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The trend of getting structures analyzed scientifically for structural safety and economic
reasons is getting more and more popular nowadays. The desire to learn about such an
analysis and design has motivated us for this project, entitled “Detailed Structural
Analysis and Design of Five and a half Storey Residential Building.
We are highly indebted to the help and advice of our dedicated teachers and our helpful
friends collaborating with in the preparation of the project report. Our advisor Asst. Prof.
Ajay Khadka, Department of Civil Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, deserves our
special acknowledgement for his valuable guidance, care, expertise and devotion of time
in bringing out this report in this format in complete and concise volume. We benefited a
lot in a great deal from his logical thoughts, experience and incisive comments
We also sincerely thank all the friends directly and indirectly supporting us in bringing
out this report to its completion..
Finally, we want to express our heartily thanks to all those who directly or indirectly
provided us their cooperation in the completion of this project.
PREFACE
This project work is a mandatory part of B.E Civil final semester curriculum. Our project
group has chosen to do analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete framed building under
the guidance of our dedicated teacher Asst. Prof. Ajay Khadka.
Among the two category of building structure, via, load bearing and framed structures,
here, in the project work the building frame structure is practiced. Building frame is a
three dimensional structure as space consist of rigidly interconnected beams, slabs and
columns. It produces greater number of the redundancy thus reduces the moments and
facilitates the even distribution of the load.
The degree of sophistication to which structural analysis is carried out depends on the
importance of structure and available resource.
A highly redundant space structure is splited into different 3D frames and is then
analyzed by using the help of STAAD Pro software. Though the vivid use of computer
software has lessened the burden of repeated calculations on analysis, it is clear that for
understanding the process physically and realizing the structural behavior, manual step by
step procedure is necessary. However, due to time constrain and to be familiar with
computer software, the structural analysis part is performed using computer software
“STAAD Pro.” and design work is performed manually with reference to different codes
of practice.
Though every care has been taken to make the report free from errors, yet we shall be
obliged, if errors present shall be brought to our notice. We will warmly welcome
constructive criticism
List of Abbreviations
Symbols Description
Ac : Areaof concrete
Ag : Gross sectional area
Ast : Areaof tensile steel
Asc : Area of compression steel
Asv : Area of vertical stirrups
b : width of beam or shorter dimensions of column
bf : Effective width of flange in a T-beam
bw : breadth of web in T-beam
D : effective depth of beam or slab
emin : minimum eccentricity
fck : characteristic compressive strength of concrete
fsc : compressive stress in steel corresponding to strain of 0.002
fst : tensile stress in steel
fy : characteristic yield strength of steel
Ld : development length of bar
L : length of column or span of beam
Lo : anchorage length of bar
lo : distance between points of zero moments
Leff : effective length of beam or column or slab
Mu : factored design moment
Mlim : limiting moment of resistance
Mux : factored design moment along x-x axis
Muy : factored design moment along y-y axis
Muxl : maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial
load, bending about x – x axis
Muyl : maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial
load, bending about y –y axis
Mi : moment of inertia of the section
M : modular ratio
P : Axial load
Pu : factored design axial load
p : percentage of reinforcement
pc : percentage of compression reinforcement
pt : percentage of tension reinforcement
Sv : spacing of vertical stirrups
V : shear force
Vu : factored shear force
Xu : depth of neutral axis at the limit state of collapse
Xumax : maximum depth of neutral axis
Z : lever arm
abc : permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
sc : permissible stress in steel in compression
st : permissible stress in steel in tension
v : nominal shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
bd : design bond stress
cmax : maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
: Diameter of tor steel bar
Ast, req : required area of tensile steel
Asc, req : required area of compressive steel
Ast, pro : provided area of tensile steel
Asc, pro : provided area of compressive steel
Sv, sp16 : spacing of vertical stirrups from ductility consideration
Sv, DUC : spacing of vertical stirrups from ductility consideration
Sv, prov : provided spacing of vertical stirrups
: unit weight of soil at site
p : safe bearing capacity of soil at site
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing‟s and shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living.
Development of economically and socially appropriate and environmentally comfortable
shelter has been priority of the people in attempt to enhancing their quality of life.
Appropriate shelter has been identified important element to lead productive and
dignified life.
Kathmandu being the capital city of Nepal is one of the densely populated cities. As it is
rapidly developing, construction of residential house is becoming costly and unaffordable
by large section of population and especially those belonging to lower economic strata.
The increase in the cost of development of a house in the city core is due essentially to
high cost of housing plots and higher labor cost. Contrary to urban areas, the development
of residential housing in the peri urban areas is largely spontaneous and has been
proceeding without much consideration of human comfort and environmental sanitation.
In the developing countries like Nepal, present situation of water scarcity, energy crisis
and challenges in waste management have becoming worse day by day and are being the
headache for people especially in the capital city Kathmandu. Growing environmental
issues have affected the construction process of residential building. So residential
building might be the better choice if constructed on peri-urban areas of Kathmandu. This
building is designed for the general case of Kathmandu valley which lies on earthquake
zone V. It indicates higher value of earthquake. Hence the effect of earthquake is pre-
dominant than the wind load. So, the building is analyzed for earthquake as lateral load.
The seismic coefficient design method as stipulated an IS 1893:2002 (Part 1) is applied to
analyze the building for earthquake. Special reinforced concrete moment resisting frame
is considered as the main in structural system of the building.
