ?n mod teore-tic, doar pentru studiu,
\uc1 \u238 ?n trei mari gru-pe: \uc1 \u8226 ? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, cognitive
(senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii, percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri, g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndire, memo-rie, imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie); \uc1 \u8226 ? procese psihice afec-tive
\uc1 \u351 ?i emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale (emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii afecte, senti-mente \uc1
\u351 ?i pasiuni; impulsuri, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri ten-sionale, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e,
toate ansambluri energizatoare
ce stau la baza condi\uc1 \u355 ?iei); \uc1 \u8226 ? procese psihice voli\uc1
\u355 ?ionale (manifes-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri de organizare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, delibera-re \uc1 \u351 ?i alegerea unei solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n
urma deli-ber\uc1 \u259 ?rii mai multor alternative de}{\fs20 \dbch
\guttersxn0 \headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard
\margtsxn1440 \margbsxn720 \guttersxn0 \headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune pentru
a atinge un scop). Toate procesele psihice se comport\uc1 \u259 ? unitar, \uc1
\u238 ?n mod exclusiv, nu pot fi separate \uc1 \u351 ?i de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
asemenea, toate \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc func\uc1 \u355 ?ii infor-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ma\uc1
\u355 ?ional-reflectorii; energetice de auto-reglaj \uc1 \u351 ?i autoorganizare
constructiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Limbajul \uc1 \u351 ?i aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia nu sunt clasificate ca
procese psihice; de\uc1 \u351 ?i manifestarea lor are aspect procesual, ele \uc1
\u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? nu posed\uc1 \u259 ? un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut specific, fiind
considerate activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice (Vezi Anexa A - fig. 25).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In
psihopatologie, modificarea proce-selor psihice este diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1
\u259 ? din punct de vedere al con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului \uc1 \u351 ?i simptoma-
tologiei \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de procesul morbid \uc1 \u351 ?i al
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei acestui proces.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Produs psihic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rezultat al proceselor psihice,
ce apare \uc1 \u238 ?n urma activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pro-cesuale. S. L.
Rubinstein face distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre proces \uc1 \u351 ?i produs
psihic, pe care P. Popescu Neveanu o admite, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ?
cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni sunt str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legate \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre ele, c\uc1 \u259 ? produsul psihic este de fapt unita-tea cu care psihicul
lucreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul proceselor psihice pentru elaborarea lor.}
Profesiograma }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 profesiolo-giei ca
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor profesiilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul orient\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i selec\uc1 \u355 ?iei profesionale, profesiograma
stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele psiho-fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihosociale ale profesiu-nii, cum ar fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?n somato-fiziograma profesiu-nii;
\uc1 \u8226 ? monografiile profesionale, con-st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
descrierea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a principa-lelor opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ii \uc1 \u351 ?i a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de munc\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ?
tehnologia profesiunii; \uc1 \u8226 ? igiena muncii, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
microclimat; \uc1 \u8226 ? psihologia profesiunii, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri
psihice ca: tempe-rament, aptitudini, caracter; \uc1 \u8226 ? sociologia
profesiunii: perspective economice, soci-ale, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de salarizare,
promovare, etc; \uc1 \u8226 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea profesional\uc1 \u259 ?:
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 practic\uc1 \u259 ?, tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?, durata \uc1
\u351 ?i locul pre-g\uc1 \u259 ?tirii. Profesiograma prezint\uc1 \u259 ? impor-
tan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ca un instrument de lucru, cu-prinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
tabele \uc1 \u351 ?i criterii pentru orien-tarea \uc1 \u351 ?i selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Profesiune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de
activitate spe-cializat\uc1 \u259 ?, oferit\uc1 \u259 ? persoanei de c\uc1 \u259 ?
tre so-cietate, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea satisfacerii necesit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor acesteia \uc1 \u351 ?i a valorific\uc1 \u259 ?rii capacit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u355 ?ilor sale individuale; \uc1 \u8226 ? surs\uc1 \u259 ? de venit \uc1 \u351 ?i
mijloc de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
grup; \uc1 \u8226 ? un ansamblu de solicit\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe plan tehnic \uc1
\u351 ?i social \uc1 \u238 ?n care persoana s\uc1 \u259 ? se poat\uc1 \u259 ?
integra f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? risc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prognatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 progenie; }{\fs18
anomalii ale maxilarelor: \uc1 \u8226 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
deschis\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? prognatism superior; \uc1 \u8226 ? prognatism
in-ferior. Se reflect\uc1 \u259 ? negativ asupra articu-l\uc1 \u259 ?rii
bilabialelor, labiodentalelor \uc1 \u351 ?i lin-guo - dentalelor. (Vezi Anexa A -
fig. 6. a. \uc1 \u351 ?i b.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Prognostic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 = estimarea anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ?, de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre medic,
psiholog, logoped pe par-cursul urm\uc1 \u259 ?ririi cazului, a evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
iei tratamentului \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapiei, dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ind
interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rile magico-religioase; \uc1 \u8226 ? des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?ur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se pe parcursul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii individuale a
normalului \uc1 \u238 ?n practicarea profesiunii, sunt necesare testele
voca-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, care-\uc1 \u351 ?i asum\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai sarcini
diagnostice, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i prognostice. Accesul la mijloacele terapeutice
deschide per-spective optimiste \uc1 \u238 ?n prognosticarea multor abateri de la
normal (boli minta-le, malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii fiziologice, psihiatrice), prin
stabilirea de criterii noi \uc1 \u351 ?i obiecti-ve de diagnostic \uc1 \u351 ?i
prognostic, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul orient\uc1 \u259 ?rilor moderne de nosologizare
\uc1 \u351 ?i sistematizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\margrsxn2269 \margtsxn1440 \margbsxn720 \guttersxn0 \headery708 \footery708
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prognoz\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = disciplina \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? de mare
utilitate pentru orientarea planurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i proiectelor sociale \uc1 \u351
?i tehnico-economice, educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, edilitare, etc, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
peri-oad\uc1 \u259 ? mai apropiat\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?
rtat\uc1 \u259 ?, anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Prognoza uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de meto-
dologii matematice, sociologice \uc1 \u351 ?i psiho-logice asupra opiniei publice,
investi-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd atitudinile \uc1 \u351 ?i aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Program }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = schema
de ansamblu a dife-r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 itelor momente \uc1 \u351 ?i a pa\uc1 \u351 ?
ilor necesari rea-liz\uc1 \u259 ?rii obiectivului propus. Orice pro-gram implic\uc1
\u259 ? activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i re-
glare \uc1 \u238 ?n timp a valorilor date, a modific\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor deja
prognozate. Programul repre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? stabilirea procedeelor euristice
\uc1 \u351 ?i a algoritmilor optimi pentru finalizarea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Proiect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceea ce rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din proiectare, ca plan sau
model de realizat, profilat \uc1 \u238 ?n configurare, \uc1 \u238 ?n scheme de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u351 ?i imagini, a inten\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, dorin\uc1 \u355
?elor, ideilor, ca produs al proceselor imaginative. Psihologii interpreteaz\uc1
\u259 ? latura de posibi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 litate a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane ca un proiect }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al devenirii sale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Proiectiv }{\fs18
atribut al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de pro-iectare \uc1 \u351 ?i de
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie pe care con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? o
\uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Acest fenomen se investi-gheaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin tehnici
proiective. C. En\uc1 \u259 ?-chescu consider\uc1 \u259 ? analiza global\uc1
\u259 ? a perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii din punct de vedere structural \uc1
\u351 ?i dinamic, apel\uc1 \u226 ?nd la fenomenul proiectiv, ca o ramur\uc1 \u259 ?
a psihodiagnozei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Proiectivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate a interac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nii informa\uc1
\u355 ?ionale dintre latura estrover-siv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
introversiv\uc1 \u259 ? a psihismului uman, pe plan perceptiv \uc1 \u351 ?i mental,
exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd o posibilitate de adaptare la realitate, cu acceptarea unor
circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?e. Psihicul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin proiectivitate func\uc1
\u355 ?ia sa rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, de acomodare, pe baza conexiunilor
directe \uc1 \u351 ?i a retroaferen-ta\uc1 \u355 ?iilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = coresponden\uc1
\u355 ?a dintre re-ceptorii periferici \uc1 \u351 ?i zonele de proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie
cortical\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n neurologie. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie,
coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre mediul ambiant \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudinile,
aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ele, de-prinderile subiectului uman.
Proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia este recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de intrapro-
iec\uc1 \u355 ?ie ca un mecanism al diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierii \uc1 \u351 ?i
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei dintre Eu \uc1 \u351 ?i lume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Propedeutic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?, a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei scop este acela de a face o ini\uc1 \u355
?iere prelimi-nar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul altei discipline, pre-zent\uc1
\u226 ?nd metodele, conceptele de baz\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile obligatorii necesare de-mersului \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ific \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea co-rect\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Se poate vorbi despre o propedeutic\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihogenezei, a terapiei medicale \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit dome-niu medical sau al
logopediei, biologi-ei, a cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse domenii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prosopagnozia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = agnozia figurilor, in-capacitatea
bolnavului
de a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te persoanele cunoscute, dup\uc1 \u259 ? figura aces-
tora.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prospectiv }
\langfenp1048 = ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te spre vii-tor, opus retrospectivului;
fiind o latur\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
definitorie a ima-gina\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
elaboreze imagini concrete asupra viitorului. Se conturea-z\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i o psihologie prospectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?ut\uc1 \u226 ?nd
s\uc1 \u259 ? deduc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? prezinte la diverse
gra-de de anticipare problematica dezvol-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i de
personalitate a omului \uc1 \u238 ?n societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile evolutive
ale zonei proxime a viitorului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\colw2923 \endnhere \pard \plain \fi1939 \li1138 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-235
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P }{\fs18
sinonim }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Daltonism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (vezi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 Protanopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 termenul)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Protreptic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procedeu sugestiv realizat \uc1 \u238 ?n
stare de veghe \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rit" prin
mijloa-ce fizico-pedagogice. Protreptica este o metod\uc1 \u259 ? terapeutic\uc1
\u259 ?, din sfera psihotera-piilor sugestive, folosind ansamblul mij-loacelor
psihice (verbale) \uc1 \u351 ?i fizice, influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd puternic
bolnavii \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri nevro-tice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Proxemic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = direc\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de cercetare \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hologia ambian\uc1 \u355 ?ei, care studiaz\uc1
\u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile cauzale \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionale dintre
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu, ca dimensiune a ambian\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1
\u259 ?rile psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentale. Comportamentul proxemic este
reglat de modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i sti-luri perceptiv-spa\uc1
\u355 ?iale, de semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale
\uc1 \u351 ?i se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? treptat, ca o strategie care exprim\uc1
\u259 ? raportul per-sonalitate ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i preocuparea form\uc1 \u259 ?rii cadrelor \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pruden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de caracter ce rea-
lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un echilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre curaj \uc1 \u351 ?i team\uc1 \u259
?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunt }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prev\uc1
\u259 ?zute ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional pericolele \uc1 \u351 ?i dau-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nele ce pot
surveni, adopt\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se m\uc1 \u259 ?suri pentru a preveni \uc1 \u351 ?i
diminua riscul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psellisnius }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen derivat de la gre-cescul }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
,psellismos", }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd o tulbu-rare de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie
ce \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? articula-rea corect\uc1 \u259 ? a anumitor
sunete, sinonim termenului de dislalie. Autorii francezi descriu tulburarea de
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i sub denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?blessite"
(blesitate), nu numai sub aceea de dislalie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pseudodebilitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen ce se
aplic\uc1 \u259 ? multor categorii heterogene de copii, cu caren\uc1 \u355 ?e
afective, instabilitatea psihomotorie, lentoare patologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, etc, care pot fi diagnostica\uc1 \u355 ?i ca}{\fs20 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 debili
mintal, dac\uc1 \u259 ? se iau \uc1 \u238 ?n conside-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie coeficientul
de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i per-forman\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?. Diagnosticul fals de debilitate mental\uc1
\u259 ?, a fost contestat printr-o nou\uc1 \u259 ? retestare (anamnez\uc1 \u259 ?
me-dical\uc1 \u259 ?, investigarea mediului familial, probe de evaluare, etc.)}
Pseudopsihologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orient\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiel-nice \uc1 \u351
?i concluzii ne\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice ale unor pretin\uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologi care
n-au reu\uc1 \u351 ?it s\uc1 \u259 ? disting\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenele veridice de
cele false. Diletantismul \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie este foarte d\uc1 \u259 ?
un\uc1 \u259 ?tor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihagogie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psihopedagogia reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a
psihoterapiei, \uc1 \u238 ?n special a recu-per\uc1 \u259 ?rii deficien\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor psihomorali; de re-modelare a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii deformate,
deviante, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nor-male socio-
morale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihanaliza }
\langfenp1048 = sistem psihologic tera-peutic elaborat de S. Freud, care pri-ve\uc1
\u351 ?te cu deosebire structura incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tientului \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1
\u355 ?iile sale \uc1 \u238 ?n determina-rea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice
(manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii imaginative, vise,
fantasme, deliruri etc. a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi sunt supuse in-
terpret\uc1 \u259 ?rii libere a persoanei). P. studia-z\uc1 \u259 ? geneza
nevrozelor, propun\uc1 \u226 ?nd posi-bilitatea de tratare prin cur\uc1 \u259 ?
analitic\uc1 \u259 ?, renun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd definitiv la tehnica
sugestiei prin hipnoz\uc1 \u259 ?. Psihanali\uc1 \u351 ?tii au elaborat un model de
psihologie \uc1 \u8222 ?abisal" \uc1 \u238 ?ntru-c\uc1 \u226 ?t exploateaz\uc1
\u259 ? ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncimile incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ncerc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? explice desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ener-getice ale Eului. Psihologia Eului opu-ne tezei freudiene a primatului
pulsiu-nilor organice, teza despre \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?ta-tea
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei, de esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihastenie }
\langfenp1048 = termen introdus de Piere Janet ce se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri predominante}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 obsesivo-fobice \uc1 \u351 ?i fobii, nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, ne-hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?re. Este o entitate clinic\uc1 \u259 ? ce
cu-prinde fenomene de angoas\uc1 \u259 ?, fobii, obo-seli, sentimentul \uc1 \u238 ?
nstr\uc1 \u259 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?rii de lume, de depersonalizare, dubiu, inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ii ale acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mentale, sexuale etc. Este
cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de influen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i traume ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?
ii infantile \uc1 \u351 ?i de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea nefavorabil\uc1 \u259 ? a unor
traume psihice, de boli organice \uc1 \u351 ?i de rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a sc\uc1
\u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului la urm\uc1 \u259 ?rile aces-tora.
Rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor obsesive pe care bolnavul nu le poate
elimina \uc1 \u351 ?i care-i invadeaz\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
a \uc1 \u238 ?l \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?urarea normal\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice.
Psihoterapia \uc1 \u351 ?i asigurarea unui climat so-cial \uc1 \u351 ?i familial
favorabil aduc o influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? la vindecarea
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihiatrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (suflet, vindecare); discipli-n\uc1 \u259 ? medical\uc1
\u259 ? care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t modific\uc1 \u259 ?-rile
patologice ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i cauzele, condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismele acestor modific\uc1
\u259 ?ri precum \uc1 \u351 ?i tratamentul bolilor psihice (C. Parhon - \uc1
\u350 ?tef\uc1 \u259 ?nescu). Ca preocupare, pare tot at\uc1 \u226 ?t de veche
ca \uc1 \u351 ?i omenirea (primele descrieri ale bolilor psihice, nebunia, ne-au
parvenit din vechime). Ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi psihiatria se constituie \uc1 \u351 ?i ca
un domeniu aplicativ, conceptual \uc1 \u351 ?i pragmatic, apreciind bolnavul
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ac-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iune bio-psiho-social\uc1 \u259 ?, care
conside-r\uc1 \u259 ? boala mental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
surse actuale \uc1 \u351 ?i evidente (sau \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtate \uc1
\u351 ?i profunde), cauze organice psihologice sau individu-ale - sociale, cu
simptomatologie soma-tic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihic\uc1 \u259 ?" (Robert Lafon - 1963)}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihic }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }
\langfenp1048 (psykhe - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 suflet); o \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire
spe-cial\uc1 \u259 ? a creierului de reflectare a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
obiective pe plan subiectiv, proprie ani-malelor superioare \uc1 \u351 ?i omului;
totalitatea fenomenelor \uc1 \u351 ?i proceselor prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? reflectare \uc1 \u351 ?i care pot fi: cognitive, afective
\uc1 \u351 ?i voli\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Din cele mai vechi timpuri oamenii
au}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 devenit
con\uc1 \u351 ?tien\uc1 \u355 ?i de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i, c\uc1 \u259 ?ut\uc1 \u226 ?
nd s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i l\uc1 \u259 ?mureasc\uc1 \u259 ? rosturile pe lume,
am ajuns la concluzia c\uc1 \u259 ? toate cele ce \uc1 \u355 ?in de psihic (spirit
ori suflet) au o \uc1 \u238 ?nsem-n\uc1 \u259 ?tate maxim\uc1 \u259 ? pentru ei
\uc1 \u351 ?i au c\uc1 \u259 ?utat s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleag\uc1
\u259 ? ce este psihicul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n ce rapor-turi se afl\uc1 \u259
?
aceasta cu celelalte laturi ale existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Psihicul, ca modalitate a
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, are func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de coordo-nare a
raporturilor dintre organism \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu, deoarece toate procesele psihice
au baze opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, iar subiectul (in-dividul) ajunge la o
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere riguroa-s\uc1 \u259 ?, dar par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Toate proce-sele psihice au baze opera\uc1
\u355 ?ionale spe-cializate pentru informare. Pe baza cu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?terii prin
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii au loc codifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i decodific\uc1
\u259 ?ri semantice. Dezvol-tarea psihicului este stadial\uc1 \u259 ?, at\uc1 \u226
?t pe plan mental c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai - comporta-
mental \uc1 \u238 ?n forul subiectiv (personal), care este supraordonat c\uc1 \u226
?mpului senzo-rial, spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporal, \uc1 \u351 ?i dispune de o
relativ\uc1 \u259 ? autonomie fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de acesta.}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Specific psihicului uman este
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a, reflectarea lumii \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1
\u259 ?-toare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a propriei persoane, a rela-\uc1
\u355 ?iilor lui cu realitatea \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Reflectarea
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? este specific\uc1 \u259 ?, dar psihicul implic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomene psihi-ce incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente (intui\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, observa\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu-rente). \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihicul este forma pe care o
\uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1 \u259 ? succesiunea proceselor ner-voase din creier; iar
forma, imaginea, nu \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t un sistem
precizat de raporturi. Imaginea este un fenomen psihic. Psihicul este imagine,
form\uc1 \u259 ?, ca atare intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n lan\uc1 \u355 ?ul cauzal
al realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor umane". (A. Cosmovici, \uc1 \u350 ?t. Celmare
1990). La om, psihicul atinge cel mai mare nivel de dezvoltare, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
mare diversificare a componentelor \uc1 \u351 ?i un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut reflectoriu
complex. Trecerea de la stadiul animal la cel uman, const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, care \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 cea mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de organizare
psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin ea este posibil\uc1 \u259 ? delimitarea }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 subiectului uman de mediul extern \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 adoptarea unei atitudini activ-transfor-mato}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 are. Declan\uc1 \u351 ?area \uc1 \u351 ?i direc\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportamentului (ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea) spre scopul }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 propus este posibil\uc1 \u259 ? chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
formu-larea prealabil\uc1 \u259 ?, con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
anticipat\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere reflectoriu,
infor-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ma\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional, con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 unitatea dialecti}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? a
dou\uc1 \u259 ? laturi: con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a lumii obiective \uc1
\u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sine,
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre care exist\uc1 \u259 ? o permanent\uc1 \u259 ? inte-rac\uc1
\u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i transferuri de con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi in-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 forma\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i scheme opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.
}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihicul este subiectiv dup\uc1 \u259 ? forma
sa de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 elaborare, \uc1 \u351 ?i obiectiv dup\uc1
\u259 ? con-\uc1 \u355 ?inut. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3
\expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihicul este obiectul
de studiu al }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihoanaleptice }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = substan\uc1 \u355 ?e psihotrope care au ca ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
principal\uc1 \u259 ? stimularea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sistemului nervos central. Sunt grupate \uc1 \u238 ?n trei
subgrupe: \uc1 \u8226 ? psihotone pro-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 priu-zise,
stimulente ale vigilit}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii;
\uc1 \u8226 ? sti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mulente ale dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei
(timoleptice sau }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 antidepresive); \uc1 \u8226 ?
psihostimulente (care }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu se opun somnului fiziologic
sau hip-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 noticelor);}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihodiagnostic }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune complex\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 investigare care urm\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unor particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
specifice, psihice la o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? prin intermediul observa\uc1 \u355 ?iei
}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
psihologice \uc1 \u351 ?i al unor tehnici psiholo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gice
(anamnez\uc1 \u259 ?, anchet\uc1 \u259 ?, chestionare, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
convorbire, testele, etc). Psihodiag-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nosticianul
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afara concep\uc1 \u355 ?iei teoretice (fundamentat\uc1
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pe psihologi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a
general\uc1 \u259 ?, diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, genetic\uc1 \u259 ?,
proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?.a., etc), \uc1 \u238 ?n afara }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 instruc\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor testelor pe care dore\uc1 \u351 ?te
s\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le utilizeze, mai sunt necesare deprin-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deri ce presupun uneori o exersare de ani }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de zile. Psihologul va aplica doar unele}{\fs20 \dbch
din testele existente: testul tema-tic de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apercep\uc1
\u355 ?ie (T.A.T.), Rorschach, Tehni-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca Holtzman (a
petelor de cerneal\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 HIT), Testul
povestirilor create pe baz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de imagini
(P.S.T.), Metoda asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei de cuvinte, Testul cas\uc1 \u259 ?, arbore,
om }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (H.T.P.), Testele obiective de persona-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 litate, Scara Terman, Scara Binet-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 Simon (B-S), Labirintele Parteus etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihodiagnosticul \uc1 \u238 ?
ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un rol socio-uman \uc1 \u351 ?i
este implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stabilirea celor mai
adecvate mijloace }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 educative sau psihoterapeutice cu
privi-re la ameliorarea \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea con-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 d}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i\uc1 \u355 ?iei umane.
(Ursula \uc1 \u350 ?chiopu -1970).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sursele principale de diagnos-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
ticare sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? studiul expresiei (mimic\uc1 \u259 ?, pantomimic\uc1
\u259 ?, reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de m\uc1 \u226 ?nie, de sur-priz\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1
\u8226 ? comportamentul, inclusiv cel }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 verbal; \uc1
\u8226 ? analiza rezultatelor activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii productive; \uc1
\u8226 ? interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i comenta-riile subiectului privind
diferite situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (P. Popescu Neveanu).
Este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 evitarea abuzului de teste.
\uc1 \u238 ?n afara pre-g\uc1 \u259 ?tirii de psiholog \uc1 \u351 ?colar sau
consilier de orientare \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, se }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cere o specializare de 1-2 ani \uc1 \u238 ?
n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sociol}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ogia muncii, de economie
\uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aprofundarea profesiunilor, cerin\uc1 \u355 ?
ele }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 profesiogramei, etc. (Vezi }{\i1 \fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ,ftfetode de }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
psihodiagnostic" - }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Mariana Ro\uc1 \u351 ?ea).}
\langfenp1048 Psihodram\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
9 \expndtw-9 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? de
pedagogie \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terapie activ\uc1 \u259 ? (L.
Moreno), prin care se }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sondeaz\uc1 \u259 ? realizarea
total\uc1 \u259 ? a psihiculu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Psihodram\uc1 \u259 ? trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? un
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiect - program care implic\uc1 \u259 ? un
su-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biect sau un grup \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
spectacol, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dac\uc1 \u259 ? acesta (ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia)
a(u) cunoscut }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i exprim\uc1 \u259 ? dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a participa.
Psihodram\uc1 \u259 ? este o terapie \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
profunzime a grupului prin c}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 on\uc1 \u355 ?inu-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 turile vehiculate. Poate fi spontan\uc1 \u259 ? sau
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tit\uc1 \u259 ?. Constituie o form\uc1 \u259 ? de expri-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mare a conflictelor interne, personale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Are trei
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i distincte: \uc1 \u8226 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirea, \uc1
\u238 ?n care se fac eforturi de acomodare a acto-rilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? jocul
dramatic \uc1 \u238 ?n comun; \uc1 \u8226 ? dis-cu\uc1 \u355 ?ia final\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?n care se fac aprecieri asu-pra fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia, \uc1 \u351 ?i
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd fiecare degaj\uc1 \u259 ? ce a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?at \uc1 \u351 ?i ce anume a reu\uc1 \u351 ?it s\uc1 \u259 ? exprime din tr\uc1
\u259 ?irile sale. Jocul liber d\uc1 \u259 ? posibilita-tea de a \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistra dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i preocu-p\uc1 \u259 ?rile
subiectului, prilej de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i forma o imagine asupra structuri suflete\uc1
\u351 ?ti, parti-cularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile normale \uc1 \u351 ?i maladive
ale subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Psihofarmacologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? modern\uc1
\u259 ? care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu studiul farmacodinamic \uc1 \u351 ?i clinic al
substan\uc1 \u355 ?elor psihotrope, care exercit\uc1 \u259 ? efecte psihologice
utilizabile \uc1 \u238 ?n terapeutica psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n psihoterapia curent\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt analizate \uc1 \u351 ?i produsele ce
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? favorabil asupra func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor mentale
superioare (acidul glutamic, ro-niacolul, hidergin\uc1 \u259 ?, etc). De asemenea,
produsele cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune stenic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?psiho-tonice":
amfetamina, ri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 talina, serpotonil, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihofizic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
subdisciplin\uc1 \u259 ? a psihologiei care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la stimul\uc1
\u259 ?rile fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i la m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea lor (senzorimetre). T. Fechner propune le-gea
logaritmic\uc1 \u259 ? care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? raportul dintre m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea
obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i evaluarea receptiv\uc1 \u259 ? corespunz\uc1
\u259 ?toare. M\uc1 \u259 ?surarea pragurilor absolute \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iale sunt efectuate prin procedee ale fizicii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psiliofiziologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ce realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura cu
psihologia, cunosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? fi-ziologia sistemului nervos st\uc1
\u259 ? la baza proceselor psihice; aceast\uc1 \u259 ? unitate func-\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? permite studierea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional-
structurale dintre structurile siste-mului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i manifest\uc1
\u259 ?rile psihocom-portamentale. Apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihofiziologiei a fost
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tit\uc1 \u259 ? de cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile de laborator}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Wundt) asupra r}
\langfenp1048 eflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavlov), de teoria
hipotalamic\uc1 \u259 ? a emo\uc1 \u355 ?iei (Cannon), de descoperirea
electroencefalogramei, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Metoda principal\uc1 \u259 ? de cercetare a psihofiziologiei este cea
experimental\uc1 \u259 ?, cu procedee \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, \uc1 \u238
?n care se iau \uc1 \u238 ?n considerare at\uc1 \u226 ?t sistemele senzoriale
implicate, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? un sistem poate avea
efecte specifice dar \uc1 \u351 ?i nespecifice. (Vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
Tratat de psihofiz-iologie", }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ciofu, M. Golu \uc1 \u351 ?i C.
Voicu}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx178 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 1978). Printre indicatorii fiziologici}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cei
mai uzuali pot fi considera\uc1 \u355 ?i: \uc1 \u8226 ? elec-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 troencefalografia, ca indicator al func-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii cerebrale, al somnului, ve-}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 ghei sau al unei condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii patologice;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? electrodermograma, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe faptul}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate
constitui o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la diferite st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale; \uc1 \u8226 ? pietismo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grama, la
baza c\uc1 \u259 ?reia st\uc1 \u259 ? faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? vari-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ia volumului sangvin din unele p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale
corpului poate fi determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oboseal\uc1
\u259 ?, de conflicte \uc1 \u351 ?i st\uc1 \u259 ?ri emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 nale; \uc1 \u8226 ? electromiograma, ca indicator al}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de tensiune nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?;
\uc1 \u8226 ? respi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ra\uc1 \u355 ?ia ca
indicator al unor momente cu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?; electrooculo-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 grama care indic\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor vise,}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare,
etc. (Ciofu- 1978).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunt
foarte necesare principiile me-todologice ale acestei discipline, care-i confer\uc1
\u259 ? specialitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i valoarea opera-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?: - caracterul
activ al diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierii \uc1 \u351 ?i specializ\uc1 \u259 ?rii
structurilor neuronale;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 caracterul selectiv-adoptativ
al actelor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reflexe care formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea
de an-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 samblu a sistemului nervos; - principiul}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 autoreglabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
care postuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? capa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 citatea de control a
sistemului nervos}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asupra impulsului senzorial,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ie\uc1 \u351 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea din sistem
prin veriga conexiunii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inverse; - principiul
autoorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii sis-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temului nervos ca sistem evolutiv,
ce}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 trece treptat de la un nivel inferior la}
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx110 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unul superior (Vezi pri}
\langfenp1048 ncipiile P. Popes-cu Neveanu \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
Ciofu, M. Golu, C. Voicu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Psihogenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ( gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 genron - }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a
na\uc1 \u351 ?te, a produce); termen atribuit oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui factor sau
fenomen care este rezultatul psiho-genezei, exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd ponderea compe-
ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei psihologice \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane; mai
precis, ponderea unor factori psihici, mintali sau emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, dar
\uc1 \u351 ?i al unor factori organici sau somatici, care nu pot fi pu\uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Psihogeniile constituie un grup
polimorf de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihotice \uc1 \u351 ?i nevrotice, \uc1 \u238 ?n
al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror deter-minism etiologic se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu traumele psi-hice,
influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de factori somatici \uc1 \u351 ?i genetici favorizan\uc1
\u355 ?i. Identificarea corect\uc1 \u259 ? a factorilor din mediul extern ce ac\uc1
\u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra psihicului reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o indi-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca\uc1 \u355 ?ie educativ\uc1 \u259 ? pentru p\uc1
\u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i educatori }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i una
terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? pentru medici. Astfel sunt traumatismele emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale de tipul unor evenimente ce declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? frica, furia,
extazul care fie c\uc1 \u259 ? au o intensitate extrem de mare, fie un caracter
repetitiv etc. In medicina psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? se pune \uc1 \u238 ?n
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihogenia unor boli soma-tice cum sunt ulcerul,
cardiopatiile, afec-\uc1 \u355 ?iunile hepatice, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihogram\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = presupune un
fel de in-ventar psihologic al proceselor \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin-\uc1 \u355 ?elor
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor profesionale (vezi profesiograma care indic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i contradic\uc1 \u355 ?iile
psihice ale unei profe-siuni, loc de munc\uc1 \u259 ? sau opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
munc\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Psiholepsie - Psiholeptice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (gr. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lepsis -}{\fs18
criz\uc1 \u259 ?); sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea brusc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de scurt\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? a tensiunii psihice sau mintale. Este \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de psihastenie,
schizofrenie, etc. Medicamente psiho-trope care inhib\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea
sistemului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nervos,
diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea mental\uc1 \u259 ?, determin\uc1 \u259 ?
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea pragului vigilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, reducerea
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelectuale, aplati-zarea emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u350 ?coala rom\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ? adaug\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? grup\uc1 \u259 ? substan\uc1 \u355 ?e bar-
biturice, nebarbiturice \uc1 \u351 ?i substan\uc1 \u355 ?e anti-convulsivante.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psiholingvistica }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de grani\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-tre lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologie. Lingvis-tica are ca obiect studiul limbilor ca sisteme de semne \uc1
\u351 ?i reguli de combi-nare a lor pentru formarea mesajelor, iar psihologia
limbajului studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? me-canismele psihice ale vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntrunind leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura dintre cele
dou\uc1 \u259 ? discipline, psiholingvistica studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? in-fluen\uc1 \u355
?ele pe care le exercit\uc1 \u259 ? psihologia vorbitorilor (inten\uc1 \u355 ?iile,
atitudinile, inte-ligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, personalitatea lor) \uc1 \u351 ?i
situa\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, cu
utilizarea concret\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii. Iat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, sus\uc1 \u355 ?i-nerea autoarei Tatiana Slama - Cazacu,
ini\uc1 \u355 ?iatoarea acestei pre\uc1 \u355 ?ioase discipline: \uc1
\u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?n momentul comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii fiecare par-tener face uz de
ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n siste-mul s\uc1 \u259 ?u lingvistic
individual, \uc1 \u351 ?i prin aceasta, de ceea ce este virtual \uc1 \u238 ?n lim-
b\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru a pune \uc1 \u238 ?n circula\uc1 \u355 ?ie mesajele de
fiecare moment, fapte lingvistice individuale, care dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndesc valoare de
comunicare prin fundamentul lor de cod comun, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i prin adecvarea la
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia particular\uc1 \u259 ? din momentul res-pectiv. Nu trebuie omis
faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? feno-menul comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii umane se caracteri-
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea unui echilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ceea ce
este fix \uc1 \u351 ?i invariabil, \uc1 \u351 ?i adecva-rea flexibil\uc1 \u259 ? la
varia\uc1 \u355 ?ia din realitatea fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui moment". Pentru realizarea
co-munic\uc1 \u259 ?rii umane este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? stabili-rea unui raport \uc1
\u238 ?ntre constant \uc1 \u351 ?i varia-bil, a unui echilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
baza social\uc1 \u259 ? comun\uc1 \u259 ?, - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 codul - }{\fs18 \dbch
\u351 ?i adaptarea la dina-mica realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii subiective \uc1
\u351 ?i obiective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
acest model es}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te considerat drept \uc1 \u8222 ?cod" orice sistem de
semne (implicit cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii) at\uc1 \u226 ?t verbale c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i nonver-bale, codul fundamental r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u226 ?nd totu\uc1 \u351 ?i limba - sistemul de semne verbale -specific uman".
Fiind o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? de grani\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, p. utilizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod curent date elaborate de lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?ndeosebi modul de a descrie enun\uc1 \u355 ?urile, \uc1 \u351 ?i datele
psiholo-giei, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi cele referitoare la meca-nismele generale ale
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii - vorbirii, \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii etc. De aceea p. are str\uc1 \u226 ?nse
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi cu socio-lingvistica \uc1 \u351 ?i cu antropologia cultural-
lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum remarc\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ce studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
proce-sele \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenele psihice, la diferite ni-veluri de manifestare a
acestora. Ea stu-diaz\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ? pe parcursul
ontolo-giei sale \uc1 \u238 ?n general \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse etape
ale dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de o serie de fac-tori
individuali \uc1 \u351 ?i de mediu. Obiectul psihologiei este psihicul. Psihologia
mo-dern\uc1 \u259 ? consider\uc1 \u259 ? ca obiect de studiu feno-menele psihice,
deci ansamblul faptelor sau manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor care se constituie ca
experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? intern\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1
\u351 ?i ca modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i obiectiv-explicabile de func-\uc1
\u355 ?ionare a organismului uman \uc1 \u238 ?n forma sa superioar\uc1 \u259 ? de
organizare - psihismul (prin psihism \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegem totalitatea
feno-menelor psihice proprii unui individ sau unei colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i), (vezi Anexa A - Fig 25). P. se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomene \uc1 \u351 ?i
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice urm\uc1 \u259 ?rind descrierea \uc1
\u351 ?i explicarea acestora \uc1 \u238 ?n baza descoperirii unui ansamblu de legi,
metode \uc1 \u351 ?i tehnici specializate. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, legea poate fi
definit\uc1 \u259 ? ca o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, un raport necesar, esen\uc1 \u355 ?
ial, repetabil, general \uc1 \u351 ?i obiectiv \uc1 \u238 ?ntre fenomene.
Datorit\uc1 \u259 ? acestor caracte-ristici (necesar, general, repetabil) legile
confer\uc1 \u259 ? celui ce le cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te puterea de a anticipa, de a
prezice cursul acelor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fenomene pe care}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le regleaz\uc1 \u259 ?.
Existen\uc1 \u355 ?a legilor generale \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie a fost aspru
contestat\uc1 \u259 ?, prin aceasta pun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se sub semnul \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i statutul \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific al psihologiei. Unul din argu-mente era c\uc1 \u259 ? domeniul
psihologiei este individual, ori \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz legile nu pot fi
universale, de unde s-a tras concluzia c\uc1 \u259 ? o psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? a individuali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ar fi
imposibil\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n continuare s-a afirmat c\uc1 \u259 ? legile
psihologiei nu pot fi pure, ci sunt mai degrab\uc1 \u259 ? legi ale fiziologiei,
poate chiar ale fizicii. De aceea, se accept\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? majoritatea
legilor psihologiei sunt neprecise \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? valabi-litatea lor
este limitat\uc1 \u259 ? de anumite con-di\uc1 \u355 ?ii spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-
temporale \uc1 \u351 ?i pot prevedea doar unele procese, pe care le descriu, de
unde deducem c\uc1 \u259 ? legile psihologiei sunt legi statistice, cu oarecare
proba-bilitate; \uc1 \u351 ?i cu toate acestea, psihologia poate face predic\uc1
\u355 ?ii cu mare grad de probabilitate, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere
comple-xitatea psihicului uman, care poate fi abordat din foarte multe puncte de
vedere (de aceea exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i at\uc1 \u226 ?tea ramuri ale ps}
\langfenp1048 ihologiei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Psihologia animal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psiho-logiei
comparate. Experiment\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se fenomenele psihice pe animale, prin
extrapolare la om s-au putut trage concluzii cu privire la influen\uc1 \u355 ?a
eredit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii asupra evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei unor deprinderi (test
- labirintul). Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u259 ? se pot controla
mai bine condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i starea
fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? a animalelor dec\uc1 \u226 ?t ale omului, sunt realizabile
experien\uc1 \u355 ?e foarte importante (1. P. Pavlov - refle-xele condi\uc1
\u355 ?ionate); de asemenea pot fi luate \uc1 \u238 ?n considera\uc1 \u355 ?ie
for\uc1 \u355 ?a tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor: foamea, prin priva\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, greu
de aplicat la om).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = toate domeniile \uc1 \u238 ?n care sunt
aplicate cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele de psiho-logie general\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru rezolvarea unor probleme din domenii concrete; \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1 \u355
?ie de domeniul de aplicare pot fi men-\uc1 \u355 ?ionate: psihologia artei,
psihologia ani-mal\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologia clinic\uc1 \u259 ?, p. conduitei, p.
copilului, p. comparat\uc1 \u259 ?, p. diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, p.
dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?, p. economic\uc1 \u259 ?, p. experi-mental\uc1 \u259 ?, p.
genetic\uc1 \u259 ?, p. industrial\uc1 \u259 ?, p. militar\uc1 \u259 ?, p. muncii,
p. obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, p. pa-tologic\uc1 \u259 ?, p. social\uc1 \u259 ?, p.
umanist\uc1 \u259 ?, p. spor-tului, p. v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor, etc. Rezultatele apli-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rii cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor teoretice \uc1 \u238 ?n
domenii bine definite se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu ca pre\uc1 \u355 ?ioase contribu\uc1
\u355 ?ii ale psihologiei aplicate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? inter-disciplinar\uc1 \u226 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca
obiective de baz\uc1 \u259 ? precizarea mecanismelor neurociberne-tice care stau la
baza diferitelor procese psihice, cu ajutorul unor modele de tipul sistemelor
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u351 ?i descrierea cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ? a
principalelor forme de ma-nifestare ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice.
Acestea sunt forme noi de interpretare a proble-maticei psihologiei. Aplicarea
psihologi-ei cibernetice permite o \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere mai adecvat\uc1
\u259 ? a naturii \uc1 \u351 ?i locului psihicului \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul conexiunii
universale a fenome-nelor, prin integrarea proceselor psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. Valoarea ei me-todologic\uc1 \u259 ?
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?
noile procedee \uc1 \u351 ?i tehnici de analiz\uc1 \u259 ? con-cret\uc1 \u259 ? pe
care le-a elaborat, exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i un nou mod de a g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndi \uc1 \u351 ?i a aborda realita-tea, bazat pe interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu. Din
perspectiva teoriei generale a sistemelor, psihicul uman cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259
? valoarea de sistem informa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional de comand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
control. In lumina principiilor psihologiei generale, mode-lul care trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? subsumeze o analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?pur" psihologic\uc1 \u259
? este cel rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional, care recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te at\uc1 \u226 ?t
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unei organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 date \uc1 \u351 ?i a unui activism intern,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i necesitatea prezen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii influen-\uc1 \u355 ?elor externe. Are loc astfel, corelarea
dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i multilateral\uc1 \u259 ? a intr\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor \uc1 \u351 ?i ie\uc1 \u351 ?irilor unui sistem, sistemul psihic, potrivit
principiului conexiunii inverse. M. Golu consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
aplicarea ciber-neticii studiului fenomenelor psihice umane este condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-terea \uc1 \u351 ?i admiterea urm\uc1
\u259 ?toarelor teze:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 1)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Omul
ca \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg este dotat cu atributul reglabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i al autoor-ganiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, cu capacitatea reactivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i capacitatea ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
transformatoare.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-15 \expndtw-15
\lang1048
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 2)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihicul
este un fenomen de esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, care se constitu-ie \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul comunica\uc1 \u355 ?iei
bilaterale dintre organismul individual \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 3)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihicul uman }{\fs18
este expresia unei forme superioare de comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ie, mediat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i instrumentat\uc1 \u259 ? social-istoric.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 4)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ca ansamblu organizat de
me-saje informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale interiorizate despre lumea extern\uc1 \u259 ?, ca
sistem integrat de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni cu
finalitate adaptiv\uc1 \u259 ?, psihicul devine un bloc opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
unitar, planul extern \uc1 \u351 ?i cel intern fiind reciproc convertibile.}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 5)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Procesele
psiho-comporta-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentale pot fi definite \uc1
\u238 ?n termeni oper-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, iar metodele
de studiu sunt:}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 metoda model\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1
\u351 ?i metoda analogiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 6)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se admite
posibili}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea repro-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ducerii structurilor
psiho-comporta-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentale ale omului pe modele
ciber-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 netice artificiale, pe baza unit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sche-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 melor logice ale procesului de
comand\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i control (vezi }
\langfenp1048 Jntroducere \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \line }{\i1 \fs18
logie", psihicul ca sistem" - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M. Golu,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A.
Dicu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
clinic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cea care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul omului
bolnav, deci este ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a medicinii, de la care a \uc1 \u238 ?mprumutat
una din metodele de inves-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 tigare, metoda clinic\uc1 \u259 ?; de altfel primii psihologi clinici
erau \uc1 \u351 ?i medici, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-g\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259
? explice \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? modifice comporta-mentul patologic al
bolnavului. Sarcinile psihologului clinician deriv\uc1 \u259 ? din \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i obiectul de studiu al psihologiei clinice. Prin observare \uc1
\u351 ?i teste el ajunge la eva-luarea rezultatelor \uc1 \u351 ?i precizarea psiho-
diagnosticului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihologia }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comparat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? care
pune \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?rile
\uc1 \u351 ?i dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ele psihologice \uc1 \u238 ?ntre om \uc1 \u351 ?i
animal; oamenii sau grupurile umane \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de rase, medii
culturale, nivel socio-economic, v\uc1 \u226 ?rste
(experien\uc1 \u355 ?a lui W. N. Kellog, care \uc1 \u351 ?i-a crescut fiul \uc1
\u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu un pui de cimpanzeu de aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1
\u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?; cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile lui O. Klineberg \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1
\u226 ?ndurile copiilor de indieni din rezerva\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i ale
copiilor albi care frecventau acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?coli; cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rile lui Gesell privind ge-menii, etc). (W. Wund - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologia po-
poarelor").}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihologia conduitei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aprob\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n exces numai
datele obiective de comporta-ment, apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? prin
conduit\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?e-lege o sfer\uc1 \u259 ? mai
larg\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t compor-tamentul. Autorul are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere
omul concret, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu universul \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales, raporturile
sale cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i semeni, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile sale reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?n egal\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? unitatea dintre
sistemele psiho-logice \uc1 \u351 ?i fiziologice. No\uc1 \u355 ?iunile de ten-
din\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, conduit\uc1 \u259 ? se contopesc;
este ceea ce psihologul Stela Teodores-cu, denume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?
cvasisinonim cu activi-tatea ce se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? pe
plan motor sau mental". P. Janet define\uc1 \u351 ?te ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1
\u238 ?n sens general ca \uc1 \u8222 ?ansamblul mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ionale", provocate fie de stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rile endogene, fie de
cele exogene, unele din ele fiind acte primare, altele secundare \uc1 \u351 ?i
invers. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre acestea pot exista o mul\uc1 \u355 ?i-}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 me de ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni intermediare. Asemenea se poate vorbi \uc1 \u351 ?i de conduite intelectua-le,
afective, sociale, personale, care pot fi, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile,
inferioare sau superi-oare din punct de vedere calitativ sau din punct de vedere
cantitativ, conside-r\uc1 \u226 ?nd for\uc1 \u355 ?a de care dispun o
conduit\uc1 \u259 ?. Se disting conduite perceptibile (din punct de vedere
exterior) \uc1 \u351 ?i conduite interioa-re, neperceptibile. \uc1 \u238 ?n
esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, conduitele au acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i propriet\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ca \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile: durat\uc1 \u259 ?,
ritm, nivel \uc1 \u351 ?i ambele exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre: subiect-obiect, individ-mediu, om-
societate, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii determinante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia copilului \uc1 \u351 ?i
adolescentului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = studiaz\uc1
\u259 ? psihogeneza realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd legile evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihicului,
stadiile parcurse \uc1 \u351 ?i particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile fiec\uc1
\u259 ?rui stadiu (dup\uc1 \u259 ? Norbert Sillamy, 1995) (vezi U. Schio-pu - }{\i1
\langfenp1048 psihologia copilului")}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
studiu com-parativ al diferen\uc1 \u355 ?elor individuale. W. Stern face studiul
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?elor psihice interindividuale \uc1 \u351 ?i intergrupale.
Fiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ele umane se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ?, sex, talie, greutate, culoarea pielii, a p\uc1 \u259 ?rului,
dar \uc1 \u351 ?i mental: inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, apti-tudini, caracter,
temperamente, atitu-dini, etc. De asemenea, se diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?a la anumite microgru-puri, clase sociale, na\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, forme de cultur\uc1 \u259 ?. De aceea, psihologia
dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de metodele psihodiag-
nostice, de procedeele psihologiei soci-ale \uc1 \u351 ?i ale antropologiei
culturale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
economic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
gra-ni\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre sociologie, economie politic\uc1
\u259 ?, psihologie general\uc1 \u259 ?, psihofiziologie, et-nologie,
politologie, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e istorice, an-tropologie cultural\uc1
\u259 ?. Are ca scop s\uc1 \u259 ? precizeze mecanismele, rolul \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?nsem-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n\uc1 \u259 ?
tatea factorilor psihologici \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoso-ciali \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii economice. Are ca puncte nodale:
\uc1 \u8226 ? produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia de bu-nuri materiale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
serviciilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? reparti\uc1 \u355 ?ia, schimbul \uc1 \u351 ?i consumul
produselor; \uc1 \u8226 ? pro-movarea schimburilor economice pe plan na\uc1 \u355 ?
ional \uc1 \u351 ?i interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional; \uc1 \u8226 ? optimiza-rea
circuitului economic \uc1 \u351 ?i al cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii satisfacerii
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor publicului consu-mator; \uc1 \u8226 ? studiul implica\uc1
\u355 ?iilor psihologi-ce ale actului de v\uc1 \u226 ?nzare-cump\uc1 \u259 ?
rare; \uc1 \u8226 ? probleme psihologice ale selec\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirii personalului comercial, studiul motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
activismului \uc1 \u351 ?i form\uc1 \u259 ?rii per-sonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii lucr\uc1 \u259 ?torului din re\uc1 \u355 ?eaua co-mercial\uc1 \u259 ?, al
evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii conduitei sale civi-lizate \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
cu publicul; \uc1 \u8226 ? studiul preferin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, gustului \uc1 \u351 ?i
varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile op\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale ale
diferitelor straturi de popula\uc1 \u355 ?ii;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia experimental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1
\u259 ? de cercetare psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? care are ca obiect principal metoda
experimental\uc1 \u259 ? (toat\uc1 \u259 ? metodologia psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? -
procedee, teh-nici - prin care pot fi investigate procese, func\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
fenomene psihice). Este o \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1
\u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca preocupare \uc1 \u351 ?i diagno-zele, procedeele de
m\uc1 \u259 ?surare, evoluare \uc1 \u351 ?i prognozare, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile stat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 istice de interpretare.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia general\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are \uc1 \u238 ?n studiu toat\uc1 \u259 ? problematica,
legile \uc1 \u351 ?i faptele tuturor componentelor disciplinelor psihologice (cele
la care ne-am referit \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? altele) cu partea
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Psiholo-gia
general\uc1 \u259 ? se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de procesele, siste-mele \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile psihice, integr\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i
problematica generic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii;
cerceteaz\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile inter-personale \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup
(microgrupuri sau macrogrupuri). P. g. se angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? plenar \uc1 \u238 ?n
generalizarea rezultatelor ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniu}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l
disci-plinelor psihologice, conex\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se cu filosofia, logica,
sociologia, culturolo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 gia, cibernetica, neurofiziologia, biolo-gia, etiologia, genetica,
matematica, fizica, chimia, psihiatria, farmacotera-pia. Toate acestea sunt str\uc1
\u226 ?ns legate de S.P.U. (Sistemul psihic uman).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aflat\uc1
\u259 ? la conflu-en\uc1 \u355 ?a psihologiei generale cu psihologia copilului,
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezvoltarea structu-rilor mintale la adult, prin analogie cu
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului. P. g. stu-diaz\uc1 \u259 ?
dezvoltarea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a individului (ontogenetic) sau a spe\uc1 \u355 ?ei
(filogenetic) (dup\uc1 \u259 ? F. Greco). Teoreticienii acestei ramuri se
bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile cheie \uc1 \u8222 ?de maturizare"
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are". J. Pia-
get \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i aduce contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia la p. g. prin cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rile sale asupra stadialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii inte-lectuale.
Psihologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nglobea-z\uc1 \u259 ? epistemologia
genetic\uc1 \u259 ? (metodologia cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihologia inginereasc\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este de fapt o ramur\uc1 \u259 ?
a psihologiei industriale, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i o disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?
ergonomic\uc1 \u259 ?, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? re-cent \uc1 \u351 ?i care se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la automatizarea produc\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
transporturilor. P. i. \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propune s\uc1 \u259 ? realizeze
adaptarea ma\uc1 \u351 ?ini-lor, a dispozitivelor tehnice, aparatelor de m\uc1
\u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comand\uc1 \u259 ? la posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile omului. Lu\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca date antropometrice \uc1 \u351 ?
i indicii percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i reglajului psihic, P. i. propune ca
proiectarea ma\uc1 \u351 ?inilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a dispozitivelor de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
ingineri s\uc1 \u259 ? asigure \uc1 \u351 ?i o optim\uc1 \u259 ? interac\uc1
\u355 ?iune om-ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? (P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia judiciar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se
ocup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8226 ? de geneza delicventei \uc1 \u351 ?i de prevenirea
ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? de caracteristicile comportamentului deviant, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de
\uc1 \u8226 ? problematica actului justi\uc1 \u355 ?iar care implic\uc1 \u259 ?
detec\uc1 \u355 ?ia delicven-tei (m\uc1 \u259 ?rturia, ancheta, demonstrarea
vinov\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?iei); dar \uc1 \u351 ?i, disculparea, reedu-carea,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre inculpat \uc1 \u351 ?i}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 justi\uc1 \u355 ?iar.
(Vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ,JAedicin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i drept" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de Ghe.
Scripcaru \uc1 \u351 ?i colabor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atorii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia medical\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? psiholo-gia bolnavului, rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile lui cu
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a, leg\uc1 \u259 ?turile sale subiective cu personalul medical
\uc1 \u351 ?i cu familia; psihologia medi-cal\uc1 \u259 ? studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
climatul psiho-social, care se cristalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul bolnavului, ca personalitate
integral\uc1 \u259 ?, tri-dimensional\uc1 \u259 ?: bio-psiho-social\uc1 \u259 ?.
Psiho-logia medical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu psi-hopatologia, ca ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psihiatriei, ca
preocupare asupra tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice sub aspectul descrierii,
clasific\uc1 \u259 ?rii, me-canismelor \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei lor. Este
de ase-menea preocupat\uc1 \u259 ? de psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-hopatologia
v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor; coeficientul de psihogenie al fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui bolnav,
reflexiu-nea somatic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i mij-
loacele psihice de tratament.
Deopotriv\uc1 \u259 ? de important\uc1 \u259 ? este atitudinea fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de bol-navii cu afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni grave sau cu prog-nostic
sumbru, sinceritatea medical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i secretul profesional,
(vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i etica medical\uc1 \u259 ?"- }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A.
Nicolau, Prof. M. Golu, Arcadie Percek -1989)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia militar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n sens extensiv, presupune transpu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nerea \uc1 \u351 ?i reelaborarea specific\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mi-litare; se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg sistemul de
psiho-logii cu toate ramurile sale. In sens restrictiv, se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
studiul specific activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii militare \uc1 \u351 ?i la
personalitatea militarului, la problemele luptei armate, a instruc\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii militare, (vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
psihologia militar\uc1 \u259 ?" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de Maior Dr. M. C\uc1 \u226 ?
mpeanu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
muncii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = are ca principal obiectiv adaptarea reciproc\uc1 \u259 ? om-
ma\uc1 \u351 ?i-n\uc1 \u259 ?-mediu (P. Pufan). Demersurile sunt f\uc1 \u259 ?
cute \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? sensuri: \uc1 \u8226 ? compatibilita-tea
structural-func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? ale dimensiu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nilor psihice ale omului
cu indicii de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare ai ma\uc1 \u351 ?inilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
mediului; \uc1 \u8226 ? compatibilitatea schemelor de con-struc\uc1 \u355 ?ii
\uc1 \u351 ?i a indicilor de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare ai ma\uc1 \u351 ?inilor \uc1
\u351 ?i mediului \uc1 \u351 ?i factorilor am-bian\uc1 \u355 ?i cu particularit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihice ale omului. Preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile p.m. se \uc1
\u238 ?nscriu \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cadru teoretic \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicativ mai larg,
inter \uc1 \u351 ?i multidisciplinar al ergono-miei \uc1 \u351 ?i a altor \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e ale muncii (Vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?
Comunicarea \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul muncii" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - T. Slama Cazacu).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia pato}{\b1
\langfenp1048 logic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = are drept obiectiv studiul
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de compor-tament, de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de comunicare, \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu psihiatria, psihologia caut\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleag\uc1 \u259 ? faptul patologic printr-un
efort de penetra\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n universul morbid al subiectului, sesi-
z\uc1 \u226 ?nd semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia simptomului, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum \uc1
\u238 ?l tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te acesta, explic\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-1 prin
stabilire de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii de cauzalitate \uc1 \u238 ?ntre fenomenele
observate, mai ales cele mentale. Psihologia completeaz\uc1 \u259 ? abor-darea
clinic\uc1 \u259 ? prin metode experi-mentale (teste, statistic\uc1 \u259 ?).}
personal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 umanis-t\uc1 \u259 ?), }
\langfenp1048 parte component\uc1 \u259 ? a psihologiei generale, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
ca obiectiv sistemul psihic al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se
estimeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?, numai actualiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile optime, o persoana \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i va exprima \uc1 \u8222 ?Eul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
intim, \uc1 \u351 ?i-1 va des\uc1 \u259 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i
va participa la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?iei. In Statele Unite \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n afara frontierelor s-a r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndit
psiholo-gia umanist\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n mare parte datorit\uc1 \u259 ? lui
C. Rogers, care dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? o nou\uc1 \u259 ? con-cep\uc1 \u355 ?ie despre
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?: omul s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i satisfac\uc1
\u259 ? trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u8222 ?tr\uc1 \u259 ?ind cum se cu-vine", \uc1
\u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? optic\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologul de-vine un mediator,
oferindu-i posibilita-tea omului s\uc1 \u259 ? se cunoasc\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 educator care-
i deschide drumul realiz\uc1 \u259 ?-rii de sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = disciplin\uc1
\u259 ? psi-hologic\uc1 \u259 ? axat\uc1 \u259 ? pe studiul fenomenelor de
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, cu ajutorul tehnicilor proiec-tive (Rorschach, T.A.T.,
desene, etc), viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd diagnosticarea global\uc1 \u259 ? a vie\uc1 \u355 ?
ii psihice, cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens adres\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-
se personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
privin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de o deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? importan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practic\uc1 \u259 ? este p.
p., capabil\uc1 \u259 ? a da un r\uc1 \u259 ?s-puns global asupra structurii
\uc1 \u351 ?i dinamicii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (vezi }{\i1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f10 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ,\uc1 \u163 ?lemente de psiho-logie proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?" }{\fs18
(1973), C. En\uc1 \u259 ?chescu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? corelativ\uc1 \u259 ?
sociologiei, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n studiu fenomene psihice legate de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile individuale, de
comportamentul persoa-nelor \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mp social, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i de influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele acestora asupra celorlal\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1
\u238 ?n genere feno-menele de psihism colectiv. P. s. s-a \uc1 \u238 ?nchegat la
sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul secolului trecut \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 s-a \uc1 \u238 ?nscris pe linia unei dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?ri}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rapide; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca arie tematic\uc1 \u259 ?, se
ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomene aflate la intersec\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre diverse dome-
nii ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. P. s. a ajuns la un consens \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i sociologie, \uc1 \u351 ?i anume c\uc1 \u259 ?
obiectul p. s. este comunicarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntre persoane, \uc1 \u238 ?n care rolul
principal \uc1 \u238 ?l are limbajul; rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interpersonale, gru-
purile mici, comportamentele \uc1 \u238 ?n mul\uc1 \u355 ?i-me, fenomene
psihosociale de mas\uc1 \u259 ?, opinia public\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia colectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, psihologia claselor sociale, a
popoarelor, a regiunilor, a statelor, a ora\uc1 \u351 ?elor, etc. sunt tot
preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale p. s. Cele mai importante ramuri ale ei sunt
psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologia industrial\uc1
\u259 ?. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psiho-logia social\uc1 \u259 ? industrial\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t organizarea oficial\uc1 \u259 ? a
grupurilor, a co-lectivelor de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum o prev\uc1
\u259 ?d regulamentele \uc1 \u351 ?i instruc\uc1 \u355 ?iunile \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreprin-derii, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele acestora
asupra}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
procesului de produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra cli-matului psihosocial
al \uc1 \u238 ?ntreprinderii. Formarea cadrelor de conducere c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea productivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii muncii \uc1
\u351 ?i efici-en\uc1 \u355 ?ei economice a psihologie sociale indust}{\fs18
riale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
social\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihologiei sociale privind fenomenele de psihism colectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihoso-ciale din \uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ? - dintre elevi,
dintre elevi \uc1 \u351 ?i profesori, de liderii de grupe, climat afectiv \uc1
\u351 ?i opinii, de statute \uc1 \u351 ?i roluri, de fenomenele de influen\uc1
\u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile concrete din \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt, (vezi Anexa A - Fig. 26.)}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i cosmosul }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?ntreprinde leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura dintre om \uc1 \u351 ?i
cosmos, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-turile, fenomenele \uc1 \u351 ?i procesele
psihice ce-1 caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torul cos-mosului:
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, curajul, erudi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa \uc1 \u238 ?n domenii
multiple ale orizontului \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Merit\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? amintim de psihologia acestor oameni care tr\uc1 \u259 ?iesc toat\uc1
\u259 ? gama de emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i sentimente - prietenie, compasiune,
dragoste, ur\uc1 \u259 ?, bucurie, etc, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? de care
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a omului este de neconceput. Cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?
ele \uc1 \u351 ?i testarea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i a mediului
cos-mic, perturbarea echilibrului ap\uc1 \u226 ?-s\uc1 \u259 ?ruri din s\uc1
\u226 ?nge, care duce la excitarea anu-mitor structuri ale creierului omu-lui. De
asemenea, senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile de forme, de sete, de frig, de durere, care sunt
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii ce reflect\uc1 \u259 ? schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rile obiective inter-
venite \uc1 \u238 ?n organism \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul extern. Starea de
imponderabilitate ca fe-nomen nou sau neobi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, solicit\uc1 \u259 ?
me-canisme psiho-fiziologice care caracte-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
for\uc1 \u355 ?elor de gravita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i asigur\uc1 \u259 ?
echilibrul permanent al omului, (vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologia cosmic\uc1
\u259 ?" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - de Ivano-vici Lebedev - 1979).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihologul }{\fs18
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? specializat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul psihologiei;
observator fin \uc1 \u351 ?i bun cunosc\uc1 \u259 ?tor al omului. Dar asta nu spune
nimic deosebit fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un biolog, socio-log, fiziolog,
zoopsiholog etc. Psihologul este cunosc\uc1 \u259 ?tor al cauzelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
interdepen-den\uc1 \u355 ?ei fenomenelor psihice cu fenomene din alte domenii ale
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii: (logic\uc1 \u259 ?, sociologie, estetic\uc1 \u259
?, etic\uc1 \u259 ? etc), con-sider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? aceste fenomene
sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ? psihologic\uc1
\u259 ? sau meca-nisme psihologice. Psihologia se \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, dar arta de a fi psiholog nu se \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ci, se tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i se
experimenteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, deoa-rece nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? canoane care s\uc1
\u259 ?-i dea che-ia motivelor, a structurilor diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii suflete\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Orice psiholog bun se autostudiaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu mult\uc1 \u259 ? curi-ozitate
complexitatea fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei individua-lit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, misterul
altuia, \uc1 \u238 ?n care s\uc1 \u259 ? se ini\uc1 \u355 ?ie-ze, consider\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-i pe to\uc1 \u355 ?i ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i oameni fr\uc1 \u226 ?nturi ale
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sale. Psihologul \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-ge motivele
\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, indiferent de forma
lor de expresie \uc1 \u351 ?i de natura proceselor pe care le implic\uc1 \u259 ?.
El se confrunt\uc1 \u259 ? cu situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii neprev\uc1 \u259 ?zute, chiar
\uc1 \u351 ?i cu factori perturbatori c\uc1 \u259 ?rora le opune remedii, pentru
\uc1 \u238 ?mplinirea scopu-lui propus.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihometrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = totalitatea metodelor de m\uc1
\u259 ?surare utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie. P. cuprinde senzoriometria care
este baza psihotehnicii. M\uc1 \u259 ?surarea \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie nu poate fi
direct\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1 \u259 ? doar cauza
(stimulul, durata, etc, efecte mo-torii sau psihice; frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a unui
anumit fenomen sau reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihocomporta-mental\uc1 \u259 ?).
Psihotehnica se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n industrie \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propune s\uc1 \u259 ? defineasc\uc1 \u259 ?
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile de munc\uc1 \u259 ? cele mai favorabile, adaptarea omului la
munc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n grupul
profesional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Psihopatie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune ce se
caracte-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin dezechilibru \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
comportament pe fond constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional. Subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihopa\uc1
\u355 ?i au o conduit\uc1 \u259 ? anti-social\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
impulsiv\uc1 \u259 ?, prin \uc1 \u8222 ?abolirea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului moral".
\uc1 \u238 ?n general se carac-terizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin tensiune agresiv\uc1 \u259
?, impul-sivitate, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?
nare, inadaptabilitate, pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea de a face r\uc1 \u259 ?u (amoralitate).
Aceste manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri duc la sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea ca-pacit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de adaptare la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile socia-le. Spre deosebire
de nevroze, \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul acestei deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e sufer\uc1 \u259 ? mai
mult ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a dec\uc1 \u226 ?t individul. Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351
?i psihoterapia contribuie la profilaxia \uc1 \u351 ?i tratamentul psihopatiilor.}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihosomatic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie medical\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1 \u259 ?
rut\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?nceputul sec. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 XX, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cercet\uc1 \u226 ?nd
rolul organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i al psihismului \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?
ia \uc1 \u351 ?i desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea procesului morbid. Baza
teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? a p. o constituie teoria incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientului
elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? de S. Freud, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i orientarea
fenomenologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, datorat\uc1 \u259 ?
filosofiei lui Ed. Husserl \uc1 \u351 ?i M. Heidegger, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care s-ar
constitui sindroamele clinice. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rile morbide sunt explicate ca
r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet somatic al unor disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
(manifestate sau nu \uc1 \u238 ?n plan clinic), pro-duse ca urmarea unor conflicte
intrapsi-hice sau a unor cauze externe stresante. Stresul \uc1 \u351 ?i anxietatea
destabilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? ho-meostazia \uc1 \u351 ?i duc la devierea mecanis-melor
de restabilire somatic\uc1 \u259 ?. Fenome-nologia clinic\uc1 \u259 ?
abordeaz\uc1 \u259 ? psihosoma-tica din perspectiva psihiatriei clinice,
constat\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se de cele mai multe ori un tablou psihiatric nevrotic
\uc1 \u238 ?n ambele serii nosografice: psihosomatice \uc1 \u351 ?i nevrotice
(Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos). Abordarea terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? a pacientului va fi
bivalen-t\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? psiho-farmaceutic\uc1 \u259 ? a bolnavului
psihosomatic (anxiolitic\uc1 \u259 ?, antidepresi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, sedativ\uc1
\u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? psihoterapic\uc1 \u259 ? (terapii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de relaxare, cognitive, comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i de
autocontrol, bio-feed-back, psiha-naliz\uc1 \u259 ?). Dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
irea impasului psiho-so-matic se poate realiza terapeutic prin ree-valuarea
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei medic-pacient (Balint).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihotehnic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a
psihologiei ca-re se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu stabilirea metodelor de
psihodiagnoz\uc1 \u259 ? profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, de elabora-rea
profesiogramelor \uc1 \u351 ?i psihogramelor, de aplicarea acestora \uc1 \u238 ?n
selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia efectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, concret\uc1 \u259 ? a celor ce
candideaz\uc1 \u259 ? pentru o sec\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unei \uc1
\u238 ?ntreprinderi, institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o metod\uc1 \u259 ? de
trata-ment psihologic aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de natur\uc1
\u259 ? psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?; se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor psihotici
\uc1 \u351 ?i celor cu dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de adap-tare. Pentru a
stabili rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea interu-man\uc1 \u259 ?, psihoterapeutul
angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?ti-rea sa de specialitate \uc1 \u351 ?i
calitatea sa de a trezi con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului, \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u226 ?t el sin-gur s\uc1 \u259 ? descopere posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile de rezol-vare, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca acestea s\uc1 \u259 ?-i fie
impuse din afar\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tig\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u238 ?ncrederea \uc1 \u351 ?i receptivi-tatea bolnavului, psihoterapeutul va fi
doar un catalizator, \uc1 \u238 ?n prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia subiectul
va g\uc1 \u259 ?si modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de rezol-vare la diversele
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Tehnicile
utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?ncep cu reeducarea unor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii perturbate
(citirea, scrierea, memorarea \uc1 \u351 ?i unele deprinderi practice) \uc1 \u351 ?
i se continu\uc1 \u259 ? zilnic, cu solicitarea aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i
voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sunt dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii: psihoterapia
individual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapia de grup. De asemenea, poate fi de
lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? (luni, ani) \uc1 \u351 ?i de scurt\uc1 \u259 ?
durat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
cazul asupra propriilor conflicte, surse de anxietate, refulare, recurg\uc1 \u226 ?
nd la o psihoterapie ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
analizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i explic\uc1 \u259 ? conflictele; se constituie
psihoterapeutul ca un suport afectiv, moral prin sfaturi \uc1 \u351 ?i}
antrenament psihic. Poate fi folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapia de
antrenament autogen a lui J. H. Schultz sau metoda analitic\uc1 \u259 ? a lui
Jacobson.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihoterapia de grup se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oa-r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii mai apropiate de via\uc1 \u355 ?a real\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n obiective: 1) apropierea dintre membrii grupului pentru
\uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tu-rarea sentimentelor de singur\uc1 \u259 ?tate \uc1
\u351 ?i abandon; 2) educarea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre membrii
grupului; 3) educarea \uc1 \u238 ?ncrede-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i deschiderii fa\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? de al\uc1 \u355 ?ii, mai ales la cei cu dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i de adaptare. Prin discu\uc1 \u355 ?ii libere, se pot aborda probleme
ocupa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i (confiden\uc1 \u355 ?ial)
pro-bleme personale, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora s\uc1 \u259 ? li se g\uc1 \u259 ?seas-
c\uc1 \u259 ? solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rezolvare. \uc1 \u350 ?i psihodrama poate fi
inclus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoterapia de grup, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u238 ?n vedere valoarea catartic\uc1 \u259 ? a jocului de teatru.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, major\uc1 \u259 ?, de
natur\uc1 \u259 ? endogen\uc1 \u259 ?, aduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
grave vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice a persoanei, at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n
raporturile cu sine, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cu lumea; boala altereaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dezorganizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? Eul (partea con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ? de sine) \uc1 \u351 ?i personali-tatea \uc1 \u238 ?n genere
(capacitatea intelectu-al\uc1 \u259 ?, afectivitatea, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia, con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a, comportamentul \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea social\uc1
Subiectul psihotic nu este con-\uc1 \u351 ?tient de boal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile sale, de aceea termenul se coreleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu cel de
alienare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? (se dovede\uc1 \u351 ?te aceasta prin raporturile cu
cei din jur, neadec-vate, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cu mediul); perspectivele
acestuia devin deformate. Criteriul eti-ologic este insuficient de relevant, iar
cel evolutiv inoperant \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri. Cele mai frecvente forme sunt:
p. deli-rante, p. halucinatorii, p. toxice, p. or-ganice, p. reac\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, p. discordante, p. maniaco-depresive, paranoice, alco-olice, grupul
schizofreniilor \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoze infantile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? alcoolic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice patologice cauzate de consumul mare
de alcool, de intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii cronice, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de
grave tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mentale \uc1 \u351 ?i de comportament. Adesea sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite \uc1 \u351 ?i de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii epileptiforme
\uc1 \u351 ?i de - delirium al-coolicum (tremens), de st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de visare
prelungite, de halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii vizuale, auditi-ve, etc. Bolnavul se simte
frustrat \uc1 \u238 ?n per-manen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
cineva, \uc1 \u351 ?i este mereu nemul\uc1 \u355 ?umit. Are reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
polinevrotice -sl\uc1 \u259 ?birea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de re\uc1
\u355 ?inere a limbaju-lui; are st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de fabula\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1
\u238 ?nchipuindu-\uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te cele
povestite (Sindrom Korsakov). De asemenea, este prezent\uc1 \u259 ? paranoia
alcoolic\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 delir de persecu\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? delir de
gelozie;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 delir de
grandoare; \uc1 \u8226 ? obsesii \uc1 \u351 ?i haluci-na\uc1 \u355 ?ii bazate pe
elemente conflictuale fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de persoane \uc1 \u351 ?i ale
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale habituale. Bolnavul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? deterior\uc1 \u259 ?
ri caracteria-le, pasivitate, reavoin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de cei care \uc1 \u238 ?i dau sfaturi \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndemnuri
pozitive. \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul patologic, intervine afectarea neuronilor prin
toxicitate, insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? hepatic\uc1 \u259 ?,
avitaminoz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i uzura moral\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i alte
elemente psihog}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ene.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? infantil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (se refer\uc1 \u259 ?
la puber-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?); sunt amintite:
idio-\uc1 \u355 ?ia acut\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u8222 ?demen\uc1 \u355 ?a
cataleptic\uc1 \u259 ?", pa-ranoia acut\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? 2-3 ani,
subiec-tul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii discordante fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de mediul \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
catato-nice, manierisme, negativism, stereo-tipii, halucina\uc1 \u355 ?ii, crize de
m\uc1 \u226 ?nie, dete-riorare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n acest
diagnostic apar \uc1 \u351 ?i cei cu manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri schizofrenice infantile
(in-trodus de Potter - 1933 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopa-tologia copilului). Schizofrenia
copilu-lui se define\uc1 \u351 ?te prin tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri rela\uc1 \u355 ?iona-
le, sau tipuri de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii bizare \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar \uc1 \u238 ?
nsingurare, izolare tipic\uc1 \u259 ?, o disocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
destructurare a afectului (A. Cramer).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1 \u351 ?te activitatea,
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? apatia \uc1 \u351 ?i excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile impulsive \uc1
\u351 ?i un mod de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire autistic, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de
fenomene de regresie \uc1 \u351 ?i disociere (autism infantil - denumit astfel de
L. Kanner - 1943). J. de Ajuriaguerra (1972) deose-be\uc1 \u351 ?te: \uc1 \u8226 ?
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihotice precoce (au-tismul Kanner); \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihotice ce apar dup\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 3 ani
(psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? acu-t\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? forme particulare sau
marginale de psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? la copii \uc1 \u351 ?i adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i
(ence-falopatiile infantile psihozante, st\uc1 \u259 ?rile prepsihotice). Toate
aceste forme pot fi caracterizate, dup\uc1 \u259 ? acest autor, prin: comportament
inadecvat fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de mediu, retragerea autistic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
fragmentarea c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului realului de utilizare a obiecte-lor; insuficiente
investi\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate, inconsistente, via\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fantastic\uc1 \u259 ? de tip magico-halucinator; comunicare re-
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i distorsionat\uc1 \u259 ?; mobilitatea
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
limitat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pe plan verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai,
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional-afec-tiv. Din punct de vedere etiopatogene-tic, se
consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea psihotic\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunde unui mod particular de orga-nizare fiziopatologic\uc1 \u259 ?, (de tip
constitu-\uc1 \u355 ?ional sau lezional) care \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri
antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o perturbare a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor pre-coce ale copilului
cu mediul, deter-min\uc1 \u226 ?nd tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri importante \uc1 \u238 ?n
primele organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (J. de Aju-
riaguerra).Tratamentul chimioterapeu-tic al psihozelor infantile urm\uc1 \u259 ?
re\uc1 \u351 ?te fie un efect antipsihotic, fie numai unul simptomatic de combatere
a anxiet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, agresivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u351 ?i instabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Tehnicile educative utilizate
\uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul institu\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? un mediu
favorabil, restruc-turant, permisiv, tolerant fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de regre-
siile temporare. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest context copilul poate dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i progresiv sistemele sale de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare psihotic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i poate stabili un nivel de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii satisf\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Psihote-rapiile analitice, individuale \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup}
\guttersxn0 \headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \cols2 \colsx336
\langfenp1048 se dovedesc utile \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri. Terapia familiei
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? vizeze anularea reac-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de respingere sau
culpabilitate. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? maniaco-depresiv\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = grup de boli psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n care, pe prim plan, se situ-
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile ciclice ale afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii, manifestate la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i bolnav sub forma unor faze maniacale
sau depresive, ur-mate, de regul\uc1 \u259 ?, interfazic, de echilibra-rea timiei
(vezi termenul). Ca elemente definitorii se \uc1 \u238 ?nscriu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
rile majore, cu caracter endogen pe planul afectiv-in-stinctual (modific\uc1
\u259 ?rile ritmului psihomo-tor \uc1 \u351 ?i evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ciclic\uc1 \u259
?). P. m. d. este dife-rit apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n literatura de
specialitate, cu mari dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de delimitare nosolo-
gic\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? bolnavul nu este un
maniaco-depresiv, el este fie ma-niac, fie depresiv; mania \uc1 \u351 ?i depresia
nu se opun, fiind dou\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte ale aceleia\uc1 \u351 ?i boli. \uc1
\u8226 ? Starea maniacal\uc1 \u259 ? sau criza de ma-nie este un sindrom general de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i accelerare psihomotorie care cuprinde activarea
exaltat\uc1 \u259 ? a afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, a psihis-mului, a
motricitatii expresive, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de o eliberare
dezordonat\uc1 \u259 ? a instan\uc1 \u355 ?elor instincto-afective. \uc1 \u8226 ?
La polul opus, acce-sul depresiv, sau melancolie se caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o intens\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare afectiv -negativ\uc1
\u259 ?, tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? ca durere moral\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihice
\uc1 \u351 ?i lentoare psihomotorie. Bolnavul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o atitu-dine
inert\uc1 \u259 ?, o \uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? pu\uc1 \u355 ?in \uc1 \u238 ?
ngrijit\uc1 \u259 ?, o mimic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndurerat\uc1 \u259 ? cu frunte
cutat\uc1 \u259 ?; mo-bilitatea mimic\uc1 \u259 ? este redus\uc1 \u259 ? la o
expre-sie de profund\uc1 \u259 ? durere moral\uc1 \u259 ?; panto-mimica se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri lente, reduse \uc1
\u238 ?n amplitudine, ezitare; r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne mult timp \uc1 \u238 ?n
aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i postur\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
autoabandon; vocea are intensitate redus\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nchiz\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se uneori \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un semi-mutism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Percep\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt uneori \uc1 \u238
?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de iluzii; senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile interne sunt nepl\uc1 \u259 ?-
cute, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de disconfort afectiv; ate-n\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n interior, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i retrage
volumul; memoria este axat\uc1 \u259 ? asupra elementelor afectiv-negative, rememo-
r\uc1 \u226 ?nd doar nuan\uc1 \u355 ?ele penibile, culpabile, traumatizante;
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea este mereu sub greutatea unei dureri morale, temele reflect\uc1
\u226 ?nd renun\uc1 \u355 ?area, resemnarea,
des-curajarea. Adesea caut\uc1 \u259 ? o ie\uc1 \u351 ?ire prin si-nucidere, ca
urmare a culpabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, de-\uc1 \u351 ?i deseori sunt abil
disimulate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? puerperal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psiho-tice
survenite \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul sarcinii, al na\uc1 \u351 ?-terii sau al
lacta\uc1 \u355 ?iei. In geneza acestor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri intervin factori
specifici, ere-ditari \uc1 \u351 ?i constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionali, psihosociali,
endocrini, infec\uc1 \u355 ?io\uc1 \u351 ?i. Poate fi vorba \uc1 \u351 ?i de o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? vulnerabilitate a persoa-nei, factorii psihosociali av\uc1 \u226
?nd un rol capital \uc1 \u238 ?n geneza p. p. S-a afirmat c\uc1 \u259 ? aceste
maladii ar fi schizofrenii sau psi-hoze maniaco-depresive, c\uc1 \u259 ?rora na\uc1
\u351 ?te-rea le confer\uc1 \u259 ? un grad de atipie. Psiho-zele de lacta\uc1
\u355 ?ie, spre deosebire de cele-lalte p. puerperale, au o component\uc1 \u259 ?
endogen\uc1 \u259 ? accentuat\uc1 \u259 ?, terenul constitu-ind factorul
primordial. Reluarea ciclu-lui menstrual marcheaz\uc1 \u259 ? sf\uc1 \u226 ?
r\uc1 \u351 ?itul bolii sau fi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 xarea sechelelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Psitacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = completa neputin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirea; se
atribuie gradului avansat de deficit intelectual. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazuri-le de
a\uc1 \u351 ?a-zis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?idio\uc1 \u355 ?ie superioar\uc1
\u259 ?", subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii reu\uc1 \u351 ?esc s\uc1 \u259 ? articuleze c\uc1
\u226 ?teva sunete \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unor cuvinte pe care le pronun\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? distorsionat, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a le \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?elege. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? verbal\uc1
\u259 ? total\uc1 \u259 ? se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o sonorizare
mecanic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor fenomene lipsite de vreun con\uc1 \u355 ?i-nut semantic.
