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3/31/2019 Chapter-19_Homework

Chapter-19_Homework
Due: 1:59pm on Wednesday, April 3, 2019
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Video Tutor: Nectrotizing Fasciitis

Watch the Video Tutor on Nectrotizing Fasciitis and then answer the questions below.

Part A
A characteristic symptom of necrotizing fasciitis is that the pain __________.

Hint 1.
The type of pain felt is surprising to the patient.

ANSWER:

is disproportionate to the appearance of the infection

occurs only during nighttime hours

is almost insensible

comes across as a cold sensation

Correct
The pain feels more severe than the infection appears.

Part B
Which of the following bacteria is the primary cause of necrotizing fasciitis?

Hint 1.

The bacteria are known to have a chain-like arrangement.

ANSWER:

Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterioides fragilis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Clostridium perfringens

Correct
Streptococcus pyogenes is the primary cause of necrotizing fasciitis, however there are at least 3 more etiological agents known to cause the
disease as well.

Part C
One of the virulence factors produced by Group A Streptococcus is __________, which can kill neutrophils, the immune system’s first responders.

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Hint 1.

This virulence factor is toxic.

ANSWER:

Streptokinase

exotoxin A

Hyaluronidase

streptolysin S

Correct
Streptolysin S is responsible for the death of neutrophils, erythrocytes and other types of cells during infection.

Part D
__________ is an antiphagocytic factor and helps S. pyogenes attach to nose and throat cells.

Hint 1.
The antiphagocytic factor is found on the surface of bacterial cells.

ANSWER:

Deoxyribonuclease

Hyaluronidase

M protein

Streptolysin

Correct
The M protein protects the bacteria from digestion by phagocytes, offering it protection from the immune system.

Part E
What percent of patients are estimated to die from the disease?

Hint 1.
It is less than half.

ANSWER:

0%

20%

75%

100%

Correct
This is a high rate of fatality and affirms just how serious this disease can be.

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Part F
Why is necrotizing fasciitis so difficult to prevent?

Hint 1.

Think about the reservoirs for the pathogens.

ANSWER:

It forms endospores and can survive well in the environment.

It is part of the normal microbiota.

It is not susceptible to most antibiotics.

Mosquitos are almost impossible to eradicate.

Correct
Streptococcus pyogenes occurs normally in many people.

Connecting Concepts: The Relationship Between Bacterial Cell Structures and Pathogen Characteristics

The genus Mycobacterium includes two species which cause serious chronic diseases (tuberculosis and leprosy) which may ultimately result in death. The
bacteria have some unique structures which confer characteristics contributing to their ability to cause disease.

Part A
Match the following properties of Mycobacterium with the structural feature responsible for each characteristic.

Hint 1. Gram reaction


A structural feature of nearly all bacteria determines their reaction in the Gram stain.

Hint 2. Bacterial shape

A structural feature of nearly all bacteria is primarily responsible for determining the cell shape.

Hint 3. Acid resistance


Acids are typically very hydrophilic.

Hint 4. Desiccation resistance


Hydrophobic structures restrict the flow of water molecules.

ANSWER:

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DNA structure Mycolic acid Thick peptidoglycan wall Pilus

Slow growth
Gram-positive
High G+C Desiccation-resistance
Bacillus shape
Acid-resistance

Correct
The mycolic acid molecules present in the cell walls of Mycobacteria result in several of the distinctive cell characteristics of the genus.

Cellular structures and pathogen characteristics


Many structural features of microbial cells can produce characteristics which may contribute to the virulence (pathogenicity) of a microbe. Some of these
relationships will be explored for Mycobacterium in the next exercise.

Part B
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious pathogen with a variety of unusual structural features. Some of these cellular structures contribute to its virulence
(pathogenicity)
Match the following virulence factors with a structure of Mycobacterium responsible.

Hint 1. Mycolic acid


Mycolic acid is a wax (lipid) in the cell wall.

Hint 2. Pilus
Mycobacterial pili are a type of fimbria.

Hint 3. Cord factor


Cord factor gets its name from the bundled appearance of the bacterial cells.

ANSWER:

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Cord factor Mycolic acid Pilus

Persistence in tubercles
Toxicity to infected cells
Attachment to tissues
Transmission in dried respiratory
Resistance to neutrophil attack
aerosols

Correct
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly contagious pathogen capable of chronic infection. It has several unusual cellular structures (mycolic acid,
cord factor, adhesive pilus) which contribute to its pathogenicity (virulence) in a variety of ways.

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 97.0%.
You received 1.94 out of a possible total of 2 points.

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