This project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in
Indian Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456-2000,
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake
Resistant Design Structures IS 1893-2000, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and
Detailing SP-34. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety,
economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of
cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These codes are based on principles of
Limit State of Design. The earthquake resistant residential building possessing its own
characteristics such as rain water harvesting located in the peri-urban areas is the main
output expected in undertaking this project work.
1
• Column
Modeling in STAAD
Detail design:
• Slab, Column, Beam, Staircase, Foundation.
• Rain water Harvesting
Design methods:
Limit state design.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
Concerning with the building project, every client of a designer will obviously hope the
safe and economic proposal from him. So the aim of the project is to design the safe and
economical residential building especially focusing on the peri-urban areas of Kathmandu
valley.
To develop plan of five storied building in which ground floor is subscribed for
mini mart & remaining floors for residential purpose.
To analyze the static and dynamic loads on proposed building using STAADPRO.
To perform structural analysis and design the components of the proposed
building.
To design the residential building in peri-urban areas to minimize the rising over
crowded situation in Kathmandu city.
To develop the self-confidence to attain the similar project in the near future as
professional and to give the client full satisfaction.
2
1.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Name of the Project : Commercial Building with Rental Housing
Location : Mulpani
Structure system : RCC framed structure
No. of storey : 4 & a half storied
Type of Slab : Two way Slab
Type of beam : Rectangular (400*300mm)
Type of column : Square (400*400mm)
Type of foundation : Raft Foundation
Type of staircase : Open well Staircase
Method of analysis : STAAD PRO
Design concept : Limit State Design
Concrete grade : M20
Reinforcement grade : Fe415
Dead load : As per materials usage in building
Live load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
Seismic load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
Topography : Plain terrain
Floor to Floor height : 2..74m
Plinth Area : 125.32m2
Occupancy of the building: Ground floor used as mini mart & other
floors are residential.
3
It will improve our analytical technique to some extent that the design may become
reality, by repeated systematic analysis until the design constraints are satisfied, we will
not be benefited until our theoretical knowledge be correlated to the design works. By
designing the structure we can develop judgment, perception, imagination and creativity,
in short the ability to handle the works.
Project work is carried out for structural analysis, design and reinforcement
detailing of RCC framed structures
Besides, this project work that we have tried to perform does not deal with all the criteria
of the requirements of the building construction. So there are some of the criteria within
which the scope of the project work is limited which are as below:
This project work is limited to the structural analysis and the design only.
Design and layout of the building services like pipeline, electrical appliances,
sanitary and sewage system are not covered.
The project is not concerned with the existing soil condition of the locality.The
bearing capacity of the soil is assumed.
The environmental, social and economic condition of that locality is not taken into
consideration.
The project work is related only with the practical application of the studied
courses in the field.
4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Structurally a building may consist of a load bearing walls and floors. The floor slab may
be supported on beams which in turn may be supported on walls or columns. But, for a
multistoried structure a building frame is made either in steel or a reinforcement concrete.
This frame is designed for all the vertical and horizontal loads transmitted through the
frame. The openings between the columns where necessary will be filled with thin brick
walls. A frame of this type will consist of columns and beams built monolithically
forming a network. This provides rigidity to the connection members by this arrangement
the bending moments for the members of the structures are reduced. Earthquake loads and
other horizontal loads due to winds etc. are evenly distributed to the whole structures.
This makes the structure not only safe but economical.
The tentative size of structural elements are determined through the preliminary design so
that after analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviate considerably, thus
making the final design both safe and economical.
5
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums,
places of work ship etc.
6
v. Beams
vi. Slabs
vii. Doors, windows and ventilations
viii. Staircase
ix. Roof
x. Building finishes
xi. Building services
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
The project provided to us is completed performing each section works mentioned in the
contents before .The following stages are involved in the analysis and design of four
storied building.
3.2.1 Slab
For slab, preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria span /effective depth
= 26*modification factor.( IS456-2000 Art 23.2.1)
3.2.2 Beam
Thumb rule of 1‟-0”=0‟-1” (d=L/12 to L/15) basis is adopted to consider the preliminary
design of the beam section.
b/D=1/2
3.2.3 Column
Preliminary design of column is done consideration and interior column. For the load
acting in the column, live load is decreased according to IS 875-1978.
Cross-section of the columns are adopted considering the economy. Square column
section is adopted in this building project as per the internal aesthetic requirements.
3.2.4 Staircase
7
Stairs is designed as per drawing. Column for stairs boxes is not included in the grid
system but they are assumed to be simply tied with main frame with beam.
3.4 ANALYSIS
There are three types of loads for which the provided proposed project is designed:
3.6 DATA
3.6.1 Architectural Drawings
The architectural drawing is prepared by our group members.
8
3.7 DESIGN METHOD
Design methods available (or in use) are:
9
CHAPTER 4
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members
before analysis of structure. Grid diagram is the basic factor for analysis in both
Approximate and Exact method and is presented below.
10
From Art 23.2.1,(IS 456-2000)
We know, (Span/d) =αβγδλ
Where, α=26
β=1,
δ=1
λ =1
fs=N/mm2
γ=1.45
11
Depth of beam(d)=L/10 to L/15
1. Along alphabetical grid(longest span=4.87m
Adopt length(Lc/c)=5m
(Leff)=5 m
Width of beam:
Take 1/2 to 2/3 of d
1. Along alphabetical grid (longest span = 4.87)
D = 400mm
Take b/D = 1/2
b =0.5*D = 0.5*400 = 200mm
adopt (b) =300mm
12
Adopt Numerical grid,
Adopt B*D = 300*400mm
Remark
Thick- Unit
S.N. Material Unit Page/
ness Weight
S.N.
