Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHM301
CHAPTER 4
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS DERIVATIVES
-OR’ Ester O
O
H3C C OC2H5
R C OR' ethyl ethanoate
-NH2 Amide O
O
H3C C NH2
R C NH2 ethanamide
O Acid anhydride O O O O
H3C C O C CH3
O C R' R C O C R'
ethanoic anhydride
NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION
REACTION
O O
R C Y Nu-H R C Nu H-Y
O O
R C Y R C Nuc H Y
Nuc-H
o Step 3: H+ ion is removed from the molecule by the
leaving group Y.
O O
R C Nuc H Y R C Nuc HY
O OH
R C Y HA R C Y A
• STEP 2: The π-bond breaks as nucleophile
attached to the molecule.
OH OH
R C Y Nuc H R C Y A
Nuc H
• STEP 3: As H+ ion bonded to nucleophile
detaches, double bonds regenerates and the
leaving group is pushed out from the molecule.
OH OH
R C Y R C Nuc Y
Nuc
• STEP 4: The leaving group, Y- removes the H+
ion, reestablishes carbonyl carbon in the
product.
O H O
R C Nuc Y R C Nuc HY
RELATIVE REACTIVITIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
DERIVATIVES TOWARD NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
C-Cl (in acyl chlorides) > C-O (in anhydride) > C-O (in ester) > C-N (in amide)
(longest bond) (shortest bond)
C-Cl (in acyl chlorides) > C-O (in anhydride) > C-O (in ester) > C-N (in amide)
(weakest bond) (strongest bond)
• Reactivity carboxylic acid derivatives decreases
in the order: