Column PDF

1.
0 INTRODUCTION
Column is the structural component that transfers compression load from beams to the
footings. In other words, column is a compression member. Columns are divided into two
classification namely short column or long column. This classification depends on the
slenderness ratio of the column.
Short column will fail by crushing while long column will fail in buckling. Thus, it is
important to determine the classification of the column as long column is prone to buckling.
When the column buckles, it will exert additional moment to the section which will
eventually leads to failure.
This report only covers the design of short column using Eurocode 2 column design chart.
2.0 PROCEDURE (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)
Step 1. Determine whether the column is a short or long column by computing

slenderness ratio (𝝀)
𝑙0 𝑙0
𝜆= = [Equation 1]
𝑖 √𝐼/𝐴
Where
𝑙0 is the effective height of the column.

𝑖 is the radius of gyration about the axis considered.
𝐼 is the second moment of area of the section about the axis.
𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of column
- 𝑙0 for braced members (Note that only braced members is covered in the course)can be
computed with the following formula:
1𝑘 2 𝑘
𝑙0 = 0.5 𝑙 √(1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) [Equation 2]
1 2
Where
𝑙 is the clear height of the column between end restraint.

𝑘1 and 𝑘2 is the relative flexibilities of the rotational restraints at ends ‘1’ and ‘2’ of
the column respectively.
2 𝑘
For column connected to footing, assume (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )=2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

k=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
=∑ =∑
2(𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 2(𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
1
- Then, compare 𝜆 with 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 26.2 / √𝑁𝐸𝐷 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 [Equation 3]
- If 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 , then the column is a long column.

- If 𝜆 < 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 , then the column is a short column.
Step 2. Find the loadings on the column.
- First, the load distribution of the slab must be determined.

- Then using the load distributed to the beam from the slab, half of the load will be
transferred to the column, while the other half of the load is transferred to the adjacent
column.
Half length Half length
Figure 1 Load transfer from beam to column
- Note that to have the worst case scenario, for interior column, the longer beam has to be
under maximum loading (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) while the short beam has to be under minimum
loading (1.35Gk).
Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

Min (1.35Gk)
Corner Column Interior Column
Figure 2 worst case scenarios for corner column and interior column
2
Step 3. Find the moment (𝑀𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑦 ) acting on the column
- Using the load on the beam, find Fixed End Moment (FEM) = w𝐿2 /12.
Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

Min (1.35Gk)
FEM = w𝐿2 /12

FEM = w𝐿2 /12
- For an example, we start from the z-z axis.

𝑁𝐸𝐷 𝑙0
- Using the net moment, multiply it with the distribution factor, k and add to get 𝑀𝑧 .
400
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

k=
∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
=∑ =∑
2(𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 2(𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
- Repeat the same steps for the y-y axis to get 𝑀𝑦
Step 3. Check for biaxial bending
- Note that for a normal frame, moment will always come from two different axis (z or y-axis)
- Thus, it is important to check for biaxial bending.
- First, find the eccentricities of both axis (𝑒𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑦 )
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝑒𝑧 = , 𝑒𝑦 = [Equation 4]
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑧 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑦
- Then, check the ratio of the corresponding eccentricities that satisfies one of the
conditions.
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
Either / ≤ 0.2 or / ≤ 0.2
ℎ 𝑏 𝑏 ℎ
- If either one of the condition is satisfied, then there is a biaxial bending.
3
Step 4. Compute 𝑴𝑬𝑫
Y
d’
h
Z Z
h’
Mz
d2 b’
b
My
Y
Figure 3 Section of column with biaxial bending
- Then check for the dominating moment:
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
If ≥
ℎ′ 𝑏′
ℎ′
Then 𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀 ′ 𝑧 = 𝑀𝑧 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑦 [Equation 5]
𝑏′
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
If ≤
ℎ′ 𝑏′
𝑏′
Then 𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑧 [Equation 6]
ℎ′
𝑁𝐸𝐷
Where 𝛽 = 1 −
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
4
Step 5. Compute 𝑨𝒔,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝑁𝐸𝐷 𝑀𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘

- Using values of and , to find from the column chart.
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ2 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
- To determine which chart to use, you have to check d’/h ratio, each ratio has a different
chart.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
- Once obtain the value of 𝑏ℎ𝑓 , 𝐴𝑠 can be computed by substituting all the other known
𝑐𝑘
values.
- If 𝑏ℎ𝑓 = 0, then 𝐴𝑠 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002bh.
𝑐𝑘
- Do check for maximum area of reinforcement = 0.08bh.
Figure 4 Column Design Chart for d2/h = 0.25
5
3.0 DATA & RESULT
A B C D
6.069m 6.069m 6.069m
3.069m
3.069m
3
Figure 5 Plan View
300mm
beam b =300mm
v
600mm
Assume
h =3m h =300mm
Figure 6 Cross Section of Column and Beam Figure 7. Section of Column
- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Diameter of main steel bar = 16mm

- It can be seen that there are four columns to be designed:
1. Column A1, A3, D1, D3
2. Column B1, B3, C1, C3
3. Column A2 and D2
4. Column B2 and C2
6
3.1 Design of Column A1, A3, D1, D3
- Note that the loading on the beams are taken from progress report 2.
6.069m 3.069m
38.96kN/m 28.39kN/m
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 8 Loading on Column A1, A3, D1, D3
Step 1. Determine whether the column is a short or long column.
Although column is has a square cross section; however the beam connected to the column
from Z-Z axis (6.069m) is longer than the beam from Y-Y axis (3.069m). Thus, the more
critical case will be from Z-Z axis. Therefore the checking is done for Z-Z axis of the column.
𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m
𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
12 12
300 ×3003 300 ×6003
= =
12 12
𝟔 𝟒
= 𝟔𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
(𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑘1 = ∑
2(𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝟔𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟔 /2400
=
2(5400×106 𝑚𝑚4 )/6069
= 0.158
7
𝑙0
1
= 0.5 𝑙 √(1 + 0.45+𝑘
𝑘 2
) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
𝑘 𝑖 = √𝐼/𝐴
1 2
= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

0.158 = 86.60mm
= 0.5 (2400)√(1 + ) (2)
0.45+0.158
= 1904.84mm
𝑘2
Assume that (1 + ) = 2 as
0.45+𝑘2
𝑙0 the column is connected to footing.
𝜆=
𝑖
1904.84
=
86.60
= 22
38.96 × 6.069 28.39 × 3.069

𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌 =
2 2
= 118.22kN = 43.56kN
𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 + 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌

= 118.22 + 43.56
= 161.78kN
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 26.2 / √𝑁𝐸𝐷 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

30
= 26.2 / √161.78 × 103 /300 × 300 × (0.85 × 1.5)
= 80.57 > 𝝀 = 22
∴ The column is a short column.
8
𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 161.78kN (found from step 1)
Step 3. Find the moment (𝑴𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒚 ) acting on the column
6.069m 3.069m
38.96kN/m 28.39kN/m
FEM = w𝐿2 /12 FEM = w𝐿2 /12
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 9 FEM from beam to Column A1, A3, D1, D3
For moment 𝑴𝒛
Member stiffness:
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.5(𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

= 675 × 106 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/6069
= 281250 = 444883.84
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Distribution Factor for the column =
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 444883.84
= 0.387
w𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑧 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 = 𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 × Distribution Factor +
12 400
(38.96)(6.069)2 118.22(1904.84 × 10−3 )
= = 119.58 × 0.387 +
12 400
= 119.58kNm = 46.84kNm
9
For moment 𝑴𝒀
Member stiffness:
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =0.5 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

= 675 × 106 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/3069
= 281250 = 879,765.40
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 879,765.40
= 0.242
w𝐿2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑦 𝑙0
12 𝑀𝑌 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 × Distribution Factor +
(28.39)(3.069)2 400
= 43.56(1904.84 × 10−3 )
12 = 22.28 × 0.242 +
400
= 22.28kNm = 5.60kNm

𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝑒𝑧 = 𝑒𝑦 =
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌
46.84 5.60
= =
118.22 43.56
= 0.396m = 0.129m
= 396mm = 129mm
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 396 129 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 129 396

/ = / / = /
ℎ 𝑏 300 300 𝑏 ℎ 300 300
= 3.07 > 0.2 = 0.33 >0.2
∴ Since / > 0.2 and / > 0.2, thus there is biaxial bending.
ℎ 𝑏 𝑏 ℎ
10
Y
d’
300mm
Z Z
h’
Mz
𝑑2 b’
300mm
My
Y
Figure 3 Section of column with biaxial bending (re-illustrated for easy reference)
d’ = 𝑑2 = Cover + ∅/2 h’ = h – d’ b’ = b -𝑑2