Remark
S.N. Description UDL Unit
Page/ S.N.
13
6. Roof access not provided 0.75 KN/m2 8/11
14
4. 25mm thick marble 26.7*25/1000= 0.668
5. 12.5mm thick cement plaster 20.40*12.5/1000=0.255
Total Dead Load = 6.932 KN/M2
Live load = 2 KN/M2
15
(b) Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2
16
4.5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF CRITICAL COLUMN
17
(a) Self-load of beam
Along (B-B):-
(3.96-0.4)*(0.4-0.14)*0.3*25 = 6.942 KN
Along (3-3):-
(3.89-0.4)*(0.4-0.14)*0.3*25 = 6.805 KN
(b) Using 12.5 mm plaster
Along (B-B):-
((3.96-0.4)*0.0125*((0.4-0.14)*2+ 0.3))*20.4
=0.744 KN
Along (3-3):-
((3.89-0.4)*0.0125*(0.4-0.14)*2+ 0.3))*20.4
=0.729 KN
Hence total load
= (6.942+6.805+0.744+0.729)
=15.22 KN
(B) Loading due to wall
(((3.89-0.4)*0.0125*(2.74-0.4)*2)*20.4) =4.165KN
Hence total load of floor = 15.4044+4.248+4.165 = 233.817 KN
(C) Loading due to slab
Area * thickness *25
=15.4044*0.14*25=53.915 KN
Floor finishing = area *1
=15.4044*1 = 15.4044 KN
18
4.5.2 Load Calculation
Staircas - - - - - - 3.96*3.89*1.5
e cover =23.1066
= 1.3*1299.567
= 1689.43827 KN
Assuming % of steel (0.8% - 4 %)
Now from Sp 16 chart 25 using M20 concrete and Fe 415
Pu/Ag =13 N/mm²
Ag = 1689.43827 * 1000/13
= 129956.79 mm2
For square column
One side of column = 360.49 mm
Hence, adopt size of column 400mm * 400mm
19
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL ANALYSIS
20
12.5 mm thick plaster at coping = (0.23*0.0125+0.075*0.0125*2)+(0.06*0.0125*2)*20.4
= 0.127KN/M
% of imposed
SN Imposed Uniformly Distributed Floor loads (KN/m2) load
1 Up to and including 3.0 25
2 Above 3.0 50
21
For calculating the design seismic force of the structure, the imposed load on the roof need not
To be considered.
22
5.3.2 LUMPED LOAD OF BEAM
Self-weight = 1.95KN/M
8 5.944 47.552
3.0487(Y) 168.830
4 9.5121 38.0484
4.878(X)
23
5.3.3 LUMPED LOAD OF COLUMN
Total = 81.6 KN
c) Intermediate floor
i) Outside wall (230 mm thick)
Along X-X direction = [(2.8963*3-0.4*3)+(4.878*2-0.4*2)]*7.93338+10.067
= 247.4567 KN
Along Y-Y direction = [(3.0487*4-0.4*4)+(4.878*2-0.4*2)]*7.93338= 155.1039KN
24
Along Y-Y direction= 3.633*1.67= 6.067 KN
Therefore, Grand total =590.09 KN
d) Ground floor
Outside wall (230 mm)
25
Z I Sa
Ah
2R g
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V,
Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor, I = 1.5 (being similar to community building)
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7,
R = 5.0
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on
Fundamental natural period of vibration (T a).
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2
0.09 h
Ta
d
Where,
h = height of building in m, h = 14.157 m
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m
along the considered direction of the lateral force.
Along X-axis;
d = 10.67m
0.09 x 14.157
Ta x 0.39 sec
10.67
Now,
0.36 x 1 x 2.5
Ah x 0.09
2 x5
Along Y-axis;
d = 10.97 m
0.09 x 14.157
Ta y 0.384 sec
10.97
26
Now,
0.36 x 1x 2.5
Ah y 0.09
2 x5
According to IS 1893 (Part I) : 2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral force or
design seismic base shear (VB) along any principle direction is given by
VB = Ah x W
(VB)X = 0.09*9059.2498
= 815.332 KN
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (VB)
computed above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following
expression:
Wi h i2
Qi VB n
Wj h 2j
j1
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
hi = Height of floor I measured from base
n = No. of storeys in the building
27
5.4.1 CALCULATION OF LATERAL FORCES AND SHEAR AT STOREY
(VB)X = 815.2498 KN
(VB)Y = 815.2498 KN
Wi*hi2 Qi Cumulative
SN STOREY
hi (m) Wi (KN) (KNm2) (KN) Qi (KN)
Staircase
1 cover 14.157 242.07 48515.9668 76.14 76.14
2 Roof Floor 11.417 1554.27 202595.8134 317.982 394.122
3 3rd Floor 8.677 2221.2317 167237.2655 262.4861 656.6081
4 2nd Floor 5.937 2221.2317 78293.9061 122.8856 779.4937
5 1st Floor 3.197 2221.2317 22702.78 35.63299 815.1266
6 Tie Beam 0.457 599.214 125.1452 0.196 815.332
Total Wi = 9059.2498 KN
Total (Wi*hi2) =519470 KN
28
29
5.5 LOAD COMBINATION
Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis.
