WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

COMPONENTS OF THE WATER

SUPPLY SYSTEM
Module 1

DANILO B. PULMA
College of Engineering
Eastern Visayas State University
Tacloban City
The purpose of distribution system is
to deliver water to consumer with
appropriate quality, quantity and
pressure.

Distribution system is used to describe

collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of
usage.
Requirements of Good Distribution
System...

Water quality should not get

deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying
water at all the intended places with
sufficient pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying the
requisite amount of water during fire
fighting.
The layout should be such that no
consumer would be without water
supply, during the repair of any section
of the system.

All the distribution pipes should be

preferably laid one metre away or
above the sewer lines.

It should be fairly water-tight as to

keep losses due to leakage to the
minimum.
 LEVELS OF SERVICE
 LEVEL 1 (Point Source)
This level provides a protected well or a developed spring
with an outlet, but without a distribution system which
normally serves 15 to 20 households within a radius of 250
meters;

Water supply
 LEVELS OF SERVICE

 LEVEL 2 (Communal Faucet System or Stand Posts)

This type of system is composed of a source, a reservoir,
a piped distribution network, and communal faucets.
Usually, one faucet serves four to six households within a
radius of 25 meters.

Water supply
 Typical Level II System Layout
(with Ground Reservoir)

Ground Reservoir

Transmission Main

Tap Stand
Valve

Distribution Lines
 Typical Level II System Layout
(with Elevated Storage Tank)
Elevated
Well Pump Storage
Tank

Transmission Main

Valve
Tap Stand

Distribution Pipes
 LEVELS OF SERVICE
 LEVEL 3 (Waterworks System or Individual House
Connections)
This system includes a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution
network, and individual household taps. It is generally suited for
densely populated urban areas where the population can afford
individual connections.

12

Water supply
 Typical Level 3 Water Supply System (Well)

Water
Reservoir

Well
source

13

Water supply
 Typical Level 3 Water Supply System (Spring)

Spring Box

14

Water supply
 WATER SUPPLY COMPONENTS

 SOURCE FACILITIES
 Springs, Deep Wells, Surface Water (intake, infiltration
gallery/infiltration well)
 TREATMENT FACILITIES
 Chlorinator, sand filter, complete water treatment plant
 STORAGE FACILITIES
Raw water tank, clean water tank
 TRANSMISSION LINE
Pipeline from source to storage facilities
 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
Distribution mains, control valves, individual connections,
fire hydrants, booster pumps
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Water supply
Sources

Springs

Deep Wells
Sources

Surface Water
(River)
 TREATMENT FACILITIES

Rapid sand filters for surface water Iron & manganese removal for
sources groundwater sources
 TREATMENT FACILITIES

• AERATORS
• FILTERS
• CHLORINATION EQUIPMENT
• pH ADJUSTMENT EQUIPMENT
Facilities Commonly Used for Treatment of
Water Wells and Springs

• Aerators (for oxidation of iron, and removal of

dissolved gases, tastes and odors)
• Filters (for removal of oxides, lime residue, etc.)
• Chemical mixers (mainly for addition of lime to
adjust acidity)
• Chlorinators (for disinfection)
Aerators
Devices most commonly used for aerating
water are:

• Multiple Tray Aerators

• Cascade Aerators
• Air Compressor and Diffusor Pipes
• Spray Nozzle Aerators
Filters

-Filtration Cycle
Water flows downward through layers of sand and some coarser
medium. The material being filtered out accumulates at, or just below,
the surface of the filter media and must occasionally be removed by
backwashing then to waste, to eliminate clogging effect of removed
pre-treatment.

-Backwash Cycle
Essential for effective, trouble-free operation of the filter units.
Chlorination Equipment
Is the most widely used means of disinfecting
public water supplies. It aims to kill any
disease-causing micro-organism that might
get into the water supply system.
TERMINOLOGY

Chlorine Demand –the amount of chlorine that reacts to different

compounds of water that combine chemically with chlorine.

Chlorine Residual –The amount of chlorine available for

disinfection after chlorine demand is satisfied.

Contact Time –the time required to kill a micro-organism after

chlorine first comes in contact with it.

Dosage –refers to the amount of chemical applied to the water.

Feed Rate –is the rate at which chlorine solution or gas is

injected into the water.
Basic ways of introducing
Chlorine into the water
 Hypochlorination or the
injecting of a chlorine solution,
and
 Injection of pure chlorine gas
Hypochlorination

Refers to the injection of

a solution of a powdered
or a liquid chlorine into
the water by the use of a
HYPOCHLORINATOR.
 pH Adjustment Equipment
“pH” is the scientific shorthand for the concentration of
hydrogen ions in the water
Value of “pH” in Water
< 7.0 - Acidic
7.0 – Neutral
> 7.0 - Alkaline
Slightly acidic or slightly alkaline water causes no
problems in water, however, strongly acidic water must
be treated in order to prevent corrosion of metallic
pipe, valves, steel tanks and customer plumbing.
 STORAGE FACILITIES
Ground tank

Elevated tank
Purposes:

 Impound Water
 Store Water
 Equalize rates of flow
 Equalize pressure in the
distribution system
 Respond to emergencies
TYPES OF RESERVOIR
 By material (reinforced concrete or steel)
 By location/setting (ground or elevated)
 By function (fill & draw or floating)
 Reservoir
1. Capacity - as a rule of thumb, reservoir
capacity = ¼ of daily water demand.