= 55 + 16/2 = 300 -63 = 300 – 63
= 63mm = 237mm = 237mm
𝑀𝑧 46.84 ×106
= = 197.64 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑N
ℎ′ 237
𝑀𝑦 5.60 ×106
= = 23.63 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
𝑏′ 237
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
As
ℎ′
≥ 𝑏′
, thus:
ℎ′ 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀′ 𝑧 = 𝑀𝑧 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑦 𝛽=1−
𝑏′ 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
237 161.78×103
= 46.84 + 0.94 × 5.60 =1−
237 (300)(300)30
= 52.10kNm
= 0.94
11
Step 5. Compute As, required.
𝑁𝐸𝐷 161.78×103
=
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘 (300)(300)30
= 0.06
𝑀𝐸𝐷 52.10×106
=
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (300)(3002 )30
= 0.06
Check: 𝑑 ′ /ℎ = 63/300 = 0.21
∴ Use 𝑑′ /𝒉 = 0.25 chart
From Column Design Chart
= 0.10
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.10× 300 ×300× 30

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =
500
𝟐
= 540𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002(300)(300)

= 180𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.08(300)(300)

= 7200𝑚𝑚2
Number of steel bars to be provided:

For rectangular column, a minimum of four bars is required (one in each corner).Bar
diameter should not be less than 12mm.
∴ As 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 is so small, 4 bars of steel bar (H16) is adequate.
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4 × 𝜋 162 /4
= 804.25𝒎𝒎𝟐
Maximum shear link spacing
= min {20 × size of compression bar; least lateral dimension of the column; 400mm}
= min {20 × 16 = 320mm; 300mm; 400mm}
= 300mm
∴ Provide Shear link (H10) with spacing 300mm c/c.
12
3.2 Design of Column B1, B3, C1, C3
6.069m
6.069m 3.069m
38.96kN/m
28.43kN/m 56.78kN/m
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 10 Loading on Column B1, B3, C1, C3
𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m
𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3
12 12
300 ×3003 300 ×6003
= =
12 12
= 𝟔𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 =𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑘1 = ∑
𝟔𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟔 /2400
=
2(5400×106 𝑚𝑚4 )
2[ ]
6069
= 0.08
13
𝑙0
1
= 0.5 𝑙 √(1 + 0.45+𝑘
𝑘2
) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
1 2
= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

0.08 = 86.60mm
= 0.5 (2400)√(1 + ) (2)
0.45+0.08
= 1820.64mm
𝑘2
0.45+𝑘2
𝜆=
𝑖
1820.64
=
86.60
= 21.02
𝑤1 𝐿 𝑤2 𝐿 𝑤𝐿
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 = + 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌 =
2 2 2
38.96 × 6.069 28.43 × 6.069 56.78 × 3.069
= + =
2 2 2
= 204.5kN = 87.13kN

= 204.5 + 87.13
= 291.63kN

30
= 26.2 / √291.63 × 103 /300 × 300 × (0.85 × 1.5)
= 60 > 𝝀 = 21.02
14
6.069m 3.069m
6.069m
38.96kN/m 56.78kN/m
28.43kN/m
FEM = w𝐿2 /12
FEM = w𝐿2 /12 FEM = w𝐿2 /12
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 11 FEM from beam to Column B1, B3, C1, C3
For moment 𝑴𝒛
Member stiffness:

= 675 × 106 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/6069
= 281250 = 444,883.84
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 2 × 444,883.84
= 0.24
w1 𝐿2 w2 𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑧 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 = - 𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 × Distribution Factor +
12 12 400
(38.96)(6.069)2 2
(28.43)(6.069) 204.5 ×1820.64 × 10−3
= − = 32.32 × 0.24 +
12 12 400
= 32.32kNm = 8.69kNm
15
For moment 𝑴𝒀
Member stiffness:
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

6
= 675 × 10 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/3069
= 281250 = 879,765.40
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 879,765.40
= 0.24
w𝐿2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑦 𝑙0
(56.78)(3.069)2 400
= 87.13 ×1820.64 × 10−3
12 = 44.57 × 0.24 +
400
= 44.57kNm
= 11.09kNm

𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
8.69
= 11.09
204.5 =
87.13
= 0.04m = 0.127m
= 40mm = 127mm
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 40 127 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 127 40
/ = / / = /
ℎ 𝑏 300 300 𝑏 ℎ 300 300
= 0.31 > 0.2 = 3.175 > 0.2
∴ Since / > 0.2 and /
ℎ
> 0.2, thus there is biaxial bending.
ℎ 𝑏 𝑏
16
Y
d’
300mm
Z Z
h’
Mz
𝑑2 b’
300mm
My
Y
d’ = 𝑑2 = Cover + ∅/2 h’ = h – d’ b’ = b -𝑑2

