OLYMPIAN OVERVIEW

The Olympians: A Brief Introduction or Review

THE CHILDREN OF THE TITANS, CRONUS AND RHEA
ZEUS Roman Name: Jupiter or Jove
Zeus became the king of the Olympian gods after the battle with the Titans. He
rules the upper air, and he uses thunder and lightning as weapons. He has
power over humans (mortals) and often goes among them in disguise. He
especially likes young ladies, and he has had many children, both mortal and
immortal. His symbols are lightning, the eagle, the oak, and a crown and
scepter.

HERA Roman Name: Juno

Hera was Zeus’ sister and wife. Hera is considered the Queen of Mount Olympus,
beautiful in a mature way. She is also very jealous of Zeus’ affairs with mortal women,
and she does spiteful things to them, like turn them into a cow or an echo. Her symbol
is the peacock, from the story of Io. She is considered the goddess of women,
marriage, and childbirth.

POSEIDON Roman Name: Neptune

Poseidon was the god of the sea, and he has the power to cause storms, tidal waves,
and earthquakes when he strikes his trident on the water or the land. He is the brother
of Zeus. He became the father of many children including the Cyclopes in The
Odyssey. You can recognize him by the trident, sea symbols, his long beard, and his
chariot coming out of the waves which is usually pulled by four white horses.

HADES Roman Name: Pluto or Dis

Hades was the gloomy god of the underworld, guardian of all the dead people,
both good and bad. Since he does not like the light, he does not live on Mount
Olympus. One day, however, he did go up on earth to steal Persephone for his
wife. His symbols are a two-pronged scepter, four black horses that pull his
chariot, and the three-headed dog, Cerberus. Sometimes the underworld itself
is called Hades.

DEMETER Roman Name: Ceres

Demeter was the goddess of grain and the harvest. If she was not happy, things
would not grow. After Hades took her daughter, Persephone, the earth was frozen
and bare for a long time. Zeus became upset and made the girl come back to earth
for part of the year. Her symbols are sheaves of grain or baskets of fruit. Do you eat
anything that sounds like her Roman name?

HESTIA Roman Name: Vesta

Hestia was the first child of Cronus and Rhea. She is a goddess of the hearth and its
sacred fire. Fire was very important to ancient people so they prayed to Hestia to
keep it burning. Her symbol is the hearth. There are not many stories about her, and
she did not have a throne with the others but rather sat on the floor near the fire.

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The Olympians: A Brief Introduction or Review (continued)

THE CHILDREN OF ZEUS AND HERA

HEPHAESTUS Roman Name: Vulcan

Hephaestus was the god of the forge. He was an excellent blacksmith. He

made Zeus’ lightning bolts, and he fashioned armor for both gods and mortals.
He is said to be ugly and deformed with thin, weak legs because Zeus threw
him from Mount Olympus. He is usually pictured at his forge or anvil,
sometimes being helped by three Cyclopes, the one-eyed sons of Gaea (the
earth) and Uranus (the sky). He married Aphrodite, goddess of love and
beauty, but she was not faithful to him.

ARES Roman Name: Mars

Ares was the tall, handsome god of war. He was vain and cruel, and he did not have
respect from the other Olympians. The spirit of Strife, called Eris, went with him.
She threw down her golden apple of discord which made people fight. Then Ares
would jump into battle just for blood. He was loved by Aphrodite, and their son is
Eros. Ares’ symbols are armor, a war-chariot, vultures, and dogs.

THE CHILDREN OF ZEUS AND LETO (Latona)

APOLLO Roman Name: Apollo

Apollo was sometimes called Phoebus. He was the god of music and poetry, and he was
often pictured with long golden hair, a lyre, and a bow and arrows. Apollo is associated
with the sun. He was very important to Greeks and others who often went to his temple
at Delphi to get advice for their future from the Oracle. Apollo and the nine Muses,
goddesses of the arts, are often shown together dancing. Apollo is also known as a
handsome lover, especially in the story of Daphne in Ovid’s Metamorphoses.