There are together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are
mentioned as below:
i.) Dead Load (D.L.)
ii.) Live Load (L.L)
iii.) Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
iv.) Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
Following Load Combination are adopted as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.3.1.2
i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)
ii.) 1.5 (D.L + EQx)
iii.) 1.5 (D.L - EQx)
iv.) 1.5 (D.L + EQz)
v.) 1.5 (D.L - EQz)
vi.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQx)
vii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - EQx)
viii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQz)
ix.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - EQz)
x.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qx
xi.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 EQx
xii.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 EQz
xiii.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 EQz
30
CHAPTER 6
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.3METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS
Creating model
Assigning material properties
Assigning section properties
Creating different load cases
Creating load combination
Analysis (pre analysis and post analysis)
Design of column and beam
31
Fig: Isometric View
32
CHAPTER 7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
33
ii.) The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension
on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fiber.
The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based
on the assumptions are as follows:
Fy xu,max/d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
7.2 SLAB
Slabs are the most widely used structural elements forming floors and roofs of building
for supporting load normal to its surface. Slab may be simply supported or continuous
over one or more supports and is classified according to the manner of support as: one-
way slab spanning in one direction, two-way slab spanning in directions, circular slabs
and grid floor slabs resting directly on columns with no beams and grid floor and ribbed
slab. The beams supporting the slabs are considered stiff with direction relatively very
small as compared to that of slabs. Slabs supported directly on columns without beam are
known as flat slabs.
Slabs are designed using the same theory of bending and shear as are used for beams. The
following methods of analysis are available:
a) Elastic analysis-idealization into strips or beams.
b) Semi empirical coefficients as given in the code, and
c) Yield line theory.
Slabs are analyzed and designed as having a unit width that is one meter wide strips.
Compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional cases in the slab. Shear stresses
are usually very low and shear reinforcement is never provided in slabs. It is preferred to
increase the depth of a slab and hence reduce the shear stress rather than provide shear
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is invariably provided at the right angles to the
longitudinal reinforcement in a slab.
34
supported can be analyzed in a manner similar to that of continuous beam. The clear
cover, minimum spacing of the reinforcement and minimum amount of reinforcement are
provided as per IS 456: 2000 CL: 26.3-26.5. Similarly curtailments of bars are provided
as per 456: 2000 CL: 26.2.3. Shear stress in slabs are generally not critical under normal
loads but should be checked in accordance with requirements set out in IS 456:2000
CL40.2. the development length is checked at same critical points as for the beams. The
check for deflection is a very important consideration in slab design. The strip of slab
may check against span to effective depth ratio as discussed in IS456:200 CL23.2.1
Mx = αxwlx2
My = αywlx2
Where,
Mx, My = Maximum moments at mid span on strip of unit width
Lx = Length of the shorter side
αx, αy = Moment Coefficients can be obtained from IS 456:2000 table 27.
35
A slab may have its few or all edges restrained. The degree of restraints may vary
depending whether it is continuous over its supports or cast monolithically with its
supporting beams. A hogging or negative moment will develop in the top face of
the slab at the supported sides. In these slabs the corners are prevented from lifting
and provision is made for torsion. The maximum moments Mx and My at mid
span on strips of unit width for spans lx, ly are given by:
Mx= βxwlx2
My = βyw lx2
Where,
βx ,βy= moment coefficients can be obtained from table 26 of IS 456:2000 for
different arrangements of slabs.
My = yw lx2
36
Bending co-efficient for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision
for torsion at corners.
S1
S2
S3
S4
6 Roof slab S5
37
Negative moments at continuous edge 2.848 4.678 4.98 3.26
17.61
Positive moments at mid span 2.848 4.678 4.11 2.47
Design of Slab
Slab S1
(Two adjacent edges discontinuous)
(2.8963*3.048)
Clear shorter span = 2.8963-0.3=2.5963m
Effective span (lx) = 2.8963-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=2.6963m
Effective span(ly) =3.048-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=2.848m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 200mm c/c having area 251 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
38
At the mid span,
BM = 0.87*415*Ast{d-415Ast/(20*1000)} 1
4.56*106 = 0.87*415*Ast{85-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 166mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 200 mm c/c having area 251 mm2
39
τc= 0.28 N/mm2
τc‟ = k τc
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence, ok.
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*166/251
= 174N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.24%
γ= 2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.6813*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=55.69mm Hence, ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(82-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*125.5(82-(415*125.5)/(20*1000)
= 4.05KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
40
= 0.75*251
= 188.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 5nos.
Ast provided = 251mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S2
(One long edge discontinuous)
2.8963*4.878
Clear shorter span = 2.8963-0.3=2.6963
Effective span (lx) = 2.8963-0.3+0.1=2.6963m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
41
At the mid span,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
6.03*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 173.24mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
Calculation of steel along longer span
d‟ = d-υ/2- υ/2
= 100- 4-4
= 92mm
At support,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d‟-415Ast/(20*1000)}
3.98*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{92-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 123.22mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
42
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence ok.
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*151/335
= 185 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.335%
γ= 2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.696*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=57.61 mm <100 mm (effective depth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
43
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S3
(One long edge discontinuous)
3.048*4.878
Clear shorter span = 3.048-0.3=2.748
Effective span (lx) = 3.048-0.3+0.1=2.848m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
44
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
6.6*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 190.31mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
45
τc‟ = k τc
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence ok
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*190/335
= 156.5 N/mm2
100Ast/bd= 0.28%
γ= 2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.848*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=54.76 mm <120 mm (effective depth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(112-(415*157)/(20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
46
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Slab S4
(Interior panel)
4.878*4.878
Clear shorter span = 4.878-0.3=4.578
Effective span (lx) = 4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3+0.1=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150mm c/c having area 335 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
47
At the mid span,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast{d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
7.28*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast{100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 210.85mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
48
τc = 0.28 N/mm2
τc‟ = k τc
= 1.3*0.28
= 0.364 N/ mm2 >τc>τv Hence ok
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*210.85/335
= 178.49 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.28%
γ= 1.95
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (4.678 *1000)/26*1*1.95*1*1
=92.26 mm <120 mm (effective depth)
Hence ok
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(92-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/(20*1000)
= 5.85 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
49
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
50
Calculation of steel along longer span
d‟ = d-υ/2- υ/2
= 100-4-4
= 92mm
51
α = 26
β =1
δ =1
λ =1
fs = 0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
= 0.58*415*223.95/335
= 170.9 N/mm2
100Ast/bd = 0.335%
γ= 1.82
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.6963*1000)/26*1*1.82*1*1
=56.98 mm <100 mm (effective depth) Hence ok
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(112-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(92-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.03 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D(1.8 & 1.9 )
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
52
Effective span (lx) = 3.048-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=2.848m
Effective span(ly) =4.878-0.3/2-0.3/2+0.1/2+0.1/2=4.678m
As per IS-456:2000 ANNEX D, the maximum bending moment per unit width in slab are
given by the following equations:
Mx=αxωlx2
My=αyωlx2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast {d-415Ast/(20*1000)}
4.11*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast {100-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 136.28mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 150 mm c/c having area 335 mm2 > 144mm2 (OK)
53
d‟ = d-υ/2- υ/2
= 100-4-4
= 92mm
At support,
BM = 0.87fy*415*Ast {d‟-415Ast/(20*1000)}
3.26*106 = 0.87fy*415*Ast {92-415Ast/(20*1000)}
Ast = 100mm2
Hence provide 8mm υ bar @ 160mm c/c having area 314 mm2> 144mm2 (OK)
54
α = 26 δ =1
β =1 λ =1
For modification factor
fs =0.58fyAst required/Astprovided
=0.58*415*300/335
=123.32 N/mm2
100Ast/bd= 0.28%
γ=2
d = Lx /αβγδλ
= (2.848*1000)/26*1*2*1*1
=54.76 mm <120 mm (effectivedepth) Hence ok.
M1 = 0.87*415*Ast(112-415Ast/(20*1000)
= 0.87*415*157(112-(415*157)/ (20*1000)
= 5.0316 KN-m
According to IS- 456:2000 clause 26.2.1.1
For M20 concrete, bond stress τbd = 1.2*1.6 (60% is increased for deformed bar)
= 1.92 N/mm2
Torsional Reinforcement
According to IS: 456-2000 ANNEX D (1.8 &1.9)
Torsional reinforcement area = 0.75*Astmaxm at midspan
= 0.75*335
= 251.25 mm2
Provide 8mm- υ bars – 6 nos.
Ast provided = 301 mm2 at one direction as torsional reinforcement.
55
7.4DESIGN OF BEAM
Design of moment for design is taken as maximum value of B.M. obtained from analysis
using software STAAD.
For design purpose, maximum moment of support or mid span moment is taken in
consideration for a bay for a single floor or more than one floor according to quantity of
variation. The mid-span of beam is designed as flanged beam and end section are
designed as rectangular section.
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*300 mm
56
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d‟) = 35 mm
Beam No. 75
Mz(kip-in)
1482 1420 1500
1500
1000 1000
500 500
37 38
500 1 2 2.89 500
1000 1000
1500 -1255 -1133 1500
57
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:167.466KN-m
ii) Vu:130.35 KN
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
=0.36*20*300*(0.48*362.5)(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
𝑑 ′ /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
Mu-Mu-lim= (fsc-fcc)*Asc*(d-𝑑 ′ )
(167.466-108.775)*106= (353-0.446*20) Asc (362.5-37.5)
Or, Asc=524.84mm2
For equilibrium, the corresponding tension steel
58
Mu-Mu-lim=0.87fy*Ast2*(d-𝑑 ′ )
Or,58.691*106=0.87*415* Ast2*(362.5-37.5)
Or, Ast2=500.17 mm2
0.85∗300 ∗362 .5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
V =130.35KN
Lo = 8 + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1.3 160.68 10 3
47 300
130.35
59
40.47mm OK.
60
Now, the effective depth = 400-25-25/2 =362.5mm
D =120 mm
b =300 mm
Effective width of the flange
2027.2
bf= 300 6 100 = 1237.86 mm
6
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 )
415 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
7.5*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – 20∗300 )
61
Check for ductility:
Sv,max=0.5*362.5=181.25mm
Therefore provide 2-legged 8 mm diameter vertical stirrups @195mm c-c
Check for deflection:
l/d =
where,
=26
=1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(57.944/226)
=61.71 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*226/(300*362.5)
=0.207
62
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*300 mm
63
Beam No. 76 Fig: bending moment diagram (beam 76)
Mz(kip-in)
1500 1390 1390 1500
1000 1000
500 500
5.34
38 39
500 5 10 15 16 500
1000 -508 -524 -507 1000
1500 1500
Fy(kip)
30 24 30
20 20
10 10
38 39
10 5 10 15 16 10
20 20
30 -24 30
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:160.46KN-m
ii) Vu:106.776 KN
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
=0.36*20*300*(0.48*362.5)(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
64
=108.775 KN-M < Mu
Therefore,the section must be designed as doubly reinforced section.
Calculation of reinforcement
Area of tension steel corresponds to Mu,lim
Mu,lim = 0.87*fy*Ast,1*(d-0.42*xm)
𝑑 ′ /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
Mu-Mu-lim= (fsc-fcc)*Asc*(d-𝑑 ′ )
(160.46-108.775)*106= (353-0.446*20) Asc (362.5-37.5)
Or, Asc=462.19mm2
65
0.85∗300 ∗362 .5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
V =106.776KN
Lo = 8 + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1.3 160.68 10 3
47 300
106.776
48mm OK.