= 55 + 16/2 = 300 -63 = 300 – 63
= 63mm = 237mm = 237mm
𝑀𝑧 8.69 ×106
= = 36.67× 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
ℎ′ 237
𝑀𝑦 11.09 ×106
= = 46.79 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑N
𝑏′ 237
𝑀𝑦
As
𝑏′
≥ 𝑀ℎ′𝑧 thus:
𝑏′ 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀′ 𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑧 𝛽=1−
ℎ′ 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
237
= 11.09 + 0.89 237 × 8.69 291.63×103
=1−
(300)(300)30
= 18.82kNm
= 0.89
17
𝑁𝐸𝐷 291.63×103
= (300)(300)30
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.11
𝑀𝐸𝐷 18.82×106
= (300)(3002 )30
𝑏ℎ2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.02
Check: 𝑑 ′ /ℎ = 63/300 = 0.21
∴ Use 𝑑′ /𝒉 = 0.25 chart
=0
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002(300)(300)

= 180𝒎𝒎𝟐

= 7200𝑚𝑚2

diameter should not be less than 12mm
= 804.25𝒎𝒎𝟐
= min {20 × 16 = 320mm; 300mm; 400mm}
= 300mm
18
3.3 Design of Column A2 and D2
6.069m 3.069m
3.069m
28.39kN/m
77.91kN/m 20.72kN/m
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 12 Loading on Column A2 and D2
𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m
𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3
12 12
300 ×3003 300 ×6003
= =
12 12
= 𝟔𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 =𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑘1 = ∑
𝟔𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟔 /2400
=
2(5400×106 𝑚𝑚4 )
6069
= 0.158
19
𝑙0
1
= 0.5 𝑙 √(1 + 0.45+𝑘
𝑘 2
) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
1 2
= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

0.158 = 86.60mm
= 0.5 (2400)√(1 + ) (2)
0.45+0.158
= 1904.84mm
𝑘2
0.45+𝑘2
𝜆=
𝑖
1904.84
=
86.60
= 22
𝑤𝐿 𝑤1 𝐿 𝑤2 𝐿
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌 = +
2 2 2
77.91 × 6.069 28.39 × 3.069 20.72 × 3.069
=
2
= +
2 2
= 236.42kN = 75.36kN

= 236.42 + 75.36
= 311.78kN

30
= 26.2 / √311.78 × 103 /300 × 300 × (0.85 × 1.5)
= 58.04 > 𝝀 = 21.02
20
6.069m 3.069m
3.069m
28.39kN/m
77.91kN/m 20.72kN/m
FEM = w𝐿2 /12 FEM = w𝐿2 /12

FEM = w𝐿2 /12
Z-Z axis Y-Y axis
Figure 13 FEM on Column A2 and D2
For moment 𝑴𝒛
Member stiffness:

= 675 × 106 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/6069
= 281250 = 444,883.84
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 444,883.84
= 0.387
21
w𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑧 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 = 𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 × Distribution Factor +
12 400
(77.91)(6.069)2 236.42 ×1904.84 × 10−3
= = 239.14 × 0.387 +
12 400
= 239.14kN =93.67kNm
For moment 𝑴𝒀
Member stiffness:

6
= 675 × 10 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/3069
= 281250 = 879,765.40
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 2 × 879,765.40
= 0.138
1 w 𝐿2 w2 𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑦 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 = 12 -
400
(28.39)(3.069)2 (20.72)(3.069)2 75.36 ×1904.84 × 10−3
= − = 6.02 × 0.138 +
12 12 400
= 6.02kNm = 1.19kNm

𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
93.67
= 1.19
236.42 =
75.36
= 0.396m = 0.016m
= 396mm = 16mm
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 396 16 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 16 396
/ = / / = /
ℎ 𝑏 300 300 𝑏 ℎ 300 300
= 24.75 > 0.2 = 0.04
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦
∴ Since / > 0.2, thus there is biaxial bending.
ℎ 𝑏
22
Y
d’
300mm
Z Z
h’
Mz
𝑑2 b’
300mm
My
Y
d’ = 𝑑2 = Cover + ∅/2 h’ = h – d’ b’ = b -𝑑2