Limbajul lor este un fel de vorbire similar\uc1 \u259 ? cu aceea a papaga-}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lului (psitacism - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 form\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care manifestarea sonor\uc1 \u259 ? a cuvintelor se ros-
te\uc1 \u351 ?te f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles,
neurm\uc1 \u259 ?rind nici o idee) (Emil Verza).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pubertate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = etap\uc1 \u259 ? }{\b1 \fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a }
\langfenp1048 ontogenezei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 14-16 ani la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?
i \uc1 \u351 ?i 11-15 ani la fete, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se face tranzi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de
la copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adult\uc1 \u259 ?, mai precis la
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Au loc o serie de transform\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
orga-nismului: fizice, sexuale, psihice. Acest proces complex, progresiv, se
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un paralelism \uc1 \u238 ?ntre cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere
\uc1 \u351 ?i dez-voltare (maturizarea diferitelor aparate \uc1 \u351 ?i sisteme
ale organismului), ceea ce con-duce c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o dezvoltare armonioas\uc1
\u259 ? a vii-torului adult. Pubertatea are trei etape bine distincte: \uc1
\u8226 ? prepubertatea (10 ani la fete, 12 ani la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i),
dominat\uc1 \u259 ? de secre-\uc1 \u355 ?ia de hormoni somatotropi; \uc1 \u8226 ?
pubertatea propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ?, dominat\uc1 \u259 ? de procesele de maturizare
sexual\uc1 \u259 ?, urmare a cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei hormonilor
gonadotropi \uc1 \u351 ?i sexu-ali; \uc1 \u8226 ? postpubertatea sau
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a, etap\uc1 \u259 ? dominat\uc1 \u259 ? de secre\uc1 \u355 ?
iile hormonilor tiroidieni, care dureaz\uc1 \u259 ? de la terminarea pubert\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii propriu-zise p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?
nchide-rea cartilajelor de cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere (22-24 ani). Pubertatea nu
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o simpl\uc1 \u259 ? acu-mulare cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ?;
\uc1 \u238 ?n centrul ei are loc maturizarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
a Eului, care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces complex de dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ire a vechilor aspecte infantile. Psihologia pubert\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (cu toate c\uc1 \u259 ? are elemente din psihologia copilului
\uc1 \u351 ?i cea a adultului), \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i are tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?turile sale speci-fice, mai ales etapa postpubertar\uc1 \u259 ? (ado-
lescen\uc1 \u355 ?a). Acum pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea unele crize (criza de
originalitate juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?). Ursula \uc1 \u350 ?chiopu consider\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile \uc1 \u351 ?i criza
puberal\uc1 \u259 ? deriv\uc1 \u259 ? din starea ambigu\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te subiectul (nici copil -nici adult),
neav\uc1 \u226 ?nd un statut precis, \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?mpin\uc1 \u259 ?
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia unora, care-1 consider\uc1 \u259 ? tot copil, iar dac\uc1 \u259
? refuza s\uc1 \u259 ? se angajeze}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n responsabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i profesiona-le, tot adul\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?i amintesc
de faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? nu mai are pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de copil. A\uc1 \u351 ?adar,
este un conflict de statut \uc1 \u351 ?i de rol, dificil de a-1 autoregla. \uc1
\u238 ?n procesul schimb\uc1 \u259 ?rilor calitative \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitative ale
procesului de sexualizare psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, unii din ei au tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, fuga de sexua-litate; se manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
fug\uc1 \u259 ? de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propriile
pulsiuni sexuale, (mai ales la cei cu o structur\uc1 \u259 ? etic\uc1 \u259 ?
anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?) sub forma reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de ascetizare (agresivitate
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sexul opus; mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalism exagerat, preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri exclusiv intelectuale, etc). La aceast\uc1
\u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
compor-tament, nevrotice, deficit mintal u\uc1 \u351 ?or, etc. Toate acestea impun
metode tera-peutice particulare \uc1 \u351 ?i contact binevoitor din partea
psihoterapeutului, condu-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd puberul s\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndeasc\uc1 \u259 ? teoretic, critic \uc1 \u351 ?i interpretativ. Este o perioad\uc1
\u259 ? de mari achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i achizi\uc1 \u355 ?
ie a unor noi statusuri sociale importante: primirea buletinului de identitate,
acor-darea diferitelor responsabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, contu-r\uc1 \u226 ?
ndu-se con\uc1 \u351
?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a cet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?eneasc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pubertatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
vocea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada pu-bert\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, hormonii
androgeni produc dezvoltarea organelor fonatorii, influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?
nd calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile vocii: - \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?
imea, in-tensitatea, timbrul \uc1 \u351 ?i durata de emisie. Acestea sunt
str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legate de dezvolta-rea caracterelor sexuale primare \uc1 \u351 ?i
se-cundare. Laringele \uc1 \u351 ?i vocea reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? caractere sexuale
secundare; se modifi-c\uc1 \u259 ? mai frecvent la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i sub
influen\uc1 \u355 ?a hormonilor androgeni, \uc1 \u351 ?i mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in la
fete. Cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea laringelui se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? anteroposterior, cu
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea corespun-z\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?n lungime \uc1 \u351 ?
i l\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ime a corzilor vo-cale. \uc1 \u238 ?n lungime ele cresc
lcm la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i 3-4 cm la fete. Concomitent
cre\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i camera de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 faringele
\uc1 \u351 ?i sinusurile faciale. Se produce adaptarea func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? permanent\uc1 \u259 ? a musculaturii interioare \uc1 \u351 ?i exterioare a
laringelui. \uc1 \u238 ?n muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? are loc
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea medie a vocii b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?ilor cu o octav\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a fetelor cu o ter\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Trecerea c\uc1
\u259 ?tre muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ? se caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin cobor\uc1 \u226 ?rea limitei inferioare a tonurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
concomitent \uc1 \u351 ?i o cobor\uc1 \u226 ?re a limitei superioare a vocii.
Schimbarea se face \uc1 \u238 ?n registrul profund \uc1 \u351 ?i falsetul. Vocea
devine r\uc1 \u259 ?gu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, prezint\uc1 \u259 ? salturi. La
b\uc1 \u259 ?rbat, lungimea laringelui este mai mare de 33 mm \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?ncepe s\uc1 \u259 ? se eviden-\uc1 \u355 ?ieze proeminen\uc1 \u355 ?a
cartilajului tiroidian. Muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia se face gradat \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 14-19
ani; la b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i apare o voce spart\uc1 \u259 ?, iar la fete se
mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in spectaculos, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 12-14-16
ani, numai cu o ter\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u259 ?tre sf\uc1 \u226 ?
r\uc1 \u351 ?itul muta\uc1 \u355 ?iei se produce osificarea fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?
a cartilajului laringian, cu evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie diferit\uc1 \u259 ? de la individ
la individ. La b\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u355 ?i se produce depunerea de calciu
laringian \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 18-20 ani, iar la fete la 14 ani sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?
a estrogenilor. Matura\uc1 \u355 ?ia sistemului nervos este dependent\uc1 \u259 ?
de sistemul endocrin \uc1 \u351 ?i de rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile sociale, care
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? muta\uc1 \u355 ?ia: se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? metamorfoza
fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a co-menzilor centrale. Apar \uc1
\u351 ?i muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii anor-male ale vocii la sexul masculin, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de 15 ani - muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale vocii incomplete; vocea
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne feminin\uc1 \u259 ?, nu devine grav\uc1 \u259 ?
(sub\uc1 \u355 ?ire, r\uc1 \u259 ?gu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, aspr\uc1 \u259 ?,
cu oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? rapid\uc1 \u259 ?). Este necesar un trata-ment hormonal cu
doze adecvate gradu-lui de insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? gonadal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?. Sunt \uc1
\u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnite \uc1 \u351 ?i cazuri c\uc1 \u226 ?nd muta\uc1 \u355 ?
iile vocale se fac tardiv, chiar p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 40 de ani.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Publicitate }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mo}
\langfenp1048 dalitate de a aduce la cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?a publicului
prin mijloace pu-blicitare, o informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie; ea se poate referi la mesaje
cu rezultate comerciale, la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comunic\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu sens de reclam\uc1 \u259 ?,
infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse domenii. Din punct de vedere
psihologic, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o schem\uc1 \u259 ? a actului voluntar \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de aceasta se stabilesc con\uc1 \u355 ?
inutul \uc1 \u351 ?i forma mijloacelor de reclam\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Puierilism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = alterarea
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care poate s\uc1 \u259 ? indice o regresiune
a mentalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u259 ?tre copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie. Se
delimi-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? un p. acut (sau tranzitoriu) \uc1 \u351 ?i unul cronic ca
urmare a tumorilor etajului anterior al bazei craniului. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri nevrotice (isteria) \uc1
\u238 ?n demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? senil\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
schizofrenie. Puierilismul mintal apare ca expresie clinic\uc1 \u259 ? a fon-dului
primitiv al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, actuali-zat de pr\uc1 \u259 ?
bu\uc1 \u351 ?irea instan\uc1 \u355 ?elor superioare ale organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
psihice, cu eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ierea imaturit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii afective.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pulsiune }{\fs18
(impuls); modalitate dina-mic\uc1 \u259 ? de impulsuri (\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? energe-tic\uc1 \u259 ?), factor de motricitate
care \uc1 \u238 ?mpinge organismul spre un scop (\uc1 \u355 ?inta sa). Sta-rea de
tensiune care constituie izvorul pulsional are tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a se desc\uc1
\u259 ?rca (de a se \uc1 \u8222 ?cheltui") pentru ca s\uc1 \u259 ? dispar\uc1 \u259
?, \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ncordarea. In
psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ?, p. este socotit\uc1 \u259 ? latura energetic\uc1 \u259 ? a
instinc-tului. P. este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? un principiu fundamental
\uc1 \u238 ?n reglarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii orga-nismului. Trebuie
apreciat un perma-nent conflict dintre pulsiunea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i a
mor\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? componenta
energetic\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor moti-velor con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente sau incon\uc1
\u351 ?tiente, pri-mare sau secundare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colsr48 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \li29 \ri0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rabie }
\langfenp1048 = (turbare); encefalomielit\uc1 \u259 ? viral\uc1 \u259 ? a c\uc1
\u259 ?rui agent patogen este un radovirus transmis prin saliva introdus\uc1
\u259 ? prin mu\uc1 \u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?tura animal\uc1 \u259 ?. Vulpea este
rezervorul de viru\uc1 \u351 ?i, pe care-i transmite c\uc1 \u226 ?inilor, mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in pisicilor \uc1 \u351 ?i bovinelor. Perioada de incuba\uc1 \u355 ?
ie este lung\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1-2-3 luni, perioad\uc1 \u259 ? care
permite vaccinarea. Rabia a fost eradicat\uc1 \u259 ? aproape \uc1 \u238 ?n
toate \uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rile ci-vilizate. Simptomul clasic pentru diag-
nosticul pozitiv \uc1 \u351 ?i diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial este hidro-fobia: subiectul
simte o sete intens\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nu poate bea ap\uc1 \u259 ? din cauza
contracturii spastice a faringelui. Starea general\uc1 \u259 ? se agraveaz\uc1
\u259 ?; apare hipertermie, tahicardie, oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii tensionale, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri respiratori. In ambele forme (r. paralitic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i r.
spastic\uc1 \u259 ?), sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itul letal survine \uc1 \u238 ?n
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva zile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Rafinament }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = poa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te \uc1 \u238 ?nsemna expresia
exigen\uc1 \u355 ?elor senzoriale, estetice, intelec-tuale \uc1 \u238 ?n producerea
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerii; poate \uc1 \u238 ?n-semna \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea mijloacelor care satisfac aceste exigen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i
produc \uc1 \u238 ?n final pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ramolisment cerebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aspect anato-
mopatologic al unui tip d}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e accident vas-cular cerebral, datorat unei
ischemii se-vere, care se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? brusc \uc1 \u351 ?i persist\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndelung. Se produce o lichefia\uc1 \u355 ?ie a \uc1 \u355 ?e-
sutului nervos. Macroscopic se eviden\uc1 \u355 ?i-az\uc1 \u259 ? un ramolisment de
culoare alb\uc1 \u259 ?-roz-g\uc1 \u259 ?lbuie, iar la marginea focarului apa}
\langfenp1048 re un material necrotic granulat. Soma mo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dificat\uc1 \u259 ? prin lichefiere
determin\uc1 \u259 ? apari-\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i pline
de lichid \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul focarelor necrotice, unde se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
treptat o zon\uc1 \u259 ? de scleroz\uc1 \u259 ? glial\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
etiologic, tromboza arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, embolia sau spas-mul arterial cerebral se
suprapun de obicei procesului tromboembolic. Simptomatic, zona afectat\uc1 \u259 ?
de ramo-lisment determin\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri motorii psi-hice (apatie,
amnezie - mai ales verba-l\uc1 \u259 ?). Vindecarea se face \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna
cu sechele. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Raptus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = impuls brusc, necontrolabil,
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul poate \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplini acte vio-lente \uc1 \u351 ?i
grave, idei delirante. Este un simptom al psihozei, al epilepsiei, schizofreniei.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u226 ?s
\langfenp1048 = manifestare specific uman\uc1 \u259 ? (mi-mic\uc1 \u259 ?)
semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd o stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? pl\uc1 \u259 ?
cut\uc1 \u259 ?, provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sa-tisfacere, de
bucurie, de realizare. R\uc1 \u226 ?-sul se declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n urma comenzilor primite de
la nivelul trunchiului cere-bral \uc1 \u351 ?i al m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei. R\uc1
\u226 ?sul patologic este inadecvat situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, neconcordant cu
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia, necontrolat ca durat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i extindere.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u226 ?s
\uc1 \u351 ?i pl\uc1 \u226 ?ns spasmodic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? rar
\uc1 \u351 ?i este descris \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul pseudo-bulbar, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?ri deteriorative de etiologie arteriopatic\uc1 \u259 ?.
Apar la incita\uc1 \u355 ?ii minore ale mediului sau \uc1 \u238 ?n urma evo-
c\uc1 \u259 ?rii mintale a unor situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?
spasmodic" se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? faptului c\uc1 \u259 ? musculatura fe\uc1
\u355 ?ei, parezat\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile voluntare,
se contract\uc1 \u259 ? spon-tan \uc1 \u351 ?i puternic, respira\uc1 \u355 ?ia
se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrerupe \uc1 \u238 ?n expir sau este \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit\uc1
\u259 ? printr-un spasm expirator.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qc \li14
\ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ra\uc1
\u355 ?ionalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirea (\uc1 \u351 ?i d}{\fs18 \dbch
evenirea)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune: a) necesar, dar nu \uc1
\u351 ?i sufici-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
unor forme de eKisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu altele pe care}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 ent; b) necesar \uc1 \u351 ?i suficient; c) suficient,}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea le poate
asimila prin judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dar nu \uc1
\u351 ?i necesar. Ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inteligibile, coerente asupra
realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 un mod determinant al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii (ca \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri10 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelectul) \uc1 \u351 ?i este obiectul de
studiu al}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c\uc1 \u259 ?utarea unor explica\uc1
\u355 ?ii}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologiei (g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea) \uc1
\u351 ?i al filosofilor,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logice, care s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ? acceptabile
moral \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ,\uc1 \u163 ?ogica" }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }
\langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavelcu \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Didi-}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa182 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3365 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
social anumite comportamente.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lescu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa182 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionament }{\fs18
form\uc1 \u259 ? logic\uc1 \u259 ?, funda-mental\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i
categorie a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndiri, \uc1 \u238 ?n care are loc \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259
?n\uc1 \u355 ?uirea judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor prin care se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e noi din cele anterioa-re. Din punct de vedere
logic, este nece-sar\uc1 \u259 ? o judecat\uc1 \u259 ? ini\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259
? (premisa, argu-mentul), prin care se evalueaz\uc1 \u259 ? rapor-turile dintre
no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile ini\uc1 \u355 ?iale, deci o ju-decat\uc1 \u259 ?
intermediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o judecat\uc1 \u259 ? final\uc1 \u259 ?, care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?a nou\uc1 \u259 ?, ob\uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ?. Dintre ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentele logicii re\uc1 \u355 ?inem: \uc1
\u8226 ? r. deductive - se porne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n general (\uc1 \u238 ?n
premis\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i se ajunge la ceea ce intr\uc1 \u259 ? sub
inciden\uc1 \u355 ?a acestui general (concluzia); \uc1 \u8226 ? r. inductiv,
\uc1 \u238 ?n care opera\uc1 \u355 ?ia logic\uc1 \u259 ? porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la
cazuri particulare - c\uc1 \u259 ?tre general, esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial; \uc1 \u8226 ?
r. ipotetico-deductiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n care punctul de plecare este o ipotez\uc1
\u259 ? (\uc1 \u8222 ?dac\uc1 \u259 ? ... atunci"), adic\uc1 \u259 ? o
alternativ\uc1 \u259 ? a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei valabilitate \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
nu a fost stabilit\uc1 \u259 ?. Din punct de vedere psihologic, subiectul trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? se deta\uc1 \u351 ?eze de vederile proprii pentru a putea enun\uc1
\u355 ?a r. obiective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Ra\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = facultate de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere discur-
siv\uc1 \u259 ?, care opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile, judec\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentele; g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirea \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?urarea ei argumentativ\uc1
\u259 ?. Prin exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iul ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, omul are acces dincolo de
apa-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ele fenomenale, cunosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd esen\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1
\u351 ?i legile obiective ale realului, cauzele \uc1 \u351 ?i determin\uc1 \u259 ?
rile universale \uc1 \u351 ?i necesare ale devenirii lucrurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
fenomenelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?n manualul de logic\uc1 \u259 ? pot fi dis-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
tinse mai multe tipuri, temeiuri, ale ra\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nii, care
fundamenteaz\uc1 \u259 ?, justific\uc1 \u259 ? o idee,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u259 ?sturnarea valorilor }
\langfenp1048 = modalitate de operare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n inversarea unei judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de valoare, \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, un obiect, o lucrare, un feno-men, etc. Este o
schimbare a perspecti-vei de apreciere a sistemului de valori, de referin\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de care este eva-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 luat obiectul, lucrarea, persoana respec-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tiv\uc1 \u259 ?.
Aceste aprecieri nu prezint\uc1 \u259 ? per-soana sau realitatea fenomenal\uc1
\u259 ?, ci un prototip negativ, diferit \uc1 \u351 ?i opus celui pozitiv \uc1
\u351 ?i meritos. Trebuie ca for\uc1 \u355 ?ele care pun \uc1 \u238 ?n mi\uc1 \u351
?care alegerea s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? la baz\uc1 \u259 ? resorturi
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale solide \uc1 \u351 ?i morale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u259 ?sunet }{\fs18 \dbch
dimensiu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ne fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a caracterului al\uc1 \u259 ?
turi de emotivitate, afectivitate; este ecoul pe care \uc1 \u238 ?l are \uc1
\u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a individului reprezentarea unor ac\uc1
\u355 ?iuni, fapte, lucruri, evenimente, care arat\uc1 \u259 ? efectele produse de
reprezen-tare, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd acestea se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226
?mpul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei - r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet primar \uc1 \u351 ?i
r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet secundar, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd reprezentarea nu se mai afl\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u259 ?u
\langfenp1048 = categorie central\uc1 \u259 ? a eticii, opus\uc1 \u259 ? binelui,
semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd tot ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dire, \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n sim\uc1 \u355 ?ire, \uc1
\u238 ?njose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i amenin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea
moral\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rt\uc1 \u226 ?nd omul de esen\uc1
\u355 ?a lui, f\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u226 ?n-du-1 s\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneze \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva menirii sale, con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n idealul moral al binelui, (vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ,JBinele \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1
\u259 ?uF }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 (1978), loan Grigora\uc1 \u351 ?). Determinat istoric, r\uc1 \u259 ?
ul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i opusul lui, binele) are un caracter relativ din punct de vedere
axiologic, fiind deseori \uc1 \u238 ?n raporturi de opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dar
\uc1 \u351 ?i de unitate. \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o alt\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1 \u355 ?iune,
r\uc1 \u259 ?ul este asociat cu o tulburare psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? a
organismului (r\uc1 \u259 ?u de mare, r\uc1 \u259 ?u de ma\uc1 \u351 ?in\uc1
\u259 ?, r\uc1 \u259 ?u de altitudine). Din punct de vedere neuro-fiziologic, cauza
cestui r\uc1 \u259 ?u se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin: suprasolicit\uc1 \u259 ?rii
vestibula-re, hipooxigenare a creierului, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri circulatorii, de
tensiune arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R\uc1 \u259 ?zboi \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = e
o lupt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ve-derea \uc1 \u238 ?nvingerii obstacolului ce
st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a scopului propus. Constituie un ele-
ment al strategiei generale de a realiza sarcinile impuse de cucerirea obiectivu-
lui propus. \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unui r\uc1 \u259 ?zboi armat, r\uc1
\u259 ?zboiul psihologic vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? nu via\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i
integritatea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? a oamenilor, ci integritatea lor spiritual\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i a institu\uc1 \u355 ?iei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sociale, scopul
direct privind moralul oa-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 menilor, care este de prim\uc1 \u259 ?
necesitate \uc1 \u351 ?i nu poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit cu nici un fel de
armament. Din punct de vedere psiho-logic se duce lupta pentru formarea con-
vingerilor patriotice, a vigilen\uc1 \u355 ?ei cu du\uc1 \u351 ?ma}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nul.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reabilitare }
\langfenp1048 = proces de redob\uc1 \u226 ?ndire a u-nui statut normal \uc1 \u351 ?
i pozitiv de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care a fost sanc\uc1 \u355 ?
ionat\uc1 \u259 ? juridic sau moral, din cauza unor daune aduse societ\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz, subiectul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ?
prezinte garan\uc1 \u355 ?ia, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul imposibili-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii unei recidive. Prin extensie, poate fi folosit termenul pentru o stare
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? nor-mal\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? o boal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i covalescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reactivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitatea organismelor de a
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde la stimuli cu efecte adap-tative; capacitatea organismului de a
r\uc1 \u259 ?s-punde situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de mediu ce perturb\uc1 \u259 ?
homeostazia, prin sisteme de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de-fensive \uc1 \u351 ?i
adaptative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = orice r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns,
integral sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial, la o stimula\uc1 \u355 ?ie; modalitate tipi-
c\uc1 \u259 ? a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie a organismului. R. poate
consta \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o modificare vegetati-v\uc1 \u259 ?, o interven\uc1 \u355 ?
ie motor\uc1 \u259 ?, o recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie sen-zorial\uc1 \u259 ?, o replic\uc1
\u259 ? verbal\uc1 \u259 ?, o opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie mental\uc1 \u259 ?. Are loc
interiorizarea stimuli-lor \uc1 \u351 ?i stocarea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor
poten\uc1 \u355 ?iale. La baza reac\uc1 \u355 ?iei sunt mecanisme re-flexe.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reac\uc1 \u355
?ie advers\uc1 \u259 ? = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sin. }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 efect advers); }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul medicamente}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? acel
r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cut \uc1 \u351 ?i/sau d\uc1 \u259 ?un\uc1
\u259 ?tor, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut \uc1 \u238 ?n mod nea\uc1 \u351 ?teptat \uc1 \u351 ?i
nedorit, at\uc1 \u226 ?t de medic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de pacient.
Discu\uc1 \u355 ?iile purtate \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor adverse
sunt multiple \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsite de consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e prac-tice.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Readaptare }{\fs18
ansamblu de m\uc1 \u259 ?suri me-dicale \uc1 \u351 ?i socioprofesionale, care au ca
scop redob\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre deficient a func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale somatice, psihice, sociale, profesionale,
pierdute ca ur-mare a unei boli sau a unui traumatism. Readaptarea se impune nu
numai \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-zul intervenirii unei maladii \uc1 \u238 ?n starea de
s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
determinate de schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri profesionale, bru\uc1 \u351 ?ce, ale mediului
social-cultural sau consecutiv comportamentului delictual.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Real }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259 ?
efectiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu atributul de \uc1 \u8222 ?fictiv" -
ima-ginar. Realul este un sinonim al reali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd natura \uc1 \u351 ?i societatea din afara con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de produsele acesteia: idei,
reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri, sentimente, acte apreciative, etc. care exist\uc1 \u259 ?
obiec-tiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Realism }
\langfenp1048 = atitudine cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? care res-pinge specula\uc1 \u355 ?ia
\uc1 \u351 ?i presupozi\uc1 \u355 ?iile insu-ficient \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiate,
acord\uc1 \u226 ?nd credit cer-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\par }\pard \plain \li3019 \ri0 \sb91 \lisb0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cet\uc1 \u259 ?rii
impar\uc1 \u355 ?iale a faptelor, apreciate cu pruden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i interpretare \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele varia-bilit\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u355
?ii. Atitudinea realist\uc1 \u259 ? se opune utopicului, verbalismului parazitar,
spe-cula\uc1 \u355 ?iilor f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coperire, viselor irea-
lizabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Realitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod efectiv \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un moment determinat, a universului \uc1 \u238 ?n totalitate. \uc1 \u238
?ntr-o alt\uc1 \u259 ? ac-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iune, realitatea (cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul)
\uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de un determinant, are urm\uc1 \u259 ?
toarele as-pecte: realitatea natural\uc1 \u259 ?, social\uc1 \u259 ?, psi-
hologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?, artistic\uc1
\u259 ?, moral\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? un domeniu particular al
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, insist\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra faptelor domeniului respectiv.
Raportul dintre posibil \uc1 \u351 ?i real presupune o m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?
a tre-cerii posibilului \uc1 \u238 ?n real; orice real, a fost anterior, un posibil
(o probabilitate). Trecerea posibilului \uc1 \u238 ?n real \uc1 \u355 ?ine de anu-
mite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea
proceselor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Realitate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = realitatea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? trimite la procesele incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, care nu \uc1 \u355
?in de realitatea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? (Fr}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eud).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Receptivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = u\uc1 \u351 ?
urin\uc1 \u355 ?a cu care sunt receptate informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile. Nu este o
particu-laritate nativ\uc1 \u259 ?, ci una dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? prin
exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iu, antrenament. In decursul dez-volt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice, r.
trece de la formele ei primare, la forme selective \uc1 \u351 ?i specia-lizate (r.
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, artistic\uc1 \u259 ?, profe-sional\uc1 \u259 ?).
Receptivitatea este o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie ce faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area. \uc1 \u238 ?n neurociberne-tica organelor de
sim\uc1 \u355 ? se uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? terme-nul de \uc1 \u8222 ?permeabilitate", a
formelor de energie recunoscute ca termeni adecva\uc1 \u355 ?i pentru stimulul
respec}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Receptor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = organ periferic senzorial specializat \uc1 \u238 ?n
transformarea unui gen de energie \uc1 \u238 ?n influx nervos. R. se adec-}
veaz\uc1 \u259 ? stimulen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mecanici, fizici, chimici,
fiziologici, \uc1 \u351 ?i pot fi considera\uc1 \u355 ?i ca organe de sim\uc1 \u355
? corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare for-melor de energie. Se face deosebirea \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre receptorii periferici \uc1 \u351 ?i cei centrali, cu toate c\uc1 \u259 ? cei
periferici nu pot fi con-cepu\uc1 \u355 ?i disociat de mecanismele cen-trale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recep\uc1
\langfenp1048 = proces neuropsihic de de-tectare, captare \uc1 \u351 ?i codificare
a informa-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, finalizat prin constituirea de ima-gini simple sau
complex-sistematizate. Este capacitatea organelor de sim\uc1 \u355 ? de a furniza
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii din mediu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reciclare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate a instruc\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei permanente \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul actuali-
z\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii profesionale;
in-diferent de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, se impun cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele de
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a noilor progrese \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?
e \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul profesional practicat. Se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine o recalificare
sau renuvelare profesional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o reactivare a poten\uc1 \u355
?ia-lului personal, competen\uc1 \u355 ?a profesiona-l\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
toate genurile de r. sunt implicate \uc1 \u351 ?i cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e
de psihologie, cu privire la necesitatea optimiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii factorului u-man, a
selec\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii cadrelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recidiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
reapari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei boli la un in-terval variabil de timp dup\uc1 \u259 ?
vindecarea primei \uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?viri. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul bolilor
psi-hice diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea recidivei de \uc1 \u8222 ?rec\uc1 \u259 ?de-re"
este adeseori dificil\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest caz, rec\uc1 \u259 ?derea
semnific\uc1 \u259 ? reapari\uc1 \u355 ?ia simpto-melor la o afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune
remis\uc1 \u259 ?, dar nevin-decat\uc1 \u259 ?, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? tratamentului
insufici-ent ca doz\uc1 \u259 ? sau durat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recompens\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = r\uc1 \u259 ?splat\uc1
\u259 ? cu care este apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune sau o conduit\uc1
\u259 ? indi-vidual\uc1 \u259 ? sau de grup, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept
scop \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea sau eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
respec-tive prin factori pozitivi gratific\uc1 \u226 ?nd. \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20
alternan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu pedepsele, r. constituie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 instrumente de socializare a persoanei, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\uc1 \u238 ?n plan subiec}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-
3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tiv, este tr\uc1 \u259 ?it\uc1
\u259 ? cu satis-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, stare de confort
cu multiple im-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 plica\uc1 \u355 ?ii: de
mobilizare \uc1 \u238 ?n atingerea unei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 noi
performan\uc1 \u355 ?e; de stimulare a ini\uc1 \u355 ?iati-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
vei, de \uc1 \u238 ?ncurajare, de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rire a motiva-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iei ini\uc1 \u355 ?iale. Recompensele pot fi
de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ordin moral sau material, pot fi ad-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ministrate individual sau \uc1 \u238 ?n grup social. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cele de ordin moral predomin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
so-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ciet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile evoluate \uc1
\u351 ?i pot avea mai multe }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 forme: laud\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?ncurajare, recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere social\uc1 \u259 ?, promovare
social\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Ele tre-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 buie bine dozate
\uc1 \u351 ?i suplu m\uc1 \u226 ?nuite \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de p}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siho-individualitatea subiec-}
\langfenp1048 tului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = tip de terapie prin ca-re pacientul este direc\uc1 \u355 ?ionat cu
autoritate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spre alte modele comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?
i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spre practicarea unor noi deprinderi, obi-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceiuri, care vor avea valoare pentru el. }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 Participarea subi}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ectului la ob\uc1
\u355 ?inerea unor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rezultate semnificative trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? fie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 foarte sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen legat de pro-cesul de memorie;
consta \uc1 \u238 ?n reidentifica }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea unei situa\uc1
\u355 ?ii perceput\uc1 \u259 ? anterior, ceea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce
presupune compararea percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei cu }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
imaginile actua}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lizate de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre memorie.
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de gradul de precizie,
pot fi considerate mai multe tipuri de recu-noa\uc1 \u351 ?tere: \uc1 \u8226 ? r.
eronat\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd imaginea este gre\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia memorat\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1
\u8226 ? r. im-precis\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd, par\uc1 \u355 ?ial, sunt
recunoscute elemente sau caracteristici ale imaginii; \uc1 \u8226 ? r.
precis\uc1 \u259 ?, care implic\uc1 \u259 ? o analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i sin-
tez\uc1 \u259 ? corect\uc1 \u259 ? a elementelor specifice o-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biectului
memorat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recuperare }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri social-medicale pentru a normaliza personali-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 tatea \uc1 \u351 ?i a ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine o contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie
fireasc\uc1 \u259 ? de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la un deficient senzorial, intelectual sau }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 moral. Se are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1
\u259 ?turarea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aspectelor negative, compensarea
celor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deficitare \uc1 \u351 ?i activarea
maximal\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-
5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 for\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i
calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor reziduale. R. este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
un \uc1 \u8222 ?proces prin care i se red\uc1 \u259 ? unei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
persoane posibilitatea de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n li}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mitele normalului,
via\uc1 \u355 ?a pe deplin" }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (Backer). Recuperarea
bolnavilor psi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hici cronici r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1
\u226 ?ne adesea pe plan se-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cundar, at\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea psihiatrului }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din
clinic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celui ambulator (C. Gorgos).
Totu\uc1 \u351 ?i, \uc1 \u238 ?n ultimul timp, se }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
contureaz\uc1 \u259 ? o viziune global\uc1 \u259 ? ca eficien-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i act medical propriu-zis, prin unit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?
ile specializate de terapie \uc1 \u351 ?i recuperare }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
prin e\uc1 \u351 ?alonarea demersului terapeutic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n esen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, recuperarea este proce-sul care face capabil\uc1 \u259 ? o
persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, cu un }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anumit grad de
incapacitate, s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i folo-seasc\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai
bine aptitudinile restan-te, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un context social, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?t
posibil }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 normal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Recuren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? invers\uc1 \u259 ? a
efec-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tului asupra cauzei sau fenomenelor, de }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie asupra ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii. \uc1 \u238
?n psihologia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 modern\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul este foarte
r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndit }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin intro}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ducerea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei feedback \uc1 \u351 ?i }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea reversibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ope-ra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor (P. Popescu Neveanu). Aceast\uc1
\u259 ? retroac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a unui fapt sau eveniment }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 asupra cauzelor care l-au generat are aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n alte \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e: matematic\uc1 \u259 ?,
logic\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n matematic\uc1 \u259 ?, demonstra-\uc1 \u355 ?
ia prin recuren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este modul de de-monstra\uc1 \u355 ?ie
numit induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie matematic\uc1 \u259 ? sau induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie complet\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?n fiziologie, termenul este folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n
corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mecanismele de feed-back; \uc1
\u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihiatrie, termenul face referire la }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acele
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni acute la decompens\uc1 \u259 ?rile }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
bolilor cronice care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? recidive }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C.
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reduc\uc1
\u355 ?ionism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod de interpretare sau explicare a unor fenomene
relativ com-plexe, prin reducerea lor la configura\uc1 \u355 ?ii, legi \uc1 \u351 ?
i structuri mai simple, proprii unor niveluri inferioare ale existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei.
R. de orice fel este solidar cu mecanicismul, vitalismul, fizicalismul,
biologismul, darvinismul social, organicismul, psiho-logismul, utilitarismul,
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionalismul, scientismul, etc. R. a fost o etap\uc1 \u259 ? inevi-
tabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n calea cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii complexit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lumii biologice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Redundan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept
utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?ie, care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un mesaj a unui num\uc1 \u259 ?r de informa\uc1
\u355 ?ii mai mare dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cel necesar, pentru transmi-terea \uc1 \u351 ?i
receptarea corect\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i integral\uc1 \u259 ? a mesajului.
Dincolo de un anumit grad suficient, cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea gradului de redun-dan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? altereaz\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea mesajului, du-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
o risip\uc1 \u259 ? de mijloace pentru trans-miterea unei cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i redus\uc1 \u259 ? de infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ie util\uc1 \u259 ?.
Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?tori de seam\uc1 \u259 ? (C. Arseni, M. Golu, L. D\uc1 \u259 ?
nil\uc1 \u259 ?) sus\uc1 \u355 ?in c\uc1 \u259 ?, creierul uman este sistemul
informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal cu cel mai ridicat coeficient de re-dundan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? sub dou\uc1 \u259 ? as-pecte:
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 redundan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? structural\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 (num\uc1 \u259 ?r de neuroni mult mai mare dec\uc1 \u226 ?t nece-
sari); existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor structuri operative-integrative duble (emisferice)
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 redun-dan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 realizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin: - dubla-rea
modelelor informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale interne;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dublarea sistemelor de leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi tempo-rare
elaborate \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul ontogenezei;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 utilizarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei stocate prin expe-rien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?ialitatea, verbige-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ia
limbajului ca \uc1 \u351 ?i hipermimia sau tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de atitudine \uc1
\u351 ?i gestuale, sunt aspecte parazitare, perturbatoare, care transform\uc1 \u259
? comunicarea \uc1 \u238 ?n opusul ei. Mesajul ajunge foarte greu inteligibil
atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd cantitatea de \uc1 \u8222 ?zgomot" ega-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 leaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te num\uc1 \u259 ?rul semnale-lor
purt\uc1 \u259 ?toare de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reduplicare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a dubla); \uc1 \u238 ?n
genetic\uc1 \u259 ?, la nivel cromozomial, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? proce-sul de
sintez\uc1 \u259 ? a acidului dezoxiribo-nucleic, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept rezultate
dublarea num\uc1 \u259 ?rului de cromatide \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n final divi-
ziune celular\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie - simptom psihologic,
caracterizat prin faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? bolnavul, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul unui proces
confa-bulatoriu, afirm\uc1 \u259 ? existen\uc1 \u355 ?a a dou\uc1 \u259 ? obiecte,
persoane, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii identice, din care numai una este real\uc1 \u259 ?,
cealalt\uc1 \u259 ? este produsul imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei sale (apare frec-vent \uc1
\u238 ?n schizofrenie, parafrenie, para-noia, etc); se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?
lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul sindromului Korsakov \uc1
\u351 ?i al demen\uc1 \u355 ?elor presenile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reeducare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces sistematic, inte-gral \uc1
\u351 ?i nou de educare destinat com-pens\uc1 \u259 ?rii lacunelor unei
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ii anteri-oare (ale c\uc1 \u259 ?rui efecte au fost pierdute sau
diminuate \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor traume, infirmit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i,
dezadapt\uc1 \u259 ?ri), sau s\uc1 \u259 ? com-bat\uc1 \u259 ? efectele unei
educa\uc1 \u355 ?ii defectuoase, negative. R. are ca obiect reintegrarea
subiectului \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem de activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i de rela\uc1 \u355
?ii sociale normale. Se reali-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin mijloace pedagogico-medi-
cale \uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapeutice mult intensifi-cate. Necesit\uc1 \u259 ?
institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii specializate \uc1 \u351 ?i exper\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
diverse profiluri. Sunt supu\uc1 \u351 ?i reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii delicven\uc1
\u355 ?ii, deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ii min-tali, bolnavii cu afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-hice \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul optimiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
comporta-mentului adaptativ, tinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd spre apro-pierea de nivelul
poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial sau anterior al subiectului. Reeducarea serviciilor de urm\uc1
\u259 ?rire, depistare, reeducarea pro-priu-zis\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i servicii
de urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire post-cur\uc1 \u259 ? (la locul de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n familie), sunt faze obligatorii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\margbsxn720 \guttersxn0 \headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl
\cols2 \colsx336 \colno1 \colw3024 \colsr336 \colno2 \colw2932 \endnhere \pard
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reeducarea delicven\uc1 \u355 ?ilor minori }
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ansamblul de
m\uc1 \u259 ?suri, influen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i, desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cadru organi-zat,
menite s\uc1 \u259 ? restructureze \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? reori-enteze
atitudinile \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentele ce-lor cu deficien\uc1 \u355 ?e morale,
inclusiv a in-fractorilor. Se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n peniten-ciare, colonii \uc1 \u351 ?i institute de reeducare. Principalele
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpinate sunt:
orientarea eronat\uc1 \u259 ? a acestora datorat\uc1 \u259 ? unei optici deformate,
comportamente agresive \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u238 ?nstr\uc1 \u259 ?inare de
societate; alteori sunt o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a traumatis-melor
cauzate de sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de con-di\uc1 \u355 ?
iile necorespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare din activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
institu\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de reeducare. Adaptarea la mediul de deten\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
la via\uc1 \u355 ?a organizat\uc1 \u259 ?, reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? pentru minori o
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie cri-tic\uc1 \u259 ?, de aceea exist\uc1 \u259 ? pericolul
cualiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii delicven\uc1 \u355 ?ilor minori \uc1 \u351 ?i a cultiv\uc1
\u259 ?rii de c\uc1 \u259 ?-tre ei a unor strategii de pseudoadaptare \uc1 \u351 ?i
men\uc1 \u355 ?inere a sistemului existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei centrate pe
delicvent\uc1 \u259 ?. De aceea, regimul \uc1 \u351
?i m\uc1 \u259 ?surile educative trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie maxi-mal eficiente. In
acest sens, sunt reco-mandate: contactul psihic, apropierea su-fleteasc\uc1 \u259 ?
dintre educatori \uc1 \u351 ?i delicven\uc1 \u355 ?i; condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
munc\uc1 \u259 ? cu o exigen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? educa-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, care echivaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu o terapie er-gonomic\uc1 \u259 ?,
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i socio-moral\uc1 \u259 ?. Este important s\uc1
\u259 ? li se deschid\uc1 \u259 ? o perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de orientare
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?. Statul rom\uc1 \u226 ?n a creat posibilitatea
integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii sociale a fo\uc1 \u351 ?tilor delicven\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1
\u238 ?n scopul \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?rii tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor
de stigmatizare \uc1 \u351 ?i etichetare, manifestate de popula\uc1 \u355 ?ie
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia (de\uc1 \u351 ?i ele sunt p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la un punct, fire\uc1 \u351 ?ti).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? = delir, ce ar consta
\uc1 \u238 ?n hiper-sensibilitatea bolnavilor (schizofreni) la stimulii
exteriori, \uc1 \u238 ?n hipervalorizarea simbolic\uc1 \u259 ? a unor evenimente
lipsite de semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru subiectul normal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reflectare }{\fs18
categorie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a gnoseologiei desemn\uc1
\u226 ?nd esen\uc1 \u355 ?a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei cognitive, ca interac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune \uc1 \u238 ?ntre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i obiect, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca rezultat
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri interne ale subiectului, sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de
percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri, no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, atitu-dini, etc.
Cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele ca acte de reflec-tare apar drept rezultate ale
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii obiectelor (fenomenelor) asupra orga-nelor de sim\uc1 \u355 ?,
ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt preluate de creier, constituindu-se
\uc1 \u238 ?n imagini ale realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii obiective. Aceste
imagini nu sunt copii fotografice ale lumii exterioare, ci modele subiective,
structural asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare, deoarece \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul
reflect\uc1 \u259 ?rii cognitive subiectul nu se comport\uc1 \u259 ? ca un receptor
pasiv de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ci desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? o
activitate complex\uc1 \u259 ? de selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, evaluare, mode-lare,
reconstituind func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea cla-selor de fenomene c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea lor \uc1 \u238 ?n modele ideale, nelimitat perfec-
tibile. Reflectarea atinge treapta cea mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? de
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ca proces su-biectiv de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-tur\uc1 \u259 ? proprie \uc1 \u351 ?
i definitorie a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iei umane, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd valoarea
semantic\uc1 \u259 ?, cali-tativ\uc1 \u259 ? a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reflex }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanism
fundamental al comportamentului, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n reac\uc1 \u355 ?
ia de r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns (motorie sau secretorie) a organismului, imediat, prin
sistemul nervos, la ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unui stimul extern sau intern. Acest mod de
reactivitate se face prin reflexe \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute, ce le avem de la
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere (necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate), sau prin conexiunile ce func\uc1
\u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? (leg\uc1 \u259
?turile temporale \uc1 \u238 ?ntre di-feri\uc1 \u355 ?i centri) - reflexele
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate. Activitatea nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?,
cons-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd din ansamblul sistemic al transfor-m\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1
\u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de tip reflex, asi-gur\uc1 \u259 ? echilibrul
dinamic al organis-mului. Reflexele necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate consti-}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tuie r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunsurile la excitan\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu semni-fica\uc1 \u355 ?ie biologic\uc1
\u259 ? intrinsec\uc1 \u259 ?, alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuind acea \uc1 \u8222 ?zestre
adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ? primar\uc1 \u259 ?" a indi-vidului (reflexul de orientare, de
sa\uc1 \u355 ?i-etate, alimentar, sexual, palpebral, sali-var, postural, de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare, acomodare, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reflexe condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? a do-ua verig\uc1 \u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase superioare. Acestea se formeaz\uc1 \u259
? doar \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii, cu participarea scoar-\uc1
\u355 ?ei. Ele reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o achizi\uc1 \u355 ?ie individual\uc1 \u259 ?
a organismului, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de semnalizare \uc1 \u351 ?
i integrare a sistemului ner-vos central. La baza r.c. st\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenul
fiziologic al conexiunilor temporale din-tre diferi\uc1 \u355 ?ii centri de pe
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, conexi-une care se stinge destul de u\uc1 \u351 ?or
sub ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea diver\uc1 \u351 ?ilor factori. R.c. sunt deci leg\uc1 \u259
?turi dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite de tip func\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu caracter temporal
\uc1 \u351 ?i strict individual. \uc1 \u238 ?n felul acesta organismul se
adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile mereu schimb\uc1 \u259 ?toare ale me-
diului \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea este aspectul
fiziologic al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?are, dar la om procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?are
nu poate fi identificat \uc1 \u238 ?ntru totul cu condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reflexie }
\langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?ntoarcere \uc1 \u238 ?napoi); interpre-tare
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, contemplare \uc1 \u351 ?i exami-nare a
sensului \uc1 \u351 ?i valorii diferitelor fragmente ale realului din unghiul de
ve-dere al judec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ilor ierarhizante; termenul presupune o \uc1 \u8222 ?re\uc1 \u238 ?ntoarcere" a
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii asupra ei \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?i\uc1 \u351 ?i pentru a-\uc1
\u351 ?i dezv\uc1 \u259 ?lui pro-priile mecanisme \uc1 \u351 ?i a-\uc1 \u351 ?i
evalua rezul-tatele (J. Loche, Leibniz). Este o autoa-naliz\uc1 \u259 ?, o
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Refractar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sensul uzual se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
refuzul \uc1 \u351 ?i opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de adaptarea
unor cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e sau indica\uc1 \u355 ?ii; \uc1 \u238 ?n neurofiziologie,}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 indic\uc1
\u259 ? perioada de total\uc1 \u259 ? suprimare a excitabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Refrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deturnarea unei raze lumi-noase ce trece
printr-o lentil\uc1 \u259 ?. Efectul produs de cristalin, \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea
proiec-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii razei luminoase \uc1 \u238 ?n centrul ecranu-lui retinian.
C\uc1 \u226 ?nd proiectarea este co-rect\uc1 \u259 ?, se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
emetropia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Refulare }
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie (mecanism) prin care persoana trimite sau
men\uc1 \u355 ?ine \uc1 \u238 ?n incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri
pulsionale (g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri, amintiri, imagini). Este un proces psihic universal
prin care se constituie incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul, ca domeniu se-parat al
psihismului. Refularea apare \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul \uc1 \u238 ?n care satisfac\uc1
\u355 ?ia unei pulsi-uni generatoare de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere este \uc1 \u238 ?n opo-
zi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu alte exigen\uc1 \u355 ?e. Ca mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare,
refularea const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n excluderea din Eul con\uc1 \u351 ?tient
(uitarea aparent\uc1 \u259 ?) a unui eveniment trecut, cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?. Refularea ratat\uc1 \u259 ?, imperfec-t\uc1 \u259 ?,
genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii patologice (Bou-vet). Subiectul normal
rezist\uc1 \u259 ? presiuni-lor exercitate de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele refulate, f\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a-\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde echilibrul psihic. Ne-vroticii cad
victim\uc1 \u259 ? conflictului ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat \uc1 \u351 ?i devin incapabili de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Terapia psihanalitic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
propune defularea res-pectivelor tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?
tientizarea lor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Refuz }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = atitudine de respingere fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de unele
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, persoane, obiecte, care se poate manifesta de la simpla
reticen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la negativism. \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul normali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, conduita de refuz intr\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n gesti-unile adaptative ale persoanei. \uc1 \u238 ?n pato-
logie refuzul nu este o manifestare adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1
\u226 ?t r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde numai unor trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e subiective, con\uc1
\u351 ?tientiza-te sau nu. Indiferent de forma sa de ex-primare, de intensitate
\uc1 \u351 ?i de obiectivul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 viza}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t, refuzul este pe de o parte o mani-festare, iar pe de
alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte poate intra, ca mecanism, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un lan\uc1 \u355 ?
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional mai complex. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Regenerare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ?
curativ\uc1 \u259 ? - din ca-tegoria terapiilor de relaxare, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe o
respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie de tip special, \uc1 \u238 ?n care pauza dintre expira\uc1
\u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie este elimina-t\uc1 \u259 ?, cele
dou\uc1 \u259 ? faze ale procesului de respi-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuind \uc1 \u238 ?n acest fel un proces con-tinuu. Faza inspiratorie este
prelungit\uc1 \u259 ? folosind activ zona pectoral\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp
ce faza expiratorie este pasiv\uc1 \u259 ?, folosind \uc1 \u238 ?n special
musculatura diafragmatic\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie sunt eliminate
elementele ne-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gative, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd
organismului, prin oxi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 genare, o regenerare a min\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u351 ?i organis-mului persoanei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reglare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanism prin care organis-mele superioare,
privite}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ca sisteme ho-meostazice (Cannon) realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1
\u355 ?i-nerea constant\uc1 \u259 ? a propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor mediului
intern, ca o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie obligatorie pentru a-\uc1 \u351 ?i desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura activitatea. Reglarea inter-vine de c\uc1 \u226 ?te ori o
constant\uc1 \u259 ? homeostatic\uc1 \u259 ? este perturbat\uc1 \u259 ?.
Exist\uc1 \u259 ? un num\uc1 \u259 ?r mare de mecanisme care intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n
men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea homeostaziei organismelor superioare. Organismele superioare
depoziteaz\uc1 \u259 ? structuri cu poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial reglator \uc1 \u351 ?i
transmit informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n trei sisteme de reglare: sis-temul
nervos, sistemul endocrin \uc1 \u351 ?i sis-temul imun. In interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
cu sistemul nervos, sistemul endocrin, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin
intermediul hormonilor, poten\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prelunge\uc1
\u351 ?te ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile nervoase, interve-nind tardiv, dar av\uc1 \u226 ?nd
o durat\uc1 \u259 ? mai mare de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia
mecanismelor en-docrine de reglare este orientat\uc1 \u259 ? asupra activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unor grupe de celule a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror activitate este
influen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? de metabolism. At\uc1 \u226 ?t activitatea
sistemului nervos, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celui endocrin, au ca modalitate
comu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n\uc1
\u259 ? de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare mecanisme de feed-back negativ \uc1 \u351 ?i
pozitiv. Un alt aspect important este faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? mecanismele de reglare
nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i umorale nu inter-vin separat \uc1 \u351 ?i independent,
ci \uc1 \u238 ?n colabo-rare, orice proces de reglare fiind, \uc1 \u238 ?n cele din
urm\uc1 \u259 ?, neuroumoral. Aceasta pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sistemului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i endocrin sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivelul sistemului nervos central, \uc1
\u351 ?i la nivel periferic. Autoreglarea \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea conserv\uc1 \u259 ?
rii homeostaziei func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i structurale caracterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? toate siste-mele organismului: celular, subcelular, molecular la nivel de
organ, de sistem \uc1 \u351 ?i de organism.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Regresie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deplasare psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
retrogra-dat\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se revine la un compor-tament ce \uc1 \u355 ?ine
de un stadiu anterior \uc1 \u351 ?i inferior din punct de vedere al com-
plexit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (fenomenul de infantilism la adul\uc1 \u355 ?i
\uc1 \u351 ?i la b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ni). Termenul se refer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i la elemente, atitudini, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintr-un stadiu dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unui \uc1 \u351 ?oc, tra-ume, frustra\uc1
\u355 ?ii. De asemenea, se poate aminti pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? r.
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de una in-telectual\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiec-tul este pus \uc1 \u238 ?n
dificultate \uc1 \u351 ?i apeleaz\uc1 \u259 ? la forme simple }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de lucru, dar
mai sigure.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Regul\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mod constant de producere a unui fenomen \uc1 \u238 ?n
baza unor rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii nece-sare, dar cu o sfer\uc1 \u259 ? relativ\uc1 \u259
? de valabi-litate. Epistemologic - categorie inter-mediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre lege, esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomen. Pragmatic \uc1 \u351
?i instrumental, o norm\uc1 \u259 ? de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, identificare \uc1
\u351 ?i control exprima-t\uc1 \u259 ? prin algoritm.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = etap\uc1
\u259 ? final\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului complex de recuperare, prin care defi-
cientul este reintegrat \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activitate productiv\uc1 \u259 ?.
Reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ia profesional\uc1 \u259 ? pre-supune stabilizarea definitiv\uc1
\u259 ? a de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fici-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 en\uc1 \u355 ?ei, restantul func\uc1 \u355 ?ional al
persoanei, la terminarea recuper\uc1 \u259 ?rii, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i
des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. \uc1
\u238 ?n procesul de reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ie, trei elemente principale \uc1 \u238 ?i
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita sau e\uc1 \u351 ?ecul:
\uc1 \u8226 ? dorin-\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui de a
participa activ la via\uc1 \u355 ?a social-profesional\uc1 \u259 ? a colectivit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, prin nivelul \uc1 \u351 ?i deprinderile anterioare; \uc1
\u8226 ? grupul \uc1 \u238 ?n mijlocul c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia deficientul ur-meaz\uc1
\u259 ? a se reintegra; natura rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor in-terpersonale din cadrul
grupului, dispo-nibilitatea afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea cerin-\uc1 \u355 ?elor locului de munc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1
\u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care acestea asigur\uc1 \u259 ? o apreciere corect\uc1
\u259 ? a compatibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lui, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd randa-
mentul s\uc1 \u259 ?u profesional. La \uc1 \u238 ?nceput, su-biectul poate avea
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii dezaprobative care s\uc1 \u259 ?-i compromit\uc1 \u259 ?
integrarea, fapt ca-re reclam\uc1 \u259 ? continuarea asisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei de spe-
cialitate (psihosociale) p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la completa lui
independen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? socio-profesional\uc1 \u259 ? (er-gonomia
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihologia).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Relativism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = curent filosofic subiectivist prin care
fenomenele obiective, cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-terea, etc, sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
transformare per-petu\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce conduce la aser\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
c\uc1 \u259 ? nimic nu este absolut; adev\uc1 \u259 ?rul nu poate fi dec\uc1
\u226 ?t par\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i trec\uc1 \u259 ?tor; r. accentueaz\uc1
\u259 ? limitele procesului de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere. Ori, progresul cunoa\uc1
\u351 ?terii contribuie perma-nent la obiectivarea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ific\uc1 \u259 ? a acestei relativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i, pe
baza unor fapte obie-ctive, \uc1 \u238 ?i contest\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
restr\uc1 \u226 ?nge domeniul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rela\uc1 \u355
\langfenp1048 = leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre obiecte, fenome-ne,
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, termeni, procese; rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia anuleaz\uc1
\u259 ? izolarea. Progresul \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei con-st\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea tot mai exact\uc1 \u259 ? a rela-\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor specifice diferitelor categorii de obiecte, procese, ierarhiz\uc1 \u226 ?
nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aces-tea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile necesare, esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale,
relativ stabile, cu caracter legic. Pentru om este decisiv\uc1 \u259 ?
interiorizarea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sociale, a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 celor practice, cognitive \uc1 \u351 ?i
comunicati-ve (P. Popes}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
sistem de le-g\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? sau mai
multe per-soane (pe baza consanguinit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau a unei alegeri
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente). Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie marcheaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a persoa-nei, \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o r.i. sunt importante urm\uc1 \u259 ?toa-rele aspecte: \uc1 \u8226 ?
suportul energetic al ace-lei leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi; \uc1 \u8226 ? o atrac\uc1
\u355 ?ie specific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n vir-tutea c\uc1 \u259 ?reia persoanele
se simt chema-te; \uc1 \u8226 ? un motiv specific care opereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia; \uc1 \u8226 ? un motiv specific ce condi-\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ruptura unei leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ?uta-
rea altei leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R.i. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se
modific\uc1 \u259 ?, se structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe parcurs, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mpru-mut\uc1 \u259 ? comportamente, idei, atitudini \uc1 \u351
?i mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile \uc1 \u351 ?i maturitatea mora-
l\uc1 \u259 ?, care cimenteaz\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura interperso-nal\uc1
Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii publice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de a sta-bili \uc1 \u351 ?i a
men\uc1 \u355 ?ine leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu publicul, de }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 a-1 informa \uc1 \u351 ?i de a r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndi o
atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de bun\uc1 \u259 ?voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul lui. Publicitatea \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propune
s\uc1 \u259 ? produc\uc1 \u259 ? o bun\uc1 \u259 ? reputa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i implicit rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii publice optime. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul r. p. se
urm\uc1 \u259 ?resc obiective de importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? mai ampl\uc1
\u259 ?, cultural-edu-cativ\uc1 \u226 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i practica\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
Relaxare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de destindere, de ten-sionare fizic\uc1 \u259 ?
sau psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, analoag\uc1 \u259 ? repausului, care favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
recupera-rea unor energii fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice. Se fo-lose\uc1 \u351 ?te
\uc1 \u351 ?i ca metod\uc1 \u259 ? terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? (psiho-terapie de
relaxare).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Religie }
\langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sociale,
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de care comportamentele \uc1 \u351 ?i re-la\uc1
\u355 ?iile umane sunt \uc1 \u238 ?ntemeiate pe cre-din\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? supranatural\uc1 \u259 ?, crea-
toare \uc1 \u351 ?i guvernatoare a cosmosului, a-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?
nd cu omul o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?i
prin care se instituie un sens transcen-dent al destinului omenesc. \uc1 \u238 ?n
sens foar-te larg, religia reune\uc1 \u351 ?te toate concep\uc1 \u355 ?iile despre
lume \uc1 \u351 ?i practicile asociate cu ele. R. este un fenomen str\uc1 \u259 ?
vechi care \uc1 \u238 ?nso-\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te dezvoltarea cultural\uc1
\u259 ? a omenirii de la \uc1 \u238 ?nceputuri \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1
\u259 ? ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi, \uc1 \u238 ?naint\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n privin\uc1
\u355 ?a complexit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii doctrinare, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia credin\uc1 \u355 ?elor teologice, cu voca\uc1 \u355 ?ie
universalist\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Reminiscen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces de amintire su-
bit\uc1 \u259 ? a unor fapte ce p\uc1 \u259 ?reau uitate; este o ameliorare a
func\uc1 \u355 ?iei reproductive a memoriei, dup\uc1 \u259 ? un lung interval de la
fi-xare. Se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?i-ei de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de efortul me-mor\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i prin induc\uc1 \u355 ?ii pozitive ce inter-vin \uc1
\u238 ?n etapa de conservare a experien\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Este mai frecvent\uc1
\u259 ? la b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ni dec\uc1 \u226 ?t la adul\uc1 \u355 ?i.}
\hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Remu\uc1 \u351 ?
care }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1 \u259 ?, impus\uc1
\u259 ? de propria con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia c\uc1 \u226 ?nd persoana a \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?lcat normele mo-rale. Este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie a Eului fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de pro-priul sentiment de vinov\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ie; este
un sentiment de culpabilitate, cu dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a se reechilibra prin
isp\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea vinei. An-goasa r. poate duce la tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri mintale }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \{\uc1 \u8222 ?Crim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pedeaps\uc1
\u259 ?" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de Dostoevski).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reobaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = intensitatea minim\uc1
\u259 ? ce poate declan\uc1 \u351 ?a o excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?
toare unui anumit timp lung de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a sti-mulului electric (de minim
1/10 de se-cund\uc1 \u259 ? (Kronaxie). Kronaxia este valoa-rea (parametrul)
excitabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii care con-st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
determinarea timpului minim ne-cesar stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii cu un curent egal cu du-
blul reobazei. Reobaz\uc1 \u259 ? (sinonim prag galvanic) - intensitatea
minim\uc1 \u259 ? a curen-tului galvanic, care provoac\uc1 \u259 ? o excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie a unui \uc1 \u355 ?esut nervos}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau muscular.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Repaus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea medical\uc1 \u259 ?, ter-men echivalent cu cel de
odihn\uc1 \u259 ?, inacti-vitate, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd o reducere sau sus-pendare
tranzitorie a func\uc1 \u355 ?iei unui \uc1 \u355 ?e-sut, organ, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n
scopul refacerii func-\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lui, \uc1 \u238
?n final, a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului organism, a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
munc\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 In aceast\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1 \u355 ?iune, somnul poate fi un
repaus fiziologic, periodic al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, timp \uc1
\u238 ?n care ener-gia uman\uc1 \u259 ? se reface. Tot a\uc1 \u351 ?a putem aminti
perioada de repaus postsistolic al miocardului (diastola), un exemplu care poate fi
generalizat p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul de celul\uc1 \u259 ?. Organismul
este astfel pro-gramat, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1 \u259 ? realizeze
parametrii de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate optim\uc1 \u259 ? prin alternan\uc1
\u355 ?a activitate-repaus, energia \uc1 \u351 ?i eficien\uc1 \u355 ?a regl\uc1
\u226 ?ndu-se prin mecanisme proprii. Cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t mai mult psihismul are
nevoie de perioade ritmice de repaus, care s\uc1 \u259 ?-i permit\uc1 \u259 ?
refacerea la nivelele anterioare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surmenajul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o stare de epuizare
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care som-nul \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pierde caracterul reparator, ceea ce genereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice, extinse pe \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga gam\uc1 \u259 ? a
patologiei acute, constituind fondul pe care pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea tulbur\uc1 \u259
?ri psihosomatice sau unele tipuri de nevroze. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
somnul se modific\uc1 \u259 ? sub aspect calitativ sau canti-tativ, se impune
realizarea unui repaus prin folosirea \uc1 \u238 ?ntregii palete terapeutice
(mijloace naturale, electro-somn \uc1 \u351 ?i psihotrope).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a fenomenelor, exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd
anumite rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interne \uc1 \u351 ?i somato-neuro-psihice. \uc1 \u238 ?
n \uc1 \u238 ?n-v\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o lege, dar \uc1
\u351 ?i un mij-loc important \uc1 \u238 ?n tehnica memor\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Represiune }
\langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? prii* }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \super1 care }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cut
(idei, amintiri*.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 sen}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " timente) dispare din c\uc1
\u226 ?mpul con\uc1 \u351 ?t-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 el }
\langfenp1048 (altfel spus, refularea ar fi o mod^ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\super1 tate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 particular\uc1 \u259 ? de represiune). R. poate }
\langfenp1048 \super1 avea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 grade de intensitate merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd de l}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 re}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nun\uc1 \u355 ?area ezitant\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la respingere}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
\langfenp1048 '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 er}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ~ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?. Refularea este diferit\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
uJ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 me}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 canism subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tient de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
gUlui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reprezentare }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens psihologi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 0}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' \uc1
\langfenp1048 \super1 a }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reproduce", un proces \uc1 \u351 ?i un produ^
P}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \super1 nn }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care un obiect real \uc1 \u351 ?i absent se }
\langfenp1048 \super1 con}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 struie\uc1
\u351 ?te pe plan mintal. Reprezef*}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 tarea }{\fs18
implic\uc1 \u259 ? participarea memoriei, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?a( }{\fs18
$\'5c }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unor elemente de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1
\u351 ?i imagi^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 le}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 R. se plaseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre senzorial \uc1
\u351 ?i log>}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 > "" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ind o imagine mintal\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea p\uc1 \u259 ?
streaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ele}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " mentele percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei
anterioare, daf }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 este }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 independent}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n contextul obiecti}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 v}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' . stimulii care au
determinat perc^P\uc1 \u206 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 13}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t, ca imagine mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, e\uc1 \u187 ? P}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 er}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mite \uc1
\u351 ?i implic\uc1 \u259 ? reconstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia obie^..}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 1 }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin schematiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri, combin\uc1 \u259 ?ri,
operai" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ln}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 telectuale. Ca semnificant, reprezeJ>}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \super1 tarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? un raport de
r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 eflectai'}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 2}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \super1 cu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semnificatul (obiectul sau ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune\uc1 \u187 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 care }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stau la baza
ei).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Reprimare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u176 ?P}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ~ }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ra\uc1 \u355 ?ia prin care un con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
inoportufl '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 sau }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
neconcordant\uc1 \u259 ? cu exig0}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t}{\fs18 \dbch
e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 morale) este, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u176 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 lun}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 " tar,
inhibat sau suprim}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 at, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi f}{\fs18 \dbch
ecut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reproducere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
fundament}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 9}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 3}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihicului const\uc1 \u226 ?nd din transpu^}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 3 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
obiectivului \uc1 \u238 ?n subiectiv, a materi^'}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ulul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
ideal. Proces al memoriei prin }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-12
\expndtw-12 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 C3re }{\fs18
sunt reactualizate segmente din tf}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 x}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ~ }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rien\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului printr-u}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 n proctf}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 s}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
"}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reconstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Calificativul de r. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 & }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ost }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 folosit
pentru a diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ia g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire^ *}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 m}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 "
pregnat\uc1 \u259 ? de memorie - ce se limite^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 23}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 descriere, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegere a unei
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce are ea propriu, spre deosebire de
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea productiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Resentiment }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o atitudine
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? sta-bil\uc1 \u259 ? ce se na\uc1 \u351 ?te datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
unei nerealiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri sistematice a desc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?rii
anumitor emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i afecte. R. este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de o
agresi-une sau frusta\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i conduce la fixarea prin
interiorizare a unei atitudini stabi-le, de obicei cu minimalizare valoric\uc1
\u259 ? a unor persoane, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, etc. Se contu-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
acumulare de sentimente de ur\uc1 \u259 ?, invidie, r\uc1 \u259 ?zbunare, care nu
se pot manifesta \uc1 \u351 ?i nici dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Respect = sentiment \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudine
(mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? sau latent\uc1 \u259 ?) presupun\uc1 \u226 ?nd conside-
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i deferent\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
valori umane \uc1 \u351 ?i culturale, sociale, sau fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
anumi-te persoane reprezentative pentru aces-te valori. R. se manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o atitu-dine politicoas\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca
polite\uc1 \u355 ?ea s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nsemne respect. Prin extensie,
apreci-erea \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ? acordat\uc1 \u259 ? adev\uc1 \u259 ?
rurilor, nor-melor morale \uc1 \u351 ?i estetice, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
compor-tamentul consecvent acestora, exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i respectul
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de propria persoan\uc1 \u259 ? (demnitatea).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Respiratorie }{\fs18
encefalopatie a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei cauz\uc1 \u259 ? este insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a
respiratorie; se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un sindrom demen\uc1 \u355 ?ial la care
se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, tremur, spasme musculare, cefalee, semne de insuficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cardiac\uc1 \u259 ?. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice sunt legate
de tulburarea respiratorie; acestea dispar \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unui tratament
eficient asupra insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?ei. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos)}{\fs18
Responsabilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = facultatea de a da r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri valorice
\uc1 \u351 ?i efective, de a ga-ranta ducerea la bun sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it
a sarcinilor \uc1 \u238 ?ncredin\uc1
\u355 ?ate sau asumate, de a gira ac-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tele altei
persoane, de a asigura buna func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a unei organiza\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i con-duita disciplinat\uc1 \u259 ? a colegilor \uc1
\u351 ?i subor-dona\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; r. \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1
\u259 ? persoana se angajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? retroactiv s\uc1 \u259 ? dea seama de
ati-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tudinile \uc1 \u351 ?i actele sale, pe baza
faptului c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acestea sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n acord cu normele,
legile, uzan\uc1 \u355 ?ele unanim acceptate. Termenul are dubl\uc1 \u259 ?
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie medical\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? responsa-bilitatea
bolnavului de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i controla at\uc1 \u226 ?t faptele, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1
\u351 ?i consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele acestora; \uc1 \u8226 ? responsabilitatea
(medicului) medical\uc1 \u259 ?, care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?spunderea
penal\uc1 \u259 ?, ci-vil\uc1 \u259 ?, disciplinar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
moral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n executarea obliga\uc1 \u355 ?iilor profesionale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reticen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? = atitudine de rezerv\uc1 \u259 ? sau re\uc1 \u355 ?i-nere \uc1
\u238 ?n exprimarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
comportamentale, ca urmare a timidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, jenei, ne\uc1 \u238
?ncrederii, suspiciu-nii. Uneori este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de atitudine de
rezerv\uc1 \u259 ?, tem\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u351 ?i de incapacitatea de asumare
a unui risc. Poate fi o atitudi-ne normal\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele
bunului sim\uc1 \u355 ?, du-p\uc1 \u259 ? cum poate fi simptom al schizofreniei sau
paranoia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Refrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Eului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? de evitare a oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei ocazii de a suferi. Con-
st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n restr\uc1 \u226 ?ngerea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor Eului
\uc1 \u351 ?i evi-tarea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii exterioare succep-
tibile s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 pun\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n inferioritate; un com-
portament inhibat - subiectul neanga-j\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n
competi\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru a evita insuccesul, dar, fiind pus \uc1 \u238 ?n alte
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, se dezinhib\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine
rezultate bune.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Retragere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 atitudine de evitare, de non-angajare sau
dimensionare \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unui obstacol sau a unei for\uc1 \u355 ?
e de natur\uc1 \u259 ? extern-obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau intern-subiectiv\uc1
\u259 ?. Poate fi a unei tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de personalitate; poate fi
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a unui e\uc1 \u351 ?ec \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1
\u259 ?-tor; poate fi consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a unu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i dezechilibru psihic
acut sau cronic. R. apare \uc1 \u238 ?n diver-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx2962 \itap0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se cazuri: personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 introvertite;}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li29 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin29 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 schizoide; psihostene, la}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 nevrotic, la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lisa0 \sl-216 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin10 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx2962 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i, la v\uc1 \u226 ?rstnici,}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n simpto-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 matologia
depresiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Retrogresie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 retrogresiune); }
\langfenp1048 re-\uc1 \u238 ?ntoarcerea la un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comportament mai vechi,
caracteristic unei perioade trecu-te, din via\uc1 \u355 ?a persoanei,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? raptului c\uc1 \u259 ? un comportament mai recent dezvol-tat
este nesatisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Retrospec\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? a
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?iei ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n evocarea trecutului,
\uc1 \u238 ?n scopul reexamin\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i reinterpret\uc1 \u259 ?
rii unor fapte, reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri legate de
acestea. R. diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? dezavantajul dedubl\uc1 \u259 ?rii presupus de
introspec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, dar p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul incomplet
al evoc\uc1 \u259 ?rii lor. Es-te util\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n orice metod\uc1
\u259 ? psihotera-peutic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ca \uc1 \u351 ?i e\uc1 \u351 ?ecul, are o
nuan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? su-biectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
mai degrab\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu anumite norme \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?ndeosebi cu nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie al unei persoane. Reu\uc1
\u351 ?ita este apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? ca atare, atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd realizarea
atinge speran\uc1 \u355 ?a subiec-tului. Este sentimentul de satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
tr\uc1 \u259 ?it de acea persoan\uc1 \u259 ? care a luptat, a muncit pentru a o
avea. Reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita este complet\uc1 \u259 ? atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd nu se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? nu-mai la momentul prezent, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i la viitor. Ea
presupune echilibrul psihic al per-soanei \uc1 \u351 ?i o apreciere obiectiv\uc1
\u259 ? a situa\uc1 \u355 ?i-ei \uc1 \u351 ?i a resurselor proprii \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu si-tua\uc1 \u355 ?ia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Revela\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de iluminare, de har,
\uc1 \u238 ?n care divinitatea transcendenta \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i fa-ce
cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a; ea \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? voin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i puterea, comuni-
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd oamenilor o informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie sacr\uc1 \u259 ?, care nu poate
fi dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? prin facult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
spirituale de care dispune omul \uc1 \u238 ?n mod}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit. Termenul laicizat se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la acea
stare de inspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau maxim\uc1 \u259 ? acui-tate a con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei creatoare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care per-soanei i se dezv\uc1 \u259 ?
luie, cu spontaneitate, un g\uc1 \u226 ?nd clarificator, un unghi de ve}{\fs18
dere favorabil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Revendicare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cerere, reclamare a unui drept sau a cercet\uc1 \u259 ?
rii unei nedrept\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, re-ale sau imaginare. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te sub numele de \uc1
\u8222 ?delir de deposeda-re" \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor sentin\uc1 \u355 ?e judec\uc1
\u259 ?tore\uc1 \u351 ?ti, pe care subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii nu vor s\uc1 \u259 ? le
recunoasc\uc1 \u259 ?, recurg\uc1 \u226 ?nd la revendic\uc1 \u259 ?ri violente.}
Reverbera\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = persevera\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui sunet \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u238 ?nchis sau semi\uc1 \u238 ?nchis, du-
p\uc1 \u259 ? momentul \uc1 \u238 ?n care sursa acustic\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?
n-cetat s\uc1 \u259 ? mai emit\uc1 \u259 ?; prin analogie, r. impulsurilor
nervoase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Reverie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? a imagina\uc1 \u355 ?iei spontane,
pasiv\uc1 \u259 ?; o stare de visare, treaz\uc1 \u259 ?, prin care subiectul se
deta\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? de realitate \uc1 \u351 ?i ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iune,
situ\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare intermedi-ar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntre g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea activ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vis. Persoana
pierde leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura cu realitatea; este speci-fic\uc1 \u259 ?
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, fiind favorizat\uc1 \u259 ? de monotonie sau s\uc1 \u259
?r\uc1 \u259 ?cia stimulilor, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ele a c\uc1 \u259 ?
ror \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinire este am\uc1 \u226 ?na-t\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Reversibilitate }
\langfenp1048 = proprietate a unui obiect sau fenomen de a reveni, de a putea fi
readus sau \uc1 \u238 ?ntors \uc1 \u238 ?n starea ini-\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, termenul a fost fo-losit de J. Piaget ca un
concept foarte important, care desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? capacitatea psihicului uman de
a realiza una \uc1 \u351 ?i ace-ea\uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u238 ?n
dou\uc1 \u259 ? sensuri diferite de parcurgere, de\uc1 \u351 ?i modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de reali-zare se suprapun \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
nu se mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul este utili-
zat pentru a caracteriza acele procese patologice, care sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a
mijloace-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 lor terapeutice se rezolv\uc1 \u259 ? cu \uc1 \u8222 ?restitu\uc1
\u355 ?ia ad integrum", f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca organul sau apa-ratul afectat
de ele s\uc1 \u259 ? sufere consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e, lezionale, morfologice sau
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ? G. Gorgos).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Revolta }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = nemul\uc1 \u355 ?
umirea unui grup sau a unei persoane fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o nedreptate,
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un mediu agresiv, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un
mediu, un regim necorespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie normal\uc1
\u259 ? la frustrare. Este cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de motive psihologice, sociale
\uc1 \u351 ?i economice. Poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i intrafamilial \uc1 \u351 ?i contra
ordinii publice, sau de origine oedipian\uc1 \u259 ?