2. In selection of reservoir site, natural elevated

areas should be given first priority. In flat
areas where elevated reservoir is to be
constructed, location is preferably built
central to the distribution system or opposite
the source to avoid long and/or large
diameter pipes.
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 Operation of Reservoir
1. Floating-on-the-Line – water is both pumped
into the reservoir and distribution system.
Water goes up the reservoir when demand is
low, and water is withdrawn from the tank
during peak demand. Requires continuous
pumping at low capacity.
2. Fill-and-Draw System – Water is pumped
directly into the reservoir and from the
reservoir, water supply is distributed to the
service area through gravity flow. This
requires high pumping capacity at shorter
duration. 32
Advantages of Elevated Storage

 Pumps are operated at constant head

 Pumps need not be operated continuously
 Short-time power outages do not affect
water pressure and supply
 Pressures in the distribution system may
be equalized by strategic location of the
tank
Advantages of Ground Reservoir

 Lower first cost

 Lower maintenance cost
 Easy observation of stored-water quality
 Greater safety
 Avoidance of unsightliness and other
objectionable features of elevated storage
Sizing of Reservoirs

 Operating Storage (15 % to 30 % of ADD)

 Emergency Storage (2 hrs of Peak Hour
Demand)
 Fire Storage
TRANSMISSION LINE
 Sample Profile along Transmission
Pipelines
Intake Box

Pressure Breaker
Hydraulic Grade Line

Isolation Valve Air Release Valve

Reservoir

Isolation Valve
Blow Off Valve

Service Area
 Transmission Line
DISTANCE = 4,500 meters

EL. 54.00

Assuming a PVC pipe, C = 140, what

diameter is required to transmit 30
Max OWL = 36.60
lps from the spring to the reservoir ?
Max OWL = 33.50

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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Pipelines where customers tap

Layouts of Distribution Network

The distribution pipes are generally

laid below the road pavements, and as
such their layouts generally follow the
layouts of roads.

There are, in general, four different

types of pipe networks; any one of
which either singly or in combinations,
can be used for a particular place.
They are:

Dead End System

Radial System

Grid Iron System

Ring System
Dead End System...
It is suitable for old towns and cities
having no definite pattern of roads.
Advantages
Relatively cheap.
Determination of discharges and
pressure easier due to less number of
valves.

Disadvantages
Due to many dead ends, stagnation of
water occurs in pipes.
Radial System...

The area is divided into different

zones.

The water is pumped into the

distribution reservoir kept in the
middle of each zone.

 The supply pipes are laid radially

ending towards the periphery.
Advantages:
It gives quick service.
Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.
Grid Iron System...
It is suitable for cities with rectangular
layout, where the water mains and
branches are laid in rectangles.
Advantages
Water is kept in good circulation due
to the absence of dead ends.
In the cases of a breakdown in some
section, water is available from some
other direction.

Disadvantages
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is
not possible due to provision of valves
on all branches.
Ring System...

The supply main is laid all along the

peripheral roads and sub mains branch out
from the mains.

 This system also follows the grid iron

system with the flow pattern similar in
character to that of dead end system.

So, determination of the size of pipes is

easy.
Advantages
Water can be supplied to any point
from at least two directions.
The Water Distribution System

Hydraulic Considerations:
 Friction loss in pipe (Hazen Williams C)
 Hydraulic grade line
 Pumping Equipment
Most pumps used in waterworks,
including both well pumps and
booster, are of the centrifugal
turbine or submersible type.
Pumping Facilities
Pump selection

Pump size should be determined by :

Static water level i) Well yield
ii) No. of operating hours
Pumping • Base (sustained flow)
water level • Peak hour flow
• Scheduled delivery
iii) “Fill-and-draw” or “Float” system
iv) Hydraulic zones
v) Delivery pressures

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System Facilities
Pump selection
- Centrifugal pumps for total dynamic head
(TDH) of 6 m or less
- Jet pumps or submersible pump for 6 to 20 m
TDH
- Submersible pumps or a vertical line shaft
turbine pump for TDH >20 m

Power (Kw) = 9.81 x (1/eff) x Q X TDH

Q = discharge (CMS)
TDH = total dynamic head (m)
eff = 60% to 80%

Power (HP) = Kw/0.746

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 Pumping Facilities
Terminology of Pump Performance
 Head and Pressure
 Head Loss – Pressure that is lost due to
friction between water and the walls of the
pipe or between individual drops of water.
 Efficiency – is the total energy supplied to the
water by the pump expressed as a percentage of
the total electrical or mechanical energy supplied to
the driver.
Pump Efficiency – Usable work produced by the
pump.
Motor Efficiency – actual power delivered by the
motor
 Pumping Facilities
 Horse Power (HP) – basic unit of mechanical
energy to lift a given amount through a given
distance in a given time.
 Total Dynamic Head (TDH) – the total TDH the
pump must deliver includes lift and pipeline head
losses.
 Lift – the total vertical distance the water is raised.
 Capacity – is the rate of flow of water being
pumped.
 Shut-Off Head – the head pumped against the
which there is no discharge.
 Typical
Deepwell
Pump to
Reservoir
Set up

PALMA PEREZ DEEPWELL

MLANG, NORTH COTABATO
END OF PRESENTATION