= 55 + 16/2 = 300 -63 = 300 – 63
= 63mm = 237mm = 237mm
𝑀𝑧 93.67 ×106
= = 395.23 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
ℎ′ 237
𝑀𝑦 1.19 ×106
= = 5.02 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
𝑏′ 237
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
As
ℎ′
≥ 𝑏′
thus:
ℎ′ 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀′ 𝑧 = 𝑀𝑧 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑦 𝛽=1−
𝑏 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
237
= 93.67 + 0.88 237 × 1.19 311.78×103
=1−
(300)(300)30
= 94.72kNm
= 0.88
23
𝑁𝐸𝐷 311.78×103
= (300)(300)30
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.12
𝑀𝐸𝐷 94.72×106
= (300)(3002 )30
= 0.12
Check: 𝑑 ′ /ℎ = 63/300 = 0.21
∴ Use 𝑑′ /𝒉 = 0.20 chart for 6 steel bar
= 0.2
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.2× 300 ×300× 30

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 =
500
= 1080𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002(300)(300)

= 180𝒎𝒎𝟐

= 7200𝑚𝑚2

According to the chart, 6 steel bars are required. For our project H16 is used.
= 1206.37𝒎𝒎𝟐
= min {20 × 16 = 320mm; 300mm; 400mm}
= 300mm
24
3.4 Design of Column B2 and C2
6.069m
6.069m
77.91kN/m
56.85kN/m
Z-Z axis
3.069m
3.069m
56.78kN/m
41.43kN/m
Y-Y axis
Figure 14 Loading on Column B2 and C2
25
𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m
𝑏ℎ3 𝑏ℎ3
12 12
300 ×3003 300 ×6003
= =
12 12
𝟔 𝟒
= 𝟔𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 =𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
𝑘1 = ∑
𝟔𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟔 /2400
=
2(5400×106 𝑚𝑚4 )
2×
6069
= 0.079
𝑙0
1
= 0.5 𝑙 √(1 + 0.45+𝑘
𝑘 2
) (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )
1 2
= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

0.079 = 86.60mm
= 0.5 (2400)√(1 + ) (2)
0.45+0.079
= 1819.37mm
𝑘2
0.45+𝑘2
𝜆=
𝑖
1819.37
=
86.60
= 21
26
𝑤1 𝐿 𝑤2 𝐿 𝑤1 𝐿 𝑤2 𝐿
𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 = + 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌 = +
2 2 2 2
77.91 × 6.069 56.85 × 6.069 56.78 × 3.069 41.43 × 3.069
= + = +
2 2 2 2
= 408.93kN = 150.70kN

= 408.93 + 150.70
= 559.63kN

30
= 26.2 / √559.63 × 103 /300 × 300 × (0.85 × 1.5)
= 43.32 > 𝝀 = 21
27
6.069m
6.069m
77.91kN/m
56.85kN/m
FEM = w𝐿2 /12
Z-Z axis
3.069m
3.069m
56.78kN/m
41.43kN/m
FEM = w𝐿2 /12 FEM = w𝐿2 /12
Y-Y axis
Figure 15 FEM on Column B2 and C2
28
For moment 𝑴𝒛
Member stiffness:

= 675 × 106 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/6069
= 281250 = 444,883.84
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 2 × 444,883.84
= 0.24
w1 𝐿2 w2 𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑧 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 = - 𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑍−𝑍 × Distribution Factor +
12 12 400
(77.91)(6.069)2 2
(56.85)(6.069) 408.93 ×1819.37 × 10−3
= − = 64.64 × 0.24 +
12 12 400
= 64.64kN =17.37kNm
For moment 𝑴𝒀
Member stiffness:

6
= 675 × 10 /2400 = 0.5(5400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 )/3069
= 281250 = 879,765.40
∑𝑘
281250
=
281250+ 2 × 879,765.40
= 0.138
1 w 𝐿2 w2 𝐿2 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑦 𝑙0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 = 12 - 𝑀𝑌 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑌−𝑌 × Distribution Factor +
12
400
(56.78)(3.069)2 (41.43)(3.069)2 150.70 ×1819.37 × 10−3
= − = 12.05 × 0.138 +
12 12 400
= 12.05kNm = 2.35kNm
29
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
17.37
= 2.35
408.93 =
150.7
= 0.042m = 0.016m
= 42mm = 16mm
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 42 16 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 16 42
/ = / / = /
ℎ 𝑏 300 300 𝑏 ℎ 300 300
= 2.625 > 0.2 = 0.38 > 0.2
∴ Since / > 0.2 and / > 0.2, thus there is biaxial bending.
ℎ 𝑏 𝑏 ℎ