(a copilului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de autorita-tea parental\uc1 \u259 ?).}
Rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacitate global\uc1 \u259 ? ce
con-st\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea echilibrului psihic \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a unor suprasolicit\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Aceasta de-pinde de
for\uc1 \u355 ?a neuropsihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i moral\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1
\u238 ?n psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ?, are sens de opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de psihoterapeut, de refuz al tratamen-tului \uc1 \u351 ?i ascundere a
simptomelor, de ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rezolvare de probleme }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = prin sesiza-rea esen\uc1
\u355 ?ialului \uc1 \u351 ?i a generalului, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-rea devine capabil\uc1
\u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ? previziuni, adic\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
opteze asupra posibilului, s\uc1 \u259 ? prefigureze viitorul. Rolul central al
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? este legat tocmai
de aceast\uc1 \u259 ? prefigurare a viito-rului prin care se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
eliberarea de concretul imediat. G\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea intervi-ne activ \uc1 \u238 ?n
toate procesele psihice, diri-j\uc1 \u226 ?nd percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia, evoc\uc1
\u226 ?nd sau \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u226 ?nd serii \uc1 \u238 ?ntregi
de reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?ri, organiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile astfel
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1 \u259 ? poat\uc1 \u259 ? fi reali-zat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea. Sarcina cea mai solici-tat\uc1 \u259 ? a
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii este aceea a rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii probleme}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Problema
\uc1 \u238 ?n termeni psihologici poate fi definit\uc1 \u259 ? ca un obstacol
cognitiv \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i lumea sa,}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 demersurile cognitive
\uc1 \u351 ?i tehnice \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-prinse \uc1 \u238 ?n acest scop, form\uc1
\u226 ?nd domeniul rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii problemelor. Problema este o barier\uc1
\u259 ?, o dificultate cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? care im-plic\uc1 \u259 ? o
necunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? (sau mai multe), \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
care cuantumul de r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri acumulat prin experien\uc1 \u355 ?a
anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? este insuficient sau neadecvat. Problema mai poate fi \uc1
\u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ? ca situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie nerezolvat\uc1 \u259 ?
care genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? tensiune psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, impu-n\uc1 \u226 ?nd
imperios rezolvarea ei. O situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie devine problematic\uc1 \u259 ? atunci
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd, pentru rezolvarea ei, nu sunt suficiente procede-ele uzuale, ceea
ce presupune goluri, la-cune \uc1 \u351 ?i reclam\uc1 \u259 ? g\uc1 \u259 ?sirea de
solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? etapa
primar\uc1 \u259 ?, preg\uc1 \u259 ?titoare a sesiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii scopului \uc1
\u351 ?i mij-loacelor de rezolvare; urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? verifica-rea rezultatelor
din aproape \uc1 \u238 ?n aproape, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci \uc1 \u238 ?n prefigurarea
rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii obstacolu-lui, intervin o serie de elemente din ve-chile
structuri ale problemei \uc1 \u351 ?i care con-duc c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o serie de
restric\uc1 \u355 ?ii de care tre-buie s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?inem seama,
deoarece rezolva-rea de probleme este un proces superior de rezolvare. Pot
interveni \uc1 \u351 ?i o serie de bariere subiective, func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
blocaje intelectuale, v\uc1 \u226 ?scozitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, fixitate
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Din acest }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 punct de vedere, rezolvarea de probleme are
un caracter iterativ \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune la fiecare pas, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
con-frunt\uc1 \u259 ? una din metode cu scopul, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 contro-lul }
\langfenp1048 prin feed-back-ul activ (rolul efectu-lui asupra cauzei). \uc1
\u350 ?i controlul poate im-pune corec\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau infirmare, sanc\uc1
\u355 ?ionarea unor aspecte de rezolvare, pornindu-se apoi spre pasul urm\uc1 \u259
?tor. Analiza mijloc-scop impune strategii implicate secven-\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1
\u238 ?n activitatea rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii, pe care Beniamino Zorgo le
grupeaz\uc1 \u259 ? astfel: \uc1 \u8226 ? strategii anticipativ-exploratorii, ce
ghideaz\uc1 \u259 ? oarecum c\uc1 \u259 ?ut\uc1 \u259 ?rile (acestea corespund
fazei de definire a problemei) (P. Popescu Neveanu); urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8226
? strate-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 giile anticipativ-rezolutive, care au ca-racter analitic \uc1 \u351 ?
i uzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? de primele al-goritme bine consolidate; a treia cate-gorie,
\uc1 \u8226 ? strategii executive, care depind \uc1 \u351 ?i de condi\uc1 \u355 ?
iile activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Declan\uc1 \u351 ?area procesului rezolutiv ne impune
reformularea problemei \uc1 \u351 ?i analiza a ceea ce deja \uc1 \u351 ?tim \uc1
\u351 ?i ceea ce ni se cere, iar decalajul dintre aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ?
alternative impune activarea unor strategii rezolutive \uc1 \u351 ?i cere taton\uc1
\u259 ?ri repe-tate, cu maxim\uc1 \u259 ? aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i un efort
de voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu putem proceda algorit-mic,
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? proced\uc1 \u259 ?m euristic, adic\uc1 \u259 ? apel\uc1 \u259
?m la g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea ce suscit\uc1 \u259 ? produc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? divergent\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se admit diverse
variante \uc1 \u351 ?i solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii, considerate a fi complementare (nu
reciproc exclusi-ve). Proced\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n salturi, \uc1 \u8222 ?pas
cu pas", adic\uc1 \u259 ? explor\uc1 \u226 ?nd, avans\uc1 \u226 ?nd ipoteze \uc1
\u351 ?i test\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le r\uc1 \u226 ?nd pe r\uc1 \u226 ?nd, ne apropiem de
rezultat. Capacitatea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii de a rezolva probleme are efecte imediate
asupra posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor adaptative ale omului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet al
unui eveniment asupra psihismului unei persoane. Da-torit\uc1 \u259 ? metodelor
proiective, avem posi-bilitatea de a aprecia aceast\uc1 \u259 ? cara-
cteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Testul lui Rorschach
permite determinarea tipului de \uc1 \u8222 ?rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
intim\uc1 \u259 ?" al unui subiect.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Se mai vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie pentru a desemna comunica-rea non-verbal\uc1 \u259
? care poate exista \uc1 \u238 ?ntre persoane, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
reia noi cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tem \uc1 \u351 ?i tr\uc1 \u259 ?im sentimentele semenilor
(m\uc1 \u226 ?h-nire, bucurie, \uc1 \u238 ?ngrijorare, etc). Este o form\uc1
\u259 ? a empatiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Rigiditate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitate de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i schimba
punctul de vedere, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri patologice: oligofrenia, nevroza obsesional\uc1 \u259 ?, paranoia,
etc. Su-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 biectului \uc1
\u238 ?i lipse\uc1 \u351 ?te suple\uc1 \u355 ?ea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii (v\uc1 \u226 ?
scozitate), av\uc1 \u226 ?nd principii fixe, imua-bile. Argumentele celor din jur
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n f\uc1 \u259 ?-r\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet asupra
Eului s\uc1 \u259 ?u.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Rigorism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = severitate excesiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n res-pectarea normelor morale, care duce la inflexibilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i la
alternarea discern\uc1 \u259 ?-m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului practic. In sens strict, o
concep-\uc1 \u355 ?ie etic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care imperativul moral este
instituit \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de orice (apriori de Eul transcedental).}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rinolalia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se
define\uc1 \u351 ?te ca func\uc1 \u355 ?ie in-strumental\uc1 \u259 ? a organelor de
vorbire, prin modificarea tubului fonoarticultor, fie datorit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?unei obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ii nazale", fie da-torit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
unei comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre rezonatorul oral \uc1 \u351 ?i cel
nazal" (West, R, Kenedy, L, Carr, A). Timbrul sau structura de supra-ton, numit\uc1
\u259 ? adesea \uc1 \u8222 ?nazalitate", este re-zultanta unei rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?e
care se degaj\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pasajul de trecere naso-faringian, mar-
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd pe o scar\uc1 \u259 ? larg\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n hiper sau
hipo, limitele dintre normal \uc1 \u351 ?i patologic. Modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile care
se produc la acest nivel amplific\uc1 \u259 ? rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a nazal\uc1
\u259 ?, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd fenomenul patologic al nasaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, des-
cris pentru prima oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n literatur\uc1 \u259 ? de Adolf
Kussmaul (1887) sub numele de \uc1 \u8222 ?rinolalie". Afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
impieteaz\uc1 \u259 ? asu-pra coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rii sinergice a mi\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?rii ele-mentelor de articulare prin sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea pre-siunii
intraorale cu efecte negative asu-pra realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii acustico-motrice a
limbaju-lui sonor. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul acestei patogenii, tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
de vorbire au atras aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? din 1887,
odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu cea dint\uc1 \u226 ?i monografie modern\uc1 \u259 ? - }{\i1
\langfenp1048 ,JDefectele de vorbire", }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ale autorului mai sus amintit,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? care, al\uc1 \u355 ?i autori (Frochels Emil, Albert, Herman
Gutzman) au observat fenomenele tipice rinolaliei, semnal\uc1 \u226 ?nd
predominan\uc1 \u355 ?a lor \uc1 \u238 ?n despic\uc1 \u259 ?turile congenitale de
v\uc1 \u259 ?l pala-tin, \uc1 \u238 ?n tratatele de Foneatrie \uc1 \u351 ?i
Logope-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 die,
autori de seam\uc1 \u259 ?, ca cei aminti\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1
\u355 ?ii (Seeman, Sovak \uc1 \u351 ?i Burian, Arnold \uc1 \u351 ?i Luchsinger,
Hvattev, Tarneaud \uc1 \u351 ?i Borel Maisonny S.) acord\uc1 \u259 ? o
importan-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai mare tulbur\uc1 \u259
?rilor rinolalice, clasific\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le din punct de vedere
etiopatogenetic \uc1 \u351 ?i recomand\uc1 \u226 ?nd solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii
terapeutice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea foneticii ex-perimentale, fenomenul
nasona\uc1 \u355 ?ei este descris \uc1 \u238 ?n lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri orientate fie
spre c\uc1 \u226 ?n-tec \uc1 \u351 ?i voce (Terneaud \uc1 \u351 ?i Seeman, 1950),
fie spre fonetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbire (Molles Valancien), fie \uc1
\u238 ?n tratatele de fiziologie a fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei (R. Husson, 1952 \uc1
\u351 ?i G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea \uc1 \u350 ?t., Cotul G. 1967 ca \uc1 \u351 ?i mai
recent, 1972, Launnay \uc1 \u351 ?i Borel Maiso-nny, S.). To\uc1 \u355 ?i
ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, \uc1 \u238 ?n lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i cer-cet\uc1
\u259 ?rile lor de a limita simptomatologia specific\uc1 \u259 ? rinolaliei, se
rezum\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult la preciz\uc1 \u259 ?ri fenomenologice, nosologi-ce,
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t la abordarea ei din perspecti-va activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
reeducative complexe. Faptul pare explicabil, deoarece prin etiologia
determinat\uc1 \u259 ?, rinolalia a con-stituit preocuparea disciplinelor me-
dicale. Oto-rino-laringologia descrie simptomatologia nasonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei pe
fondul diferitelor boli ale nasului \uc1 \u351 ?i laringelui. Chirurgia
stomatologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sens, ia atitudine
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale
\uc1 \u238 ?n diferitele afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni congenitale \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1
\u226 ?ndite ale aparatului fonoarticu-lator. Foniatria descrie fenomenul na-
sonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care aceasta
afec-teaz\uc1 \u259 ? vocea vorbit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?
ntat\uc1 \u259 ?. Interesul speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tilor fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ndreptat
spre meto-dele chirurgicale de redresare, aspecte-le logopedice sunt amintite
sporadic \uc1 \u351 ?i numai ca rezultate func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale consecu-tive. Pe
de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte, implica\uc1 \u355 ?iile psi-hopedagogice ale vorbirii
rinolalice nu sunt aprofundate, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? aceste ca-zuri nu au suscitat
interesul psiholo-gilor, s\uc1 \u259 ? le poat\uc1 \u259 ? considera \uc1 \u8222 ?
fapte de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
limb\uc1 \u259 ?" importante (Tatiana Slama-Caza-cu), pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?
rinolalicii nu au pus pro-blema constituirii de \uc1 \u8222 ?grup" \uc1 \u238 ?n
scopul efectu\uc1 \u259 ?rii procesului instructiv-educativ. \uc1 \u238 ?n genere,
studiul tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor rinolalice nu a f\uc1 \u259 ?cut obiectul unei
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri de an-samblu pe planul reeduc\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i
metodolo-giei coercitive. Materialul existent este dispersat la grani\uc1 \u355 ?a
mai multor discipli-ne, fapt pentru care unii cercet\uc1 \u259 ?tori nu au o vedere
de ansamblu \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales nu au o vedere dintr-o perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
interdiscipli-nar\uc1 \u259 ?. La aceste dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i se
adaug\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?di-vergen\uc1 \u355 ?a de p\uc1 \u259 ?reri" dintre
autori, dintre termenii utiliza\uc1 \u355 ?i de la \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? la
\uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai cu seam\uc1 \u259 ? inconsecven\uc1
\u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n folosirea ter-minologiei pentru acela\uc1 \u351 ?i grup de
feno-mene. Terminologia folosit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n literatur\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru fenomenul rinolaliei abund\uc1 \u259 ? de sinonime, (remarc\uc1 \u259 ?
f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? pe bun\uc1 \u259 ? drep-tate, de G. Arnold) ca:
rhinolalie apperta, hiperrhinolalie, hipernasonare, vorbire nasonat\uc1 \u259 ?,
ilustr\uc1 \u226 ?nd simptomatologia esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor
logopatii. Se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te termenul de hipernasonare pentru feno-menul de
nasalizare cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de insufici-en\uc1 \u355 ?a velo-faringian\uc1
\u259 ?, demonstr\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?nu \uc1 \u238 ?
ntotdeauna exist\uc1 \u259 ? o str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-tre lungimea \uc1 \u351 ?i flexibilitatea v\uc1 \u259 ?lului
palatin \uc1 \u351 ?i gradul de hipernasonare. O mic\uc1 \u259 ? comunicare naso-
faringian\uc1 \u259 ? poate produce acela\uc1 \u351 ?i grad de hipernasonare ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i deschiderea larg\uc1 \u259 ?".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? intona\uc1 \u355 ?ie aparte a vocii
care se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? din cauza unei sonori-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
anormale este denumit\uc1 \u259 ? de Hvat\uc1 \u355 ?ev \uc1 \u8222 ?fonf\uc1 \u259
?ire", tulburare ce provine din cau-za direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie inadecvate a curentului
de aer pe calea oral\uc1 \u259 ?, fie \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor defecte mecanice ale
rhinofaringelui, ale activi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nasale, cerului gurii moale
\uc1 \u351 ?i tare. Autorul deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?fonf\uc1 \u259 ?
itul" deschis (rhinolalia apperta) de cel \uc1 \u238 ?nchis (rinola-lia causa),
ambele fiind determinate de cauze organice sau func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Mul\uc1
\langfenp1048 autori definesc aceast\uc1 \u259 ? tulburare foneti-c\uc1 \u259 ?
specific\uc1 \u259 ? ce se petrece \uc1 \u8222 ?ca nasonan-\uc1 \u355 ?a" ca fiind
secundat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de alte defecte ale vorbirii (F. Rau \uc1
\u351 ?i Hvat\uc1 \u355 ?ev). Se mai precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1
\u259 ? nasonan\uc1 \u355 ?a rezult\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i din lipsa de
coordonare dintre mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i ale valului.
Nefunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea sau insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a velar\uc1 \u259 ? las\uc1
\u259 ? ca o parte din aerul respirator s\uc1 \u259 ? treac\uc1 \u259 ? prin cavi-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile nazale, ad\uc1 \u259 ?ug\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunetului un
timbru nazal. Literatura de specialitate include rinolalia nosologic \uc1 \u238 ?n
catego-ria dislaliilor, definind-o ca atare \uc1 \u351 ?i ca fiind datorat\uc1
\u259 ? unei reale comunic\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n-tre cavitatea oral\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea nasal\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazurile despic\uc1 \u259 ?
turii cerului gurii apar aceste dislalii, \uc1 \u8222 ?fonf\uc1 \u259 ?ire
mecanic\uc1 \u259 ?", d\uc1 \u226 ?nd dislalia laringal\uc1 \u259 ?,
faringeal\uc1 \u259 ?, na-sal\uc1 \u259 ?, lingual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
dislalia palatal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Clas\uc1 \u226 ?nd rinolalia \uc1 \u238 ?n dislalia me-canic\uc1
\u259 ? ca defect de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?are, prin modificarea organelor periferice
de vorbire, autorii includ \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? cate-gorie \uc1
\u8222 ?toate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile vorbirii cauzate de disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale
epiglotei, ale cerului gurii despicat".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedia ceh\uc1 \u259 ? (M. Sovak) se
nume\uc1 \u351 ?te rinolalia de origine velo-palatin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
palatolalie", referindu-se la categoria de subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i care se nasc cu
despic\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de palat. Mul\uc1 \u355 ?i dintre au-torii
aminti\uc1 \u355 ?i consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?deoarece
nasul \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u259 ?lul palatin nu colaboreaz\uc1 \u259 ? di-rect la
func\uc1 \u355 ?ia laringelui, nosonan\uc1 \u355 ?a are pu\uc1 \u355 ?in de-a face
cu vocea". Dup\uc1 \u259 ? ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia nasonan\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? tulburare a rostirii, nu \uc1 \u351 ?i a vocii sau a fona\uc1
\u355 ?iei. Mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu, revizuindu-\uc1 \u351 ?i concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
(G. Arnold -1970) se precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i timbrul este
afectat \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul de vorbire datorit\uc1 \u259 ? zgomotelor ce se
ivesc \uc1 \u238 ?n nasofaringe, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin rezonan\uc1
\u355 ?a m\uc1 \u259 ?rit\uc1 \u259 ? a spa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor supraglotice, \uc1
\u8222 ?deoarece nasul \uc1 \u351 ?i cavita-tea oral\uc1 \u259 ? nu pot fi separate
\uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 timpul vorbirii." Este unanim recunoscut as-}{\fs20
\dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?zi c\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n rinolalie, prin excesul de nasalitate, se schimb\uc1 \u259 ?
componen\uc1 \u355 ?a tim-brului, ad\uc1 \u259 ?ug\uc1 \u226 ?nd vorbirii elemente
para-zitare, necomunicative, \uc1 \u8222 ?nasonare", \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce
pierderea aerului pe c\uc1 \u259 ?ile nazale, dezagreabil\uc1 \u259 ? pentru
interlocutor, este denumit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?nazalizare".}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul
stabilirii diagnosticului diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial - pentru recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea
forme-lor clinice este necesar s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tim care este mecanismul
de formare a rinolaliei. \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul de rezonatori acustici are loc o
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de filtrare \uc1 \u351 ?i de absorb\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n
ace-la\uc1 \u351 ?i timp a anumitor frecven\uc1 \u355 ?e din spec-trul acustic. Se
produce fenomenul \uc1 \u8222 ?re-zonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei" (r\uc1 \u259 ?sun\uc1
\u259 ?tor, prin amplificarea unor sunete), care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? din numeroasele armonice ale sunetelor ge-nerate de corzile
vocale din laringe (pes-te 30 de armonici), unele sunt amplifica-te, iar altele
dominate, proces prin care se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
specifice fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei persoane. Rezonatorul faringian determi-n\uc1 \u259 ?
intensitatea sunetului, iar rezonatorul bucal \uc1 \u351 ?i nazal formeaz\uc1 \u259
? timbrul vocal cu tonalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i modalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i diferite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile supraglotice cu pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii
lor, cavitatea oral\uc1 \u259 ?, cu obrajii, limba, bolta \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u259
?lul palatin, laringo-faringele, oro-faringele, nosofaringele, cavitatea
nazal\uc1 \u259 ? - sunt rezonatorii \uc1 \u238 ?n care are loc fenomenul de
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de unde \uc1 \u351 ?i nu-mele lor. Rezonan\uc1
\u355 ?a este fenomenul fizic de \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rire a unui sunet.
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod normal, cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sunt cu-plate \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele \uc1 \u351 ?i se
influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? reciproc, mai ales cavitatea faringian\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i bucal\uc1 \u259 ?, principalii rezonatori ai aparatului fona-tor
uman. Faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii acestor rezo-natori sunt moi \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pot varia forma \uc1 \u351 ?i volumul lor prin
contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iile musculare, permit existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui vast c\uc1
\u226 ?mp de rezo-nan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei amortiz\uc1
\u259 ?ri. Pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? par-te, rezonatorii fiind \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicare
unul cu cel\uc1 \u259 ?lalt, conform teoriei rezonatorilor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?mperechea\uc1
\u355 ?i, modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile fiec\uc1 \u259 ?ruia dintre ei se transmit
celuilalt \uc1 \u351 ?i invers (Leipp F.). Modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor faringo-buco-nasale se produc conform unor legi fizice care
guverneaz\uc1 \u259 ? propa-garea acustic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul
pavilioane-lor. Primele \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u259 ?ri de a l\uc1 \u259 ?muri
feno-menul de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ce apare \uc1 \u238 ?n cavit\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile supraglotice apar\uc1 \u355 ?in lui Helmholtz \uc1 \u351 ?i
Herman. Mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu, \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i cercet\uc1 \u259 ?-
tori (Husson \uc1 \u351 ?i Pimonov) \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
stabileasc\uc1 \u259 ? unele corela\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre teoriile fizicii
\uc1 \u351 ?i pavilionul faringo-bucal \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? determine
mecanismele complexe de producere a vocii. Prin asem\uc1 \u259 ?narea conductului
faringo-bucal cu un pavili-on de exteriorizare a sunetelor din fizi-ca
acustic\uc1 \u259 ?, s-a demonstrat c\uc1 \u259 ? acest pavilion are posibilitatea
s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i modifice forma \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
sunetul emis. Modi-fic\uc1 \u259 ?rile de configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie schimb\uc1
\u259 ? furni-tura laringean\uc1 \u259 ? (conform teoriei pavili-oanelor), ceea ce
se reflect\uc1 \u259 ? asupra sur-sei cu un ansamblu de impedan\uc1 \u355 ?e pe
care le opune propag\uc1 \u259 ?rii undelor \uc1 \u238 ?n in-teriorul Iui. Husson
R. arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?sursa sonor\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie
s\uc1 \u259 ? furnizeze permanent \uc1 \u238 ?n actul fonator o energie necesar\uc1
\u259 ? pen-tru ca undele s\uc1 \u259 ? se poat\uc1 \u259 ? propaga \uc1 \u238 ?n
pavilionul respectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru a \uc1 \u238 ?nvinge rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?
a acestui pavilion". Absorb\uc1 \u355 ?ia parietal\uc1 \u259 ? nu pune \uc1 \u238 ?
n joc nici iner\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i nici elasticitatea pere\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor. Faringele \uc1 \u351 ?i cavitatea oral\uc1 \u259 ? sunt \uc1 \u238 ?n primul
r\uc1 \u226 ?nd un adaptator de impedan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
permit prin impedan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? lor s\uc1 \u259 ? se adapteze impe-
dan\uc1 \u355 ?ei glotice, la presiunile subglotice cerute de intensitatea vocii.
Schimbare formei \uc1 \u351 ?i a volumului se face prin ridi-carea \uc1 \u351 ?i
cobor\uc1 \u226 ?rea laringelui datorit\uc1 \u259 ? contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iei
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor limbii, ai v\uc1 \u259 ?lului, ai musculaturii orofaciale,
precum \uc1 \u351 ?i ai mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor constrictori faringieni. Ele-mentele
de articulare \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i schimb\uc1 \u259 ? cu rapiditate
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia, cele mai mobile fiind}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0
limba \uc1 \u351 ?i buzele, care \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbire modific\uc1 \u259 ? continuu
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul rezonatorilor. Prin schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri minime de pozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie ale limbii \uc1 \u351 ?i buzelor se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in modific\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ale fenome-nelor \uc1 \u238 ?n vorbirea cursiv\uc1 \u259 ?, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i
a varia\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de timbru.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Experien\uc1 \u355 ?a a ar\uc1 \u259 ?tat c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
aprecie-rea formei trebuie \uc1 \u355 ?inut seama de princi-piul compensa\uc1 \u355
?iei. Pentru emiterea co-rect\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului vocalic este necesar un
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu constant; f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea
aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu de aer se va auzi acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sunet.
Orice rezonator nu poate \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?ri un sunet dec\uc1 \u226 ?t
dac\uc1 \u259 ? el este acordat pentru aceasta, adic\uc1 \u259 ? dac\uc1 \u259 ?
sunetul are frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a pe care ar avea-o sunetul propriu emis. Pentru ca
acest complicat mecanism s\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneze normal, este
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea \uc1 \u238 ?n echilibru a presiunilor
aeriene din rezo-natori. Astfel, presiunea intraoral\uc1 \u259 ? este
determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de presiunea subglotic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i acestea
am\uc1 \u226 ?ndou\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? pe cea din rezonatorul nazal.
Presiunea mai mare \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-unui din rezonatori schimb\uc1 \u259 ? echili-
brul dintre ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd na\uc1 \u351 ?tere fenome-nului de
rhinofonie, cu caracter \uc1 \u238 ?nchis sau deschis, modific\uc1 \u226 ?nd
fona\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Ca orice aparat muzical, aparatul fonator este o ma\uc1 \u351 ?
in\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u8222 ?fabricat" diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e de presiu-ne.
Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile efectuate cu ajutorul sin-tetizatorului de sunete au
facilitat \uc1 \u238 ?ntoc-mirea unei scheme de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a apa-
ratului fonator, important\uc1 \u259 ? pentru expli-carea mecanismelor form\uc1
\u259 ?rii rostirii, pre-cum \uc1 \u351 ?i a fenomenelor patologice de la acest
nivel.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Simptomatologia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? astfel la nivelul efectorilor
periferici, prin afec-tarea suflului \uc1 \u351 ?i a model\uc1 \u259 ?rii lui
\uc1 \u238 ?n cavit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile supraglotice faringo-buco-nazale,
so-norizarea cuvintelor emise av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o im-portant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?rc\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de elemente cu va-loare
aleatorie \uc1 \u238 ?n comunicare. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rile rhinolalice se \uc1
\u238 ?nscriu, din punct de vedere fenomenologic, \uc1 \u238 ?n aria comunic\uc1
\u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 rii, prin mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile fono-articulatorii im-
plicate \uc1 \u238 ?n mecanisme de emitere, deter-min\uc1 \u226 ?nd sc\uc1 \u259 ?
derea gradului de inteligibi-litate al mesajului transmis. Ele intr\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n categoria tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor instrumentale, pe primul plan
situ\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se simptomele de la periferia limbajului, ca: alter\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ale rostirii, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri vocalice neadec-vate, cu distorsiuni
\uc1 \u238 ?n sfera spectrului sonor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Potrivit tablourilor clinice indivi-dualizate \uc1 \u238 ?n cele trei
categorii mari de sindroame descrise de C. P\uc1 \u259 ?unescu }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \
{Jntroducere \uc1 \u238 ?n Logopedie" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1976), pag.271), aceste
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri se claseaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sindroamele extrinseci
limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Rinolalia se construie\uc1 \u351 ?te cu o }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
simptomatologie specific\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n anomalii-le
congenitale \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite ale organe-lor periferice ale
vorbirii, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de lipsa de integritate morfo-anatomic\uc1 \u259 ?
a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor labiali, palatali \uc1 \u351 ?i velari, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se repercuteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra
elementelor de articulare nea-fectate, antren\uc1 \u226 ?nd tulburarea tuturor
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor aparatului fonator. Sistemul fonologie \uc1 \u8222 ?normal",
la nivelul limbaju-lui \uc1 \u351 ?i al vorbirii, \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? se adapte-ze (conform legii lui Schultz \uc1 \u8222 ?a mini-mului de
efort fiziologic") la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile instrumentale pe care le are la
dispozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie, diminu\uc1 \u226 ?nd sau amplific\uc1 \u226 ?nd formele
rinodislalice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Dive}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 rsitatea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de arti-cula\uc1 \u355 ?ie este
notat\uc1 \u259 ? cu un termen gene-ral, \uc1 \u8222 ?tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
fonetice". \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i sens, s-a demonstrat c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?nazalizarea, nasona-rea, deperdi\uc1 \u355 ?ia nazal\uc1 \u259 ?"
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? zgomotele specifice care se suprapun sunetului
fundamental vocal, tulbur\uc1 \u226 ?nd pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ia. S-a demonstrat de
aseme-nea, prin practica pedagogic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ? emi-sia
consonatic\uc1 \u259 ? este afectat\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat \uc1 \u238 ?
n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de forma de manifestare a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezechilibrului func\uc1 \u355
?ional dintre rezona-tori, suflu nasal, deperdi\uc1 \u355 ?ia nasal\uc1 \u259 ?.
suflu laringian, nasonare, nasalizare. Aceste aspecte coexist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n sindromul rhinolalic cu fenomene dislalice diverse \uc1 \u351 ?i impun o
atent\uc1 \u259 ? diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere \uc1 \u238 ?n scop terapeutic. Din
\uc1 \u238 ?ndelungata cercetare \uc1 \u351 ?i urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire a vorbirii
rinolalice reiese c\uc1 \u259 ? tulburarea de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este
componenta major\uc1 \u259 ? care afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? vorbirea \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de o serie de factori psiho-individuali \uc1 \u351 ?i sociali de
influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest fapt este ilustrat de cazurile care
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n exclusivitate vo-ce nasonat\uc1 \u259 ?, actul
rostirii efectu\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele corecte. \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul despic\uc1 \u259 ?turi-lor velare care mai p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? nasonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n pofida
reabilit\uc1 \u259 ?rii pronun-\uc1 \u355 ?iei, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazul subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor al c\uc1 \u259 ?ror v\uc1 \u259 ?l palatin r\uc1 \u259
?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne insuficient func\uc1 \u355 ?ional du-p\uc1 \u259 ? opera\uc1 \u355
?ie, se constat\uc1 \u259 ? posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile nelimitate de
adaptare ale organelor de articulare, prin munca de terapie func\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nal\uc1 \u259 ?, reu\uc1 \u351 ?ind s\uc1 \u259 ? aduc\uc1 \u259 ? vorbirea la
pragul normalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, de\uc1 \u351 ?i din punct de vedere
teoretic, dimensiunile dintre v\uc1 \u259 ?l \uc1 \u351 ?i pere-tele posterior al
faringelui nu permit aceasta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Etiopatogenie \uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Forme }
\langfenp1048 clinice. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din studiile efectuate reiese c\uc1 \u259 ?
diagnosticul de rinolalie este fenomeno-logic \uc1 \u351 ?i nu etiopatogenie. Orice
vorbire pe nas este etichetat\uc1 \u259 ? rhinolalie, indife-rent de cauzele,
factorii, condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales indiferent de rela\uc1 \u355
?iile care exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-tre limbaj, vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ?. Acest fenomen \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1
\u259 ? o patologie complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i divers\uc1 \u259 ? a
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor ver-bale cu importante implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihopeda-
gogice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? criteriul etiopato-genetic \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n ordinea frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rile rinolalice
sunt consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a despic\uc1 \u259 ?tu-rilor de bolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i v\uc1 \u259 ?l palatin cu care unii copii se nasc. Ele se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc deseori \uc1 \u238 ?n: \uc1 \u8226 ? afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite ale palatului (orificii \uc1 \u351 ?i fisuri ale bol\uc1 \u355
?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u259 ?lului pala-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tin prin p\uc1 \u259 ?trunderea unor corpuri str\uc1
\u259 ?i-ne); \uc1 \u8226 ? comunic\uc1 \u259 ?ri buco-nasale dup\uc1 \u259 ? lues,
difterie; \uc1 \u8226 ? pareze sau hemipareze ale v\uc1 \u259 ?lului \uc1 \u351 ?i
uvulei cauzate de sindro-mul pseudobulbar etc. Rinolalia \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-ge\uc1
\u351 ?te tabloul clinic de surditate, hipoa-cuzie, oligofrenie, macroglosie, mixe-
dem. O \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnim deseori ca obicei vici-os \uc1 \u351 ?i
cooptat\uc1 \u259 ? prin influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (imita\uc1 \u355 ?ie).
Literatura de specialitate sintetizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? astfel aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
etiologie: \uc1 \u8226 ? deform\uc1 \u259 ?ri constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale
palatului \uc1 \u351 ?i v\uc1 \u259 ?lului palatin (despic\uc1 \u259 ?turi
congenitale); \uc1 \u8226 ? de-fecte dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite (pareze, hemipareze ale
v\uc1 \u259 ?lului post viralice \uc1 \u351 ?i posttraumatice); \uc1 \u8226 ?
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ale v\uc1 \u259 ?lului. (Vezi Anexa C -
Tab. 5.).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere etiopato-genetic distingem dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme
de rhino-lalie: organic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, sub trei modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de manifestare clinic\uc1
\u259 ?: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 in-suficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? velar\uc1
\u259 ?, care nu permite for-marea istmului velo-faringian necesar \uc1 \u238 ?n
vorbire pentru separarea celor doi re-zonatori (oral \uc1 \u351 ?i nazal).
Presiunea intraoral\uc1 \u259 ? scade \uc1 \u351 ?i aerul refuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe
nas. Vorbirii i se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? o component\uc1 \u259 ? de hipernasonan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? care, dac\uc1 \u259 ? afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai vocea,
r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne la stadiul de rhi-nofonie deschis\uc1 \u259 ?
(apperta), iar dac\uc1 \u259 ? tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ? rostirea devine rhinolalie
\uc1 \u238 ?nchis\uc1 \u259 ? (clausa); }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia
nasal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i bloca-rea faringelui prin vegeta\uc1 \u355 ?ii
adenoide, tumori ale nasului, rinofaringelui sau faringelui care determin\uc1 \u259
? rhinofonia \uc1 \u238 ?n-chis\uc1 \u259 ? (clausa). Presiunea intraoral\uc1 \u259
? nu poate fi realizat\uc1 \u259 ? f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? participarea rezo-
natorului nazal \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbirii i se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? o rezonan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u8222 ?fund de sac" (R. West, L. Kenedy, A. Carr). Ea
poate fi anteri-oar\uc1 \u259 ? sau posterioar\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum
este localizat\uc1 \u259 ? obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia nasofaringian\uc1 \u259 ?. }
\langfenp1048 c) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cazurile \uc1 \u238 ?n care coexist\uc1
\u259 ? factorii etiologici din ambele forme clinice des-crise mai sus,
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? rhinofonia mixt\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? adesea \uc1 \u238 ?n insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a velar\uc1
\u259 ?, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu obstruc\uc1 \u355 ?ie nazal\uc1 \u259 ? de
etiologie diferit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere \uc1 \u238 ?n
cazurile de despic\uc1 \u259 ?turi congenitale complete \uc1 \u351 ?i tota-le
(labio-maxilo-palatine). \uc1 \u8226 ? Rinofonia devine func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n hipertonia velar\uc1 \u259 ? de origine central\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i captat\uc1 \u259 ? prin imita-\uc1 \u355 ?ie ca obicei
vicios, \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u8226 ? selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?nd se grefeaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai
pe grupa consoanelor si-flante, manifest\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se ca fenomen com-
pensator \uc1 \u238 ?n rostirea acestora (sigmatisme nazale). Adenoidectomia
duce, \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri, la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor elemente de rino-
fonie apperta sau schimb\uc1 \u259 ? componenta de rhinofonie \uc1 \u238 ?nchis\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n una deschis\uc1 \u259 ? (Hvat\uc1 \u355 ?ev M.E.) al c\uc1
\u259 ?ror comportament seam\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, dar presupune o metod\uc1
\u259 ? de corectare diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce
prive\uc1 \u351 ?te frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a cu care apar diferite afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n determinismul rhinolaliei, \uc1
\u238 ?n grupul de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i investiga\uc1 \u355 ?i, 80,60% au
fost malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii congenitale labio-maxilo-palatine \uc1 \u351 ?i numai
19,40% cu cauze de alt\uc1 \u259 ? natur\uc1 \u259 ? (vezi. Anexa C - Tab. 4.),
fapt pentru care studiul rhinolaliei se impune cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere. (Vezi Anexa
A -Fig. 27, 28, 29)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Risc }
\langfenp1048 = concept care caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? com-portamentul
decizional \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie in-cert\uc1 \u259 ?, ce poate
implica primejdie \uc1 \u351 ?i nere-u\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?. In aceast\uc1
\u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, subiectul trebu-ie s\uc1 \u259 ? aleag\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? alternative, diferi-te prin valorile lor, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i prin posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile de c\uc1
\u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tig. P. Popescu Neveanu afir-m\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia de risc cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea valorii de
utilitate se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu o reducere a posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii de reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?", deoarece apreci-erea riscului depinde de
posibilitatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a e\uc1 \u351 ?ecului \uc1 \u351 ?i de
capacitatea subiectului de a con\uc1 \u351 ?tientiza aceast\uc1 \u259 ? pro-
babilitate. Valoarea riscului depinde de dou\uc1 \u259 ? alternative, doi
parametri: unul obiectiv, referitor la caracteristicile su-biectului, la implicarea
sa \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 special la motivele
care determin\uc1 \u259 ? ale-gerea alternativei. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient, persoana nu dore\uc1 \u351 ?te s\uc1 \u259 ? piard\uc1 \u259 ?, deci va
c\uc1 \u259 ?uta alternativa \uc1 \u351 ?i strategia care s\uc1 \u259 ? favorizeze
c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?tigul \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? diminueze
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de e\uc1 \u351 ?ec, dar nu va reu\uc1 \u351 ?i
s\uc1 \u259 ? reduc\uc1 \u259 ? la zero posibilitatea de risc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ritual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ceremonial ce se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? conform anumitor reguli \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc func\uc1 \u355 ?ii simbolice. Este un ansamblu de
comportamente individuale sau colecti-ve ce se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
oar\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? o schem\uc1 \u259 ? re-petat\uc1 \u259 ?. La om,
(arat\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Ne-veanu) toate actele motorii (organice) sunt
ritualizate, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ate, modelate cultural, conform unei schem}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rol }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
atribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie care revine unei persoa-ne \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i; im-portan\uc1
\u355 ?a unui factor \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui eveniment, proces, etc.
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia social\uc1 \u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? statutul
persoanei. Fiecare persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te simultan
un set de roluri, care variaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? sex, v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1
\u259 ?, profesie, \uc1 \u238 ?n interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune cu gru-purile subordonate,
de cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i valorile culturale. Func\uc1 \u355 ?
ia de diag-nostic \uc1 \u351 ?i de terapie sunt roluri \uc1 \u238 ?ndepli-nite de
speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti. Nivelul de aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ii neconcordant cu
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile este ro-dul unor subevalu\uc1 \u259 ?ri
personale, implicit a unui rol necorespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor realiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii
voca\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Acestea furnizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenomene psihologice ades
\uc1 \u238 ?ncriminate \uc1 \u238 ?n patolo-gia psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, remarc\uc1
\u259 ? C. Gorgos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Rorschach = test }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - elaborat de Her-mman Rorschach const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\langfenp1048 n zece plan\uc1 \u351 ?e (cinci negru-alb, dou\uc1 \u259 ? negru-alb
ro\uc1 \u351 ?ii; trei divers colorate), cu imagini asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
toare unor pete de cerneal\uc1 \u259 ?; plan\uc1 \u351 ?ele sunt oferite
subiectului ca material-stimul, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de urm\uc1 \u259 ?
torul}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 consemn
impersonal: \uc1 \u8222 ?Ce-ar putea fi aceast\uc1 \u259 ? imagine?". Se pot face
preciz\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul reclam\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? nu a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles consemnul. Atitudinea
exami-natorului este neutr\uc1 \u259 ? sau binevoitoare. Se noteaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu
exactitate r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsul propriu-zis, ceea ce subiectul afirm\uc1 \u259 ?
sau neag\uc1 \u259 ? ca semnificant pentru plan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }
\langfenp1048 s-a spus subiectului
c\uc1 \u259 ? dispune de \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga liber-tate asociativ\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? este l\uc1 \u259 ?sat s\uc1 \u259 ? le manevreze
\uc1 \u238 ?n orice pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, c\uc1 \u259 ? este liber s\uc1 \u259 ?
spun\uc1 \u259 ? tot ce-i vine \uc1 \u238 ?n minte.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? terminarea \uc1 \u351 ?edin\uc1 \u355 ?ei
proiecti-ve se poate face o anchet\uc1 \u259 ? asupra r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-surilor,
pentru preciz\uc1 \u259 ?ri de con\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u351 ?i de localizare. }
\langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se mai cere subiectului s\uc1 \u259 ? aleag\uc1 \u259 ?
dou\uc1 \u259 ? plan\uc1 \u351 ?e care i-au pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut cel mai mult. Durata
unei \uc1 \u351 ?edin\uc1 \u355 ?e este \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 30 min. \uc1 \u351 ?i 2
ore, prob\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i anchet\uc1 \u259 ?. O interpretare
corect\uc1 \u259 ? a protocolului poate dura de la c\uc1 \u226 ?teva ore la jum\uc1
\u259 ?tate de zi (\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de num\uc1 \u259 ?rul \uc1
\u351 ?i complexitatea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Specificul probei: }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? materialul imagis-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic,
nonverbal, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? o structur\uc1 \u259 ? determi-nat\uc1
\u259 ? care s\uc1 \u259 ? aib\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie determina-
t\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? propune o maxim\uc1 \u259 ? libertate de ale-gere;
\uc1 \u8226 ? stimulul are o ambiguitate maxi-m\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? tot ceea
ce persoana spune este in-terpretabil \uc1 \u238 ?n aspectele psihologiei pro-
funde; \uc1 \u8226 ? percep\uc1 \u355 ?ia e doar momentul de intrare \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (blocajele care apar sunt primele semne
ale profun-zimii dominante); \uc1 \u8226 ? proba provoac\uc1 \u259 ? o relaxare a
Supraeului \uc1 \u351 ?i o manifestare a rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?elor.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Notarea r\uc1 \u259 ?
spunsurilor se face \uc1 \u238 ?n dou\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii: \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (statistic\uc1
\u259 ?) \uc1 \u238 ?n cores-ponden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
paradegmatic\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului (codul); \uc1 \u8226 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia }
\langfenp1048 calitativ\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (dinamic\uc1 \u259 ?) de
interpretare \uc1 \u238 ?n sens anali-tic, dimensiunea cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ?, care
se refe-r\uc1 \u259 ? la elementele analizabile, cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ia
comunicativ\uc1 \u259 ? (sintagmatic\uc1 \u259 ?) a limbaju-lui. S-a considerat
c\uc1 \u259 ? testul are un rol}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 paradigmatic \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? persoana
ale-ge, structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? un material ambiguu informai. Intervine func\uc1
\u355 ?iunea poetic\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului: paradigma se substituie printr-o
sintagm\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri globale. Cotarea testului
se face pe trei dimensi-uni: 1) localizarea r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsurilor (apre-
hensiunea); 2) determinan\uc1 \u355 ?ii: forma, culoarea, dinamica creatoare (poate
fi cotat cu doi sau mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i determi-nan\uc1 \u355 ?i); 3) con\uc1
\u355 ?inutul sau registrul tema-tic (uman, animal, vegetal, sexual, sim-bolic,
geografic; mai particular, ve\uc1 \u351 ?-minte, masc\uc1 \u259 ?, juc\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, embleme, obiec-te, alimente, construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii, abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii).
Con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul trimite la sfera de interese \uc1 \u351 ?i de motiva\uc1
\u355 ?ii a subiectului, la nivelul s\uc1 \u259 ?u informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional; se
coteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n plus -dac\uc1 \u259 ? sunt r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsuri
banale sau origi-nale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Rotacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aspect al dislaliei consoa-nelor, cu specific a
consoanei \uc1 \u8222 ?r" - ca-re poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit sub u}
\langfenp1048 rm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele forme: \uc1 \u8226 ? omiterea total\uc1 \u259 ?
a sunetului din cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt (a\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n loc de
ra\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? pronun-\uc1 \u355 ?area uvular\uc1 \u259
? sau velar\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului ca-re d\uc1 \u259 ? graseierea; \uc1 \u8226 ?
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area monovi-brant\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului realizat\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o sin-gur\uc1 \u259 ? b\uc1 \u259 ?taie, lovire a v\uc1 \u226 ?rfului
limbii, spre deosebire de pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area poliva-lent\uc1 \u259 ?,
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin mai multe b\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?i de-c\uc1 \u226 ?t
cele necesare; \uc1 \u8226 ? pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area labial\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului
prin vibrarea buzelor; \uc1 \u8226 ? pro-nun\uc1 \u355 ?area interdental\uc1
\u259 ? a sunetului \uc1 \u8222 ?r"; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1
\u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirea sunetului cu \uc1 \u8222 ?1" (ra\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? - lat\uc1 \u259 ?; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 roat\uc1 \u259 ? - loat\uc1 \u259 ?),
dislalie numit\uc1 \u259 ? pararota-cism. Pronun\uc1 \u355 ?area corect\uc1 \u259 ?
a sunetului este cea linguo-dental\uc1 \u259 ? apical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rubeol\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? eruptiv\uc1 \u259 ?, benign\uc1 \u259 ?, ca-re
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? o gravitate deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd survine
la femeia gravid\uc1 \u259 ?, mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n primul trimestru, pentru c\uc1
\u259 ? det-ermin\uc1 \u259 ? o embriopatie sever\uc1 \u259 ?. Nou n\uc1 \u259 ?s-}
\langfenp1048 cutii vor prezenta: leziuni cutanate \uc1 \u351 ?i osoase, multiple
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii cardiace, oftalmologice, acustico-vestibulare, mi-
crocefalie, retardare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rujeol\uc1 \u259 ? = febr\uc1 \u259 ? eruptiv\uc1 \u259 ?
contagioas\uc1 \u259 ?, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de un mixo-virus, depistat \uc1
\u238 ?n 1954 (Enders). Boala \uc1 \u238 ?n sine nu este grav\uc1 \u259 ?, dar are
multe complica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dintre care cea mai grav\uc1 \u259 ? este
encefalopatia. Debutul acestei complica\uc1 \u355 ?ii poate surveni \uc1 \u238 ?n
ziua a 4-5 de boal\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o simptomatologie neurologic\uc1 \u259 ?,
uneori de focar, prin modificarea lichidului cefalo-rahidian \uc1 \u351 ?i a
traseului E. E. G. (electro-encefalografie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Anatomo-patologic este vorba de o leucoencefalit\uc1
\u226 ? perivanoas\uc1 \u226 ? demieli-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nizat\uc1 \u259
?, \uc1 \u238 ?n producerea c\uc1 \u259 ?reia sunt implica-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te at\uc1 \u226 ?t
virusul c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismele imuno-patologice. Vindecarea se
produce doar la o jum\uc1 \u259 ?tate din cazuri f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
sechele. O alt\uc1 \u259 ? complica\uc1 \u355 ?ie deosebit de grav\uc1 \u259 ? a
bolii este panencefalita subacut\uc1 \u259 ? sclerozant\uc1 \u259 ?, care apare
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre 4-15 ani. Tratamentul nu este dec\uc1 \u226 ?t profilactic prin
vaccinare. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (\uc1 \u8222 ?Tratat de pediatrie" - }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Gorm}
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ?neanu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rutin\uc1 \u259 ? = atribut al unor activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare este
simplist\uc1 \u259 ?, prin deprin-deri automatizate, cu efort minim, care nu mai
presupun control con\uc1 \u351 ?tient per-manent. Spre aceste activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt orien-ta\uc1 \u355 ?i subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu deficit
psihomotor, sen-zorial, intelectual, mixt. Atitudinea de rutin\uc1 \u259 ? este un
obstacol \uc1 \u238 ?n adaptarea supl\uc1 \u259 ? la realitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n calea
unor solu\uc1 \u355 ?ii noi \uc1 \u351 ?i eficiente}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atitudinea de rutin\uc1 \u259 ? presupune ri-giditate
\uc1 \u351 ?i rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la schimbarea sche-melor de
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, absen\uc1 \u355 ?a sau atenuarea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
motiv}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?iei intrinseci, predominarea
moti-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 va\uc1 \u355 ?iei extrinseci.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tipurile de personalitate cu mare iner\uc1 \u355 ?ie
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? (epileptici, distonici) se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ncadreaz\uc1 \u259 ? perfect \uc1
\u238 ?n astfel de activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i cu desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
urare automat\uc1 \u259 ? a unei serii de deprinderi.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sacrificiu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n ac}
\langfenp1048 cep\uc1 \u355 ?iunea psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n sens larg, termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? renun\uc1 \u355 ?are
voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei la un beneficiu propriu, \uc1 \u238 ?n numele
onoarei; a se devota cuiva, a renun\uc1 \u355 ?a la satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?iile
proprii \uc1 \u238 ?n favoarea altei persoane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sadic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate a c\uc1
\u259 ?rei tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-tur\uc1
\u259 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? este cru-zimea,
agresivitatea \uc1 \u238 ?ndreptat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre per-soanele din
jur. Este tipic personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dizarmonice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Salat\uc1 \u259 ? de cuvinte }
\langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii verbale sau scrise, utiliza-rea lor amalgamat\uc1 \u259 ?,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? logic\uc1 \u259 ?,
ca urmare a disocierii elemente-lor intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i afective;
afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? grav structurile de personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i unita-te a
eului. Este frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = act social de
dezaprobare, pedeaps\uc1 \u259 ?, combatere a unor comporta-mente individuale, \uc1
\u238 ?n raport cu un senti-ment normativ valoric social. Sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau recompensa, gratifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia, aprobarea,
considerarea este de natur\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? reconforteze persoana \uc1
\u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?-i produc\uc1 \u259 ? pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere, s\uc1 \u259 ? o
mobilizeze \uc1 \u238 ?n eforturile de a realiza ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u238 ?n
conformitate cu legile sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i morale. Astfel, sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
de-vine instrument de orientare \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul normativ-valoric, de
orientare \uc1 \u351 ?i auto-reglaj. Sanc\uc1 \u355 ?iunea poate intra ca o com-
ponent\uc1 \u259 ? a unui proces \uc1 \u238 ?n etiopatogenia unor tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri psihice din cat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 egoria ne-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 s}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vrozelor, devian\uc1 \u355 ?elor comportamentale sau a
dizarmoniilor de personalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sangvin }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (referitor la s\uc1 \u226 ?nge); tempe-rament
caracterizat astfel: rapiditate (hiperactivitate), vioiciune, sociabilita-te, mare
capacitate adaptativ\uc1 \u259 ?, emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii intense, dorin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de schimbare, interese multiple \uc1 \u351 ?i instabile. Este
tipul puter-nic, echilibrat \uc1 \u351 ?i mobil ce se caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin restructurarea facil\uc1 \u259 ?, comu-tarea u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? a
aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sarcasm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de agresivitate ver-bal\uc1 \u259 ?,
atitudine ironic\uc1 \u259 ?, amenin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?toare, \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia celui care o face; este
specific\uc1 \u259 ? personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii dizarmoni-ce cu
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e sadice. Sarcasmul impli-c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna nu
numai frustrare ac-tual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ci mai ales anticiparea
frustr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n toate planurile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = starea
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere sau mul\uc1 \u355 ?
umire, ca expresie a unei realiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri, a \uc1 \u238 ?mplinirii unor
trebuin-\uc1 \u355 ?e. Satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i ea poate fi con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? sau
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tien-t\uc1 \u259 ?; apare de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unui succes
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i poate amplifica o motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ia se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de
capacitatea de \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplini-re a trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor la nivel
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Satura\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n
psiholo-gie; are mai multe accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni: \uc1 \u8226 ? stare
rezultat\uc1 \u259 ? din satisfacerea unei trebu-in\uc1 \u355 ?e; \uc1 \u8226 ?
care poate crea reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii de dez-gust, respingere, oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sa\uc1 \u355 ?
ietate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = termen similar celui de sa-tura\uc1 \u355 ?ie exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri pozitive, de confort, senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie de \uc1 \u8222 ?bine"
sau nega-tive: repulsie de diferite intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, merg\uc1
\u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la dezgust violent; poate}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fi
interpretat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ca o aversiune fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de orice nou\uc1 \u259 ? stimulare de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i fel.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Saussure
Ferdinant (de) (1857-1913) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 filolog \uc1 \u351 ?i lingvist elve\uc1 \u355 ?ian; face studiile la
Universitatea din Geneva; studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? lingvistica la Leipzig \uc1 \u351 ?i
Berlin. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1881-1891 pred\uc1 \u259 ? gramatica comparat\uc1 \u259 ?
la Paris \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncheie cariera
universitar\uc1 \u259 ? prematur la Geneva 1891-1911. Lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri-le sale au
avut o \uc1 \u238 ?nr\uc1 \u226 ?urire deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai \uc1 \u238 ?n
lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n celelalte domenii:
psihologie, sociologie, filoso-fie, teoria comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Sus\uc1 \u355 ?
inerea sa este c\uc1 \u259 ? limba este \uc1 \u8222 ?un produs social al facul-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii limbajului \uc1 \u351 ?i un ansamblu de con-ven\uc1
\u355 ?ii necesare adoptate de corpul social pentru a permite exersarea acestei
facul-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre individ". Principalele sale
lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri sunt: \uc1 \u8222 ?Memoriu asupra sistemului primitiv al
vocalelor \uc1 \u238 ?n limbile indo-europene" (1879) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?
Curs de lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ?" (1916).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate mintal\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie sine qua non a unei
vie\uc1 \u355 ?i normale, care echi-valeaz\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?n formele ei individuale \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o garan\uc1
\u355 ?ie a libert\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii individu-lui O.M.S. (Organiza\uc1
\u355 ?ia Mondial\uc1 \u259 ? a S\uc1 \u259 ?-n\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii) o define\uc1 \u351 ?te ca o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a unei complete bune-
st\uc1 \u259 ?ri fizice, mintale \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale (nu neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat din
lipsa unei boli sau infirmit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i). Ea apare ca o vast\uc1
\u259 ? sin-tez\uc1 \u259 ? a unor parametri ai vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii organice \uc1
\u351 ?i sociale \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un echilibru dinamic ce se proiecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
pe modelul genetic al exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?ei individuale, nealterat func\uc1
\u355 ?ional sau morfologic. Ea presupune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor judec\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i viziuni realiste, logice asupra lumii, o disciplin\uc1
\u259 ? psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ? a muncii, bazat\uc1
\u259 ? pe autocontrolul voli\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?cie ideativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu aspect
cantitativ predominant al}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i calitativ prin
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea productivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii ideilor. Tematica \uc1
\u351 ?i con-\uc1 \u355 ?inutul ideilor este din ce in ce mai restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? mobilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i flexibilitate, claritate
\uc1 \u351 ?i limpezime. La nivelul lim-bajului oral se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin
reducerea vocabularului, prin incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i pseudodescrieri.
Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
surmenaj, schizofrenie, depresie, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri confuzionale, sindrom
demen\uc1 \u355 ?ial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Scepticism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = doctrin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudine
cog-nitiv\uc1 \u259 ? de tradi\uc1 \u355 ?ie antic\uc1 \u259 ?, care evit\uc1 \u259
? ab-solutizarea unor adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri, se \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?r-
teaz\uc1 \u259 ? de certitudine, cultiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndoiala \uc1
\u351 ?i relativismul; poate fi util \uc1 \u238 ?n cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere, dar poate
fi periculos \uc1 \u238 ?n ordinea mora-l\uc1 \u259 ?. In profesiunile intelectuale
apare la actori \uc1 \u351 ?i la cei a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror munc\uc1 \u259 ? presupune
crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u238 ?n patologie: la dizarmonici, impulsivi, antisociali
(vagabonzi, dro-momani), epileptoizi, \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze obse-sionale, uneori
\uc1 \u238 ?n schizofrenie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Schem\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = plan sau proiect al unui an-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 samblu, oferind posibilitatea de a-1 per-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cepe
esen\uc1 \u355 ?ializat, \uc1 \u238 ?n caracteristicile sale principale. Schema
este o reprezentare psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? intermediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
repre-zentarea concret\uc1 \u259 ? sau descrierea morfo-logic\uc1 \u259 ? am\uc1
\u259 ?nun\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i conceptul abstract. Schema -
bloc este o reprezentare a le-g\uc1 \u259 ?turilor func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1
\u351 ?i a componente-lor ansamblului (marcate prin s\uc1 \u259 ?ge\uc1 \u355 ?i
sau figuri geometrice standardizate). La nivelul individului, schema bio-psiho-
social\uc1 \u259 ? exprim\uc1 \u259 ? interferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
factorii biologici, psihici \uc1 \u351 ?i sociali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sche}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ? corporal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
imagine unitar\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o avem despre propriul nostru corp \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu diferite segmente constitutive \uc1 \u351 ?i cu spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul
\uc1 \u351 ?i obiectele \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
reprezentare nu este haotic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci presupune o delimitare}{\fs20 \dbch
\sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a propriului corp
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lumea \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, \uc1 \u351 ?i care permite orientarea \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Schema
corporal\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi tulbura-t\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unele boli
neuropsihice, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd bol-navul simte m\uc1 \u226 ?inile, picioarele,
capul, etc. ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd dimensiuni modificate; for-ma corpului \uc1 \u351 ?
i greutatea lui sunt perce-pute denaturat (chiar simte unele p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u355 ?i ale corpului ca fiindu-i str\uc1 \u259 ?ine).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Schimbare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = trecerea unei forme de
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n alta prin salt \uc1 \u238 ?n
continuarea devenirii. Modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile fundamentale ale
dinamismului existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei sunt: schimba-rea cantitativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i schimbarea calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Schimbarea atitudinilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o reorientare a
atitudinilor individuale, de grup, ca urmare a raporturilor care au determinat
formarea lor. In orice persoan\uc1 \u259 ? subzist\uc1 \u259 ? anumite
dezacorduri \uc1 \u238 ?ntre atitudini. Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a punerii de acord a
atitudinilor presupune: expunerea la comunicare, interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea \uc1
\u238 ?n cadrul grupului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Schimbarea terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? favorabil\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 =}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proces de transformare,
de trecere dintr-o stare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? maladiv\uc1 \u259 ?, morbid\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare apreciat\uc1 \u259 ? ca normal\uc1 \u259 ? sau
apropiat\uc1 \u259 ? de normal, ca urmare a aplic\uc1 \u259 ?rii unui tratament
fizic, chimic sau psihologic. Schimbarea terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259
? un moment important al tratamentului, fiind principalul limitator al aplic\uc1
\u259 ?rii acestuia, \uc1 \u238 ?n terapia comportamental\uc1 \u259 ? schimbarea se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? re\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii unor
comporta-mente adaptative odat\uc1 \u259 ? cu stingerea celor neadaptative.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Unul dintre
factorii care influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? schimbarea terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?
este rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?, raportul care se stabile\uc1
\u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?ntre terapeut \uc1 \u351 ?i pacient, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd
din partea acestuia o multitudine de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intelectual-emo\uc1 \u355
?ionale cu puternice va-len\uc1 \u355 ?e terapeutice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Schizofrenie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? veche
c\uc1 \u226 ?t omeni-rea \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i (gr. }{\i1
\langfenp1048 schizein - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a \uc1 \u238 ?mp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i, a
diviza + }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prenos - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spirit); termen intro-dus de E.
Bleuer (1911) \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1 \u238 ?nglo-beaz\uc1 \u259 ? un grup de
psihoze. Schizofrenia este o psihoz\uc1 \u259 ? endogen\uc1 \u259 ? major\uc1 \u259
? carac-terizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin disocierea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Are o multitudine de forme clinice, prin care sindromul halucinator-deli-rant, \uc1
\u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t cu autismul \uc1 \u351 ?i depersona-lizarea constituie
sistemul de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i identificare. Patologia
schizofrenic\uc1 \u259 ? semnific\uc1 \u259 ? pierderea unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii coezive dintre componentele psihismului. Diso-cia\uc1 \u355 ?ia
dezorganizat\uc1 \u259 ? a dinamicii psihi-ce, destr\uc1 \u259 ?marea coordonatelor
spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporare \uc1 \u351 ?i a cauzalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (se
anuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tura \uc1 \u238 ?ntre sentimente \uc1 \u351 ?i
cauza lor). Tabloul simptomatic se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrege\uc1 \u351 ?te cu
indiferentism afectiv, idei delirante ne-sistematizate sau slab sistematizate, bi-
zarerii, ambivalen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, automatism men-tal, stereotipii etc.
Debutul este de obi-cei timpuriu, bolnavul evolu\uc1 \u226 ?nd spre o deteriorare
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? pro-gresiv\uc1 \u259 ?,
care ajunge \uc1 \u238 ?n fazele avansate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un stadiu demen\uc1 \u355
?ial. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i for-me de debut \uc1 \u8222 ?explozive" cu o
pr\uc1 \u259 ?bu\uc1 \u351 ?ire a tuturor formelor logice \uc1 \u351 ?i cu invazia
formelor delirante. Indiferent de forma de debut, totdeauna caracteristica prin-
cipal\uc1 \u259 ? este atipia fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de celelalte enti-t\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i nosografice clasice, ca dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
con\uc1 \u355 ?inut. Cauzele acestei boli nu sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
elucidate, viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd aspecte genetice, constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale,
endocrinologice, de mediu social, de mediu familial, psiho-logic \uc1 \u351 ?i
al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori, cum ar fi cei infec-\uc1 \u355 ?io\uc1 \u351 ?i sau
morfopatologici. \uc1 \u238 ?n grupul acestor psihoze sunt incluse at\uc1 \u226 ?t
cazurile cele mai grave, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cele mai discrete
(subclinice). Formele clinice se}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deosebesc \uc1
\u238 ?n a\uc1 \u351 ?a m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t o form\uc1 \u259 ? de
schizofrenie seam\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? mai degrab\uc1 \u259 ? cu o alt\uc1
\u259 ? boal\uc1 \u259 ? clinic\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cu o form\uc1 \u259 ?
de schizofrenie. Trei forme clasice sunt mai distincte: paranoid\uc1 \u259 ?,
catotonic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i hebefrenic\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
clasificare nu este absolut\uc1 \u259 ?, ci relativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? se poate converti \uc1 \u238 ?n alta. Sc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hizofrenia are
\uc1 \u238 ?n general un caracter progresiv, continuu sau uneori \uc1 \u238 ?
ntrerupt, duc\uc1 \u226 ?nd la degrada-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea
total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului psihic.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Schizoidie }{\fs18
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie temperamental\uc1 \u259 ?, predispozant\uc1 \u259 ?
schizofreniei, prin accen-tuarea tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor schizotimiei;
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre solitudine; \uc1 \u238 ?n contactul
cu lumea are tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi care frizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? autismul.}
Schizonevroz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? de schizofrenie ce ia
forma unei nevroze, oarecum ase-m\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare cu isteria \uc1
\u351 ?i care evolueaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin pusee; \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul puseelor, r\uc1
\u259 ?spunsul subiectului la conflictele vitale este de tip psihotic. \uc1 \u238 ?
n perioada dintre pusee, bolnavul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i reia modul nevrotic de
exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Puseul este violent, dar bolnavul nu-\uc1 \u351 ?
i pierde complet contactul cu me-diul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = locul
celor mai complexe func\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu mediul \uc1 \u238 ?
nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i de intrigare func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
a p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor organismului \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un tot unitar.
Scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebrala este sediul tuturor proceselor psihice, de la cele mai
simple (senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile), p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele mai complexe
(con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul). La om, scoar\uc1 \u355 ?
a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? este segmentul cel mai evoluat al nevraxului \uc1 \u351 ?i
din punct de vedere filo \uc1 \u351 ?i ontogenetic, se deosebesc: \uc1 \u8226 ?
paleocor-texul \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? arhicortexul, care \uc1 \u238 ?
ndeplinesc func\uc1 \u355 ?ii comune la om \uc1 \u351 ?i animale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u8226 ? neo-cortexul reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd zonele cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ii care
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe om de animale. Scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? la om cea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai mare parte din
substan\uc1 \u355 ?a cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o grosime de 1,5-4 mm
\uc1 \u351 ?i un num\uc1 \u259 ?r de 14-18 miliarde de celule nervoase. Suprafa\uc1
\u355 ?a scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei se aprecia-z\uc1 \u259 ? de la 1800 la 2200 cm}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 . Ea nu con-s}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tituie o zon\uc1 \u259 ?
omogen\uc1 \u259 ?, ci este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit\uc1 \u259 ? din celule nervoase de
diferite forme \uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?rimi, nevroglii, fibre nervoase pro-
venite de la substan\uc1 \u355 ?a alb\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului nevrax
\uc1 \u351 ?i de la straturile proprii, \uc1 \u351 ?i vase sangvine capilare cu rol
trofic. Ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? morfocitologic\uc1 \u259 ?, scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a
cere-bral\uc1 \u259 ? are \uc1 \u351 ?ase straturi celulare, diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?
iate at\uc1 \u226 ?t ca structur\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca
func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nalitate. Neav\uc1 \u226 ?nd o dezvoltare egal\uc1 \u259 ? pe
toat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntinderea scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale, stra-turile
devin diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate \uc1 \u351 ?i ca func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-litate.
A\uc1 \u351 ?a se disting: \uc1 \u8226 ? zonele receptoa-re, senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?
i senzoriale, zonele moto-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i zonele de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie, }
\langfenp1048 a) Zonele sen-zitive }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt regiunile corticale care re-
cep\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile de tact, durere,
temperatur\uc1 \u259 ?, miortochinetice. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? regiune este
localizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?napoia scizurii lui Rolando, circumvolu\uc1 \u355
?iunea centra-lo-posterioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ia cortical\uc1 \u259 ?
sen-zitiv\uc1 \u259 ? se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?humunculus senzi-tiv" \uc1
\u351 ?i reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un om \uc1 \u238 ?n miniatur\uc1 \u259 ?, r\uc1
\u259 ?sturnat \uc1 \u351 ?i mult deformat. Cea mai mare parte a corpului ca
sensibilitate discriminativ\uc1 \u259 ? o au buzele \uc1 \u351 ?i limba;}{\fs20
b)\tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zonele senzoriale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt cele care re-cep\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile auditive, vizua-le, olfactive, gustative.
Sunt situate \uc1 \u238 ?n lobul temporal (auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?) pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a
exter-n\uc1 \u259 ? (gustativ\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i la baza circumvolu-\uc1
\u355 ?iunii centrale posterioare (vizual\uc1 \u259 ?) pe lobul occipital, de o
parte \uc1 \u351 ?i de alta a scizurii calcariene \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
mic\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sura pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a extern\uc1 \u259 ?; sub
\uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?ul perpendicular extern se afl\uc1 \u259 ? zona
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
c)\tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zonele motorii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt regiunile \uc1 \u238 ?n care
predomin\uc1 \u259 ? celulele piramidale (mijlo-cii, mari \uc1 \u351 ?i gigantice)
de la care por-nesc incita\uc1 \u355 ?iile motorii; ele se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 d)\tab }{\i1 \fs18
\langfenp1048 lobul frontal (\uc1 \u238 ?n circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iunea cen-tral\uc1
\u259 ? anterioar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?naintea scizurii rolandi-ce Din
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? zon\uc1 \u259 ? pornesc c\uc1 \u259 ?ile piramidale care
transmit impulsuri cu rol de efectuare a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor fine, de
preci-zie; zona premotorie dispus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a zonei
motorii, care este sediul regl\uc1 \u259 ?rii tonusului muscular \uc1 \u351 ?i al
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor mai nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?
in fine. De la celulele acestei zone pornesc fascicolele extrapiramidale. }{\i1
\langfenp1048 d) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n partea anterioar\uc1 \u259 ? a lobului
frontal, \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a zonelor motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i premotorii se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul frontal, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care are rolul
de a elabora impulsuri ce privesc motilitatea globilor oculari, \uc1 \u238 ?
mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurile 8 \uc1 \u351 ?i 19 ale lobului
occipital, }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e) Zonele de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt regiunile
corticale alc\uc1 \u259 ?tui-te din celule mici, cu rolul de a stabili leg\uc1
\u259 ?tura dintre diferitele arii corticale. Ceea ce caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? este interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?a func\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a diferi\uc1 \u355 ?ilor centri \uc1 \u351 ?i fac ca ea
s\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneze ca un tot unitar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scop = \uc1 \u355 ?int\uc1 \u259 ? fixat\uc1 \u259 ?
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, anticip\uc1 \u226 ?nd o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, reflectare
anticipativ\uc1 \u259 ? a direc-\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatul unei
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Prefigura-rea mintal\uc1 \u259 ? prin imagine \uc1 \u351 ?i
idee a unui efect dorit sau necesar. Este o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune pe care persoana o
proiecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca o solu\uc1 \u355 ?ie practic\uc1 \u259 ? a nevoilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?elor sale. Scopul \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?
te un rol esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n ge-neza ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii voluntare,
conferind aceste-ia o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, un obiectiv, un anumit final. In
procesul de fixare, de urm\uc1 \u259 ?rire \uc1 \u351 ?i realizare a scopului
intervin, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o unitate complex\uc1 \u259 ?, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia
(cognitiv -informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i normativ -
axiologic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?), inten\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea,
voin\uc1 \u355 ?a (elaborarea unei strategii ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i
evaluarea consecin\uc1 \u355 ?elor probabile ale ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii
prefigurate). \uc1 \u8226 ? Referitor la pro-cesele voli\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, scopul
func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca sus\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?
i reglator al ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? Referitor la procesele motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, scopul este diferit de motiv, primul reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd izvorul ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunii, iar secun-dul obiectivul, finalul; oricum, scopul este str\uc1
\u226 ?ns legat de motiv. Un scop are la origine un singur motiv sau mai mul-te,
dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum unui motiv \uc1 \u238 ?i corespunde un scop sau mai multe.
Scopul se leag\uc1 \u259 ? mai mult de lumea exterioar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u259 ?
se\uc1 \u351 ?te finalizarea \uc1 \u238 ?n exteri-or. Orice scop ins\uc1 \u259 ?
este in primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd legat de un motiv (interior) specific scopului
\uc1 \u238 ?n sine, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?ntre cauza energetic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i finalitate exis-t\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna o distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ie func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u8222 ?corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare \uc1 \u238 ?ntreb\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor: de ce, \uc1 \u238 ?ncotro, prin ce mijloace, \uc1 \u238 ?n ce fel" (P.
Popescu Neveanu). \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna scopul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o convertire
filtrat\uc1 \u259 ? prin da-tele cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii, a motivului, \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-un obiectiv. Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?a dintre mijloace \uc1 \u351 ?i scop este
urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarea: ca fiind obiective (mijloacele) \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectiv
(scopul) (V\uc1 \u238 ?-gotschi), dar este posibil, m\uc1 \u259 ?car tranzi-toriu,
mijloacele s\uc1 \u259 ? se transforme \uc1 \u238 ?n scop (J. Piaget), ca o
etap\uc1 \u259 ? a problema-tiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i crea\uc1 \u355 ?iei.
In cadrul psihologiei cibernetice scopul este termen central al reglajului \uc1
\u351 ?i este \uc1 \u238 ?n general codificat verbal (I.P. Pavlov - N.
Krasnogorski). (Vezi Anexa A - Fig. 30.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scotom psihic = (scotom - \uc1 \u238 ?ntune}{\fs18
ric, orbire); prin analogie cu fiziopatia vederii, termenul a fost extrapolat
\uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihiatrie (scotomizare). Scotomul psihic se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor omisiuni sau obscurit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unor procese mnezice
(scotom mnezic) \uc1 \u351 ?i ideative (}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scotom ideativ).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie,
termenul desem-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1 \u355 ?ele de devalorizare sau de
minimalizare a propriei persoane (poa-te fi o latur\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii), ori a ace-lora din anturajul subiectului. Poate fi}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 examinat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
tehnici proiective. \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hopatologie, scotomizarea este rezultatul
unui mecanism de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare a Eului, prin care subiectul nevrotic sau cu
personali-tate dizarmonic\uc1 \u259 ?
(mai ales de tip isteric) ori traumatizat psihic neag\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?
nl\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? selectiv din con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, evenimentele pe-nibile sau dureroase tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite, ori amintiri cu
caracter anxiogen (un fel de uitare cu scop defensiv).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scriere = form\uc1 \u259 ? a comunic\uc1
\u259 ?rii, care se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza limbajului vorbit, \uc1 \u351 ?i
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un sistem diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat de sem-ne
grafice care au rol de a transpune g\uc1 \u226 ?n-direa \uc1 \u238 ?n imagini
grafice. Scrierea este de o maxim\uc1 \u259 ? complexitate, angaj\uc1 \u226 ?nd pe
l\uc1 \u226 ?n-g\uc1 \u259 ? aparatul verbal o serie de structuri senzorio-motorii.
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? H. Delacroix, scrierea este un simbolism secundar \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu vorbirea; \uc1 \u238 ?n consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, limba-jul scris
implic\uc1 \u259 ? cu necesitate \uc1 \u351 ?i cititul, activitate de maxim\uc1
\u259 ? dificultate, cu parti-cularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i proprii. \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area scrierii presu-pune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui
anumit nivel de dez-voltare a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor
v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei mintale de 3-5 ani, a memoriei vizuale \uc1 \u351 ?i auditive, a
praxiei pentru a putea realiza gesturi suficient de fine (gestul grafic) \uc1 \u351
?i o orientare spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-temporal\uc1 \u259 ?. De aseme-nea, \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area scrierii presupune o \uc1 \u238 ?nde-lungata
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii fonetice analitico-sintetice, timp \uc1
\u238 ?n care ea devine un mecanism din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai automati-zat,
reflex, de transpunere a limbajului interior \uc1 \u238 ?n scris. \uc1 \u238 ?n
general, scrierea se definitiveaz\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta adolescen\uc1
\u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i este \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu structura de personalitate a unei persoane, aspect care
st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza unei alte \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e - grafo-logia - care
o studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de ve-dere a particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor definitorii ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\plain \fi470 \li10 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin10
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Memoria este str\uc1 \u226 ?ns
corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu scrierea, permi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin ea
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de \uc1 \u8222 ?hic et nune" (aici
\uc1 \u351 ?i acum). Desenul este prima form\uc1 \u259 ? de simbolizare
grafic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1
\u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu scrierea la copil (elemente
preg\uc1 \u259 ?titoare - grafismele \uc1 \u238 ?n etapa pre-scrierii). Primele
forme de scriere au fost pictografice, figur\uc1 \u226 ?nd schematic obiecte,
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni; trece apoi prin stadiul conven\uc1 \u355 ?ional al ideilor
folosind semne arbitrare (hieroglifele), \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi \uc1 \u238 ?n sta-diul
superior, scrierea ideografic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care predomin\uc1 \u259 ?
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul cuvintelor, iar nu forma lor. Scrierea fonetic\uc1 \u259 ?
are un repertoriu restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns de grafeme, ce sunt corelate cu fonemele, dar
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? abstractivitate este \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp eco-
nomic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fructuoas\uc1 \u259 ?, oferind nenum\uc1 \u259 ?-
rate posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i combinatorice. \uc1 \u238 ?n limba
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, scrierea realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? maximal
coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?a fonetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Modalitatea de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?ire a scrierii implic\uc1 \u259 ? elaborarea unui sistem de corela\uc1 \u355
?ii acustico-optico-kinestezice, verbale \uc1 \u351 ?i ideative, toate pe o baz\uc1
\u259 ? analitic\uc1 \u259 ? microdimen-sional\uc1 \u259 ?, dar care
avanseaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre inte-gr\uc1 \u259 ?rile sintetice pe care le
faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? cititul. At\uc1 \u226 ?t scrisul c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i cititul sunt mijlocite prin vorbire, mai \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i mani-
fest\uc1 \u259 ?, apoi discret\uc1 \u259 ?, prin intermediul limbajului intern.
Scrisul este o activi-tate intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i contribuie la
dezvol-tarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii verbale, necesit\uc1 \u259 ? proiec-tare
mental\uc1 \u259 ? mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? de limbajul in-tern \uc1 \u351 ?i
contribuie la dezvoltarea lui. Scrisul este o posibilitate de comuni-care
abstract\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rece.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihografice, secun-dare
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihice, pot fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii grafice ca: negativism grafic, hipo sau hiper
activitate grafic\uc1 \u259 ?, incoeren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
stereotipii grafice, scriere automat\uc1 \u259 ?, necon\uc1 \u351 ?tientizat\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale morfologiei grafice: elemente inco-
recte ca m\uc1 \u259 ?rime \uc1 \u351 ?i orientare spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?,
manierisme, stereotipii prin repetare la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
nesf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it a unor litere, cuvinte, silabe, cu sens necunoscut
pentru alt\uc1 \u259 ? persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i de subiect;
dezordinea r\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i a direc\uc1 \u355 ?iei lor,
modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale caracte-rului literelor, de tipul scrisului \uc1 \u238 ?n
oglin-d\uc1 \u259 ? (vezi disgrafiile) - tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri dispraxi-ce sau de
agnozie optico-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri grafice
secundare nevrozelor motorii, de tipul crampei scriitorului; \uc1 \u8226 ?
disgrafii tipice prin omisiuni, invers\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nlocuiri de grafeme sau silabe \uc1 \u238 ?n structura cuvintelor;
disortografii, \uc1 \u238 ?n ge-nere cauzate de dislalii diverse, fie pe fond
normal sau de debilitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
comportamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i cele speci-fice bolilor psihice. Toate
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile re-clam\uc1 \u259 ? cu stringen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? terapie logopedic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungat\uc1 \u259 ?,
colaborarea cu \uc1 \u351 ?coala \uc1 \u351 ?i familia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Scrupul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = moment al
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei morale, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se presupune abaterea
de la o norm\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectul. Scrupulozitatea im-plic\uc1 \u259 ?
complicate ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamente critice, ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncetate verific\uc1 \u259
?ri, anxietate moral\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i grij\uc1 \u259 ? excesiv\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru respectarea strict\uc1 \u259 ? a normelor morale sau a unor criterii
prestabilite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048
\langfenp1048 Sechel\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare care
persist\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? remisia unei boli somatice cu afectare
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Cauzele sunt numeroase \uc1 \u351 ?i variate: - traume
craniene, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri toxico-infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, suprasolicit\uc1 \u259 ?
ri nervoase, traume psihice, etc, toate ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra
sistemului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea
normal\uc1 \u259 ?. S.p. pot intere-sa orice aspect psihic: - de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
tere, afectiv, comportamental, iar forma \uc1 \u351 ?i gravitatea lor fiind \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de m\uc1 \u259 ?rimea \uc1 \u351 ?i natura
modific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor din sistemul nervos. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc
mai frecvent la v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta copil\uc1 \u259 ?riei, datorit\uc1 \u259 ?
fragilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sistemului nervos.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Secundar }{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
rile patologice ap\uc1 \u259 ?-rute consecutiv unei alte tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
\uc1 \u8222 ?pri-mare", care le-a provocat sau a favori-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
zat apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia altei boli. R. Lafon conside-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r\uc1 \u259 ? s.
(secundaritatea) ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea prin care elementele psihologice
continu\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se exercite chiar dup\uc1 \u259 ? dispari\uc1
\u355 ?ia din c\uc1 \u226 ?m-pul con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, printr-o
lentoare, pro-funzime \uc1 \u351 ?i durat\uc1 \u259 ? a reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
psihologi-ce, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca urmare capacitatea de inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Secven\uc1
\u355 ?ialitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia geneti-c\uc1 \u259 ?,
proprietatea stabil\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n faptul c\uc1
\u259 ? fiecare stadiu urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? un anume altul \uc1 \u351
?i precede un anume altul; ceea ce este constant \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia
stadiilor, este ordinea lor de succesiune (nu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta de apari\uc1
\u355 ?ie) (J. Piaget) (dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Seduc\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18
influen\uc1 \u355 ?are predominant afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i mai pu\uc1
\u355 ?in logic\uc1 \u259 ? sau volun-tar\uc1 \u259 ?, exercitat\uc1 \u259 ? de un
subiect asupra altui subiect, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul ca acesta din ur-m\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? cad\uc1 \u259 ? de acord, s\uc1 \u259 ? i se ata\uc1 \u351 ?eze
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Fenomenul se poate pro-duce datorit\uc1 \u259
? fie sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciunii \uc1 \u351 ?i credulit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii
celui sedus, fie for\uc1 \u355 ?ei emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i
superiorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii celui ce seduce, fie com-plementarit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii celor implica\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Segregare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de separare a
ele-mentelor. Termenul este folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n psi-hologia percep\uc1 \u355 ?
iei, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd deta\uc1 \u351 ?a-rea obiectului de fond, structurarea
obiectului \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mp, fixarea \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor
preferen\uc1 \u355 ?iale etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Selec\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? profesional\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = alege-re f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? criterii
prestabilite; cla-sarea persoanelor \uc1 \u351 ?i selectarea celor care par
ap\uc1 \u355 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplineasc\uc1 \u259 ? anumite
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Testele de aptitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i profe-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 siogramele impun o anali}
\langfenp1048 z\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a concordan\uc1 \u355 ?ei dintre
caracteristicile profe-siunii \uc1 \u351 ?i cerin\uc1 \u355 ?ele ei cu
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de ordin fizic, psihic-comportamental \uc1
\u351 ?i in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?ional pe care le prezint\uc1 \u259 ? persoana. Scopul
selec\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihice profesionale este de a elimina pe cei inap\uc1 \u355 ?
i, nu neap\uc1 \u259 ?rat de a alege supravalori. Experien\uc1 \u355 ?a a dovedit }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 posibilitatea compens\uc1 \u259 ?rii largi a unor ap-}
\langfenp1048 titudini deficitare, prin factori morali \uc1 \u351 ?i de caracter,
de care se \uc1 \u355 ?ine seam\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia din cadrul armatei, din economie, din cadrul \uc1
\u351 ?colilor (cei supra-dota\uc1 \u355 ?i - cei deficitari sau inap\uc1 \u355 ?i,
etc). Sunt situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u226 ?nd selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia pierde caracte-
rul de respingere \uc1 \u351 ?i dob\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te unul de orientare
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?, pe baza unor ba-terii de teste, de aptitudini, de randa-
ment, de personalitate, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Orice act de examinare pr}{\fs18
evede concluzii asupra capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i
profesionale, exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd posibilitatea a\uc1 \u351 ?tept\uc1 \u259 ?
rilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semantic\uc1 \u259 ?
\langfenp1048 = studiul semnelor verbale sub aspectul semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?iei lor.
Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de sensurile \uc1
\u351 ?i semni-fica\uc1 \u355 ?iile cuvintelor, expresiilor, propo-zi\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor \uc1 \u238 ?n ansamblu, de func\uc1 \u355 ?ia semantic\uc1 \u259 ? a limbii,
(Ch. W. Morris) precum \uc1 \u351 ?i alte coduri extralingvistice. S.
abordeaz\uc1 \u259 ? trei categorii de probleme: }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 'psihologice, }
\langfenp1048 pri-vind condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii
semnificative \uc1 \u351 ?i procesele cognitive implicate; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 logice \uc1 \u351 ?}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i epistemologice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 privind
normele de construc\uc1 \u355 ?ie corect\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?
iile cu reali-tatea; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lingvistice, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 referitoare la
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre forma \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul cuvintelor, la
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre semantic-sintactic etc. Cer-cet\uc1 \u259 ?torii au
stabilit c\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt posed\uc1 \u259 ? patru tipuri de
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi: sens de baz\uc1 \u259 ?, sens contextual, valoare expresi-
v\uc1 \u259 ?, valoare sociocontextual\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n seman-tica
general\uc1 \u259 ? se reunesc studiile psiho-semantice, logicosemantice \uc1
\u351 ?i se dez-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 volt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elesurile cuvintelor, li se
acor-d\uc1 \u259 ? un rol determinant \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile socio-
umane. Analiza concret\uc1 \u259 ? a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor verbale semnificative
revine unei disci-pline noi, psihosemantica.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semantic\uc1 \u259 ? (demen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) }
\langfenp1048 = lips\uc1 \u259 ? de rezo-nan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1
\u259 ?, a unor persoane cu per-sonalitate dizarmonic\uc1 \u259 ?, la sentimente
ca: iubire de aproape, respect reciproc, m\uc1 \u226 ?ndrie personal\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine, ru\uc1 \u351 ?
ine, regret pentru r\uc1 \u259 ?ul ce-1 face la fiecare f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
justificare normal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i lega-l\uc1 \u259 ?, etc, aspecte pe
care subiectul nu \uc1 \u351 ?i le poate reprezenta \uc1 \u351 ?i nici regreta cu
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat. Termenul a fost introdu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s H. Cleckley(1924).}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semiologie }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? care trateaz\uc1 \u259 ?
sem-nele bolilor. Semiologia medical\uc1 \u259 ? ope-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu no\uc1
\u355 ?iunea de simptom \uc1 \u238 ?n elabo-rarea strategiilor privind diagnosticul
\uc1 \u351 ?i conduita terapeutic\uc1 \u259 ?. Semiologia medi-cal\uc1 \u259 ? are
ca parte integrant\uc1 \u259 ? semiologia psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ?, cu totul
particular\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia medicului psihiatru cu simp-tomul bolii se face
direct, simptom care se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin comportament \uc1 \u351 ?i mai
ales cel verbal, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i mimica, psiho-motricitatea, \uc1 \u355 ?
inuta; \uc1 \u8226 ? cauzalitatea - nu \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna se poate stabili un
raport direct \uc1 \u238 ?ntre procesul patologic \uc1 \u351 ?i semn;}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de manifestare a
semne-lor sunt infinite prin \uc1 \u238 ?ntrep\uc1 \u259 ?trunderea con\uc1 \u355 ?
inutului acestora cu forma lor;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 simptomatologia psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?nscrie \uc1
\u238 ?n contextul socio-cultural al epocii \uc1 \u351 ?i este determinat\uc1 \u259
? istoric, spre deosebire de simptomul somatic, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i modalit\uc1
\u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile de culegere a datelor necesare unui demers aleator, nici
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un caz printr-un demers activ, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul somaticianului.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langfenp1048 Semiotic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dup\uc1 \u259 ? Ferdinand de
Saussu-re, disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i filosific\uc1
\u259 ? ce se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de semne \uc1 \u351 ?i sisteme de semne, lingvistice
\uc1 \u351 ?i extralingvistice (antropolo-gie, logic\uc1 \u259 ?, estetic\uc1 \u259
?, etc). Deci semiotica se situeaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel de maxim\uc1 \u259 ?
generali-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere diversitatea semne-or
utilizate de oameni (\uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, comu-nicare, ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntrebuin\uc1 \u355 ?area
semnelor \uc1 \u238 ?n comportamentul animal sau \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea ma\uc1 \u351 ?inilor automate. \uc1 \u238 ?n configurarea acestui domeniu
interdisci-plinar, cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torii au adus l\uc1 \u259 ?muriri pen-tru}
\langfenp1048 a distinge trei domenii ale semiozei: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18
Semantica, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 domeniu al raporturilor din-tre semne \uc1 \u351 ?i
obiectele pe care le desem-neaz\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
Sintaxa, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 domeniu al raporturilor dintre semne; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 Pragmatica, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 domeniu al raporturilor dintre semne \uc1
\u351 ?i cel care le utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semn }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = obiect, fenomen, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune,
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu-\uc1 \u351 ?ire, etc, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd pentru persoana respec-
tiv\uc1 \u259 ? proprietatea de a desemna, a indica un alt fenomen, obiect etc
Dup\uc1 \u259 ? J. Pia-get, semnul este un simbol colectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i ar-bitrar.