ARTEMIS Roman Name: Diana

Artemis was the goddess of the hunt and the moon. She is often pictured with a short
dress, a bow and arrows, and a crescent moon on her head. She is the twin sister of
Apollo. Artemis never married but spent her life hunting in the woods with her
hounds.

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The Olympians: A Brief Introduction or Review (continued)

OTHER OLYMPIANS

ATHENA Roman Name: Minerva

Athena was sometimes called Pallas. She was the goddess of wisdom and useful
arts. Fully formed and wearing armor, she was born out of Zeus’ head. She is
usually pictured with her armor, often with the head of Medusa on her shield or
aegis. Other symbols are an owl and an olive tree or branch. The city of Athens
was named for her, and her temple, the Parthenon, is still there. She was Zeus’
favorite daughter. Her most famous story is about Arachne, the weaver.

APHRODITE Roman Name: Venus

Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty, born fully grown out of the sea on a
cushion of foam. She was so beautiful almost no man could resist her. Zeus had
her marry Hephaestus so the gods would not fight over her. She often had other
lovers. Her symbols are seashells, a chariot pulled by doves, and a mirror.

HERMES Roman Name: Mercury

Hermes was the messenger of the gods and the protector of travelers. He led dead souls
to the Underworld. Hermes was the son of Zeus and Maia, a Titan’s daughter. From the
day of his birth, he was tricky and strong. He invented the lyre from a turtle shell, stole the
cattle of Apollo, and then traded them for the lyre. His symbols are winged sandals and
hat, a wand with snakes on it, a traveling hat, and a cloak.

DIONYSUS Roman Name: Bacchus

Dionysus was the god of grapes, wine, and revelry. Zeus was his father. He had
a mortal mother, Semele, but was born out of Zeus’ thigh. His worshippers
danced around the hills until they worked themselves into an ecstatic frenzy.

Submitted by Susan Hengelsberg

Perry, NY
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PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
These pronunciations are taken from Morford and Lenardon’s Classical Mythology.

Accented syllables are in bold type.

Values of the long vowels are as follows:

ā as in cape
ē as in bee
ī as in ice
ō as in boat
ū as in too

aegis ē - jis
Aphrodite af - rō- dī - tē
Apollo a - pol - lō
Ares ar - ēz
Artemis ar - te - mis
Athena a - thē - na
Bacchus bak - kus
Ceres sē - rēs
Cyclopes sī - klō - pēs
Delphi del - fī
Demeter de - mē - ter
Dionysus dī - ō - nī - sus
Gaea jē -a
Hades hā - dēs
Hephaestus he - fes - tus
Hera he - ra
Hermes her - mēs
Hestia hes - ti- a
Maia mā - ya
Persephone per - sef - ō - nē
Phoebus fē - bus
Poseidon po - sī - don
Semele sem - e - lē
Zeus zus
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THE OLYMPIANS: APPEARANCE AND ATTRIBUTES

1. ZEUS: king of the gods, brother and husband of Hera
A. God of the sky and weather, ruler of gods and men
B. Appearance: mature, bearded, clothed
C. Attributes: eagle, oak tree, scepter, thunderbolt
D. Important representation: “Olympian Zeus” by Phidias

2. HERA: queen of the gods, sister and wife of Zeus

A. Goddess of women, marriage, childbirth
B. Appearance: ladylike, mature, fully clothed, often veiled
C. Attributes: crown, scepter, cuckoo, peacock, fleur-de-lis

3. POSEIDON: brother of Zeus

A. God of the sea, horses, earthquakes
B. Appearance: resembles Zeus
C. Attributes: trident, horse, bull, dolphin, entourage of sea nymphs,
sea monsters, and other creatures of the sea.