Y
d’
300mm
Z Z
h’
Mz
𝑑2 b’
300mm
My
Y
d’ = 𝑑2 = Cover + ∅/2 h’ = h – d’ b’ = b -𝑑2

= 55 + 16/2 = 300 -63 = 300 – 63
= 63mm = 237mm = 237mm
30
𝑀𝑧 17.37 ×106
= = 73.29 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
ℎ′ 237
𝑀𝑦 2.35 ×106
= = 9.92 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
𝑏′ 237
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
As
ℎ′
≥ 𝑏′
thus:
ℎ′ 𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 𝑀′ 𝑧 = 𝑀𝑧 + 𝛽 × 𝑀𝑦 𝛽=1−
𝑏 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
237
= 17.37 + 0.79 237 × 2.35 559.63×103
=1−
= 19.23kNm (300)(300)30
= 0.79
𝑁𝐸𝐷 559.63×103
= (300)(300)30
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.21
𝑀𝐸𝐷 19.23×106
= (300)(3002 )30
= 0.02
Check: 𝑑 ′ /ℎ = 63/300 = 0.21
∴ Use 𝑑′ /𝒉 = 0.25 chart for 4 steel bar
=0
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002(300)(300)

= 180𝒎𝒎𝟐

= 7200𝑚𝑚2
31
diameter should not be less than 12mm
= 804.25𝒎𝒎𝟐
= min {20 × 16 = 320mm; 300mm; 400mm}
= 300mm
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this report, 4 columns were designed:
1. Column A1, A3, D1, D3
2. Column B1, B3, C1, C3
3. Column A2 and D2
4. Column B2 and C2
The design of these columns is done using charts from Eurocode 2.
32

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1.

2.0 PROCEDURE (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)

Step 1. Determine whether the column is a short or long column by computing

𝑙0 is the effective height of the column.

𝑙 is the clear height of the column between end restraint.

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 26.2 / √𝑁𝐸𝐷 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 [Equation 3]

- If 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 , then the column is a long column.

- First, the load distribution of the slab must be determined.

Half length Half length

Figure 1 Load transfer from beam to column

Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

Corner Column Interior Column

Max (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

FEM = w𝐿2 /12

- For an example, we start from the z-z axis.

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

- Repeat the same steps for the y-y axis to get 𝑀𝑦

Step 3. Check for biaxial bending

- If either one of the condition is satisfied, then there is a biaxial bending.

Figure 3 Section of column with biaxial bending

- Then check for the dominating moment:

𝑁𝐸𝐷 𝑀𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘

- Do check for maximum area of reinforcement = 0.08bh.

Figure 4 Column Design Chart for d2/h = 0.25

Figure 6 Cross Section of Column and Beam Figure 7. Section of Column

- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Diameter of main steel bar = 16mm

1. Column A1, A3, D1, D3

2. Column B1, B3, C1, C3

Z-Z axis Y-Y axis

Figure 8 Loading on Column A1, A3, D1, D3

Step 1. Determine whether the column is a short or long column.

𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m

= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

38.96 × 6.069 28.39 × 3.069

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 + 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌

𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 26.2 / √𝑁𝐸𝐷 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

∴ The column is a short column.

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 161.78kN (found from step 1)

Step 3. Find the moment (𝑴𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒚 ) acting on the column

FEM = w𝐿2 /12 FEM = w𝐿2 /12

Z-Z axis Y-Y axis

Figure 9 FEM from beam to Column A1, A3, D1, D3

𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.5(𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = (𝐼/𝑙)𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 =0.5 (𝐼/𝑙)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

Step 3. Check for biaxial bending

𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑦 396 129 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧 129 396

d’ = 𝑑2 = Cover + ∅/2 h’ = h – d’ b’ = b -𝑑2

∴ Use 𝑑′ /𝒉 = 0.25 chart

From Column Design Chart

0.10× 300 ×300× 30

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = minimum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.002(300)(300)

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum area of reinforcement allowed = 0.08(300)(300)

Number of steel bars to be provided:

∴ As 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 is so small, 4 bars of steel bar (H16) is adequate.

Maximum shear link spacing

∴ Provide Shear link (H10) with spacing 300mm c/c.

Z-Z axis Y-Y axis

Figure 10 Loading on Column B1, B3, C1, C3

Step 1. Determine whether the column is a short or long column.

𝑙 = 3.0 – 0.6 = 2.4m

= √675 × 106 /(300 × 300)

𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑍 + 𝑁𝐸𝐷,𝑌