Semnul este semnificant (denota-tiv) a ceva ce este semnificat (denotat). C\uc1
\u226 ?nd rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre semn \uc1 \u351 ?i obiectul s\uc1 \u259 ?u este
indirect\uc1 \u259 ?, semnul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie arti-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ficial, iar func\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa este referen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1
\u259 ?, pro-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 priu-zis semantic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prin comunicarea interuman\uc1 \u259 ? se
produce o intersemnalizare semantic\uc1 \u259 ?, iar persoana ajunge s\uc1 \u259 ?
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oare auto-nom prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire amintiri,
imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, o activitate de semnalizare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semn (sens
medical) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pornind de la distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ia pe care F. De
Saussure o face \uc1 \u238 ?ntre semnificant \uc1 \u351 ?i semnificat \uc1 \u238 ?n
structu-ra oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui semn, ajungem la no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de care se leag\uc1 \u259 ? semnifi-cantul. Acesta se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la aspectul cali-tativ al informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Dar nici
semnifica-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\u355 ?ie nu poate exista f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi transmis\uc1 \u259 ? de o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie (\uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, semn =
simptom)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Indiferent de cantitatea de infor-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ma\uc1 \u355 ?ie, aceasta nu este \uc1
\u238 ?n sine o indica-\uc1 \u355 ?ie diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? suficient\uc1 \u259 ?.
Ea poate fi un simplu stimul, care nu semnific\uc1 \u259 ? ni-mic. Pentru a
c\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?ta func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de semn, ea trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ?
fie valorificat\uc1 \u259 ? prin sem-nificant, adic\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
capete o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie care s\uc1 \u259 ? sugereze o afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune
sau un grup de afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Astfel, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i decizia
de diagnostic se interpune semnul, acti-vitatea de diagnosticare fiind alc\uc1
\u259 ?tuit\uc1 \u259 ? din procese succesive informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional-semantico-
decizionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Semnal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = concept neuro \uc1 \u351 ?i psihofizi-ologic, folosit ulterior \uc1
\u238 ?n cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit semn,
conven\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal sau natural, care declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? un
anumit r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns sau anun\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? un eveni-ment, fenomen,
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie pe cale de des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare. S. este \uc1
\u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reglatorie. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semnalul nu este un stimul ca
atare, ci devine stimul prin activitatea de semnalizare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? I.P. Plavov exist\uc1 \u259 ?
trei nive-le de func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a semnalelor: \uc1 \u8226 ? nive-lul
sistemului nervos subcortical; \uc1 \u8226 ? ni-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 velul
imagistic; \uc1 \u8226 ? nivelul verbal }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -r- }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceptual (limbajul, ca al }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }
\langfenp1048 - lea sistem de semnalizare)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semnalizare
\langfenp1048 = no\uc1 \u355 ?iune utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
neurofiziologie (I.P. Pavlov) pentru a desemna activitatea emisferelor cere-brale,
prin care diferite \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri ale me-diului, asociindu-se cu
stimulii ce de-clan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? anumite reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute (re-flexe necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate), pot deveni sem-
nale ale acestor stimuli, declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Stabilirea de leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi (asocia\uc1 \u355 ?
ii) la nivelul sistemului}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 ner}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vos central
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre stimulii ce apar \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 0}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aiwmit\uc1
\u259 ? succesiune dup\uc1 \u259 ? numeroase asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ii, devin semnale
ale stimulilor ini\uc1 \u355 ?iali, declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd acelea\uc1
\u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii pe care '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 produc
stimulii necondi\uc1 \u355 ?iona\uc1 \u355 ?i. T}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 ra}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 risformarea
stimulului \uc1 \u238 ?n semnal se }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 rea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 jj}{\fs18
\sub2 Z}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 eaz\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul emisferelor cerebra-le prin asocia\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?ntre stimulii ce se des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? succesiune. Posibilitatea emisferelor
cerebrale de a stabili leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi cu mediul \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1
\u259 ?tor se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai senzorial (deci cu ajutorul primului
sistem de semnalizare) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 s}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i prin \uc1
\u8222 ?semnale ale semnalelor") -cuvintele care formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al
\langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - lea sistem de semnalizare. Mecanismul producerii
r\uc1 \u259 ?spunsului reflex const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea }{\fs18
\sub2 uno}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r conexiuni temporare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ?
fo-care de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie cortical\uc1 \u259 ?. R\uc1 \u259 ?spunsul re-flex
se p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?ta timp c\uc1 \u226 ?t sistemul
are semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de semnal \uc1 \u351 ?i asigur\uc1 \u259 ? adaptarea la
condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile permanent varia-bile ale mediului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sen<ne \uc1
\u8222 ?moi" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = expresie folosit\uc1 \u259 ? de
unii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 autori pentru semnele u\uc1 \u351 ?oare de incapa-citate sau
disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Se refer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special l}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 a}
\langfenp1048 patologia neurologic\uc1 \u259 ? a copiilor schi-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 zo}
\langfenp1048 freni \uc1 \u351 ?i (sau) a celor cu disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ii cere-brale
minime, la care este greu de stabilit gradul de specificitate al afec\uc1 \u355 ?
iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Seflinifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a face cunoscut); cate-gorie a semanticii
care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la func-\uc1 \u355 ?ia semnelor de a reprezenta ceva
diferit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 \uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ; independent de ele.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 velcu, semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia poate fi
separat\uc1 \u259 ?, deta\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? concludent nu-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 ma}
\langfenp1048 i la rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile de comunicare semantic\uc1 \u259 ?. L S-
V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia cu-
v\uc1 \u226 ?ntului reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o unitate a comunic\uc1 \u259 ?-rii
\uc1 \u351 ?i generaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i
limbaju-lui Fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna o generalizare \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezent\uc1
\u226 ?nd unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale sistemului de con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, s. reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? concepte (J.}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \sb53 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 404}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Piaget) \uc1 \u238 ?
n sensul psihologic al acestui termen. Totodat\uc1 \u259 ?, fiecare cuv\uc1 \u226 ?
nt poate avea mai multe semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n depen-den\uc1 \u355 ?
a de contextul \uc1 \u238 ?n care este utilizat. Este ceea ce Slama - Cazacu
Tatiana nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?nucleu de sens" (\uc1 \u238 ?n dic\uc1
\u355 ?ionare cuvintele apar cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor \uc1 \u351 ?i nu cu
toate extensiunile de sens).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Deci semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia este prin ex-celen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? o categorie logico-semantic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Semnul Babinski }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reflex patolog}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ic
care apare \uc1 \u238 ?n leziunile c\uc1 \u259 ?ii piramidale care se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? astfel: la excitarea prin zg\uc1 \u226 ?rierea u\uc1 \u351 ?
oar\uc1 \u259 ? cu un ac bont a marginii externe a plantei; apare ca r\uc1 \u259 ?
spuns reflex extensia halucelui \uc1 \u351 ?i fle-xia cu r\uc1 \u259 ?sfirare
\uc1 \u238 ?n evantai a celorlalte degete (dup\uc1 \u259 ? Dr. }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Elena
Martha Stoiciu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Senescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u226 ?nire - b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?e; proces biologic
general care se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? la toate nivelele de integrare a
organismului. Este a treia v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cea a
cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii \uc1 \u351 ?i cea adult\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi
considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stare fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i o
sta-re a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
de adap-tare social\uc1 \u259 ? propriu-zis\uc1 \u259 ?. Se ajunge \uc1 \u351 ?i la
senilitate, o stare deficitar\uc1 \u259 ?. S. se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel
molecular, celular \uc1 \u351 ?i de \uc1 \u355 ?esut, la nivelul organelor \uc1
\u351 ?i a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor lor \uc1 \u238 ?n tot organismul, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivel de personalitate. Momentul \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?
tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirii depinde mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t de condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, moral\uc1 \u259 ? sau
social\uc1 \u259 ?. S. se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o sc\uc1 \u259 ?dere a
func\uc1 \u355 ?-iilor senzoriomotrice \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale, al c\uc1 \u259 ?
ror declin poate \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe la 25 de ani.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Senestralitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = st\uc1 \u226 ?}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ng\uc1
\u259 ?cie - privind \uc1 \u238 ?n special dominarea m\uc1 \u226 ?inii st\uc1 \u226
?ngi sau al oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui alt segment st\uc1 \u226 ?ng (opus dexte-
ralit\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Senil
(Senilitate) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces exagerat al \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1
\u226 ?nirii, care spre deosebire de }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se-nescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca stare normal\uc1 \u259 ?,
fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? de b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u355 ?e, este o sl\uc1
\u259 ?bire si-multan\uc1 \u259 ? a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor fizice \uc1
\u351 ?i mentale. Limitele \uc1 \u238 ?ntre aceste dou\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ?ri
sunt greu de stabilit. Apare cam \uc1 \u238 ?njur de 70 de ani \uc1 \u351 ?i
rapiditatea apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei ei este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de o multitudine de
factori: ereditate, traumatisme psihice, infec\uc1 \u355 ?ii locale sau generale,
intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ii alcoolice sau taba-gice etc. Celula nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? este
lezat\uc1 \u259 ? fie direct, fie prin intermediul tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor
circulatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i metabolice, \uc1 \u238 ?n special prin amiloidoz\uc1
\u259 ?, ceea ce pune problema unui proces de autoimunizare. Leziunile, \uc1
\u238 ?n genere de aspect atrofie, sunt diseminate \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg
organismul, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi uniforme \uc1 \u351 ?i omogene. Date
fiind modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile bio-logice, metabolice, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238
?n organis-mul \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nit, modific\uc1 \u259 ?
ri \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? insufici-ent cunoscute, este necesar ca \uc1 \u238 ?n
alegerea medicamentelor folosite pentru trata-mentul general sau psihiatric, ca
\uc1 \u351 ?i posologia acestora s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?
in\uc1 \u226 ?nd seama de aceast\uc1 \u259 ? configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie organic\uc1
\u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ?. Ca mijloace terapeutice se uti-lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea homeostaziei hidro-electrolitice, cardiovasculare, anaboli-
zantele \uc1 \u351 ?i psihotropele, cu mare pruden-\uc1 \u355 ?a, mai ales
neurolepticele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sensibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ie specific\uc1 \u259 ? organis-melor
care reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? la stimulii din mediul extern \uc1 \u351 ?i
intern \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?i traduce \uc1 \u238 ?n senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de iritabilitate sau excitabilitate primar\uc1 \u259 ?, care
caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga materie vie. \uc1 \u238 ?n
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nea dintre organism \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu, s. \uc1 \u238 ?
ndepli-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de semnalizare \uc1 \u351 ?i de aceea ea
st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza tuturor proceselor psihice, de la cele mai elementare
p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la cele mai complicate. Formele de sensibilitate pot fi
clasificate dup\uc1 \u259 ? natura stimulilor recepta\uc1 \u355 ?i, respectiv:
mecanici, fizici, chi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048
mici, fiziologici, criteriu propus de A. Uhtomoski. Pe aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
baz\uc1 \u259 ? se pot dis-tinge formele de sensibilitate: \uc1 \u8226 ? tactil\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? termic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? vizual\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u8226 ? auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? vibra-torie, \uc1 \u8226 ?
propriocep\uc1 \u355 ?ia osteostatic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de echilibru,
\uc1 \u8226 ? gustativ\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? olfactiv\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226
? inte-rocep\uc1 \u355 ?ia dureroas\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sensibilitatea liminar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a stimulilor, corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare acel-
or praguri senzoriale se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la m\uc1 \u259 ?ri-mea unei senza\uc1
\u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un raport invers propor\uc1 \u355 ?ional cu pragul
senzorial. Cobo-r\uc1 \u226 ?rea sau cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea pragurilor senzo-riale
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? sub aspect psihopato-logic fenomenele de hiperestezie \uc1
\u351 ?i res-pectiv de hipoestezie cu valoare semio-logic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
nevrorze, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri reactive, boli infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase, intoxica\uc1
\u355 ?ii sau debutul unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihotice (schizofrenie).}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sensul vie\uc1 \u355 ?
ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8226 ? semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia, \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1
\u259 ?-tatea pe care omul o acord\uc1 \u259 ? propriei sale vie\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1
\u238 ?n ansamblul ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? orientarea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
un scop general \uc1 \u351 ?i subordo-narea tuturor actelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
atitudinilor acestui scop \uc1 \u351 ?i, de asemenea, \uc1 \u8226 ? afilierea la un
ideal, la un model luat din ambi-an\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, elaborat imagina-tiv \uc1 \u351 ?i delimitat teoretic, un ideal consi-derat
pentru acea persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8222 ?stea c\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u259 ?u-
zitoare" din care izvor\uc1 \u259 ?sc \uc1 \u351 ?i la care se raporteaz\uc1
\u259 ? toate aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i inten\uc1 \u355 ?iile
individuale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De\uc1 \u351 ?i scopul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii este un fapt
su-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 biectiv - arat\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu -\uc1 \u8222 ?el se
\uc1 \u238 ?ncheag\uc1 \u259 ? sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
obiective ale vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? ca un mod de
integrare a persoanei \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 societate", deci are un caracter
istoric.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sentiment }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = stare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional - afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1
\u259 ?, complex\uc1 \u259 ?, mai stabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i du-rabil\uc1
\u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t emo\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
intens\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t pasiunea, care se instituie ca ati-tudine
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, cu sens valoric a}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoane}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de fiin\uc1 \u355 ?e, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale,
obiecte \uc1 \u351 ?i fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?i. Geneza sentimentului este de durat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i are caracter
stadial (\uc1 \u238 ?n care se cristalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, maturizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?)
\uc1 \u351 ?i conflictual, dar prin aceasta cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?
durabilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i intensitate superioar\uc1 \u259 ? emo\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
tranzistorii, nestruc-turate, disparate. Vitalizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i longivita-tea s.
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? ca pe acela\uc1 \u351 ?i fond s\uc1 \u259 ? inter-vin\uc1 \u259
? o nou\uc1 \u259 ? motivare, noi organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i revaloriz\uc1
\u259 ?ri. \uc1 \u238 ?n caz contrar, se declan-\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? un
proces de decristalizare prin deziluzii, decep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care pot determina o
atitudine de ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere, de pesimism (chiar \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un cuplu
conjugal pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea, prin satura\uc1 \u355 ?ie: platitudine, plictis,
pati-m\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sentiment de ne\uc1 \u238 ?mplinire }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen in-trodus de P.
Janet \uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu senti-mentul tr\uc1 \u259 ?it
de psihasteniei, care atribuie un caracter de insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
ne\uc1 \u238 ?mplinire tuturor tr\uc1 \u259 ?irilor sale psihice. De aceea, aceste
tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri sunt tensionate, consuma-toare de energie, dar f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u351 ?i ca urmare subiectul caut\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? am\uc1 \u226 ?ne clipa \uc1 \u238 ?n care declar\uc1 \u259 ?
terminat\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iun}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = form\uc1
\u259 ? elementar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nemij-locit\uc1 \u259 ? de reflectare a
unei \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri, izola-t\uc1 \u259 ?, separat\uc1 \u259 ?, a
stimulilor care lucreaz\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra
organelor de sim\uc1 \u355 ?; ca proces psihic de semnalizare - reflectare prin
intermediul unui singur analizator, a propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor
simple \uc1 \u351 ?i separate ale obiectelor \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenelor, s.
implic\uc1 \u259 ? co-dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri de gradul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch
Decodificarea psihi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, echivalent\uc1
\u259 ? cu formarea unei imagini se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe conexiuni temporare.
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cupluri senzomotorii. Dat\uc1 \u259 ? fiind exten-siunea
suprafe\uc1 \u355 ?elor de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie cere-bral\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i totodat\uc1 \u259 ? complexitatea
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane, proce-sele de reflectare senzorial\uc1
\u259 ? realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 integr\uc1 \u259 ?ri succesive \uc1 \u351 ?i simultane la
nive-lul percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Cele mai elementare fe-nomene fundamentale se
supun, se conduc dup\uc1 \u259 ? regularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, legi, cum
sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? legea pragului diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat, \uc1 \u8226 ? le-gea
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor; \uc1 \u8226 ? adaptarea senzoria-l\uc1
\u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? legea contrastului, \uc1 \u8226 ? legea semnifi-ca\uc1 \u355
?iei, \uc1 \u8226 ? interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea energetic\uc1 \u259 ? a ana-
lizatorilor etc. Senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile constituie fun-damentul \uc1 \u351 ?i
izvorul cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Senzorimetrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate psihofizio-logic\uc1 \u226 ?
care studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor \uc1 \u238 ?
n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de acelea ale stimulului, prin metoda cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rii
pragurilor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n special a celor diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Seriere }
\langfenp1048 = activitate de ordonare a unor elemente dup\uc1 \u259 ? criterii de
m\uc1 \u259 ?rime, cu-loare, nuan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, greutate, etc, \uc1
\u238 ?n sens cresc\uc1 \u259 ?tor sau descresc\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? J.
Piaget, s. este inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? clasific\uc1 \u259 ?rii dar o ajut\uc1
\u259 ? pe aceasta \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te un rol
necesar \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Astfel de probe de s. se
folosesc pentru diagnosticarea nivelului de dezvoltare mintal\uc1 \u259 ? a
copilului mic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Serotonina }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = serotonina a fost recu-noscut\uc1 \u259 ? ca
neurotransmi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?tor, rol prin care este implicat\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea ner-voas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?. Nu are
aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ii tera-peutice concrete \uc1 \u238 ?n psihiatrie. Catabo-lismul
serotoninei se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sub ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unei
monoaminooxidare, meta-bolitul rezultat fiind eliminat prin urin\uc1 \u259 ? (fiind
acidul 5 al hidroxiindolacetic). Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea s. se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin interme-diul receptorilor specifici cerebrali. Au fost identificate dou\uc1
\u259 ? tipuri de receptori seretoninergici, ambele prezente \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n sistemul nervos central: SHT) \uc1 \u351 ?i SHT}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 2}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 .}
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Servilism }{\fs18
atitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i conduit\uc1 \u259 ? de ra-portare slugarnic\uc1 \u259 ?,
lingu\uc1 \u351 ?itoare \uc1 \u351 ?i ne-demn\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? de persoane cu un statut superior, pornire din interes meschin. Se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de serviabilitate, care semni-fic\uc1 \u259 ? dispozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie generoas\uc1 \u259 ? de a face altora servicii, de a-i sprijini \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-un fel sau altul, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod dezinteresat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sex = ansamblu structurat al
caracteris}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 -ticilor morfologice, genitale, gonadice, gonoforice, somatice,
hormonale, cro-mozomiale, nucleare, psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i sociale, care diferen\uc1
\u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? b\uc1 \u259 ?rbatul de femeie. Di-feren\uc1 \u355 ?ierile se
produc at\uc1 \u226 ?t sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a factorilor biologici, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor socio-culturali, \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, aptitudinea general\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, s-a dovedit c\uc1 \u259 ? variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nu de sex. Cu privire la
interesele so-ciale \uc1 \u351 ?i estetice, studiile indic\uc1 \u259 ? diferen-\uc1
\u355 ?ieri mai pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ate, datorate influen\uc1 \u355 ?ei mediului s}
\langfenp1048 ocial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sexual\uc1 \u259 ? (educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = educa\uc1 \u355 ?
ia privind aspectele vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sexuale are ca scop informarea tinerilor
asupra vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sexuale din punct de vedere biologic, psihologic \uc1
\u351 ?i social. Au existat opinii care au repu-diat-o, care nu \uc1 \u351 ?i-au
dovedit valabilita-tea; ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi necesitatea educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei sexuale
este recunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? de speciali\uc1 \u351 ?ti, dar \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259
? aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? necorespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia sexu-
al\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?te\uc1 \u351 ?te persoana pentru rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
cu sexul opus, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t acesta s\uc1 \u259 ? nu pro-voace
dezechilibru, s\uc1 \u259 ? nu fie o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie traumatizant\uc1 \u259 ?.
Procesul preg\uc1 \u259 ?tirii adoles-cen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1
\u226 ?lnirea cu sexul opus are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere modelarea personalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
formarea unui sistem de valori \uc1 \u351 ?i norme (sistem de atitudini), \uc1
\u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd la propria sexu-alitate, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i cu sexul
opus (informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii privind propriul corp, func\uc1 \u355 ?iile genitale
\uc1 \u351 ?i raporturile dintre sexe). Ea trebuie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? de p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?i, de
profesori \uc1 \u351 ?i me-dici. Forme folosite: discu\uc1 \u355 ?ii deschise
individuale sau \uc1 \u238 ?n grup, conferin\uc1 \u355 ?e, modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de larg\uc1 \u259 ? informare, filme do-cumentare,
expozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu ilustr\uc1 \u259 ?ri adec-vate. Temele abordate pot fi:
socio-mo-rale; probleme generale privind via\uc1 \u355 ?a sexual\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i raporturile sexuale; rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?
i-copii pe v\uc1 \u226 ?rste: 8-11 ani, 11-16 ani; privind abstinen\uc1 \u355 ?a
sexual\uc1 \u259 ?; proble-me legate de prietenie \uc1 \u351 ?i dragoste (li-la
ani); organismul uman \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-rea lui unitar\uc1
\u259 ?, fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?
n sfera sexual\uc1 \u259 ? 16-18 ani; specifi-cul sexualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii masculine \uc1 \u351 ?i feminine, prevenirea conceperii; problemele sar-cinii;
problemele masturba\uc1 \u355 ?iei (\uc1 \u238 ?n spe-cial pentru b\uc1 \u259 ?
ie\uc1 \u355 ?i); atentatul la pudoarea copiilor; devieri de la conduit\uc1 \u259 ?
sexual\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ?; bolile venerice 11-16 ani; impoten\uc1 \u355
?a 16-18 ani; frigiditatea 16-18 ani.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sexualitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dimensiune bio-psiho-
social\uc1 \u259 ? a fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane, sexualitatea nu are o defini\uc1
\u355 ?ie unanim acceptat\uc1 \u259 ?. Negli-jat\uc1 \u259 ? voit \uc1 \u351 ?i
repudiat\uc1 \u259 ? un timp, conside-rat\uc1 \u259 ? numai ca func\uc1 \u355 ?ie
strict biologic\uc1 \u259 ? cu func\uc1 \u355 ?ie reproductiv\uc1 \u259 ?, s.
\uc1 \u238 ?ncepe a fi abordat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific, mai
ales dup\uc1 \u259 ? exa-ger\uc1 \u259 ?rile rolului ei de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
psihanali\uc1 \u351 ?ti, care au \uc1 \u351 ?i declan\uc1 \u351 ?at un curent
critic. Pornit\uc1 \u259 ? de la instinct, al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui scop final este
procrea\uc1 \u355 ?ia, s. nu se reduce \uc1 \u351 ?i nu trebuie redus\uc1 \u259 ?
numai la acest fapt. Ea este o cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? permanent\uc1 \u259 ?
a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii umane \uc1 \u351 ?i
unul din factorii care \uc1 \u238 ?i confer\uc1 \u259 ? fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane
specifi-citate. O demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
dac\uc1 \u259 ? la \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg regnul animal, activitatea se-xual\uc1 \u259 ?
se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? strict \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite
perioade \uc1 \u8222 ?de rut", la om ea se caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
continuitate \uc1 \u351 ?i stabilitate. S. nu poate fi redus\uc1 \u259 ? nici la
activitatea se-xual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sine, la a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ctul sexual, la
necesi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\endnhere \pard \plain \li3014 \ri0 \sb96 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3014 \rin0
\endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea biologic\uc1 \u259 ? ce
trebuie satisf\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? omul nu \uc1
\u351 ?i-o satisface oricum \uc1 \u351 ?i oric\uc1 \u226 ?nd, ci numai \uc1 \u238 ?
n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. La om, un rol foarte important \uc1 \u238 ?l are
afectivitatea, sentiment elaborat de dra-goste, atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru anumite
persoane de sex opus. \uc1 \u350 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n elaborarea acestui sen-timent nu
este important\uc1 \u259 ? numai atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia fizic\uc1 \u259 ? ci mai ales
comunicarea pe plan spiritual, a principiilor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a
con-ceptelor. Coeziunea psihofizic\uc1 \u259 ? face ca dou\uc1 \u259 ? persoane de
sex opus s\uc1 \u259 ? formeze un cuplu, care va func\uc1 \u355 ?iona bine
at\uc1 \u226 ?t timp c\uc1 \u226 ?t aceasta exist\uc1 \u259 ?. Disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?
iile sunt legate de apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei bre\uc1 \u351 ?e la nivelul uneia
dintre laturi: dac\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? o comuni-care pe plan pur
spiritual, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a exista o comunicare erotic\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u238 ?n interiorul cuplului vor ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ce
pot conduce la o simptomatologie nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
dinamism sexual, gelozie, etc. S. apare astfel nu ca o cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? biologic\uc1 \u259 ?, ci ca un factor de \uc1 \u238 ?mplinire a fiin\uc1
\u355 ?ei umane. Tr\uc1 \u259 ?ind \uc1 \u238 ?n grupuri sociale, omul este su-pus
legilor morale, etice, ale acestora, adapt\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?ntregul comportament, deci \uc1 \u351 ?i sexualitatea la aceste \uc1
\u8222 ?norme" socio-culturale; iar normele difer\uc1 \u259 ? de la o societate la
alta, de la o cultur\uc1 \u259 ? la alta. Consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?legea reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o men-talizare a unor prohibi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
naturale" (G. Gorgos), vom \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege de ce dogmele rigide \uc1
\u351 ?i nefondate ale religiei, rasialit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, pot crea
perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale sexualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ca dat natural
\uc1 \u351 ?i social al omului. Ca dimen-siune a fiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane,
sexualitatea trebu-ie considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n dinamica dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n totalitatea ei. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum limitele de v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ? stabilite pentru maturizarea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
sunt re-lative, tot at\uc1 \u226 ?t de relative sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i limitele de
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? stabilite pentru \uc1 \u238 ?nceperea \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?ncetarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sexuale. \uc1 \u238 ?
nceputul vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii sexuale este de obicei legat de sf\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1
\u351 ?itul perioadei adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 perioada activ\uc1
\u259 ? de tinere\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i maturi-tate, \uc1 \u238 ?n
determinismul biologic al sexu-alit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii intervine, \uc1 \u238
?ntr-o m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? conside-rabil\uc1 \u259 ?, constela\uc1 \u355 ?
ia hormonal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i deci trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?inem
seam\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile fiziologice ale acesteia.
S. a devenit astfel domeniul \uc1 \u238 ?n care medicina inter-fereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
cu psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i sociologia. S. ca dimensiune a existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o permanent\uc1 \u259 ? interdependen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu toate celelalte procese psihice. Rezult\uc1 \u259 ? logic
c\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n cea mai mare parte, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile psihice
au \uc1 \u238 ?n tabloul lor simptomatic \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
sexualit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sialoree }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea secre\uc1
\u355 ?iei salivare, care poate fi datorat\uc1 \u259 ? stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii
reflexe
(mecanice sau inflamatorii) - a glandei salivare, unor reflexe consecutive sarci-
nii, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunile gastro-intestinale, tabe-sului, encefalitelor sau
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii unor medicamente, ca iodura de potasiu. Al-teori poate fi vorba
de o acumulare a salivei care nu poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nghi\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n cavitatea bucal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i scurgerea ei pe la
comisuri, ca \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul parezelor \uc1 \u351 ?i para-liziilor nervilor
cranieni. Tot prin acu-mularea salivei, datorat\uc1 \u259 ? refuzului paci-entului
de a o \uc1 \u238 ?nghi\uc1 \u355 ?i, consecutiv nega-tivismului, se explic\uc1
\u259 ? sealoreea din stu-poarea catatonic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sigmatism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de ar}{\fs18
ticulare a unor sunete din grupa siflantelor \uc1 \u351 ?i sibilantelor;
sigmatismul este diversifi-cat ca form\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u355 ?
inut: interdental, adental, lateral, \uc1 \u351 ?uier\uc1 \u259 ?tor, labiodental.
Acestea sunt abundente la mica copil\uc1 \u259 ?-rie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?
colaritatea mic\uc1 \u259 ?. Terapia logope-dic\uc1 \u259 ? este laborioas\uc1
\u259 ? prin exerci\uc1 \u355 ?ii co-rective, \uc1 \u238 ?n unele cazuri este
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia chirurgical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n general medical\uc1 \u259 ?, s. fiind favorizat de o im-plantare
vicioas\uc1 \u259 ? a din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, de pro-genie, prognatism, mu\uc1 \u351 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? deschis\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\headery708 \footery708 \pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qc
\langfenp1048 s}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li14 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa211 \lisa0
\sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin14 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx3350 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 Siguran\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? de perso-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prezentare de false simptome
somatice}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nalitate implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd
certitudine, fermitate,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau psihice, pentru atingerea
unui scop}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lips\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?
ndoial\uc1 \u259 ?, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n plan concret, pre-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
urm\uc1 \u259 ?rit de individ. Termenul indic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 cizie, eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?
nare. Siguran\uc1 \u355 ?a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nenum\uc1 \u259 ?
rate forme: simularea unui elev}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sine se poate manifesta \uc1
\u238 ?n modul de reia-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? este bolnav, a
unui adult \uc1 \u238 ?n exe-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ionare social\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile \uc1 \u238 ?ntreprinse de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 cutarea unei sarcini, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u351 ?el\uc1 \u259 ?
toriile}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoan\uc1 \u259 ? av\uc1 \u226 ?nd la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? anumite deprinO-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt descoperite de
cei \uc1 \u238 ?n drept (me-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deri bine consolidate. Psihologic,
sigu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dici, justi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, etc).}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ran\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine se explic\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o bun\uc1 \u259
? ca-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pacitate de autocontrol, emotivitate
sc\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simultagnozie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitate
total\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zut\uc1 \u259 ?, rezisten\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ? mare la stres, \uc1 \u238 ?n general o}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau
par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? a recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii vizuale a}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 bun\uc1 \u259 ? capacitate de dominare a registrului}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 imaginilor \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care
elemen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afectiv. Siguran\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tele componente sau detaliile
sunt co-}{\fs18 \dbch \af0 \hich \af8 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 normalitatea psihic}{\fs18 \dbch
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i structurile armo-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rect identificate.
Este un simptom apar-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nioase de
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te de agnozie vizual\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li14 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa211 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simpatalgie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = durere
acut\uc1 \u259 ? provocat\uc1 \u259 ? de supraexercitarea sistemului simpatic,
vegetativ.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simpatic
(sistem nervos) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = component\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului nervos vegetativ,
care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n constant antagonism cu parasim-paticul, cu
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune ergotrop\uc1 \u259 ?, eliberatoa-re de energie stimulatoare \uc1
\u351 ?i al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui rol esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial devine evident \uc1 \u238 ?n
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii stre-sante, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu
medulosuprare-nala (cu care formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? sistemul simpato-adrenergic)
adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? organismul la su-prasolicitare. Dominan\uc1 \u355 ?a tonusului
sim-patic produce sindromul simpatotonic, caracterizat prin accelerarea ritmului
cardiac \uc1 \u238 ?n repaus.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Simptom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = semnul (manifestare aparen-t\uc1 \u259 ?) dup\uc1 \u259
? care se identific\uc1 \u259 ? o perturbare a func\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor
somatopsihice, se diagnosti-cheaz\uc1 \u259 ? o maladie. Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarul
medical (1969) precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? are o dubl\uc1 \u259 ? valoa-re:
diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prognostic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simulare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare
comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? (gestual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i verbal\uc1 \u259 ?)
fals\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n scopul unui beneficiu. In psihopatologie are
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie de producere voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simultaneitate
\langfenp1048 = proprietate a unor ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, fenomene sau evenimente de
a se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp. \uc1
\u238 ?ntre elemen-tele simultane pot exista anumite rapor-turi. Procesele psihice
sau cele fiziolo-gice ce se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? simultan
sunt frecvent interdependente, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii de feed-back.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinalgie }
\langfenp1048 = form\uc1 \u259 ? a sinesteziei \uc1 \u238 ?n care o durere se
asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu alt\uc1 \u259 ? senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinaps\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structura
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? contactul dintre neuroni,
de un-de \uc1 \u351 ?i denumirea de jonc\uc1 \u355 ?iune neuro-neural\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n principal se disting \uc1 \u8226 ? sinap-se axosomatice \uc1
\u351 ?i axodendritice; s. ex-citatoare \uc1 \u351 ?i s. inhibitoare. Excita\uc1
\u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia circul\uc1 \u259 ? la nivelul s.
\uc1 \u238 ?n sens unic, dinspre presinaps\uc1 \u259 ? spre postsinap-s\uc1 \u259 ?
cu ajutorul unor mediatori chimici (acetilcolina, noradrenalina, ionii de potasiu
etc). Se consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? nu nervii, ci s. sunt elemente
fatigabile. Prin ex-tensie se vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i de sinapse neuro-
musculare (la nivelul pl\uc1 \u259 ?cilor motorii).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qc \li19 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sincinezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u8222 ?mi\uc1
\u351 ?care" - tip de act motor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii de a fi nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate, globa-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 involuntar, automat, \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ind unele
mi\uc1 \u351 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le, difuze \uc1 \u351 ?i confuze. La nivelul
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
c\uc1 \u259 ?ri voluntare, pe care uneori le ajut\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 rii sincretice se distinge un s. al \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-}
Totu\uc1 \u351 ?i, acestea nu au un caracter normal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gerii
\uc1 \u351 ?i un s. al ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionamentului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (J.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ?
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea optim\uc1 \u259 ? a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Piaget), cel din urm\uc1 \u259 ? deriv\uc1
\u226 ?nd din}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
rilor voluntare. Sincineziile au aspect}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 primul prin
con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizarea faptului c\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa163 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 patologic (sinonim \uc1 \u8222 ?
sinkinezie").}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anumite propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
merg \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \sa163 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql
\langfenp1048 Sincop\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u351 ?oc nervos \uc1
\u351 ?i cardiac, cu pier-derea con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i
mentalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pentru c\uc1 \u226 ?teva secunde sau minute
(\uc1 \u238 ?n cele mai multe cazuri e sinonim cu le\uc1 \u351 ?inul). La debutul
s., bolnavul are senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia de ame-\uc1 \u355 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?
puternic\uc1 \u259 ?, senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile devin confuze, vederea \uc1 \u238 ?
nce\uc1 \u355 ?o\uc1 \u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ?, apar zgomote \uc1 \u238 ?n urechi,
gre\uc1 \u355 ?uri, v\uc1 \u259 ?rs\uc1 \u259 ?turi. Tegumentele sunt palide,
acoperite cu transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ie re-ce, extremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile se
r\uc1 \u259 ?cesc; bolnavul se pr\uc1 \u259 ?bu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te, devine
inert, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, nu
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? la stimuli, musculatura este relaxat\uc1
\u259 ?, controlul sfincterian este p\uc1 \u259 ?strat. Tensiunea arterial\uc1
\u259 ? este pr\uc1 \u259 ?bu-\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?, pulsul absent sau foarte
slab, respi-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ia insesizabil\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul tablou
clinic realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? aspectul de moarte clinic\uc1 \u259 ?. Sincopa se
termin\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?teva secunde (minute) prin
revenirea rapid\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iil-or vitale sau prin moarte
biologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Tra-tamentul sincopei, indiferent de cauz\uc1 \u259 ?: -
culcarea bolnavului favoriz\uc1 \u226 ?nd circula-\uc1 \u355 ?ia cerebral\uc1 \u259
?; stimularea periferic\uc1 \u259 ? prin stropirea cu ap\uc1 \u259 ? rece, u\uc1
\u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? flagelare a obrajilor, inhalarea unor vapori iritan\uc1
\u355 ?i (spirt, o\uc1 \u355 ?et). Dac\uc1 \u259 ? aceste m\uc1 \u259 ?suri nu dau
rezultate, se recurge la aplicarea unor lovituri puternice \uc1 \u238 ?n dreptul
cordului, masaj cardiac, respira\uc1 \u355 ?ie artificial\uc1 \u259 ?: se poate
ad\uc1 \u259 ?uga noradrenalina \uc1 \u238 ?n perfuzie, stimulator electric.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sincretism }{\fs18
stare de nediferen\uc1 \u355 ?iere a elementelor unui fenomen, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
deo-sebit a formelor de crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie spiritual\uc1 \u259 ?, specifice
culturilor \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii primitive. In psihologie,
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sindactilie }{\fs18 \dbch
malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie rar\uc1 \u259 ?, cu transmitere autosomal dominant\uc1 \u259
?, ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n unirea degetelor de la m\uc1 \u226 ?ini sau
de la picioare prin sau f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? intermediul unei membrane
cutanate. S. poate fi total\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?. La
picioare, este mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre degetele 3-4 \uc1 \u351 ?i
4-5. In unele cazuri este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu anomalii genetice ca:
-absen\uc1 \u355 ?a cubitusului; sindromul Apert (diviziunea luetei, sindactilii la
m\uc1 \u226 ?ini \uc1 \u351 ?i picioare, hipertensiune intracranian\uc1 \u259 ?,
ambliopie). Tratamentul sindactiliei este chirurgical.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li5 \ri5 \sb211 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sindrom }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = complex de semne
\uc1 \u351 ?i simp-toame intercalate \uc1 \u238 ?n mod sistematizat \uc1 \u351 ?i
comprehensibil, astfel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t s\uc1 \u259 ? repre-zinte
sintetic caracteristicile comune ale mai multor entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
patologice. Sin-dromul orienteaz\uc1 \u259 ? medicul spre sfera investiga\uc1 \u355
?iilor suplimentare, care, \uc1 \u238 ?m-preun\uc1 \u259 ? cu semnele \uc1 \u351 ?i
simptomele con-stante, sunt menite s\uc1 \u259 ? ajute la stabilirea
diagnosticului. Orientarea spre diag-nostic se face astfel sub o formul\uc1 \u259 ?
indi-vidual\uc1 \u259 ?, procesul culegerii de date su-plimentare amplific\uc1
\u226 ?nd sau diminu\uc1 \u226 ?nd probabilitatea diagnosticului ipotetic. Se
ajunge astfel dup\uc1 \u259 ? un prim contact al terapeutului cu pacientul la
formu-larea \uc1 \u8222 ?dia}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 gnosticului" de sindrom.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ID, Eu
personal) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 una din}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 cele trei instan\uc1 \u355 ?e ale personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii des-crise de Freud, ca fiind un complex de instincte \uc1 \u351 ?i de tendin\uc1
\u355 ?e refulate, care are}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 caracter apersonal \uc1 \u351 ?i nu este tr\uc1 \u259 ?it \uc1
\u238 ?n mod con\uc1 \u351 ?tient. Altfel spus, \uc1 \u8222 ?sine" constituie polul
pulsional al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, depozi-tar al tendin\uc1 \u355 ?
elor instinctive \uc1 \u351 ?i agresive. Rolul adaptativ al sinelui se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? prin tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a sa continu\uc1 \u259 ? de a reduce
tensiu-nea, asigur\uc1 \u226 ?nd astfel echilibrul, lini\uc1 \u351 ?tea \uc1
\u351 ?i persisten\uc1 \u355 ?a organismului. \uc1 \u350 ?inele este deci
considerat ca o component\uc1 \u259 ? biologi-c\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, reprezentant al influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?elor ereditare, sistemul
originar al persoanei, rezervorul energiei psihice, reprezentant al lumii
interioare \uc1 \u351 ?i al ex-perien\uc1 \u355 ?ei subiective. Subliniem c\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i con-di\uc1 \u355 ?iile socio-morale ajung s\uc1 \u259 ? se
integreze Sinelui. \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea reducerii tensiunii, a evit\uc1 \u259 ?rii
disconfortului \uc1 \u351 ?i a ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerii pl\uc1 \u259 ?-cerii \uc1 \u351
?i gratifica\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1 \u350 ?inele recurge la dou\uc1 \u259 ?
mecanisme: - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reflex\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (care
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii automate, \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1
\u259 ?scute \uc1 \u351 ?i imediat operante \uc1 \u238 ?n reducerea tensiunii) \uc1
\u351 ?i - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 procesul primar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie psiholo-
gic\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ? care caut\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? realizeze
di-minuarea tensiunii sau ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerea gratifi-ca\uc1 \u355 ?iei pe plan
imaginativ sau simbolic). Acest procedeu imaginativ-substitutiv constituie singura
realitate a celei mai reale componente a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?inele. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Din punct de vedere dinamic,
\uc1 \u350 ?inele intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n conflict cu Eul \uc1 \u351 ?i
Supraeul, care din punct de vedere genetic sunt diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?ieri ale
acestuia, (dup\uc1 \u259 ? P. Popescu Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinectica }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (a reuni); ansamblu de
meto-de de creativitate, ce se pot folosi \uc1 \u238 ?n ori-ce domeniu de
activitate; ar fi un procedeu necon\uc1 \u351 ?tient folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n proce-
deele g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, (W. Gordon - psiholog, inginer american- 1961).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinectica
stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i dirijeaz\uc1 \u259 ? activitatea mintal\uc1
\u259 ? spontan\uc1 \u259 ?, folosind asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iile libere de idei.
Punctul de plecare al teoriei sinectice este prezice-rea mecanismelor con\uc1 \u351
?tiente care ajut\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoana sau grupul (de afaceri din profesii diferite)
s\uc1 \u259 ? foloseasc\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t elemente ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionale
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?toare. Ar fi
dou\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte specifice s.: - s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
ca un lucru ciudat s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?i devin\uc1 \u259 ? fami-liar" \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?s\uc1 \u259 ? fac\uc1 \u259 ? ca obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuitul
s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? ciudat". Asta se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin
intui\uc1 \u355 ?ii noi care pot sugera la r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul lor noi solu\uc1 \u355
?ii, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci sinectica \uc1 \u238 ?ncurajeaz\uc1 \u259 ? fantezia. S.
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o metod\uc1 \u259 ? asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare
brainstormingului }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Braistorming).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinergie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 ergon - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune); apari-\uc1 \u355 ?ia concomitent\uc1
\u259 ? coordonat\uc1 \u259 ? a contrac-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor mai multor grupe de
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi, care de obicei se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc asocia\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?ndepli-nirea unor acte reflexe sau mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
ri vo-luntare. Nu se includ \uc1 \u238 ?n aceast\uc1 \u259 ? grup\uc1 \u259 ?
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii antagoni\uc1 \u351 ?ti. S. se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe o organizare
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se coor-doneaz\uc1 \u259 ? jocul asociativ al
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor. In psihologie, termenul se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, prin
extensiune, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea corelativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i concomitent\uc1 \u259 ? a unor acte sau procese.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinestalgie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen de
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ie a durerii cutanate, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o alt\uc1 \u259 ?
zon\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t cea afectat\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sinestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = asocierea senza\uc1
\u355 ?iilor pro-prii unui analizator cu senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii carac-teristice unor
altor analizatori, care nu au primit un stimul direct. Cortexul asociativ are un
rol important \uc1 \u238 ?n produ-cerea fenomenului de sinestezie: senza-\uc1 \u355
?iile tactile, termice, gustative, etc. pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii de culoare, numi-te }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fotisme; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 verbocromia
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de culoare la
auzul unor anumite cuvinte. Se pot aminti \uc1 \u351 ?i descrie \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1
\langfenp1048 fonisme, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii secundare, auditive); }
\langfenp1048 olfactisme }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii secunda-re olfactive); }
\langfenp1048 gustatisme }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii se-cundare gustative).}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Singur\uc1 \u259 ?tate }
\langfenp1048 = stare, sentiment propriu persoanei care }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1
\u351 ?te retras\uc1 \u259 ?, izolat\uc1 \u259 ?. Starea de singur\uc1 \u259 ?tate
poate fi determina-t\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unei existen\uc1
\u355 ?e lipsite de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii interpersonale multiple, a\uc1 \u351 ?a cum
se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite profesii, si-
tua\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale, v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Starea de s. poate
avea (sau nu) consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e patologi-ce \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera psihic\uc1
\u259 ?. Starea de singur\uc1 \u259 ?tate trebuie delimitat\uc1 \u259 ? de
sentimentul de sin-gur\uc1 \u259 ?tate, care se traduce ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?ire dure-
roas\uc1 \u259 ? a lipsei de comunicare efectiv real\uc1 \u259 ? sau ca
insatisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie a gradului de comu-nicare cu mediul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs18 \dbch
exist\uc1 \u259 ? posibilitatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? de stabilire a contactelor
inter-umane, nerealizearea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii deter-min\uc1 \u259 ?
apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia sentimentului de singur\uc1 \u259 ?-tate, conduce la tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a de izolare. Sen-timentul singur\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i este
tr\uc1 \u259 ?it dramatic at\uc1 \u226 ?t de copilul abandonat \uc1 \u351 ?i
internat \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un c\uc1 \u259 ?min - orfelinat, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351
?i de adultul p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?sit definitiv de partener sau de copii.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sintalitate }
\langfenp1048 = profil sau configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie psi-hocomportamental\uc1 \u259 ?
a grupului unitar ca-re dispune de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i dinamice,
de posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i specifice de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i
de caracteristici morale. S. este un analog al personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
individuale. Munca \uc1 \u238 ?n co-mun, sentimentele dintre membrii grupu-lui \uc1
\u351 ?i ale grupului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de alte grupuri, perseveren\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nvingerea greut\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?ilor, capacitatea de analiz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i decizie, etc. sunt p\uc1
\u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i componente de baz\uc1 \u259 ? ale s.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sintez\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1
\u355 ?ie mintal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i metod\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? de cercetare a fenomenelor, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n trecerea de la particular la general prin sistematizarea integratoare
a unor cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndite analitic. \uc1 \u238 ?
n unitate cu analiza s. este o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a creierului const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
din asamblarea in-forma\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, din structurare \uc1 \u351 ?i modelare,
din globarizare \uc1 \u351 ?i generalizare. Sinteza}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li24 \ri5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este un mijloc al
analizei \uc1 \u351 ?i un cadru al acesteia. Sinteza intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? se
bazea-z\uc1 \u259 ? pe grupuri opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, asociative \uc1 \u351 ?i
reversibile, fapt care genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? multe variante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistem }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = grupare sau
organizare de elemente \uc1 \u238 ?ntre care se stabilesc leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi
relativ stabile, conferind \uc1 \u238 ?ntregului pro-priet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
ce nu pot apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine elementelor izolate. Cibernetica studiaz\uc1 \u259 ?
sistemele deschise, care realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? toate tipurile de schimburi cu
mediul - substan\uc1 \u355 ?ial, energetic \uc1 \u351 ?i informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
viz\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere schimburile informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 O importan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? prezint\uc1 \u259 ? sistemele complexe cu
autoreglare, care \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i men\uc1 \u355 ?in stabilitatea
configura-\uc1 \u355 ?iei de ansamblu, printr-o permanent\uc1 \u259 ? echilibrare
intern\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu influen-\uc1 \u355 ?ele variabile ale
contextului. Propriet\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale
sistemelor sunt cerce-tate de teoria general\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemelor al c\uc1
\u259 ?rei proiect \uc1 \u351 ?i problematic\uc1 \u259 ? este mereu actual\uc1
\u259 ?. Persoana uman\uc1 \u259 ? a fost tratat\uc1 \u259 ? ca un sistem
deschis \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia lui G. Allport.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistem de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
ac-\uc1 \u355 ?iuni motorii elementare, fie de unit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
comportamentale de care dispune un organism. S. a. influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259
? considera-bil modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de comportare \uc1 \u238 ?n
condi-\uc1 \u355 ?iile externe date.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistem informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = procedee de
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i transmitere de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii, canale de
comunicare \uc1 \u351 ?i modul de organizare a proceselor informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale. Este studiat de psihologia informa\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu optimizarea facto-rilor de decizie \uc1
\u351 ?i conducere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistem
motor somatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = totalitatea neu-ronilor situa\uc1 \u355 ?i la diferite
nivele ale nevra-xului (spinal, bulbar, pontin, mezencefa-lic \uc1 \u351 ?i
cortical), trimi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd de la nuclei pre-lungiri axonice ce fac
sinaps\uc1 \u259 ? pe moto-neuronii din coarnele ventrale ale m\uc1 \u259 ?du-vei
spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, de la care porne\uc1 \u351 ?te calea motorie final\uc1
\u259 ?. Acest sistem \uc1 \u238 ?ndepline\uc1 \u351 ?te urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii: \uc1 \u8226 ? ini\uc1 \u355 ?ierea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii voluntare; \uc1 \u8226 ? orientare prin sistemul pira-midal (de la nivel
cortical); \uc1 \u8226 ? adaptarea posturii corpului prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
tonusului muscular, conferind corpului o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie favorabil\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru mi\uc1 \u351 ?care.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sistem temperamental }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = G. Zapan abordeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
temperamentul \uc1 \u238 ?n mod siste-mic, ca ansamblu de subsisteme ierarhi-zate,
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare structurilor domi-nante: motor, afectiv, perceptiv,
imagi-nativ, ideativ. Indicii temperamentali se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la cele
dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese nervoase fun-damentale, excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia (for\uc1 \u355 ?a, intensitatea lor, echilibrul, mobilitatea,
perseveren\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, tonus afectiv, direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie).}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistematizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ope}
\langfenp1048 ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie de ordonare, organizare, dup\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit
criteriu a unor elemente concrete sau abstracte. La nivelul psihismului, aceast\uc1
\u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune pre-supune integritatea principalelor opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ii ale g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii (analiza, sinteza, compara\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
abstractizarea, generalizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i concreti-zarea), \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
diferitele niveluri ale siste-mului se presupune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui sis-tem
de reguli care constituie fundamen-tul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale. Absen\uc1 \u355 ?a siste-matiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii este un element de
marc\uc1 \u259 ? pentru toate tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tranzistorie - \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul celor acute \uc1 \u351 ?i
ireversibile, lent progresiv\uc1 \u259 ? - pentru cele cronice.}{\fs20 \dbch
\par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri0 \sb216 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin0 \cbpat16
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistemul al doilea de semnalizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 specific uman al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de semnali-}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zare dezvoltat pe
baza primului sistem al semnaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, dar superior \uc1 \u351 ?i opus
acestuia, ajung\uc1 \u226 ?nd s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 dirijeze \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ?
re-prezinte pentru persoana uman\uc1 \u259 ? instan-\uc1 \u355 ?a decisiv\uc1 \u259
? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglaj. Primele semnale ale realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii concrete, determin\uc1 \u259 ? excita\uc1 \u355 ?iile ce
produc senza\uc1 \u355 ?i-ile \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezent\uc1 \u259 ?rile noastre
referitoare la lumea extern\uc1 \u259 ?, constituind primul sistem de semnalizare
(informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional), iar limbajul ce se constituie datorit\uc1 \u259 ? ex-
cita\uc1 \u355 ?iilor ce sosesc la scoar\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de la orga-nele
vorbirii formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? semnalul de or-dinul al II-lea, adic\uc1 \u259 ?
semnale ale sem-nalelor. Cuvintele (limbajul) reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
sine abstragerea de la realitatea con-cret\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i
totodat\uc1 \u259 ? generalizarea specifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?a cu primul sistem, dar pe plan superior al unei g\uc1 \u226
?ndiri empirice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n final \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice, limbajul este instrumentul celei mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalte
orient\uc1 \u259 ?ri a omului \uc1 \u238 ?n lumea \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?
toare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n lumea lui proprie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rubinstein consider\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? meca-nismul fundamental al con\uc1 \u351 ?tientiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii este
integrarea verbal\uc1 \u259 ? a semnalelor senzoriale, includerea acestora \uc1
\u238 ?n cel de-al }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lea sistem de semnalizare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistemul gama }{\fs18
face par}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te din siste-mul de control asupra exercit\uc1 \u259 ?rii
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?-rilor voluntare, asigur\uc1 \u226 ?nd organizarea
\uc1 \u351 ?i modificarea etapelor tonice \uc1 \u351 ?i fazice ale sistemului
efector. Acest sistem de control, reprezentat \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd
de cerebel, ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra eferen\uc1 \u355 ?elor motorii,
influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd activitatea moto-neuronilor alfa medulari \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reticular\uc1
\u259 ?, activitatea siste-mului motoneuronilor gama-medulari. S. g. medular
intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea tonusului muscular, stare necesar\uc1
\u259 ? mo-tricitatii organismului. Se men\uc1 \u355 ?ine ast-fel o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? postur\uc1 \u259 ? fix\uc1 \u259 ?, se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? reflexele
posturale \uc1 \u351 ?i mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile fizice,}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 moto-neuronii gama
intervenind mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iile musculare rapide. Tulbu-
r\uc1 \u259 ?rile activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sistemului de control al
motricitatii voluntare al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de echilibru,
se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n sindroamele apraxic - ataxic sau
de discoordonare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sistemul limbic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este constituit din-tr-un ansamblu de structuri de
origine te-lencefalic\uc1 \u259 ?, form\uc1 \u226 ?nd un inel pe fa\uc1 \u355 ?a
in-tern\uc1 \u259 ? a emisferelor cerebrale. Este con-stituit din por\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile frontale inferioare \uc1 \u351 ?i perihilare ale cortexului \uc1 \u351 ?i
nucleii pro-funzi asocia\uc1 \u355 ?i acestor forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistemul nervos central
(S.N.C.) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = par-te a sistemului nervos de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie (soma-
tic) format de m\uc1 \u259 ?duva spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i encefal,
asigur\uc1 \u226 ?nd via\uc1 \u355 ?a de rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie a individului cu
mediul, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd rolul de a-1 adapta la condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile mereu
schimb\uc1 \u259 ?toare ale aces-tuia, stabilind prin aceasta unitatea dintre
organism \uc1 \u351 ?i mediu. \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t sistemul ner-vos
central constituie suportul anatomic al vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, afectarea sa la
nivelul oric\uc1 \u259 ?rei componente presupune apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui tablou
psihopatologic. Variabilita-tea tablourilor clinice care \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1
\u355 ?esc pro-cesele lezionale se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin comple-xitatea
structural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\b1
\langfenp1048 S.N.C.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sistemul nervos parasimpatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 om-ponent\uc1
\u259 ? a sistemului nervos vegetativ cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune general
inhibitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, colinergic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinind ritmul
cardiac, mic\uc1 \u351 ?or\uc1 \u226 ?nd pupila \uc1 \u351 ?i acceler\uc1 \u226 ?nd
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile tubului digestiv. Se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
antagonism func\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal constant cu componenta ortosimpa-tic\uc1 \u259 ?
a sistemului nervos vegetativ. Din punct de vedere anatomic este alc\uc1 \u259 ?
tuit din nuclei vegetativi (situa\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n trunchiul cerebral
\uc1 \u351 ?i la nivelul m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei sacrale), din ganglioni \uc1 \u351 ?i
fibre nervoase (\uc1 \u238 ?n pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i vecin\uc1 \u259 ?
tatea organelor).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Sistemul nervos simpatic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = compo-nenta}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
ortosimpatic\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului nervos vegetativ cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
general stimulativ\uc1 \u259 ? adrenergic\uc1 \u259 ? (similar\uc1 \u259 ?
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii adrena-linei), regl\uc1 \u226 ?nd contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1
\u351 ?i dilatarea vaselor din glandele salivare, viscere \uc1 \u351 ?i organele
sexuale, a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor pielii, orbitei, uterului, stomacului, etc. Se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n antagonism func\uc1 \u355 ?ional constant cu
componenta parasimpatic\uc1 \u259 ? a S. N. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V., }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
predomin\uc1 \u259 ?rii produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd un dezechilibru vegetativ, numit
sindrom simpaticotonic, cu efecte stimulative exagerate. Din punct de vedere anato-
mic este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit dintr-o serie de neu-roni \uc1 \u238 ?n regiunea
toracolombar\uc1 \u259 ? a m\uc1 \u259 ?du-vei spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, din dou\uc1
\u259 ? lan\uc1 \u355 ?uri gangliona-re situate bilateral coloanei vertebrale, din
plexuri \uc1 \u351 ?i termina\uc1 \u355 ?iuni nervoase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistemul nervos vegetativ (S.N.V.) }{\fs18
parte a sistemului nervos care as}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 igur\uc1 \u259 ? conducerea \uc1
\u351 ?i coordonarea func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii organelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n reglarea proce-selor fiziologice ale organelor interne.
Este foarte legat de sistemul nervos central, se supune controlului scoar\uc1 \u355
?ei cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i astfel se integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n uni-tatea
siste}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 mului nervos. Spre deosebire de sistemul nervos somatic, }{\b1
\langfenp1048 S.N.V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inerveaz\uc1 \u259 ? mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii
netezi din pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii or-ganelor interne, vasele sangvine, mu\uc1 \u351 ?-
chiul inimii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i glandele. \uc1 \u238 ?n S.N.V. influxul nervos
circul\uc1 \u259 ? cu o vitez\uc1 \u259 ? mult mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? dec\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul nervos so-matic, reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile fiind astfel foarte
lente. Activitatea S. N.V. are un carac-ter continuu, \uc1 \u238 ?n starea de veghe
ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul somnului. Ca \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul nervos de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie, }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S.N.V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit dintr-
o central\uc1 \u259 ? afl\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?duva
spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, trunchiul cerebral \uc1 \u351 ?i diencefal, unde este
reprezentat\uc1 \u259 ? de centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i ve-getativi. Por\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea periferic\uc1 \u259 ? este repre-zentat\uc1 \u259 ? de ganglioni
vegetativi \uc1 \u351 ?i fibre-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le vegetative. Din punct de vedere func-\uc1 \u355 ?
ional, este alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit din sistemul simpatic \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemul
parasimpatic, fiecare din ele av\uc1 \u226 ?nd o func\uc1 \u355 ?iune
central\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i una perife-ric\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin activitatea sa
variat\uc1 \u259 ?, S.N.V. exercit\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea constan\uc1
\u355 ?ei mediului intern (homeostazia intern\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i reglarea
func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor viscerelor, fiind un tot unitar, at\uc1 \u226 ?t din punct de
vedere anatomic, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i fiziologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sistemul psihic uman }{\fs18
conceptul de sistem a fost elaborat pe baza studiului anatomofiziologic al
organismului. Nici unul din componentele de baz\uc1 \u259 ? nu poate fi eliminat
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? ca \uc1 \u238 ?ntreg sistemul s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n-ceteze s\uc1 \u259 ? existe ca atare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n orice sistem ierarhia este obli-gatorie
\uc1 \u351 ?i componentele nu pot fi dispuse la acela\uc1 \u351 ?i nivel ca \uc1
\u238 ?ntr-o structur\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, teoria sistemelor,
informatica \uc1 \u351 ?i cibernetica au determinat o revolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
aduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd o reevaluare a tuturor concep-telor psihologiei tradi\uc1
\u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?n care fie-care proces psihic era considerat auto-nom
\uc1 \u351 ?i deta\uc1 \u351 ?at de toate celelalte. Aplica-rea principiului
interac\uc1 \u355 ?ionist \uc1 \u238 ?n elabora-rea unui model psihocomportamental,
de ansamblu, a permis o repunere a proble-mei unei interac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
obligatorie \uc1 \u238 ?ntre senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii-percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie, memorie,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i imagina\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u351 ?i toate acestea
numaidec\uc1 \u226 ?t legate de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire. Se deschide astfel calea
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii a ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? con-\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a uman\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ? se clasific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i raportul dintre subiectiv
\uc1 \u351 ?i obiectiv, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci acestea sunt considerate \uc1 \u238 ?n
unitate \uc1 \u351 ?i ca fiind reciproc converti-bile. Actele comportamentale sunt
interio-rizate \uc1 \u351 ?i transformate \uc1 \u238 ?n acte subiective, iar actele
subiective se exteriorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i devin acte comportamentale.
Aceasta \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n care se \uc1 \u355 ?ine
seama at\uc1 \u226 ?t de legile de organizare specifice pentru ceea ce este
senzorial \uc1 \u351 ?i mintal, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i cele ce}{\fs20
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?in de comportamentul exterior. Putem conchide
c\uc1 \u259 ? s. p. u. este un sistem ener-getic-informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, de o
complexitate suprem\uc1 \u259 ?, cu mecanisme perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionate de
autoorganizare \uc1 \u351 ?i auto-reglaj, fiind dotat cu dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii
selective antiredun-dante \uc1 \u351 ?i antialeatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i proprii de determinare. S. p. u. face parte din
macrosistemele fizic-biologic, socio-cultural. Este lesne de \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1
\u355 ?eles vasta complexitate a acestui sistem, dac\uc1 \u259 ? lu\uc1 \u259 ?m
\uc1 \u238 ?n considera\uc1 \u355 ?ie arhitectonica creierului omenesc, format din
24 mili-arde neuroni specializa\uc1 \u355 ?i, fiecare dintre ei \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd, prin 10 milioane de ramifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i neuroni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S. p. u. este un veri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tabil univers instalat
\uc1 \u238 ?n centrul sistemului socio-cultural \uc1 \u351 ?i beneficiind de
complexitatea acestora, de acumul\uc1 \u259 ?rile \uc1 \u351 ?i dezvoltarea lor
istoric\uc1 \u259 ?. S. p. u. rezultat progresiv din autoorganizare,
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? interac\uc1 \u355 ?i-unea dintre fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i lume \uc1 \u351 ?i mijloce\uc1 \u351 ?te existen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?n lumea omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ?. Ambila-teralitatea este deci o
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului psihic uman prin \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1
\u355 ?inerea leg\uc1 \u259 ?turii cu lumea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
simultan cu propria persoan\uc1 \u259 ? (organism).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Considerat frontal, s. p. u. este o structur\uc1 \u259 ?
de personalitate \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu lumea \uc1 \u351 ?i cu sine, func\uc1
\u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd printr-o dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? procesual\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i multidimensio-nal\uc1 \u259 ?. S. p. u. se compune din con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient \uc1 \u351 ?i incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca verig\uc1 \u259 ?
interme-diar\uc1 \u259 ? subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul. Dinamica acestei rela\uc1 \u355
?ii trebuie \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?
nd seama c\uc1 \u259 ? incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul apare simultan ca sfer\uc1 \u259 ?
interioar\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i ca zon\uc1 \u259 ? marginal\uc1
\u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele fiind un raport
de interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune. Structurile subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tientu-lui sunt \uc1
\u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? generate de activitatea con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul s. p. u. nu este posibil\uc1 \u259 ?
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a pur\uc1 \u259 ? l\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
activ\uc1 \u259 ?ri incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente de substrat. Anali-za pe verticala a s.
p. u. arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 realului se
exercit\uc1 \u259 ? de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre v\uc1 \u226 ?rful con\uc1 \u351 ?tient din
modelul piramidal al s. p. u. \uc1 \u238 ?n acesta, structurile cognitive de\uc1
\u355 ?in un loc central \uc1 \u351 ?i esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?
intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea realit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale din univers \uc1 \u351 ?i propria
fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Sistemul reticulat }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u8222 ?re\uc1 \u355 ?ea
fals\uc1 \u259 ?"); pe plan histologic este reprezentat at\uc1 \u226 ?t de
lan\uc1 \u355 ?uri neuronale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup\uc1 \u259 ?ri
celu-lare; se \uc1 \u238 ?ntinde de-a lungul m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei spi-n\uc1 \u259 ?
rii, al trunchiului cerebral, primind aferente \uc1 \u351 ?i transmi\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd eferen\uc1 \u355 ?e at\uc1 \u226 ?t lon-gitudinale c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i transversale. Func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, are rolul esen\uc1
\u355 ?ial \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de veghe \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n controlul excitabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii neu-ronilor
medulari. Componentele substan-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ei
reticulate sunt: \uc1 \u8226 ? forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reticula-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1
\u259 ? activatoarea \uc1 \u351 ?i ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u8226 ? forma\uc1 \u355 ?i-unea reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? descendent\uc1 \u259 ?
facilitatoare \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibitoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul reticulat sub forma sis-temelor
noradrenergice (noradrenalina), secretoninergice (serotonina) \uc1 \u351 ?i dopomi-
nergice (dopomina), se produce blocarea ritmului alfa, trezirea cortical\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia motorie. Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? se com-port\uc1 \u259 ? ca un acumulator de energie prove-
nit\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t din influxul nervos, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
din factori biochimici, reprezenta\uc1 \u355 ?i de presi-unea par\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? a bioxidului de carbon \uc1 \u351 ?i presiunea par\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? a oxigenului, cu efecte inverse (sensibilitatea deosebit\uc1
\u259 ? la hipoxie, at\uc1 \u226 ?t a forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunii reticulate c\uc1 \u226
?t \uc1 \u351 ?i a cortexului cerebral). Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea reticulat\uc1 \u259
? activatoare ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? este localizat\uc1 \u259 ? din partea
inferioar\uc1 \u259 ? a bulbu-lui p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la jonc\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea mezencefalo-diencefalic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i este conectat\uc1 \u259 ?
cu scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a prin c\uc1 \u259 ?i difuze polisinaptice, precum \uc1 \u351 ?
i cu alte structuri cu rol integrativ la ni-velul sistemului nervos central. Rolul
ei esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial este s\uc1 \u259 ? men\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? starea de
vi-gilen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a tonusului dinamogen al struc-turilor corticale
evocate. Forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunea}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? facilatoare
descendent\uc1 \u259 ? are aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i topografie cu sistemul reticulat
ascendent, dar are influen\uc1 \u355 ?e pozitive asupra neuronilor medulari \uc1
\u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de inhibare a reflexelor n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ociceptive.}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri
histologice recente au precizat existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor neuroni cu axon,
prezent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o ramur\uc1 \u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i una
descendent\uc1 \u259 ?, de unde presupune-rea c\uc1 \u259 ? exist\uc1 \u259 ? o
singur\uc1 \u259 ? forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune reti-culat\uc1 \u259 ? cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iune bipolar\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei reticulate determin\uc1 \u259 ? manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri
clinice polimorfe: tumori, abcese, hemoragii, hematoame, come extracerebrale, car-
diatice, hepatice, renale, dismetabolice, diabetice, toxice, etc. Se mai descrie
\uc1 \u351 ?i mutismul akinetic, frecvent confundat cu st\uc1 \u259 ?rile
comatoase, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? dispari\uc1 \u355 ?iei oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui act motor
voluntar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie limit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u238 ?mprejur\uc1 \u259 ?ri acut problematice ale fiin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane; stare
privilegiat\uc1 \u259 ? de lucidita-te revelatoare, ce se constituie ca \uc1
\u238 ?ncer-care moral-metafizic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care fiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
uman\uc1 \u259 ?, confrunt\uc1 \u226 ?nd Eul cu precaritatea condi\uc1 \u355 ?iei
sale, dob\uc1 \u226 ?nde\uc1 \u351 ?te statutul au-tenticit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii existen\uc1 \u355 ?iale, sesiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd coor-donatele ontologice ale
trecerii sale prin lume.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Slama - Cazacu Tatiana (n. 1920) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psiholog rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, membru fondator al
Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihologilor din Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia (1964), Director al
Laboratorului de psiholingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? aplicat\uc1 \u259 ?, la Universita-tea
din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti. A fost redactor res-ponsabil al publica\uc1 \u355 ?iei
\uc1 \u8222 ?Revista de psi-hologie" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?Revue roumaine des
scien-ces sociales"; \uc1 \u8222 ?Serie Psychologie" (1958-1972) fondator \uc1
\u351 ?i redactor \uc1 \u351 ?ef al revistei \uc1 \u8222 ?Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional
journal of psy-cholingvistic", Haga, (1972), pre\uc1 \u351 ?edin-tele Grupului
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n de lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? (1971), vicepre\uc1 \u351 ?edintele
Asocia-\uc1 \u355 ?iei Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ionale pentru limbajul copi-lului (1972-
1975). A efectuat numeroase cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri, mai ales de
psiholingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?. A sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut numeroase cursuri \uc1 \u351 ?i
conferin\uc1 \u355 ?e de specialitate \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u259 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?tate, inclusiv la Paris -
Universitatea Rene Descartes(1980).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere principale: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Rela\uc1
\u355 ?iile din-tre g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i limbaj \uc1 \u238 ?n
ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ?" (3-7 ani) (1975), sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i ca tez\uc1 \u259 ? de docto-rat; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i
context"; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Problema limbajului \uc1 \u238 ?n
concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia exprim\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a interpret\uc1 \u259 ?rii
prin organiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri contextuale" (1959), versiune francez\uc1 \u259 ?, Haga,
1961 -spaniol\uc1 \u259 ?, Barcelona, 1972; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Dialogul la
copii" (1961, ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?n limba ceh\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i englez\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?Comunicarea \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul muncii" (1964); \uc1 \u8226 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?Introducere \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?", (1968,
traducere \uc1 \u238 ?n englez\uc1 \u259 ? - Haga \uc1 \u351 ?i italian\uc1 \u259 ?
- Bologna 1973); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?At-las de psihologie", (1968 - \uc1
\u238 ?n colabora-re). \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?La psycholingvisticque - Lectu-
res", (Paris 1972); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri asupra
comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii 1973" (sub red.); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a-rea limbii" (1973 sub red); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?
The Psycholingvistic Approach in the Rou-manian - English"; \uc1 \u8222 ?
Contrastive Analy-sis Project" (sub red. 1975); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Lecturi
de psiholingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?" (1980); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Stratage-me
comunica\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i manipularea" (2000); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?La langue et Ies parlants"; \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Language and its
users" - \uc1 \u8222 ?Limba \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbitorii" (2003). A elaborat peste 200
de studii \uc1 \u351 ?i articole \uc1 \u238 ?n reviste de specialitate din \uc1
\u355 ?ar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de peste hotare. Fiind profesor consultant duce
o vast\uc1 \u259 ? activitate \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i a organizat \uc1 \u238 ?n timp un puternic grup de psiholingvi\uc1 \u351 ?
ti tineri. Cel mai binecunoscut psiholog rom\uc1 \u226 ?n pe plan interna\uc1 \u355
?ional pentru contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii ori-ginale \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul psiho-
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deliberat, \uc1 \u238 ?n vede-rea atingerii unei norme ponderale ide-ale (dorite).
Sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea num\uc1 \u259 ?rului de kilograme constituie o indica\uc1 \u355
?ie medi-cal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul persoanelor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
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mimetic\uc1 \u259 ? simul\uc1 \u226 ?nd administra\uc1 \u355 ?ia pentru ceea ce
este la mo-d\uc1 \u259 ?. Oportunism socio-cultural, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de
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propriile sale calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, inca-pabil s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u351 ?i aprecieze just propria va-loare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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tur\uc1 \u259 ? de personali-tate sau atitudine ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
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de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii pe plan social.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
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irile temperamentale, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de interiorizarea unor modele de
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atitudine se schimb\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? modificarea pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei
persoanei \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sale
interpersonale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
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refer\uc1 \u259 ? la modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile comportamentu-lui \uc1 \u238 ?n sens
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receptare, orientare, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
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realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u8222 ?microscopice" a societ\uc1
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pului studiat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sociopatologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 itate de influen-\uc1 \u355 ?are a patologiei persoanei de c\uc1
\u259 ?tre gra-dul de \uc1 \u8222 ?psihopatologie" care caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? societate. In geneza manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihopatologice
ale indi-vidului, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n intensitatea sau coloratu-ra
acestora este implicat un mod de ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-une al societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n general, sau al unor segmente ale acestora (clase sociale,
par-tide, categorii profesionale). Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia de str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ? interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dintre psihopato-logia individului
\uc1 \u351 ?i sociopatologie este evident\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sociopsihiatrie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = din punct de vede}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re
al ansamblului social, sociologia este lega-t\uc1 \u259 ? de psihiatrie, dat fiind
faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? nici via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? normal\uc1 \u259 ?,
nici cea patolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? nu pot fi concepute \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?
a me-diului care le \uc1 \u238 ?nglobeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i care contri-buie
la formarea \uc1 \u351 ?i structurarea lor. Tipul de societate \uc1 \u351 ?i
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n care se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n mod direct, modul de manifestare al
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane, aceasta purt\uc1 \u226 ?nd semnul
culturii \uc1 \u351 ?i mentalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sociale ale societ\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii c\uc1 \u259 ?reia apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Socioterapie geriatric\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
ansamblu de m\uc1 \u259 ?suri terapeutice cu caracter social destinate
pacien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u8222 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei a IlI-a". Pentru ace\uc1
\u351 ?tia exist\uc1 \u259 ? o dificultate \uc1 \u238 ?n practica medical\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n privin\uc1 \u355 ?a stabilirii diagnosticului; cererile acestora
sunt supradimensionate \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu reala lor stare de s\uc1 \u259 ?
n\uc1 \u259 ?tate. Cauzele suferin\uc1 \u355 ?elor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 b\uc1 \u259 ?tr\uc1 \u226 ?nilor sunt difuze,
nespecifice, ca atare \uc1 \u351 ?i diagnosticul este dificil, tulbu-re, aleator,
ceea ce se adaug\uc1 \u259 ? prescrip-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor medicale tot cu
dificultate. Terapia v\uc1 \u226 ?rstnicilor este dificil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
de cele mai multe ori nu se sondeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu vindecarea. Nu se poate
vindeca \uc1 \u238 ?mb\uc1 \u259 ?-tr\uc1 \u226 ?nirea, dar i se poate \uc1 \u238 ?
mbun\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i cali-tatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Soniatoestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie
a proceselor ce se produc \uc1 \u238 ?n segmentele somatice sau corporale.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Somarognozie }
\langfenp1048 = imaginea pe care persoana \uc1 \u351 ?i-o formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
despre propriul s\uc1 \u259 ?u corp ca func\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238
?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu. Se raporteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la no\uc1 \u355 ?iunile de schem\uc1
\u259 ? corporal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i asomatognozie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Somestezie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
sistemului sen-zorial somatic care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n transmi-terea
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor de la receptorii su-prafe\uc1 \u355 ?ei corporale,
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi \uc1 \u351 ?i articula\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Acestea se integreaz\uc1
\u259 ? cortical, \uc1 \u238 ?n lobul parietal, la nivelul homunculusului sen-
zitiv. Aceste procese stau la baza ela-bor\uc1 \u259 ?rii senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
somatice (tactile, ter-mice, algice, kinestezice, dureroase). Aceste informa\uc1
\u355 ?ii ajung \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?duva spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin cele 31 de
r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cini dorsale ale nervilor rahidieni, trec la forma\uc1
\u355 ?ia reticular\uc1 \u259 ? a bulbului, apoi la pretube-ran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, mezencefal, cerebel, talamus \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n final lobul
parietal (homunculus).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Somn }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = fenomen fiziologic natural de o importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? pentru viaja omului prin rolul biologic \uc1 \u238 ?n economia
organismului, ocup\uc1 \u226 ?nd aproximativ 1/3 din existen\uc1 \u355 ?a omului.
Este o stare reversibil\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd are loc
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor adaptative superioare a senza\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor senzitivo-moto-rii cu mediul ambiant \uc1 \u351 ?i dimin}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 uarea}
majorit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii func\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor organismului. S. se
deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de st\uc1 \u259 ?rile patologice, de pier-derea cuno\uc1
\u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei prin aceea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n somn subiectul
poate fi trezit prin stimul\uc1 \u259 ?ri senzoriale. S. reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un
mecanism homeostatic \uc1 \u238 ?n refacerea func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd un caracter bioritmic preventiv, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t nu apare
numai \uc1 \u238 ?n urma
uzurii func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i a oboselii. Mecanismele trecerii de la
starea de veghe la somn \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii naturale sunt mixte, \uc1
\u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? reduc at\uc1 \u226 ?t motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia, c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i fluxul senzo-rial, \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul s., principalele
func\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale creierului diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? ritmul cardiac, presiunea
arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, temperatura corpora-l\uc1 \u259 ?, metabolismul gazos \uc1
\u351 ?i tonusul muscu-lar. Aceste aspecte sunt o urmare a sc\uc1 \u259 ?-derii
tonusului centrilor respectivi care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n forma\uc1
\u355 ?iunea reticulat\uc1 \u259 ? a trun-chiului cerebral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Date recente sus\uc1 \u355 ?in existen\uc1
\u355 ?a a do-u\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri de somn: \uc1 \u8226 ? somnul lent, clasic, cu
unde lente; \uc1 \u8226 ? somnul rapid sau para-doxal, caracterizat printr-o
activitate cor-tical\uc1 \u259 ? rapid\uc1 \u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?ntrerupe
periodic somnul lent, aceasta fiind expresia acti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
onirice (vise). Somnul rapid sau somnul paradoxal se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-o activitate electric\uc1 \u259 ? desincroni-zat\uc1 \u259 ?, rapid\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i plat\uc1 \u259 ?, at\uc1 \u226 ?t la nivel cortical c\uc1
\u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivel diencefalic, prin dispari\uc1 \u355 ?ia activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii musculare pe EMG \uc1 \u351 ?i prin varia\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cardiovasculare \uc1 \u351 ?i respiratorii. Acest tip de somn are o propor\uc1
\u355 ?ie de 20 -40% din somnul comportamental. Feno-menele somatice \uc1 \u238 ?n
somnul rapid sunt foarte clare spre deosebire de somnul lent.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Somnanibulisni }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = automatism ambula-
tor nocturn. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Este o manifestare nocturn\uc1 \u259 ? neepileptic\uc1
\u259 ?, de origine psihoreactiv\uc1 \u259 ?, care apare la indivizi instabili,
iritabili, afla\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare conflictual\uc1 \u259 ?
generatoa-re de st\uc1 \u259 ?ri anxioase. Electroclinic, acest}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fenomen se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o disocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie: \uc1 \u238 ?n timp cu
electro-encefalo-grama are un aspect de \uc1 \u8222 ?trezire" \uc1 \u351 ?i pa-
cientul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un automatism ambu-lator, el continu\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n realitate s\uc1 \u259 ? doarm\uc1 \u259 ?. Deplasarea \uc1 \u238 ?n
stare de somn pro-fund reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o tulburare a somnului. Se presupune
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile somnam-bulismului nu func\uc1
\u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? normal in-hibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de protec\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
\uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce unele zone cerebrale responsabile pentru mi\uc1 \u351 ?-care
sunt reactivate. \uc1 \u238 ?n literatura de specialitate se sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine
teoria originii psihogene a somnambulismului care apare la copii cu o
structur\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? particular\uc1 \u259 ?. Tratamentul
vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u238 ?n toate psihogeniile, respectarea unor condi\uc1
\u355 ?ii de psihoigien\uc1 \u259 ?, administrarea unor sedative \uc1 \u238 ?n a
doua parte a zilei, a unor antidepresive de tip iminiprami-nic. Episoade somnabule
au fost obser-vate la copii cu st\uc1 \u259 ?ri febrile, la adul\uc1 \u355 ?i
dup\uc1 \u259 ? un efort fizic sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u351 ?i prelungit. (Vezi
Anexa A - Fig. 31.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Somnolen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune de
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere pe baz\uc1 \u259 ? de sondaj al popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei cu
privire la starea intermediar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre veghe \uc1 \u351 ?i
somn, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd persoana face eforturi ca s\uc1 \u259 ? nu adoarm\uc1
\u259 ?. Este o stare tranzitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, generat\uc1 \u259 ? de un efort fizic
deosebit, cu lips\uc1 \u259 ? prelungit\uc1 \u259 ? de somn, frig excesiv,
supradoz\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu substan\uc1 \u355 ?e tranchilizante (hipnotice,
neuroleptice, afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni orga-nice ale creierului, cum ar fi encefalite,
traume cerebrale, encefalopa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tii secun-dare, etc). Tratamentul este
etiopato-genic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Somnolocvie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vorbire \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul som-nului, de natur\uc1
\u259 ? psihogen\uc1 \u259 ?; se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? pe fond de surmenaj, de
senilitate sau ca reactivitate epileptic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Somnoterapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
cur\uc1 \u259 ? de somn);}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 metod\uc1 \u259 ? de terapie biologic\uc1 \u259 ? bazat\uc1 \u259 ?
pe efectul anxiolitic \uc1 \u351 ?i reparatoriu al som-nului, prin ob\uc1 \u355 ?
inerea unui somn disconti-nuu, de profunzime variabil\uc1 \u259 ? ca durat\uc1
\u259 ? (de la c\uc1 \u226 ?teva zile - la c\uc1 \u226 ?teva s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1
\u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni, prin folosirea barbituricilor). Aplicarea }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 curei trebuie precedat\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
un examen cli-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nic general necesar efectu\uc1 \u259 ?rii bilan\uc1 \u355
?ului somatic \uc1 \u351 ?i excluderii bolnavilor cardio-vasculari, hepatici,
isterici, renali, asma-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-
1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tici, tuberculo\uc1 \u351 ?i, v\uc1 \u226 ?rstnici. Dac\uc1 \u259 ?
totu\uc1 \u351 ?i, la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aceste cazuri este necesar\uc1 \u259 ? imperios cura de
somn, ea va fi asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu terapia de sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere a func\uc1
\u355 ?iilor vitale. Somnotera-pia este indicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n:
anxietate, depresie, traumatism afectiv, depresie melancoli-c\uc1 \u259 ?, afec\uc1
\u355 ?iuni psihosomatice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Spasm }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = contractur\uc1 \u259 ? brusc\uc1 \u259 ?,
involunta-r\uc1 \u259 ?, repetitiv\uc1 \u259 ? a unor mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi sau grupe
de mu\uc1 \u351 ?chi netezi sau stria\uc1 \u355 ?i, care poate fi de scurt\uc1
\u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te spasm clonic, iar
dac\uc1 \u259 ? este de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? se nume\uc1 \u351 ?te
spasm tonic. Ambele spasme sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-nite \uc1 \u238 ?n
logonevroze, la nivelul muscula-turii fonoarticulatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i al mu\uc1
\u351 ?chilor laringelui (laringospasm). Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351
?te \uc1 \u351 ?i spasmul pl\uc1 \u226 ?nsului \uc1 \u238 ?n hohot la sugar \uc1
\u351 ?i copilul mic (f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? pierderea urinei).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spasmofemie }
\langfenp1048 = termen generic desem-n\uc1 \u226 ?nd o serie de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri ale vorbirii cu caracter spastic (vezi balbism, logone-vroz\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spasmofilie }{\fs18 \dbch
(tetanie cronic\uc1 \u259 ? consti-tu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? sau
ideopatic\uc1 \u259 ?); stare de limit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre normal \uc1
\u351 ?i boal\uc1 \u259 ? (crize de tetanie, simptome permanente somatice \uc1
\u351 ?i psihi-ce). Apar predominant la femei tinere \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de conflictualitate, \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a
unor modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri biologice nota-bile (normocalcemie sau u\uc1 \u351 ?
oar\uc1 \u259 ? hipocal-cemie). Spasmofilia constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
ideo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 patic\uc1
\u259 ? este predispus\uc1 \u259 ? spre spasme \uc1 \u351 ?i crize spasmodice
distinse de tetania hipoparatiroidian\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ?
dup\uc1 \u259 ? tiro-idectomie. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a s. este practic pu\uc1 \u355 ?
in cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?sp\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?.
Sexul feminin este afectat preponderent (81,6 %), iar ca v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 25-55. Se tratea-z\uc1 \u259 ? cu injec\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu calciu
bromat \uc1 \u238 ?n ven\uc1 \u259 ?. Crize, ame\uc1 \u355 ?eli sau crampe ale ex-
tremit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor (spasm carpopedal), hiper-tonia muscular\uc1
\u259 ?, sunt specifice tetaniei clonice. \uc1 \u238 ?n cea cronic\uc1 \u259 ?, se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? sl\uc1 \u259 ?biciunea muscular\uc1 \u259 ?, palpita\uc1 \u355
?iile, spasmele viscerale (esofagiene, gastri-ce, intestinale) tensiune emo\uc1
\u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, spasmul pleoapelor sau al gurii, apar \uc1 \u238 ?n criza
tetanic\uc1 \u259 ? neurogen\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia spasmofiliei este \uc1 \u238 ?ngri-
jor\uc1 \u259 ?toare, de\uc1 \u351 ?i pot exista multe \uc1 \u351 ?i lungi perioade
intercritice de laten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?n unitate cu
timpul); form\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i universal\uc1 \u259 ?
de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a materiei, \uc1 \u238 ?n ve\uc1 \u351 ?
nic\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?care, reflect\uc1 \u226 ?nd raporturile de
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dintre obiecte sau fenomene sau dintre componentele
lor, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de dimensiuni, distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu altele. Propriet\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile caracteristice ale spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului (pe care se
sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? geometria euclidian\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i meca-nica
newtonian\uc1 \u259 ?) ar fi urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele: spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul este
omogen, izotop, tridimen-sional \uc1 \u351 ?i divizibil. Pe parcursul evalu\uc1
\u259 ?-rii cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rilor propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile spa\uc1
\u355 ?iale nu mai sunt acelea\uc1 \u351 ?i. Dimensiunile corpu-rilor variaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de viteza deplas\uc1 \u259 ?rii (fiind
dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de factorul timp ca dimensiune a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rii), \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de factorul gravita\uc1 \u355 ?ional, de
gradul de concentrare \uc1 \u351 ?i reparti\uc1 \u355 ?ie a maselor, etc.
Progresele \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?elor bio-logice, psihologice, sociale au
condus la l\uc1 \u259 ?rgirea determin\uc1 \u259 ?rilor spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale. Pro-
gresul cert al cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii prin ipotezele \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ifice, const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sublinierea aspec-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tului
calitat}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 iv al infinitului spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial, \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?
ns\uc1 \u259 ? corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu infinitul temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i cu
diferitele modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care din univers. Prin
construc\uc1 \u355 ?ii intelectuale spa-\uc1 \u355 ?iul este des\uc1 \u259 ?
v\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?it, p\uc1 \u259 ?str\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i
totu\uc1 \u351 ?i caracteristicile euclidiene, iar pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte,
\uc1 \u238 ?n toate varia\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale concrete, este m\uc1 \u259 ?surat
prin etaloane,
utilizat \uc1 \u351 ?i proiectat. Asupra conceperii s. influen-\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1
\u259 ? modelele culturale, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ia, ex-perien\uc1 \u355 ?a proprie,
atitudinile, etc. Psiho-logic, s. este tr\uc1 \u259 ?it \uc1 \u351 ?i transferat
\uc1 \u238 ?n plan mental, construit prin interioriz\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?ri, implicit \uc1 \u238 ?n toate interac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nile cu
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a. (Andrei Cosmovici -\uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia General\uc1
\u259 ?" \uc1 \u351 ?i,.Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionarul de Psihologie", P. Popescu
Neveanu.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Spina Bifida }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie congenital\uc1 \u259 ? a
coloanei vertebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i a m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei spin\uc1 \u259 ?-rii
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n bifiditatea \uc1 \u351 ?i fisura apofi-zelor
spinoase vertebrale. Malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ia canalului vertebral, mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n regiunea lombal-sacral\uc1 \u259 ?, poate fi uneori hernia \uc1 \u238 ?n-
veli\uc1 \u351 ?urilor m\uc1 \u259 ?duvei sau \uc1 \u355 ?esutului nervos.
Mecanismul de producere const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n opri-rea \uc1 \u238 ?n
dezvoltare a arcurilor vertebrale. Frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n popula\uc1
\u355 ?ia general\uc1 \u259 ? este de 0,2%; riscul genetic este de 2% pentru rudele
de gradul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De obicei malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ia r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226
?ne ne-cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?sunet clinic,
fiind iden-tificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ?tor, la
examenul radio-logie. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n dehiscen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? este antrenant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i m\uc1 \u259 ?duva, apar tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri vezicale \uc1 \u351 ?i intestinale. In genere se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu
alte malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ii congenitale: buz\uc1 \u259 ? de iepure, torace \uc1
\u238 ?n p\uc1 \u226 ?lnie, \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar cu afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni neurologice
(enurezisul).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Spirit }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = factor ideal al existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, opus materiei. \uc1 \u238 ?n
limbajul comun este sino-nim cu ra\uc1 \u355 ?iunea, inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a,
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea, con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n
expresia \uc1 \u8222 ?om de spirit" semnific\uc1 \u259 ? voiciunea g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii, spontan}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 s}
\langfenp1048 exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o conversa\uc1 \u355 ?ie cuceri-
toare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care abund\uc1 \u259 ? replici prompte, umorul \uc1 \u351 ?i
originalitatea expresiei. \uc1 \u238 ?n sens religios \uc1 \u351 ?i teologic,
spiritul denot\uc1 \u259 ? o entitate imaterial\uc1 \u259 ?, absolut\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i trans-cendent\uc1 \u259 ? - divinitatea creatoare a lumii naturale
\uc1 \u351 ?i a omului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Spiritism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = credin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de orice acoperire real\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor spirite deta\uc1 \u351 ?ate de corpul celor care au
murit. Practic\uc1 \u259 ? mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? de neomagicieni, pretinz\uc1
\u226 ?nd comunicarea mijlocit\uc1 \u259 ? cu spirite ale mor\uc1 \u355 ?ilor. \uc1
\u238 ?n realitate, cei cuprin\uc1 \u351 ?i de trans\uc1 \u259 ? au pulsiunea ideo-
motorie mediat\uc1 \u259 ? a propriilor g\uc1 \u226 ?nduri \uc1 \u351 ?i aspira\uc1
\u355 ?ii. Cercetarea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? a de-monstrat
\uc1 \u238 ?n mod conving\uc1 \u259 ?tor imposibi-litatea existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei
separate a spiritului, deta\uc1 \u351 ?area acestuia de baza sa material\uc1
Spontaneitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = manifestare liber\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
autentic\uc1 \u259 ? de energii psihice, proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie direct\uc1 \u259 ?,
natural\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? scop prealabil \uc1 \u351 ?i efort
volitiv a unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihice. Manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile
spontane se opun mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor orientate con\uc1 \u351 ?tient,
voluntare sau provocate prin condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare. \uc1 \u238 ?n sfe-ra
psihismului, se disting fenomene de tip spontan at\uc1 \u226 ?t la nivel senzorio-
perceptiv (aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie spontan\uc1 \u259 ?), c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i la
nivel intelectual \uc1 \u351 ?i afectiv).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i un fel de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are spon-tan\uc1 \u259 ?, opus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii dirijate. Actele de creativitate sunt
legate prin defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie de spontaneitatea spiritului creator. Spon-
taneitatea este maxim\uc1 \u259 ? la copii (mai ales prin jocuri diversificate)
\uc1 \u351 ?i des-cre\uc1 \u351 ?te progresiv cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta, fiind u\uc1
\u351 ?or \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuit\uc1 \u259 ? prin bradipsihie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sport }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = complexe de exerci\uc1 \u355 ?
ii \uc1 \u351 ?i jocuri practicate conform unor reguli precise sub form\uc1 \u259 ?
de \uc1 \u238 ?ntrecere, de lupt\uc1 \u259 ? pentru ob\uc1 \u355 ?inerea victoriei,
\uc1 \u238 ?n concursuri \uc1 \u351 ?i sis}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 teme competi\uc1
\u355 ?ionale. Ca activitate ludi-c\uc1 \u259 ?, pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere a mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii, care poate deveni pasiune \uc1 \u351 ?i aspira\uc1 \u355 ?
ie spre v\uc1 \u226 ?rful piramidei valorilor na\uc1 \u355 ?ionale sau
interna\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Sportul de performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? presupune
exis-ten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? unei motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii superioare, puter-nice,
a unor interese personale sau colec-tive. Pe plan psihic, activitatea
sportiv\uc1 \u259 ? exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
multilateral\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd valen\uc1 \u355 ?e psihosociale,
declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudini \uc1
\u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul spectatorilor, a adversarilor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stadiu \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie }{\fs18 \dbch
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de dez-voltare \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ?. J. Piaget
stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te caracteristicile dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii stadiale: \uc1 \u8226
? sta-diul este conceput ca structur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i nu ca juxtapunere de
propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i; \uc1 \u8226 ? structurile unui stadiu devin
parte integrant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sta-diul urm\uc1 \u259 ?tor; \uc1
\u8226 ? fiecare stadiu con\uc1 \u355 ?ine o faz\uc1 \u259 ? de preg\uc1 \u259 ?
tire \uc1 \u351 ?i una de definitivare, de integrare, adesea concomitent\uc1
\u259 ? cu momentul de preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire a stadiului urm\uc1 \u259 ?-tor;
\uc1 \u8226 ? se admit anumite limite normale \uc1 \u238 ?n durata \uc1 \u351 ?i
situarea stadiilor \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii ontogenetice, dar ordi-nea este neschimbat\uc1 \u259 ?.
Dezvoltarea uma-n\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectual\uc1
\u259 ? este un proces continuu, dar nu linear, ci trec\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin diverse
stadii evolutive. No\uc1 \u355 ?iunea se \uc1 \u238 ?n-t\uc1 \u226 ?lne\uc1 \u351 ?
te at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n epistemologia genetic\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia general\uc1 \u259 ? a copilului \uc1 \u351
?i \uc1 \u238 ?n psihanaliz\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n epistemologia gene-
tic\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u226 ? J. Piaget, dezvoltarea intelec-tual\uc1 \u259 ? a
copilului se face \uc1 \u238 ?n cinci etape mari: \uc1 \u8226 ? senzorio-motorii
(0-2 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? pre-operatorie (2-4 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? intuitiv\uc1 \u259
? (4-7 ani); \uc1 \u8226 ? a opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor concrete (8-11 ani); \uc1
\u8226 ? a opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor formale (12-14 ani). Etapele sunt subdivizate la
r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul lor, \uc1 \u238 ?n stadii, stadiul fiind privit ca o stare de
echilibru pasager, cu r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cini \uc1 \u238 ?n trecut \uc1
\u351 ?i poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i pentru viitor, de la
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 16 ani exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd 24 de
stadii generale (Gesell).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 St\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?cie }{\fs18 \dbch
lips\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?ndem\uc1 \u226 ?nare, de abilitate \uc1 \u238 ?n
comportare, \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, \uc1 \u238 ?n-tr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u238 ?n comportamen-tul motor, apar dificult\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de coordona-re, de conduit\uc1 \u259 ?, specifice persoanelor
timide \uc1 \u351 ?i ca un efect al unui sentiment de inferioritate. St\uc1 \u226 ?
ngaciul are laterali-tate dominant\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ?
(m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, picior, ochi, ureche) opus\uc1 \u259 ? dreptacilor.
No\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nea de asimetrie func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? a emisfe-relor
cerebrale explic\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenul de lateralitate. La st\uc1 \u226 ?ngaci,
performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele realizate la scris cu m\uc1 \u226 ?na dreapt\uc1 \u259 ?
nu vor egala niciodat\uc1 \u259 ? performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele po-ten\uc1 \u355 ?iale
ale m\uc1 \u226 ?inii st\uc1 \u226 ?ngi, iar contrarie-rea lateralit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii st\uc1 \u226 ?ngi, poate avea ca efect o serie de
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ca: dislalie, dislexie-disgrafie, balbismul, lentoarea,
ticuri, crampe, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri mnezico-pro-xemice. St\uc1 \u226 ?ngacii sunt
subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i nor-mali \uc1 \u351 ?i nu deficien\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i
nu trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? inducem tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri de inferioritate sau eventuale
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Stare hipnoidal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare intermediar\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre veghe \uc1 \u351 ?i somn caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin atenuarea
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii perceptive, o \uc1 \u238 ?n-cetinire a
proceselor cerebrale \uc1 \u351 ?i o di-minuare a c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului con\uc1 \u351
?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei (obnu-bilare).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Statut }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o serie de
drepturi \uc1 \u351 ?i datorii ale unei persoane care ocup\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul social. In psihologia
social\uc1 \u259 ? statutul se define\uc1 \u351 ?te ca ansamblu de comportamente pe
care o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? le poate a\uc1 \u351 ?tepta sau pretinde \uc1 \u238 ?n
chip legitim fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine din partea altora. Problematica
statutului este \uc1 \u238 ?n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu cea a rolului, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui statut
\uc1 \u238 ?i corespunde un rol.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? Statutul social este pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau
prestigiul pe care-1 are o persoan\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau un grup \uc1 \u238 ?
n societate. In statutul social sunt cuprinse: profesiunea, venitul, pu-}{\fs20
\sect }\sectd \sbkpage
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terea, nivelul cultural,
apartenen\uc1 \u355 ?a etnic\uc1 \u259 ?, religioas\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. \uc1 \u8226 ?
Statutul de medic-logo-ped-psiholog se define\uc1 \u351 ?te prin: - compe-
ten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? - profesional\uc1 \u259 ?; -
universa-lism (nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i alege pacien\uc1 \u355 ?ii); - specificita-te
profesional\uc1 \u259 ?; - neutralitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?; - altruism. \uc1
\u8226 ? Statutul \uc1 \u351 ?i rolul bolnavului: obliga\uc1 \u355 ?ia de a-\uc1
\u351 ?i dori \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?to\uc1 \u351 ?ire \uc1 \u351 ?
i de a colabora loial \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sens.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 St\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nire de sine }{\fs18 \dbch
capacitatea de a-\uc1 \u355 ?i controla propriile atitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii (in-stincte, porniri spontane, exprimare ora-l\uc1 \u259 ?,
atitudini de respingere a tendin\uc1 \u355 ?elor ce se opun scopului urm\uc1
\u259 ?rit). Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? capacitate se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe parcursul
maturiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii individului, fiind implicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
procesul adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii la realitate. St\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea de
sine nu este egal\uc1 \u259 ? cu reprimarea for\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i nu se confund\uc1 \u259 ? cu reprimarea spontaneit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii. Ea trebuie \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eleas\uc1 \u259 ? ca lupta cu tine \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u355 ?i, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i cu dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
externe. Este o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de personalitate.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stenic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalit}
\langfenp1048 ate echilibrat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special sub aspect
afectiv, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? influen\uc1 \u355 ?ele exterioare nu
provoac\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii puternic impregnate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional.
Este personalitatea care la stres reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o
atitudine echilibrat\uc1 \u259 ?, (manifest\uc1 \u259 ? rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?) f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? amplificarea intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei stresante \uc1 \u351 ?i a consecin\uc1 \u355 ?elor acesteia.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stenic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare psihic\uc1 \u259 ? caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ia cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? (psihic\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i
fizic\uc1 \u259 ? de energie \uc1 \u351 ?i for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Este una
din componen-tele st\uc1 \u259 ?rii de s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tate, dar poate
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea la dimensiuni exacerbate \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
patolo-gice: be\uc1 \u355 ?ie, (alcool, droguri, euforia din sindroamele
hipomaniacale sau maniaca-le), psihozele paranoice sau parafrenice cu component\uc1
\u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? euforic\uc1 \u259 ? unde este sus\uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ? de cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea (anormal\uc1 \u259 ?) a nivelului
instinctiv-afectiv.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Stereoagno}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zie = tulburarea recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-terii
formei obiectelor percepute tactil.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stereotip dinamic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = complex de refle-xe condi\uc1
\u355 ?ionate care se desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ordine nemodificat\uc1 \u259 ? pe toat\uc1 \u259 ? durata
c\uc1 \u226 ?t stereotipul se p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
ordine a desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii reflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionate deriv\uc1 \u259 ? din interconectare, din faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? un reflex
\uc1 \u238 ?l condi\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe urm\uc1 \u259 ?torul.
Ordinea \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul stereo-tipului dinamic este p\uc1 \u259 ?strat\uc1
\u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n ceea ce prive\uc1 \u351 ?te aplicarea
stimulilor, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia reac\uc1
\u355 ?iilor. La formarea stereotipului dinamic are loc o intens\uc1 \u259 ?
participare cortical\uc1 \u259 ?, unde se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u8222 ?
matri\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?" (P. Popescu
Neveanu), \uc1 \u238 ?n a\uc1 \u351 ?a fel \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t primul
stimul declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?n serie,
care devine stimul pentru o nou\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, iar acest
lan\uc1 \u355 ? de reflexe condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionate este controlat prin feed-back.
Realizarea stereotipului dinamic presupune \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a-
re \uc1 \u351 ?i apoi consolidare; prin lipsa repet\uc1 \u259 ?-rii el poate
disp\uc1 \u259 ?rea, iar dac\uc1 \u259 ? a fost bine consolidat, inversarea ordinei
stimuli-lor sau \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuirea unora cu stimuli neutri, nu influen\uc1 \u355
?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? caracterul \uc1 \u351 ?i or-dinea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. S-ar
putea interpreta c\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? consolidarea unui s.d. nu mai este
implicat\uc1 \u259 ? participarea cortical\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov
considera s.d. baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea deprinderilor, a
configura\uc1 \u355 ?iilor logice, a sentimentelor \uc1 \u351 ?i a a}{\fs18
ltor acte compor-tamentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Stereotipie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudini motorii, expresii verbale
(stereotipie verbal\uc1 \u259 ?), caracteri-zate prin fixarea \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? static\uc1 \u259 ? sau repetitiv\uc1 \u259 ? ce
se prelunge\uc1 \u351 ?te nedefinit, inutil \uc1 \u351 ?i neadaptat circum-stan\uc1
\u355 ?elor. Ca tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pot fi
clasificate: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stereotipii de atitudine }{\fs18 \dbch
(catatonia), c\uc1 \u226 ?nd subiectul p\uc1 \u259 ?streaz\uc1 \u259 ? timp \uc1
\u238 ?ndelungat o pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie bizar\uc1 \u259 ?; }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stere-}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 otipii gestuale }
\langfenp1048 (frecarea unghiilor, sufla-tul nasului, scr\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
nitul din\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, \uc1 \u238 ?ndrepta-rea nodului de la cravat\uc1
\u259 ?, etc}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ); \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stereo-tipii ale actelor
mai complexe: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 balansa-rea (din elino \uc1 \u238 ?n ortostatism \uc1
\u351 ?i invers), m\uc1 \u226 ?ncarea p\uc1 \u259 ?rului, a unghiilor, etc. \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ste-reotipii verbale: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 repetarea frecvent\uc1 \u259 ?
a unui cuv\uc1 \u226 ?nt sau a unui grup de cuvinte: \uc1 \u8222 ?nu a\uc1 \u351 ?
a", \uc1 \u8222 ?bine\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?eles". Caracteristicile comune ale
tuturor acestor stereotipii sunt: fixitatea, durata, identitatea, ina-decvarea lor
la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia respectiv\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stigmatizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1
\u259 ? controver-sat, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia
unor leziuni fizice \uc1 \u238 ?n absen\uc1 \u355 ?a oric\uc1 \u259 ?ror factori de
agre-siune \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de trans\uc1 \u259 ?, de me-
dita\uc1 \u355 ?ie a asce\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, profe\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, a celor cu-
prin\uc1 \u351 ?i de extaz mistic. Cei stigmatiza\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i
acoli\uc1 \u355 ?ii lor sus\uc1 \u355 ?in interven\uc1 \u355 ?ia divinit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate, dac\uc1 \u259 ? este vorba de o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? interven\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ea se \uc1 \u238 ?nscrie \uc1 \u238 ?n
sfera unor fapte care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? escrocheria, mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355
?in rafinat\uc1 \u259 ?, automutilarea, pantomima reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? la
care decurg psiho-pa\uc1 \u355 ?ii perver\uc1 \u351 ?i pentru a impresiona pe cei
creduli.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Stil }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = mod specific, particular de ex-presie, utilizare original\uc1 \u259
? a mijloacelor de comunicare. In diferite domenii ale \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
elor social-umaniste, termenul este utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni
specifice \uc1 \u238 ?n es-tetic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n filosofia culturii,
(teoria stilu-rilor culturale la L. Blaga). Poate fi vorba \uc1 \u351 ?i de stilul
de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? al unor gru-puri particulare ale psihologiei, la
care comportamentul \uc1 \u351 ?i habitudinile definesc un mod specific de
raportare fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lume, relief\uc1 \u226 ?nd, \uc1 \u238 ?n
fiecare caz, alte invariante accentuate \uc1 \u238 ?n structurile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
cotidiene.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stil
cognitiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
activitate intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? unei}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoane; a intrat
\uc1 \u238 ?n sfera de preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale psihologiei care face
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri in privin\uc1 \u355 ?a diferen\uc1 \u355 ?elor
intelectuale. \uc1 \u238 ?n concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia modern\uc1 \u259 ?, s.c.
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? anumite modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i specifice de
recep-\uc1 \u355 ?ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i prelucrare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, care se
datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ultim\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
unor diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e de personalitate - s-a observat c\uc1 \u259 ? persoanele
se deosebesc \uc1 \u238 ?ntre ele nu numai prin aptitudini sau tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de personalitate, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i prin modul cum abordeaz\uc1
\u259 ? o sarcin\uc1 \u259 ? de natur\uc1 \u259 ? perceptu-al\uc1 \u259 ?, calitate
denumit\uc1 \u259 ? strategie alterna-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?, structur\uc1 \u259 ?
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? de control cogni-tiv, etc. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?torii au confirmat
c\uc1 \u259 ? s.c. implic\uc1 \u259 ?, pe l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? aspectele
cogniti-ve, \uc1 \u351 ?i anumite tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi de personalitate.
Prin testele de personalitate s-a constatat c\uc1 \u226 ? s. c. desemneaz\uc1 \u259
? maniera de a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi \uc1 \u351 ?i de a se comporta. Stilul cognitiv
define\uc1 \u351 ?te modul de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie al copiilor la diferite sarcini
sau situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Impulsivii sunt mai rapizi \uc1 \u238 ?n decizii
aleg\uc1 \u226 ?nd prima alternativ\uc1 \u259 ? care le vine \uc1 \u238 ?n minte.
Reflexivii au reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii mai len-te, urm\uc1 \u259 ?rind din mai multe
alternative pe cea optim\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stil de conducere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = strategie de trans-punere \uc1
\u238 ?n plan comportamental a exi-gen\uc1 \u355 ?elor statutului de conduc\uc1
\u259 ?tor, mo-dalitate de a \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplini acest rol social. Stilul de
conducere are implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n toate aspectele vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii
de grup, influen-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile, motiva\uc1
\u355 ?iile, climatul etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile (L. Lewin) au condus la diferen\uc1 \u355 ?
ierea a trei stiluri de condu-cere: \uc1 \u8226 ? autoritar (autocrat); \uc1 \u8226
? democra-tic, \uc1 \u8226 ? liber (\uc1 \u8222 ?laissez faire"), \uc1 \u351 ?i
c\uc1 \u259 ? fiecare stil de conducere genereaz\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit climat
psihosocial. Stilul democratic creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? raporturi optime de
interac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-ne \uc1 \u238 ?ntre persoane \uc1 \u351 ?i sarcini,
dezvolt\uc1 \u226 ?nd un climat socio-afectiv pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut, stimula-tor de
\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere; stilul liber duce la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lin3019 \rin0 \cbpat16
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
atmosfer\uc1 \u259 ? nean-gajat\uc1 \u259 ?. Discordan\uc1 \u355 ?ele mari \uc1
\u238 ?ntre stilul de conducere, respectiv, climatul psihoso-cial generat de acesta
\uc1 \u351 ?i particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile psihice individuale ale
membrilor grupu-lui, constituie factori stresan\uc1 \u355 ?i, ce se pot situa
uneori la originea unor compens\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stimulator cardiac }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 o parte dintre bol-navii
nevoi\uc1 \u355 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? poarte stimulatoare car-diace intracorporale
(pacemakers) pot prezenta tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice, a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror inten-
sitate \uc1 \u351 ?i coloratur\uc1 \u259 ? difer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1
\u355 ?ie de personalitatea premorbid\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului \uc1 \u351 ?i
timpul scurs de la implantul aparatu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?n prima faz\uc1 \u259 ? se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? o oarecare team\uc1 \u259 ? legat\uc1 \u259 ? de faptul
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?aparatul" nu ar func\uc1 \u355 ?iona corespunz\uc1 \u259
?tor sau c\uc1 \u259 ? ar putea s\uc1 \u259 ? se defecteze. De asemenea s-au
semnalat idei devalorizante la persoanele care se consider\uc1 \u259 ? dependente
de un dis-pozitiv. Anxietatea se reduce cu timpul, iar controalele de rutin\uc1
\u259 ? la care este supus bolnavul sporesc \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederea lui \uc1 \u238 ?n
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?minune tehnic\uc1 \u259 ?". Bolnavii care au avut
anterior suferin\uc1 \u355 ?e func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungate
accept\uc1 \u259 ? cu mai mult\uc1 \u259 ? u\uc1 \u351 ?urin-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? implantul, iar sentimentul de depen-den\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se
estompeaz\uc1 \u259 ? mai repede la ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stingere }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
fiziologie, \uc1 \u238 ?ncetarea re-versibil\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unor structuri bio-logice, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
alterarea morfologiei lor. La nivelul sistemului nervos central, inhi-bi\uc1
\u355 ?ia este un fenomen fiziologic funda-mental care, al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, caracte-rizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? starea func\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a diverselor structuri nervoase. Acestea se sting dac\uc1 \u259 ?
stimulul condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat nu este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rit \uc1 \u238 ?n
timp prin aplicarea stimulului absolut, reflexul condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat men\uc1
\u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se at\uc1 \u226 ?ta timp c\uc1 \u226 ?t stimulul
semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cor-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 texului o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? modificare, la care
organismul trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? se adapteze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de stingere face parte
din inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia intern\uc1 \u259 ?, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? sau
activ\uc1 \u259 ? caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale. Orice
leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? temporar\uc1 \u259 ? stabilit\uc1 \u259 ? la ni-vel
cortical se stinge dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu este \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?-rit\uc1 \u259
?. Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea fiind unul dintre mecanismele \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, \uc1 \u238 ?n plan psiholo-gic, inhibi\uc1
\u355 ?ia de stingere st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza procesului de uitare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stocarea }{\fs18 \dbch
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie a memoriei datorate capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
psihofiziologice de fixare prin memorie de lung\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ? a
unei cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i anumite de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
(recep-\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prelucrat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?ntr-un interval de timp) \uc1 \u351 ?i de conservare pentru o bun\uc1 \u259 ?
evocare (Popescu Neveanu). \uc1 \u238 ?n mod obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuit, capacitatea de
stocare are un nivel mai sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut dec\uc1 \u226 ?t capacitatea de
prelucrare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1 \u351 ?i unul mult mai sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t capacitatea de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stoicism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = doctrin\uc1 \u259 ?
filosofic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1 \u226 ?n-direa antic\uc1 \u259 ?.
Intrat \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul relativ comun, cu o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie mai
general\uc1 \u259 ?, termenul define\uc1 \u351 ?te conduita moral\uc1 \u259 ?
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin t\uc1 \u259 ?rie de caracter, fer-mitatea \uc1
\u351 ?i rigoarea principiilor etice, sus\uc1 \u355 ?inute de un echilibru
sufletesc, netulburat de vicisitudinile vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Strabism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = defect de coordonare a
ve-derii binoculare const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i de convergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau divergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
a celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? axe vizuale. Este cauzat fie de afectarea nervului
oculomotor, fie de dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia asimetric\uc1 \u259 ? a ligamentelor
musculare oculomotorii. \uc1 \u238 ?n primul caz, tratamentul este pedagogico -
medical, \uc1 \u238 ?n cel de-al doilea defec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea poate fi
corectat\uc1 \u259 ? num}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ai chirurgical.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li3019 \ri0 \sb288
\lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin3019 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
Strategie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = art\uc1 \u259 ? de conducere \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o anu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-9 \expndtw-9 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mit\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie conform
unui principiu uni-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tar, deosebit de tactic\uc1 \u259 ?
(ordinea concret\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor de repartizare \uc1 \u351 ?i organiza-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re \uc1 \u238 ?
n teren). \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
psiho-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logie s. este un plan }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune ordonat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea atingerii unui scop. Stabilirea }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unei s. necesit\uc1 \u259 ? estimarea probabilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor \uc1 \u351 ?i adaptarea unei reguli sau indicator }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 preferen\uc1 \u355 ?ial: strategia este ipoteza cea }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mai plauzibil\uc1 \u259 ? corelat\uc1 \u259 ? cu scopul
urm\uc1 \u259 ?-rit. Termenul a dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit o larg\uc1 \u259 ? utilizare }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 teoria educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Str\uc1 \u259 ?chinaru Ioan (n.
1922) }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, autor al }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 multor lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri cu specific de psihologie a }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, logopedie, psihologie, pe-
dagogie. }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere principale: }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Devierile }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de
conduit\uc1 \u259 ? la copii", studiu psihopeda-gogie (1968); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1
\u8222 ?Inciden\uc1 \u355 ?a disgrafiilor cu unele modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri
neuropsihice ale copii-lor \uc1 \u351 ?colari" (\uc1 \u238 ?n volumul \uc1 \u8222 ?
Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 limbajului scris", 1967) ;
\uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 special\uc1 \u259 ?"- 1994}
\langfenp1048 Stres = reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rganismului
la efortul de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adaptare \uc1 \u351 ?i nu situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia
care cauzeaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 stresul. Nu ceea ce \uc1 \u355 ?i
se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpl\uc1 \u259 ? este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
important, ci felul cum reac\uc1 \u355 ?ionezi. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
Intensitatea \uc1 \u351 ?ocurilor susceptibile de a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
genera stresuri na\uc1 \u351 ?te reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii psiho-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 somatice de adaptare a organismului la }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
respectivele \uc1 \u351 ?ocuri. S. este situa\uc1 \u355 ?ia sti-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 mul ce pune organismul \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare de }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 tensiune; deci \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i starea de
tensiune }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deosebit\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului prin care
acesta \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i mobilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? toate resursele de
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pentru a face fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? unei agresiuni fizice }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S. este constituit din totalitatea
conflictelor personale, sau sociale ale }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoanelor
care nu-\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc solu\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un
fel sau altul. S. are trei faze:}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? faza de
alarm\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care organismul \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? se apere de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea nociv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 a sistemului endocr}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 in (secre\uc1 \u355 ?
ie de adre-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nalin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de steroizi);
\uc1 \u8226 ? faza de revenire }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ?) c\uc1 \u226 ?nd organismul pare c\uc1
\u259 ? se adapteaz\uc1 \u259 ? la situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5
\expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comport\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-
se relativ normal; \uc1 \u8226 ? faza }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de epuizare
dup\uc1 \u259 ? o perioad\uc1 \u259 ? mai \uc1 \u238 ?nde-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 lungat\uc1 \u259 ? de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune a stimulului nociv. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S. pr}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oduce modific\uc1
\u259 ?ri morbide: hiper-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tensiune, ulcer gastric,
anxietate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Ceea ce trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? re\uc1 \u355 ?inem este }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ? stresul se identific\uc1 \u259 ? ca un
agent po-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 luant de prim ordin al universului nos-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tru existen\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? el
st\uc1 \u259 ? la originea ne-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 num\uc1 \u259 ?ratelor
boli. Este nevoie de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rela-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
xare pentru a pre\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpina sau anihila efectele nocive ale
stresului. S\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tatea, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comoara cea mai
de pre\uc1 \u355 ?, merit\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? aprofundam problematica
at\uc1 \u226 ?t de com-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-
6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 plex\uc1 \u259 ? a stresului,
ca \uc1 \u351 ?i modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
lupt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva lui, printre care meto-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 dele de relaxare oc}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 up\uc1 \u259 ? un loc
de prim }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ordin. Familia, locul de munc\uc1 \u259 ?,
rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 economice, cultural-sociale \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i pun }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 amprenta asupra psihismului
uman.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Structuralitate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologia geneti-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c\uc1 \u259 ?, tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?turile caracteristice persoanei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu sunt
simplu juxtapuse separat, ci alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuiesc \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? o
structur\uc1 \u259 ? (un \uc1 \u238 ?n-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 treg).
Integrativitatea se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deci de
integralitate, prin aceea c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prima se
refer\uc1 \u259 ? la rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile dintre dou\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 stadii proxime, iar cel de-al doilea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
termen se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interne ale }{\fs20 \dbch
aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i stadiu.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Structur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mod de dispunere a
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ilor unei totalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
anumite }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 raporturi spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale, (opozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie, simetrie, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?, etc); termen apropiat }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de \uc1 \u8222 ?
configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie". S. nu este o form\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
static\uc1 \u259 ? oarecare, ci dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?, elemen-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 tele ei au un caracter dinamic; elemen-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tele ei nu sunt obiecte,
ci \uc1 \u8222 ?procese" cu proprietatea de autoreglare, \uc1 \u238 ?n care trans-
form\uc1 \u259 ?rile se conserv\uc1 \u259 ? sau se \uc1 \u238 ?mbog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?esc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Structur\uc1 \u259 ? cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = entitate stabil\uc1 \u259 ? a
caracteristicilor g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii; modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i spe-cifice
de prelucrare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei recep-tate sau prelucrate. Se refer\uc1
\u259 ? la modul \uc1 \u238 ?n care experien\uc1 \u355 ?a noastr\uc1 \u259 ? este
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?, prelucrat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
interpretat\uc1 \u259 ? de structura cognitiv\uc1
\u259 ? preexistent\uc1 \u259 ?. S. c. sunt deci invariante cognitive opera\uc1
\u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u355 ?in \uc1 \u238 ?n mare m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ? de tipul de personalitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Studiu de caz }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metod\uc1 \u259 ? care
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n observarea \uc1 \u351 ?i analiza unei persoane,
folosind informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i date variate, ob\uc1 \u355 ?i-nute
prin interviuri, din documente care apar\uc1 \u355 ?in persoanei respective.
Asemenea studiului de caz este studiul grupurilor limit\uc1 \u259 ?; se
consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? prin analiza c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai detaliat\uc1
\u259 ? a persoanelor se ob\uc1 \u355 ?in informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii pe baza c\uc1 \u259
?rora se pot face in-feren\uc1 \u355 ?e asupra unor categorii de fenome-ne, \uc1
\u238 ?n studiul de caz sunt luate \uc1 \u238 ?n consi-dera\uc1 \u355 ?ie:
documentele personale de orice fel, scrisori, jurnale intime, \uc1 \u238 ?nsemn\uc1
\u259 ?ri, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n prezent se pune un accent deose-bit pe folosirea
interviurilor. Pe baza acestora se formuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? ipoteze.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Stupoare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de tulburare
accentu-at\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n care
activitatea psi-homotorie a persoanei pare suspendat\uc1 \u259 ?; cel \uc1 \u238 ?n
cauz\uc1 \u259 ? nu mai r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde la \uc1 \u238 ?ntre-b\uc1 \u259 ?ri, nu
mai reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? la excitan\uc1 \u355 ?i dec\uc1 \u226 ?t
atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia sunt foarte puternici, conduita lui fiind
rupt\uc1 \u259 ? de leg\uc1 \u259 ?turile cu mediul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tient }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate a
Eului in-terpus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
clar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i incon-\uc1 \u351 ?tient; strat subadiacent, inferior
al con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei; este un fel de \uc1 \u8222 ?con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? laten-t\uc1 \u259 ?" \uc1 \u351 ?i poten\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ? care este inferioar\uc1 \u259 ?, dar}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coexist\uc1 \u259 ? cu
\uc1 \u351 ?i deserve\uc1 \u351 ?te con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a cla-r\uc1
\u259 ?. Pentru s. se mai folose\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i terme-nul de \uc1
\u8222 ?zon\uc1 \u259 ? marginal\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei".
Spre deosebire de zonele profunde ale incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientului, s. se afl\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii de compatibilitate cu con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i este u\uc1 \u351 ?or accesibil\uc1 \u259 ?
acesteia. Numai unele din forma\uc1 \u355 ?iunile con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?
ei, fiind filtra-te prin subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tient, ajung s\uc1 \u259 ? fie \uc1
\u238 ?ncor-porate \uc1 \u351 ?i transformate \uc1 \u238 ?n sferele incon-\uc1
\u351 ?tientului, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, pe seama sub-con\uc1 \u351 ?tientului
s-au pus elementele con-\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u8222 ?stinse" sau
uitate, automatis-mele psihice fixate prin repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ie, fapte-le de
deprindere \uc1 \u351 ?i memorie poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? (M. Ralea) etc.
Deci \uc1 \u238 ?n s. intr\uc1 \u259 ? comple-xe senzoriomotorii acon\uc1 \u351 ?
tiente, opera\uc1 \u355 ?i-ile necontrolate con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, deprinderile de
orice fel.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subcon\uc1 \u351 ?
tientul este considerat o rezerv\uc1 \u259 ? a con\uc1 \u351 ?tientului de
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i opera\uc1 \u355 ?ii din care se constituiesc
faptele de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8222 ?este un
subsistem medi-ator care face parte din Eu, deosebindu-se de Eul con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t persist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
formul\uc1 \u259 ? latent\uc1 \u259 ? sau implicit\uc1 \u259 ?" (P. Popescu
Neveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subiect }
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ele despre om \uc1
\u351 ?i soci-etate, desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd omul \uc1 \u238 ?n diferitele ipostaze
ale rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sale esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale cu lumea; \uc1 \u238 ?n
logic\uc1 \u259 ?, subiect \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? obiectul despre care se
afirm\uc1 \u259 ? sau se neag\uc1 \u259 ? ceva prin predica\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1
\u238 ?n episte-mologie \uc1 \u351 ?i antropologie, subiectul psi-hologic se
define\uc1 \u351 ?te prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, prin disponibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile cognitive existente \uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? individual\uc1 \u259 ?, cu carac-ter constructiv-opera\uc1
\u355 ?ional pe care se edific\uc1 \u259 ? experien\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele con-crete ale fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei persoane.
Subiectul epistemic este definit ca fiind capabil s\uc1 \u259 ? organizeze
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ional experien\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? utilizeze
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e empirice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifi-ce pentru a descoperi \uc1 \u351 ?i urma obi}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ectivi-}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tatea. \uc1 \u238 ?n
unitate cu subiectul epistemic se constituie \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectul pragmatic \uc1
\u351 ?i axio-logic. Aceste trei aspecte ale subiectului sunt ipostaze ale Eului,
at\uc1 \u226 ?t pentru su-biectul individual, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru
subiectul colectiv. Orice subiect exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se afirm\uc1
\u259 ? din \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul social al interac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor cu ambian\uc1 \u355 ?a. \uc1 \u238 ?n perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? psihologic\uc1
\u259 ?, subiectul reune\uc1
\u351 ?te func\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale: - prag-matic\uc1 \u259 ?; - cognitiv\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i - valoric\uc1 \u259 ? ca esen\uc1 \u355 ?e ale con\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei umane \uc1 \u351 ?i reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un produs
social \uc1 \u351 ?i un participan}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t al istoriei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subiectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = determinant opus celui de
\uc1 \u8222 ?obiectiv" desemn\uc1 \u226 ?nd tot ceea ce depin-de de subiect sau
este inerent acestuia; categorial, exprim\uc1 \u259 ? specificul sau con\uc1
\u355 ?i-nutul psihismului, adic\uc1 \u259 ? procesele \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355
?iile psihice. De\uc1 \u351 ?i con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturile psi-hologice se
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o form\uc1 \u259 ? subiec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau
sunt de factur\uc1 \u259 ? subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, asta nu \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? ele sunt exclusiv subiec-tive \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t,
sub raport ontologic, su-biectul prezint\uc1 \u259 ? produsul obiectiv \uc1 \u351 ?
i su-perior al dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii materiei. \uc1 \u350 ?i subiec-tivul
exist\uc1 \u259 ? obiectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i ca atare face parte din obiectul
psihologiei. Ontologic, s. se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?ire sau desf\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare de tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri. Psihismul subiectiv se
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? mai degrab\uc1 \u259 ? ca o intersec\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
influen-\uc1 \u355 ?elor ce vin din mediul intern cu cele provenite din
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; astfel spus, prin tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile interne se
d\uc1 \u259 ? un r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor obiective \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se afl\uc1 \u259 ? su-biectul. Tr\uc1 \u259 ?irea subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i sensul vie\uc1 \u355
?ii ca sistem cu autoor-ganizare \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglaj. St\uc1 \u259 ?rile
emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal-afective sunt subiective, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t
apar\uc1 \u355 ?in unui subiect \uc1 \u351 ?i nu pot fi tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t de acesta, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1
\u259 ? determi-nate exclusiv de factori endogeni. Ele reflect\uc1 \u259 ? o
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu un obiect sau o per-soan\uc1 \u259 ?, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?ceva" fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u8222 ?cine-va". Deci,
tr\uc1 \u259 ?irile afective, procesele mintale, etc. sunt nu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 numai
mijloace, ci}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i rezultate ale interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii subiectului cu
obiectul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Sublim }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = categorie a esteticii \uc1 \u351 ?i mora-lei, subliniind tot ceea
ce este \uc1 \u238 ?n natur\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n firea \uc1 \u351 ?i
destinul omului m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u355 ?, cov\uc1 \u226 ?r\uc1 \u351 ?itor de
m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u355 ?, dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ind m\uc1 \u259 ?sura
firescului. Tulbur\uc1 \u226 ?nd psihicul prin ui-mire sau team\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355 ?a grandorii, se \uc1 \u238 ?mpline\uc1 \u351 ?te prin
admirarea perfec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nal\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? spiritul la altitudinea celor mai deosebite sentimente morale.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subnormalitate
intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sin-drom care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o
stare de dez-voltare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? net subnormal\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n majoritatea cazurilor o deter-minare organic\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Substituire
neuronal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mecanism operativ al rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei
neuronale const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse variante func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale: \uc1 \u8226 ? un ne-uron se poate substitui altuia sau unui grup de neuroni
ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror eferen\uc1 \u355 ?e converg asupra aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i
substrat neu-ronal; \uc1 \u8226 ? mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i neuroni se substituie unuia
singur \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul \uc1 \u238 ?n care eferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele primilor se
proiecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe substraturi neuronale diferite, substrate care \uc1 \u238
?n aceste situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii vor suferi un proces de activare.}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Substitu\uc1 \u355 ?ie parental\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = obiect-persoa-n\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o alt\uc1 \u259 ?
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?l investe\uc1 \u351 ?te cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
parental\uc1 \u259 ?, matern\uc1 \u259 ? sau patern\uc1 \u259 ?. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
primar\uc1 \u259 ? de dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la unul dintre partenerii
parentali nu este rezolvat\uc1 \u259 ? net (complexul Oedip).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Subtilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = capacita}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te
de esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cogni-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? (cu trimitere la
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?) manifes-tat\uc1 \u259 ? ca ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionament, g\uc1 \u226 ?nd, care surprinde nuan\uc1 \u355 ?ele unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni, lucru, fenomen, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie. S. semnific\uc1 \u259 ? perspica-citatea,
ingeniozitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i fine\uc1 \u355 ?ea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rii; este
favorizat\uc1 \u259 ? de intui\uc1 \u355 ?ie ca ra\uc1 \u355 ?iona-ment impregnat
afectiv, al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui demers logic nu este \uc1 \u238 ?ntru totul con\uc1
\u351 ?tientizat \uc1 \u351 ?i presupune o perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a g\uc1 \u226 ?
ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i abilitatea de a sesiza fenomenul dincolo de aparen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Poate fi afectat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ii-le cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii tensiunii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i a
sc\uc1 \u259 ?derii interesului, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Succes }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = performan\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i recu-noa\uc1 \u351
?tere social\uc1 \u259 ? de tip recompensator a unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni individuale
sau colective. \uc1 \u238 ?n sociologia succesului (individual sau colectiv) se
precizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? orice reu\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o desc\uc1 \u259 ?rcare energetic\uc1 \u259 ? sau creatoare
din partea persoanei, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp stimulatoare
pentru noi performan\uc1 \u355 ?e. Valen\uc1 \u355 ?ele psiho-educative ale
succesului se relev\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n reeducarea copiilor cu tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de vorbire \uc1 \u351 ?i limbaj, a celor cu tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
caracteriale, compor-tamentale. Este nevoie de dozarea efor-turilor pentru \uc1
\u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, de psihopatologi, logo-pezi,
pediatri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Succesiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (a urma); o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, o boal\uc1 \u259 ? care
urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?, la
intervale scurte \uc1 \u351 ?i regulate (f}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aze).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Succesivitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proprietate a unor
acte perceptive (auz, kinestezie), a unor ac-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i a tr\uc1 \u259 ?irilor afective complexe de a se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ura \uc1 \u238 ?n timp, ca o suit\uc1 \u259 ? de
evenimente apropiate dar discer-nabile, \uc1 \u351 ?i urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd o
anumit\uc1 \u259 ? ordine. Sub raport fizic, toate actele psihice se carac-
terizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin succesivitate (Bergson), dar tind s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1
\u259 ? subiectiv simultane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Suflet }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dublu imaterial al persoanei, ascuns
vederii obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuite, purt\uc1 \u259 ?tor al di-namismului psihic, care
p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te corpul \uc1 \u238 ?n clipa mor\uc1 \u355
?ii biologice. Sufletul ra\uc1 \u355 ?io-nal (al g\uc1 \u226 ?ndurilor) \uc1
\u351 ?i sufletul pasiunilor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (cel corporal) au fost reunite \uc1 \u238 ?n
concep-\uc1 \u355 ?iile vitaliste, iar teologia \uc1 \u238 ?ncearc\uc1 \u259 ?
speculativ problema sufletului \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o esen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
autonom\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de fenomalitatea corporal\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, sufletul apare ca echivalent al no\uc1 \u355 ?
iunii de psihic sau de con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
individual\uc1 \u259 ?, cuprinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd unitatea proceselor cognitive,
emo\uc1 \u355 ?io-nale \uc1 \u351 ?i volitive ale persoanei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sufocare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (asfixie); limitarea
aportu-lui de oxigen necesar respira\uc1 \u355 ?iei, dato-rat\uc1 \u259 ? unor
fenomene patologice la nive-lul aparatului cardio-respirator sau ob-struct\uc1
\u259 ?rii mecanice a gurii, nasului sau c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor aeriene superioare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Datorit\uc1
\u259 ? aplatiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii traheii sau tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii circulatorii
sangvine cerebra-le, sau reflexului declan\uc1 \u351 ?at de la nivelul centrilor
nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i carotidieni, se produce asfixia \uc1 \u351 ?i moartea.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sugestibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch
proprietatea de a fi u\uc1 \u351 ?or influen\uc1 \u355 ?at de cineva; este
posibil \uc1 \u351 ?i la nivel normal \uc1 \u351 ?i la bolnavul mintal. La formele
u\uc1 \u351 ?oare se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin imitarea unor gesturi, atitudini,
uneori incon\uc1 \u351 ?tient (contagiunea c\uc1 \u259 ?scatului). \uc1 \u238 ?n
formele patologice este o urmare a unei voin\uc1 \u355 ?e slabe, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
subcon\uc1 \u351 ?tientul accept\uc1 \u259 ? necritic idei, cedeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu
u\uc1 \u351 ?u-rin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? la anumite influen\uc1 \u355 ?e. La
copii, la naivi, la debilii mintali; datorit\uc1 \u259 ? imatu-rit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mecanismelor voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei sau imatu-rit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii intelectuale, sunt frecvente st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de s. crescute,
temporare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
ebrietate. \uc1 \u238 ?n bolile psihice, comportamentul bolnavului este deter-minat
de cele mai multe ori de influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?e exterioare. Opus s. este negati-
vismul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Sugestie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este folosit \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o dubl\uc1 \u259 ? ac-
cep\uc1 \u355 ?iune: \uc1 \u8226 ? ca proces psihic, ca o reac-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
particular\uc1 \u259 ? la anumite percep\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ca o}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\colw3043 \colsr336 \colno2 \colw2928 \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li24 \ri0 \lisb0
voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pe care subiectul n-o poate ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine prin
controlul voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei personale, \uc1 \u238 ?mpotri-va unor influen\uc1
\u355 ?e pe care le reia necritic; \uc1 \u8226 ? ca o metod\uc1 \u259 ? de
psihoterapie ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n inducerea unor idei \uc1 \u351 ?i
convingeri optimiste asupra bolnavului pentru a putea lupta \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva
apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei unor fenomene psihopatologice, bolnavii fiind \uc1 \u238 ?n
stare de veghe, somn narcotic, somn hipnotic. Din punct de vedere \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific (pavlovist), s. este efectul concentr\uc1 \u259 ?rii
excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n emisferele cerebrale, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit
punct ce devine dominant \uc1 \u351 ?i inhib\uc1 \u259 ? zonele adiacente. De
aceea, \uc1 \u8222 ?cu-v\uc1 \u226 ?ntul-comand\uc1 \u259 ?" ac\uc1 \u355 ?
ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu totul izolat de celelalte influen\uc1 \u355 ?e, devenind un
sti}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 mul necesar.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Suma\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen al propag\uc1 \u259 ?rii
impul-surilor prin centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i, ceea ce deter-min\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?nsumarea excitan\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, care creea-z\uc1 \u259 ? o stare de
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ie central\uc1 \u259 ? favorabil\uc1 \u259 ? desc\uc1 \u259 ?
rc\uc1 \u259 ?rii neuronilor motori. Poate avea loc o suma\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u8226 ? spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, ce declan\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?
excita\uc1 \u355 ?ii simultane \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? o suma\uc1 \u355 ?ie
tempo-ral\uc1 \u259 ? a stimulilor care se succed la inter-vale scurte pe calea
aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i nerv aferent.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Supraestimare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = delir de evaluare; se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?
din ideile de supraapreciere pe care subiectul le are despre posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i-l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e sale. Acest delir se poate sistematiza asemenea unui
delir paranoic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Supraeu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (super-ego); una dintre in-stan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul celei de-a Ii-a teorii a
lui Freud, asupra apa-ratului psihic; instan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu rol de
cenzor fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de Eu. Func\uc1 \u355 ?iile Supraeului sunt:
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a moral\uc1 \u259 ?, formarea idealurilor,
autoobserva\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Formarea Supraeului se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
interiorizarea interdic\uc1 \u355 ?ii-lor parentale \uc1 \u351 ?i este \uc1 \u238 ?
n str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu complexul
Oedip. De asemenea, s.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oblig\uc1 \u259 ? Eul la substitu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
scopurilor rea-liste, moraliste \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?l \uc1 \u238 ?mpinge la
lupt\uc1 \u259 ? spre perfec\uc1 \u355 ?iune. S. exprim\uc1 \u259 ? instan\uc1
\u355 ?a verificatoare, cenzurant\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu ID-ul (Eul), Supraeul reprezint\uc1 \u259 ?
instan\uc1 \u355 ?a ce supravegheaz\uc1 \u259 ? permanent existen\uc1 \u355 ?a
individului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Suprarenal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = glande}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 situate la superior \uc1 \u351 ?i spre
marginea intern\uc1 \u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rui rinichi, implicate activ \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ia de adaptare a organismului, cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? zone
constitutive av\uc1 \u226 ?nd fiecare prin morfofiziologia lor distinct\uc1 \u259 ?
un statut autonom. \uc1 \u8226 ? Medulosuprarenala produce catecolamine (80%
adrenalin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i 20% noradrenalin\uc1 \u259 ?). In acest lan\uc1
\u355 ?, dopamina este un intermediar pentru noradrenali-n\uc1 \u259 ?. Acestea
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra sistemu-lui nervos simpatic. \uc1 \u8226 ?
Corticosuprare-nala (zona periferic\uc1 \u259 ?) secret\uc1 \u259 ? hormoni
mineralocorticoizi \uc1 \u351 ?i glucocorticoizi \uc1 \u351 ?i hormoni sexoizi.
Biosinteza acestor hormoni porne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la colesterol. \uc1 \u8226 ? Pa-
tologia acestor glande cuprinde tabloul clinic \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
psihice; este cunoscu-t\uc1 \u259 ? de mult\uc1 \u259 ? vreme sub forma de hipo sau
hiperfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea mecanis-melor fiziopatologice
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihopatolo-gice ale afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor glandelor suprare-nale
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? utilizarea unor metode ra-dioenzimatice, radioimunologice com-
plexe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Suprasolicitare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ansamblu de stimu-l\uc1 \u259 ?ri (exerci\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e, provoc\uc1 \u259 ?ri, atrac-\uc1 \u355 ?ii, exigen\uc1
\u355 ?e) venite din partea mediului c\uc1 \u259 ?tre persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, care
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?esc capacit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale superioare
de r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns adecvat, eficient, echilibrat. Efectele suprasoli-cit\uc1
\u259 ?rii sunt: - oboseala, cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea reacti-vit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale; - sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea autocon-trolului;
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? redus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n activitate. Se
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? o simptomatologie de tip nevrotic.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sur\uc1 \u226 ?s }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= expresie facial\uc1 \u259 ? semnific\uc1 \u226 ?nd o emo\uc1 \u355 ?ie pl\uc1
\u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ?, o stare de bine psihoso-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 matic,
reduc\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau dispari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unei tensi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 uni. Are implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n re-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la\uc1 \u355 ?iile
umane. Se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? treptat prin }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 im}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ita\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i se nuan\uc1 \u355 ?
eaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de par-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
ticularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile individuale. Este o form\uc1 \u259 ? de
comunicare nonverbal\uc1 \u259 ?, conven\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? situa\uc1 \u355 ?ional ceea ce ar dori }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 subiectul. \uc1 \u238 ?n unele afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni psihice este
vizibil discordant cu starea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? mo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
mentan\uc1 \u259 ? (}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 schizofren, oligofren).}{\fs20
Surditate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = diminuarea p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
abolire a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei sunetelor
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unor leziuni }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 survenite la diferite
etaje ale analizato-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rului auditiv (acustic). \uc1
\u8226 ? Surditate de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 transmisie; \uc1 \u8226 ?
surditate de percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie; \uc1 \u8226 ? sur-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
ditate mixt\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u354 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd cont de alte criterii se
disting: \uc1 \u8226 ? surditate congenital\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i do-b\uc1
\u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? complet\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?
ial\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? unila-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 teral\uc1 \u259
? sau bilateral\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? surditate profesio-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 nal\uc1 \u259 ? (hipoacuzie) datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unor condi\uc1 \u355
?ii }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de zgomot \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul de munc\uc1
\u259 ?. S. are un }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rol deosebit \uc1 \u238 ?n
generarea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 psihice. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere rolul limbajului }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii, \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegem c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 absen\uc1 \u355 ?a
integrit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii func\uc1 \u355 ?iei auditive d\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 na\uc1 \u351 ?tere unor tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de limbaj,
defici-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 en\uc1 \u355 ?e de intelect \uc1 \u351 ?i de
comportament }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adecvat. Ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia se
structureaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ma-re }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 parte ca
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i dizarmonice de tip }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
imatur afectiv, instabil sau exploziv, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
nc\uc1 \u259 ? de la na\uc1 \u351 ?tere afecteaz\uc1 \u259 ? grav capa-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 citatea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?. Se afirm\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? orbii }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din na\uc1 \u351 ?tere sunt mai
pu\uc1 \u355 ?in limita\uc1 \u355 ?i dec\uc1 \u226 ?t }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
surdomu\uc1 \u355 ?ii av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u226 ?\uc1 \u351
?tigul in-formativ pe care-1 aduce vorbirea. Sur-ditatea apare \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul senescen\uc1 \u355 ?ei, ca }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fenomen
consecutiv aterosclerozei, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
caracter progresiv \uc1 \u351 ?i trebuie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 compensat prin
protez\uc1 \u259 ? auditiv\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a nu
fi un factor al agrav\uc1 \u259 ?rii patologiei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rstei \uc1 \u238 ?
naintate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surditate de}{\b1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
percep\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de surdi-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 tate \uc1 \u238 ?n care audi\uc1 \u355 ?ia sunetelor \uc1 \u351 ?
optite }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este abolit\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un
caracter electiv pentru sunete \uc1 \u238 ?nalte. Proba Rinne este }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ?; proba Weber lateralizat\uc1 \u259 ? la urechea
mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in afectat\uc1 \u259 ?, iar proba }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
Schwabach diminuat\uc1 \u259 ?. Apare \uc1 \u238 ?n leziun}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cohleare \uc1 \u351 ?i ale c\uc1
\u259 ?ilor nervoase.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surditate de transmisie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = afectarea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aparatului de transmitere a
sunetelor (timpano-osicular) caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
afectarea mai accentuat\uc1 \u259 ? a audi\uc1 \u355 ?iei su-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 netelor \uc1 \u351 ?optite, \uc1 \u238 ?n care: - proba Rinne,
negativ\uc1 \u259 ?; proba Weber lateralizat\uc1 \u259 ? la }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 urechea cea mai afectat\uc1 \u259 ?. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fondul pe care se grefeaz\uc1 \u259 ? atitudini }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 suspicioase, ostile fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
anturaj.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Surditate psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vezi }{\b1 \fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 agnozie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Surditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = vezi }
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afazie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surditate verbal\uc1 \u259 ?
pur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare de }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 integrare a percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei auditive, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 st\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n
p\uc1 \u259 ?strarea auzului fiziologic, cu }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pierderea
capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii limba-jului
vorbit, imposibilitatea repet\uc1 \u259 ?rii cuvintelor \uc1 \u351 ?i scrierii
dup\uc1 \u259 ? dictare. Ca-pacitatea de a vorbi \uc1 \u351 ?i de a scrie spon-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tan \uc1 \u351 ?i independent este men\uc1 \u355 ?
inut\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunea este
consecin\uc1 \u355 ?a unor leziuni }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 localizate \uc1 \u238 ?n
prima circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iune }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temporal\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n apropierea circumvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 nilor Heschl, uni sau bilateral.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Surdoiogie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? interdisciplinar\uc1 \u259 ? care
\uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propune, cu mijloacele psiho-pedagogiei, s\uc1 \u259 ?
g\uc1 \u259 ?seasc\uc1 \u259 ? posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de }{\fs20
suplini}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 re a auzului \uc1 \u351 ?i de folosire }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a poten\uc1 \u355 ?ialului restant (dup\uc1 \u259 ? C. }{\fs20
Pufan).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Surdomutitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = incapacitate de a auzi \uc1 \u351 ?i vorbi;
fie din na\uc1 \u351 ?tere, fie dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
primii ani de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Cei in cauz\uc1 \u259 ? sufer\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de mutism, neauzind cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul rostit. Nu-\uc1 \u351
?i poate \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?i limbajul, de\uc1 \u351 ?i organele vorbirii
lui sunt normale. Instruc\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ia se
face \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?coli speciale, prin metode corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?
toare, \uc1 \u238 ?n special labi-olectura (citirea pe buze). (Vezi Anexa A
-fig.13).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Surmenaj = ansamblu de tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri pro-venite din exces de oboseal\uc1
\u259 ? a organis-mului. Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o stare de epuizare a resurselor
fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor eforturi prelungite sau
repetate. Se mani-fest\uc1 \u259 ? prin fatigabilitate intens\uc1 \u259 ?, cu cefa-
lee, ame\uc1 \u355 ?eal\uc1 \u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegetative,
hiperestezie senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n special auditi-v\uc1 \u259 ?,
precardiologii, anorexie, depresie de epuizare. S. netratat are ca urmare: aste-
nie, gastrite, ulcere, nevroze astenice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Susceptibilitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre a
se l\uc1 \u259 ?sa influen\uc1 \u355 ?at sub ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unor factori
externi, mai ales datorit\uc1 \u259 ? unor experien\uc1 \u355 ?e anterioare,
reactivizare vie vulnerabilita-te. Tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
caracterial\uc1 \u259
? specific\uc1 \u259 ? celor egocentrici, predispu\uc1 \u351 ?i la interpretare
negativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i frustrant\uc1 \u259 ? a stimulilor \uc1 \u238 ?n
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Suspans = termen cu o sfer\uc1 \u259 ? larg\uc1 \u259 ?
de semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ce poate merge p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la am\uc1
\u226 ?narea unui r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns, a unei decizii, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
\uc1 \u238 ?ndoial\uc1 \u259 ?, incertitudine, stare de a\uc1 \u351 ?teptare
anxioas\uc1 \u259 ? justificat\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu. Are motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii
contradictorii, insuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a da-telor semnificative care s\uc1 \u259 ?
justifice am\uc1 \u226 ?narea unui r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns, indecizie, dubi-tate,
anxietate. In psihiatrie aceste st\uc1 \u259 ?ri sunt caracteristice \uc1 \u238 ?n
astenie, personali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238
?n debutul schizo-freniei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Suspicios }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ?
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamental\uc1 \u259 ?,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n team\uc1 \u259 ?, ne\uc1 \u238 ?ncredere,
b\uc1 \u259 ?nuial\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un parte-ner cu care
subiectul are o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Este o
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ? personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i paranoice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sus\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?tor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie
care func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355
?i \uc1 \u351 ?i copii, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre institu\uc1 \u355 ?ii so-ciale sau
medicale \uc1 \u351 ?i persoane depro-fesionalizate (pensionari, invalizi prin
boal\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? sau somatic\uc1 \u259 ?); se mai men\uc1
\u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile de simpatie, de
preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri comune, de vecin\uc1 \u259 ?tate, pen-tru un sprijin moral
sau mixt (\uc1 \u351 ?i materi-al). Rolul de sus\uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ?tor al
medicului re-clam\uc1 \u259 ? acestuia calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i umane \uc1
\u351 ?i psiho-logice, solicitudine, r\uc1 \u259 ?bdare, \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
elegere \uc1 \u351 ?i compasiune fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de pacient \uc1 \u351 ?
i suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a lui. Terapia de sus\uc1 \u355 ?inere poate fi
provocat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n afara medicului \uc1 \u351 ?i a psihologului
\uc1 \u351 ?i de membrii de familie, prieteni, profesori, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Syderman }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (coree reumati}
\langfenp1048 smal\uc1 \u259 ?); afec\uc1 \u355 ?iune care se manifest\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie mai ales \uc1 \u238 ?n v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
\uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ?. Are aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i etiologie ca reumatismul
articular acut (30-60% dintre cazuri). Bolnavii pre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? simptome de
reumatism articular acut, care pot s\uc1 \u259 ? precead\uc1 \u259 ? sau s\uc1
\u259 ? urmeze episodul acut de coree (o mani-festare imunoalergic\uc1 \u259 ? ce
survine \uc1 \u238 ?n sta-diul tardiv al acesteia). Unii autori o consider\uc1
\u259 ? o encefalit\uc1 \u259 ? neuroalergic\uc1 \u259 ?, o boal\uc1 \u259 ?
autonom\uc1 \u259 ? produs\uc1 \u259 ? de un virus \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?
necunoscut. Este mai frecvent\uc1 \u259 ? la fete \uc1 \u351 ?i apare cu
prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere \uc1 \u238 ?n lunile martie-aprilie sau noiembrie-decem-brie.
Sunt dou\uc1 \u259 ? tipuri - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coree pur\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? nici o leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu reumatismul articular
acut \uc1 \u351 ?i care ar putea fi de natur\uc1 \u259 ? ence-falic\uc1 \u259 ?;
\uc1 \u351 ?i }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coreea reumatic\uc1 \u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Simptoma-tologia
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri
coreice, involuntare, aritmice, i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logice, dezordo-}{\fs20 \dbch
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nate, bru\uc1
\u351 ?ce, interes\uc1 \u226 ?nd grupele muscu-lare distale; diminueaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n repaos, somn \uc1 \u351 ?i sub ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
hipnoticelor, dar sunt am-plificate de emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii, efort, frig,
oboseal\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
coordonare, \uc1 \u351 ?i tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice variabile, fug\uc1 \u259 ?
de idei, labilitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, stare confuziv\uc1 \u259 ?, halu-
cina\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n forme grave. Tratamentul: salicilat de sodiu,
penicilin\uc1 \u259 ?, cortizon, sedative, vitamine. Este indicat\uc1 \u259 ?
uneori amigdalectomia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\up3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?a turceasc\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune osteotendi-noas\uc1 \u259 ? care
se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? ca o depresiune si-tuat\uc1 \u259 ? pe fata
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? a osului sfenoid, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd trei pere\uc1 \u355 ?i. In
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? depresiune se afl\uc1 \u259 ? situat\uc1 \u259 ? glanda
hipofiz\uc1 \u259 ?. Aspectul radiologie al \uc1 \u351 ?eii turce\uc1 \u351 ?ti
prezint\uc1 \u259 ? impor-tan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n diagnosticarea
unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni neuropsihice (mai ales hipertensiunea in-
tracranian\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i endocrine. \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul afec-t\uc1
\u259 ?rii bazei craniului prin hipertensiunea intracranian\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351
?aua turceasc\uc1 \u259 ? sufer\uc1 \u259 ? mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri care
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? uneori singurele semne. Modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile sunt o urmare
a per-turb\uc1 \u259 ?rilor circulatorii din regiunea \uc1 \u351 ?elar\uc1 \u259 ?;
se produc modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i prin m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea tutu-ror
diametrelor; unghiul dintre planul sfenoidal \uc1 \u351 ?i peretele anterior al
\uc1 \u351 ?elii se retrage sau se rotunje\uc1 \u351 ?te, diafragmul \uc1 \u351 ?
elar se m\uc1 \u259 ?re\uc1 \u351 ?te; \uc1 \u351 ?aua apare balonizat\uc1 \u226 ?.
\uc1 \u238 ?n tumorile intra\uc1 \u351 ?elare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n adenomul
in-tra\uc1 \u351 ?elar apar multe modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri care trebuie precizate
medical.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\u350 ?chiopii Ursula (n 1918) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog ro-m\uc1 \u226 ?n, publicist
universitar, doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?ti-in\uc1 \u355 ?e, profesor
consultant la Universitatea din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti. \uc1 \u350 ?i-a f\uc1 \u259 ?
cut studiile la Uni-versitatea din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, Seminarul pe-dagogic
\uc1 \u351 ?i o perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ionare la Centrul Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional al
Copilului la Paris (1965). Membru fondator al Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei Psiholo-gilor
din Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia (1964), al Revistei de Psihologie, al revistei \uc1 \u8222 ?
Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales", serie de Psyho-logie, membru al colegiului
de redac\uc1 \u355 ?ie al Analelor Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (serie
Psiho-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 logie)
(1968-1973) \uc1 \u351 ?i al revistei \uc1 \u8222 ?Co-locvii" pe tot parcursul
apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei aces-teia. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? 1982 a fost secretar \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific la \uc1 \u8222 ?Revista de Psihologie" \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u8222 ?Revue des Sciences Sociales" - serie de psy-hologie. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
1986 \uc1 \u351 ?i 1990 a fost mem-br\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u8222 ?Comitetului
Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional al Psi-hologilor pentru pace \uc1 \u351 ?i contra r\uc1
\u259 ?zbo-iului atomic" (al IUPsys). A adus con-tribu\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n
problemele psihologiei copi-lului \uc1 \u351 ?i a v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor, \uc1
\u238 ?n teoria operativi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii g\uc1 \u226 ?ndiri \uc1 \u238
?n ontogenez\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n proble-mele de psiho-diagnoz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i psihoterapie. A stimulat interes fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
aplicarea cal-culelor de entropii, \uc1 \u238 ?n cercetarea de diverse structuri
psihice (1963-1966). A adaptat \uc1 \u351 ?i a validat numeroase metode
experimentale, teste, etc. A participat la numeroase manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice na\uc1 \u355 ?ionale \uc1 \u351 ?i interna\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale: Copenhaga (1961), Amsterdam (1968), Montreal (1974, 1969); Paris (1977),
Congresele C.A.E.R. de psihologie: Sofia (1964), Berlin (1967), Bratislava (1968),
Var\uc1 \u351 ?ovia (1969), ca pre\uc1 \u351 ?edinte al delega\uc1 \u355 ?iei
rom\uc1 \u226 ?ne; Congresul inter-na\uc1 \u355 ?ional al femeilor Stockholm
(1969), Congresul interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional al copilului de la Casa Alb\uc1 \u259 ?
S.U.A. (1972). A publicat peste 300 de articole, studii \uc1 \u351 ?i lucr\uc1
\u259 ?ri. Opere principale: \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Curs de psihologia copilu}
\langfenp1048 lui" (vol.I - 1955; voi. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - 1965); \uc1 \u8226 ?
\uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia copilului" (1963 - ed.II 1967) - Premiul Ministerului
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?-m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului, \uc1 \u8226
? \uc1 \u8222 ?Dezvoltarea operativit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii
copilului de la 7-11 ani" (1966); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Orizonturi, opinii
\uc1 \u351 ?i proble-me" (1968 - coautor); \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?Probleme
psihologice ale jocului \uc1 \u351 ?i distrac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor (1966 -
coordonator); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia \uc1 \u351 ?i via\uc1 \u355 ?a" (1969 -
coautor); \uc1 \u8222 ?Introducere \uc1 \u238 ?n psihodiagnostic" (ed. }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }
\langfenp1048 - 1970; ed. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -1976); \uc1 \u8222 ?Cartea
tinerelor fete" (1970 -coautor); \uc1 \u8222 ?Orientarea \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i profe-sional\uc1 \u259 ? (autor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 principal 1972); \uc1
\u8222 ?Criza}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de originalitate la
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i" (1978); \uc1 \u8222 ?Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar enciclopedic de
psihologie" (3 volume 1979), \uc1 \u8222 ?Cre\uc1 \u351 ?a, mediu educa-tiv" (1980,
coautor); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia v\uc1 \u226 ?rste-lor" (1981 \uc1 \u351 ?i 1995);
\uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia general\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a copilului" (manual 19}
\langfenp1048 82 - 1985); \uc1 \u8222 ?Sinteze de psihologie" (voi. III)}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?oc }{\fs18 \dbch
ciocnire brusc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i puternic\uc1 \u259 ? a dou\uc1 \u259 ?
corpuri; \uc1 \u238 ?n medicin\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?ocul denume\uc1 \u351 ?te o
tulburare brusc\uc1 \u259 ?, intens\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iona-lit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice (\uc1 \u351 ?i) sau fizice a organis-mului, ap\uc1
\u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? ca urmare a unei agresi-uni externe. \uc1 \u350 ?ocul, ca
tulburare fiziopa-tologic\uc1 \u259 ? se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o \uc1
\u8222 ?stare de alarm\uc1 \u259 ?" concretizat\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o succe-siune de
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuro-vegetative declan-\uc1 \u351 ?ate de o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune
brusc\uc1 \u259 ? a factorului per-turbator. Prin extrapolare, denumirea de \uc1
\u8222 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oc" s-a ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugat unor procedee de tera-pie.
Fiziopatologic \uc1 \u351 ?ocul are trei faze: \uc1 \u351 ?ocul compensat,
\uc1 \u351 ?ocul decompensat, \uc1 \u351 ?ocul ireversibil, terminal.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?ocul poate
fi: - \uc1 \u351 ?oc aerian, aler-gic, circulator, \uc1 \u351 ?oc de garou; \uc1
\u351 ?. prin he-matom, \uc1 \u351 ?. hemorargic, \uc1 \u351 ?. histaminic, \uc1
\u351 ?. laringian, \uc1 \u351 ?. medular, \uc1 \u351 ?. obstretical, \uc1 \u351 ?.
operator, \uc1 \u351 ?. transfuzional, \uc1 \u351 ?. traumatic, \uc1 \u351 ?.
distolic, \uc1 \u351 ?. olecranian, \uc1 \u351 ?. rotulian, etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihiatrie, \uc1 \u351 ?ocul are dou\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte: - unul psihopatologic
\uc1 \u351 ?i unul terapeutic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?oc afectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = starea de dezechilibru acut al
unor func\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice, determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de o traum\uc1 \u259 ?
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, a c\uc1 \u259 ?rei intensitate crescut\uc1 \u259 ? sau
brusche\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?n instalare, solicitat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod variabil disponibilitatea de adaptare a psihismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u350 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = extensional, termen generic sub care sunt reunite toate teoriile
\uc1 \u351 ?i do-meniile \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice. Intensional, conceptul
de \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1
\u259 ? form\uc1 \u259 ? de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii care, spre deo-sebire de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea comun\uc1 \u259 ?, aspir\uc1
\u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luie, \uc1 \u238 ?n modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i riguros veri-ficabile \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o expunere
discursiv\uc1 \u259 ?, precis formulat\uc1 \u259 ?, legile obiective care
guverneaz\uc1 \u259 ? succesiunea evenimentelor. \uc1 \u8226 ? Componentele
structurale ale cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?-terii \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice sunt: -
con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul factu-rai, ipotezele explicative, concluziile
generaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii con\uc1 \u355 ?inutului factual expu-se argumentativ,
ansamblul metodelor de cercetare, etc. \uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1
\u355 ?ia sa ulteri-oar\uc1 \u259 ?, cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? s-a autono-mizat din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai categoric
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ele naive \uc1 \u351 ?i
prejudec\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile necri-tice ale sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului comun,
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u226 ?nd propria sa dezvoltare. \uc1 \u350 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a interfe-reaz\uc1 \u259 ? din ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai mult cu
sfera for-\uc1 \u355 ?elor de produc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o rela\uc1 \u355
?ie de stimulare reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\colw3038 \colsr43 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2937 \endnhere \pard \plain
\langfenp1048 T}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tabacism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ie cronic\uc1 \u259 ? cu tutun.
