WCCM 2018 Mendez

Making use of Symmetries in the Elastic
Inverse Homogenization Problem
C. Méndez a, J. M. Podestá a , S. Toro a, A. Huespe a,b and J. Oliver b
a
Centro de Investigación en Métodos Computacionales, CIMEC-UNL-CONICET, Argentina
b
CIMNE, Campus Nord UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
b
Technical University of Catalunya , 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Centro de Investigación de
Métodos Computacionales WCCM 2018 - New York
Santa Fe - Argentina
Definitions
Elastic Inverse Homogenization
The design of the micro-architecture of a composite whose overall
elastic properties ( ) are identical to a target elasticity tensor ( )
Definitions
Elastic Inverse Homogenization
1) Assumption:
the composite is periodic
Homogenized elasticity tensor
along some directions
(overall elastic properties)
2) Inverse homogenization design solved as a topology

optimization problem (Sigmund 1994, 1995)
Characteristic function:
Design domain is used to compute
How are the design domain and the periodicity directions

defined in the topology optimization problem ?
Motivation
Bounds for Isotropic Elastic Tensors
Minimum
Poisson’s ratio
Minimum shear modulus,

maximum bulk modulus
(pentamode materials)
(from Sigmund, 2000)
Motivation
Unit Cell and Material Distribution
What about using an

hexagonal unit cell?
Which are the possible

material distribution
symmetries?
Motivation
Similar considerations can be made for

the anisotropic case
 Which are the Classes of Elastic Tensors

(besides isotropy)?
 Which are the possible Unit Cell Shapes? How are
they related?
 Which are the Material Distribution Symmetries
we can impose?
We will use well established concepts

from crystallography
Physical properties
Classes of Elastic Tensors
Z2
Triclinic
D2
Orthotropic
D4
Tetragonal
O(2)
Isotropic
Geometric symmetries
Unit Cell Shapes

Bravais lattices: Any periodic arrange has a set
of equivalent point forming a lattice.
Periodic structure
Equivalent points Another set of equivalent points

Unit Cell Shapes
Bravais lattices: Special cases.
Primitive vectors
(not unique)
Unit Cell Shapes
Bravais lattices: Unit cells.
Unit cells defined by primitive vectors

Unit cells are not unique
Unit Cell Shapes
Wigner-Seitz (Voronoi) unit cells: Well defined unit cell
(one to one correspondence with lattices). It has minimal
area and reflects the symmetry of the Bravais lattice.
Construction Reflect lattice symmetry
Fill the whole plane
Material Distribution Symmetries

Point symmetries: Rotation and reflection symmetries maintaining a
point fixed.
5-fold rotation 12-fold rotation 7-fold rotation +

reflection
Point symmetries + Periodicity: Only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6-fold

symmetries are allowed (crystallographic restriction).
The plane cannot be filled by unit cells with

5-fold or n>=7-fold symmetries
Point symmetries + Periodicity: Only 10 point symmetries

1 2 3 4 6
Rotations
Rotations + reflections
m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm
Glide symmetry: Periodicity adds another type of symmetry

Plane (wallpaper) symmetries: Point symmetries + Periodicity
Crystallographic restriction + glide symmetry  17 plane symmetries

Exhaustive list of possible material distribution
Example - p4gm
Physical properties and geometric symmetries
Neumann’s principle:
Physical properties are
determined by point symmetries
Triclinic
4 Elastic tensors Orthotropic
10 Point symmetries
Tetragonal
17 Material distributions
5 Unit cell shapes
Isotropic
Physical properties and geometric symmetries
Homogenization examples
(Numerical tests of the above analytical results)
Application examples
Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Sigmund, 2000 – pm (square) Our results – pm (square)
Minimum
Poisson’s ratio

Sigmund, 2000 – pm (square) Our results – p1 (square)
Minimum
Poisson’s ratio

Sigmund, 2000 – pm (square) Our results – p1 (hexa)
Minimum
Poisson’s ratio

Minimum
Poisson’s ratio

Minimum
Poisson’s ratio
Our results
p1
(square)
Sigmund, 2000
pm (square)
pm
(square)
Exactly isotropic and p3

easily parameterized (hexa)
Symmetry assures
sufficient conditions for p6
(hexa)
isotropy
More applications: Example 1
 Material design of a layer for acoustic cloaking
Using the Transformation Acoustic

Analysis, Norris 2008 and Gokhale et al.
2012 have analyticaly determined the
effective properties of the layer
Given :
the micro-structure should be designed in
each point of the layer ( Méndez et al.
(2016) )
More applications : Example 1 (cont.)
Layer design for an acoustic cloacking device
Layer 15 (Analisis of Norris)
(D2 orthotropic pentamodal)
Topology optimization
problem
More applications: Example 2
 Material design for minimum-weight structures (using a two-scale
based approach)
Free Material Optimization for solving
the macroscale minimum weight problem
Design variable
Maximum
compliance
Limit values for material resource
The material micro-architecture should be designed in each point

of the structure
More applications: Example 2 (cont.)
Stiff structure with minimum weight
FMO
Topology
Optimization problem
Bravais Lattices and
Wigner-Seitz Unit Cells in 3D
Examples of cubic symmetry
Conclusions
 A systematic procedure to chose a design domain for the inverse
homogenization problem solved through a topology
optimization approach is proposed.
 It is based on the symmetry properties displayed by the target

elasticity tensor
 Much more alternatives of parameterized microstructures can

appeared
 Extension to 3D may give interesting and unexpected classes of

microstructures

WCCM 2018 Mendez

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Making use of Symmetries in the Elastic

Inverse Homogenization Problem

C. Méndez a, J. M. Podestá a , S. Toro a, A. Huespe a,b and J. Oliver b

2) Inverse homogenization design solved as a topology

Design domain is used to compute

How are the design domain and the periodicity directions

Bounds for Isotropic Elastic Tensors

Minimum shear modulus,

(from Sigmund, 2000)

What about using an

Which are the possible

Similar considerations can be made for

 Which are the Classes of Elastic Tensors

We will use well established concepts

Unit Cell Shapes

Equivalent points Another set of equivalent points

Unit Cell Shapes

Bravais lattices: Special cases.

Unit Cell Shapes

Bravais lattices: Unit cells.

Unit cells defined by primitive vectors

Construction Reflect lattice symmetry

Fill the whole plane

Material Distribution Symmetries

5-fold rotation 12-fold rotation 7-fold rotation +

Point symmetries + Periodicity: Only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6-fold

The plane cannot be filled by unit cells with

Material Distribution Symmetries

Point symmetries + Periodicity: Only 10 point symmetries

m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm

Glide symmetry: Periodicity adds another type of symmetry

Material Distribution Symmetries

Crystallographic restriction + glide symmetry  17 plane symmetries

4 Elastic tensors Orthotropic

Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Minimum Poisson’s ratio revisited

Exactly isotropic and p3

Using the Transformation Acoustic

(D2 orthotropic pentamodal)

Limit values for material resource

The material micro-architecture should be designed in each point

 It is based on the symmetry properties displayed by the target

 Much more alternatives of parameterized microstructures can

 Extension to 3D may give interesting and unexpected classes of

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