FACTORS AFFECTING

LEARNING
Presented by KHURRAM RAFI
Definition of learning.

Learning is a systematic
relatively permanent change
In behavior that occurs
through experience.
Why to study about the factors
affecting learning???

To solve the problems related

to learning
To improve our teaching
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Readiness / Preparedness
Interest
Intelligence
Motivation
Attitude
Feelings
Psychological factors
Frustration
Aptitude
Mental Health
Natural Ability to learn
Individual Differences
Ability
Orientation
Fear of failure
Readiness / Preparedness
 To be mentally ready to
learn a skill is called
readiness.
“Bill guard said teaching is
a pleasant thing and it
would be pleasant only if
your students are internally
ready for learning”.
Interest
Interest refers to
the feeling of writing
to know or learn
about something
IMPLICATION FOR
TEACHING

Teachers should make the

lesson material relevant and
applicable to student’s lives
in order to build interest
Intelligence
Intelligence is a natural
capacity and ability
which helps the man to
understand and solve
the problems according
to the situation
Motivation
the internal process
that activates guides
and maintains behavior
over time, or influence
of need and desires on
the intensity and
direction of behavior
Intrinsic motivation

the motivation to
engage in a behavior
arises from within the
individual because it is
intrinsically rewarding.
Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to
our tendency to perform
activities for known external
reward, whether they are
tangible (for example money)
or psychological (for example
praise) in nature
Role of motivation on
learning
Students are more motivated to
engage in learning when they feel
competent to do what is expected of
them and perceive stable link
between actions and achievements,
they value the subject and have a
clear sense of purpose they
experience positive emotions
towards learning activities and
counter wise
Attitude
Human attitude is constructed
on the bases of one’s personal
thinking and ideologies he
likes and dislikes these
ideologies create feelings
among the individual
attitudes

Negative attitude slows

down the speed of learning
and positive attitude speeds
up learning process
IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING

Teachers must be cognizant of

these attitudes and over all
employ strategies that
encourages positive attitude
attitude

Teacher can create love for

education, hope, good ideas
and development by changing
the behavior of the learner.
Terrorism and social biasness
can also be eliminated by
changing the attitudes.
Feelings

feelings are the physical

sensation we experience in our
body and emotions are the
labels we give those sensations
in our minds
feelings

Love, fear and anger are

supposed to be the basic
feelings. Feeling is a power
which leads a person to its
successful destination.
Feelings

Negative behavior of parents,

teachers and peers, improper
environment, inferiority complex,
failure in some tasks also affects
the learning process.
Implication for teaching

Teachers should promote

positive feelings and
emotions. He has to
eradicate the feelings of
fear and anger from the
minds
Contii..

Hate for evil, pollution

and for the enemies of
the nation is a healthy
approach and should
be created in the
students.
Frustration
The feeling of being
upset or annoyed,
especially because of
inability to change or
achieve something is
called frustration
Cont..
Frustration is caused by a
lack of control over a
situation. The best way to
handle frustration is to back
away from the problem,
take a breath, and then
approach the problem
calmly and rationally
IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING
Take a break if the student
says, I cannot do it “and throws
the pencil down, take a little
break”. May be she/he needs to
ranted blow off a little steam-
come back in five minutes and
start fresh (those five minutes
could save you an hour of
struggle)
Aptitude
Aptitude is the potential in the
student, which has as yet not
been tapped and trained to a
skill level. A student, who
possesses appropriate aptitude
for a particular subject of study
or skill, will learn better and
retain it for a longer time
Implication for Teaching
Student without the natural
aptitude for the subject will
need to be given adequate time
to learn the required
information. Students with an
aptitude for a subject should be
challenged to develop their
potential for the subject
Mental Health

a person’s condition
with regard to his
psychological and
emotional well-being
Mental health
Mental health is also defined as
a state of well-being in which
every individual realizes his or
her own potential, can cope
with the normal stresses of life,
can work productively and
fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to her or his
community
Natural Ability to learn
Some learners have natural
ability to learn the things
quickly and some are slow
learners. Teachers have to
trace out the natural
abilities of the students to
make them a complete
personality.
Individual Differences
Learners have different
strategies, approaches,
and capabilities for
learning that are a
function of prior
experience and heredity
Individual Differences
Educators need to help
students examine their learning
preferences and expand or
modify them, if necessary. The
interaction between learner
differences and curricular and
environmental conditions is
another key factor affecting
learning outcomes
Ability
ability is what it is
present here and now in
the student, that is
extent to which an
individual can currently
execute a given task.
Implication for Teaching
As teachers, we must be
aware of about students’
individual differences .
These factors should be
taken into consideration
when we plan teaching and
learning process in the
classroom.
ability