Efectele nocive ale fumatului sunt ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi cunoscute \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga lume medical\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n ultimii ani, s-a
\uc1 \u238 ?ncetinit consumul de tu-tun, \uc1 \u238 ?n unele medii sociale \uc1
\u351 ?i zone geo-grafice, \uc1 \u238 ?nregistr\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se regresii sensibi-
le, ca urmare a unor campanii de infor-mare \uc1 \u351 ?i educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie
sanitar\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n general, au renun\uc1 \u355 ?at la fumat cei de
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? mijlocie, \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb consumul este mare \uc1
\u238 ?n r\uc1 \u226 ?ndul tinerilor. Fumatul de tutun este un ames-tec de gaze
\uc1 \u351 ?i rezidii solide microscopice \uc1 \u238 ?n care au fost identifica\uc1
\u355 ?i peste 1000 de compu\uc1 \u351 ?i. Principalele componente \uc1 \u351 ?i
concentra\uc1 \u355 ?iile fumului de \uc1 \u355 ?igar\uc1 \u259 ? sunt:}
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin5 \cbpat16 \tql \tx115 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\listtext \pard
\plain \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oxidul de carbon (5240-214000
mocro-grame); \uc1 \u8226 ? nicoti}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 n\uc1 \u259 ? (200-2400 microgra-me). Unele
componente ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special la nivelul
otofaringelui sau c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor aeriene mari unde sunt depozitate; altele sunt
absorbite din gur\uc1 \u259 ?, faringe, c\uc1 \u259 ?i aeriene sau alveole
pulmonare \uc1 \u238 ?n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge, de unde pot ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona asupra
diferitelor \uc1 \u355 ?esuturi din organism. Substan\uc1 \u355 ?ele cu efecte
patologice din fumul de tutun sunt clasificate \uc1 \u238 ?n patru grupe
(substan\uc1 \u355 ?e c-unoscute ca av\uc1 \u226 ?nd propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355
?i cancerige-ne): \uc1 \u8226 ? carcinogenetice (hidrocarburile aromatice
policiclice, cum ar fi betanaf-talina care poate produce cancerul vezi-cii
urinare); \uc1 \u8226 ? cocartenogenetice (fenolii, esterii acizilor gra\uc1
\u351 ?i, acizii gra\uc1 \u351 ?i liberi);}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 substan\uc1 \u355 ?e iritante (particule solide, dife-rite gaze);
\uc1 \u8226 ? nicotin\uc1 \u259 ?, cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune asupra organismului
\uc1 \u238 ?n general \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales asu-pra sistemul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ui nervos.}
\langfenp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 T}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Oxidul de carbon
scade capacitatea de transport a oxigenului de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre he-moglobina
\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedic\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?trunderea oxigenului la
nivel celular. Nicotin\uc1 \u259 ? este cel mai nociv constituent al fumu-lui de
\uc1 \u355 ?igar\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? 80-90% se ab-soarbe \uc1 \u238 ?
n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge; inhalat\uc1 \u259 ? cu fiecare fum; este echivalent\uc1 \u259 ?
cu cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de 0,lmg administrat\uc1 \u259 ? intravenos.
Sunt de ajuns numai dou\uc1 \u259 ? pic\uc1 \u259 ?turi din aceast\uc1 \u259 ?
toxin\uc1 \u259 ? puse pe limba unui c\uc1 \u226 ?ine ca s\uc1 \u259 ?-1 omoare. De
subliniat c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul unei vie\uc1 \u355 ?i, fum\uc1 \u259 ?
torul introduce \uc1 \u238 ?n organism mai mult de jum\uc1 \u259 ?tate de kilogram
de nicotin\uc1 \u259 ?, ceea ce reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o cantitate }{\b1 \i1
\langfenp1048 enorm\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de toxic. Principalele ac\uc1 \u355
?iuni ale nicotinei se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? asupra siste-mului nervos, fie prin
spasme vasculare produse prin irita\uc1 \u355 ?ia capilarelor sangvi-ne, fie prin
atingerea direct\uc1 \u259 ? a celulei nervoase, \uc1 \u351 ?i indirect asupra
cordului, vaselor sangvine \uc1 \u351 ?i rinichilor. Asupra sistemului nervos
central, produce, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu modul \uc1 \u351 ?i vechimea
fumatului, \uc1 \u351 ?i caracteristicile psihosomatice ale fu-m\uc1 \u259 ?
torului, fie stimulare, fie sedare. Da-tele numeroaselor studii clinice \uc1
\u351 ?i expe-rimentale din \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga lume demon-streaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? ftimul de tutun este r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-z\uc1 \u259 ?tor de apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia a numeroase boli cro-nice grave. Dintre acestea, primul loc este ocupat
de }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cancerul pulmonar, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 apoi cardiopatia
ischemic\uc1 \u259 ?, bron\uc1 \u351 ?ita cronic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\b1
\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 enfizemul pulmonar. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Statis-tici ale O.M.S. arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? 90% din dece-sele de cancer pulmonar, 25% din cele datorate bolilor
cardiovasculare \uc1 \u351 ?i 75% din cele cauzate de bron\uc1 \u351 ?ita
cronic\uc1 \u259 ? sunt direct imputabile tabagismului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De asemenea, mortalitatea prin }{\b1 \i1
\langfenp1048 infarct miocardic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este dubl\uc1 \u259 ? la fum\uc1
\u259 ?-tori fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de nefum\uc1 \u259 ?tori. Cel pu\uc1
\u355 ?in un milion de b\uc1 \u259 ?rba\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i femei mor anual
din cauza fumatului, dintre care: 300000 \uc1 \u238 ?n S.U.A., 70000 \uc1 \u238 ?n
Germania,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\colsr14 \colno2 \colw720 \colno3 \colw2976 \endnhere \pard \plain \qr \li0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 50000 \uc1 \u238 ?n Anglia, 35000 \uc1 \u238 ?n
Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a, etc. Statisticile arat\uc1 \u259 ? de asemeJiea c\uc1 \u259 ?
un fum\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i scurteaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
medi\uc1 \u171 ? cu 8,3 am via\uc1 \u355 ?a chiar dac\uc1 \u259 ? are o doz\uc1
\u259 ? moderat\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u355 ?ig\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe zi. S-a constatat
c\uc1 \u259 ? la fum\uc1 \u259 ?tori apar \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o propor\uc1 \u355 ?ie
mai m*re cancerul laringian \uc1 \u351 ?i al mucoasei bucaie, cancerul vezicii
urinare, hipertensiunea arterial\uc1 \u259 ?, arterite, flebite, ulcere gastrice.
Totodat\uc1 \u259 ?, fumatul determin\uc1 \u259 ? perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
func\uc1 \u355 ?iei unor glande cu secre\uc1 \u355 ?ie intern\uc1 \u259 ?, scade
randamentul muncii fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele
sportive, etc. n timpul sarcinii \uc1 \u351 ?i maternit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, fumatul are con-secin\uc1 \u355 ?e deosebit de grave: rezisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?-zut\uc1 \u259 ? la factorii de mediu
infec\uc1 \u355 ?io\uc1 \u351 ?i to-xici traumatici. Nicotin\uc1 \u259 ? produce
elibe-rarea de adrenalin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i noradrenahn\uc1 \u259 ?, hor-
moni care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? direct sau indirect asupra cordului \uc1
\u351 ?i vaselor, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea frecven\uc1 \u355 ?ei
\uc1 \u351 ?i debitului cardiac, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i vasocontric\uc1 \u355
?iei. Fumûl este de asemenea implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n producerea precoce a
arterosclerozei prin determinarea cre\uc1 \u351 ?terii concentra\uc1 \u355 ?
iei acizilor gra\uc1 \u351 ?i liberi \uc1 \u238 ?n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge
adevezivitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i aglutimbihta-tea trombocitar\uc1 \u259 ?. Tutunul
nu \uc1 \u238 ?ntrune\uc1 \u351 ?te atributele unui adev\uc1 \u259 ?rat drog,
neprodu-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd fenomene de dependent\uc1 \u259 ?, folosirea lui
antreneaz\uc1 \u259 ? numai o stare de obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
\langfenp1048 Intoxica\uc1 \u355 ?ia acut\uc1 \u259 ? cu nicotin\uc1 \u259 ? aduce
ame\uc1 \u355 ?eli, cefalee, transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ii, sealoree, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?
ri de vedere puternice (scotom), brahicardie, delir \uc1 \u351 ?i com\uc1
\u259 ?, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri neuropsihice, insomnie, bradipsihie,
disprosexie, astenie, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri m sfera altor
aparate \uc1 \u351 ?i organe (inapeten\uc1 \u355 ?a, paloare, epigastralgii,
aritmie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\uc1 \u238 ?ntreruperea fumatului sau sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea num\uc1 \u259 ?rului
de \uc1 \u355 ?ig\uc1 \u259 ?ri poate produce la unii subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i st\uc1
\u259 ?ri de agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, insomnn, inta-bilitate, etc, ceea ce face ca
problema l\uc1 \u259 ?-satului de fumat s\uc1 \u259 ? par\uc1 \u259 ? complicat\uc1
\u259 ?. Sunt ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi suficiente remedii pentru dezinto-xicare, succesul
depinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n mare parte}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de personalitatea
puternic\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului. Printre metodele utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n
tratamentul tabagismului sunt citate: acupunctura, homeopatia, procedee de
aversiune prin modificarea gustului tutunului, \uc1 \u351 ?ocuri electrice pe
bra\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?n momentul \uc1 \u238 ?n care \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe
s\uc1 \u259 ? fumeze, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tabes = (sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sifilis); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 meningo-
radicu-lonevrit\uc1 \u259 ? posterioar\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1 \u259 ?, care se
asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? uneori \uc1 \u351 ?i cu afectarea unor nervi cranieni.
Sifilisul nervos este considerat un stadiu evolutiv al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui tablou
clinic este dominat de manifes-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurologice: tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
sensibili-tate profund\uc1 \u259 ?, cu alterarea sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului tac-til,
ataxie locomotorie, mers talonat, dureri la nivelul membrelor, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
senzoriale (surditate \uc1 \u351 ?i cecitate prin atrofia nervilor, crize viscerale
(laringi-ene, gastrice, vezicale, rectale) dureroa-se, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri
sexuale, sfincteriene \uc1 \u351 ?i trofice. De\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
majoritatea cazurilor predomin\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile neurologice, au
fost scrise forme de tabes cu pusee con-vulsive delirant - oneiroide sau stupo-
roase, forme mixte taboparalitice, care asociaz\uc1 \u259 ? o stare demen\uc1 \u355
?ial\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv\uc1 \u259 ?, forme care prezint\uc1 \u259 ? sindroame
depresi-ve maniacale, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri delirante, psihoze cronice, fenomene
halucinatorii, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tabuta Rasa = (tabl\uc1 \u259 ? pe care nu este scris nimic), semnific\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n epistemolo-gie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologie starea de
total\uc1 \u259 ? lips\uc1 \u259 ? de informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie (J. Locke - la
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere omul nu \uc1 \u351 ?tie nimic, nu exist\uc1 \u259 ? idei \uc1
\u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute, totul depinde de experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?).
Totu\uc1 \u351 ?i trebuie \uc1 \u355 ?inut seama ca nou-n\uc1 \u259 ?scutul dispune
de premize ereditare care, func\uc1 \u355 ?ional, pot fi favorabile sau nefavorab}
\langfenp1048 ile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tact }{\fs18 \dbch
modalitate senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? cutanat\uc1 \u259 ? prin care se
semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? contactul cu corpuri. T. implic\uc1 \u259 ? nu numai
recep\uc1 \u355 ?ia cutanat\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i pe cea kinestezic\uc1
\u259 ?. Se rea-lizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un proces de palpa\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin
care ob\uc1 \u355 ?inem discriminarea formelor, fiind socotit\uc1 \u259 ?
analoag\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u259 ?zului. Prin tact se face detectarea \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irilor: duruzita-tea, porozitatea. \uc1 \u238 ?n alt sens,
implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd discern\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul, adeziunea sufleteasc\uc1
\u259 ?, tactul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o strategie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de alte persoane, cu grij\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a nu-i leza
personalitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i a-1 influen\uc1 \u355 ?a educativ sau instructiv,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? duritate, evit\uc1 \u226 ?nd conflictele.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tahifemie = }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (sin. }
\langfenp1048 tahilalie); }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 form\uc1 \u259 ? pa-tologic\uc1 \u259 ? de
hiperactivitate verbal\uc1 \u259 ? ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n accelerarea
exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? a debitu-lui verbal, ritmul \uc1 \u238 ?ngreun\uc1 \u226 ?nd
mult com-prehensibilitatea comunic\uc1 \u259 ?rii. Cu toat\uc1 \u259 ? ritmicitatea
gr\uc1 \u259 ?bit\uc1 \u259 ? nu se constat\uc1 \u259 ? defec-te de ordin sintactic
\uc1 \u351 ?i nici fonetic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tahistoscop }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aparat ce permite prezen-tarea
vizual\uc1 \u259 ? a unor imagini \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un timp foarte scurt (de ordinul
miimilor de se-cund\uc1 \u259 ?) \uc1 \u351 ?i cu care se m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1
\u259 ? volumul aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Talamus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune diencefalic\uc1 \u259
? care intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuirea talamencefalului (par-
tea superioar\uc1 \u259 ? a diencefalului), format din dou\uc1 \u259 ? mase ovoide
de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? ner-voas\uc1 \u259 ? care poart\uc1 \u259 ?
denumirea de \uc1 \u8222 ?corpii optici" sau straturile optice. Este desp\uc1 \u259
?r-\uc1 \u355 ?it de hipotalamus prin \uc1 \u351 ?an\uc1 \u355 ?ul hipotala-mic. Ca
structur\uc1 \u259 ?, la exterior prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un strat sub\uc1 \u355 ?ire
de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? alb\uc1 \u259 ? form\uc1 \u226 ?nd lama
medular\uc1 \u259 ? extern\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stratul zonal \uc1 \u238 ?n
partea posterioar\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n interior se g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1
\u351 ?te substan\uc1 \u355 ?a cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ie desp\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? de lama medular\uc1 \u259 ? intern\uc1 \u259 ?, format\uc1 \u259 ?
din substan\uc1 \u355 ?a alb\uc1 \u259 ?. Aceste forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni nucleare
cuprind mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i centri nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i care primesc}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iile de la etajele inferioare ale nevraxului \uc1 \u351 ?i le transmit la scoar\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Toate c\uc1 \u259 ?ile centripete care vin de la m\uc1 \u259 ?
duva spin\uc1 \u259 ?rii, bulb \uc1 \u351 ?i cerebel trec, \uc1 \u238 ?nainte de a
ajunge la scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, prin talamus, unde fac
sinaps\uc1 \u259 ? cu neuronii care formeaz\uc1 \u259
? nucleii acestui centru. \uc1 \u238 ?n talamus exist\uc1 \u259 ? nuclei de
asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie care au leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi cu substan\uc1 \u355 ?a
reticular\uc1 \u259 ?, prin aceasta realiz\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se reglarea ritmu}
\langfenp1048 lui somn-veghe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Talent }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen psihologic ce denu-me\uc1 \u351 ?te
un ansamblu de aptitudini supe-rior dezvoltate, sau o combinare de ap-titudine
original\uc1 \u259 ? care asigur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i facili-teaz\uc1 \u259 ?
realizarea de performan\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
sfer\uc1 \u259 ? de activitate \uc1 \u351 ?i produce crea\uc1 \u355 ?ii, valori
originale (talent muzical, talent literar, actoricesc, didactic, medi-cal,
oratoric, organizatoric, \uc1 \u238 ?n munca de cercetare \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?). Aptitudinile individuale presupun: \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1
\u355 ?ie prin munc\uc1 \u259 ?, motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie pentru crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
condi-\uc1 \u355 ?ii social-educa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de sti-
mulare a dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor native individua-le. O treapt\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? de dezvoltare a aptitudinilor, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca urmare
produc\uc1 \u355 ?ii originale de importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? istoric\uc1
\u259 ? o constituie }{\b1 \i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 geniul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tanatofobie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = team\uc1 \u259 ? patologic\uc1
\u259 ? de moarte, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza
obsesivo-fobic\uc1 \u259 ?, isterie, nevroz\uc1 \u259 ? anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?, hipo-
condrie, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tandre\uc1 \u355 ?e }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu cel de senzualitate o atitudi-ne fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de cel\uc1 \u259 ?lalt care perpetueaz\uc1 \u259 ? sau reproduce prima modalitate
de relafio-nare afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (dragostea copilului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de mam\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i invers; dragostea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
persoana iubit\uc1 \u259 ?, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? pe aprecierea sincer\uc1 \u259 ?,
ceea ce produce o satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie deosebit\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Taping-test =
prob\uc1 \u187 ? de vitez\uc1 \u259 ? motnc\uc1 \u259 ? simpl\uc1 \u259 ? care
const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?i\uc1 \u187 ? a bate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un timp dat,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t mai multe lovituri posibile, c}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 u un creion pe o h\uc1 \u226 ?
rtie s3\uc1 \u171 ? P}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u176 ? tabl\uc1
\u259 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 E}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 os1}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' }{\fs18 \dbch
bil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i o \uc1 \u238 ?nregistrare electric\uc1 \u259 ? a
r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-sului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tasikinezie = tulburare a activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii mo-torii,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a imperioas\uc1 \u259 ? de
deplasare, \uc1 \u238 ?n imposibilitatea de a sta lo-cului. Este o hipermnezie de
ong.ne ex-trapiramidal\uc1 \u259 ?, obsedant\uc1 \u259 ? mai rar ca se-chel\uc1
\u259 ? postencefalic\uc1 \u226 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i ^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ult}{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 mal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\super1 frecvent }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca accident diskinetic acut, consecutiv terapiei cu
neuroliptice. Sindromul hiperchinetic-hiperton, care se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ?
cronologic dup\uc1 \u259 ? sindromul parchmsom-an, se datoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? unor
d.sfunc\uc1 \u355 ?n ale nu-cleilor cenu\uc1 \u351 ?ii centrali \uc1 \u351 ?i a
substan\uc1 \u355 ?ei reticulare care produce perturbarea influ-en\uc1 \u355 ?ei
reciproce }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \sub2 cort}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ico-extrapiramidale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 T.A.T. = test proiectiv (H. Murray
-1935) pentru eviden\uc1 \u355 ?ierea unor date fun-damentale ale personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii: impulsuri, emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii, sentimente, complexe
conflicte, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e refulate. Utilitatea T.A.T. este determinat\uc1
\u259 ? de aprofundarea \uc1 \u351 ?i inter-pretarea tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de
comportament a maladiilor psihice- Este deosebit de efi-cient atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?
nd datele sunt corelate cu cele furnizate de testul Rorschach. Se utilizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? uneori ca o ps.hoterap}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 le }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 scurt\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tautologie =
echivalen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i ale propozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei
sau chiar a dou\uc1 \u259 ? propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii distincte, afirm\uc1 \u226 ?nd de
fapt acela\uc1 \u351 ?i lucru; judecat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care subiectul
\uc1 \u351 ?i predicatul sunt exact aceea\uc1 \u351 ?i no\uc1 \u355 ?iune, \uc1
\u171 ?Primata sau nu prin acela\uc1 \u351 ?i culant.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Taxonomie = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ?
metodologic\uc1 \u259 ? ce se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de legile, criteriile \uc1 \u351 ?i
confi-gura\uc1 \u355 ?iile clasific\uc1 \u259 ?rilor; \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a
a }{\field \fldedit {\*\fldinst {\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 HYPERLINK
"clas.fi-"}}{\fldrslt {\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 clas.fi-}}}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \ul1 }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 carii \uc1 \u351 ?i sistematiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ifice (cele din biolog}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ie sunt tipice).}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Team\uc1 \u259 ? = proces
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional negativ, ca-re implic\uc1 \u259 ? insecuritate, nelini\uc1
\u351 ?te, alar-m\uc1 \u259 ?, agita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de evitare legat\uc1 \u259 ? de un pericol iminent sau \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?
rtat. Se deosebe\uc1 \u351 ?te de fric\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i angoas\uc1
\u259 ?, care sunt f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? obiect. Patologic, teama evo-
lueaz\uc1 \u259 ? spre sindromul obsesivo-fobic, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd frica trece
\uc1 \u238 ?n angoas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i fobie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tehnic\uc1 \u259 ? = ansamblu de procedee
\uc1 \u351 ?i metode care se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anume domeniu.
Legat de psihopatologie \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologie, tehnica se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la o
meto-d\uc1 \u259 ? sau procedeu terapeutic (mecani}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c, chimic sau
psihologic).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tehnopsihologie = ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psihologi-ei ce se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de
mijloacele aplic\uc1 \u259 ?rii practice. Se \uc1 \u238 ?ntretaie cu psihotehnica,
dar o dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te prin preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile spe-
ciale pentru principiile \uc1 \u351 ?i strategiile aplicabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii psihologiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Telegn}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ozie = cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere indirect\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? intermediul percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei sau func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor in-telectuale a
unor evenimente situate la distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de vedere
spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial sau temporal. Acest fenomen include: pre-moni\uc1 \u355 ?ia,
clarviziunea, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce pen-tru oamenii de \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?rerile oscileaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
negarea total\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii lui \uc1 \u351 ?i
ipotezele pozitive privind manifestarea lui efectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ipoteze pe care le
va con-firma sau infirma numai evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia ulteri-oar\uc1 \u259 ? a
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Telekinezie = fenomen de induc\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu care un subiect, care
se presupune c\uc1 \u259 ? dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n jurul s\uc1 \u259 ?u
un c\uc1 \u226 ?mp electro-magnetic extrem de puternic, se inter-fereaz\uc1 \u259 ?
cu cel al obiectului supus ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nii. Ca fenomen paranormal, telekine-}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zia presupune
calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i extrasenzoriale, care ar avea la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
fenomene parafizio-log}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Telencefal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (creierul anterior); partea cea mai
voluminoas\uc1 \u259 ? a encefalului, re-prezentat de emisferele cerebrale, alc\uc1
\u259 ?tu-ite din urm\uc1 \u259 ?toarele forma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni: scoar\uc1 \u355 ?a
cerebral\uc1 \u259 ?, substan\uc1 \u355 ?a alb\uc1 \u259 ?, corpii stria\uc1
\u355 ?i, sistemul limbic \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n interior, ventricolele la}
\langfenp1048 terale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II).}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teleologie }
\langfenp1048 = concept care se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la un tip determinat de
explica\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?ntemeiat\uc1 \u259 ? pe finalitate (scop). Se con-sider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?
via\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndeosebi psihicul uman au un caracter
teleologic. La baza sistemelor teleologice este un mecanism de autoreglaj
dup\uc1 \u259 ? un program. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul psihologiei contemporane s-a
dezvoltat o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care nu este nici analitic\uc1 \u259 ?,
nici comportamentalist\uc1 \u259 ? (teleologic\uc1 \u259 ?) care caut\uc1 \u259 ?
noi modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de explicare a cau-zelor finale ale
comportamentului uman.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Teleonomic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen introdus de Allport (1937) pentru a defini
sistemul s\uc1 \u259 ?u ipotetic cu privire la structura perso-nalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, imaginat\uc1 \u259 ? ca un model ce unifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?
scopurile individului, orientate spre anumite scopuri. Teleonomia substituie
\uc1 \u238 ?n biologie termenii de finalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i teleologie care au
conota\uc1 \u355 ?ii idealiste.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Teleopsie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen ce \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?e\uc1
\u351 ?te tulbu-r\uc1 \u259 ?rile vizuale \uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu, tradus
prin supra-estimarea profunzimii (ad\uc1 \u226 ?ncimii), cele-lalte dimensiuni
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?nd in-tacte.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Telepatie }{\fs18
fenomen parapsihic, care a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r semnifica o form\uc1 \u259 ? de comunicare
extra-senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? (criptestezie). Comunicarea se efectueaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un singur sens, de la un inductor la perceptor, atunci c\uc1
\u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntre}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia exist\uc1 \u259 ? legaturi afective
\uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u226 ?nd inductorul se afl\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o stare
de \uc1 \u238 ?ncor-dare maxim\uc1 \u259 ?, de mare tensiune. Se pre-supune
c\uc1 \u259 ? transmisia \uc1 \u351 ?i recep\uc1 \u355 ?ia se fac la nivelul
incon\uc1 \u351 ?tientului, dup\uc1 \u259 ? legile acestuia. Termenul \uc1 \u8222 ?
tele" desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? independen\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu
distan\uc1 \u355 ?a. Te-lepatia este cercetat\uc1 \u259 ? cu intense \uc1 \u238 ?
ncer-c\uc1 \u259 ?ri de obiectivare, \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu alte
fenomene ce intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sfera parapsiholo-gici. T. pare a se
produce indiferent de distan\uc1 \u355 ?a sau obstacolele materiale. Ipo-teza
undelor her\uc1 \u355 ?iene ca purt\uc1 \u259 ?toare ale mesajului telepatic a fost
infirmat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n favoarea altei teorii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (V. }{\fs18
Iordan), avan-s\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ideea c\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile
telepatice se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un c\uc1 \u226 ?mp de energie
dis-cret\uc1 \u259 ?, similar c\uc1 \u226 ?mpului gravita\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}
Telereceptori }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = structuri receptoare asupra c\uc1 \u259 ?rora ac\uc1
\u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? stimuli pro-du\uc1 \u351 ?i la distan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?. Analizatorii care con-\uc1 \u355 ?in telereceptori sunt: vizuali,
auditivi, olfactivi; spre deosebire de receptorii tactili \uc1 \u351 ?i gustativi
care ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? ne-mijlocit. Organiza\uc1 \u355 ?i anatomic
pe princi-piul oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui analizator, telereceptorii sunt forma\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i ei din trei segmente: \uc1 \u8226 ? periferic (receptor);
\uc1 \u8226 ? intermediar (ca-lea de conducere care poate fi specific\uc1 \u259 ?
sau nespecific\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ? segmentul central sau proiec\uc1 \u355 ?
ia cortical\uc1 \u259 ? (zona cortical\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia este transformat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n senza\uc1 \u355 ?
ie subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ?). Seg-mentul periferic
este inclus \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o struc-tur\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ? ce permite
contactul direct cu mediul extern \uc1 \u351 ?i propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
lui (ochi, ureche, nas).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Temere = atitudine determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de sen-timentul de fric\uc1
\u259 ? (team\uc1 \u259 ?), justi\uc1 \u355 ?ia, fami-lia, societatea, prin
mecanismele lor de intimidare, \uc1 \u238 ?nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? persoanele
s\uc1 \u259 ? respec-te legile, normele, pentru a evita sanc\uc1 \u355 ?i-}
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 unile pe
care nerespectarea lor le-ar atrage.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temeritate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = exces de \uc1 \u238 ?ndr\uc1
\u259 ?zneal\uc1 \u259 ? sau de cutezan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? manifestat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie, f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? o evaluare riguroas\uc1 \u259 ? a ris-curilor sau a consecin\uc1
\u355 ?elor posibile (acte-le alpinistului sau navigatorului solitar se deosebesc
de cele ale adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, ale dizarmonicilor de tip instabil, impulsiv
sau ale psihoticelor \uc1 \u238 ?n puseu acut).}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temperament }{\fs18 \dbch
component\uc1 \u259 ? dinamico-energetic\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un ansamblu de \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i
ereditare, expresie a unei reactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i particulare a S. N.
C. \uc1 \u351 ?i a factorilor endocrini. T. este bazai, neutru fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de valorile sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i morale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temperamentul \uc1
\u238 ?n sine, este o la-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tur\uc1 \u259 ? a personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i se valorific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mod direct \uc1 \u238 ?n situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii
care cer manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
fizic\uc1 \u259 ?, de rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Acela\uc1 \u351 ?i temperament poate exista
la}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \line }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tipuri de personalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i diferite \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n condi-}{\fs18 \dbch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ii diferite de evolu\uc1 \u355 ?
ie a acesteia. De\uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temperamentul nu determin\uc1 \u259
? capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 productive, creative sau
reproductive, ale}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 persoanei, acesta le
coreleaz\uc1 \u259 ?, le nuan-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18
\tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \sub2 t}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temperamentul constituie o cate-gorie psihologic\uc1
\u259 ?, nu fiziologic\uc1 \u259 ?, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? el de\uc1 \u355 ?ine
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e predispozante, un nivel de manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice
comporta-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentale care au la baz\uc1 \u259 ?
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e perima-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re \uc1 \u351 ?i secundare, psihogene.
Afectivitatea r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne principala sfer\uc1 \u259 ? de
eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iere a t. prin parametrii de sensibilitate, tonus afectiv,
stabilitate, profunzime a tr\uc1 \u259 ?irilor, \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irile,
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile temperamenta-le sunt definite psihologic: \uc1
\u8226 ? tonico-ener-getice; \uc1 \u8226 ? fazico-temperamentale; \uc1 \u8226 ? de
factur\uc1 \u259 ? a reactivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii globale. Combi-narea
acestora se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? din cele patru tipuri de temperament: \uc1 \u8226
? coleric;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs2 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 sangvinic; \uc1 \u8226 ? flegmatic; \uc1 \u8226 ? melancolic. Din
viziunea hipocratic\uc1 \u259 ?, sunt puse \uc1 \u238 ?n eviden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? trei \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri fundamentale ale activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii nervoase superioare: \uc1 \u8226 ? for\uc1 \u355 ?a sau
energia; \uc1 \u8226 ? mobilitatea; \uc1 \u8226 ? echilibrul celor dou\uc1 \u259 ?
procese nervoase superioa-re. Prin combinarea acestor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
iri, apar patru tipuri de sistem nervos care ar fi \uc1 \u238 ?n relativ\uc1
\u259 ? coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu cele patru temperamente descrise din
anti-chitate: \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul puternic, neechilibrat, excitabil,
coreleaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu tipul coleric;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\langfenp1048 cel puternic, echilibrat, mobil se ex-prim\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
temperament sangvinic; \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul puternic, echilibrat-inert, \uc1 \u238 ?
n tempera-mentul flagmatic; \uc1 \u8226 ? tipul slab, hipoto-nic, astenic -
corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?tor tempera-mentului melancolic.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temperamentele pot fi ameliora-te,
optimizate, \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd seama de faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? sunt \uc1
\u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie direct\uc1 \u259 ? cu tipul de ac-tivitate
nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? sunt
influen\uc1 \u355 ?ate de aptitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i caracter.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tempo individual }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ritmul actelor
motorii \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectuale ale unei persoa-ne: mers, vorbit, scris,
curb\uc1 \u259 ? de lucru, timp de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie. T. i. caracterizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ale activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
nervoase superioare, al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii adaptativ}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 e \uc1
\u238 ?n genere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Temporal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (lob) = una din cele mai mari
diviziuni ale emisferelor cerebra-le, care \uc1 \u238 ?ncepe s\uc1 \u259 ? se
formeze din a treia lun\uc1 \u259 ? de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? fetal\uc1
\u259 ?, cea mai recent ap\uc1 \u259 ?-rut\uc1 \u259 ? filogenetic (\uc1 \u238 ?
ntre st\uc1 \u226 ?nca osului temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i osul parietal). Lobul tem-
poral prezint\uc1 \u259 ? delimit\uc1 \u259 ?ri mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in nete fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de lobul parietal \uc1 \u351 ?i de cel occipital. Este \uc1
\u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu osul sfenoid, cavitatea glenoid\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i osul temporal, urechea medie \uc1 \u351 ?i intern\uc1 \u259 ?, sinusul
cavernos, cerebel, lobul insulei \uc1 \u351 ?i hipocampul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\endnhere \pard \plain \qj \fi475 \li24 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0
\shpleft7334 \shptop2189 \shpright7334 \shpbottom3504 \shpfhdr0 \shpbxmargin
posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt {\pict }}}}{\fs20
{\shp {\*\shpinst \shpleft7334 \shptop5213 \shpright7334 \shpbottom9946
8890}}{\sp {\sn lineStyle}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp {\sn wzName}
{\sv Line 22}}{\sp {\sn posrelh}{\sv 0}}{\sp {\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}}{\shprslt
\langfenp1048 La nivelul circunvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iilor tempo-rale transversale se
afl\uc1 \u259 ? centrul percep\uc1 \u355 ?i-ei acustice. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? zon\uc1
\u259 ? este responsa-bil\uc1 \u259 ? de integrarea stimulilor auditivi (\uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?ime, intensitate), fn zona posterioa-r\uc1 \u259 ? a
primei circunvolu\uc1 \u355 ?iuni temporale a emisferei dominante se afl\uc1
\u259 ? centrul receptor al limbajului vorbit (Wernicke). Distrugerea acestei zone
atrage imposi-bilitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii limbajului vorbit,
\uc1 \u238 ?n ciuda percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei senzoriale intacte (afazi-a senzorial\uc1
\u259 ?). Sistemul limbic este repre-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zentat de un
ansamblu de structuri diferi-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te morf}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ologic \uc1 \u351 ?i
func\uc1 \u355 ?ional; acesta este creierul emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional \uc1 \u351 ?i
visceral, al c\uc1 \u259 ?rui rol principal este men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea vie\uc1
\u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i perpe-tuarea speciei. Tot aici se afl\uc1 \u259 ? centrii
care ne controleaz\uc1 \u259 ? comportamentul, timia \uc1 \u351 ?i manifest\uc1
\u259 ?rile con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente cu o baz\uc1 \u259 ? motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, memoria de scurt\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?. Sistemul limbic
se comport\uc1 \u259 ? ca un substrat organizator coordonator \uc1 \u351 ?i
adaptativ \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul afectelor, al acte-lor mnezice, filtr\uc1 \u226 ?
nd informa\uc1 \u355 ?iile, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd zone asociative temporare, capacitatea
de decizie \uc1 \u351 ?i dozare a deciziei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tenacitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei,
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?a la solicit\uc1 \u259 ?ri
puternice \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ndelungate \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
capacitatea de a desf\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?ura eforturi pe m\uc1 \u259 ?sura
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ce trebuie dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ite.
F\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? tenacitate nu pot fi \uc1 \u238 ?nfr\uc1 \u226 ?nte
obstacolele ce se ivesc \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a cotidian\uc1 \u259 ?. La
baza t. se afl\uc1 \u259 ? o motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie puternic\uc1 \u259 ?. Este
\uc1 \u351 ?i o atitudine, o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de
caracter.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen cu mai multe accep-\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie: \uc1 \u8226 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?care sau stopare a unei
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri; \uc1 \u8226 ? dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia organismului de
a r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde la excita\uc1 \u355 ?ii prin anumite reac\uc1 \u355 ?ii; \uc1
\u8226 ? o for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? natural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i latent\uc1
\u259 ? care se actualizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?ial \uc1 \u351 ?i
direc\uc1 \u355 ?io-nat \uc1 \u238 ?n orice ipostaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Fie ca o
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? -necondi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ?, fie ca
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? social\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, ea
reune\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o structur\uc1 \u259 ? dinamic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i relativ stabil\uc1 \u259 ? aspecte de ordin ps}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ihologic,
fiziologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Tensiune arterial\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = constant\uc1 \u259 ? fiziolo-gic\uc1
\u259 ? ce m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1 \u259 ? presiunea sanguin\uc1 \u259 ? din artere,
cunosc\uc1 \u226 ?nd o valoare maxim\uc1 \u259 ? -corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare
sistolei cardiace, \uc1 \u351 ?i una minim\uc1 \u259 ? - corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare
diasto-lei. Reflect\uc1 \u259 ? starea de tensiune sub care se g\uc1 \u259 ?
se\uc1 \u351 ?te sistemul arterial, rezultant\uc1 \u259 ? a: \uc1 \u8226 ?
for\uc1 \u355 ?ei cu care este propulsat s\uc1 \u226 ?ngele de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre
inim\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? a elasticit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii pere\uc1
\u355 ?ilor arteriali \uc1 \u351 ?i ai vaselor, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
calibrul vaselor mici
\uc1 \u351 ?i de v\uc1 \u226 ?scozitatea s\uc1 \u226 ?ngelui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Valorile normale sunt cuprinse la omul adu}
\langfenp1048 lt \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 120 mm Hg la b\uc1 \u259 ?rbat, 105-110 mm Hg la
femeie (presiune sistolic\uc1 \u259 ? maxim\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u351 ?i 70-80 mm Hg
(presiune diastolic\uc1 \u259 ? minim\uc1 \u259 ?).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 M\uc1 \u259 ?surarea tensiunii arteriale nu tre-buie
s\uc1 \u259 ? fie un abuz din partea subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i-lor cu tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e
anxioase, hipocondrice, care interpreteaz\uc1 \u259 ? uneori eronat oscila-\uc1
\u355 ?iile fiziologice ale maximei \uc1 \u351 ?i mini-mei, pretext pentru
declan\uc1 \u351 ?area unor crize de anxietate ce se asociaz\uc1 \u259 ?, de
obicei, altor mecanisme conversive. T. a. difer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sex, v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, greu-tate \uc1 \u351 ?i
suprafa\uc1 \u355 ?a corporal\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i de intensitatea
efortului depus. Somnul, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i digestia, coboar\uc1 \u259 ? maxima cu 20
mm Hg, \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb durerea, frigul, unii sti-muli viscerali cresc }{\b1
\langfenp1048 t }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? consti-tu\uc1 \u355 ?ii predispuse
la hipotensiune (longi-linii, astenicii) dar poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i o reac\uc1
\u355 ?ie advers\uc1 \u259 ? ap\uc1 \u259 ?rut\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul
terapiei cu neuroleptice (\uc1 \u238 ?n special sedative). In boala
hipertonic\uc1 \u259 ? - }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 hipertensiune arte-rial\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 - tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1 \u259 ? for-me
variate, de la \uc1 \u8222 ?simple" tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri ne-vrotice (instabilitate,
labilitate afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, anxietate, st\uc1 \u259 ?ri depresive) p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la a\uc1 \u351 ?a-numita encefalopatie hipertensiv\uc1
\u259 ?, care}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin st\uc1 \u259 ?ri confuzionale (cu sau f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? crize convulsive). Speciali\uc1 \u351 ?tii \uc1 \u238 ?n
medicin\uc1 \u259 ? psihosomatic\uc1 \u259 ? - implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd ro-lul
factorilor de stres \uc1 \u238 ?n geneza hiperten-siunii arteriale - au descris
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n care chiar ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unor medicamente
conduc c\uc1 \u259 ?tre acele st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de hiper sau hipotensiune,
aduc\uc1 \u226 ?nd date pre\uc1 \u355 ?ioase \uc1 \u238 ?n elucidarea mecanismelor
neurobiochimi-ce implicate \uc1 \u238 ?n producerea acestor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri.}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tensiune (psihic\uc1
\u259 ?) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tr\uc1 \u259 ?irea unei st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de \uc1
\u238 ?ncordare fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic\uc1 \u259 ?; orice efort
pentru a rezolva o problem\uc1 \u259 ?, o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune, un conflict, pune
organismul \uc1 \u238 ?n stare de tensiune, exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
disconfort, jen\uc1 \u259 ? sau team\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n genere o activare a
psihis-mului (\uc1 \u238 ?ngrijorare, zdruncin sufletesc, dezechilibru). O
bun\uc1 \u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare psiho-logic\uc1 \u259 ? necesit\uc1 \u259 ?
un echilibru \uc1 \u238 ?ntre for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tensiune,
c\uc1 \u259 ?ci \uc1 \u351 ?i tensiunea este definit\uc1 \u259 ? tot ca o
for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (P. Janet). Tensiunile psihi-ce superioare, preiau
for\uc1 \u355 ?a de la cele inferioare; t. nu este o for\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
static\uc1 \u259 ?, ci una motivant\uc1 \u259 ? de intensitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?. . Eliberarea de tensiune este o consecin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
a echilibrului psihic. De aceea ni se recomand\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?area accept\uc1 \u259 ?rii a ceea ce nu poate fi schimbat \uc1 \u351 ?
i g\uc1 \u259 ?sirea c\uc1 \u259 ?ilor de eliberare a tensiunii emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale, psihice, \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area tehnicilor de relaxare,
g\uc1 \u259 ?sirea de prieteni - confiden\uc1 \u355 ?i (catarsis).}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tenta\uc1 \u355 ?
\langfenp1048 = (\uc1 \u238 ?ncercare); \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie interi-
oar\uc1 \u259 ? spre un obiect (persoan\uc1 \u259 ?, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune) din
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? resim\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? ca o atrac\uc1 \u355
?ie (mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in rezistibil\uc1 \u259 ?). T. poate corespunde
unei dorin\uc1 \u355 ?e con\uc1 \u351 ?tiente sau incon\uc1 \u351 ?tiente, care
uneori se poate opune unui alt con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, unei decizii voluntare, care
s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedice tenta\uc1 \u355 ?ia. \uc1 \u238 ?n moral\uc1
\u259 ? se men\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? lupta cu tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a.}
Teodorescu Stela (1926) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog, doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e, profesor emeritus \uc1 \u351 ?i fost rector la Universitatea
\uc1 \u8222 ?Al. 1. Cuza" Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i profesor emeritus al
Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u8222 ?Petre Andrei", Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i,
fost\uc1 \u259 ? membr\uc1 \u259 ? a Consiliului Superior al Educa\uc1 \u355 ?iei.
A publicat peste 60 de studii \uc1 \u351 ?i articole din domeniul cercet\uc1
\u259 ?rii psihologice fundamentale \uc1 \u351 ?i al ramuri-lor aplicative - cu
prioritate psihologia copilului, psihologia educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?. A
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urat o bogat\uc1 \u259 ? activitate didactic\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1
\u259 ?. A participat la nu-meroase manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ifice na\uc1 \u355 ?iona-le \uc1 \u351 ?i interna\uc1 \u355 ?ionale:
Leningrad - 1964; Bratislava (1972). }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
Opere principale: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia conduitei" - 1972; \uc1 \u8222 ?
Meto-de pentru cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u238 ?n colab." (1972); \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u238 ?n lumea copiilor" (1976); \uc1
\u8222 ?Psihologia copilului" - 1973; Curs litografiat \uc1 \u8222 ?Sinteze de
psiholo-gie", la Univ. \uc1 \u8222 ?Al. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cuza"; \uc1 \u8222 ?
Sinteze de psihologie" - 19}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 83; \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia educa\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii" - coordona-tor - 1984; \uc1 \u8222 ?
Psihodiagnoza. Concep\uc1 \u355 ?ia psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? a lui Pierre Janet
despre om", Ed.A-92, Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i-1997.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoretic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tip de personalitate a c\uc1
\u259 ?rei \uc1 \u238 ?nclina\uc1 \u355 ?ie este spre cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea obiec-
tiv\uc1 \u259 ? a realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care are for\uc1 \u355 ?a unei
pasi-uni, \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a constituind valoarea supre-m\uc1 \u259 ?.
Tot ceea ce este sentiment perso-nal, dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, este trecut pe
plan secun-dar, prioritare fiind problemele legate de explicare \uc1 \u351 ?i
teoretizare. Dac\uc1 \u259 ? lumea este considerata un sistem de raporturi generale
de dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, care se cer clarificate \uc1 \u351 ?i
interpretate, tipul teoretic se simte atras spre aceste preocup\uc1 \u259 ?ri
\uc1 \u351 ?i mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in spre cele practice, aspecte economice sau
afaceri.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Teoria informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = domeniu \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ific relativ nou, de mare valoare explicativ\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
euristic\uc1 \u259 ?, fundamentat de Shnnon \uc1 \u351 ?i N. Wiener, ca model
matematic al comuni-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin semnale. Ridic\uc1 \u226 ?nd conceptul de
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie la rangul unei categorii ontologice (definind al\uc1 \u259 ?
turi de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i energia), t. i. elaboreaz\uc1
\u259 ? procedee de cuantificare a informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei, \uc1 \u238 ?
mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu o serie de concepte cu o larg\uc1 \u259 ? sfer\uc1 \u259 ? de
aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ie: codificare, entropie, etc. Care s-au dovedit fertile \uc1
\u238 ?n cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?, biologie, neurofiziologie, psihologie,
lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ?, estetic\uc1 \u259 ?). (Vezi \uc1 \u8222 ?Cibernetic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i biologie"}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - E. Bittman)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei }{\fs18 \dbch
\u238 ?n psihologia per-cep\uc1 \u355 ?iei explicarea asocierii faptelor psi-hice
printr-un efect analog rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?ei fizice se face prin asem\uc1 \u259 ?
nare \uc1 \u351 ?i nu prin contiguitate. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? teorie (H. Helm-holtz -
1877) conform c\uc1 \u259 ?reia pentru fie-care frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
sonor\uc1 \u259 ? ar exista un seg-ment f\uc1 \u238 ?bros al membranei bazilare,
sus-\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
sonore \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul lichid din urechea intern\uc1 \u259 ?, se pro-duc
covibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii rezonante ale diferitelor strune ale membranei, pe care se
sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? celulele senzitive din organul lui Corti. Conform acestei
teorii, membrana bazi-lar\uc1 \u259 ? nefiind omogen\uc1 \u259 ? ca l\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ime \uc1 \u351 ?i pre-zent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o stria\uc1 \u355 ?iune
transversal\uc1 \u259 ?, are o rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? diferit\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru fiecare frec-ven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sonor\uc1 \u259 ?. Vibra\uc1
\u355 ?iile sonore \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul lichid din urechea intern\uc1 \u259 ?
produc vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare ale diferitelor por\uc1 \u355
?iuni din membrana bazilar\uc1 \u259 ?. Astfel, rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a mecanic\uc1
\u259 ? a elementelor componente din membrana bazilar\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?locali-zarea cohlear\uc1 \u259 ? a vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor".}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria
umoral\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = teorie biologic\uc1 \u259 ? con-form c\uc1 \u259 ?reia
via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i compor-tamentul ar fi determinate
de secre\uc1 \u355 ?iile endocrine \uc1 \u351 ?i de combina\uc1 \u355 ?iile
lor; \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 realitate sistemul endocrin este dominat de cel nervos,
care este \uc1 \u238 ?n interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune cu mediul socio-cultural: secre\uc1
\u355 ?iile endocrine intervin \uc1 \u238 ?n profilarea tempe-ramentului \uc1 \u351
?i a tempoului mental (P. Popescu Neveanu). Activarea siste-mului nervos central
este poten\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prelungit\uc1 \u259 ? de
secre\uc1 \u355 ?iile endocrine, reali-z\uc1 \u226 ?nd integrarea adecvat\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul bio-socio-cultural.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teorie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n sens strict,
ansamblu de no\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, enun\uc1 \u355 ?uri \uc1 \u351 ?i ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ionamente \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n-\uc1 \u355 ?uite discursiv, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-
un sistem logic, coerent, care descrie \uc1 \u351 ?i explic\uc1 \u259 ? un anu-mit
domeniu al realit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luind legile \uc1
\u351 ?i propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile lui esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale. \uc1 \u238 ?
n sens larg, teoria desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te-rea de ordin general
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin des-f\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea argumentelor, - spre
deosebi-re de practic\uc1 \u259 ?, care presupune momen-tul ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai,
situat la nivelul concretu-lui, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre teorie \uc1 \u351 ?i
practic\uc1 \u259 ? este o corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?: una oferind
sursele tematice \uc1 \u351 ?i criteriul de verificare, iar cealalt\uc1 \u259 ?
(practica) reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? scopul de-mersului teoretic. Interac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunea dintre t. \uc1 \u351 ?i practic\uc1 \u259 ? nu coreleaz\uc1 \u259 ? nu
anuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? nici una din ele, ci presupune relativa lor
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? reciproc\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoriile fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sunt
modele psiho-fiziologice referitoare la fon}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ie, la for-marea
vocii, prin producerea sunetelor verbale. Sunetul primar se produce \uc1 \u238 ?n
laringele uman \uc1 \u351 ?i a fost explicat prin mai multe terorii, care au
c\uc1 \u226 ?teva tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-turi comune: \uc1 \u8226 ? sursa de
aer pulmonar, cu oarecare presiune; \uc1 \u8226 ? trecerea aerului pulmonar printre
corzile vocale; \uc1 \u8226 ? ie\uc1 \u351 ?i-rea lui prin cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile buco-faringo-nazale; \uc1 \u8226 ? vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iile produse de
corzile vocale prin \uc1 \u238 ?nchiderea \uc1 \u351 ?i deschiderea glotei,
constituie un num\uc1 \u259 ?r anumit de explozii pentru fiecare sunet \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-un}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 timp limitat de o
secund\uc1 \u259 ?; aceste vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt amplificate prin aerul din
cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile rezonatoare faringo-bucale \uc1 \u351 ?i cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile anexe de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, cu cele patru
sinusuri ale fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i fosele nazale cu cornetele; \uc1 \u8226
? timbrul vocii este produsul vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor aerului din cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?; elementul cel mai
important al vocii, caracterizat printr-o varietate de nuan\uc1 \u355 ?e de la
individ la individ, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu conforma\uc1 \u355 ?iile cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor de rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Valoarea unei voci
depinde de confor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ia anatomic\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, at\uc1 \u226 ?t de variabil\uc1 \u259 ?, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii at\uc1 \u226 ?t de diferite a
sunetelor: deschise, \uc1 \u238 ?nchise, clare, vualate. Rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?a
subglotic\uc1 \u259 ? (toracic\uc1 \u259 ?) este datorat\uc1 \u259 ? cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sub-glotice (trahee, bronhii, pl\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?
ni, cavitate toracic\uc1 \u259 ?). Dac\uc1 \u259 ? timbrul pl\uc1 \u259 ?cut, care
d\uc1 \u259 ? valoarea vocii, depinde de cavit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de
rezonan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, intensitatea vocii depinde de pl\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ni, iar \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imea depinde de
laringe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\sl-206 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx706 \itap0 \ls11
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 a)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria
mioelastic\uc1 \u259 ? a lui Ewald (1898), sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ?
sunetele fonetice re-zult\uc1 \u259 ? din presiunea variabil\uc1 \u259 ? a aerului
subglotic asupra coardelor vocale, aflate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
tensiune. E cea mai veche teorie care explic\uc1 \u259 ? formarea sunetului la-
ringal. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd presiunea aerului subglotic scade prin trecerea unei
cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de aer prin glot\uc1 \u259 ?, coardele vocale
revin, glota se \uc1 \u238 ?nchide, presiunea subglotic\uc1 \u259 ? trece din nou
ca s\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?rteze corzile vocale iar\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?
i, \uc1 \u351 ?i mecanismul se repet\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u226 ?t este nevoie, ca
s\uc1 \u259 ? se produc\uc1 \u259 ? sunetul ce rezult\uc1 \u259 ? din vibra\uc1
\u355 ?iile corzilor produse de mecanis-mul descris.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 b)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria neuro-cronaxic\uc1
\u259 ? a lui Husson, care sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? orice activitate
fonic\uc1 \u259 ? este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionat\uc1 \u259 ? de un influx re-curen\uc1
\u355 ?ial, care comand\uc1 \u259 ? frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1
\u259 ?-rilor glotice prin contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ii active ale mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului
cordal. Este o \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuire a teo-riei mioelastice vibratorii.}{\fs18 \dbch
4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column }{\fs2 \dbch \af2
c)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Teoria muco-ondulatorie a lui Perrelo, care constat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1
\u259 ? jetul de aer trec\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin orificiul glotei, antreneaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n drumul s\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u8222 ?ca o ventuz\uc1 \u259 ?"
marginea liber\uc1 \u259 ? a mucoasei care acoper\uc1 \u259 ? corzile, contribuind
la formarea sunetului larin-gal. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd nervii recuren\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt
parali-za\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i coardele vocale imobile (sindro-mul Gerhardt),
bolnavii nu prezint\uc1 \u259 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale
vocii, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? mucoasa vibreaz\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tim-pul fona\uc1 \u355 ?iei (are o mi\uc1 \u351 ?care
ondulatorie), deci \uc1 \u238 ?n acest sindrom vocea este prezent\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 d)\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria reactivo-
rezonatorie a lui Mac Leod \uc1 \u351 ?i Sylvestre (1968), care confirm\uc1 \u259 ?
par\uc1 \u355 ?ial teoria vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iei ultrara-pide a mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului
tiro-aritenoidian intern prin impulsurile nervilor recu-ren\uc1 \u355 ?i.
Sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? prin reglaj neuro-cortical, coardele vocale
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndesc o anume reactivitate \uc1 \u351 ?i, deci, o anume
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie rezonatoare, masa reactiv\uc1 \u259 ? fiind format\uc1
\u259 ? din mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiul tiro-ariteno-idian intern, iar masa rezonatorie din
mucoasa coardelor vocale. (Vezi \uc1 \u8222 ?Pato-logia vocii vorbite la copil"-
\uc1 \u350 ?t. G\uc1 \u226 ?rbea, Marcela Piti\uc1 \u351 ?)}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoriile \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
?rii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = privesc procesul \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
rii. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria reflexelor condi\uc1 \u355 ?io-nate }
\langfenp1048 (I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pavlov) care explic\uc1 \u259 ? feno-menele
de condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionare \uc1 \u351 ?i care poate fi extins\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i asupra altor forme de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?a-re.
Condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? pentru stabilirea unei noi
leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi este concomitenta, mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
absolut\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre dou\uc1 \u259 ? procese de excita\uc1 \u355 ?
ie. \uc1 \u8226 ? Concep\uc1 \u355 ?iei pavloniste a condi\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259
?rii i se aduc ad\uc1 \u259 ?-ugiri importante de B. Skinner, prin reflexele
operante, E. Hilgard \uc1 \u351 ?i Mar-quis, prin condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
instrumental\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Konorski, prin
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea de tip }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care l\uc1 \u259 ?
rgesc c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul de aplicare al condi\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii}
\langfenp1048 . \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?ririi
conex-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
junilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 relev\uc1 \u259 ? faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
procesul de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?are const\uc1 \u259 ?
nu numai \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea de noi leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1
\u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u259 ?rirea diferit\uc1 \u259 ? a anu-mitor leg\uc1
\u259 ?turi \uc1 \u238 ?ntre excitan\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i r\uc1 \u259 ?spun-
suri (legea efectului a lui Thorndike \uc1 \u351 ?i fenomenul reduc\uc1 \u355 ?iei
la tensiune C. Huli).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f0 {\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\i1
\langfenp1048 Teoria structuralist\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sus-\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? pe l\uc1
\u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? fomarea \uc1 \u351 ?i consolida-rea treptat\uc1 \u259 ? a
unor leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi, se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie
integral\uc1 \u259 ? organizat\uc1 \u259 ?, de la o situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
integral\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u238 ?
nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nvin-gerea unui obstacol, (rezolvare de pro-bleme)
iar experien\uc1 \u355 ?a p\uc1 \u259 ?strat\uc1 \u259 ? poate fi utilizat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n rezolvarea unei situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii noii.}{\fs18 \dbch
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tql \tx134 \itap0 \ls2 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 J. Brunner consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? rezolvarea
pro-blemelor necesit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea structurii
\uc1 \u351 ?i se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? de caracterul structural al g\uc1 \u226 ?n-dirii
sub raportul diferitelor strategii ope-rative. \uc1 \u8226 ? E. C. Tolman \uc1
\u351 ?i C. Huli, consi-der\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? procesul \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n for-marea
unor structuri (tip gestalt) \uc1 \u238 ?ntre datele cognitive. \uc1 \u8226 ? O
teorie ce sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine o conciliere \uc1 \u238 ?ntre condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea
selectiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea structural\uc1 \u259 ? (Tholman - Huli) este
a lui Ch. E. Osgood, care sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine \uc1 \u351 ?i reu-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ionarea clasic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area prin \uc1 \u238 ?ncerc\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i
erori. \uc1 \u8226 ? J. Piaget, consi-der\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area \uc1 \u238 ?n sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns pe baza experien\uc1
\u355 ?ei anterioare a persoanei, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? control sistematic
\uc1 \u351 ?i dirijat din partea sa. Consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n orice act de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are exist\uc1 \u259 ? o
faz\uc1 \u259 ? de asimilare \uc1 \u351 ?i una de acomodare. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 Teoriile statistice \uc1 \u351 ?i ciber-netice ale \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 consider\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area ca o schimbare sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? de probabili-
tate a apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei unui r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns determinat.}{\fs18 \dbch
{\uc1 \u42 ?}\tab }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria infor}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ma\uc1 \u355 ?iei, }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca
un capitol im-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 portant al ciberneticii, contribuie la inter-
pretarea mai exact\uc1 \u259 ? a procesului \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin analiza am\uc1 \u259 ?nun\uc1 \u355 ?
it\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irii infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iei. \uc1
\u8226 ? Extinderea aplicabilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iei
la procesele de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are comple-xe, ca cel al \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irii cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, a fost realizat de
Ghe. Zapan. Sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a ciberneticii \uc1 \u351 ?i a curentului
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionalist}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a fost elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8226 ? }
\langfenp1048 Teoria program\uc1 \u259 ?rii }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce se
}{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bdLi&az& }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\uc1 \u238 ?n special pe }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 algoritmizare. In varianta lui B. Skinner
acest model de \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
pro-pune s\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u355 ?in\uc1 \u259 ? seama de legile de func\uc1 \u355
?io-nare ale creierului \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? exercite un con-trol secven\uc1
\u355 ?ial (pas cu pas) asupra for-m\uc1 \u259 ?rii opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?irii informa-\uc1 \u355 ?iilor. \uc1 \u8226 ? }
\langfenp1048 Teoria program\uc1 \u259 ?rii structurale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (N. Radu - 1970)
prevede c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tehno-logia didactic\uc1 \u259 ?, fixarea
informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor noi \uc1 \u238 ?n contextul celor vechi \uc1 \u351 ?i
reorgani-zarea lor s\uc1 \u259 ? se fac\uc1 \u259 ? pe etape \uc1 \u351 ?i scopuri
ale \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 Teoria program\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u238 ?n-v\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i form\uc1 \u259 ?rii capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor umane }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (L. S. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi) - subliniaz\uc1 \u259 ?
rolul exerci\uc1 \u355 ?iului \uc1 \u238 ?n formarea opera\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, ceea
ce oblig\uc1 \u259 ? dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?irea planului algo-ritmic prin
procedee euristice. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor
mintale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? de P. Galperin - consider\uc1
\u259 ? necesitatea pro-mov\uc1 \u259 ?rii teoriilor \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii creative ce cultiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n primul r\uc1
\u226 ?nd originalitatea prin g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirea divergent\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238
?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii colocviale, ce stimuleaz\uc1 \u259 ? independen\uc1 \u355 ?a
de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune \uc1 \u351 ?i expresie a elevilor. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 Teo-ria propus\uc1 \u259 ? de P. Popescu Neveanu }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este
aceea de a se urma cursul stadiilor dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelectuale. \uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria antici-p\uc1 \u259 ?rii opera\uc1 \u355 ?ionale }
\langfenp1048 propus\uc1 \u259 ? de autor \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i propune
s\uc1 \u259 ? reuneasc\uc1 \u259 ? sistemul lui J. Piaget cu cel al lui P.
Galperin, deter-min\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin antrenament opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional
elaborarea acelor structuri operatorii care sunt necesare \uc1 \u238 ?n vederea
acceler\uc1 \u259 ?-rii \uc1 \u351 ?i perfec\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u259 ?rii
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii intelec-tuale, \uc1 \u238 ?n elaborarea unei teorii generale
satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?toare este nevoie de concepte apropiate a tot ceea
ce \uc1 \u351 ?tim despre \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i,
de asemenea, este imperios necesar ca modelele teoretice elaborate pe baza
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rilor psihologice s\uc1 \u259 ? fie instrumentate didactic prin
cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri pedagogice speciale, \uc1 \u238 ?n baza c\uc1 \u259 ?rora
s\uc1 \u259 ? se elaboreze \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se valideze tehnolo-}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 giile corespunz\uc1 \u259
?toare. \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area este pro-cesul cognitiv cel mai
complex \uc1 \u351 ?i impor-tant. Prin acest proces, subiectul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1
\u351 ?i alege mijloace pentru realizarea optim\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor
\uc1 \u351 ?i a problemelor obstacol.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoriile vederii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = privesc mecanismul de
excitare luminoas\uc1 \u259 ?; ele invoc\uc1 \u259 ? proce-se fotochimice,
fotoelectrice, fotomeca-nice. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria fotochimic\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 este cea mai cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ?, care explic\uc1 \u259 ? adaptarea
la lu-min\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i obscuritate prin descompunerea \uc1 \u351 ?i
regenerarea purpurului retinian. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teo-ria cuantic\uc1 \u259
?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? exis-t\uc1 \u259 ?
numeroase modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a stimulilor
vizuali \uc1 \u351 ?i explic\uc1 \u259 ? excita\uc1 \u355 ?ia luminoas\uc1 \u259 ?
prin absorb\uc1 \u355 ?ia unui num\uc1 \u259 ?r de quante \uc1 \u238 ?n unitatea
senzorial\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoriile vizuale cromatice }
\langfenp1048 se sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? pe schema tricromatic\uc1 \u259 ? cu trei
culori fundamentale: ro\uc1 \u351 ?u, verde, indigo, \uc1 \u351 ?i pe schema tetra-
cromatic\uc1 \u259 ?. Potrivit acestor teorii, senza-\uc1 \u355 ?ia culorii ia
na\uc1 \u351 ?tere prin descompunerea substan\uc1 \u355 ?elor fotosensibile. Cea
de-a doua (tetra: ro\uc1 \u351 ?u, galben, verde, albastru) im-plic\uc1 \u259 ?
patru tipuri de receptori ce func\uc1 \u355 ?io-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe principiul
asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei pare. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Te-oria extracromatic\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 explic\uc1 \u259 ? modificarea senza\uc1 \u355 ?iei
culorilor sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a modifi-c\uc1 \u259 ?rii intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ii iluminatului sau a depla-s\uc1 \u259 ?rii imaginii de la centrul retinei
spre por\uc1 \u355 ?iunile ei laterale. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria
policroma-tic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (W. Wund), prin care se disting dou\uc1 \u259
? mecanisme: unul pentru perceperea culorilor, care presupune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a
mai multor tipuri de receptori
specializa\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1 \u351 ?i altul pentru perceperea}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 luminii.
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teoria activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii conjugate a
receptorilor, o }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 variant\uc1 \u259 ? a teoriei policromatice, care
consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? mecanismele receptoare se formeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin combinarea variat\uc1 \u259 ? a celor trei receptori de baz\uc1 \u259 ?
preconiza\uc1 \u355 ?i de Young.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Terapie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = metodologie
specific\uc1 \u259 ? de combatere, ameliorare sau vindecare a unei boli somatice
sau psihice, bazat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna pe un diagnostic. Este un act
medical sau psihologic esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd un maxim efort
pentru recuperarea \uc1 \u351 ?i reinser\uc1 \u355 ?ia socio-afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? a
bolnavului. Durata unei terapii este o problem\uc1 \u259 ? strict corelat\uc1 \u259
? cu o multitudi-ne de factori, dintre care cei mai impor-tan\uc1 \u355 ?i sunt:
tipul afec\uc1 \u355 ?iunii, tipul terapiei disponibile la un moment dat, statusul
pacientului psiho-biologic, mediul so-cio-familial al acestuia, rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia
terape}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ut-pacient.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Formele terapiei sunt variabile \uc1 \u351 ?i variate
\uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de specificul bolii, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
\uc1 \u351 ?i pot fi: psihoterapia, socio-terapia, ergoterapia, t. chimic\uc1 \u259
? (farma-ceutic\uc1 \u259 ?), biologic\uc1 \u259 ? (kinetoterapia), chi-rurgia,
etc, fiecare din ele comport\uc1 \u226 ?nd difer}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ite aspecte.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Test }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = probe
pentru determinarea fizio-nomiei mentale a unei persoane, a unui comportament.
Termenul a fost intro-dus de J. Mc. Keen Cattel (1890). Cla-sificarea testelor
utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie poate fi f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? din mai
multe puncte de vedere. Cele mai cunoscute sunt: teste de eficien\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i carac-ter, de cuno\uc1 \u351 ?
tin\uc1 \u355 ?e, verbale, nonverbale sau de performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de
aptitudini, de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, proiective, etc, teste indivi-
duale \uc1 \u351 ?i de grup. Condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unui test: validitatea,
fidelitatea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , sensibilitatea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Test Binet - Sinion }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = pentru diagnoza
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei; a fost primul test mental utilizat \uc1 \u238 ?n
practic\uc1 \u259 ?; a suferit o serie de modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri, cea mai
utilizat\uc1 \u259 ? a fost rea-lizat\uc1 \u259 ? de Wechsler. Exist\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i o adaptare rom\uc1 \u226 ?neasc\uc1 \u259 ? a bateriei
realizat\uc1 \u259 ? la Cluj de \uc1 \u350 ?tef\uc1 \u259 ?nescu Goang\uc1 \u259 ?.
Probele sunt specifice pentru fiecare v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 Test Lahy }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o baterie de tip analitic privind aspecte
ale g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii logice pentru evaluarea inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Bateria
cuprinde 8 tipuri de teste, fiecare cu mai multe probe.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Test Meili }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 baterie de tip
analitic; cuprinde mai multe probe neverbale (formate din imagini). Cuprinde
\uc1 \u351 ?ase categorii de teste dispuse dup\uc1 \u259 ? o regul\uc1 \u259 ?.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teste }{\b1
\langfenp1048 de aptitudine }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = categorie de teste ce m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1
\u259 ? abilitatea poten\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, aptitudi-nea pentru o
activitate special\uc1 \u259 ?. Se dis-ting teste de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? general\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n-dem\uc1 \u226 ?nare c\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u259 ?tate prin antrenament sau experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ca \uc1
\u351 ?i testul de realizare edu-ca\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, destinate
s\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?soare calitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i cantitatea \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii la un subiect. \uc1 \u238 ?n aplicarea
acestor teste nu se poate ignora experien\uc1 \u355 ?a trecut\uc1 \u259 ? a unei
persoane \uc1 \u238 ?n evaluarea performan\uc1 \u355 ?ei testelor de aptitu-dini.
(Vezi }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -P.P. Neveanu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teste de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = sunt departajate dou\uc1 \u259 ? categorii: \uc1 \u8226 ? teste de
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? canti-tativ\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? teste de
eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? calitativ\uc1 \u259 ?. Acestea cuprind teste de
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tip verbal \uc1 \u351 ?i non-verbal, teste de
dezvoltare pentru anumite v\uc1 \u226 ?rste \uc1 \u238 ?n care ponderea reu\uc1
\u351 ?itelor \uc1 \u351 ?i e\uc1 \u351 ?ecurilor d\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sura
nivelu-lui de dezvoltare intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectu-lui examinat. Testele
de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? calita-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? cuprind probe destinate
s\uc1 \u259 ? determine posibilitatea de a forma concepte. \uc1 \u238 ?n categoria
acestor teste intr\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i acelea de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire
conceptual\uc1 \u259 ? sau testele de vocabular.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teste de
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u351 ?coa-l\uc1 \u259 ? pentru a verifica m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care
notele exprim\uc1 \u259 ? cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a elevi-lor. La baza constituirii acestor baterii exist\uc1
\u259 ? modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i diferite de concepere a inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?ei, ceea ce a dus \uc1 \u351 ?i la moduri}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de abordare diverse ale ei: \uc1 \u8226 ?
nivelul ge-neral al inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei; \uc1 \u8226 ? bateria Wechsler,
m\uc1 \u259 ?surarea dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii individuale (dife-ren\uc1 \u355 ?ierea
individual\uc1 \u259 ? a subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor); \uc1 \u8226 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?
surarea unor aspecte calitative ale inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1
\u226 ?ndirii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Teste de personalitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = descriu mo-durile de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi ale persoanei (vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? tendin\uc1
\u355 ?ele nevrotice, introver-siunea, extroversiunea, autosuficien\uc1 \u355 ?a,
dominan\uc1 \u355 ?a, supunerea, etc. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? aspec-tele studiate,
chestionarele pot fi: de adaptare, de atitudine, de interese. Pot fi sintetice sau
proiective \uc1 \u351 ?i se bazeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe confruntarea subiectului cu o
situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Tehnicile proiective pot fi asociati-ve (proba Rorschach),
constructive sau imaginative, mai complexe, ca \uc1 \u238 ?n testul de
apercep\uc1 \u355 ?ie T.A.T. Testele obiective de personalitate presupun analiza
factorial\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i experimentul multivariat, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?
ngreuneaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ? extinderea lor. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ?
P. Popescu N}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 eveanu).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Teste proiective }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = probe care incit\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul
s\uc1 \u259 ? se proiecteze, s\uc1 \u259 ? se expri-me \uc1 \u238 ?n diferite
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale personali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sale. Cele mai
cunoscute teste din aceast\uc1 \u259 ? baterie sunt testele Rorschach \uc1 \u351 ?i
testul T.A.T., ca \uc1 \u351 ?i testele de asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ie liber\uc1 \u259 ?
Bender - Szondi. Teh-nica proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
observarea reac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor 1a prezentarea anumitor ima-gini \uc1 \u351 ?i
obiecte care ne permit s\uc1 \u259 ? vedem cum \uc1 \u351 ?i cu ce aspecte din
mediu se identific\uc1 \u259 ? subiectul \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? desprindem
semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia acestor identific\uc1 \u259 ?ri. Testul Resenzweig pune la
punct un test de frustra\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Testul pe imagini acromatice \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n culori Rorschach - Hermann -constat\uc1 \u259 ?, pe normali \uc1
\u351 ?i bolnavi, c\uc1 \u259 ? r\uc1 \u259 ?s-punsurile privind culoarea sunt
legate de extroversiune, iar cele ce privesc mi\uc1 \u351 ?carea de introversiune
\langfenp1048 (utiliz\uc1 \u226 ?nd}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 tipologia lui Young). (Vezi \uc1 \u8222 ?Elemente de Psihologie
Proiectiv\uc1 \u259 ?" de Constantin En\uc1 \u259 ?chescu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Teste sociometrice }{\fs18 \dbch
instrumente \uc1 \u238 ?n me-todologia sociometriei, m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u226 ?nd
atrac-\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u351 ?i respingerile ce au loc \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
indivi-zii unui grup. Datele ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute prin prelu-crarea ulterioar\uc1
\u259 ? a sociomatricelor sau sociogramelor dezv\uc1 \u259 ?luie structura grupu-
lui, a centrelor de influen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, a sistemelor de comunicare
social\uc1 \u259 ?, permite identifi-carea liderilor populari, a celor izola\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor respin\uc1 \u351 ?i. Este esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial ca
fiecare membru s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i exprime confiden\uc1 \u355 ?ial pre-
ferin\uc1 \u355 ?ele dup\uc1 \u259 ? un criteriu precis deter-minat (activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n comun, timp liber, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Testul Wechsler }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = baterie pentru diag-
noza inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei; se \uc1 \u355 ?ine seama de faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a este impregnat\uc1 \u259 ? de factori motiva\uc1 \u355 ?
ionali. Varianta cunoscut\uc1 \u259 ? sub numele Wais \uc1 \u351 ?i Wisc cuprinde
12 grupe de teste, clasate \uc1 \u238 ?n 2 categorii: \uc1 \u8226 ? verbale \uc1
\u351 ?i de performan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u8226 ? nonverbale. \uc1 \u238
?n cele verbale: 1. \uc1 \u8226 ? informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie general\uc1 \u259 ?; 2.
\uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n-\uc1 \u355 ?elegere general\uc1 \u259 ?; 3. \uc1 \u8226
? aritmetic\uc1 \u259 ?; 4. \uc1 \u8226 ? si-militudini; 5. \uc1 \u8226 ?
prob\uc1 \u259 ? de vocabular; 6.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 memoria
cifrelor. \uc1 \u238 ?n categoria a Ii-a:}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin5 \cbpat16 \tql \tx154 \itap0
\ls2 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 completare de imagini, aranjare de imagini, asamblare de
obiecte; \uc1 \u8226 ? prob\uc1 \u259 ? de cod; \uc1 \u8226 ? labirint.}{\fs18
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Testul Znondi }{\fs18
test proiectiv care son-deaz\uc1 \u259 ? profunzimea personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ilor dup\uc1 \u259 ? simpatii, antipatii suscitate de fotografii-le
diverselor tipuri de aliena\uc1 \u355 ?i. Subiectu-lui i se prezint\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?ase serii de c\uc1 \u226 ?te opt fotografii, cer\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i s\uc1
\u259 ? arate pe care o prefer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i pe care o respinge.
\uc1 \u238 ?n baza unui sistem de cotare se stabile\uc1 \u351 ?te un diagnostic ce
intereseaz\uc1 \u259 ? psihopatologia sau caracterologia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tetanie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom
de hipofunc\uc1 \u355 ?ie para-tiroidian\uc1 \u259 ?, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u238 ?n acces de con-tracturi musculare localizate (ex. spasm al piciorului, spasm
laringal, etc.) sau \uc1 \u238 ?n convulsii mai mult sau mai pu\uc1 \u355 ?in
generalizate (foarte asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?toare feno-menologic cu crizele
epileptice). \uc1 \u238 ?n ge-neral accesele de t. sunt acompaniate de
instabilitate psihomotorie. Se dis-ting: \uc1 \u8226 ? t. tipice endocrine; \uc1
\u8226 ? t. neuro-gen\uc1 \u259 ? (sau nehipocaloemic\uc1 \u259 ?); \uc1 \u8226 ?
t. toxic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tetracromatic = teorie ce sus\uc1 \u355 ?ine c\uc1 \u259 ? vederea
tuturor culorile se explic\uc1 \u259 ? prin excitarea variabil\uc1 \u259 ? a patru
elemente de recep\uc1 \u355 ?ie cromatic\uc1 \u259 ? specializate pentru: ro\uc1
\u351 ?u, verde, galben, albastru (ipoteza lui Hering).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tic }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sindrom nevrotic psihomotor;
tulburare motorie minor\uc1 \u259 ?, pe fondul unei fragilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i de integrare a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihomotorii. Ticurile sunt mi\uc1
\u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?ri ste-reotipe bru\uc1 \u351 ?ce, intempestive, care afec-
teaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special mu\uc1 \u351 ?chii faciali, ai g\uc1 \u226 ?
tu-lui, ai membrelor, mai rar ai trunchiu-lui. Sunt reflexe motorii patologice. Au
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ie inegal\uc1 \u259 ?, accentu\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?n ca-
zul unei emo\uc1 \u355 ?ii puternice sau \uc1 \u238 ?n perioa-de tensionale.
Ticurile apar la copii (6-7 ani) iar la adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i
adul\uc1 \u355 ?i cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? un caracter cronic.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tiflologie }{\fs18
ramur\uc1 \u259 ? a psihologiei spe-ciale (defectologiei) care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ?
de orbire \uc1 \u351 ?i ombliopie, de geneza \uc1 \u351 ?i com-pensarea acestora,
prin tiflotehnic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u351 ?i de educarea, instruirea \uc1 \u351 ?i
calificarea de-ficien\uc1 \u355 ?ilor vizuali.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timbru }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
auditi-ve, care corespunde formelor ondula-torii a undelor acustice, independent de
amplitudine \uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. T. reflect\uc1 \u259 ?
compozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia spectral\uc1 \u259 ? a sunetului; \uc1 \u238 ?n}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns,
desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? particularit\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ile de structur\uc1
\u259 ? func\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? ale vocii omene\uc1 \u351 ?ti \uc1
\u351 ?i ale instrumentelor muzicale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timiditate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament anxios, ezi-tant,
astenic, exprim\uc1 \u226 ?nd dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de adaptare
social\uc1 \u259 ?, aspecte normale \uc1 \u238 ?n mica copil\uc1 \u259 ?rie \uc1
\u351 ?i pubertate, dar pot fi probleme la alte v\uc1 \u226 ?rste. Cauzele: tempe-
ramentul hipotonic, nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?a de sine, complexe de inferioritate ce
pot fi induse de autoritarism educativ, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de
comunicare. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? stare este dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?it\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n tinere\uc1 \u355 ?e, mai ales prin activitate socia-l\uc1 \u259 ?,
prin dezvoltarea \uc1 \u238 ?ncrederii \uc1 \u238 ?n sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ?, stare bazal\uc1 \u259 ? fundamental\uc1 \u259 ? a
afectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unui subiect, care constituie o latur\uc1 \u259
? temperamental\uc1 \u259 ?. Timia - sau tonusul afectiv - (poate fi deprimat,
trist, sau dimpotriv\uc1 \u259 ?, euforic, vesel, expansiv) poate fi
exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? prin apatie sau indiferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (hipoti-mie, atimie), care adesea \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?
esc diferite boli psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Timp }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = categorie ontologic\uc1 \u259 ? ce abstrac-
tizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? proprietatea universal\uc1 \u259 ? a tuturor formelor de
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, de a avea o anu-mit\uc1 \u259 ? durat\uc1 \u259 ?,
situ\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se simultan sau succesiv unele fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de altele. Al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de determina\uc1 \u355 ?ia
categorial\uc1 \u259 ? a spa\uc1 \u355 ?ialit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, con\uc1
\u355 ?inutul no\uc1 \u355 ?iunii de timp, poate fi cu greu redat \uc1 \u238 ?n mod
satisf\uc1 \u259 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?tor. Caracte-risticile esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale ale
temporalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii sunt definite prin delimitare fa\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de atributele spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale: \uc1 \u8226 ? timpul este
unidimensional (fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu, care este
tridimensional), deoarece momentele sale se succed liniar dinspre trecut prin
prezent (\uc1 \u238 ?ntotdeauna relativ) spre viitor; \uc1 \u8226 ? dac\uc1 \u259 ?