66
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τv-τc) bd
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 8mm bar having area 100 mm 2 .
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=(τv-τc)*b*d=(0.98-0.758)*300*362.5=24.142KN
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0.87 f y Asv d
Sv =
Vus
0.87 415 100.53 * 362.5
= =545mm.
24.142 *1000
b =300 mm
Effective width of the flange
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 23.1.2
67
3414.6
bf= 300 6 100 = 1469.1 mm
6
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 )
415 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
59.212*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – 20∗300 )
l/d =
where,
=26
=1(for L<10)
68
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(500.14/603)
=200 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*603/(300*362.5)
=0.554
=32.24
(L/d)actual =4878/362.5 =13.456 (OK)
69
DESIGN CONSTANT:
Concrete =M20
Steel Grade =Fe 415
Beam size = 400*300 mm
Effective cover of tensile reinforcement (d‟) = 35 mm
70
Beam No.77 Fig: bending moment diagram (beam 77)
Mz(kip-in)
1475
1500 1417 1500
1000 1000
500 500
39 40
500 5 9.51 500
1000 1000
1500 -1127 -1248 1500
Fy(kip)
29.1
30 30
18.9
20 20
10 10
39 40
10 5 9.51 10
20 20
-18.5
30 30
-28.5
END SECTION
Design value:
i) Mu:166.675KN-m
ii) Vu:129.465 KN
71
iii) Clear cover:25 mm
iv) Assumed diameter of bar:25 mm
=0.36*20*300*(0.48*362.5)(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
=108.775 KN-M < Mu
Therefore,the section must be designed as doubly reinforced section.
Calculation of reinforcement
Area of tension steel corresponds to Mu,lim
Mu,lim = 0.87*fy*Ast,1*(d-0.42*xm)
𝑑 ′ /d = 37.5/362.5
=0.1
The corresponding stress in compression steel can be obtained from SP-16 (table: F),page
no,13.
Therefore,
fsc =353 N/mm2
Now,
Mu-Mu,lim= (fsc-fcc)*Asc*(d-𝑑 ′ )
72
Total tension steel (Ast) =Ast1+ Ast2=1040.95+493.43=1534.38mm2
Provide 4-25 mm diameter rods.
0.85∗300 ∗362 .5
Or, A0= =222.74<Ast (ok)
415
=0.04*300*400
= 4800 mm2 (ok)
Curtailment of Bars
Simplified rule for curtailment of bars in continuous beam according to Art. 3.12.10.2 of
BS 8110 – 1985 is adopted. These rule applied to continuous beam of nearly equal spans
which are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed load. First 40% of steel bars
at support is curtailed at 0.25l from the center of the support and 70% of steel at mid span
is curtailed at 0.15l.
V =129.465KN
Lo = 8 + 100 = 825 +100 = 300mm
1.3 160.68 10 3
47 300
129.465
40.71mm OK.
73
Vu = 129.465 KN
Vu 129.465 10 3
Nominal shear stress, τv = = =1.19 N/mm 2
bd 300 362.5
Ast 100 1963 100
% of tension steel = = = 1.8%
bd 300 362.5
From IS: 456-2000, Table -19
Shear strength for M20 concrete, τc =0.758 N/mm 2 <τ v
From IS: 456-2000, Table -20
τc max = 2.8 N/mm 2
τc max>τ v >τc
Hence shear reinforcement must be designed for shear value (τv-τc) bd
Provide 2-legged stirrup of 8mm bar having area 100 mm 2 .
The shear that has to be contributed by the vertical stirrup
Vus=(τv-τc)*b*d=(1.19-0.758)*300*362.5=46.98KN
Now, spacing of vertical stirrup
0.87 f y Asv d
Sv =
Vus
0.87 415 100.53 * 362.5
= =227.44 mm.
46.98 *1000
Clear cover = 25 mm
Assumed diameter of bar = 25 mm
Now, the effective depth = 400-25-25/2 =362.5mm
D =120 mm
b =300 mm
74
Effective width of the flange
As per IS: 456-2000, clause 23.1.2
2027.2
bf= 300 6 100 = 1237.86 mm
6
Let the neutral axis lies in the flange of the beam
Ultimate moment of resistance,
Mu,lim = 0.36*fck*b*xm*(d - 0.42*xm)
=0.36*20*300*0.48*362.5*(362.5-0.42*0.48*362.5)
= 108.775 KN-m >Mu
Calculation of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗𝑏 )
415 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
7.5*106 =0.87*415*Ast*(362.5 – 20∗300 )
75
Check for deflection:
l/d =
where,
=26
=1(for L<10)
Now,
Fs=0.58*fy*(required steel cross section area/provided steel cross section area)
=0.58*415*(57.944/226)
=61.71 N/mm2
%p=100*Ast provided/(b*d)
=100*226/(300*362.5)
=0.207
76
77
7.5 DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION
If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil
bearing pressure so small that individual footing would cover more than about one half of
the area, it may be better to provide a continuous footing under all the columns and walls.
Such a footing is called a raft foundation. The raft is divided into series of continuous
strips centered on the appropriate column rows in the both directions as shown in figure
below.The shear and bending moment diagrams may be drawn using continuous beam
analysis or coefficients for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements.
The steel requirements will vary from strip. This method generally gives a conservative
design since the interaction of adjacent strips is neglected.