Abilities are considered innate

capacities, the foundation upon
which the delegated tasks are
carried out
IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING
Students have different
intellectual strength, and
weaknesses. Teachers
should get to know their
students, and then they can
help them learn the lesson
content by teaching to their
strengths.
Orientation
Orientation can be described as
an integrated set of attitudes
beliefs and practices as well as
the alignment of oneself and
ones idea to circumstances and
context. Some students are
mastery oriented while others
are performance oriented
mastery oriented
 Students who are mastery oriented see
the purpose of schooling as gaining
competence in the skills being taught.
They focus on learning, mastering the
task according to self-set standards or
self-improvement if also encompasses
developing no skills, improving or
developing competence, trying to
accomplish something challenging and
tries to gain and understanding or insight
performance oriented
Students oriented towards
performance goals desire to gain
recognition from others and earn
good grades. These students focus
on getting good grades taking easily
course and avoiding challenging
situation they become discouraged
in the face of obstacles and
performance is seriously hampered
Implication for teaching
Teachers should try to convince
their students that learning more
than good grads is desirable;
teachers should therefore
deemphasized grads and emphasis
the interest value and practical
importance of material being
studied. They should design
assessment to encourage this.
Fear of failure
. It is a psychological problem
and when a learner think of
being fail this feeling affects his
learning. So teachers should
always motivate and encourage
the students and get them out
of this fear to improve their
learning.
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL / BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

1 Maturity
2.2 Needs
2.3 Physical Health
2.4 Self-concept
2.5 Proper Nutrition
2.6 Proper Sleep
Tiredness
physical maturity

The movements such as

walking reading writing
etc. are physical maturity
of the learner
Maturity

The changes and

development in the
structure of body and
mind are called
maturity
Cognitive maturity

Cognitive maturity
implies more than
the ability to
calculate or
memorize facts.
Conti..
. Cognitive maturity plays an
important role in the learning.
Maturity sets the level of
learning. As an individual get
mature the learning style and
learning objectives changes. It
is necessary for teachers to be
careful about the maturity level
of the learner.
Needs
A need is the lack of
something which if
provided, would
facilitate a child
/students usual
behavior.
Implication for teaching

 The teacher must be cognizant of students

unmet needs that may affect their
learning and take steps to have these
remedied. Meeting certain needs can also
act as a motivator and significantly
enhancing learning. For example a child
not receiving love and attention from
parents but gets this from teacher or
being provided meals at the school
Physical Health
A simple headache or stomachache
can play havoc with the process and
products of learning. A child who
does not maintain satisfactory
physical health, have to suffer
adversely in terms of gains in
learning Similarly, the mental state
and health of a learner at the time
of learning become potent factors in
deciding the outcome of his learning
Self-concept
Self-concept is the way in
which people view and
understand themselves. It is
different from self-
confidence or self-esteem
which deals with how
confident students are in
their abilities.
Acadamic Self-concept

Academic self-concept refers to

how the students understand
their academic abilities. For
example a student who sees
herself as intelligent, an
excellent reader and good at
mathematics has a positive
self-concept
IMPLICATION FOR TEACHING

Teachers can incorporate

activities into the learning
environment for their
students to help developing
their self-concept use
activities that fit in with the
class you are teaching
Proper Nutrition
Nutrition provides energy to
the learner and with energy
learning cannot be done.
Nutrition is essential for
organs to develop (building
material), but also to let it
operate (fuel)
Proper Sleep
Taking a good sleep is a
basic psychological and
biological need of a person
A good and proper sleep
makes the man fresh,
active, competent and ready
for working and learning
Tiredness / boringness

The decrease in the

physical and mental
abilities of a person due
to tiredness or
unpleasant task is called
boringness
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Learner Beliefs
 Social Expectations
 Cultural Demands
 Family Background
 Achievement
 Physical Condition
Learner Beliefs
. Learners always take interest
in the things related to their
religious ideas and
environmental believes. The
things which are against the
beliefs of the learner are not
taken seriously by him and do
not take interest to learn them.
Social Expectations
Social expectation is an
internalized social norm for
individuals and organizations, thus
for society as a whole, about what
people should do. The term social
expectations refers to the general
standards of behavior that
individuals who live within a society
are expected to uphold
Cultural Demands