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul este reversibil (un corp poate reveni \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o pozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie p\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?sit\uc1 \u259 ? anterior) timpul este
ireversibil, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul c\uc1 \u259 ? momentele}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351
?ite sunt irecuperabile \uc1 \u351 ?i nerepe-tabile.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Conform teoriei relativit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, t. depinde de viteza de mi\uc1 \u351 ?care a sisteme-lor materiale
\uc1 \u351 ?i este \uc1 \u238 ?n interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune cu spa\uc1 \u355 ?iul. T.
este o dimensiune a mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii universale. Categoria cea mai
general\uc1 \u259 ? este t. fizic sau cosmic. \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?untru
\uc1 \u351 ?i pe fondul acesteia se constituie t. biologic \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238
?n continuare t. psihic \uc1 \u351 ?i t. social-istoric.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce t. biologic se organi-
zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ritmuri \uc1 \u351 ?i periodiz\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale
pro-ceselor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un mediu de exis-ten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, t. psihic apare precump\uc1 \u259 ?nitor ca o form\uc1 \u259 ?
de existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
depinde de coordonatele \uc1 \u351 ?i de valori-le acestora. Timpul psihic uman
este \uc1 \u8222 ?operatoriu" (J. Piaget) \uc1 \u351 ?i este definito-riu pentru
con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t este
reversibil \uc1 \u351 ?i prospectiv, spre deosebire de univocitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
ireversibilitatea t. fizic. G. Berger vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te despre un timp
existen\uc1 \u355 ?ial, care este tr\uc1 \u259 ?it subiec-tiv, timpul a\uc1 \u351 ?
tept\uc1 \u259 ?rii, al speran\uc1 \u355 ?ei, regretului, angoasei etc, care este
cali-tativ \uc1 \u351 ?i nu poate fi m\uc1 \u259 ?surat. \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb, t.
operativ este cel al ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii asupra unor lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri
obiective \uc1 \u351 ?i este m\uc1 \u259 ?surabil, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul timpului
istoric, Stelian Stoica, analizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? timpul }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 moral }
\langfenp1048 ca fiind marcat prin valori \uc1 \u351 ?i trec\uc1 \u226 ?nd peste
durate, realiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd coresponden\uc1 \u355 ?e valori-ce peste milenii
\uc1 \u351 ?i fiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca o activi-tate virtual\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n tr\uc1 \u259 ?irea uman\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t }{\fs18
inter-vin adapt\uc1 \u259 ?ri, modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri calitative \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de existen\uc1 \u355 ?a cultural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de
acti-vitate. \uc1 \u8222 ?Activitatea intens\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i emo\uc1
\u355 ?iile pl\uc1 \u259 ?cute absorb duratele prezentului \uc1 \u351 ?i
dilat\uc1 \u259 ? t. \uc1 \u238 ?n evocare sau prospectare, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
lipsa de activitate din punct de vedere afectiv fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? aten\uc1 \u355 ?
ia asupra t. consider\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se scurge extrem de
anevoie."}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timp de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = desemneaz\uc1
\u259 ? timpul scurs din momentul stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia reac\uc1 \u355 ?iei de r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns, interval de-numit
\uc1 \u351 ?i perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de laten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? (Helmholtz
\uc1 \u351 ?iWund-1868).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Studiul timpului de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie prezin-t\uc1 \u259 ? mare
importan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n psihofiziologia sensibilit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n procesele de decizie. Se
utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia profesional\uc1 \u259 ?
pentru anumite categorii de lucr\uc1 \u259 ?tori: pilo\uc1 \u355 ?i, conduc\uc1
\u259 ?tori auto, mecanici de tren, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n psihofiziologie se pot determina: \uc1 \u8226 ? timpul
de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie simplu (pentru oricare categorie de stimuli); \uc1 \u8226 ?
timpul de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie discriminativ (pentru stimuli diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i dar
de acela\uc1 \u351 ?i ordin); \uc1 \u8226 ? timpul de reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
alegere, consumat pentru selec\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre mai mul\uc1 \u355 ?i stimuli,
pentru care reac\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt diferite.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timp liber }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 intervalul de
timp cuprins \uc1 \u238 ?ntre \uc1 \u238 ?ncheierea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncepu-tul altei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
i. Este timpul de odihn\uc1 \u259 ?, repaus, de activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
creative-distractive, deconectare activ\uc1 \u259 ? amuzant\uc1 \u259 ?. T. 1. este
un element pre\uc1 \u355 ?ios pentru
omul contem-poran, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere ritmul accelerat al
vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii, suprasolicit\uc1 \u259 ?rile intelectuale \uc1 \u351 ?i, ca
urmare, nevoile de compensa\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Prin reducerea programului de lucru,
bugetul de timp liber a crescut, dar orice persoa-n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?l
folose\uc1 \u351 ?te dup\uc1 \u259 ? un orar propriu, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se \uc1
\u238 ?mbin\uc1 \u259 ? activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 recreative cu
cele creative, servind refacerii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Timus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = este un organ limfoid dotat cu un
rol endocrin, situat \uc1 \u238 ?n mediastinul an-terior (\uc1 \u238 ?napoia
sternului). Dezvoltarea maxim\uc1 \u259 ? a glandei este atins\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1
\u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? de 2 ani. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? pubertate involueaz\uc1
\u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nce-p\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu 15 ani dar persist\uc1 \u259 ?
atrofiat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i la v\uc1 \u226 ?rste \uc1 \u238 ?naintate. Se
semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i invo-lu\uc1 \u355 ?ia patologic\uc1 \u259 ? a
glandei \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de subnutri\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i ca urmare a unor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 boli infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase. La periferia timusului
exist\uc1 \u259 ? o capsul\uc1 \u259 ? format\uc1 \u259 ? din \uc1 \u355 ?esut
conjunctiv fibros care trimite prelungiri ce \uc1 \u238 ?mpart organul \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-un num\uc1 \u259 ?r de lobi de dimensiuni variate. Intre prelungirile \uc1
\u355 ?esutului se g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc celule reticulare, ti-mocite, de consisten\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? hematopoetic\uc1 \u259 ?, din m\uc1 \u259 ?duva spin\uc1
\u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i osoase, diferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iate pe linie
limfocitar\uc1 \u259 ?. Ele migreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n circula\uc1 \u355 ?ia
general\uc1 \u259 ?, ajung \uc1 \u238 ?n timus, unde sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor
factori locali prolifereaz\uc1 \u259 ? intens \uc1 \u351 ?i vor popula orga-nele
limfoide periferice (ganglioni lim-fatici, splin\uc1 \u259 ?). Limfocitele
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iate din timus (limfocite T) contribuie la imunitatea
celular\uc1 \u259 ? a organismului. T. contribuie la cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1
\u351 ?i dezvoltarea scheletului, \uc1 \u238 ?n men\uc1 \u355 ?inerea st\uc1
\u259 ?rii genera-le de nutri\uc1 \u355 ?ie, \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea intrauteri-
n\uc1 \u259 ? a ovarului \uc1 \u351 ?i a corticosuprarenalei, \uc1 \u238 ?n buna
func\uc1 \u355 ?ionare a gonadelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tip }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = o abstrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, instruind mai multe \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri ale
concretului \uc1 \u351 ?i co-respunde unei grupe naturale. \uc1 \u238 ?n psiho-
logie, termenul desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ? o reprezen-tare general\uc1 \u259 ?, cu note
particulare \uc1 \u351 ?i concrete ce con\uc1 \u355 ?in \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
iri selec\uc1 \u355 ?ionate pe baza anumitor criterii: \uc1 \u8226 ? somato-
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionale; \uc1 \u8226 ? psihologice; \uc1 \u8226 ? psiho-sociale;
\uc1 \u8226 ? clinice; etc. Tipul ca schem\uc1 \u259 ? sumar\uc1 \u259 ?
indic\uc1 \u259 ? anumite modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i psihi-ce ale unui grup
de indivizi, care se co-releaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu anumite \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
iri constitu-\uc1 \u355 ?ionale. Personalitatea nu corespunde \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u238 ?ntregime unui anumit tip, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t tipul nu acoper\uc1
\u259 ? personalitatea. Tipul este legat de temperament, de acele calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1 \u259 ?scute care favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o
serie de tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi caracteriale (atitudini), dar nu le
determin\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n exclusivitate. No\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1
\u8222 ?psihotip" se folose\uc1 \u351 ?te pentru an-samblul \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1
\u351 ?irilor comportamentale, ca urmare a ansamblului \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?
irilor psihice. Diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea tipologic\uc1 \u259 ? este}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?, dar insuficient\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t
orice comportament are la baz\uc1 \u259 ? un anumit motiv, ceea ce nu se \uc1 \u238
?ntrevede dec\uc1 \u226 ?t superficial \uc1 \u238 ?n t}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ipologie.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tipologie }{\fs18
modalitate de clasificare du-p\uc1 \u259 ? anumite criterii, a persoanelor \uc1
\u238 ?n tipuri \uc1 \u351 ?i descrierea acestor tipuri. Ca o clasificare
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, tipologia are \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere ansamblul unor \uc1
\u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri (tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?-turi), factori fiziologici,
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ionali \uc1 \u351 ?i ereditari. Tipologia nu se
identific\uc1 \u259 ? cu analiza factorial\uc1 \u259 ?; metoda tipologic\uc1
\u259 ? por-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te de la un nucleu structural care for-meaz\uc1 \u259 ?
baza structurii respective, defi-nind tipul. Analiza factorial\uc1 \u259 ?
opereaz\uc1 \u259 ? invers, pornind de la tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi constante
\uc1 \u238 ?n compo}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rtamentul individului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In literatura noastr\uc1 \u259 ? de specialita-te, P.
Popescu Neveanu, \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u8222 ?Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar de psihologie"
realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o prezentare a principalelor tipologii elaborate de-a lun-gul
istoriei, dup\uc1 \u259 ? cum urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? morfo-fizio-
patologice; \uc1 \u8226 ? psihologice; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 clinice;}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226
?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihofiziologice; \uc1 \u8226 ? psihosociale.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dup\uc1 \u259 ?
orice tipologie, imaginea es-te \uc1 \u8222 ?ideal\uc1 \u259 ?" pentru c\uc1
\u259 ? practic, o persoan\uc1 \u259 ? poate s\uc1 \u259 ? apar\uc1 \u355 ?
in\uc1 \u259 ? simultan la mai multe categorii tipologice, \uc1 \u238 ?n realitate
exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd tipuri intermediare \uc1 \u351 ?i mixte. \uc1 \u238 ?n clasa
tipologiilor psihosociologice, autorul men\uc1 \u355 ?ionat include \uc1 \u351 ?i
tipurile de lider, in-dic\uc1 \u226 ?nd trei tipuri: \uc1 \u8226 ? antrenor al
mul\uc1 \u355 ?imii,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care
exprim\uc1 \u259 ? aspira\uc1 \u355 ?iile mul\uc1 \u355 ?imii \uc1 \u351 ?i}
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reprezentativ pentru mul\uc1
\u355 ?ime. \uc1 \u238 ?n com-pletare, citeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1
\u355 ?i autori cu alte tipo-logii ale liderilor.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 De}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asemenea este util\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i tipologia clinic\uc1 \u259 ? prezentat\uc1 \u259 ?, dup\uc1 \u259 ?
diferi\uc1 \u355 ?i autori, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd drept criteriu de baz\uc1 \u259 ?,
gradul de dezorganizare a sistemului personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1
\u351 ?i a raporturilor acesteia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tipuri generale de activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?
superioar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P. Pavlov \uc1 \u351 ?i ul}
\langfenp1048 terior prin}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile electro-fiziologice \uc1 \u351 ?i
bi-ochimice, stabilesc aceste tipuri, lu-\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se drept criteriu trei
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri ale proceselor nervoase fundamentale (ex-cita\uc1
\u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i inhibi\uc1 \u355 ?ia). Acestea au fost men\uc1 \u355 ?
ionate \uc1 \u351 ?i de temperamente: \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 for\uc1 \u355 ?a }
\langfenp1048 proceselor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nervoase, pun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se ac-centul pe
rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u355 ?esutului neuro-nal, care are la
baz\uc1 \u259 ? capacitatea neuro-nului de a \uc1 \u238 ?nmagazina o cantitate mai
mare sau mai mic\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u8222 ?substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
func-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?"; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mobilitatea }
\langfenp1048 proceselor ner-voase, manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? prin rapiditatea cu care
apar, se \uc1 \u238 ?ntrerup \uc1 \u351 ?i se \uc1 \u238 ?nlocuiesc, av\uc1 \u226 ?
nd la baz\uc1 \u259 ? viteza dezagreg\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u8222 ?sub-stan\uc1
\u355 ?ei func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale" din neuron; \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 echi-
librul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 proceselor nervoase, care const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
distribuirea egal\uc1 \u259 ? a sau inegal\uc1 \u259 ? a for\uc1 \u355 ?ei, (mai
precis a mobilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii) proce-selor normale. Prin combinarea
divers\uc1 \u259 ? a acestor \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri iau na\uc1 \u351 ?tere
patru tipuri de activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ?, corespunz\uc1
\u259 ?toare celor patru tempera-mente (vezi }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 temperament).}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tipuri speciale de
activitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ? superioar\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = se ia drept
criteriu de baz\uc1 \u259 ? raportul dintre activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
celor dou\uc1 \u259 ? sisteme de semnalizare. Calitativ, al 11-lea sistem domin\uc1
\u259 ? pe primul pe }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care-1 integreaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i regleaz\uc1 \u259 ?. Sub raport }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cantitativ,
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ia senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? con-densat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
imagini \uc1 \u351 ?i cea conceptual\uc1 \u259 ? fixat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
cuvinte poate s\uc1 \u259 ? se prezinte \uc1 \u238 ?n diverse propor\uc1 \u355 ?ii.
Neuman deta\uc1 \u351 ?ase un tip concret \uc1 \u351 ?i unul abstract, iar Pavlov
g\uc1 \u259 ?se\uc1 \u351 ?te tipurile: \uc1 \u8226 ? artistic sau concret-intuitiv
sau imagistic; \uc1 \u8226 ? g\uc1 \u226 ?nditor sau intelectiv, reflexiv; \uc1
\u8226 ? tipul cognitiv, mediu sau echilibrat. La aceste tipuri determinate
ontogenetic, intervin \uc1 \u351 ?i tipurile generale, ce sunt congenitale.}
\af0 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tiroid\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
gland\uc1 \u259 ? endocrin\uc1 \u259 ?, cea mai voluminoas\uc1 \u259 ? din organism
care secret\uc1 \u259 ? hormoni tiroidieni ioda\uc1 \u355 ?i, deriva\uc1 \u355 ?i
de tiroxin\uc1 \u259 ? cu rol capital \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?ierea organismului. C. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Parhon afirm\uc1
\u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? tiroid\uc1 \u259 ?
orice civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie ar fi absent\uc1 \u259 ?". T. este situat\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n partea ante-rioar\uc1 \u259 ? a g\uc1 \u226 ?tului \uc1 \u238
?ntr-o loj\uc1 \u259 ? fibroas\uc1 \u259 ?. Hor-monii tiroidieni exercit\uc1
\u259 ? ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni reglatoa-re asupra diferitelor c\uc1 \u259 ?i
metabolice, mai ales asupra metabolismului energetic \uc1 \u351 ?i a procesului de
calorigenez\uc1 \u259 ?. Cei doi hor-moni ai glandei sunt tiroxin\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i triiodoti-ronin\uc1 \u259 ?. Iodul joac\uc1 \u259 ? un rol
fundamental \uc1 \u238 ?n elaborarea lor. Sintetiza\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
gland\uc1 \u259 ?, hor-monii sunt stoca\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n cavit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile foliculare, legate de o protein\uc1 \u259 ? specific\uc1
\u259 ?, tiroglobu-lina. Printr-un fenomen de proteoliz\uc1 \u259 ?, hormonii sunt
elibera\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n s\uc1 \u226 ?nge, \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1
\u355 ?ie de necesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile organismului. Regla-rea
secre\uc1 \u355 ?iei de hormoni tiroidieni depin-de de axul hipotalamo-hipofizo-
tiroidian, dar este influen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de factori care
\uc1 \u355 ?in de gland\uc1 \u259 ? (autoreglarea tiroidian\uc1 \u259 ?), pre-
cum \uc1 \u351 ?i de statusul metabolic al organis-mului. Reglarea presupune
existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unor mecanisme de feed-back lung hipo-talamic \uc1 \u351 ?i
unul de feed-back scurt hipofi-zar, \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia
concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ia sangvi-n\uc1 \u259 ? de triiodotironin\uc1 \u259 ? (T}
\langfenp1048 \sub2 3}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ) influen\uc1 \u355 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ?
secre\uc1 \u355 ?ia de hormoni tiroid-stimulant (T.S.H.) \uc1 \u351 ?i secre\uc1
\u355 ?ia de hormon tireotrop hipotalamic (T.R.H.). C\uc1 \u226 ?t prive\uc1
\u351 ?te ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nile hormonilor tiroidieni, ele se reali-zeaz\uc1
\u259 ? practic asupra tuturor aparatelor \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemelor, esen\uc1
\u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ? fiind implicarea lor metabolic\uc1 \u259 ? global\uc1
\u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n afara ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor asupra tuturor proceselor
metabolice, hormonii tiroidieni au efect excitant cen-tral \uc1 \u351 ?i
reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un factor indispensabil \uc1 \u238 ?n maturarea structurilor
nervoase \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n procesele de dezvoltare psihoindividua-le.
Asupra sistemului nervos vegetativ produc poten\uc1 \u355 ?area efectelor simpatice
\uc1 \u351 ?i a celor excitatoare parasimpatice. Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-}{\fs20 \dbch
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nea lor se
interfereaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea bio-logic\uc1 \u259 ? a insulinei,
prolactinei, gonado-tropinelor hipofizare, a estrogenilor. Explorarea
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii tiroidiene presu-pune at\uc1 \u226 ?t
determinarea concentra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sangvine de hormoni tiroidieni, evalua-rea
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor acestora prin intermediul efectelor lor, dozarea factorilor
fiziolo-gici de control (T.R.H. \uc1 \u351 ?i T.S.H.) c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i
tehnici radio-izotopice \uc1 \u351 ?i imunoenzi-matice, radiologice, scintigrafice.
(Du-p\uc1 \u259 ? C. Gorgos)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = (lat. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tolerare
- }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 a suporta); lipsa unui r\uc1 \u259 ?spuns din partea organis-mului la
administrarea unei doze active de substan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? medicamentoas\uc1
\u259 ?, ceea ce \uc1 \u238 ?nseamn\uc1 \u259 ? o cre\uc1 \u351 ?tere a
rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei (a ca-pacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de a suporta),
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de efectele drogului. T. poate fi \uc1 \u238 ?nn\uc1
\u259 ?scut\uc1 \u259 ? sau do-b\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ? (obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuin\uc1 \u355 ?a fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de unii barbitu-rici, care
determin\uc1 \u259 ? cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea dozelor ini\uc1 \u355 ?iale pentru ob\uc1
\u355 ?inerea aceluia\uc1 \u351 ?i efect). Str\uc1 \u226 ?ns legat\uc1 \u259 ? de
ea este depen-den\uc1 \u355 ?a fizic\uc1 \u259 ? sau nevoia de a avea o anu-mit\uc1
\u259 ? cantitate de drog \uc1 \u238 ?n organism. O alt\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1 \u355
?iune a termenului d\uc1 \u259 ? acestuia semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia de abateri
cuprinse \uc1 \u238 ?ntre anumite limite fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o valoare
stan-dard. Prin extrapolare la nivelul socie-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, termenul
poate fi interpretat \uc1 \u238 ?n sens pozitiv - \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea
\uc1 \u351 ?i acceptarea unor puncte de vedere diferite, sau \uc1 \u238 ?n sens
negativ - toleran\uc1 \u355 ?a manifestat\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259 ?lc\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale normelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tonus afectiv }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare permanenta
de u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? tensiune psihic\uc1 \u259 ? cu o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
coloratur\uc1 \u259 ? afectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (triste\uc1 \u355 ?e, apatie, in-
diferen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, stare vesel\uc1 \u259 ?, euforic\uc1 \u259 ?,
expan-siv\uc1 \u259 ?, etc). T. a. se circumscrie ca o component\uc1 \u259 ? a
temperamentului \uc1 \u351 ?i ca-racterului, \uc1 \u238 ?n toate afec\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile psihice, t. a. prezint\uc1 \u259 ? distorsion\uc1 \u259 ?ri, oscila\uc1
\u355 ?ii variabile ca intensitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Torpoare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 \super1 de}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin diminu#}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \super1 re3}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lucidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii; se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin lentoa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 rea}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proceselor
ideative, bradikinezie, lipsa productivi-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, hipobulie,
reducerea particip\uc1 \u259 ?rii afective, u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ?
dezorientare temporo-spa\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, stare de somnolen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?l-ne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n
sindroame confiJ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 z}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 ona}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l}
\langfenp1048 \super1 e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 de}
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 di-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 verse
etiologii, psihoze toxicoinfec\uc1 \u355 ?ioa-se, \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroza institu\uc1
\u355 ?ional}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 3}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ' etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Torticolis }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine vicioas\uc1 \u259 ? a
capului, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n torsiunea g\uc1 \u226 ?tului,
datorit\uc1 \u259 ? contrac\uc1 \u355 ?iei mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului sternocleidomas-
toidian, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? uneori }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 cu}{\fs18
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 contrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia mu\uc1 \u351 ?chilor
trapez sau spleflius. Rezult\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u238 ?nclinare permanent\uc1 \u259
? latef}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 '}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 capului \uc1 \u351 ?i o u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? flexie a
acestuia. Etiologia t. es-te multifactorial\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ?
osteoarterogenetic\uc1 \u259 ? (malforma\uc1 \u355 ?ie congenitala }{\fs18 \dbch
a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 coloanei }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cervicale)
ocular\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , nervo#}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 sa}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 > contracturi musculare
dureroase. Clitfic se \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc dou\uc1 \u259 ? forme: t.
congenital ?' *\uc1 \u8226 ? dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cel congenital se instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ? din via\uc1 \u355 ?a intrauterin\uc1 \u259 ?, determinat de: defect
al apofizei osoase, lips^ ligamentului transvers, ruptura traumatic\uc1 \u259 ? a
mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiu-lui sternocleidomastoidian- " Cel dob\uc1 \u226 ?n-dit poate fi:
infec\uc1 \u355 ?ios, nevralgic, neurolo-gic, psihic, osos, ocular, auricular,
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Cel congenital se
trateaz\uc1 \u259 ? eficient prin masaj, uneori chirurgiei ca \uc1 \u351 ?i cel
dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Toxicomanie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = dependent}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 3}{\fs18 \dbch
extrem\uc1 \u259 ? de consum \uc1 \u238 ?n cantit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i mari a }
\langfenp1048 \super1 unor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 substan\uc1 \u355 ?e d\uc1 \u259 ?un\uc1
\u259 ?toare: narcotice, alcâjde, anumite medicamente. T. se asocia}{\fs18
\super1 23}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 cu diferite perturb\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Trac }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de anxietate,
perturbare emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? cu efect paralizant, declan-\uc1
\u351 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? de cele mai multe ori de un}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anumit context social.
Este un e^}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \super1 ect}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 comporta-mental declan\uc1 \u351 ?at de o
mare varietate de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 factori \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii: examene, vorbire \uc1
\u238 ?n public, confruntarea cu anumite persoa-ne sau situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii,
nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de sine \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unei slabe preg\uc1
\u259 ?tiri. T. se poate consuma anticipat confrunt\uc1 \u259 ?rii, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n timpul confrunt\uc1 \u259 ?rii persoanei cu
situa-\uc1 \u355 ?ia anxioas\uc1 \u259 ?. Cel \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? are
urm\uc1 \u259 ?toa-rele manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri: se ro\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?
te, \uc1 \u238 ?i tremur\uc1 \u259 ? vocea, m\uc1 \u226 ?inile, are senza\uc1 \u355
?ia de sl\uc1 \u259 ?bi-ciune, transpira\uc1 \u355 ?ie, nod \uc1 \u238 ?n g\uc1
\u226 ?t, tu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te, uit\uc1 \u259 ? ce are de spus, se
blocheaz\uc1 \u259 ?, etc. Exist\uc1 \u259 ? o diversitate de metode \uc1 \u351 ?i
tehnici terapeutice, care pot fi aplicate cu succes \uc1 \u238 ?n astfel de
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii: relaxarea, antrenarea deprinderilor sociale, re-structurarea
cognitiv\uc1 \u259 ?, desensibilizarea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ?, condi\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea imaginativ\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Tranchilizante }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = substan\uc1 \u355 ?e care reduc tensiunea
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, diminueaz\uc1 \u259 ? an-xietatea \uc1 \u351 ?i
calmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? persoana, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a provoca somnul.
Ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea anxiolitic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? at\uc1 \u226 ?t asupra intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
tr\uc1 \u259 ?i-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rii afective, c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra
manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rilor comportamentale ale acestei tr\uc1 \u259 ?iri. Efi-
cacitatea este \uc1 \u351 ?i sub forma unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni miorelaxante. Sunt
indicate \uc1 \u238 ?n nevroze, manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri neurovegetative, \uc1
\u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?-rile psihosomatice cu componente de anxietate. T. nu au
o ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune antipsiho-tic\uc1 \u259 ?; ca urmare, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihoz\uc1
\u259 ? se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n asociere cu neurolepticele. T. sunt
indicate \uc1 \u238 ?n pedopsihiatrie \uc1 \u238 ?n cazurile de instabilitate
psihomotorie, labilitate emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, nevroze infantile
anxioase \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de comportament ale
encefalopa\uc1 \u355 ?ilor. Nu se iau dec\uc1 \u226 ?t dup\uc1 \u259 ? prescrip\uc1
\u355 ?iile medicale, deoarece pro-voac\uc1 \u259 ? obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1
\langfenp1048 Trans\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = stare de modificare a con-\uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de o intens\uc1 \u259 ? suges-tie
hipnotic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care activitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i con-duita
bizar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i paradoxal\uc1 \u259 ?, rupt\uc1 \u259 ? de}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 contextul situa\uc1 \u355
?ional se afl\uc1 \u259 ? sub totala in-fluen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
hipnotizatorul}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Transfer }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie nu prive\uc1 \u351
?te nu-mai rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia analizat-analist, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i alte categorii de
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii: elev-profesor, subal-tern-\uc1 \u351 ?ef, pacient-medic.
\uc1 \u238 ?n general, t. este un proces de interac\uc1 \u355 ?iune dintre
dou\uc1 \u259 ? sisteme (informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, de perso-nalitate, etc.) cu
efect de transport sau transmitere a unui model \uc1 \u238 ?n cel\uc1 \u259 ?lalt.
T. a fost studiat \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia dintre vechile deprinderi, bine
consolidate \uc1 \u351 ?i noile deprinderi, \uc1 \u238 ?n curs de formare, care
beneficiaz\uc1 \u259 ? de modele mai vechi. Noua deprindere preia ceea ce este
asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor cu vechea deprindere - ex. \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1
\u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area unei limbi str\uc1 \u259 ?ine se
integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? elemente similare din limba matern\uc1 \u259 ? (C. Pufan),
\uc1 \u351 ?i cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t noua ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune apare mai t\uc1 \u226 ?rziu
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t a fost format\uc1 \u259 ? vechea deprindere, cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t
descresc \uc1 \u351 ?ansele de transfer pozitiv. \uc1 \u238 ?n scop ajut\uc1
\u259 ?tor, se folosesc teste facilitate de schematizare \uc1 \u351 ?i
analiz\uc1 \u259 ? verbal\uc1 \u259 ? a sarcini. Aceasta pentru c\uc1 \u259 ?
dincolo de actele motorii, la nivelul intelectual, t. devine foarte facil, iar
interferen\uc1 \u355 ?ele tind s\uc1 \u259 ? fie suprimate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 T. este o foarte important}{\fs18 \dbch
\u259 ? opera-\uc1 \u355 ?ie a g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii intervenind ca modalitate a
generaliz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, a \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerii, a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, rezolv\uc1 \u259 ?rii de probleme. T. este
depen-dent de latura adapt\uc1 \u259 ?rii psihice.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Transpozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = mutare, schimbare,
transpunere a raporturilor, rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor unei structuri \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
alt\uc1 \u259 ? structur\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u238 ?n activita-tea intelectual\uc1
\u259 ? intervin erori dac\uc1 \u259 ? nu se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? transpozi\uc1
\u355 ?ia propriet\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor in-variante, \uc1 \u238 ?n
cibernetic\uc1 \u259 ?, transpozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia se apropie ca sens de modelare.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Transversal }
\langfenp1048 = strategie metodologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n studiul
evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihice, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n in-vestigarea
anumitor fenomene la subiec\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 situa\uc1 \u355 ?i la un acela\uc1 \u351 ?i nivel de
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, urm\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca din prelucrarea statistic\uc1
\u259 ? a datelor s\uc1 \u259 ? se constituie modelul psiho-genetic; opus
longitudinalului, \uc1 \u238 ?n care aceia\uc1 \u351 ?i indivizi sunt
cerceta\uc1 \u355 ?i de-a lungul dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tranzien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
concept care exprim\uc1 \u259 ? instabilitatea vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n
societate, ca senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau sentiment de nepermanen-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? a persoanei. Rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interindividu-ale devin superficiale,
tot mai fragile \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar cu obiectele sunt de o durat\uc1 \u259 ? din
ce \uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai scurt\uc1 \u259 ?. Persoana tr\uc1 \u259 ?ie\uc1 \u351 ?te
acut sentimentul unei existen\uc1 \u355 ?e \uc1 \u8222 ?f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ?d\uc1 \u259 ?cini" \uc1 \u238 ?n nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?.
Cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea ni-velului de tranzien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? pune la grea
\uc1 \u238 ?ncer-care posibilitatea de adaptare a persoa-nei la un mediu din ce
\uc1 \u238 ?n ce mai com-plex, \uc1 \u238 ?n care fluxul informa\uc1 \u355 ?
ional \uc1 \u351 ?i viteza situa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor inedite sunt tot mai crescute.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tranzitivitate
\langfenp1048 = proprietate a unor rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii logice sau matematice de a se
transmite, prin termeni intermediari, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre primul \uc1 \u351 ?i ultimul
termen al unui \uc1 \u351 ?ir ordonat pe baza acestor rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Traumatism }
\langfenp1048 = situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie ce const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia unor situa\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i stimuli ce dep\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1
\u351 ?esc capacitatea de toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a persoa-nei. Este un
fenomen negativ, foarte in-tens, ce intervine \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?a
persoanei, de natur\uc1 \u259 ? fizic\uc1 \u259 ? sau psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, ce
produce o perturbare profund\uc1 \u259 ?, prin incapacitatea subiectului de a r\uc1
\u259 ?spunde adecvat.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Traum\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ran\uc1 \u259 ?, lovitur\uc1 \u259 ?, suferin\uc1 \u355
?\uc1 \u259 ?, de-semn\uc1 \u226 ?nd o agresiune extern\uc1 \u259 ? sau inter-n\uc1
\u259 ?. Pe plan psihologic: \uc1 \u351 ?oc violent cu consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele
respective asupra ansam-blului organismului. T. se caracterizea-z\uc1 \u259 ?
printr-un aflux de excita\uc1 \u355 ?ii, care este excesiv \uc1 \u351 ?i dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te pragul de toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 T}
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i
\uc1 \u238 ?n care refluxul de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare este insu-ficient. Trauma
dezorganizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a psi-hic\uc1 \u259 ? produc\uc1 \u226 ?nd
efecte patogene durabile. \uc1 \u350 ?i cea fizic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cea
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? determin\uc1 \u259 ? o modificare de caracter permanent a
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tr\uc1 \u259 ?ire psihic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? subiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? con\uc1 \u351 ?tient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i con\uc1 \u351 ?tientizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care exist\uc1 \u259 ?
simultan elemente ale unor procese psi-hice de categorii diferite (emo\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndi-re, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, stare pe care P. Popescu Ne-
veanu o nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u8222 ?unitate de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a psihismului"
considerat evolutiv \uc1 \u351 ?i de-scriptiv. T. p. nu este numai o verig\uc1
\u259 ? a conduitei \uc1 \u351 ?i de aceea ea trebuie \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?
eleas\uc1 \u259 ? ca un termen al interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii cu mediul, sau ca o
interfa\uc1 \u355 ?a a influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor endogene \uc1 \u351 ?i exogene.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 In tr\uc1
\u259 ?ire informa\uc1 \u355 ?ionalul \uc1 \u351 ?i ener-geticul sunt indisolubile.
Starea, tr\uc1 \u259 ?irea \uc1 \u351 ?i ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea sunt complementare,
exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd unitar \uc1 \u351 ?i trec\uc1 \u226 ?nd una \uc1 \u238 ?n
alta.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tr\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aspect esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial al unei per-
soane, doctrine, fenomen, proces, epoci, crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie. \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie, termenul este echi-valent cu particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
caracterizate printr-o relativ\uc1 \u259 ? stabilitate a unui proces sau, mai ales,
a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Fiecare tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?
tur\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ? are o semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie gene-ral\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u351 ?i una concret\uc1 \u259 ?, particular\uc1 \u259 ?, un anu-mit grad de
dinamism, dispun\uc1 \u226 ?nd conco-mitent de constan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i flexibilitate \uc1 \u351 ?i integr\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se treptat \uc1 \u238 ?
ntr-o macrostruc-tur\uc1 \u259 ? (Exemplu: caracter - personalitate). Clasificarea
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor psihice depinde de sistemul referen\uc1 \u355 ?
ial adoptat, de autori. S-au f\uc1 \u259 ?cut distinc\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?
ntre tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi: \uc1 \u8226 ? esen\uc1 \u355 ?iale \uc1 \u351
?i accidentale; \uc1 \u8226 ? individuale \uc1 \u351 ?i generale; \uc1 \u8226 ?
simple \uc1 \u351 ?i complexe; \uc1 \u8226 ? comu-ne \uc1 \u351 ?i proprii; \uc1
\u8226 ? centrale \uc1 \u351 ?i secundare; etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
necesitate intern\uc1 \u259 ? care de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? o anumit\uc1 \u259 ?
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau un anu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mit efect principal; t. este o dispozi\uc1
\u355 ?ie organic\uc1 \u259 ? de a reac\uc1 \u355 ?iona \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un anumit
mod \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii date. T. apar\uc1 \u355 ?ine cate-goriei
fenomenelor motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?nse-r\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1
\u238 ?n studiul factorilor
care de-termin\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i direc\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea diferi-telor manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri de conduit\uc1 \u259 ?. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? apar imaginile obiectului
trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, atunci este vorba de dorin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Ca
atribut latent al organismului, trebu-in\uc1 \u355 ?a semnific\uc1 \u259 ? faptul
c\uc1 \u259 ? o anume activi-tate orientat\uc1 \u259 ? este apt\uc1 \u259 ?
s\uc1 \u259 ? se reproduc\uc1 \u259 ?. Ea este un determinant esen\uc1 \u355 ?ial
pentru o anume specie de comportamente. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
t. este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? ca element de baz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sistemul
personali-t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii (H. Murray).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tremol inten\uc1 \u355 ?ional }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulburare a mi\uc1
\u351 ?-c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor voluntare cauzat\uc1 \u259 ? de discoordo-narea
impulsurilor aferente \uc1 \u351 ?i a celor eferente. Sufer\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ndeosebi retroaferen-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ia kinestezic\uc1 \u259 ? menit\uc1 \u259
? s\uc1 \u259 ? informeze centrul de comand\uc1 \u259 ? despre starea orga-nului
executor, despre fazele \uc1 \u351 ?i para-metrii mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rii.
Ca urmare, \uc1 \u238 ?ntre centrii corticali \uc1 \u351 ?i efectori, circuitul
fiind \uc1 \u238 ?ntrerupt temporar, periodic, apare t.i., implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd
sincope \uc1 \u351 ?i nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, osci-la\uc1 \u355 ?ii
haotice ale mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rilor ce trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? traduc\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fapt intui\uc1 \u355 ?ia. Este un simp-tom al maladiei lui
Parkinson.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Triste\uc1
\u355 ?e = stare de suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? moral\uc1 \u259 ?,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin depresie, lentoare, dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie astenic\uc1
\u259 ?, meditativ\uc1 \u259 ?, com-pensat\uc1 \u259 ? prin reculegere \uc1 \u351 ?
i reproiectare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 Trunchi cerebral }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune anato-mic\uc1 \u259 ?
de leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre m\uc1 \u259 ?duv\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i creer situat\uc1 \u259 ? sub cerebel. Spre deosebire de m\uc1 \u259 ?
duv\uc1 \u259 ? are o configura\uc1 \u355 ?ie foarte varia-t\uc1 \u259 ?, fiind
alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuit din trei segmente: \uc1 \u8226 ? bulbul rahidian inferior, \uc1
\u8226 ? mijlociu, puntea lui Varoli sau protuberanta \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? mezencefalul \uc1
\u238 ?ntre punte \uc1 \u351 ?i diencefal (care se mai nume\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1
\u351 ?i pedunculii cere-brali). }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bulbul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este sediul
centrilor re-flec\uc1 \u351 ?i: respirator, vasomotor, cardioinhi-bitor \uc1
\u351 ?i cardioaccelerator, salivator infe-rior, al vomei, degluti\uc1 \u355 ?
iei \uc1 \u351 ?i str\uc1 \u259 ?nutului. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Puntea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dispune de o
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de adaptare a reflexelor prin sistemele de oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ie
oculogire, cefalogire, auditive \uc1 \u351 ?i vestibu-lare. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch
Mezencefalul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 asigur\uc1 \u259 ? distribuirea tonusului muscular, a
reflexelor la lumi-n\uc1 \u259 ?, de acomodare \uc1 \u351 ?i de verticalitate.}
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de supracompensare tur-burent\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tutel\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
autoritatea \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ia celui ce se \uc1 \u238 ?ngrije\uc1
\u351 ?te \uc1 \u351 ?i controleaz\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1 \u351 ?i pe copil sau minor.
Exersat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n tip excesiv \uc1 \u351 ?i unilateral poate st\uc1
\u226 ?njeni dezvoltarea copilului \uc1 \u351 ?i conduce la supraprotejare sau la
decomp}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ensare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li24 \ri3298 \sb202
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin3298 \cbpat16 \itap0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Tumori cerebrale }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice
ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul evolu\uc1 \u355 ?iei tumorilor ce-rebrale
se caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? printr-un debut \uc1 \u351 ?i tablou clinic ce depinde
de natura tu-morii, localizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i modul ei de evo-lu\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice sunt \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de semne
neurologice sub forma unei afec-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri cerebrale globale sau a unui
sindrom focal, ce poate indica sediu tumorii. Inte-resul fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ap\uc1 \u259 ?rute \uc1 \u238 ?
n tumorile cerebrale este foarte crescut, consider\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se c\uc1
\u259 ? acestea (tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice) joac\uc1 \u259 ? un rol important
\uc1 \u238 ?n corela\uc1 \u355 ?ia clinico-patologic\uc1 \u226 ?. (Dup\uc1 \u259 ?
C. Gorgos). (Vezi Anexa C - Tab. 3)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Turbulen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament
dezadapta-tiv, care perturb\uc1 \u259 ? mediul social, familial, \uc1 \u351 ?colar,
profesional. Poate fi determinat de o educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie precar\uc1 \u259 ?, de
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi carac-teriale sau boli psihice, caz \uc1 \u238 ?n
care nu se implic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mod necesar inten\uc1 \u355 ?
ionalitatea, fiind manifest\uc1 \u259 ?ri simptomatice. \uc1 \u238 ?n mod inten\uc1
\u355 ?ionat apare \uc1 \u238 ?n c\uc1 \u259 ?utarea de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere, \uc1
\u351 ?i de afirmare de sine prin acte zgomo-toase, indisciplinalitate, care apoi
trec \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul psihopatologiei infantile. \uc1 \u238 ?n mare parte
este influen\uc1 \u355 ?at\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i de coefi-cientul de
toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a mediului \uc1 \u351 ?i de tendin\uc1 \u355 ?a de
imitare, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n fiecare
grup\uc1 \u259 ? de copii apar \uc1 \u351 ?i subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ii cu}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri3101 \sb288 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
\colw2913 \endnhere \pard \plain \li24 \ri0 \sb1219 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 T}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li96 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin96 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\b1 \i1
\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \charscalex48 \expnd-17 \expndtw-17 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ?>}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u354 ?el }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept
psihosocial cu sfer\uc1 \u259 ? mai larg\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea de \uc1 \u8222 ?scop". Repre-zint\uc1 \u259 ? un obiectiv c\uc1
\u259 ?tre care tinde o per-soan\uc1 \u259 ? sau un grup social, ca urmare a
actualiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii unui motiv sau a unei trebu-in\uc1 \u355 ?e.
Reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie general\uc1 \u259 ? sau o finalitate
prefigurat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul de efect ac\uc1 \u355 ?ionai anticipat.
Din punct de vedere sociologic, toate ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile sociale sunt determinate
de anumite \uc1 \u355 ?eluri. Dup\uc1 \u259 ? R. Metron, \uc1 \u355 ?elul este \uc1
\u8222 ?o valoare instru-mental\uc1 \u259 ? metamorfozat\uc1 \u259 ?".}{\fs20 \dbch
int\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, termenul desem-neaz\uc1 \u259
? anticiparea riguroas\uc1 \u259 ? a rezultatului unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni. Pentru
animal \uc1 \u355 ?inta este legat\uc1 \u259 ? de satisfacerea unei trebuin\uc1
\u355 ?e vitale, adaptare la mediu. La nivelul uman \uc1 \u355 ?. reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a \uc1 \u355 ?elului, \uc1 \u238 ?n sensul
satisfacerii trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, devenind scop atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
reflect\uc1 \u259 ? anticipativ at\uc1 \u226 ?t direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia, c\uc1 \u226 ?t
\uc1 \u351 ?i rezultatul ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u354 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sistem de
atitudini, relativ sta-bil, specific fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei persoane \uc1 \u238 ?n
cadrul colectivului, cu raportare la respectarea normelor de convie\uc1 \u355 ?uire
social\uc1 \u259 ?. \uc1 \u354 ?inuta poart\uc1 \u259 ? amprenta moral\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamen-tal\uc1 \u259 ? a subiectului; }{\i1 \fs18
\uc1 \u355 ?. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se modific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de exigen\uc1 \u355 ?ele pe care per-soana accept\uc1 \u259
? s\uc1 \u259 ? le respecte, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o m\uc1 \u259 ?su-r\uc1 \u259 ? sau
alta. Ca aspect global exterior, \uc1 \u355 ?inuta este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turile subiective ale persoanei, care de fapt sunt
\uc1 \u238 ?n concordan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? cu manifest\uc1 \u259 ?rile
exterioare, caracteristice \uc1 \u351 ?i semnificative}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li0 \ri0 \sb192 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din
punct de vedere a tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor de personalitate (ex.:
modul \uc1 \u238 ?n care cola-boreaz\uc1 \u259 ? la convie\uc1 \u355 ?uirea
social\uc1 \u259 ?, cum vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te, cum m\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u226 ?
nc\uc1 \u259 ?, cum merge, cum se \uc1 \u238 ?mbrac\uc1 \u259 ?, etc).}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 U}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Uitare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = proces psihic opus memor\uc1 \u259 ?rii,
prin care se pierde o parte a amintirilor unor fapte. U. este un fenomen natural
\uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales relativ necesar, c\uc1 \u259 ?ci \uc1 \u238 ?n lipsa acestui
fenomen \uc1 \u8222 ?depozitul" memoriei s-ar putea supra\uc1 \u238 ?ncarc\uc1
\u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a mai putea acumula \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?
stra noi cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e recente. In raport cu memoria care
fixeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i p\uc1 \u259 ?s-treaz\uc1 \u259 ? informa\uc1 \u355
?iile, uitarea este un feno-men negativ; \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb, \uc1 \u238 ?n raport
cu ne-cesit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile practice, cu solicit\uc1 \u259 ?rile
cotidie-ne ea este fenomen pozitiv, deoarece ui-tarea treptat\uc1 \u259 ?,
gradual\uc1 \u259 ? a anumitor infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?ii contribuie la echilibrarea
sistemu-lui cognitiv al persoanei, acord\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i un caracter suplu,
dinamic, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a fi st\uc1 \u226 ?nje-nit de ceea ce \uc1
\u8222 ?ar fi prea mult" sau \uc1 \u8222 ?de prisos". Deci uitarea est un fenomen
pozitiv numai \uc1 \u238 ?n anumite condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
memorie \uc1 \u351 ?i uitare exist\uc1 \u259 ? rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii dinamice, fiecare
ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra celeilalte, facili-t\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se
sau \uc1 \u238 ?mpiedec\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se reciproc. Uitarea poate fi
integral\uc1 \u259 ? sau par\uc1 \u355 ?ial\uc1 \u259 ?, definitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau
provizorie. Cauzele uit\uc1 \u259 ?rii sunt numeroase: st\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, sur-menaj, anxietate, \uc1 \u238 ?mboln\uc1 \u259 ?virea
creieru-lui, dezinteres, lips\uc1 \u259 ? de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, etc. Psihologia
se preocup\uc1 \u259 ? de prevenirea ui-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii recomand\uc1 \u226 ?nd
re\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?area periodic\uc1 \u259 ?,
sistematizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?uirea logic\uc1
\u259 ? a cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?elor, repeti\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i
reelaborarea informa\uc1 \u355 ?iilor respective.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ultraparadoxal }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = etap\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
activitatea scoar\uc1 \u355 ?ei cerebrale caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin in-versarea
raportului \uc1 \u238 ?ntre semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ia ex-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 u}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 citan\uc1 \u355 ?ilor, a\uc1 \u351 ?a \uc1
\u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t, \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii unor excitan\uc1
\u355 ?i negativi se ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine un r\uc1 \u259 ?s-puns pozitiv, iar \uc1
\u238 ?n cazul unor excitan\uc1 \u355 ?i condi\uc1 \u355 ?iona\uc1 \u355 ?i pozitiv
lipse\uc1 \u351 ?te reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia cortical\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Uman }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate care \uc1
\u355 ?ine de om ca persoan\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i specie \uc1 \u351 ?i care are
ca atribut dragostea personalizat\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
oameni, compasiunea fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de suferin-\uc1 \u355 ?ele lor,
generozitatea. Umanul este un produs istoric al umaniz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, al progre-
sului \uc1 \u238 ?n cultur\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i civiliza\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Umanitate }{\fs18
fire omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ?, natur\uc1 \u259 ? uman\uc1 \u259 ?; ansamblu al
tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor generi-ce comune tuturor oamenilor ce defi-nesc
esen\uc1 \u355 ?a speciei umane; ansamblu al tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turilor
morale definitorii pentru comportamentul omului bun, care ma-nifest\uc1 \u259 ?
alturism, toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, compasiune, solidaritate, cinste,
etc. \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i (termen sinonim cu
omenie).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Umilin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = atitudine de tip melancolic,
caracterizat\uc1 \u259 ? prin idei de devalorizare \uc1 \u351 ?i de inutilitate.
Subiectul singur se au-toacuz\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u259 ?
se\uc1 \u351 ?te gre\uc1 \u351 ?eli de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? pe care le
consider\uc1 \u259 ? cauza dec\uc1 \u259 ?derii \uc1 \u351 ?i le consider\uc1 \u259
? de o extrem\uc1 \u259 ? gravitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Umoare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n medicina
hipocratic\uc1 \u259 ? se presupunea c\uc1 \u259 ? organismul este format din patru
umori: s\uc1 \u226 ?nge, flegm\uc1 \u259 ?, bil\uc1 \u259 ? galben\uc1 \u259 ?,
\uc1 \u351 ?i bil\uc1 \u259 ? neagr\uc1 \u259 ? (s\uc1 \u226 ?nge venos) derivate
din cele patru elemente ale filosofiei ionice (aer, p\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?nt,
ap\uc1 \u259 ?, foc). Aceste patru umori, \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de pre-
dominan\uc1 \u355 ?a uneia sau alteia, stau la baza tipurilor constitu\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale de tempera-ment: sangvinic, flegmatic, coleric, me-lancolic. Prin extensie,
termenul cap\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u259 ? drept sinonim \uc1 \u8222 ?timia" (tonusul
afectiv), termen care \uc1 \u238 ?n medicina antic\uc1 \u259 ? avea o semnifica\uc1
\u355 ?ie general\uc1 \u259 ?, incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd voin\uc1 \u355 ?a,}{\fs20 \dbch
\endnhere \pard \plain
\qj \li34 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin34 \rin0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a, sentimentele,
pasiunea, al c\uc1 \u259 ?-ror sediu era inima.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Unic (copil) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = existen\uc1 \u355 ?a unui copil
mic \uc1 \u238 ?n familie favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o oarecare patolo-gie la copil,
\uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care partenerii cuplului parental nu
au o rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie echili-brat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? o compensare a proprii-lor probleme prin raportarea la copil.
Handicapul psihologic al copilului provi-ne din faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u259 ?
rin\uc1 \u355 ?ii se preocup\uc1 \u259 ? exa-gerat de cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1
\u351 ?i educarea lui; \uc1 \u238 ?i satis-fac imediat toate cererile acestuia sub
aspect material, afectiv, spiritual. Copi-lul devine intolerant, \uc1 \u238 ?i
manevreaz\uc1 \u259 ? foar-te u\uc1 \u351 ?or, adapt\uc1 \u226 ?nd acela\uc1
\u351 ?i comportament cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i. Copilul hiperprotejat dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ? comportamente de dependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, pasivita-te, cu
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n stabilirea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
interpersonale, dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de servaj \uc1 \u238 ?n
raportul \uc1 \u8222 ?a cere - a primi".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Unicitate }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = calitate a ceea ce este unic \uc1
\u351 ?i irepetabil. Atributul se repartizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?nde-osebi la
individualitatea uman\uc1 \u259 ?, sublini-ind natura singular\uc1 \u259 ?,
irepetabil\uc1 \u259 ? a fiec\uc1 \u259 ?-rei persoane.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Univers }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = totalitatea existen\uc1 \u355 ?ei; termenul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu admite
pluralul, universul fiind prin defini\uc1 \u355 ?ie unic, orice form\uc1 \u259 ? de
existen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? intr\uc1 \u226 ?nd ca parte \uc1 \u238 ?n
alc\uc1 \u259 ?tuirea lui.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Se u}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? totu\uc1 \u351 ?i expresii figura-te
ca: \uc1 \u8222 ?universul l\uc1 \u259 ?untric" al fiec\uc1 \u259 ?rei su-
biectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, \uc1 \u8222 ?universul artei \uc1 \u351 ?i
literatu-rii", \uc1 \u8222 ?universul entit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor ideale,
logico-matematice", \uc1 \u8222 ?universul valorilor" etc. In sens psihologic,
totalitatea rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor intersubiective cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
individu-al\uc1 \u259 ? din mediul imediat al subiectului: univers familial,
universul copil\uc1 \u259 ?riri, etc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ur\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sentiment corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?
tor dorin\uc1 \u355 ?ei de a face r\uc1 \u259 ?u cuiva. Ca forma\uc1 \u355 ?iune
afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? complex\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i stabil\uc1 \u259 ?, ura este
opus\uc1 \u259 ?}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iubirii \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
sub diferite atitu-dini subiective persistente fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de un
obiect, persoan\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Utopie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie politic\uc1 \u259 ?
sau social\uc1 \u259 ? generoas\uc1 \u259 ?, dar irealizabil\uc1 \u259 ?. Prin
exten-sie, concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie-proiect himeric, imagi-nar, fantezist. \uc1 \u238 ?
n domeniul psihiatriei este frecvent confundat\uc1 \u259 ? realitatea cu concepte
utopice de diferite coloraturi (deliran\uc1 \u355 ?i, obsesivo-fobici, etc).}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Uveit\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18
inflama\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu caracter cronic sau recurent a corpului ciliar, a
irisului, a coroidei sau a tuturor acestor trei for-ma\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.
Exist\uc1 \u259 ? uveite a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror etiologie este \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u259
? nel\uc1 \u259 ?murit\uc1 \u259 ?, b\uc1 \u259 ?nuite a fi legate de situa\uc1
\u355 ?ii psihotraumatizante, care prin ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea lor asupra axului
hipotalamo-hipofizo-corticosupra-renalian creeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o relativ\uc1 \u259 ?
ischemie a tractului uveal.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 V}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Vagabondaj }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deplasare iar\uc1 \u259
? \uc1 \u355 ?el pe largi arii teritoriale, fenomen social declan\uc1 \u351 ?at de
un complex de factori de natur\uc1 \u259 ? economic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile unei caren\uc1 \u355 ?e
educative \uc1 \u351 ?i de inadaptare social\uc1 \u259 ?; implic\uc1 \u259 ? lipsa
domiciliului, a unei profesiuni \uc1 \u351 ?i a unei surse materiale stabi-le.
Poate fi un act deliberat, premeditat, dar cel mai frecvent este caracteristic
structurilor dizarmonice de personalitate, cu tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi
hipocondrice, paranoice. Dromomania mai poate fi \uc1 \u351 ?i semnul de debut al
schizofreniei \uc1 \u351 ?i mult mai frecvent pe fondul oligofreniei.}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vagotonie = stare
constitu\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? (sau momentan\uc1 \u259 ?) dominat\uc1
\u259 ? de tonusul crescut al nervului vag (pneumogastric) \uc1 \u238 ?mpreu-
n\uc1 \u259 ? cu al subsistemului parasimpatic: tip scund, dezvoltat pe
orizontal\uc1 \u259 ?, cu rezer-ve adipoase, hipotensiv \uc1 \u351 ?i hipoglicemic,
bradicardic, cu dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie spre depresie. Prin opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie avem
tipul simpaticotonic la care predomin\uc1 \u259 ? tahicardia, hiperglice-mia,
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia activ\uc1 \u259 ?, orientarea catabo-lic\uc1 \u259 ?.
Vagotonicul este un om bun, pe plan psihologic optimist, comunicativ, senzual, cu
oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ii energeti}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce extreme.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Valen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
psihologie semnific\uc1 \u259 ? for\uc1 \u355 ?a de atrac\uc1 \u355 ?ie sau de
respingere pe care o exercit\uc1 \u259 ? obiectele asupra subiectului; ea
rezult\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? din interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
propriet\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u355 ?ilor obiectivelor \uc1 \u351 ?i trebuin\uc1
\u355 ?e, manifesta-te de subiect \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa cu
respectivul obiect. Valen\uc1 \u355 ?ele sunt pozitive \uc1 \u351 ?i negati-}{\fs20
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ve \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura in care
obiectul satisface sau nu anumite trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e manifestate de subiect
\uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa cu acel obiect.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Validare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune prin care se
stabi-le\uc1 \u351 ?te valoarea diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prognosti-
c\uc1 \u259 ? a unui text, posibilitatea lui de a m\uc1 \u259 ?-sura un anumit
proces sau o anumit\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ?
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Un test este valid dac\uc1 \u259 ? el relev\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n mod semnificativ pro-cesul psihic sau tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tura
vizat\uc1 \u259 ?. Orice test m\uc1 \u259 ?soar\uc1 \u259 ? cu prec\uc1 \u259 ?dere
un factor sau un ansamblu de factori pentru care a fost construit, dar poate
surprinde \uc1 \u351 ?i al\uc1 \u355 ?i factori, nespecifici. Dintre procedeele de
validare a unui test fac parte: \uc1 \u8226 ? me-toda analizei factoriale \uc1
\u351 ?i determinarea consisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei interne; \uc1 \u8226 ? validarea de
con-curen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie prin care se stabile\uc1
\u351 ?te valoarea diagnostic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prognostic\uc1 \u259 ? a
unui test deja validat prin corela\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu rezultatele ob\uc1 \u355 ?inute
la testul \uc1 \u238 ?n curs. Astfel, testele de inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
au fost va-lidate comparativ cu rezultatele \uc1 \u351 ?colare. Dat fiind faptul
c\uc1 \u259 ? reu\uc1 \u351 ?ita \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1 \u259 ? nu depinde strict de
inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, ci \uc1 \u351 ?i de al\uc1 \u355 ?i parametri
(motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie, aprecierile personale ale profesorilor), validarea
predictiv\uc1 \u259 ? trebuie f\uc1 \u259 ?cut\uc1 \u259 ? de mai multe persoane
prin raportare la c\uc1 \u226 ?teva criterii.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Validitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = formul\uc1 \u259 ?
de termi-nologie psihiatric\uc1 \u259 ? (francez\uc1 \u259 ?) folosit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n acordarea unor certificate care ates-teaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prezen\uc1 \u355 ?a sau absen\uc1 \u355 ?a capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii civile
\uc1 \u238 ?n leg\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? cu starea s\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihice a subiectului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Valorizare }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = comportament prin care
persoana \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i obiectiveaz\uc1 \u259 ? calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile po-zitive, se face apreciat\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i cere
dreptu-rile. Aprecierea poate s\uc1 \u259 ? corespund\uc1 \u259 ? sau nu cu
calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile reale ce apar\uc1 \u355 ?in res-pectivului obiect
sau persoan\uc1 \u259 ?. O valo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rizare autentic\uc1 \u259 ? presupune cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?
terea de sine \uc1 \u351 ?i a obiectelor apreciate. Atitudi-nea de apreciere poate
fi modificat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sens pozitiv sau negativ \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?ele persoanei \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259
?, \uc1 \u238 ?n rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale cu ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale. E\uc1 \u351 ?ecul \uc1 \u351
?i succesul sunt de natur\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? modifice impresia persoanei
despre posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale reale. Atitudinea de valorizare
pre-supune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a sim\uc1 \u355 ?ului realului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vandalism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = act de violen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor cu crizele de furie ale copilului, repre-
zent\uc1 \u226 ?nd o substituire a scopului real al furiei, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu
motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii personale, cu o furie oarb\uc1 \u259 ?, lipsit\uc1 \u259 ? de
elementul gene-rator. Subgrupele culturale de unde pro-vine subiectul cu
agresivitate de acest tip aprob\uc1 \u259 ? tacit sau explicit atitudinea aces-
tora. Crizele pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea episodic, fiind \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite
de jafuri \uc1 \u351 ?i consum exagerat de b\uc1 \u259 ?uturi alcoolice.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vanitate }{\fs18 \dbch
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a celor care-\uc1 \u351 ?i arog\uc1 \u259 ? valori pe
care nu le posed\uc1 \u259 ?, c\uc1 \u259 ?u-t\uc1 \u226 ?nd prin fabula\uc1
\u355 ?ie, simul\uc1 \u259 ?ri, susceptibi-litate maladiv\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
parvin\uc1 \u259 ?, s\uc1 \u259 ? se ridice deasupra altora, s\uc1 \u259 ? epateze,
s\uc1 \u259 ? se impun\uc1 \u259 ? admira\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1
\u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? de caracter este specific\uc1 \u259 ? persoanelor cu
afinitate pentru semnele exterioare, superficiale, cu care societatea r\uc1 \u259 ?
spl\uc1 \u259 ?te\uc1 \u351 ?te valoarea. Con\uc1 \u351 ?tient sau nu, v.
eludeaz\uc1 \u259 ? problema valorii reale a persoanei care \uc1 \u238 ?
ncearc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o manier\uc1 \u259 ? steril\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1
\u259 ?-i mint\uc1 \u259 ? pe cei din jur \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? se
mint\uc1 \u259 ? pe sine.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Varicei\uc1 \u259 ? = sin. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 zona zoster, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 virus car}
\langfenp1048 e determin\uc1 \u259 ? dou\uc1 \u259 ? boli infec\uc1 \u355 ?ioase
diferite: \uc1 \u8226 ? varicela, benign\uc1 \u259 ? prin evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia sa,
exist\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cazuri \uc1 \u238 ?n
care apar complica\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuropsihice, (de obicei \uc1 \u238 ?ntre a 3}
\langfenp1048 \super1 a}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i a 15}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 a}
\langfenp1048 zi de la debut) at\uc1 \u226 ?t la copii c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?
i la adul\uc1 \u355 ?i. De men\uc1 \u355 ?ionat riscul apari\uc1 \u355 ?iei unei
afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni oftalmologice}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (carioretinie, anizocorie, nistagmus, atrofie
optic\uc1 \u259 ?), a crizelor comi\uc1 \u355 ?iale, oli-sofrenie, hidrocefalie la
nou-n\uc1 \u259 ?scu\uc1 \u355 ?ii a c\uc1 \u259 ?ror mame au suferit o
infec\uc1 \u355 ?ie varice-loas\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 n}{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 P}
\langfenp1048 \super1 r}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 me}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 le dou\uc1
\u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?pt\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ni ale sarcinii- Complica\uc1 \u355
?iile neuropsihice, apreciate la 1/5000, pot fi: \uc1 \u8226 ? meningo-encefalita
difuz\uc1 \u259 ?, ataxie cerebeloas\uc1 \u259 ?, acut\uc1 \u259 ?, mielit\uc1
\u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? sau trans-vers\uc1 \u226 ?, polinevrite \uc1 \u351 ?i
encefalopatii acute. Zona zoster se manifest\uc1 \u259 ? prin dureri nevralgice,
urmate de erup\uc1 \u355 ?ie herbeti-form\uc1 \u259 ? (eritemo-veziculoas\uc1 \u259
?) pe terito-riul cutanat al nervului respectiv, loca-lizat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n regiunea cefalic\uc1 \u259 ? (19%), cervi-cal\uc1 \u259 ? (12%),
toracal\uc1 \u259 ? (15%) \uc1 \u351 ?i lombo-sacral\uc1 \u259 ? (18%).
Complica\uc1 \u355 ?iile sunt mai frecvent senzitive \uc1 \u351 ?i senzoriale
\uc1 \u351 ?i apoi motore, \uc1 \u351 ?i mult mai rar encefal}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 itice.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Variol\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = boal\uc1 \u259 ? infectocontagioas\uc1 \u259 ?, extrem
de grav\uc1 \u259 ?, care \uc1 \u238 ?n urma ac\uc1 \u355 ?iu-nilor deosebite
privind vaccinarea este la ora actual\uc1 \u259 ? eradicat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
n \uc1 \u238 ?ntreaga lume, de peste un deceniu. Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihice
sunt frecvente \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia aces-tei boli prin atingerea
encefalomielitic\uc1 \u259 ? pe care o produce. Rahialgiile, delirul, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?rile intelectuale, depresia an-xioas\uc1 \u259 ? sunt circumstan\uc1 \u355 ?
e clinice carac-teristice, iar st\uc1 \u259 ?rile psihopatoide repre-zint\uc1 \u259
? sechele majore.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
V\uc1 \u226 ?rsta critic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = perioad\uc1 \u259 ?
circumscris\uc1 \u259 ? temporal \uc1 \u351 ?i tranzitorie din via\uc1 \u355 ?a
omului, \uc1 \u238 ?n care au loc modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri semnificative de ordin
fizic, fiziologic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihic, tr\uc1 \u259 ?ite uneori ca momente de
criz\uc1 \u259 ? sau de impas psihologic. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 c. este un concept }
\langfenp1048 \sub2 cu}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 valoare opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?: mai este
denumit\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? problematic\uc1 \u259
?" \uc1 \u351 ?i este diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat\uc1 \u259 ? de la caz la caz \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de dezvoltarea biologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ?, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i de varietatea influen\uc1 \u355 ?elor de
mediu (educa\uc1 \u355 ?ional, social, situa\uc1 \u355 ?ional).}{\fs20 \dbch
\plain \qj \li19 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\uc1 \u238 ?n perspectiva ciclurilor de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? se apre-
ciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? - adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a, senescen\uc1 \u355 ?a,
peri-oadele de tranzi\uc1 \u355 ?ie de la un stadiu sau altul - ofer\uc1 \u259 ?
condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii propice pentru insta-larea unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri critice, a
c\uc1 \u259 ?ror dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ire se soldeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu un nivel
calitativ nou \uc1 \u238 ?n sens }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ascendent evolutiv }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sau }{\i1
\langfenp1048 descendent involuntiv. \uc1 \u8226 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a,
cu latura ei complementar\uc1 \u259 ?, pubertatea, se caracteri-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
prin multiple modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri structural-func\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, \uc1 \u238 ?
n plan somatic, fizic \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologic, legate de cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea \uc1
\u238 ?n puseu \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n maturizarea sexual\uc1 \u259 ?, de
sistemele endocrine \uc1 \u351 ?i metabolice, de crizele }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
originalitate juvenil\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 etc. A}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceast\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?criz\uc1 \u259 ? de identitate" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 17-
25 de ani este generat\uc1 \u259 ? de coexisten\uc1 \u355 ?a statutului de
adolescent cu cel de adult t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r (cu roluri biologice \uc1
\u351 ?i sociale virtuale de adult).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Momente de criz\uc1 \u259 ? furnizate de factori biologici,
sociali \uc1 \u351 ?i situa\uc1 \u355 ?ionali intervin la intrarea \uc1 \u238 ?n
\uc1 \u351 ?coal\uc1 \u259 ?, la constituirea unei familii \uc1 \u238 ?n perioada
de gesta\uc1 \u355 ?ie, la apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia menarhei la climateriu sau
andropauz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-a acreditat
ideea c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 40-50 de ani, ca perioad\uc1 \u259 ? de
repliere \uc1 \u351 ?i bilan\uc1 \u355 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i activitate, nevoia de schimbare este at\uc1 \u226 ?t de mare,
\uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t omul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i schimb\uc1 \u259 ?
locuin\uc1 \u355 ?a, slujba, partenerul de via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, sens
\uc1 \u238 ?n care se vorbe\uc1 \u351 ?te de o a doua criz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?de originalitate". }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8226 ? Caracterul
critic al }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 v\uc1 \u226 ?rstelor de involu\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18
este legat de ie\uc1 \u351 ?irea din activitatea profesional\uc1 \u259 ? care
restr\uc1 \u226 ?nge c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor sociale \uc1 \u351 ?i
al activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor util-productive, de factori trofici,
hormonali, fiziologi, sau dinamo-geni. \uc1 \u8226 ? Caracteristica v\uc1 \u226 ?
rstelor critice ar\uc1 \u259 ?tate este o fragilizare a structurilor psihice, pe un
anumit statut de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? (circumscris bio-psiho-social), a
unor stimul\uc1 \u259 ?ri de un gen sau altul, cu o per-meabilitate mai mare la
boala psihic\uc1 \u259 ? sau somatic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concept cu valoare opera\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?
care exprim\uc1 \u259 ?, prin opozi-\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta
cronologic\uc1 \u259 ?, nivelul inte-lectual infantil determinat psiho-metric
(determinat de o serie de teste etalonate pe v\uc1 \u226 ?rste cronologice
superioare). A fost introdus \uc1 \u238 ?n 1905 de A. Binet - sca-ra metric\uc1
\u259 ? Binet-Simon, care obiecti-veaz\uc1 \u259 ? avansurile sau \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?rzierile \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea intelectual\uc1 \u259 ? a copiilor
la diferite v\uc1 \u226 ?rste. Potrivit acestei sc\uc1 \u259 ?ri (Binet - Simon) se
apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? v\uc1 \u226 ?rsta mintal\uc1 \u259 ? de 12 ani ca un minimum
de dezvoltare a inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?ei care s\uc1 \u259 ? permit\uc1 \u259 ?
persoanei desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urarea unei activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i
social-utile. Termenul de coeficient intelectual introdus de Stern, comple-mentar
celui de v. m., permite compa-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ii intra \uc1 \u351 ?i inter-
individuale privind inteligen\uc1 \u355 ?a raportat\uc1 \u259 ? la v\uc1 \u226 ?
rsta crono-logic\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Vascozitate mintal\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ?
negativ\uc1 \u259 ? a proceselor psihice, intelectu-ale, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u238 ?n mecanisme extrem de lente, \uc1 \u238 ?ncetinite, \uc1 \u238 ?
mpotmolite, a unei curgeri v\uc1 \u226 ?scoase (cleioase) la nivelul procesului
g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii. Dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de restructurare cu efecte
de optuzitate, de confuzie mental\uc1 \u259 ?, determin\uc1 \u259 ? sc\uc1 \u259 ?
derea performan\uc1 \u355 ?elor intelectuale. V\uc1 \u226 ?scozita-tea
mintal\uc1 \u259 ? este cauza incapacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii rezolv\uc1
\u259 ?rii de probleme, fiind constant \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnit\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n oligofrenii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n sindromul
confuzional, \uc1 \u238 ?n epilepsie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vasculare (tumori) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tumori cerebrale ce se
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? pe \uc1 \u355 ?esutul vascular. Sunt tumori intracraniene. Cele
mai frecven-te sunt hemangioblastoamele, cam 1-2%; pot ap\uc1 \u259 ?rea la orice
v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ?, la copil \uc1 \u351 ?i la adult, mult mai frecvente
la sexul masculin. Un semn precoce al tumorii poate fi reprezentat de polici-temie.
Sediul cel mai frecvent este}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cerebelul \uc1 \u351 ?
i \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul c\uc1 \u226 ?nd tumora este asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu boala
chistic\uc1 \u259 ? a rinichilor, pancreasului, angiomatoza retiniana, etc.
Tumorile vasculare sunt tumori benigne \uc1 \u351 ?i pot beneficia de
radioterapie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Vasoconstric\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = reducerea lumenului vascular prin ac\uc1
\u355 ?iunea unor factori ner-vo\uc1 \u351 ?i, umorali sau farmacologici asupra
musculaturii netede din pere\uc1 \u355 ?ii s\uc1 \u259 ?i. Sim-paticul are efect
vasoconstrictor \uc1 \u238 ?n termi-na\uc1 \u355 ?iile splanhnic \uc1 \u351 ?i
cutanat, vasodilatator cardiac, cerebral, muscular. Medica\uc1 \u355 ?ia
vasoconstrictoare ac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? asupra cen-trilor nervo\uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i asupra fibrelor nervoase simpatice, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i direct
asupra fibrei musculare netede. Substan\uc1 \u355 ?e farmaceu-tice
vasoconstrictoare ca: stimulatoare ale receptorilor adrenergici (alfa, beta sau
ambelor categorii), angiotensina, oc-topresina, se utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238
?n scopul amelio-r\uc1 \u259 ?rii iriga\uc1 \u355 ?iei tisulare, mai ales \uc1
\u238 ?n cazurile de hipotensiune arterial\uc1 \u259 ? acut\uc1 \u259 ? sau croni-
c\uc1 \u259 ?. Ac\uc1 \u355 ?ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd asupra teritoriului arterio-lar,
medica\uc1 \u355 ?ia vasoconstrictoare favori-zeaz\uc1 \u259 ? o circula\uc1
\u355 ?ie cerebral\uc1 \u259 ? optim\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vasodilata\uc1 \u355 ?ie = m\uc1 \u259 ?rirea
dilata\uc1 \u355 ?iei lume-nului vascular produs\uc1 \u259 ? de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea
unor factori nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i, umorali sau farma-cologici. In cazul factorilor
nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i, sim-paticul are efect dilatator \uc1 \u238 ?n teritoriile:
cerebral, muscular, coronarian, \uc1 \u238 ?n timp ce parasimpaticul produce acest
efect \uc1 \u238 ?n teritoriile sale de distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Controlul
activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vasculare (a rezisten\uc1 \u355 ?ei vascu-lare
periferice) de c\uc1 \u259 ?tre centrii nervo\uc1 \u351 ?i superiori - hipotalamus,
sistem limbic, cortex - explic\uc1 \u259 ? faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? vasodilata\uc1
\u355 ?ia intervine complementar cu vasoconstric-\uc1 \u355 ?ia, ca expresie
vegetativ\uc1 \u259 ? a unor st\uc1 \u259 ?ri afectiv-emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale ce pot
modifica chiar \uc1 \u351 ?i expresivitatea mimicii. Efectele domi-nant inhibitorii
centrale ale drogurilor}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihotrope explic\uc1 \u259 ? vasodilatarea ap\uc1
\u259 ?-rut\uc1 \u259 ? ca efect secundar al chimio-terapiei.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vasomotricitate = mecanism
const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n modificarea calibrului vascula}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r prin
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unor factori interni sau externi asupra mu\uc1 \u351 ?chiului
neted din structura peretelui vascular. Concentra\uc1 \u355 ?ia sau relaxarea
musculaturii netede determi-n\uc1 \u259 ? vasoconstric\uc1 \u355 ?ie, respectiv
vasodila-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ie. Aceste efecte pot fi determinate: \uc1 \u8226 ? sub
coordonarea centrilor cardio-vaso-motori din substan\uc1 \u355 ?a reticulat\uc1
\u226 ? a trunchiului cerebral; \uc1 \u8226 ? prin influen\uc1 \u355 ?e nervoase
sau umorale, locale, periferi-ce; \uc1 \u8226 ? sub ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea unor
droguri cu ac\uc1 \u355 ?i-une vasomotorie. Mecanismul vasomo-tor este implicat,
al\uc1 \u259 ?turi de alte meca-nisme, \uc1 \u238 ?n patologia crizelor migrenoa-
se, prin modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale calibrului vascu-lar arterial, ini\uc1 \u355 ?
ial prin vasoconstric\uc1 \u355 ?ie urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de vasodilata\uc1 \u355 ?ie.
Asemenea mo-dific\uc1 \u259 ?ri vasomotorii sub form\uc1 \u259 ? de pa-loare sau
congestie tegumentar\uc1 \u259 ? perife-ric\uc1 \u259 ? apar \uc1 \u238 ?n cazul
st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor afectiv -emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V\uc1 \u259 ?z = modalitate senzorial\uc1 \u259 ? de \uc1
\u238 ?nsemn\uc1 \u259 ?tate central\uc1 \u259 ?, care recep\uc1 \u355 ?ionea-z\uc1
\u259 ? cele mai multe informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii despre distribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia energiei
luminoase \uc1 \u351 ?i propri-et\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile spa\uc1 \u355 ?iale
\uc1 \u351 ?i cromatice ale obiecte-lor iluminate. Analizatorul este adaptat
naturii ondulatorii \uc1 \u351 ?i corpusculare a luminii, recep\uc1 \u355 ?
ion\uc1 \u226 ?nd radia\uc1 \u355 ?iile proiec-tate asupra c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurilor
retiniene ce se integreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n zona scizurii calcarine din
lobul occipital (c\uc1 \u226 ?mpul 17 mediaz\uc1 \u259 ? vederea obiectual\uc1
\u259 ?, iar 18 \uc1 \u351 ?i 19 permit apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia unor imagini
cromatice \uc1 \u351 ?i luminoase simple). Senza\uc1 \u355 ?iile cromati-ce se
apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? ton, satura\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
luminozitate.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vector }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= (lat. \uc1 \u8222 ?care transport\uc1 \u259 ?"), m\uc1 \u259 ?rime }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd un sens de direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1
\u351 ?i se aplic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tuturor fenomenelor
psihologice cu sens, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 direc\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i
vitez\uc1 \u259 ?: insti}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nctele, motivele, }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 atitudinile \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar raporturile intelectua-le, actele de
referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, utilizate \uc1 \u238 ?n analiza factorial\uc1
\u259 ?. Sunt considerate ca vectoriale }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toate
fenomenele de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i raporta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 re atitudinal\uc1 \u259 ?. (P. Popescu Neveanu)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vedet\uc1 \u259
? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia soci}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 al\uc1 \u259 ?, membru }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al grupului sau
al unei colectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i, care }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se
distinge prin anumite calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?i este }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tacit acceptat, imitat \uc1 \u351 ?i luat ca exemplu.
Influen\uc1 \u355 ?a vedetei poate fi pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 negativ\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vehemen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = impetuozitate \uc1 \u238 ?n manifes-t\uc1 \u259 ?ri sau \uc1
\u238 ?n tonul vocii, care se remarc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 comportamentul unor persoane. Se re-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
marc\uc1 \u259 ? v. \uc1 \u238 ?n sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea unor idei de valoa-re, sau
afirmarea unor adev\uc1 \u259 ?ruri \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 unei expuneri, a unei dispute, sau ca re-ac\uc1 \u355 ?ie la o
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de frustrare psiho-afec-tiv\uc1 \u259 ?. Este specific\uc1
\u259 ? personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor dizar-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 monice, c\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u259 ?t\uc1 \u226 ?nd uneori
aspecte reven-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dicativ-cverulente, care atrag imediat }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 aten\uc1 \u355 ?ia anturajului asupra dizarmoniei }{\fs20
structurale a celui \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Veleitate }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? sau aspira\uc1 \u355 ?ie
spre realizarea unor scopuri \uc1 \u238 ?ndep\uc1 \u259 ?rtate, greu }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 accesibile dar pos}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ibile. Este o
stare trec\uc1 \u259 ?-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-
5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 toare, care nu se bazeaz\uc1
\u259 ? pe o decizie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ferm\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Verbal }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 = manifestarea prin voce, (chiar cu voce tare) \uc1 \u238 ?n
opozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie cu manifestarea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin scris. Nu se
calific\uc1 \u259 ? la nivel logic }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceea ce se transmite la
nivel verbal. Este }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 proces specific u}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 man, const\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u238 ?n denu-mirea obiectelor \uc1
\u351 ?i fenomenelor, precum \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n exprimarea percep\uc1
\u355 ?iilor, senza\uc1 \u355 ?iilor, ideilor, sentimentelor prin intermediul }
\langfenp1048 cuvintelor.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \column }{\b1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Verbigera\uc1 \u355 ?
ie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = repetarea de cuvinte }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 sau propozi\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n mod automat, f\uc1 \u259 ?
r\uc1 \u259 ? or-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dine, golite de con\uc1 \u355 ?in}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ut, \uc1 \u238 ?nglobate \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 un discurs cu ton declamator, patetic, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n total contrast cu manierismul mimic. Este un simptom
considerat patogno-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 monic, \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
\uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
limbaj sau grafie, neologisme, cifre, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semne de punctua\uc1 \u355 ?ie -
denumit \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8222 ?salat\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuvinte".}{\fs20
Verificare }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie logico-pragma-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tic\uc1 \u259 ? de stabilire critic\uc1 \u259 ? a
adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului sau falsit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii unor supozi\uc1 \u355 ?
ii. Stringen\uc1 \u355 ?a logi-c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351
?i concretul sunt baze ale verific\uc1 \u259 ?rii adev\uc1 \u259 ?rului. \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologie, v. este mijloc }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-
6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de control al
ipotezelor, al valorii date-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lor \uc1 \u351 ?i
probelor de cercetare; este o ope-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie
necesar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n special \uc1 \u238 ?n activitatea }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tere \uc1 \u351 ?i cercetare \uc1
\u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunea ce
implic\uc1 \u259 ? risc, trimi\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd la }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tura caracterial\uc1 \u259 ? numit\uc1
\u259 ? pruden\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihopatologie, no\uc1 \u355 ?iunea se leag\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
nevroza ob}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sesional\uc1 \u259 ?, trimite la
perfec-\uc1 \u355 ?ionism \uc1 \u351 ?i se transform\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
manifesta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rea simptomatic\uc1 \u259 ?, dep\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?indu-\uc1 \u351 ?i astfel }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 statutul de simpl\uc1 \u259 ?
opera\uc1 \u355 ?ie.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vertical\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= termen frecvent folosit \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 psihologie,
\uc1 \u238 ?n sens propriu sau figurat, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 referindu-se la
organizarea ierarhic\uc1 \u259 ? a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 si}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 stemului nervos \uc1 \u351 ?i sistemului psihic, a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?
ii, a motiva\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
integratorilor verbo-intelectuali, etc. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Verticalitatea
postural\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i kinestezic\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 coincide cu verticalitatea gravita\uc1 \u355 ?iona-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 l\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia vertical\uc1 \u259 ?,
omul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i poate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 da \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreaga}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ? a posibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sale }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 motorii, senzoriale \uc1
\u351 ?i cognitive.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vertij }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = senza\uc1 \u355 ?ie
de dezechilibrare a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 propriei persoane sau a obiectelor
din }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 jur, asociat\uc1 \u259 ? cu imposibilitatea
aprecie-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rii exacte a pozi\uc1 \u355 ?iei corpului
\uc1 \u238 ?n spa\uc1 \u355 ?iu \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu o stare psihic\uc1
\u259 ? de r\uc1 \u259 ?u, ce}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poate}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 ajunge p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la anxietate. Este o stare de
nesiguran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii obi\uc1 \u351 ?
nuite de static\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i deplasare. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 poate fi
spontan sau provocat, paroxistic sau comun, normal sau cu semnifica\uc1 \u355 ?ie
patologic\uc1 \u259 ?. Din punct de vedere al localiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii, al pro-
cesului cauzal, se clasific\uc1 \u259 ? in: \uc1 \u8226 ? labirin-tic, \uc1
\u8226 ? vestibular \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? central. \uc1 \u8226 ? Cel labirin-
tic trebuie diferen\uc1 \u355 ?iat de cel epileptic; este paroxistic, \uc1 \u238 ?
nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de gre\uc1 \u355 ?uri, v\uc1 \u259 ?rs\uc1 \u259 ?-turi,
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri vasomotorii, dar nu este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it de
pierderea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ei (ex: r\uc1 \u259 ?u de mare, r\uc1
\u259 ?u de motor, r\uc1 \u259 ?u de avion, ascensor, \uc1 \u238 ?not\uc1 \u259 ?
tor); \uc1 \u8226 ? cel de origine vesti-bular\uc1 \u259 ?, de suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a
nervului vestibular, poate avea caracter paroxistic, cu exacer-b\uc1 \u259 ?ri la
mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?rile corpului; \uc1 \u8226 ? cel central apare \uc1
\u238 ?n cursul unor afec\uc1 \u355 ?iuni neurologi-ce, de diverse etiologii. Ca
forme clinice, pot fi amintite: \uc1 \u8226 ? paroxismul vertiginos de origine
traumatic\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? vertijul menieri-form de origine
vascular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? vertijul paroxistic epileptic.
Toate acestea se di-feren\uc1 \u355 ?iaz\uc1 \u259 ? de celelalte forme de vertij
cu aspect paroxistic prin alterarea cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?
i apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia lor, fie independent, fie \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?ite de
epilepsie temporal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Verza, Emil (n. 1938) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog ro-m\uc1 \u226 ?n, profesor la
Universitatea din Bucu-re\uc1 \u351 ?ti, (1992), doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie,
spe-cialist \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia limbajului, psiholo-gia v\uc1 \u226 ?
rstelor \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n probleme de psihope-dagogie special\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i logopedie. Este \uc1 \u351 ?eful catedrei de psihologie
special\uc1 \u259 ?. Este membru al Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei psihologilor, membru \uc1
\u238 ?n colegiul de redac\uc1 \u355 ?ie al Revis-tei de Psihologie, membru al
Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei de lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? italian\uc1 \u259 ?, membru al
Sena-tului Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii - Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, face parte
din Consiliul Na\uc1 \u355 ?ional de acreditare a di-plomelor \uc1 \u351 ?i
titlurilor universitare. A efectuat cercet\uc1 \u259 ?ri investigative \uc1 \u351 ?
i terape-utice originale, privind problemele de limbaj, tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
pronun\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i dislexo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 disgrafice, alalie \uc1 \u351 ?i autism. Pe pro-bleme de
handicap de intelect, a descris func\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitatea percep\uc1 \u355 ?iei
distorsionate \uc1 \u351 ?i a impus o nou\uc1 \u259 ? optic\uc1 \u259 ? asupra
perso-nalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i integr\uc1 \u259 ?rii
persoanelor cu handicap. }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere principale publicate: }{\fs18 \dbch
\u8222 ?C}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 onduita verbal\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u351 ?colarilor mici"
(1973), \uc1 \u8222 ?Probleme psihologice ale jo-curilor \uc1 \u351 ?i
distrac\uc1 \u355 ?iilor" (coautor 1970), \uc1 \u8222 ?Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
limbajului scris" (coautor 1973), \uc1 \u8222 ?Dislalia \uc1 \u351 ?i terapia ei"
(1977); \uc1 \u8222 ?Omul, jocul \uc1 \u351 ?i distrac\uc1 \u355 ?ia" (1978),
\uc1 \u8222 ?Ce este logopedia" (1982), \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia v\uc1 \u226 ?
rstelor" (coautor 1981); \uc1 \u8222 ?Disgrafia \uc1 \u351 ?i terapia ei",
(1983); \uc1 \u8222 ?Metodologii con-temporane \uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul defectologiei
\uc1 \u351 ?i logopediei" (coautor \uc1 \u351 ?i coordonator 1987),
,Adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, personalitate \uc1 \u351 ?i limbaj" (coautor
1989); \uc1 \u8222 ?Elemente de psihopedagogia handicapa\uc1 \u355 ?ilor" (coau-
tor, coordonator 1970); \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihopedago-gie special\uc1 \u259 ?"