4. HADES: brother of Zeus, husband of Persephone

A. God of death and the underworld
B. Appearance: seldom depicted, but resembles Zeus
C. Attributes: two-pronged scepter, Cerberus

5. DEMETER: sister of Zeus, mother of Persephone

A. Goddess of the crops
B. Appearance: resembles Hera
C. Attributes: torches, stalk or sheaf of grain
D. Object of a mystery cult at Eleusis near Athens
since the yearly cycle of the crops is an intimation of immortality

6. HESTIA: sister of Zeus

A. Goddess of the hearth
B. Appearance: resembles Hera,
always depicted in an attitude of immobility
C. Attributes: hearth, fire, home
D. Displaced from her throne by Dionysus prior to 432 BCE

7. HEPHAESTUS: son of Zeus and Hera, husband of Aphrodite

A. Lame god of fire and the forge, divine handyman or artisan
B. Appearance: bearded, serious, usually at his forge,
often wears a skull cap
C. Attributes: hammer, anvil, bellows, fire, forge

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THE OLYMPIANS: APPEARANCE AND ATTRIBUTES (continued)

8. ARES: son of Zeus and Hera
A. God of violence and ugly passions of war, divine swashbuckler
B. Appearance: unpopular so seldom depicted,
but appears as a handsome young man in armor
C. Attributes: armor, vulture, dog, war-chariot, Eris

9. APOLLO: son of Zeus and Leto, twin brother of Artemis

A. God of light, prophecy, archery, music, fine arts, medicine, law
B. Appearance: young handsome male with long hair
C. Attributes: lyre, bow and arrows, laurel wreath, oracle at Delphi
D. Apollo became the embodiment of the Hellenic spirit

10. ARTEMIS: daughter of Zeus and Leto, twin sister of Apollo

A. Virgin goddess of the woods and hunt, cares for wild beasts
B. Appearance: young attractive female dressed for the hunt
C. Attributes: bow and arrows, small animals nearby, stags, palm tree

11. ATHENA: daughter of Zeus and Metis

A. Virgin goddess of wisdom, arts and crafts,
the honorable aspects of warfare, protector of Athens
B. Appearance: young, beautiful, serious, clothed in armor
C. Attributes: shield, aegis, snake, owl, lamp, helmet, Nike, olive
D. Important representation: cult figure in the Parthenon by Phidias

12. APHRODITE: rose from sea foam, wife of Hephaestus, mother of Eros (her son by Ares)
A. Goddess of love and beauty
B. Appearance: originally draped and stiff, later more sensual
C. Attributes: doves, mirror, flowers, blossoms, The Graces, Eros
D. Important representations: Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles, Venus de Milo

13. HERMES: son of Zeus and Maia

A. Divine messenger, god of travelers, merchants and thieves, leads the dead to Hades
B. Appearance: young man, sometimes bearded
C. Attributes: broad brimmed traveler’s hat, snake-wound
herald’s staff called the caduceus, winged hat and sandals
D. Important representation: Hermes by Praxiteles

14. DIONYSUS: son of Zeus and Semele

A. God of the energy of nature and of wine, patron of poetry, drama, and song
B. Appearance: young, sensual, sometimes bearded, often drunk
C. Attributes: a rout of Maenads, satyrs, vines, grapes
D. Worshipped as an object of a mystery cult

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FAMILY TREE
Each child can create a family tree. You might want to use the reduced pictures instead of writing the
names of the gods, goddesses, and their parents. The configuration is visually understandable
although logically the “roots” of the tree should be the ancestors.

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Teacher’s Key
FAMILY TREE

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 OLYMPIAN OVERVIEW

FAMILY TREE PICTURES

Janeene Blank
Birmingham, MI
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 OLYMPIAN OVERVIEW

Naming the Planets

The ancient Greeks noticed that there were a few “stars” that moved among the other stars. They
did not twinkle, but glowed steadily, and they had a different position every night. They called these
heavenly bodies “planets” which means “wanderer” in Greek. People long ago could see five of the planets
clearly. Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can easily be seen with the naked eye. Mercury lies so near the
sun that it can seldom be seen because it sinks below the horizon before it is completely dark at night.
The planets were named for Roman gods and goddesses because of some characteristic that
reminded ancient astronomers of that mythical persona.

MERCURY This small planet speeds around the sun in only 88 days. It is easy to see why it was
named for the messenger god who could travel between Earth and Mount Olympus in the
twinkling of an eye.

VENUS Beautiful and serene, this planet is often called the morning star or the evening star. It is the
third brightest body in the heavens. It was named for the goddess of love and beauty.

EARTH The name for our home planet comes not from Greek or Roman mythology, but from the
German word “erde.” However, other words that refer to Earth do come from mythology.
Gaea, the name for Mother Earth, is used when we talk about places (geography), and
mineral structure (geology). It is used to begin many words (geo-). The word “terra” is a
Latin word for the earth, and it gives us terrestrial, terra firma, and territory.

MARS This red planet is named for the god of war. Perhaps its red color reminded the ancient
astronomers of blood or of anger. The two satellites, Phobos and Deimos, are named for
the dogs of war that followed Mars, and they mean “fear” and “evil spirits.”

THE ASTEROID BELT These oddly shaped pieces of matter have an orbit between Mars and
Jupiter. Some of them are almost large enough to be small planets, and
some have names. Can you find out the names of two very large ones?

JUPITER The king of the Olympian gods had several names. Among them was the Roman name,
Jupiter. The largest of the planets is named for him. The many satellites of Jupiter are
named for people with whom he had some connection. Two large ones are Ganymede and
Io. Can you discover the names of others? Can you find out who they were in mythology?

SATURN Saturn was the Roman god of agriculture, but he was often identified with the Greek god,
Cronus, who was the son of the earth mother, Gaea, and who became the father of the king
of the gods. Saturn was a Titan which means he was huge. The planet Saturn is a gas
giant, second only to Jupiter in size. The rings of Saturn are clearly visible from earth. It
was the first planet known to have rings, although we have since discovered that other
planets do have them.

URANUS Uranus was the god who was the personification of the heavens, and he was married to
Gaea. This is another of the gas giants. Perhaps it was named Uranus because of its size.
Can you discover the number of satellites and their names?

NEPTUNE Neptune is sometimes the eighth planet from the sun, sometimes the ninth. It is ninth when
Pluto’s orbit carries it inside Neptune’s. The Roman god, Neptune, was the god of the sea
and the god of earthquakes. Perhaps the color the planet glows accounts for its name. It
was located by mathematics in 1846.

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Naming the Planets (continued)

PLUTO Is it any wonder the most distant, tiny planet was named for the cold lord of the underworld?
Dark and secretive, Pluto, the planet, seems a little like Pluto, the Roman god. The one
satellite of Pluto is almost as large as the planet itself, and it is called Charon. Why is that a
good name for a satellite of Pluto?

10th Planet I think it should be called by a name from mythology like the others, don’t you?

Joette McDonald
Vermilion, OH

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PLAN A PLANET
You have just discovered another planet in our solar system. You must look at its characteristics and then
decide what name you will give it, following the tradition of naming the planets after characters from Roman
mythology.

1. Where does your planet lie? How many other planets are between it and the sun? Draw a diagram
below to show the orbit of your new planet.

2. How big is your planet? Compare it in size to one of the other planets. _________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is your planet made of? Is it a gas giant? Does it have water? What kinds of rocks and minerals

are found there? Does it have an atmosphere? ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

4. If you look at the planet from Earth, what color does it appear? ________________________________

5. How many satellites does your planet have? _______________

6. Would it be possible for people from Earth to colonize your planet? ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

7. What else is special about your planet? __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

The name of this newly discovered planet is __________________________

Discovered by ____________________________________________ Date _____________________

Joette McDonald
Vermilion, OH
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Make a Planet Mobile

Materials

1 clothes hanger per child

newspaper
heavy string or yarn
tempera paint
clay-dough*

Instructions

Step 1: Make a wad of paper for each

planet, then tie a string around it.
Vary the size of the ball of paper
and the length of string to the size
and orbit of the planet. Note: the
tighter the paper wad, the better
the planet.

Step 2: Cover each paper wad with clay-

dough, carefully covering all paper
surfaces.

Step 3: Allow to dry.

Step 4: Paint the proper color and hang.

Step 5: Make a cardboard ring for Saturn

*Clay-dough recipe

2 c. flour
1 c. salt
1 tsp. oil
water to make pie-dough consistency

Joette McDonald
Vermilion, OH
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 OLYMPIAN OVERVIEW

A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses

As you continue to gather information about gods and goddesses, you may want to keep a record in
dictionary form. Prepare one page for each deity. Use the following form to record your information.

Greek Name ____________________________________________

Roman Name ____________________________________________

God/Goddess of ____________________________________________

Symbols ____________________________________________

Information and/or stories about this god or goddess

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Picture or drawing of this god

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The Gods and Goddesses

of Ancient Greece and Rome
Title or
Greek Name The God or Goddess of . . . Roman Name Symbol

ZEUS KING JUPITER/JOVE EAGLE / OAK

HERA QUEEN JUNO PEACOCK

DEMETER GRAIN CERES WHEAT

HESTIA HEARTH VESTA HOME / FIRE

POSEIDON SEA NEPTUNE TRIDENT / DOLPHIN

HADES UNDERWORLD PLUTO CERBERUS

HERMES MESSENGER MERCURY WINGED HAT / SANDALS

ARTEMIS HUNT DIANA MOON / DEER

APOLLO SUN APOLLO LYRE

ARES WAR MARS VULTURE

HEPHAESTUS FIRE / FORGE VULCAN ANVIL

APHRODITE LOVE VENUS CUPID / DOVE

ATHENA WISDOM / WAR MINERVA OLIVES / OWL

WEAVING

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I Know All About the Gods and Goddesses

of Ancient Greece and Rome
Quiz: Version I
Complete the chart below by filling in the missing terms or names.

Greek Name Title or Roman Name Symbol

God/Goddess of . . .

1. _________________ _______________ _______________ TRIDENT

2. _________________ UNDERWORLD _______________ _______________

3. ZEUS _______________ _______________ _______________

4. _________________ QUEEN _______________ _______________

5. DEMETER _______________ _______________ _______________

6. _______________ HEARTH _______________ _______________

7. HEPHAESTUS _______________ _______________ _______________

8. APHRODITE _______________ _______________ _______________

9. _______________ _______________ MARS _______________

10. _______________ WISDOM / WAR _______________ OLIVES / OWL

WEAVING

11. ______________ _______________ DIANA _______________

12. _______________ SUN _______________ _______________

13. _______________ _______________ MERCURY _______________

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I Know All About the Gods and Goddesses

of Ancient Greece and Rome
Quiz: Version 2
Complete the chart below by filling in the missing terms or names.

Greek Name Title or Roman Name Symbol

God/Goddess of . . .

1. POSEIDON _______________ _______________ _______________

2. _________________ _______________ PLUTO _______________

3. _______________ _______________ _______________ EAGLE / OAK

4. HERA _______________ _______________ _______________

5. _______________ HARVEST _______________ _______________

6. _______________ _______________ _______________ HOME / FIRE

7. _______________ BLACKSMITH _______________ _______________

8. _______________ _______________ _______________ DOVE / CUPID

9. _______________ _______________ _______________ VULTURE

10. _______________ _______________ MINERVA _______________

11. ARTEMIS _______________ _______________ _______________

12. _______________ _______________ _______________ LYRE / MUSIC

13. HERMES _______________ _______________ _______________

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Teacher’s Key
I Know All About the Gods and Goddesses
of Ancient Greece and Rome
Quiz 1 and Quiz 2

Greek Name Title or Roman Name Symbol

God/Goddess of . . .

1. POSEIDON SEA NEPTUNE TRIDENT / DOLPHIN

2. HADES UNDERWORLD PLUTO CERBERUS

3. ZEUS KING JUPITER / JOVE EAGLE / OAK

4. HERA QUEEN JUNO PEACOCK

5. DEMETER GRAIN CERES WHEAT

6. HESTIA HEARTH VESTA HOME / FIRE

7. HEPHAESTUS FIRE / FORGE VULCAN ANVIL

8. APHRODITE LOVE VENUS CUPID / DOVE

9. ARES WAR MARS VULTURE

10. ATHENA WISDOM / WAR MINERVA OLIVES / OWL

WEAVING

11. ARTEMIS HUNT DIANA MOON / DEER

12. APOLLO SUN APOLLO LYRE

13. HERMES MESSENGER MERCURY WINGED HAT / SANDALS

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I Know All About the Gods and Goddesses

of Ancient Greece and Rome
Quiz: Version III

Complete the chart below by filling in the missing terms or names.

Greek Name Title or Roman Name Symbol

God/Goddess of . . .

1. _______________ WAR _______________ _______________

2. _______________ _______________ _______________ CERBERUS

3. _______________ HUNTING _______________ _______________

4. _______________ _______________ JUPITER / JOVE _______________

5. _______________ QUEEN _______________ _______________

6. _______________ _______________ CERES _______________

7. _______________ SEA _______________ _______________

8. HESTIA _______________ _______________ HOME / FIRE

9. _______________ _______________ _______________ ANVIL

10. APHRODITE _______________ _______________ _______________

11. _______________ WISDOM / WAR _______________ _______________

WEAVING

12. _______________ SUN _______________ _______________

13. _______________ _______________ _______________ WINGED HAT

SANDALS

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Teacher’s Key
I Know All About the Gods and Goddesses
of Ancient Greece and Rome
Quiz III

Greek Name Title or Roman Name Symbol

God/Goddess of . . .

1. ARES WAR MARS VULTURE

2. HADES UNDERWORLD PLUTO CERBERUS

3. ARTEMIS HUNTING DIANA MOON / DEER

4. ZEUS KING JUPITER / JOVE EAGLE / OAK

5. HERA QUEEN JUNO PEACOCK

6. DEMETER GRAIN CERES WHEAT

7. POSEIDON SEA NEPTUNE TRIDENT / DOLPHIN

8. HESTIA HEARTH VESTA HOME / FIRE

9. HEPHAESTUS FIRE / FORGE VULCAN ANVIL

10. APHRODITE LOVE VENUS CUPID / DOVE

11. ATHENA WISDOM / WAR MINERVA OLIVES / OWL

WEAVING

12. APOLLO SUN APOLLO LYRE

13. HERMES MESSENGER MERCURY WINGED HAT / SANDALS

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Greek Name / Roman Name

Matching
Write the letter of the Roman name in the blank next to the Greek name of the same god or goddess.

Greek Names Roman Names

_____ 1. Zeus A. Apollo

_____ 2. Hera B. Ceres

_____ 3. Athena C. Juno

_____ 4. Hades D. Neptune

_____ 5. Demeter E. Pluto

_____ 6. Artemis F. Minerva

_____ 7. Apollo G. Jupiter

_____ 8. Hermes H. Mercury

_____ 9. Hephaestus I. Diana

_____ 10. Aphrodite J. Vulcan

_____ 11. Hestia K. Mars

_____ 12. Poseidon L. Venus

_____ 13. Ares M. Vesta

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Symbols of the Gods and Goddesses

Match the following gods and goddesses with their symbols.

_____ 1. Zeus A. Helmet of invisibility, two-pronged scepter

_____ 2. Poseidon B. Owl, shield, breastplate, and olive branch

_____ 3. Hades C. Dove and Cupid

_____ 4. Demeter D. Sun, music, and lyre

_____ 5. Hestia E. Thunderbolt, eagle, and oak tree

_____ 6. Hephaestus F. Stag and crescent moon

_____ 7. Ares G. Peacock

_____ 8. Apollo H. Trident and horse

_____ 9. Artemis I. Magic wand, winged sandals and helmet

_____ 10 Athena J. Sheaf of wheat, grain, and fruit

_____ 11. Aphrodite K. Hearth and fire

_____ 12. Hermes L. Anvil and forge

_____ 13. Hera M. Vulture, dog, war chariot, and armor

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Teacher’s Key
Greek Name/Roman Name
Matching

1. G
2. C
3. F
4. E
5. B
6. I
7. A
8. H
9. J
10. L
11. M
12. D
13. K

Teacher’s Key
Symbols of the Gods and Goddesses
1. E
2. H
3. A
4. J
5. K
6. L
7. M
8. D
9. F
10. B
11. C
12. I
13. G

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