Design of Raft Foundation
76
P MY MX
σ= x y
A IY IX
Corner A4,
σ A-4 = 87+(6286.068/1480.79)*5.735+(610.98/1560.78)*5.887 = 113.64< 120 KN/M2
OK.
Corner D4,0.
.σ. .D.-.4. .=. 87+4.245*5.735-0.39*5.887= 87+24.345-2.295=109.05 KN/M2
Corner A1,
σ A-1 =87-24.345+2.295 = 64.95 KN/M2
Corner D1,
Grid C1,
σc-1= 87-24.345-0.951 = 61.704 KN/M2
In X – direction, the raft is divided into 4 strips, i.e. 3 equivalent beams:
i) Beam A-A soil pressure, σ = 113.64 KN/m2
ii) Beam B-B soil pressure, σ = 0.5*( 113.64+112.296)
= 112.818 KN/m2
iii) Beam C-C soil pressure, σ = 0.5(110.394+112.296)
= 111.345 KN/m2
iv) Beam D-D soil pressure, σ = 0.5*(110.394+109.05)
= 109.722 KN/m2
-m /For X – direction, the bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient of 1/10 and
L as Centre of column distance,
w L2
+M = -M =
10
113.64∗4.878 2
For strip A-A, maximum bending moment = = 270.405 KN-m /m
10
112.818∗4.878 2
For strip B-B, maximum bending moment = = 268.449 KNm
10
77
111.345∗4.878 2
For strip C-C, maximum bending moment = = 264.944 KN-m /m
10
109.722∗4.878 2
For strip D-D, maximum bending moment = =261.082KN-m /m
10
In Y direction,
Grid A3,
σA-3 = 87+(4.245)*(5.735-0.4-2.8963)+(0.39)*5.8878
= 99.64 KN/M2
Grid A2,
σA-2 = 87-4.245*2.4387+0.39*5.8878
= 78.946 KN/M2
In Y – direction, soil pressure
(i) Beam 4-4, σ = 113.64 KN/m2
(ii) Beam3-3,σ = 0.5*(113.64+99. 64)
= 106.64 KN/m2
(iii) Beam 2-2, σ = 0.5*(99.64+78.946)
= 89.293 KN/m2
(iv) Beam 1-1, σ = 0.5*(78.946+64.95)
= 71.948 KN/m2
For Y – direction, the bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient of 1/10 and L as
centre of column distance,
w L2
+M = -M =
10
113.64∗4.878 2
For strip 4-4, maximum bending moment = = 270.405 KN-m /m
10
106.64∗4.878 2
For strip 3-3, maximum bending moment = =253.748 KN-m /m.
10
89.293∗4.878 2
For strip 2-2, maximum bending moment = = 212.471 KN-m /m
10
71.948∗4.878 2
For strip 1-1, maximum bending moment = = 171.199 KN-m /m
10
78
The depth of the raft will be governed by two way shear at one of the exterior columns. In
case location of critical shear is not obvious, it may be necessary to check all possible
locations.
Shear strength of concrete,′c = c =0.25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 20 = 1.11 N/mm2
79
On solving we get, d = 327.34 mm.
Reinforcement calculation:
Reinforcement along long direction A-A
80
Maximum bending moment in long direction is given by A-A
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
BM = 0.87 fyAst (d - )
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
415∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
270.405 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast(500 - )
20∗1000
2
Therefore, we get Ast =1604.75 mm /m
Minimum reinforcement = 0.12 % of b D
= 0.12/100 * 555 * 1000
= 666 mm2 /m
< 1604.75 mm2 /m (okay)
Minimum steel will govern in the remaining shaft
So, provided 16 mm dia bar @ 120 mm c/c
Ast,provided = 1675 mm2
In both direction at top and bottom.
Reinforcement along short direction 4-4
Maximum bending moment in short direction
𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
BM = 0.87 fyAst (d - )
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
415∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
270.405 * 106 = 0.87 * 415 * Ast(500 - )
20∗1000
2
Therefore, we get Ast =1604.75 mm /m
So, provided 16 mm dia bar @ 120 mm c/c
Ast,provided = 1675 mm2
In both directions at top and bottom.
81
7.6 Column
3 PAGES
82
7.7DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Staircase is an inclined structural system for the movement from one level to another.
Since it is stepped, it is called staircase. A staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. It may
span either in the direction of the steps or in the direction of going. Structurally staircase
may be classified largely into two categories, depending on the predominant direction in
which the slab staircase component of the stair undergoes flexure- stair slab spanning
transversely and stair slab spanning longitudinally.
Generally the shear reinforcement is not required in the staircase as the shear strength of
concrete is much greater than the nominal shear stress. The shear strength of concrete in
staircase is determined as in the case of edge supported slabs.
The detailing of reinforcement in staircase shall be similar to that of the edge supported
slab except at the junction of landing and flight of staircase where it should ensure that
the reinforcement bars in tension tending to straighten out do not cause cracking in
concrete.
General rules
Between consecutive floors there should be equal rise for every parallel steps.
Similarly there should be equal going.
There should be at least 2m headroom measured vertically above any steps.
The sum of going of a single step plus the twice the rise should be between
550mm and 700mm
The rise of steps should not be more than about 200mm and the going not less
than 240mm
The slope of the staircase should be not more than 38 degrees.
Width of staircase depends upon the usage. The width required in residential
building differs from other public building.