(1992), \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia v\uc1 \u226 ?r-stelor - coautor" (1993).}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Veselie }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = emo\uc1
\u355 ?ie pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? cu caracter primar, stare de bun\uc1 \u259 ?
dispozi\uc1 \u355 ?ie, de mul\uc1 \u355 ?umire interioar\uc1 \u259 ?; reprezint\uc1
\u259 ? opusul triste\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Este determinat\uc1 \u259 ? de o multitu-dine
de cauze: \uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinirea unei dorin-\uc1 \u355 ?e, a unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iuni intelectuale, a unei surprize pl\uc1 \u259 ?cute. Starea de v. se mani-
fest\uc1 \u259 ? prin \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul comportament prin mimic\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i gesturi corespunz\uc1 \u259 ?toare, ten-din\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?
de ilaritate; este \uc1 \u238 ?nso\uc1 \u355 ?it\uc1 \u259 ? de modi-fic\uc1
\u259 ?ri fiziologice, cre\uc1 \u351 ?terea amplitu-dinii \uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1
\u355 ?ei respiratorii, vasodila-ta\uc1 \u355 ?ie periferic\uc1 \u259 ?, cre\uc1
\u351 ?terea tensiunii, a metabolismului bazai.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vestibul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = aparat din urechea intern\uc1
\u259 ? format din sacul\uc1 \u259 ?, utricular\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cele trei
canale semicirculare (orientate \uc1 \u238 ?n cele trei direc\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale
spa\uc1 \u355 ?iului) \uc1 \u351 ?i legate de cel de-al 8-lea nerv cranian. Este
orga-nul receptor al sensibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii vestibulare}{\fs20
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin care se semnalizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ?
pozi\uc1 \u355 ?ia cor-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vibratorii }{\fs18
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii percepute pe cale}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pului fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de vertical\uc1 \u259 ?
(prin sacul\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 neauditiv\uc1
\u259 ?, ce se propag\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n corp, acce-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 utricul\uc1 \u259 ?), \uc1 \u8226 ?
echilibrul, accelera\uc1 \u355 ?iile \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
sibile infrasunetelor \uc1 \u351 ?i ultrasunetelor,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mi\uc1 \u351 ?care (prin \uc1 \u238 ?ntregul
vestibul) \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? direc-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin presiune,
asem\uc1 \u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?tor cu o lic\uc1 \u259 ?rire}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?ia mi\uc1 \u351 ?c\uc1 \u259 ?
rii corpului (prin}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 canalele}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vizual\uc1 \u259 ?
(J. Fluton). Sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul vibrator dez-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lisb0 \lisa0
\sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 semicirculare).}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 volt\uc1 \u259 ?
excep\uc1 \u355 ?ional, prin compensare la}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 orbi \uc1 \u351 ?i mai ales la orbii surzi. Exemplu:}
\nowidctlpar \lin24 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vestigial
\langfenp1048 = denumire a reflexului de ur-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Skorohodova, Olga
Ivanova, oarb\uc1 \u259 ?,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?n care reac\uc1 \u355 ?ia
apare}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 la un anumit}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 surdo-mut\uc1 \u259 ? de
mic\uc1 \u259 ?, care educat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 interval dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreruperea stimula\uc1 \u355 ?iei.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 instruit\uc1 \u259 ?
de surdotiflo-pedagogul rus }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Termenul mai este utilizat \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru a}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 A. Smoleanski, a scris cartea \uc1 \u8222 ?Cum}{\fs20
\rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 denumi urme mnezice
par\uc1 \u355 ?iale sau}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 percep}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , cum \uc1
\u238 ?mi reprezint \uc1 \u351 ?i cum \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?e-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 consecin\uc1 \u355 ?e ale unor procese
normale sau}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 leg eu lumea \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?
toare" (1954-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li19 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa144 \lisa0 \sl-
211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 anormale.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
1956).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin19 \rin0 \cbpat16 \tqr \tx6307 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Via\uc1 \u355 ?a psihic\uc1 \u259 ?
\langfenp1048 = ansamblul fenomenelor subiective, al st\uc1 \u259 ?rilor \uc1 \u351
?i proceselor sen-zoriale, intelectuale, emo\uc1 \u355 ?ionale, voli\uc1 \u355 ?io-
nale, modalitatea intern\uc1 \u259 ? a vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii de rela-\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
\uc1 \u238 ?n general psihismul uman integrat con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, c\uc1 \u226 ?
t \uc1 \u351 ?i constituirea planurilor mintale, ca unificare \uc1 \u238 ?ntre
trecut, prezent \uc1 \u351 ?i viitor, datorit\uc1 \u259 ? reversibilit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i proiec-tivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Se
apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? numai omul dis-pune de o veritabil\uc1 \u259 ?
via\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd posibilitatea
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?ur\uc1 \u259 ?rii unei vie\uc1 \u355 ?i spiri-tuale,
dotat\uc1 \u259 ? cu o relativ\uc1 \u259 ? autonomie fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
ambian\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Are posibilitatea autoregla-jului, controlului \uc1
\u351 ?i analizei con\uc1 \u355 ?inuturi-lor psihice \uc1 \u238 ?n mod critic,
c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u351 ?i de autoor-ganizare a unei lumi subiective,
culturale \uc1 \u351 ?i socio-afective. Conceptul de v. p. este sinonim cu }{\b1
\langfenp1048 existen\uc1 \u355 ?a mintal\uc1 \u259 ?.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vibrator }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = caracteristic\uc1 \u259
? a fluctua\uc1 \u355 ?iilor periodice ale unui sunet care-\uc1 \u351 ?i
modific\uc1 \u259 ? intensitatea \uc1 \u351 ?i frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a cu un ritm de
circa 6 cili pe secund\uc1 \u259 ?. Este o oscila\uc1 \u355 ?ie vocal\uc1 \u259 ?
de mic\uc1 \u259 ? intensitate, care apare \uc1 \u238 ?n mod firesc datorit\uc1
\u259 ? erorilor auditive con-stante ale vocii umane fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de
un sunet instrumental. C\uc1 \u226 ?nd prezint\uc1 \u259 ? rate de mari
vibra\uc1 \u355 ?ii, vocea este perceput\uc1 \u259 ? ca tremura-t\uc1 \u259 ?,
implic\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch
timbru.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \column
}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 Vicariant }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = tot ceea ce exercit\uc1 \u259 ? o func-\uc1
\u355 ?ie compensatorie, merg\uc1 \u226 ?nd p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la
substituire. Exemplu: la orbi, tactul \uc1 \u351 ?i sensibilitatea vibratorie
\uc1 \u238 ?ndeplinesc o func\uc1 \u355 ?ie vicariant\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
raport cu v\uc1 \u259 ?zul.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Viciu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = deficit moral, opus virtu\uc1 \u355 ?ii
prin deformarea unor trebuin\uc1 \u355 ?e; o anomalie a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?ei morale, care nu este o maladie, ci o c\uc1 \u259 ?utare exacerbat\uc1
\u259 ? de pl\uc1 \u259 ?ceri, ie\uc1 \u351 ?ite din comun, determinate de
tendin\uc1 \u355 ?e instinctuale. Ca manifestare a r\uc1 \u259 ?ului, nu este o
maladie mintal\uc1 \u259 ?, ci o alegere dirijat\uc1 \u259 ?, rafinat\uc1 \u259 ?,
c\uc1 \u259 ?utat\uc1 \u259 ? din dorin\uc1 \u355 ?a de a ob\uc1 \u355 ?ine
pl\uc1 \u259 ?cerea, dup\uc1 \u259 ? o \uc1 \u8222 ?moral\uc1 \u259 ? contrarie"
opus\uc1 \u259 ? moralei obi\uc1 \u351 ?-nuite (C. Gorgos). Consumul de alcool,
jocul de c\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i, tabagismul, obsesii sexu-ale, o compulsiune
cu influen\uc1 \u355 ?e impera-tive care, elimin\uc1 \u226 ?nd st\uc1 \u259 ?
p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea de sine, are efecte }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 distructive, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?
nd un dezechilibru cronic, conduite deviante.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vid }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = simptom de golire de con\uc1 \u355 ?inut
mental, respectiv absen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a amintirilor, ideilor \uc1 \u351 ?
i evenimentelor afective, sens apropiat de vacuum psihic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vigilen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }
\langfenp1048 = stare psihofiziologic\uc1 \u259 ? a sistemului nervos central, care
asigur\uc1 \u259 ? un grad \uc1 \u238 ?nalt de eficien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
coordon\uc1 \u259 ?rilor involuntare, al aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei. Este opus\uc1 \u259 ?
som-nolen\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Mecanismul vigilen\uc1 \u355 ?ei const\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?iile activatoare (sau tonigene) ale forma\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor reticulate din trunchiul ce-rebral.}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch
asigur\uc1 \u259 ? receptivitatea, permea-bilitatea informa\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ?, performan\uc1 \u355 ?ele observative, fiind o condi\uc1 \u355 ?ie a
aten\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u351 ?i a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u238 ?n
genere.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Viitorologie }{\fs18
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? ce prospectea-z\uc1 \u259 ? viitorul \uc1 \u351 ?i include o
foarte important\uc1 \u259 ? componen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? privind structura
psihic\uc1 \u259 ?, conduita \uc1 \u351 ?i personalitatea oamenilor vii-torului.
Omenirea a fost \uc1 \u238 ?n permanen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? confruntat\uc1 \u259
? cu schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri: optimi\uc1 \u351 ?tii ve-deau \uc1 \u238 ?n schimbare
noi oportunit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i pen-tru progres, pesimi\uc1 \u351 ?tii se
temeau de inciden\uc1 \u355 ?ele aparente \uc1 \u351 ?i de cele neb\uc1 \u259 ?
nuite ale noului context. \uc1 \u8222 ?Ne afl\uc1 \u259 ?m \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
perioad\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n care avem nevoie \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?
sur\uc1 \u259 ? egal\uc1 \u259 ? de sinteze integratoare, de viziuni holistice".
Cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea uman\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i-a ex-tins continuu
grani\uc1 \u355 ?ele; am ie\uc1 \u351 ?it \uc1 \u238 ?n spa-\uc1 \u355 ?iul
extraterestru \uc1 \u351 ?i dorim s\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tem \uc1 \u351 ?i
acest univers."}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Trebuie }
\langfenp1048 s\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?tem mai multe despre motiva\uc1
\u355 ?iile de baz\uc1 \u259 ? ale oamenilor \uc1 \u351 ?i scopurile supreme ale
lor, despre rela\uc1 \u355 ?iile interumane, ca \uc1 \u351 ?i acelea dintre om \uc1
\u351 ?i mediul natural. Baudelaire avea dreptate s\uc1 \u259 ? spun\uc1
\u259 ?: \uc1 \u8222 ?Omule, nimeni n-a sondat str\uc1 \u259 ?fundul abisurilor
tale. O, mare, nimeni nu-\uc1 \u355 ?i cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te bog\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?iile tale intime. Voi p\uc1 \u259 ?stra\uc1 \u355 ?i cu at\uc1 \u226 ?ta
gelozie secretele voastre!" Problemele viitorului vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
primul r\uc1 \u226 ?nd t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?ra genera\uc1 \u355 ?ie,
destinat\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?iasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o
lume pe care \uc1 \u351 ?i-o construie\uc1 \u351 ?te ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi. (Vezi
cartea \uc1 \u8222 ?Dialoguri}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 despre viitor" - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Olteanu
(1982).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
Violen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = modalitate de ac\uc1 \u355 ?iune socia-
l\uc1 \u259 ? menit\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? rezolve probleme ale or\uc1 \u226 ?n-
duirii sociale. \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, conduit\uc1 \u259 ? agresiv\uc1 \u259 ?
acut\uc1 \u259 ?, cu finalitatea distructi-v\uc1 \u259 ?, punitiv\uc1 \u259 ? sau
transformatoare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Virginitatea }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = termen c\uc1 \u259 ?ruia i se atri-buie dou\uc1 \u259 ?
accep\uc1 \u355 ?iuni: \uc1 \u8226 ? una pe plan etico-moral, superpozabil\uc1
\u259 ? cu termenul de castitate, iar alta pe plan anatomic (cu v\uc1 \u259 ?dite
implica\uc1 \u355 ?ii pe plan medico-legal).^}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n cea de-a doua, din punct de
vedere anatomic, pune problema de integritate a me}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mbranei himenale, pe
c\uc1 \u226 ?nd prima pune problema de a nu fi avut rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii sexuale, de
pierderea virgi-nit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii, ca simbol al cur\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?eniei sufle-te\uc1 \u351 ?ti, al nevinov\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?iei,
interpret\uc1 \u259 ?ri diferi-te pe plan transcultural.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 S-au adus schimb\uc1 \u259 ?ri importante
\uc1 \u238 ?n istoria conceptului de virginitate \uc1 \u238 ?n urma unor multiple
anchete. A rezultat c\uc1 \u259 ? mentalitatea societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii a
evoluat de a\uc1 \u351 ?a manier\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?nc\uc1 \u226 ?t o
t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? fat\uc1 \u259 ? care nu a avut p\uc1
\u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 21 de ani un contact fizic cu un t\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
r este considerat\uc1 \u259 ? a fi insufi-cient dezvoltat\uc1 \u259 ? din punct de
vedere afectiv. Deci nu este vorba doar de a fi consumat un raport sexual, ci de
reali-zarea unui flirt, a unei aproprieri fizice capabile s\uc1 \u259 ? genereze
senza\uc1 \u355 ?ii erotice. Uneori experien\uc1 \u355 ?ele sexuale premarita-le
confer\uc1 \u259 ? subiec\uc1 \u355 ?ilor sentimentul de eliberare \uc1 \u351 ?i
chiar o mai bun\uc1 \u259 ? preg\uc1 \u259 ?tire pentru via\uc1 \u355 ?a
conjugal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prevenirea divor\uc1 \u355 ?ului.}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Virtute }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?
nsu\uc1 \u351 ?ire pozitiv\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei, ce implic\uc1 \u259 ?
aptitudini, comportamente, op\uc1 \u355 ?iuni \uc1 \u238 ?n consens cu normele
morale ale grupului \uc1 \u351 ?i epocii din care face parte persoana. Acestea pot
avea originea \uc1 \u238 ?n: \uc1 \u8226 ? interiorizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i
adaptarea \uc1 \u238 ?n deplin\uc1 \u259 ? libertate a unui sistem de}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 norme
morale \uc1 \u351 ?i valori sociale; \uc1 \u8226 ? atitu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 dinea represiv\uc1 \u259 ? a grupului sau liderilor }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 lui, determin\uc1 \u226 ?nd un comportament su-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 pus, tem\uc1 \u259 ?tor, de autoconstr\uc1 \u226 ?ngere.}{\fs20 \dbch
Vitalism }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = concep\uc1 \u355 ?ie idealist\uc1 \u259 ?
asupra }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 esen\uc1 \u355 ?ei vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii, sus\uc1
\u355 ?in\uc1 \u226 ?nd c\uc1 \u259 ? aceasta s-ar }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
datora unui principiu imaterial sau unei }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 for\uc1 \u355 ?
e imanente. Ast\uc1 \u259 ?zi v. este infirmat \uc1 \u351 ?i dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u351 ?it prin descoperirile geneticii, ale biochimiei \uc1 \u351 ?i ale
ciberneticii. Principiul mistificat al v. este cel al autoorganiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii }
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i autoreglajului.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vitalitate }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
= capacitatea organic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
hic\uc1 \u259 ? de a-\uc1 \u351 ?i men\uc1 \u355 ?ine echilibrul, de a }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 regenera, de a evita disfunc\uc1 \u355 ?ionalit\uc1 \u259
?\uc1 \u355 ?ile \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 involu\uc1 \u355 ?ia. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este asigurat\uc1
\u259 ? nu numai }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 prin profilaxie, igien\uc1 \u259 ?,
evitarea exceselor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i priva\uc1 \u355 ?
iunilor, dar \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntre\uc1 \u355 ?inerea func-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 \uc1 \u355 ?iilor psihosomatice, prin antrenament \uc1 \u351 ?i
activitate. A nu se uita c\uc1 \u259 ? singurul reme-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
diu pentru a se men\uc1 \u355 ?ine acel activism }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din
care const\uc1 \u259 ? via\uc1 \u355 ?a omeneasc\uc1 \u259 ? este ac-}{\fs20
\uc1 \u355 ?iunea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi,
Lev-Simeonovici (1896-}{\b1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6
\expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1934) }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = psiholog rus; a absolvit faculta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tea
de psihologie a Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii din }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
Moscova, fiind la curent cu toate lucr\uc1 \u259 ?-rile fundamentale de psihologie
din tim-pul s\uc1 \u259 ?u \uc1 \u351 ?i a avut un rol deosebit \uc1 \u238 ?n dez-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 voltarea psihologiei din Rusia, mai ales }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 la Institutul de Psihologie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
Experimental\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din Moscova, unde a activat 10
ani. A demonstrat natura psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i social\uc1 \u259 ? a }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, analiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
critic behavioris-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mu\uc1 \u238 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
introspecfionismul. \uc1 \u350 ?i-a adus con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
tribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n teme ce privesc dezvoltarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii
sub influen\uc1 \u355 ?a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunii \uc1 \u351 ?i a cuv\uc1 \u226 ?n}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8
\expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tului. A considerat
dezvoltarea psihic\uc1 \u259 ? ca un proces complex, dialectic, cu o perio-dicitate
complex\uc1 \u259 ?, metamorfoz\uc1 \u259 ?ri, trans-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
form\uc1 \u259 ?ri calitative, \uc1 \u238 ?ncruci\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ?ri de
factori }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 interni \uc1 \u351 ?i externi, decalaj
\uc1 \u238 ?ntre diferitele}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 \column }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sisteme psihice ale
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 inte}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rac\uc1 \u355 ?iune ca tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a
factorilor }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 interni \uc1 \u351 ?i externi. A considerat
c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dezvoltare au loc
dou\uc1 \u259 ? tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 anume: \uc1 \u8226 ? fiecare form\uc1 \u259 ? nou\uc1 \u259 ? a
experi-en\uc1 \u355 ?ei culturale se sprijin\uc1 \u259 ? pe cea anteri-oar\uc1
\u259 ? care concomitent se interiorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
asimetric, d\uc1 \u226 ?nd noi forme de}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 adaptare; \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u8226 ? interac\uc1 \u355 ?iunile dintre stadiul parcurs }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile ce parvin pe
parcurs }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sunt permanente, subliniind tendin\uc1
\u355 ?a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 spre unitatea intern\uc1 \u259 ?. Sus\uc1
\u355 ?ine comporta-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 mentul cultural, ca element al
socialu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lui \uc1 \u351 ?i importan\uc1 \u355 ?a
lui \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltare, \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rolul
ontogenezei \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvoltarea con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
temporan\uc1 \u259 ? a comportamentului. A con-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
tribuit la formarea unor psihologi ru\uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de
valoare (A.N.Leonitiev, A.R. Luria), }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care au
continuat studiile sale, \uc1 \u238 ?ndeo-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sebi
\uc1 \u238 ?n domeniul g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i limbajului. }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Dintre lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rile importante men\uc1 \u355 ?
ion\uc1 \u259 ?m: }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Istoria dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii psihice a copilului", \uc1 \u8222 ?G\uc1 \u226 ?ndire \uc1 \u351 ?i
limbaj", \uc1 \u8222 ?Psihologia artei", }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ap\uc1 \u259 ?
rute \uc1 \u238 ?n rom\uc1 \u226 ?ne\uc1 \u351 ?te \uc1 \u238 ?n volumul \uc1
\u8222 ?Ope-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 re psihologice alese", voi. }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7
\expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (1971-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 1972). J. Piaget, care a descoperit lu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
mea ideilor lui }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 abia
dup\uc1 \u259 ? 25 de ani }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-4
\expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de la moartea acestuia,
a fost obligat, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca \uc1 \u238 ?n lumina ideilor
sale, s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i revizu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 iasc\uc1
\u259 ? multe dintre concep\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vocabular }{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 = \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologie, ansamblul }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
resurselor lexicale ale unei persoane; }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 exist\uc1 \u259
? probe de vocabular (teste) care vizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? pe de o parte disponibil}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 itatea }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 subiectului de a
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elege un anumit num\uc1 \u259 ?r de cuvinte, cu diferite
apar-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
tenen\uc1 \u355 ?e categoriale, pe de alt\uc1 \u259 ? parte ra-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 piditatea cu care el le utilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?, le inte-}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 greaz\uc1 \u259 ?, le define\uc1 \u351 ?te. Se distinge
voca-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bularul }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 activ
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?i unul }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 pasiv }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dup\uc1 \u259 ? cuvin-}{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 tele \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elese, dar nu \uc1 \u351 ?i utilizate
indivi-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dual, \uc1 \u238 ?n psihopatologie,
modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-3
\expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 vocabular sunt legate de
modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 de limbaj-comunicare, ca element pri-mordial.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Voca\uc1 \u355 ?ie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 =}
\langfenp1048 chemarea profesional\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ?tre o anumit\uc1 \u259
? activitate lucrativ\uc1 \u259 ? sau spre \uc1 \u238 ?n-deplinire}{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 unor}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 isiuni sociale, \uc1
\u238 ?nteme-iat\uc1 \u259 ? pe con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a propriilor
aptitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i pe r\uc1 \u259 ?spunderea privind valorificarea lor. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u176 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 sintez\uc1
\u259 ? de \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?iri care oblig\uc1 \u259 ? la manifest\uc1
\u259 ?ri personale, originale, crea-toare de valori (C. R\uc1 \u259 ?dulescu
Motru). Orientarea voca\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? asigur\uc1 \u259 ? progresul
social \uc1 \u351 ?i cultural. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 rezult\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-un an-
samblu de motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ii; pe c\uc1 \u226 ?nd activitatea oarecare este
indiferent\uc1 \u259 ? sau \uc1 \u238 ?n unele ca-zuri inconfortabil\uc1 \u259 ?,
activitatea voca\uc1 \u355 ?iona-l\uc1 \u259 ? este confortabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i eficient\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i vine \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?mpinarea afirm\uc1 \u259 ?rii de sine. Se remar-c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?n ierarhia intereselor vitale, interesul pentru activitatea r\uc1 \u226 ?
vnit\uc1 \u259 ? care este pe lo-cul \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i; evolutiv
cre\uc1 \u351 ?te nivelul de aspi-ra\uc1 \u355 ?ie al individului. De asemenea, se
remarc\uc1 \u259 ? o pasiune f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? margini pentru
activitatea \uc1 \u238 ?n cauz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sprijinul c\uc1 \u259 ?
reia intervine o avalan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de motive. \uc1 \u238 ?n
perspectiv\uc1 \u259 ? psihosocial\uc1 \u259 ?, v. const\uc1 \u259 ? dintr-o
organizare ierarhic\uc1 \u259 ? a rolurilor prin care se exprim\uc1 \u259 ? o
personalitate. Aceast\uc1 \u259 ? organizare se stabilizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? progresiv,
personalitatea fiind vectorializat\uc1 \u259 ? (P. PopescU Nevea}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 nu), Eul
exprim\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u176 ?d
personal. Se dore\uc1 \u351 ?te sprijinirea \uc1 \u351 ?i orientarea tinerilor
pentru a decide }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \super1 m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 favoarea rolului profesional-
voca\uc1 \u355 ?ional.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Voce *" ansamblul sunetelor variabile dup\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?
l\uc1 \u355 ?ime, intensitate \uc1 \u351 ?i timbru, emise prin aparatul fonator.
\uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u355 ?imea este dependent\uc1 \u259 ? de
frecven\uc1 \u355 ?a vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor coardelor vocale, ale c\uc1 \u259 ?ror
dimensiuni pot fi modificate; timbrul exprimat \uc1 \u238 ?n specificul sunetelor
complementare (ar-monia) depinde de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile con-
struc\uc1 \u355 ?iei laringelui \uc1 \u351 ?i a rezonatorilor}{\fs20
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 bucali
\uc1 \u351 ?i nazali, iar intensitatea (echiva-lent\uc1 \u259 ? cu amplitudinea
vibra\uc1 \u355 ?iilor fona-torii) depinde \uc1 \u238 ?n principal de m\uc1 \u259 ?
rimea presiunii exercitate asupra coardelor vocale de fluxul aerian expirat. Prin
maturizare \uc1 \u351 ?i exersare, prin muta\uc1 \u355 ?ii dintr-un registru
\uc1 \u238 ?n altul, vocea variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?
pe parcursul ontogenezei (la adult variaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n limitele a 5
tonuri \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile vorbirii \uc1 \u351 ?i a 2 octave
\uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?iile c\uc1 \u226 ?ntului).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch
= func\uc1 \u355 ?ie psihic\uc1 \u259 ? legat\uc1 \u259 ? de actualizarea \uc1
\u351 ?i realizarea inten\uc1 \u355 ?iilor prin organizarea opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ? a ac\uc1 \u355 ?iunilor \uc1 \u351 ?i structurarea decizional\uc1
\u259 ?. Este un sistem de autoreglaj superior, efectuat pre-cump\uc1 \u259 ?nitor
prin cel de-al }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 II }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lea sistem de semnalizare \uc1 \u351 ?i
implic\uc1 \u259 ?: deliberare, scop \uc1 \u351 ?i plan elaborat con\uc1 \u351 ?
tient, organi-zare a for\uc1 \u355 ?elor proprii, prin st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?
nirea unora \uc1 \u351 ?i mobilizarea \uc1 \u351 ?i angajarea co-vergent-
finalist\uc1 \u259 ? a altora. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? un nivel de
autoreglare \uc1 \u351 ?i autoorganiza-re superior celui pe care-1 constituie
afectivitatea. Real, voin\uc1 \u355 ?a poate ac\uc1 \u355 ?iona contrar emo\uc1
\u355 ?iei sau sinergiei ei. Este voluntar actul ce se opune celui impul-siv, c\uc1
\u259 ?ci este deliberat \uc1 \u351 ?i subordonat controlului ra\uc1 \u355 ?
ional. \uc1 \u238 ?ntre formarea g\uc1 \u226 ?ndirii \uc1 \u351 ?i cea a
voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei este un raport de interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?t actele voluntare sunt \uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u226 ?ndite,
iar procesele de g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire sunt precump\uc1 \u259 ?nitor inten\uc1 \u355 ?
io-nale \uc1 \u351 ?i voluntare. Pentru elaborarea \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?
ionarea voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, este \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea obstacolului sau
dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i de aceea are loc anticiparea lor
prin scop, c\uc1 \u226 ?nd sunt precizate mijloacele \uc1 \u351 ?i etapele \uc1
\u238 ?ncord\uc1 \u259 ?rii, sau efortului voluntar. \uc1 \u238 ?n cadrul
sistemului motiva\uc1 \u355 ?ional, voin\uc1 \u355 ?a este \uc1 \u8222 ?for\uc1
\u355 ?a ordonatoare cea mai \uc1 \u238 ?nalt\uc1 \u259 ?". Sensul \uc1 \u351 ?i
direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei, tensiunea efortului voluntar \uc1
\u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i g\uc1 \u259 ?sesc suportul \uc1 \u238 ?n substratul afectiv-
cognitiv, devenind}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
latur\uc1 \u259 ? reglatorie a con\uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ei" (Predes-cu).
Copilul \uc1 \u238 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te schema
ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni-lor sociale de cooperare \uc1 \u351 ?i comunicare, av\uc1
\u226 ?nd la origine v. ca rela\uc1 \u355 ?ie de comand\uc1 \u259 ? - subordonare.
L. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi arat\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? prin comunicare cu adultul
el execut\uc1 \u259 ? comen-zile verbale ale acestuia \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
nva\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se supun\uc1 \u259 ?. Pe parcurs, prin
limbajul intern, copilul ajunge s\uc1 \u259 ?-\uc1 \u351 ?i dea singur comenzi,
lu\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-\uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nire
comportamentul. Astfel, arat\uc1 \u259 ? A. Leontiev, func\uc1 \u355 ?ia care era
anterior interpersonal\uc1 \u259 ? (p\uc1 \u259 ?rinte-copil) devine prin
interiorizare infraindividual\uc1 \u259 ? sau infrapsihic\uc1 \u259 ?. Temeiul
form\uc1 \u259 ?rii voin-\uc1 \u355 ?ei este munca sub toate formele ei. Este
semnificativ \uc1 \u351 ?i faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? dup\uc1 \u259 ? tipul de activitate
\uc1 \u351 ?i efortul exersat, voin\uc1 \u355 ?a se specializeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i se fortific\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un dome-niu mai mult
dec\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?n altul. In consecin-\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?,
exersarea tuturor formelor de efort este condi\uc1 \u355 ?ia de baz\uc1 \u259 ? a
dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ?rii multi-laterale a personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii. Ceea
ce pentru cineva este dificil, poate fi facil pentru un altul ce posed\uc1 \u259 ?
cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?ele \uc1 \u351 ?i deprin-derile necesare.
Dezvoltarea voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei se \uc1 \u238 ?nscrie \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o curb\uc1
\u259 ? ascendent\uc1 \u259 ? a obsta-colelor asumate, care \uc1 \u238 ?ntrec
\uc1 \u238 ?ntruc\uc1 \u226 ?tva posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de moment ale
subiectului. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se prezint\uc1 \u259 ? ca o capacitate,
iar \uc1 \u238 ?n desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urare, ca un proces \uc1 \u238 ?n
care se deta-\uc1 \u351 ?eaz\uc1 \u259 ? latura de autocontrol. Sunt dou\uc1
\u259 ? contrarii: voin\uc1 \u355 ?a negativ\uc1 \u259 ?, de re\uc1 \u355 ?inere, a
impulsivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u351 ?i voin\uc1 \u355 ?a pozitiv\uc1
\u259 ? de mobi-lizare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ncordare opera\uc1 \u355 ?
ional\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u238 ?ntre acestea este o str\uc1 \u226 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ?
interdependen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Este cunoscut dictonul: \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1
\u238 ?ntr-at\uc1 \u226 ?ta este puterea ta de st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?nire a
lumii, pe c\uc1 \u226 ?t este puterea de a te st\uc1 \u259 ?p\uc1 \u226 ?ni pe tine
\uc1 \u238 ?nsu\uc1 \u355 ?i". Luat\uc1 \u259 ? }{\i1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ca proces, }
\langfenp1048 voin\uc1 \u355 ?a implic\uc1 \u259 ? o gam\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?
ntreag\uc1 \u259 ? de acte, demersuri desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?urate de la cele
mai simple la cele mai complexe, discursive. Voin\uc1 \u355 ?a este act
inten\uc1 \u355 ?ional, deliberat, orientat spre un scop con\uc1 \u351 ?tient,
f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u259 ? a necesita un efort sensibil. Deci este proces de }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acela}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care implic\uc1 \u259 ? o confruntare cu obstacole
\uc1 \u351 ?i se dezvolt\uc1 \u259 ? plurifazic (P. Popescu Neveanu). Veritabilul
act de voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? este implicat \uc1 \u238 ?n ultima faz\uc1
\u259 ?, cea a execu\uc1 \u355 ?iei hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?rii, care
necesit\uc1 \u259 ? convergen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de energie fizic\uc1 \u259 ?,
emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ?, intelectual\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ncordare pe
m\uc1 \u259 ?sura obstacolelor. In activitatea voluntar\uc1 \u259 ? se
formeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i se demonstreaz\uc1 \u259 ? calit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei: for\uc1 \u355 ?a, perseveren\uc1 \u355 ?
a, tenacitatea, hot\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u226 ?rea, consecven\uc1 \u355 ?a.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Voluntar }{\fs18 \dbch
calitatea oric\uc1 \u259 ?rui compor-tament orientat \uc1 \u351 ?i controlat
con\uc1 \u351 ?tient, care implic\uc1 \u259 ? elaborare mintal\uc1 \u259 ?
anticipa-tiv\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i efort voluntar, opun\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-se re-
flexelor stereotipe, automatismelor sau comportamentelor izvor\uc1 \u226 ?te din
con-str\uc1 \u226 ?ngere. Este o reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie dob\uc1 \u226 ?ndit\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i orientat\uc1 \u259 ? selectiv c\uc1 \u259 ?tre un scop }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (I.
\langfenp1048 P. Pavlov). Indiferent de valoarea orient\uc1 \u259 ?-rii lor (poate
fi o tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?tur\uc1 \u259 ? caracterial\uc1 \u259 ? pozitiv\uc1
\u259 ? sau negativ\uc1 \u259 ?), r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne o
caracteristic\uc1 \u259 ? a celor cu voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? tenace.}{\fs20
\langfenp1048 Voluntarism }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = doctrin\uc1 \u259 ? filosofic\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? ce abstractizeaz\uc1 \u259 ?
voin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu func\uc1 \u355 ?iile intelectuale \uc1
\u351 ?i de re-alitatea obiectiv\uc1 \u259 ? (Schopenhauer \uc1 \u351 ?i Fr.
Nietzsche, teoreticieni ai voluntaris-mului, dup\uc1 \u259 ? care voin\uc1 \u355 ?a
cosmic\uc1 \u259 ? st\uc1 \u259 ? la baza universului). Sub aspect psiholo-gic este
o deviere subiectivist\uc1 \u259 ?, redu-c\uc1 \u226 ?nd activitatea de voin\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, procesele in-telectuale fiind considerate ca subordo-nate
voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei. Corect, procesele cogniti-ve \uc1 \u351 ?i voli\uc1 \u355 ?
ionale sunt legate dialectic ca procese mintale, iar afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ia c\uc1
\u259 ? voin\uc1 \u355 ?a subordoneaz\uc1 \u259 ? cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea este o
eroare.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Voluptate }
\langfenp1048 = (pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere); termen din sfera rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
erotice, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd dou\uc1 \u259 ? accep\uc1 \u355 ?i-uni: \uc1 \u8226 ?
\uc1 \u238 ?n sens larg, exprim\uc1 \u259 ? sentimentul de incitare, de desf\uc1
\u259 ?tare sufleteasc\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfenp1048 pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere a sim\uc1 \u355 ?urilor \uc1 \u238 ?n fa\uc1 \u355
?a unei opere de art\uc1 \u259 ?, a unui act creator de valori spiritua-le sau
materiale, sentiment determinat de satisfacerea unei nevoi spirituale profun-de;
\uc1 \u8226 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n sens restr\uc1 \u226 ?ns, se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la
senza-\uc1 \u355 ?ia intens\uc1 \u259 ? de pl\uc1 \u259 ?cere \uc1 \u238 ?
nregistrat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n urma stimul\uc1 \u259 ?rii mecanice a
regiunilor genitale, \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul unui contact sexual normal sau
patologic.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vorbire }{\fs18
activitatea de folosire a lim-bajului oral \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un proces de comunica-re
cu voce tare. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 este moda}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 litatea fun-
damental\uc1 \u259 ?, plenar\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i tipic\uc1 \u259 ? a
limbajului natural. \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul vorbirii cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul devi-ne un
instrument pe care persoana \uc1 \u238 ?l ma-nevreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
aceasta ea se prezint\uc1 \u259 ?, se afirm\uc1 \u259 ?, se manifest\uc1 \u259 ?. }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin dialog cu unul sau mai
mul\uc1 \u355 ?i par}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 te-neri, care emit sau primesc mesaje alter-
nativ, av\uc1 \u226 ?nd scop realizarea unui acord, cooperarea. }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 V. }
\langfenp1048 se realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i prin mo-nolog; se
caracterizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin aceea c\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? are un caracter
situativ, depinz\uc1 \u226 ?nd de parametrii exteriori ai situa\uc1 \u355 ?iei de
comu-nicare; \uc1 \u8226 ? se ancoreaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n starea
actual\uc1 \u259 ? a persoanei, \uc1 \u238 ?n registrul de interese, emo-\uc1 \u355
?ii, ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni, etc; \uc1 \u8226 ? se modeleaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de interlocutor, de interesele sale. Vorbi-rea are dou\uc1 \u259
? calit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i ce trebuie respecta-te: expresivitatea \uc1
\u351 ?i plasticitatea, \uc1 \u238 ?n reali-zarea c\uc1 \u259 ?rora sunt implicate:
timbrul, in-tona\uc1 \u355 ?ia, organizarea \uc1 \u238 ?n sintagme, con-
struc\uc1 \u355 ?ia frazei, cerin\uc1 \u355 ?e ce sunt respectate \uc1 \u238 ?n
func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de experien\uc1 \u355 ?a subiectului sub aspect informativ
\uc1 \u351 ?i formativ. Stilul de vorbire este specific unei persoane, reali-
z\uc1 \u226 ?nd ceea ce numim \uc1 \u8222 ?conduita oral\uc1 \u259 ?". Dezvoltarea
vorbirii presupune dezvolta-rea limbajului paralel cu dezvoltarea ac-telor
intelectuale elementare \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n acela\uc1 \u351 ?i timp \uc1
\u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de conduitele sociale pe care P. Janet la \uc1 \u351 ?i
aminte\uc1 \u351 ?te: comanda \uc1 \u351 ?i supunerea. Autorul consider\uc1 \u259 ?
c\uc1 \u259 ? cele do-u\uc1 \u259 ? forme de conduit\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?
nt\uc1 \u226 ?lnesc \uc1 \u238 ?n}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 actul vorbirii. Psihologul rom\uc1 \u226 ?n Stela
Teodorescu consider\uc1 \u259 ? c\uc1 \u259 ? socialul im-prim\uc1 \u259 ? comenzii
forma vocal\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?au-zul a devenit
sim\uc1 \u355 ?ul social prin exce-len\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
comenzile s-au adresat mai ales auzului, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ceea ce a determinat caracterul
vocal al limbajului".}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Ansamblul condi\uc1 \u355 ?iilor concrete \uc1 \u238 ?n care se
desf\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? faciliteaz\uc1 \u259 ? mult vorbirea
\uc1 \u351 ?i randamentul ei comunicativ. Aici intervine Tatiana Slama Cazacu
subliniind c\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u8222 ?dac\uc1 \u259 ? cuv\uc1 \u226 ?ntul are
laten\uc1 \u355 ?e semnificative diverse \uc1 \u351 ?i uneori chiar contradictorii,
numai contextul cu vir-tu\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale de poten\uc1 \u355 ?are, de
nuan\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar de crea\uc1 \u355 ?ie, delimiteaz\uc1 \u259
? semnifica-\uc1 \u355 ?iile, actualiz\uc1 \u226 ?nd una dintre ele pe care o
completeaz\uc1 \u259 ? apoi, d\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-i prin func-\uc1 \u355 ?ia
specific\uc1 \u259 ? desemnat\uc1 \u259 ?, valoarea actua-l\uc1 \u259 ?.
Adresabilitatea r\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ne o caracteris-tic\uc1 \u259 ?
distinctiv\uc1 \u259 ? a limbajului oral \uc1 \u351 ?i aceasta cu at\uc1 \u226 ?t
mai mult, cu c\uc1 \u226 ?t \uc1 \u238 ?ntre con\uc1 \u355 ?inutul exprim\uc1 \u259
?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i adresarea mij-locit\uc1 \u259 ? lexic \uc1 \u351 ?i
gramatical \uc1 \u238 ?n limbajul oral este o deplin\uc1 \u259 ? unitate.}{\fs20
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Exprimarea \uc1
\u238 ?n limbajul or}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 al este mult mai liber\uc1 \u259 ?,
recurg\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i la ideo-matisme \uc1 \u351 ?i marc\uc1 \u226 ?nd
o tendin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? spre predicativitate, apel\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1
\u351 ?i la forme extralingvistice: mimic\uc1 \u259 ?, pantomimic\uc1 \u259 ?,
gestic\uc1 \u259 ?, indica\uc1 \u355 ?ii obiectuale sau aluzii, ceea ce face
posibil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?ntreruperea dis-cursului \uc1 \u351 ?i apari\uc1
\u355 ?ia unor momente de discontinuitate formal\uc1 \u259 ?, f\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1
\u259 ? ca \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?ele-gerea mesajului s\uc1 \u259 ? sufere.}
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Vulnerabilitate }
\langfenp1048 = situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sensibili-tate crescut\uc1 \u259 ?,
persoan\uc1 \u259 ? fiind vulnerabi-l\uc1 \u259 ?, u\uc1 \u351 ?or de lovit \uc1
\u238 ?n punctul slab. Av\uc1 \u226 ?nd \uc1 \u351 ?i complexul cu privire la
vulnerabilita-tea sa, de multe ori se afl\uc1 \u259 ? nejustificat \uc1 \u238 ?n
starea nevrotic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i trebuie ajutat\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ?
manifeste toleran\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i atitudine compre-hensiv\uc1
\u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ceilal\uc1 \u355 ?i.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\expndtw-17 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 x,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 X}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Xenofobie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = fenomen
de patologie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 social\uc1 \u259 ? ce const\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n teama exagerat\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
persoane str\uc1 \u259 ?ine, chiar ostilitate fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de }{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cei de alt\uc1 \u259 ? na\uc1 \u355 ?ionalitate,
alt\uc1 \u259 ? provenien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
geografic\uc1 \u259 ?. Fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de ace\uc1 \u351 ?tia, subiectul
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? disconfort afectiv, chiar fobie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
de a fi \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ?, acestora percep\uc1 \u226 ?ndu-le }
\langfenp1048 doar tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi negative.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Y}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Yoga = disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? de educare a }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
spiritului, pentru a ajunge starea de }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 perfec\uc1
\u355 ?iune prin concentrare, medita\uc1 \u355 ?ie, }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
contemplare. Prin toate acestea se tinde }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 la st\uc1 \u259
?p\uc1 \u226 ?nirea deplin\uc1 \u259 ? a func\uc1 \u355 ?iilor vitale }{\fs20 \dbch
\langfenp1048 ale organismului \uc1 \u351 ?i la poten\uc1 \u355 ?area capaci-}
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor psihofizice, prin
eliberarea unor for\uc1 \u355 ?e disponibile fizice \uc1 \u351 ?i ps}{\fs20
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ihice. Y. }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
8 \expndtw-8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cuprinde mai multe
sisteme \uc1 \u351 ?i modalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
de practicare legate de preocup\uc1 \u259 ?rile per-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
soanei \uc1 \u351 ?i de particularit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile sale tempe-}
\langfenp1048 ramentale.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\pgbrdropt0 \sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-1
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
{\b1 \fs46 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8 \up1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 z}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Z\uc1 \u226 ?mbet }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = expresie emo\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? care se
manifest\uc1 \u259 ? printr-o u\uc1 \u351 ?oar\uc1 \u259 ? mi\uc1 \u351 ?care a
mu\uc1 \u351 ?-chilor fe\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i care confer\uc1 \u259 ?
subiectului o fizionomie de bucurie moderat\uc1 \u259 ?. Z. poa-te exprima
satisfac\uc1 \u355 ?ie, amuzament, pl\uc1 \u259 ?-cere, ironie, aprobare, etc.
Expresia emo-\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? opus\uc1 \u259 ? z. este \uc1 \u238 ?
ncruntarea.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zapan
Gheorghe (1897-1976) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiho-log rom\uc1 \u226 ?n, doctor \uc1
\u238 ?n psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n ma-tematic\uc1 \u259 ?. Timp de
peste 40 de ani a func-\uc1 \u355 ?ionat \uc1 \u238 ?n calitate de profesor de
psiholo-gie experimental\uc1 \u259 ? la Universitatea din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, un
timp ca \uc1 \u351 ?ef de catedr\uc1 \u259 ?. Contribu\uc1 \u355 ?iile sale (peste
100 de studii \uc1 \u351 ?i articole) se refer\uc1 \u259 ? la taxologie (\uc1 \u351
?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii care se ocup\uc1 \u259 ? cu
factorii de progres ai \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii
\uc1 \u351 ?i ai activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii uma-ne), modele experimentale
\uc1 \u238 ?n vederea unei bune \uc1 \u351 ?i rapide depist\uc1 \u259 ?ri \uc1
\u351 ?i aprecieri a aptitudinilor \uc1 \u351 ?i intereselor elevilor pen-tru
diferite profesiuni (\uc1 \u351 ?ofer, strungar, dactilograf etc), formaliz\uc1
\u259 ?ri \uc1 \u351 ?i modela-rea matematic\uc1 \u259 ? a activit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor umane \uc1 \u351 ?i a proceselor evolutive, aplicare a
teoriei informa\uc1 \u355 ?iei la procesul \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii (plec\uc1 \u226 ?nd de la formula entropic\uc1 \u259 ?
elaborat\uc1 \u259 ? de Shannon a propus formula negentropiei), a elaborat teoria
ionic\uc1 \u259 ? a excita\uc1 \u355 ?iei e}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tc.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Opere principale: Uberkeit ver-schiedenen
Aufgaben Ein Beitraug zurPsychologie der Leme und Uebunge vorgange (\uc1 \u238 ?n
Psychol. Zeintsch 1932, tez\uc1 \u259 ? de doctorat); Teoria orient\uc1 \u259 ?
rii \uc1 \u351 ?i se-lec\uc1 \u355 ?iei profesionale. (\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev. de
f\uc1 \u238 ?losofie nr. 4/1930); Teoria sistemel}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 or psihofizi-}{\fs20
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ce, expus\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n ipoteza c\uc1 \u226 ?mpurilor so-matice neomogene, (\uc1
\u238 ?n Rev. de filoso-fie, nr. 1/1935); Formula social\uc1 \u259 ?, (\uc1 \u238 ?
n Arhiva pentru St. \uc1 \u351 ?i Reform\uc1 \u259 ? Social\uc1 \u259 ?, voi. }
\langfenp1048 II, }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1936); Configura\uc1 \u355 ?ia numerelor prime \uc1 \u351
?i consecin\uc1 \u355 ?ele ei filosofice, urmat\uc1 \u259 ? de o analiz\uc1 \u259 ?
psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? a pro-cesului de inven\uc1 \u355 ?iune matematic\uc1
\u259 ?, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev. de filosofie nr. 4/1938); Introdu-cere \uc1 \u238 ?
n \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?a organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i a criticii,
(\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev, general\uc1 \u259 ? a \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?m\uc1 \u226 ?ntului nr. 3-4/1941); Legea intensit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii stabilit\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza teoriei ionice a excita\uc1
\u355 ?ie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 i, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Analele Univ. C. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
Parhon - seria \uc1 \u351 ?tiin-\uc1 \u355 ?elor naturii, nr. 10/1956); Metoda
aprecierii obiective, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Analele rom. sov., seria Ped. - Psih., nr.
3/1957); Ste-reotipul dinamic la om, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Analele rom. sov., seria Ped. -
Psih. nr. 1/1957); Cibernetica activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor umane dezvol-
tat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i expus\uc1 \u259 ? pe baza principiilor de organizare
a sistemelor dinamice corti-cale la om cu modelare psihologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i matematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i cu aplica\uc1 \u355 ?ii, (\uc1 \u238 ?
n Analele Univ. Buc, 1964); Cibernetica \uc1 \u351 ?i proce-sul \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev. de ped. nr.
10/1968); Cibernetica activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ilor uma-ne cu aplica\uc1
\u355 ?ii, (\uc1 \u238 ?n voi. Sociologia militans, voi. H/1969); Aplicarea teori-
ei lan\uc1 \u355 ?urilor cu leg\uc1 \u259 ?turi complete \uc1 \u238 ?n procesul
\uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n
genere \uc1 \u238 ?n siste-mele evolutive cu evenimente preferen-\uc1 \u355 ?iale,
(\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev. de ped. nr. 7/1971); Mathematic Modeling of Human activites and
of Processes of Evolution, (\uc1 \u238 ?n Rev. roum. de se. soc. - Serie de
Psychologie, nr. 1/1976); Sistemul temperamental \uc1 \u351 ?i diagnosticarea lui,
(\uc1 \u238 ?n Revista de psihologie nr. 3/1974). (P.M.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zazzo Rene (n. 1910) }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = psiholog fran-cez.
A efectuat studii de filozofie, la Sorbona apoi la Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1
\u355 ?ile Colum-bia \uc1 \u351 ?i Yale (1934). A lucrat \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?
n clinici}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\u238 ?n acea perioad\uc1 \u259 ? sub direc\uc1 \u355 ?ia lui A. Gessel. \uc1 \u238
?ntors \uc1 \u238 ?n Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a a devenit colabo-rator al lui H. Wallon (din
1936). \uc1 \u238 ?n anul urm\uc1 \u259 ?tor a \uc1 \u238 ?nceput s\uc1 \u259 ?
lucreze \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238 ?nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ?-m\uc1 \u226 ?ntul superior, \uc1 \u238 ?nt\uc1 \u226 ?i la Institutul de
Psi-hologie apoi la Universitatea din Paris ca profesor, din 1947. \uc1 \u238 ?
ncep\uc1 \u226 ?nd cu anul 1950 a devenit director al laboratorului de psihologia
copilului (succesor
al H. Wallon, p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n 1980 la retragerea sa, iar
din 1940 a condus spitalul H. Roussell, unde a efectuat studii clinice. Prin
1958 \uc1 \u351 ?i-a sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut \uc1 \u8222 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ese es lettre"
sub conduce-rea lui J. Piaget privind probleme ale gemenilor. \uc1 \u238 ?n
aceast\uc1 \u259 ? problem\uc1 \u259 ? a mai efectuat \uc1 \u351 ?i alte studii.
Spre deosebire de al\uc1 \u355 ?i autori care s-au centrat mai ales pe asem\uc1
\u259 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?rile dintre gemeni (monozigo\uc1 \u355 ?i) 2. a evaluat mai
ales deosebirile (nu prea pregnante, dependente \uc1 \u238 ?ns\uc1 \u259 ? de
roluri oscilante). Studiind mediul familial al copiilor dislexici. Z. \uc1 \u351 ?i
colab. a semnalat faptul c\uc1 \u259 ? 80% din aceast\uc1 \u259 ? categorie de
copii provin din mediul familial lipsit de c\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?i \uc1 \u351 ?
i cu nivel cultural foarte sc\uc1 \u259 ?zut \uc1 \u351 ?i lipsit de interese pe
acest plan, fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de 20% din ansamblul popula\uc1 \u355 ?iei
dislexice. Z. a fost preocupat de problemele exa-menului psihologic global al
copiilor \uc1 \u351 ?i de problemele heterocroniei specifice a debililor mentali la
care a eviden\uc1 \u355 ?iat retard minor pe plan psihomotor \uc1 \u351 ?i ma-
xim \uc1 \u238 ?n planul organiz\uc1 \u259 ?rii spa\uc1 \u355 ?io-tempo-rale. La
copiii normali exist\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n schimb o mai mic\uc1 \u259 ?
discrepan\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? dintre caracteris-ticile structurii
personalit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u238 ?n dezvolta-re. Studiile lui Zazzo
privind heterocro-nia evolutiv\uc1 \u259 ? a diverselor feluri de debi-litate
mental\uc1 \u259 ? au devenit de referin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Prezint\uc1 \u259
? interes \uc1 \u351 ?i studiile privind dez-voltarea \uc1 \u351 ?colar\uc1
\u259 ?, cele ale imaginii de sine efectuate longitudinal (incluz\uc1 \u226 ?nd
\uc1 \u351 ?i ge-meni) f\uc1 \u259 ?cute \uc1 \u238 ?ntre 1948 \uc1 \u351 ?i 1960.
Aceste studii s-au referit la recunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea prin mijlocirea oglinzii. Un
alt fenomen stu-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
diat de Z. a fost cel al colocviului ima-ginar privind}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 ata\uc1 \u351 ?amentul
ca tr\uc1 \u259 ?ire psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i efectele lui (conceptul de
ata\uc1 \u351 ?ament a fost preluat \uc1 \u238 ?n psihologia modern\uc1 \u259 ?
\uc1 \u351 ?i a generat numeroase studii interesante). Z. a fost preocupat \uc1
\u351 ?i de problemele testelor. A elaborat dou\uc1 \u259 ? teste interesante.
Primul, a fost un test de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, al doilea de inteligen\uc1
\u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Testul de baraj (de aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie a fost o reluare a
testului lui Toulouse \uc1 \u351 ?i H. Pieron \uc1 \u351 ?i a implicat dou\uc1
\u259 ? pagini de baraj, primul simplu, iar al doilea de dubl\uc1 \u259 ? barare,
fapt ce a dus la rezultate mai complexe \uc1 \u238 ?n condi\uc1 \u355 ?ii de
solicitare mai tensionat\uc1 \u259 ? (\uc1 \u238 ?n a doua barare) \uc1 \u351 ?i a
permis o solicitare de orientare dubl\uc1 \u259 ? a aten\uc1 \u355 ?ie, a
controlului psihomotor \uc1 \u351 ?i a rapidit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de lucru.
In testul de inteli-gen\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? N.E.M.I. Z. a pornit de la testul
Binet-Simon \uc1 \u238 ?n care a suprimat unii itemi, a mutat al\uc1 \u355 ?ii la
alte niveluri de v\uc1 \u226 ?rst\uc1 \u259 ? cronologic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i
a ad\uc1 \u259 ?ugat teste de vocabular, de similitudini \uc1 \u351 ?i de serii de
numere de completat. Opere principale: Situation gemellaire et developpement mental
(1952); Jurneaux, le couple et la personne (1958); La paradoxe des jumeaux (1960);
Les tests de deux barrage et la theorie du controle (1947, 1972); Conduites et
consciences (1962, 1968); Les debilites mentales (1968 tradus\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1
\u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n limba rom\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?, 1979); L'Attachement
(1974); Psychologie et marxisme; la vie et l'oeuvre d'Henry Wallon (1975). Sofia
lui, Bianca Zazzo, de asemenea psiholog, s-a ocu-pat de problemele dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?rii psihice a adolescentului. Printre altele a semnalat faptul c\uc1 \u259 ?
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?a traverseaz\uc1 \u259 ? inter-valul de dezvoltare de la
aptitudini psihobiologice la maturizarea voin\uc1 \u355 ?ei \uc1 \u351 ?i
for\uc1 \u355 ?elor angajate social ale psihicului (1961). (U.S.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zel }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = devotament
fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? de o cauz\uc1 \u259 ? sau persoan\uc1 \u259 ?;
ardoare \uc1 \u351 ?i d\uc1 \u259 ?ruire total\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n \uc1 \u238
?ndeplinirea unei ac\uc1 \u355 ?iuni.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zgomot }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 = sunet sau amestec de sunete
disconcordante, puternice}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 care impresio-neaz\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n
mod nepl\uc1 \u259 ?cut auzul; termenul cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?te exprim\uc1 \u259 ?ri
mai nuan\uc1 \u355 ?ate \uc1 \u238 ?n func-\uc1 \u355 ?ie de sursa de producere:
g\uc1 \u259 ?l\uc1 \u259 ?gie, va-carm, vuiet, tumult. Are nuan\uc1 \u355 ?e
diferite defini\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de specialitatea
celui care o formuleaz\uc1 \u259 ?: \uc1 \u8226 ? fizicianul: amestec confuz de
sunete; ingienistul: o nox\uc1 \u259 ? sau chiar un traumatism; \uc1 \u8226 ?
fiziologul: un sunet nedorit, inoportun; \uc1 \u238 ?n teoria infor-ma\uc1 \u355 ?
iei toate perturba\uc1 \u355 ?iile aleatorii ce duc la deteriorarea informa\uc1
\u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul transmiterii ei, sau \uc1 \u238 ?n cursul codajului
sau decodajului. Zgomotul determin\uc1 \u259 ? de-teriorarea la nivelul mesajului,
exprimat\uc1 \u259 ? prin: \uc1 \u8226 ? sindrom de oboseal\uc1 \u259 ?, sl\uc1
\u259 ?bire (ce-falee, hipoprosexie de concentrare, an-xietate, astenie, etc); \uc1
\u8226 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri EEG (intens\uc1 \u259 ? reac\uc1 \u355 ?ie de
blocare a ritmului alfa; prin persisten\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? a Z. se
instaleaz\uc1 \u259 ? fenomenul de obi\uc1 \u351 ?nuin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, cu
ritm alfa absent sau s\uc1 \u259 ?rac, neactivat la persoanele supuse mult timp
Z.); \uc1 \u8226 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile som-nului (insomnii, somn agitat, onirism
bo-gat, co\uc1 \u351 ?maruri); \uc1 \u8226 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?rile excitabili-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii neuromusculare (sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea cronaxiei, reflexe
osteo-tendinoase crescute); \uc1 \u8226 ? tul-bur\uc1 \u259 ?rile func\uc1 \u355 ?
iei vizuale (sc\uc1 \u259 ?derea recep-t\uc1 \u259 ?rii culorilor (ro\uc1 \u351 ?
ie)); \uc1 \u8226 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri ale sistemului nervos vegetativ:
hipernee, ta-hicardie, bradicardie, hipertensiune, hi-potensiune, tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri vasomotorii, diges-tive, etc. \uc1 \u8226 ? modific\uc1 \u259 ?ri pe plan
psiho-afectiv \uc1 \u351 ?i intelectual, lipsite de specifici-tate, la care se
reac\uc1 \u355 ?ioneaz\uc1 \u259 ? prin instabi-litate, hipoprosexie de
concentrare, sc\uc1 \u259 ?-derea capacit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii de \uc1 \u238 ?
nv\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?are \uc1 \u351 ?i a randa-mentului intelectual. Se
apreciaz\uc1 \u259 ? ca no-civ}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pentru organism zgomotul
cu o in-tensitate mai mare de 80 dB., iar ca trau-}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 matism sonor atunci c\uc1 \u226 ?nd
dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?e\uc1 \u351 ?te 100 dB \uc1 \u351 ?i chiar ajunge pe o
scal\uc1 \u259 ? p\uc1 \u226 ?n\uc1 \u259 ? la 12.000 Hz. Zgomotele au cel mai \uc1
\u238 ?nalt grad de traumatizare. Zgomotele au un rol important nu numai prin cali-
t\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile lor \uc1 \u8222 ?fizice", ci \uc1 \u351 ?i prin
impactul pe care \uc1 \u238 ?l realizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? cu tipul de personali-tate
(labilitate nervoas\uc1 \u259 ?, tr\uc1 \u259 ?s\uc1 \u259 ?turi obse-sionale,
anxioase) declan\uc1 \u351 ?\uc1 \u226 ?nd tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice de diverse
intensit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i. Se iau m\uc1 \u259 ?suri de igienizare sonor\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n mediul \uc1 \u238 ?nconjur\uc1 \u259 ?tor \uc1 \u351 ?i la
locul de munc\uc1 \u259 ?, care pot contribui substan\uc1 \u355 ?ial la evitarea
\uc1 \u238 ?m-boln\uc1 \u259 ?virilor psihice datorate zgomo-tului.}{\fs20 \dbch
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zona proximei dezvolt\uc1
\u259 ?ri }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = concept introdus de L. V\uc1 \u238 ?gotschi - pentru a ac-centua
posibilit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile de continu\uc1 \u259 ? dez-voltare
psihic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i a combate viziunea despre psihic ca un dat
imuabil. Z. p. d. este ceea ce urmeaz\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? se \uc1 \u238 ?
ndepli-neasc\uc1 \u259 ? imediat \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un stadiu de v\uc1 \u226 ?
rst\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i s\uc1 \u259 ? devin\uc1 \u259 ? un stadiu urm\uc1
\u259 ?tor, ca feno-men de dezvoltare actual\uc1 \u259 ?. Previziunea Z. p. d.
trebuie s\uc1 \u259 ? fie considerat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n toate ac\uc1 \u355 ?
iunile instructiv-educative \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?n aprecierea elevilor.}{\fs20
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zone cerebrale }{\fs18
teritorii corticale de-limitate din punct de vedere func\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
specializate. \uc1 \u238 ?n mare se disting: \uc1 \u8226 ? zone receptoare sau de
proiec\uc1 \u355 ?ie, ce cores-pund diver\uc1 \u351 ?ilor receptori periferici (so-
matoestezici, vizuali, auditivi, gusta-tivi, etc.) \uc1 \u351 ?i care realizeaz\uc1
\u259 ? analiza \uc1 \u351 ?i sinteza superioar\uc1 \u259 ?; \uc1 \u8226 ? zone
efectorii sau motorii, de la care pornesc impulsuri aferente, reprezent\uc1 \u226 ?
nd locul de elabora-re a comenzilor motorii; \uc1 \u8226 ? zone asocia-tive la
nivelul c\uc1 \u259 ?rora sunt integrate func\uc1 \u355 ?iile psihice complexe
(memorie, g\uc1 \u226 ?ndire, voin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?, limbaj, etc); \uc1
\u8226 ? zone vegetative la nivelul c\uc1 \u259 ?rora este realiza-}{\fs20 \dbch
\sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li24 \ri216 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-206
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 t\uc1 \u259 ?
integrarea activit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii organelor interne. Leziunile acestor
zone cerebrale deter-min\uc1 \u259 ? tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?ri psihice \uc1 \u351 ?i
neurologice veritabile \uc1 \u238 ?n func\uc1 \u355 ?ie de localizarea proce-sului
patologic, de \uc1 \u238 ?ntinderea lui, de brutalitatea cu care s-a instalat.}
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zoofllie }
\langfenp1048 = simptom de dragoste patolo-gic\uc1 \u259 ? fa\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259
? de animale, de team\uc1 \u259 ? s\uc1 \u259 ? nu li se produc\uc1 \u259 ? vreun
fel de suferin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ?. Termenul mai desemneaz\uc1 \u259 ?
perversiune sexual\uc1 \u259 ? prin contacte cu animalele.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Zoopsihologie }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
disciplin\uc1 \u259 ? ce studiaz\uc1 \u259 ? evolutiv \uc1 \u351 ?i comparativ
comportamentul animalelor ca mijloc de organizare a me-diului ambiant \uc1 \u351 ?i
de stabilire a rela\uc1 \u355 ?iei \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u259 ?untrul spe\uc1 \u355 ?
ei \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?ntre spe\uc1 \u355 ?e. Cercet\uc1 \u259 ?rile de
zoologie prezint\uc1 \u259 ? un nemijlocit inte-res \uc1 \u351 ?i pentru \uc1 \u238
?n\uc1 \u355 ?elegerea psihismului uman, a fenomenelor elementare \uc1 \u351 ?i
pre-istoriei acestuia.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Zvon }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 = informa\uc1 \u355 ?ie, difuzat\uc1 \u259 ? sub forma unei
afirma\uc1 \u355 ?ii, nega\uc1 \u355 ?ii sau presupuneri, care se transmite mai
ales oral, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-o colectivitate prin canalele rela\uc1 \u355 ?iilor
inter-personale. De obicei mesajul con\uc1 \u355 ?inut de }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 zvon este neverificat, inexact \uc1 \u238 ?n raport cu }{\fs18
realitatea dat\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?i este supus deterior\uc1 \u259 ?rii prin
distorsiune \uc1 \u351 ?i subiectivism. Condi-\uc1 \u355 ?iile care
favorizeaz\uc1 \u259 ? apari\uc1 \u355 ?ia \uc1 \u351 ?i transmi-terea zvonului
sunt de regul\uc1 \u259 ?: tensiunea, criza, absen\uc1 \u355 ?a informa\uc1 \u355 ?
iilor oficiale sau perseverarea sistematic\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n furnizarea de
informa\uc1 \u355 ?ii distorsionate}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \sb1992 \lisb0 \lisa0
\guttersxn0
\langfenp1048 {\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-5 \expndtw-5
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Omagiu p\uc1 \u259 ?rin\uc1 \u355 ?
ilor no\uc1 \u351 ?tri, de la care am deprins suferin\uc1 \u355 ?a \uc1 \u238 ?n
t\uc1 \u259 ?cere \uc1 \u351 ?i bucuria }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 de a dep\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u351 ?i
obstacotek vie\uc1 \u355 ?ii. }{\b1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Autorii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0
\ri14 \sb1699 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin14 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 POSTPREFA\uc1 \u354 ?\uc1 \u258 ?}{\fs20
\loch \f7 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 O
\uc1 \u238 ?ncheiere a acestei lucr\uc1 \u259 ?ri nu este posibil\uc1 \u259 ?,
deoarece procesul cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terii }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-3 \expndtw-3 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 r\uc1 \u259 ?
m\uc1 \u226 ?ne deschis tuturor cititorilor pe de o parte, iar pe de alt\uc1
\u259 ? parte, pentru c\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 speciali\uc1 \u351 ?
tii vor avea \uc1 \u238 ?n vedere \uc1 \u238 ?nl\uc1 \u259 ?turarea opozi\uc1 \u355
?iei dintre teoretic \uc1 \u351 ?i aplicativ, \uc1 \u238 ?n a\uc1 \u351 ?a }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 fel ca aceste cuno\uc1 \u351 ?tin\uc1 \u355 ?e s\uc1
\u259 ? fie \uc1 \u238 ?n\uc1 \u355 ?elese \uc1 \u351 ?i transformate, \uc1 \u238 ?
n egal\uc1 \u259 ? m\uc1 \u259 ?sur\uc1 \u259 ?, \uc1 \u238 ?ntr-un instrument
eficient de lucru cu persoana uman\uc1 \u259 ?. Cele dou\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u351 ?
tiin\uc1 \u355 ?e c\uc1 \u259 ?rora le-am }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\f7 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 acordat
munca de cercetare sunt utile \uc1 \u238 ?n m\uc1 \u259 ?sura \uc1 \u238 ?n care
cunoa\uc1 \u351 ?terea teoretic\uc1 \u259 ? va fi aplicat\uc1 \u259 ? corespunz\uc1
\u259 ?tor cerin\uc1 \u355 ?elor \uc1 \u351 ?i factorilor subiectivi, c\uc1 \u259 ?
rora nu le putem r\uc1 \u259 ?spunde }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 oricum.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\plain \qj \fi475 \li0 \ri24 \sb5 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-211 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0
7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Luarea \uc1 \u238 ?n
considera\uc1 \u355 ?ie a subiectivit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii umane \uc1 \u351 ?i
ra\uc1 \u355 ?ionalizarea ei reprezint\uc1 \u259 ? o }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
cerin\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1 \u259 ? indispensabil\uc1 \u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n orice
situa\uc1 \u355 ?ie care presupune existen\uc1 \u355 ?a oamenilor". (Mihai }
\langfenp1048 Golu ; Aurel Dicu - }{\i1 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Introducere \uc1 \u238 ?n
psihologie }{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - pag. 263).}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri82 \sb2693 \lisb0
CURRICULUM VITAE}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nume:}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 B\uc1 \u194 ?LB\uc1 \u194 ?E}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prenume:}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \tab }{\b1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 VERONICA}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 Data \uc1 \u351 ?i locul na\uc1 \u351 ?terii: }{\fs18 \dbch
\langfenp1048 5 octombrie 1924, Com R\uc1 \u259 ?de\uc1 \u351 ?ti, Jud. Gala\uc1
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Domiciliu:}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i,
Aleea Decebal nr. 2, Bl. B7b}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 is, Se. A, Et. 3, Ap. 15, cod}{\fs20 \dbch
\expnd-4 \expndtw-4 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 700232}
\langfenp1048 Titlul \uc1 \u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ia:}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Profesor psiholog logoped gradul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 I}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Studii:}{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f8
1936 - }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 944 - \uc1
\u350 ?coala Normal\uc1 \u259 ? de fete Bac\uc1 \u259 ?u}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1944 - 1946 - diferen\uc1 \u355 ?e de liceu
teoretic la Liceul \uc1 \u8222 ?Oltea Doamna", Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i, cu examen de
Bacalaureat. 1946 - 1950 - Facultatea de Filosofie, sec\uc1 \u355 ?ia Pedagogie
-Psihologie a Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u8222 ?Al-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1. }
\langfenp1048 Cuza", Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \fi-1776 \li1776
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Activitate \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ?:
\langfenp1048 1965 - Sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea examenului gradul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu
lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 dintre
tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile de limbaj \uc1 \u351 ?i dificult\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ile
limbajului scris";}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
307 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin1762 \rin14 \cbpat16 \tql \tx2179 \itap0 \ls13
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 1969\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - Publicarea
l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 ucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u8222 ?Culegere de material metodic }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 pentru corectarea dislaliilor la elevii claselor }
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 I }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 IV" }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-2 \expndtw-2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 (\uc1 \u238 ?n colab.);}{\fs18
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - Lucrarea
\uc1 \u8222 ?Considera\uc1 \u355 ?ii psihosociale \uc1 \u238 ?n determinarea crizei
la puberul logonevrotic" (la al IV-lea Simpozion Subdanubian - Budapesta);}
\langfenp1048 - Lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Aprofundarea
terapiei logopedice, diversifi-cat\uc1 \u259 ?", Simpozion Na\uc1 \u355 ?ional,
Centrul Logopedic Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-11
\qj \li1757 \ri24 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-307 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin1757 \rin24
2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1975 - \uc1 \u8222 ?
Inciden\uc1 \u355 ?a tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rilor de limbaj la copiii \uc1 \u351 ?i
adolescen\uc1 \u355 ?ii }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 din \uc1 \u351 ?colile mun. Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i"
- Simpozionul \uc1 \u8222 ?Rela\uc1 \u355 ?ii Interdisciplinare ale Psihiatriei",
Spitalul \uc1 \u8222 ?Socola", Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
1977\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - \uc1 \u8222 ?Meloterapia \uc1 \u351 ?i tulbur\uc1 \u259
?rile de limbaj", lucrare prezen-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tat\uc1 \u259 ? la
Primul Congres de Terapie Melodic\uc1 \u259 ? - Paris (22 - 24 August),
organizat \uc1 \u351 ?i condus de Dr. Anne - M\uc1 \u259 ?rie Vidai;}{\fs18
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 1978\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -
Lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Comportamentul psihomotric la disgraficii }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 deficient
m}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 intal" - Simpozion Na\uc1 \u355 ?ional, \uc1 \u350 ?c. Ajut\uc1 \u259
?toare - Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i;}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li0 \ri0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2
1992\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - \uc1 \u8222 ?Problematica logopediei \uc1 \u351 ?i
rela\uc1 \u355 ?ia ei cu randamentul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u351 ?colar", Bucure\uc1
\u351 ?ti - Primul Congres al Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?iei Logopezilor din Rom\uc1 \u226 ?
nia (A.L.R.);}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-8
\af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 1993\tab }{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - \uc1
\u8222 ?Probleme ale tehnicii de reabilitare a limbajului \uc1 \u238 ?n }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 afazii"}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-
2 \expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , a 11-a Sesiune
\uc1 \u350 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1 \u259 ? a Societ\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
Germani\uc1 \u351 ?tilor din }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia, organizat\uc1 \u259 ? de
Grupul Rom\uc1 \u226 ?n de Lingvistic\uc1 \u259 ? (G.R.L.A.);}{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 - Al II-lea Simpozion A.L.R. \uc1 \u351 ?i \uc1 \u238 ?nfiin\uc1
\u355 ?area Filialei la\uc1 \u351 ?i, cu }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tema \uc1 \u8222 ?Epistemologia
logopatiilor";}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-10 \expndtw-10
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - Al IH-
lea Congres A.L.R. - Timi\uc1 \u351 ?oara, cu sus\uc1 \u355 ?inerea }{\fs18
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 lucr\uc1 \u259 ?rii \uc1 \u8222 ?Tulbur\uc1 \u259 ?rile
nevrotice \uc1 \u351 ?i comportamentale ale copiilor }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cu tulbur\uc1
\u259 ?ri de limbaj";}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-7 \expndtw-7
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1996 - \uc1 \u8222 ?Diagnoza \uc1 \u351 ?i terapia
logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?" - Mas\uc1 \u259 ? Rotund\uc1 \u259 ?, Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti,
G.R.L.A.;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfenp1048 1996 - 1998 - Angajat al Case de Copii Pre\uc1 \u351 ?colari de pe
l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Spitalul }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Pa\uc1 \u351 ?cani,
sponsoriza\uc1 \u355 ?i de \uc1 \u8222 ?The Body Shop - Children on the edge"
\uc1 \u238 ?n scopul terapiei de recuperare a copiilor cu handicap mental,
neuromotor \uc1 \u351 ?i de limbaj;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 - Conferin\uc1 \u355 ?a Na\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1 \u259 ? de Logopedie
a Filialei A.L.R. }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Transilvania" - Cluj-Napoca, cu lucrarea
\uc1 \u8222 ?Implic}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 a\uc1 \u355 ?ii ale auzului fonematic \uc1 \u238 ?n
terapia logopedic\uc1 \u259 ?";}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-10
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2
1999\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - Congresul al IV-lea Interna\uc1 \u355 ?
ional de Somatoterapie -}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 C\uc1 \u226 ?mpulung Moldovenesc, organizat
de Spitalul Universitar}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \expnd-8 \expndtw-
8 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \li1982
\uc1 \u8222 ?Socola" - Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i, cu tema \uc1 \u8222 ?Modalit\uc1
\u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?i de ap\uc1 \u259 ?rare \uc1 \u238 ?mpotriva stre-}{\fs18
sului pension\uc1 \u259 ?rii";}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - Publ}
\langfenp1048 icarea c\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u8222 ?Normal \uc1 \u351 ?i
patologic \uc1 \u238 ?n evolu\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 limbajului.
Esen\uc1 \u355 ?ialul \uc1 \u238 ?n logopedie." (\uc1 \u238 ?n colab.);}{\fs18
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \f2 2002\tab }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -
Publicarea c\uc1 \u259 ?r\uc1 \u355 ?ii \uc1 \u8222 ?Semiologia Dislexiei -
Disgrafiei \uc1 \u351 ?i }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 terapia ei";}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\par }\pard \plain \qj \li10 \ri5
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 -
Simpozion Interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional - G.R.L.A. - cu tema \uc1 \u8222 ?Limba \uc1
\u351 ?i vorbitorii", Eforie Nord, cu lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Contribu\uc1 \u355 ?ia
terapeu-}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 tului logoped \uc1 \u238 ?n recuperarea
lexiei \uc1 \u351 ?i grafiei la afazici".}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\expnd-5 \expndtw-5 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 2004}{\fs18
\langfenp1048 - Lucrarea \uc1 \u8222 ?Elemente de logopedie \uc1 \u351 ?i
psihologie}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 medical\uc1 \u259 ? - Dic\uc1 \u355 ?ionar"
(\uc1 \u238 ?n colab.)}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
1950 - 1961 - Profesor Psiholog la Liceul Pedagogic \uc1 \u351 ?i Com-}{\fs18 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 plexul
\uc1 \u350 ?colar B\uc1 \u226 ?rlad,}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 jud. Vaslui; }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 1961 - 1983 - Centrul Logopedic Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i (coordonator);}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li1243 \ri0 \sb5102 \lisb0 \lisa0 \nowidctlpar \lin1243
\lisa0 \sl-1 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
CURRICULUM VITAE}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\endnhere \pard \plain \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \absw1579 \absh-2227 \phcol \pvpara \posx10 \posy326
\dfrmtxtx38 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\expndtw-2 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Nume}{\fs20 \dbch
\rin0 \cbpat16 \absw1579 \absh-2227 \phcol \pvpara \posx10 \posy326 \dfrmtxtx38
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Prenume}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\cbpat16 \absw1579 \absh-2227 \phcol \pvpara \posx10 \posy326 \dfrmtxtx38 \itap0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Data \uc1 \u351 ?i locul na\uc1
\u351 ?terii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \absw1579 \absh-2227 \phcol \pvpara
\posx10 \posy326 \dfrmtxtx38 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Domiciliul}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \li5 \ri365 \sb312 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0
\nowidctlpar \lin5 \rin365 \cbpat16 \absw1579 \absh-2227 \phcol \pvpara \posx10
\posy326 \dfrmtxtx38 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1048
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Titlul \uc1
\u351 ?i func\uc1 \u355 ?ia }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Studii}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\li1838 \ri2918 \sb456 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar \lin1838
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 TOMESCU }{\b1 \fs18 \dbch \af2
\langfenp1048 MARGARETA}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 4 }{\fs18
septembrie 1928, Comuna Leordeni, Jude\uc1 \u355 ?ul Arge\uc1 \u351 ?}{\fs20
\par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, Aleea
Fuioului}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 , nr. 7, Bl. HI7, Etaj 2, Ap. 31,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Sector 3 (Telefon 674.27.63)}{\fs20 \dbch
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logoped, Doctor \uc1 \u238 ?n
Psihologie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qr \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0
\nowidctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 {\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1935-1943 - \uc1
\u350 ?coala general\uc1 \u259 ? din com. Leordeni, Jude\uc1 \u355 ?ul}{\fs20 \dbch
\expnd-1 \expndtw-1 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Arge\uc1
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1943-1947 -
Liceul Teoretic}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1947-1951 -
Facultatea de Psihologie \uc1 \u351 ?i Pedagogie din}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 cadrul Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
din Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 1968 - Stagiul de informare la Institutul de Foniatrie}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u8222 ?Profesor Seeman",
Praga, Cehoslovacia}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1972 - Stagiul de
specializare la Serviciul de Ortofnie de pe}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 l\uc1 \u226 ?ng\uc1 \u259 ? spitalul \uc1 \u8222 ?Saint
Vincent de Paul", Doamna S. Borel}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 Maisonnz, Paris, Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\fi-1824 \li1824 \ri10 \sb312 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl-317 \slmult0 \nowidctlpar
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Activitatea \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1
\u355 ?iflc\uc1 \u259 ?: }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 \uc1 \u238 ?n 1977 - Teza de doctorat \uc1
\u8222 ?Aspecte psiho-pedagogice ale vorbirii rinolalice la copiii cu despic\uc1
\u259 ?turi congenitale labio-maxilo-palatine" sus\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? la
Facultatea de Psihologie din cadrul Universit\uc1 \u259 ?\uc1 \u355 ?ii
Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1980 -
Comunicare la}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Congresul \uc1 \u8222 ?EASE 1980", \uc1 \u8222 ?
Educa\uc1 \u355 ?ie \uc1 \u351 ?i handicap" - Helsinki, Finlanda;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1984 - Schimb de experien\uc1 \u355 ?\uc1
\u259 ? la doamna Suzanne de Sechelles - Serviciul de Ortofonie din Paris,
Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\loch \f0 \expnd-6 \expndtw-6 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 487}
\langfenp1048 \par }\pard \plain \qc \li0 \ri24 \sb768 \lisb0 \lisa0
\langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1986 - Comunicare \uc1 \u351 ?tiin\uc1 \u355 ?ific\uc1
\u259 ? la Congresul de chirurgie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\langfenp1048 maxilo-facial\uc1 \u259 ? de la }{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Hamburg, Germania;}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1990 - A \uc1 \u238 ?nfiin\uc1
\u355 ?at Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ia Logopezilor din Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia,}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 av\uc1 \u226 ?nd personalitate
juridic\uc1 \u259 ? ob\uc1 \u355 ?inut\uc1 \u259 ? prin sentin\uc1 \u355 ?a
civil\uc1 \u259 ? nr.}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langfenp1048 1860 din 6.07.1990 a Tribunalului Mun. Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti;}
\loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1990 - septembrie -
Participare la Congresul \uc1 \u8222 ?Melodie}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch
{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048
\langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 therapie du l}{\fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 angage" - Paris,
Fran\uc1 \u355 ?a;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
\af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 - A
organizat \uc1 \u238 ?mpreun\uc1 \u259 ? cu Asocia\uc1 \u355 ?ia Logopezilor din}
\loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Rom\uc1 \u226 ?nia
seminarii na\uc1 \u355 ?ionale de Logopedie \uc1 \u351 ?i cu participare}{\fs20
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 interna\uc1 \u355 ?ional\uc1
\u259 ? \uc1 \u238 ?n anul 1992 la Bucure\uc1 \u351 ?ti, \uc1 \u238 ?n 1993 la
Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i,}{\fs20 \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1048 \langnp1048
Timi\uc1 \u351 ?oara, 1997 - Ia\uc1 \u351 ?i, 1998 - Cluj;}{\fs20 \dbch \af2
\lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 1951 - 1957 - }{\fs18 \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 Logoped la
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\hich \af0 \loch \f7 \lang1048 \langnp1048 \langfe1048 \langfenp1048 onetic\uc1
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