Our cultural values, which

often include particular
religious beliefs, shape our
way of living and they have
also changed over time as
circumstances demand
Family Background
Learner inherits many things from
his family. Mother is the first
institute for a person so family
background effects on the learning
of a person. A student belong to a
literate family has different learning
trend as compared to the students
who do not know to read and write
Achievement
Student who have achieved
highly before are more likely to
achieve highly again.
Achievement may enhance
performance as it and
psychologically facilitates
adherence to expectation of
others
Implication for teaching

Opportunities must be created for

the learner to excel in an identified
strength. Teachers should use a
variety of instructional techniques
appealing to different interests and
learning orientations to ensure that
the abilities of students translate
into some form of achievement
Physical conditions
Physical conditions needed for
learning is under environmental
factor. One of the factors that affect
the efficiency of learning is the
condition in which learning takes
place. This includes the classrooms,
textbooks, equipment, school
supplies, and other instructional
materials.
. It cannot be denied that the type
and quality of instructional materials
and equipment play an important
part in the instructional efficiency of
the school. Good and pleasant
conditions always produce better
results for learners. Teachers should
provide a healthy and creative
environment in the class room and
in the institute so that learning may
become better.
TEACHING / INSTRUCTIONAL FACTORS
1 Teacher’s Personality
4.2 Learning Strategy
4.3 Standards and Assessment
4.4 Counseling and Advising
4.5 Learning Methodology
4.6 Curriculum
4.7 Teaching Aids
Teacher’s Personality

 The way in which his personality interacts

with the personalities of the pupils being
taught helps to determine the kind of
behavior which emerges from the learning
situation. The supreme value of a teacher
is not in the regular performance of
routine duties, but in his power to lead
and to inspire his pupils through the
influence of his moral personality and
example
Learning Strategy
Everyone has his own
preference for a strategy to
learn and study. Some prefer to
make a summary; others
highlight or underline important
text, and read the same text
several times. But the
preference that someone
follows is not always the most
effective strategy
Standards and Assessment
Setting appropriately high and
challenging standards and assessing
the learner as well as learning
progress -- including diagnostic,
process, and outcome assessment -
- are integral parts of the learning
process. Assessment provides
important information to both the
learner and teacher at all stages of
the learning process
Effective learning takes place when
learners feel challenged to work
towards appropriately high goals;
therefore, appraisal of the learner's
cognitive strengths and weaknesses,
as well as current knowledge and
skills, is important for the selection
of instructional materials of an
optimal degree of difficulty. Ongoing
assessment of the learner's
understanding of the curricular
material can provide valuable
feedback to both learners and
teachers about progress toward the
Learning Methodology

Methodology of learning:
learning depends upon the
methods, techniques and
approaches employed for
the teaching and learning of
selected contents
: (a) Linking the recent learning’s
with those of the past
(b) Correlating learning in one area
with that of another
(c) Utilization of maximum number
of sense
(d) Revision and practice
(e) Provision of proper feedback and
reinforcement
(f) The selection of the suitable
learning methods and teaching.
Counseling and advising
Counseling and advising by the
teacher to his students effects on
the learning of the student. Good
teachers always direction their
students in the right direction and
this advising is very affective for
learning. When a learner gets a
positive counseling and advising he
learns more and attain his required
ability or skill
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS
Emotional and social factors
 Cultural demands and
social expectations
 Relationship with Parents
 Cooperation
 Goals of life
Emotional and social
factors
Personal factors, such as instincts
and emotions, and social factors,
such as cooperation and rivalry, are
directly related to a complex
psychology of motivation. It is a
recognized fact that the various
responses of the individual to
various kinds of stimuli are
determined by a wide variety of
tendencies
Cultural Demands and Social
Expectation
 They influence learning deeply; the spirit
of culture is reflected in its social and
educational institutions. For instance, in
an industrialized culture, the emphasis
mostly centers mechanical science and
preparing children for highly mechanized
vocations. Likewise, in an agriculture
based community, the educational process
focuses on preparing its members for
those skills which are suited to the needs
of an agrarian community
Relationship with parents
. If the child-parents relationship is
based on mutual respect and faith,
it can facilitate his or her learning.
On the contrary to it a distorted and
unhealthy environment, adversely
affects the learning of the student.
The upward mobility brings
resistance on the part of the student
to learn. Student's belongings to
such families find them unable to
cope up.
A healthy peer group
 This relationship also plays an important
role in learning. Student-student
relationship in the classroom, school,
society, etc., creates a particular type of
emotional climate. The climate solely
depends upon their relationships. A sound
relationship provides a tension free
environment to the student enabling him
to learn more and to complete in the
class. If the relationship among peers is
not good, it adversely affects their
learning.
Some others factors

EXERCISE
EFFICIENCY
TREND