84
7.7.1DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Size of staircase
Total floor to floor height=2.74m
2R+T=600
R=170mm
No. of riser=2.74/0.17=16no.s
No. of tread = 16-1=15no.s
0.3/2+1.060+1.3+0.488+0.3/2 = 3.148m
Leff= 3.148m
Deff=Leff/35 = 3148/35 = 110.514m
Overall depth of waist slab (D) =99.94+20= 119.20mm
Let us take D=150mm
=0.04659m2
Now total X-section area of slab only=0.0221+0.04659
=0.0686m2
Density of concrete=25KN/m3
85
Load on RCC slab=25*0.0686
=1.717KN/m3
Step finishing
Density of screeding=20.4KN/m3
Density of marble =26.7KN/m3
Marble 20mm thick= (0.26+0.17)*0.02*26.7
=0.22962KN/m3
b) Live load
Live load per m2 on plan =5KN/m2
Total load = Dead load + live load=8.635+5=13.635KN/m2
Factored load =1.5*13.635=20.4525 KN/m2
Taking 1.06m width of slab, total load=1.06*20.4525 = 21.67965 KN/m
B) Landing
a. Dead load
Waist slab (W)=0.15*25=3.75KN/m2
Marble finishing 20mm thick=0.020*26.7=0.534KN/m2
Thick plastering 12.5mm=0.0125*20.4KN/m2=0.2448KN/m2
Screeding 25mm thick=0.025*20.4=0.51 KN/m2
86
Taking 1.06m width of slab=15.057*1.06=15.96 KN/m
21.679 KN/m
15.96 KN/m 15.96 KN/m
Mx=Ra*1.4-15.96*0.5013(0.5013/2+1.4-0.5013)+21.679 (1.4-0.5013/2)2
=27.539*1.4-15.96*0.5013(0.5013/2+1.4-0.5013)+21.679 (1.4-0.5013/2)2
= 58 KN-m
87
Effective depth (d) = BMmaximum/0.138*b*fck
(d)= 58*106/0.138*20*1060
=140
D= 140 + 20 + 10/2 `
Adopt D=165mm
Available effective depth (d) =165-20-10/2
= 140mm
So, D=165mm
And d=140mm
88
From clause 40.2 .1 IS 456: 2000 table 19
Interpolating
Tc = 0.617 N/mm2
=0.77N/mm2>𝜏v(ok)
Deflection
𝑙
d=𝛼∗𝛽 ∗𝛾𝑥 ∗𝛿∗𝜆
Therefore, γ = 1.18
Therefore, d =99.34 mm ≤ 140 mm (ok)
Check for development length
Ld=0.87*fy*𝜑/4𝜏bd
For M20,𝜏bd=1.2N/mm2
Ld=0.87*415*12/4*1.2*1.6
=564.14mm=600mm
Moment of resistance
M1=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-(fy*Ast)/(fck*b))
=0.87*415*1470*(140-(415*1470)/ (20*1060))
= 59.03*106
89
Hence, Ld< 1.3M1/v + LO
0.87∗415 ∗𝜙 59.03∗10 6
=1.3 *27.539∗10 3 + 16 *𝜙
4∗1.2∗1.6
Therefore, 𝜙=89.85 mm
Since bar diameter provided is 12mm ok.
Along x-x axis,
Leff = 1.134/2+0.78+1.134/2 = 1.914m
21.679 KN/m
15.96 KN/m 15.96 KN/m
X= 0.956 m
Maximum bending moment occurs at a distance „x‟ from A
Mx=Ra*0.956-15.96*0.567(0.567/2+0.956-0.567)+21.679 (0.956-0.567/2)2
=17.5*0.956-15.96*0.567(0.567/2+0.956-0.567)+21.679 (0.956-0.567/2)2
90
= 20.449 KN-m
We know,
(d)= 20.449*106/0.138*20*1060
=83.60 mm
D= 83.60 + 20 + 10/2
Adopt D=110mm
Available effective depth (d) =110-20-10/2
= 85mm
So, D= 110mm
And d= 85mm
91
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Project has indeed widened our perspective and acquainted us on how to perceive and
counteract the worst possible difficulties regarding the analysis and design of five storied
structures. This project work has mainly focused towards the structural analysis and
design only. Nevertheless, the attempts have been made in the architectural planning and
for the presentation of the analysis and design results in the tabular form with necessary
drawing and details. The principle and methodology applied while analyzing and
designing the five storey frame structure in this project is universally valid for any type of
the framed structures of five storied in peri – urban areas of Kathmandu valley. A
constant painstaking study and devotion to the work by the project group couple with the
valuable guidance of the advisor made it possible in bringing up the project work to this
level.
The purpose of the project, through purely academic oriented, we had made every effort
to make it feasible for the real construction of the site.
Finally, we will consider our project report as successful if it process to be useful to the
junior students or other designers. We hope that project work will prove much useful to
us in our career.
92
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
1. Jain, A.K, "Reinforced concrete (Limit State Design) ", Nemchand and Bros, 5th
Edition 1990
2. Ramamrutham, S., “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure”, DhanpatRai Publishing
Company, 11th Edition 1989
3. Varghese, P, C. "Limit State design of reinforced concrete", Princeton Hall of India
1996
4. Sinha, S. N., "Reinforced Concrete design", Tata McGraw - Hill, 2nd Edition 1996
5. Reddy, C S, “Basic Structural Analysis”, Tata McGraw – Hill, 3rd Edition 2011
6. I. S 875 (part - I) 1987, Code of practice for design loads (other than Earthquake) for
building and structures, dead loads
7. I.S 875 (part 2nd) 1987, code of practice for design loads (other than Earthquake) for
the building and structures, Dead loads.
8. I.S 1893- 1975 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures.